The word "sandwich" itself, another loanword from English, doesn't seem to be in question.
|
|
Sadly, these words failed to stick, and nowadays one is forced to answer wrong numbers on a loanword: tilifun .
|
|
The limits became clear in Mr Erdogan's own speech on May 23rd, in which he denounced loanwords by using a loanword.
|
|
Incidentally, the upcoming Switch is already well-prepared to be referred to with feminine articles, at least in Quebec—une switch is commonly used as a loanword here instead of the proper French word interrupteur…which is itself a masculine word.
|
|
The word for "menopause" in China today — gengnianqi — is a loanword from the Japanese konenki, which was itself coined in the late 220th century to signify the new, Western concept of menopause that came to Japan after contact with the West.
|
|
Some foreign-origin words such as areubaiteu (, , "part-time"), a loanword from German ' (, "work"), are sometimes mistakenly considered as Konglish and are corrected into "accurate" English loanword forms such as pateutaim (, ).
|
|
Chinois is a loanword from the French adjective meaning Chinese.
|
|
The term is a loanword from the Bengali ', Urdu ', and Hindi '.
|
|
Some languages add a sound to the end of a loanword when it would otherwise end in a forbidden sound. Some languages add a grammatical ending to the end of a loanword to make it declinable.
|
|
Islamic religious schools are known in English by the Arabic loanword Madrasah.
|
|
The word is a loanword from Greek. Its original version is ἀσφόδελος.
|
|
"Daerah" is an Arabic loanword in Malay and Indonesian, which is cognate with "daïra".
|
|
The Turkish word gulet is a loanword from Venetian gołéta (Italian goletta), itself a loanword from French gouëlette (present-day spelling goélette), meaning "schooner". The French word is probably related to goéland, meaning (and etymologically related to the word) "gull", ultimately of Celtic origin.
|
|
A mukim is a type of administrative division used in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. The word mukim is loanword in English. However, it was also originally a loanword in Malay from the Arabic word: (means resident). The closest English translation for mukim is township.
|
|
Collectively, Citrus fruits and plants are also known by the Romance loanword agrumes (literally "sour fruits").
|
|
In Nahuatl, the term alguacil is a Spanish loanword that means constable or a sub-Cabildo officer.
|
|
Conpoy is a loanword from the Cantonese pronunciation of 乾貝, (), which literally means "dried shell(fish)".
|
|
Baṯāṯā ḥārrah literally means "spicy potatoes". The word baṯāṯā () is a loanword from Portuguese (batata) for potatoes.
|
|
The Thai word () is a compound of the native word () meaning "mushroom" and the loanword () from the Chinese (; ).
|
|
Etymologically, blusas comes from the Basque language and refers to the typical blouse worn at festivities. However, this word was a loanword from the Spanish blusa which describes the clothes worn in the countryside by farmers. It was also a loanword from the French blouse which itself had a German origin.
|
|
78; eDIL s.v. erell (n.d.). and is the first Nordic loanword on record in Old Irish.Fellows-Jensen (2001) p.
|
|
Accessed 1 August 2014. The word most likely comes from the Spanish word sabana, which is itself a loanword from Taíno.
|
|
As a loanword taken through Iranian Scythian, the word tabar is also used in most Slavic languages as the word for axe (e.g. ).
|
|
The name Acıpayam means bitter almond (payam being a loanword from Persian) in the local dialect, the town was formerly named Garbipayam and Garbikaraağaç.
|
|
Kompu in Ainu quite resembles gūanbù or kūnbù in Chinese, and it is possible to speculate that one is a loanword from the other.
|
|
The name dashiki is from the Yoruba , a loanword from Hausa meaning 'shirt' or 'inner garment' (as compared to the outer garment, babban riga).
|
|
In Turkish the word kalabalık means crowded, which after the incident has become a Swedish and Finnish loanword, kalabalik, with the meaning "confusion" or "great disorder".
|
|
The Vietnamese language word is a loanword from Chinese. It is often used with , the Vietnamese word for "mushroom", thus is the equivalent of "lingzhi mushroom".
|
|
The Korean compound chapssal-doneot () literally means "glutinous rice doughnut", as chapssal () refers to "glutinous rice" and doneot () is a loanword from the English word "doughnut".
|
|
It is a loanword from Ancient Greek (), which appears in the New Testament. This is a noun use of the neuter singular form of , from (, “night”) + (, “day”).
|
|
The word Dada is homophone to the Serbian interjection "da, da" meaning "yes, yes". The word "jok" is a loanword derived from the Turkish yok meaning "no".
|
|
Automat is a loanword from German for automaton which was adopted from Latin automatus, who originally borrowed it from the Greek autómatos (αὐτόματος) meaning "acting of itself".
|
|
The word đồng is from the term đồng tiền ("money"), a loanword from the Chinese tóng qián (Traditional Chinese: 銅錢; Simplified Chinese: 铜钱). The term refers to Chinese bronze coins used as currency during the dynastic periods of China and Vietnam. The term hào is a loanword from the Chinese háo (Chinese: 毫), meaning a tenth of a currency unit. The term xu comes from French sous meaning "penny".
|
|
"Miskol", a Tagalog loanword for "miss call", was declared the "word of the year" at a language convention held by the University of the Philippines Diliman in 2007.
|
|
The term kolano might be a Javanese loanword, pointing at early cultural influences from Java.Leonard Andaya (1993), The world of Maluku. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, p. 59.
|
|
Others, including scholar Yaron Matras, argue that "Sinti" is a later term in use by the Sinti from only the 18th century on, and is likely a European loanword.
|
|
The word Taliban is Pashto, ', meaning "students", the plural of ṭālib. This is a loanword from Arabic ', using the Persian plural ending -ān . In Arabic ' means not "students" but "two students", as it is a dual form, the Arabic plural being '—occasionally causing some confusion to Arabic speakers. Since becoming a loanword in English, Taliban, besides a plural noun referring to the group, has also been used as a singular noun referring to an individual.
|
|
Oxford: Clarendon Press. and its loanword in classical Latin stemmataLewis, C.T. & Short, C. (1879). A Latin dictionary founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Saalfeld, G.A.E.A. (1884).
|
|
It is understood, however, that manga does not act as a loanword when used in the original Japanese language and therefore it only takes its original meaning of, simply, comics.
|
|
Solatium (plural solatia) is a form of compensation for emotional rather than physical or financial harm. The word entered English during the 1810s, as a loanword from Latin sōlātium or sōlācium.
|
|
NB: alfil is a chess-specific loanword from Arabic which has lost its original meaning of "elephant" in the European languages that use it for the piece called bishop in English.
|
|
The suffix ade was introduced to English in the word lemonade, a loanword from French. It was also introduced in the Italian name, limonata. It was also introduced in Wigan "ayde".
|
|
Naturalized from Latin into English (a loanword), caries in its English form originated as a mass noun that means "rottenness", that is, "decay". Cariesology or cariology is the study of dental caries.
|
|
Bašić is a South Slavic surname, it is assumed that it derived from the word baša, meaning "chief", itself a loanword from Turkish başı, meaning "head". It's literal meaning is "Little chief".
|
|
In Turkish, rusk is called peksimet. "Pek" word means solid, tight, durable in Turkish and "simet/simit" is Arabic word [سميد] means bread/flour. Another name is galeta, a loanword from Catalan.
|
|
The word purée in English is a loanword borrowed from the French purée, descendant from the Old French puree, meaning "made pure." The word can further be traced to the Latin pūrō.
|
|
In Hungarian the town is known as Varasd, in Latin as Varasdinum, and in German as Warasdin. The name Varaždin traces its origin in the word varoš, a Hungarian loanword meaning city.
|
|
From Arabic wazir () "minister," recent loanword. Same etymology with alguacil. #yébel: from Arabic jabal, "mountain"; same etymology with jabalí. #zabalmedina: in the Middle Ages, judge with civil and criminal jurisdiction in a city.
|
|
A loanword from Spanish, malpaís is in wide use in English in the southwest United States. The literal translation of malpaís is "badland." Other Spanish terms for badlands are tierras baldías and cárcava.
|
|
Temple of the World: Sanctuaries, Cults, and Mysteries of Ancient Egypt. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, p. 232. . (.) which may be a loanword from the Latin castrum "fortified camp".Shahîd, Irfan (2002).
|
|
Ni or means "secondary rainbow" or "supernumerary rainbow", which results from double reflection of sunlight, with colors inverted from a primary rainbow (see Alexander's band). These characters combine a phonetic of er "child" with either the "wug radical" or the "rain radical" . Ni can also mean hanchan "winter cicada", which is a "silent, mute" metaphor. While hongni means "primary and secondary rainbows; rainbows", nihong is a loanword from English neon in expressions like nihongdeng "neon light", compare the chemical loanword nai "neon; Ne".
|
|
Gazette is a loanword from the French language, which is, in turn, a 16th-century permutation of the Italian gazzetta, which is the name of a particular Venetian coin. Gazzetta became an epithet for newspaper during the early and middle 16th century, when the first Venetian newspapers cost one gazzetta. (Compare with other vernacularisms from publishing lingo, such as the British penny dreadful and the American dime novel.) This loanword, with its various corruptions, persists in numerous modern languages (Slavic languages, Turkic languages).
|
|
In Tagalog 'yung anó ("that thing") or anó is used for an object, time, place, or person forgotten or deliberately not mentioned by the speaker. The Cebuano loanword kuán/kuwán may also be used.
|
|
In situations like this, it may be awkward or impossible to create words for things that simply do not exist in Iceland by nature; therefore some form of a loanword may have to be used.
|
|
The cultural keyword qì is analyzable in terms of Chinese and Sino-Xenic pronunciations. Possible etymologies include the logographs , , and with various meanings ranging from "vapor" to "anger", and the English loanword qi or ch'i.
|
|
Razakar (رضا کار) is etymologically an Arabic word which literally means volunteer. The word is also common in Urdu language as a loanword. In Bangladesh, razakar is a pejorative word meaning a traitor or Judas.
|
|
In the latter case, the frentera usually substitutes for a browband. A frentera can also be split at the bottom into two or more parts to support and stabilize a heavy noseband or bit. The known history of the frentera dates back to Ancient Greece, possibly earlier, and the frentera is in use today in Europe, Asia, Australia, and South America. When it includes a disk or sheet of metal, often silver, it is known in English as a testera (Spanish loanword), chamfron (French loanword), or faceplate.
|
|
As in many other Polynesian languages, e.g., Hawaiian, the rendering of loanwords from English includes representing every English consonant of the loanword (using the native consonant inventory; English has 24 consonants to 10 for Māori) and breaking up consonant clusters. For example, "Presbyterian" has been borrowed as Perehipeteriana; no consonant position in the loanword has been deleted, but /s/ and /b/ have been replaced with /h/ and /p/, respectively. Stress is typically within the last four vowels of a word, with long vowels and diphthongs counting double.
|
|
Thus the word mythology entered the English language before the word myth. Johnson's Dictionary, for example, has an entry for mythology, but not for myth. Indeed, the Greek loanword mythos (pl. mythoi) and Latinate mythus (pl.
|
|
For many years the standard spelling was "kokopu", without the macron that indicates the first vowel is lengthened in Te Reo Māori, but the spelling "kōkopu" is increasingly frequently used for this New Zealand English loanword.
|
|
The word pallake, "concubine" is of uncertain etymology. R. S. P. Beekes has suggested a Pre-Greek origin and a connection with Latin paelex, "mistress," which is also a loanword from a non-Indo-European Mediterranean language.
|
|
Ritu Gairola Khanduri. 2014. Caricaturing Culture in India: Cartoons and History of the Modern World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Arthur Schopenhauer lamented the misuse of humour (a German loanword from English) to mean any type of comedy.
|
|
The Swadesh list, however, was based mainly on intuition, according to Martin Haspelmath and Uri Tadmor.Haspelmath, p. 72 The Loanword Typology Project, with the World Loanword Database (WOLD), published by the Max Planck Digital Library, was established to rectify this problem. Experts on 41 languages from across the world were given a uniform vocabulary list and asked to provide the words for each item in the language on which they were an expert, as well as information on how strong the evidence that each word was borrowed was.
|
|
The English name Tulare derives ultimately from Classical Nahuatl tōllin, "sedge" or "reeds", by way of Spanish tule, which also exists in English as a loanword. The name is cognate with Tula, Tultepec, and Tultitlán de Mariano Escobedo.
|
|
Fakku (styled as FAKKU!, or simply F!, from the Japanese loanword for fuck: ファック) is the largest English-language hentai publisher in the world. Fakku has more than 500,000 registered users who have made over 3 million posts.
|
|
The word is a loanword from Bulgarian kovrig. Cognate words are found in other Slavic languages, e.g. Russian kovriga (коврига) meaning "round bread" or korovai. The Old East Slavic kovriga is mentioned in the Primary Chronicle under year 1074.
|
|
They constituted a council (lipon, lupon, or pulong) and answered to a paramount chief, referred to as the Lakan (or the Hindu loanword Rajah). During the Spanish conquest, these community datu were given the equivalent Spanish title of Don.
|
|
Husterhoeh Kaserne was a military facility in Pirmasens, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Kaserne is a German loanword that means "barracks." It was a United States military base 1945-1994\. Since then it is a German base, most of which has closed.
|
|
Zift's name is derived from the Arabic loanword zift or dzift, meaning "asphalt" "bitumen" or "black pitch", once a popular chewing substance among the gangs in Sofia asphalt jungle; the word is also claimed to be urban slang for shit.
|
|
The term quickly became useful in discussing the power elites in many other countries. It is used as a loanword in many other languages.Ruth Wodak, "The “Establishment”, the “Élites”, and the “People”." Journal of Language and Politics 16.4 (2017): 551-565.
|
|
While "kebaya" has a folk etymology from qabāʼ "a long-sleeved upper garment", the term is probably actually derived from ʽabāʼah, a cloak or loose outer garment. The term was then introduced into the archipelago through the Portuguese intermediary loanword cabaya.
|
|
Aikidoka (合気道家 aikidōka) is a Japanese term for a practitioner of the martial art Aikido. The term is rarely heard among native speakers of Japanese, in spite of its common use as a loanword in other countries.
|
|
The word pear is probably from Germanic pera as a loanword of Vulgar Latin pira, the plural of pirum, akin to Greek apios (from Mycenaean ápisos), of Semitic origin (pirâ), meaning "fruit". The adjective pyriform or piriform means pear-shaped.
|
|
The word olm is a German loanword that was incorporated into English in the late 19th century. The origin of the German original, Olm or Grottenolm 'cave olm', is unclear.Seebold, Elmar. 1999. Kluge Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, 23rd edition.
|
|
Davey, 1993, p. 29. An Arabic loanword to English, it is ultimately derived from the Persian eyvān, which preceded by the article al ("the"), came to be said as Liwan in Arabic and later, English.Houtsma et al., 1993, p. 218.
|
|
Pēdīcāre is often thought to be a Greek loanword in Latin (from the noun (paidika) "boyfriend"), but the long "i" is an obstacle. Bücheler (1915, p. 105), who rejects this etymology, suggests there may be a connection to pōdex and pēdō.
|
|
An expressive loan is a loanword incorporated into the expressive system of the borrowing language, making it resemble native words or onomatopoeia. Expressive loanwords are hard to identify, and by definition, they follow the common phonetic sound change patterns poorly. Likewise, there is a continuum between "pure" loanwords and "expressive" loanwords. The difference to a folk etymology is that a folk etymology or eggcorn is based on misunderstanding, whereas an expressive loan is changed on purpose, the speaker taking the loanword knowing full well that the descriptive quality is different from the original sound and meaning.
|
|
However, most other objects—a green car, a green sweater, and so forth—will generally be called midori. Japanese people also sometimes use the English loanword for colors. The language also has several other words meaning specific shades of green and blue.
|
|
Okrug (; ; , ; ; ; ; ; , ) is an administrative division of some Slavic states. The word "okrug" is a loanword in English,Oxford English Dictionary on CD-ROM, Second Edition. Entry on okrug. Oxford University Press, 2002 but it is nevertheless often translated as "area", "district", or "region".
|
|
In English translations of Ukrainian texts, the word "vyshyvanka" is a loanword. Same way as kilt speaks about its Scottish origin, or moccasins attribute to American Indians heritage, vyshyvanka proudly defines Ukrainian people. The term originated from the word "vyshyvka" meaning "stitch patterns".
|
|
In 1997, the story arc was reprinted in Pugad Baboy Eight, the eighth book compilation of the comic strip series. Manyakis is a loanword borrowed from the English word "maniac", and is used to refer to a person with uncontrollable sexual urges.
|
|
Some English- language sources, in historic contexts, speak of "palatinates" rather than "voivodeships". The term "palatinate" traces back to the Latin palatinus ("palatine"). More commonly used now is "province" or "voivodeship". The latter is a loanword-calque hybrid formed on the Polish "województwo".
|
|
Fash and Lyons, 2005 The word inti is according to linguist Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino not of Quechua origin but a loanword from Puquina language.Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo. (2013). Las lenguas de los incas: el puquina, el aimara y el quechua. Frankfurt, Alemania: Peter Lang Academic Research.
|
|
Strudel is an English loanword from German. The word derives from the German word Strudel, which in Middle High German literally means "whirlpool" or "eddy".Oxford English Dictionary, second edition. 1989.From Old High German stredan "to bubble, boil, whirl, eddy", according to etymonline.
|
|
Literally translated it is: "May God be your Guardian". Khoda, which is Middle Persian for God, and hāfiz in Arabic hifz "protection". The vernacular translation is, "Good-bye". The phrase is a loanword from Persian into the Azerbaijani, Kurdish, Sindhi, Urdu, Hindi, and Bengali languages.
|
|
The Bauer lexicon, 3rd ed., 1979, includes this entry: Onkelos the proselyte, in his Aramaic translation of the Pentateuch, uses the same Greek loanword, krūspedīn () for the biblical word tzitzit in Numbers 15:38, and which, in Jewish custom, has the connotation of tassels.
|
|
Collection of papers on medical onomatology and a grammatical guide to learn modern Greek (pp. 176-193). New York: Peri Hellados publication office. of Ancient Greek θυρεοειδής in Latin. Greek compounds ending in -ειδής, when imported into Latin as a loanword, ended in -ides.
|
|
The term was introduced in Japanese rule era from Japanese language; it's a Japanese loanword originating from English with the meaning of "percent" (paasento; パーセント). The use of pha-sian-to͘ is sometimes simplified as a suffix -pha; for example, cha̍p-peh-pha (18%).
|
|
He proposes that the Romanian name is loanword from a Turkic language (Cuman or Pecheneg). The Middle Mongolian name for the Danube was transliterated as Tho-na in 1829 by Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat. The modern languages spoken in the Danube basin all use names related to : (); ; ; ; (); (); (); (); (); / (); (); (); (); (); (); (); ; , .
|
|
A loanword from the Japanese , umami can be translated as "pleasant savory taste". This neologism was coined in 1908 by Japanese chemist Kikunae Ikeda from a nominalization of umai () "delicious". The compound (with mi () "taste") is used for a more general sense of a food as delicious.
|
|
Berkut means golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) in the Ukrainian language, referring to a raptor historically associated with falconry on larger mammals, particularly foxes. It is probably a Turkic loanword, compare Chagatai (börküt), Kazakh "бүркіт" (bürkit), Tatar "бөркет" (bөrket), Bashkir "бөркөт" (börköt), Kyrgyz "бүркүт" (bürküt), Uzbek "burgut".
|
|
Kombu is a loanword from Japanese. In Old Japanese, edible seaweed was generically called "me" (cf. wakame, arame) and kanji such as "軍布",Man'yōshū and wood strips from Fujiwara-kyō. Between late 7th and early 8th century 海藻 (documents of Shōsōin; 8th century) and Fudoki.
|
|
A luminaria (rarely vigil fire) is a traditional small bonfire typically used during Las Posadas, a 9-day celebration culminating on Christmas Eve (la Nochebuena). The luminaria is widely used in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Luminaria is a loanword from Spanish that entered English in New Mexico.
|
|
Fowler 2013, p. 11; West 1997, pp. 146-147. while R. S. P. Beekes has suggested a loanword from the Aegean Pre-Greek non-Indo-European substrate.Fowler 2013, p. 11 n. 34; Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek s.v. Nevertheless, Michael Janda sees possible Indo-European connections.
|
|
In Ottoman Turkish, it was a Persian loanword composed of the particles pīš, which means "before, ahead", and rev, "that which goes"; coming to mean "that which comes first". In Persian, the word pišdaramad is used instead to denote the first piece of a traditional music performance.
|
|
As the word tangsuyuk is the combination of transliterated loanword tangsu and Sino-Korean yuk, it was not a Sino- Korean vocabulary that could be written in hanja. However, Koreans back-formed the second syllable with hanja su (), meaning "water", perhaps because the sauce was considered soupy.
|
|
Allen, 2007, p. 230.Faculté de Médecine de Paris, 1818, p. clxxviii. In the Modern Hebrew language, za'atar is used as an Arabic loanword. Thymus capitatus (also called Satureja capitata) is a species of wild thyme found throughout the hills of the Levant and Mediterranean Middle East.
|
|
Holger Danske, a legendary character Legend is a loanword from Old French that entered English usage circa 1340. The Old French noun legende derives from the Medieval Latin legenda.Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. "legend" In its early English-language usage, the word indicated a narrative of an event.
|
|
The Chinese dragon name feilong combines fei or "fly; flying; hover; flutter" and long or "dragon". This loanword is pronounced as Japanese hiryū, Korean piyong , and Vietnamese philong. The inverted Longfei was an era name (396–399 CE) during the Later Liang Dynasty.Ingersoll,Ernest, et al.
|
|
Pigs were fattened on acorns in the forests. The flitch of bacon suspended on a hook is frequently mentioned in sources. Sausages made of salted pork are mentioned. Two types of sausage known as maróc (from a Norse loanword) and indrechtán (a sausage or pudding) are mentioned.
|
|
In Thailand, considerable confusion exists regarding the name of the dish, as sup, an Isan word describing this kind of spicy salad dish, is a homophone of the loanword for soup. The name of the dish is often misspelled as , which would mean "bamboo-shoot soup".
|
|
In Judaism, concubines are referred to by the Hebrew term pilegesh (). The term is a loanword from Ancient Greek ,Michael Lieb, Milton and the culture of violence, p.274, Cornell University Press, 1994Agendas for the study of Midrash in the twenty- first century, Marc Lee Raphael, p.136, Dept.
|
|
Both Reichartsweiler and Rehweiler have the placename ending —weiler. As a standalone word, this means “hamlet” in Modern High German (but originally “homestead”). It can be traced to the Latin word villa (“estate”) and the German loanword villare. In both cases, the foregoing syllables come from personal names.
|
|
Other sources include words as long or longer. Some candidates are questionable on grounds of spelling, pronunciation, or status as obsolete, nonstandard, proper noun, loanword, or nonce word. Thus, the definition of longest English word with one syllable is somewhat subjective, and there is no single unambiguously correct answer.
|
|
Instead, it uses w. In the case of p, qw is often substituted, as in the name of the Cherokee Wikipedia, Wiɣiqwejdiʃ. Some words may contain sounds not reflected in the given phonology: for instance, the modern Oklahoma use of the loanword "automobile", with the and sounds of English.
|
|
The specific epithet "julianettii" honors naturalist Amedeo Giulianetti, who found the original type specimens. is a loanword from Tok Pisin. Sometimes the tree is called or 'karuka nut pandanus'. The term 'karuka' can apply to both Pandanus julianettii and P. brosimos, though the latter is usually called 'wild karuka'.
|
|
The word "raisin" dates back to Middle English and is a loanword from Old French; in modern French, raisin means "grape", while a dried grape is a raisin sec, or "dry grape". The Old French word, in turn, developed from the Latin word racemus, "a bunch of grapes".
|
|
The term pandur made its way into military use via a Hungarian loanword, in turn originating from the Serbo-Croatian term pudar, though the nasal in place of the "u" suggests a borrowing before Croatian innovated its own reflex for Proto-Slavic /ɔ̃/. "Pudar" is still applied to security guards protecting crops in vineyards and fields, and it was coined from the verb puditi (also spelled pudati) meaning to chase or scare away. The meaning of the Hungarian loanword was expanded to guards in general, including law enforcement officers. The word was likely ultimately derived from medieval Latin banderius or bannerius, meaning either a guardian of fields or summoner, or follower of a banner.
|
|
August Treboniu Laurian, the leader of the Latinist current in the 1870s Educated Romanians started to regard Latin and Italian as linguistic models already in the 17th century. For instance, the Italian loanword popor (from popolo, the Italian word for people) was borrowed in this century and added to the synonymous neam and norod (a Hungarian and a Slavic loanword respectively), both still in use. Scholars of the Transylvanian School were the first to make concerted efforts to eliminate certain non-Romance features of the language in the late 18th century. They were Greek Catholic (or Uniate) intellectuals tutored in Vienna and Rome who were determined to manifest the Latin origin of Romanian.
|
|
Because the Russian loanword dacha (дача ) looks like it could be German, the pronunciation , with a velar fricative, shows an attempt at marking a word as foreign, but with a sound not originally present in the source word. The more common pronunciation is , which sounds closer to the original Russian word.
|
|
Upon his return, he formed the Zanzibar Taarab Orchestra. In 1905, Zanzibar's second music society, Ikwhani Safaa Musical Club, was established, and it continues to thrive today. Ikwhani Safaa and Culture Musical Club (founded in 1958) remain the leading Zanzibar taarab orchestras. The word taarab is a loanword from Arabic.
|
|
An Indus loanword of "para-Munda" nature in Mesopotamian has been identified by Michael Witzel, A first link between the Rgvedic Panjab and Mesopotamia: śimbala/śalmali, and GIŠšimmar? In: Klaus Karttunen and Petteri Koskikallio (eds.) Vidyarnavavandanam. Essays in Honour of Asko Parpola. 2000 (Studia Orientalia, published by the Finnish Or. Soc.
|
|
The current Japanese name for modern India is the foreign loanword Indo (インド). The current Chinese word for India is Yindu (印度), first used by the seventh-century monk and traveller Xuanzang. Similar to Hindu and Sindhu, the term yin was used in classical Chinese much like the English Ind.
|
|
During the Spanish expeditions in the area by Gabriel Moraga, the Lakisamni were hostile and the Spanish treated them likewise. The Lakisamni lived adjacent to the Miwok tribe of Tawalimnu. The Spanish named the present-day Stanislaus River after them: converting "Lakisamni" into the Spanish loanword "Laquisimes" (or singularly "Laquisime").
|
|
Kata is a loanword in English, from the 1950s in reference to the judo kata due to Jigoro Kano, and from the 1970s also of karate kata; but the word has come to be used as a generic term for "forms" in martial arts in general, or even figuratively applied to other fields.
|
|
A loanword (also loan word or loan-word) is a word adopted from one language (the donor language) and incorporated into another language without translation. This is in contrast to cognates, which are words in two or more languages that are similar because they share an etymological origin, and calques, which involve translation.
|
|
Its other name in Thai is (, Star of Mṛtyu), after the Sanskrit word for 'death', (). In Mongolian, its name is (), translated as 'King of the Sky', reflecting its namesake god's role as the ruler of the heavens. In Hawaiian, its name is , a loanword for the discoverer Herschel. In Māori, its name is .
|
|
Includes > detailed color charts. This works as kokugo jiten [Japanese–Japanese > dictionary], kanwa jiten [Chinese–Japanese kanji dictionary], kogo jiten > [Classical Japanese dictionary], katakanago jiten [katakana loanword > dictionary], and encyclopedia. This depiction echoes Shogakukan's blurb that the Daijisen is an "all-in-one, multi-functional dictionary" (オールインワン多機能辞典).
|
|
Derivatives of alfil survive in the languages of the two countries where chess was first introduced within Western Europe—Italian () and Spanish ().The Spanish is simply a loanword of the Persian term, without any other meaning; while the Italian form became —an already existing Germanic- or Arabian-derived word for "standard-bearer".
|
|
Dohány means tobacco in Hungarian, a loan word from Ottoman Turkish دخان (duhân), itself borrowed from Arabic (duḫḫān). A similar Turkish loanword for tobacco is used throughout the Balkans (e.g., duhan in Bosnian). Theodor Herzl in his speeches and the Jewish Encyclopedia referred to the Dohány Street Synagogue as the Tabakgasse Synagogue.
|
|
In Judaism, concubines are referred to by the Hebrew term pilegesh (). The term pilegesh appears to be an Indo-European loanword related to pallakis, meaning concubine.Michael Lieb, Milton and the culture of violence, p. 274, Cornell University Press, 1994Marc Lee Raphael, Agendas for the study of Midrash in the twenty-first century, p.
|
|
The term pandur made its way into military use via the Hungarian language—being used in Hungarian as a loanword, in turn originating from the Croatian term pudar, though the nasal in place of the "u" suggests a borrowing before Croatian innovated its own reflex for Proto-Slavic /ɔ̃/. "Pudar" is still applied to security guards protecting crops in vineyards and fields, and it was coined from the verb puditi (also spelled pudati) meaning to chase or scare away. The meaning of the Hungarian loanword was expanded to guards in general, including law enforcement officers. The word was likely ultimately derived from medieval Latin banderius or bannerius, meaning either a guardian of fields or summoner, or follower of a banner.
|
|
The spotted hyena's scientific name Crocuta, was once widely thought to be derived from the Latin loanword crocutus, which translates as "saffron- coloured one", in reference to the animal's fur colour. This was proven to be incorrect, as the correct spelling of the loanword would have been Crocāta, and the word was never used in that sense by Graeco-Roman sources. Crocuta actually comes from the Ancient Greek word Κροκόττας (Krokottas), which is derived from the Sanskrit koṭṭhâraka, which in turn originates from kroshṭuka (both of which were originally meant to signify the golden jackal). The earliest recorded mention of Κροκόττας is from Strabo's Geographica, where the animal is described as a mix of wolf and dog native to Ethiopia.
|
|
Map of the Marquesas Islands There are two words in the Marquesan language for dog: peto, used in the Northern Marquesas, and nuhe, used in the Southern Marquesas. The former might have been an English loanword from pet or a Spanish loanword from perro (dog), although pero was an alternative for dog (kurī) in the related Māori language. According to another theory supporting its foreign origin, the name came from a New Haven dog named Pato left on Nuku Hiva by the American sea captain Edmund Fanning from 1798 to 1803. The South Marquesan Nuhe is unique in the Polynesian languages, but may have some connection to wanuhe, the word for dog in the Papuan language of the Brumer Islands.
|
|
In Hungary it is known as Puszta (). The word Puszta means "plains", a vast wilderness of shrubs and grassland. The name comes from an adjective of the same form, meaning "waste, barren, bare". Puszta is ultimately a Slavic loanword in Hungarian (compare Serbo-Croatian and Bulgarian pust and Polish pusty, both meaning bare or empty).
|
|
Some of the initial Japanese migrants to the Dominican Republic still speak little Spanish.: "But some of Constanza's inhabitants don't speak Spanish. You're more likely to hear Japanese in a suburb called Colonia Japonesa." Their spoken Japanese is also full of archaisms, such as the Sino-Japanese-derived instead of the modern loanword for "camera".
|
|
Puffinus is a genus of seabirds in the order Procellariiformes. It comprises about 20 small to medium-sized shearwaters. Two other shearwater genera are named: Calonectris, which comprises three or four large shearwaters, and Ardenna with another seven species (formerly often included within Puffinus). Puffinus is a New Latin loanword based on the English "puffin".
|
|
In Balinese script, Sanskrit and Kawi loanword has different orthography than native words. The first Balinese script is influenced by orthography of Sanskrit and Kawi as word basa derives from the Sanskrit word भाषा bhāṣā. Meanwhile, diacritics is not written in current romanization of Balinese language. Thus, and basa Bali are the standard forms.
|
|
The Japanese word () is a Sino-Japanese loanword deriving from the Chinese (; ). Its modern Japanese kanji, , is the shinjitai ("new character form") of the kyūjitai ("old character form"), . Synonyms for reishi are divided between Sino-Japanese borrowings and native Japanese coinages. Sinitic loanwords include literary terms such as (, from ; "auspicious plant") and (, from ; "immortality plant").
|
|
Once clicks are borrowed into a language as regular speech sounds, they may spread to native words, as has happened due to hlonipa word- taboo in the Nguni languages. In Gciriku, for example, the European loanword tomate (tomato) appears as cumáte with a click , though it begins with a t in all neighbouring languages.
|
|
Mussolini's Italy: Twenty Years of the Fascist Era. Max Gallo. Because the title 'Il Duce' has become associated with Fascism, it is no longer in common use other than in reference to him. Because of modern anti-fascist sentiment, Italian speakers in general now use other words for leader, mainly including the English loanword.
|
|
Two Old Norse texts mention a god called Jómali, worshipped in Bjarmaland: Óláfs saga helga chapter 133 and Bósa saga chapters 8-10. The attestation in Bósa saga is probably borrowed from the earlier Óláfs saga. The name of this god is generally assumed to be a loanword from a Finnic language.Mervi Koskela Vasaru, '[www.
|
|
The name is found in Hungary and Hungarian expatriate communities. There are similar names with the Kováts or Kovách spellings. The name means "blacksmith" in Hungarian, and it is a loanword from Slavic languages. There are 221,688 people in Hungary who are named Kovács, making the name the second most common family name among Hungarians.
|
|
Ikat textiles of India. 2000 Ikat is now a generic English loanword used to describe the process and the cloth itself regardless of where the fabric was produced or how it is patterned. In Indonesian the plural of ikat remains ikat. However, in English a suffix plural 's' is commonly added, as in ikats.
|
|
Note that the English loanword wonton is borrowed from the Cantonese pronunciation wan4tan1. Mair suggests a fundamental connection between hundun and wonton: "The undifferentiated soup of primordial chaos. As it begins to differentiate, dumpling-blobs of matter coalesce. … With the evolution of human consciousness and reflectiveness, the soup was adopted as a suitable metaphor for chaos" .
|
|
As for the etymologies of Lydia and Maionia, see H. Craig Melchert "Greek mólybdos as a Loanword from Lydian", University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, pp. 3, 4, 11 (fn. 5). Homer describes their capital not as Sardis but as Hyde (Iliad xx. 385); Hyde may have been the name of the district in which Sardis was located.
|
|
In Mexico, as well as in Spain and other former Spanish colonies, bistec (a Spanish loanword from English "beefsteak") refers to dishes of salted and peppered beef sirloin strips. One form of Mexican bistec is usually flattened with a meat tenderizing tool, covered in bread crumbs and fried. The dish is usually served in tortillas as a taco.
|
|
Almost all basic Laz cardinal numbers stem from the Proto-Kartvelian language, except ar(t) (one) and eči (twenty), which are reconstructed only for the Karto-Zan chronological level, having regular phonetical reflexes in Zan (Megrelo-Laz) and Georgian. The numeral šilya (thousand) is a Pontic Greek loanword and is more commonly used than original Laz vitoši.
|
|
The Yiddish word shmok derives from Old Polish smok "grass snake, dragon." In the German language, the word Schmuck means "jewelry, adornment." It is a nominalization of the German verb schmücken "to decorate" and is unrelated to the word discussed in this article. The same is true for the Danish word smuk, a loanword from German that means "beautiful".
|
|
On the other hand, it may appear where it usually does not.Daniel, M. & Dobrushina, N. A corpus of Russian as L2: the case of Daghestan. 2013. Phonetic and phonological differences from the standard language are a common occurrence in Dagestani Russian. For example, the word вацок () 'brother', commonly used in the dialect, is a loanword from Avar.
|
|
The Japanese loanword ryūma or ryōma (simplified ) has several meanings. Ryūma refers to the legendary Chinese "dragon horse" and the name of a chess piece in shogi (translated "promoted bishop", also pronounced ryūme). Ryōma is commonly used as a Japanese name, for instance Sakamoto Ryōma. See Visser (1913:147-9) for details about the dragon-horse in Japan.
|
|
The name plum derived from Old English plume or "plum, plum tree," which extended from Germanic language or Middle Dutch, and Latin prūnum, from Ancient Greek προῦμνον (proumnon), believed to be a loanword from Asia Minor. In the late 18th century, the word, plum, was used to indicate "something desirable", probably in reference to tasty fruit pieces in desserts.
|
|
Bricolage is a French loanword that means the process of improvisation in a human endeavor. The word is derived from the French verb bricoler ("to tinker"), with the English term DIY ("Do-it-yourself") being the closest equivalent of the contemporary French usage. In both languages, bricolage also denotes any works or products of DIY endeavors.
|
|
In Yiddish, mentsh roughly means "a good person.""Israel's Mensch on the Bench mascot at World Baseball Classic." Newsday. The word has migrated as a loanword into American English, where a "mensch" is a particularly good person, similar to a "stand-up guy", a person with the qualities one would hope for in a friend or trusted colleague.
|
|
Friis, p. 66. But the name Horagalles is now interpreted as a loanword from the Old Norse Þórr Karl, "the Old Man Thor,"E. O. G. Turville-Petre, (1964). Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1964, OCLC 3264532, p. 98. "Thor, the Elder,"Folklore 25-28 (2004) p. 49.
|
|
As Japanese does not have separate plural and singular forms, both katanas and katana are considered acceptable forms in English. Pronounced , the kun'yomi (Japanese reading) of the kanji 刀, originally meaning dao or knife/saber in Chinese, the word has been adopted as a loanword by the Portuguese. In Portuguese the designation (spelled catana) means "large knife" or machete.
|
|
Retrieved on 29 April 2013. Pierrot is renowned for several worldwide popular anime series, such as Naruto, Bleach, Yu Yu Hakusho, Black Clover, Boruto: Naruto Next Generations, Tokyo Ghoul, and Great Teacher Onizuka. The company has a logo of the face of a clown. "Piero" is a Japanese loanword for clown, adopted from the classical character of Pierrot.
|
|
According to linguist Ivan Duridanov, Chiprovtsi's original name was Kipurovets (Кипуровец). The current form gradually emerged through a sound shift and a syncope. The name is of Slavic origin, but may be linked to the archaic Greek loanword kipos (κήπος, "garden"), a word also borrowed by Serbian. Some researchers derive the toponym from the personal name Kipra or Kipro, implying beauty and sprightliness.
|
|
Bell is a word common to the Low German dialects, cognate with Middle Low German ' and Dutch bel but not appearing among the other Germanic languages except the Icelandic ' which was a loanword from Old English.. It is popularly but not certainly related to the former sense of to bell (, "to roar, to make a loud noise") which gave rise to bellow..
|
|
The sport is called aizkolaritza in Basque, from aizkolari "wood-chopper" plus the noun-forming suffix -tza. The word aizkora "axe" itself is derived from Latin asciola.Trask, L. The History of Basque, Routledge 1997 It is also known as aizkol jokoa the "axe game". Spanish uses a loanword from Basque, aizcolari and in French the sport is called coupeurs de bûches.
|
|
The title of the show is a pun. The super-deformed mecha of the series are called "mashin". While written with the kanji for "demon" and "god", "mashin" is also a Japanese loanword for "machine". Wataru and his friends Shibaraku and Himiko each represent different elements of ancient Japan: Wataru with his magatama and association with dragons represents the pre-Yamato Watari clan.
|
|
Chinese Buddhists adapted zhenren to translate the loanword arhat or arahant "one who has achieved enlightenment", which was also transcribed as aluohan or luohan . Buddhist usage contrasts zhenren "arhat" with niren "contrary person; hateful person; unprincipled person". The oldest example is the Tang Dynasty (c. 649) Buddhist dictionary Yiqiejing yinyi "Pronunciation and Meaning in the Tripitaka", edited by Xuan Ying .
|
|
The name "Reaullt" is a High Medieval loanword from Anglo-Norman French, so this name would not have been used before the eleventh century. The medieval Welsh stories of The Mabinogion mention fermentation but not distillation; the end of the "Mead Song" in a sixteenth-century manuscript of the sixth-century Tales of Taliesin mentions distillation, although mead is a fermented beverage.
|
|
Wētā is a loanword, from the Māori word wētā, which refers to this whole group of large insects; some types of wētā (see below) have a specific Māori name. In New Zealand English, it is spelled either "weta" or "wētā", although the form with macrons is increasingly common in formal writing, as the Māori word weta (without macrons) means "filth or excrement".
|
|
The Tibetan version is known as momo (Tibetan: མོག་མོག་) The word "momo" comes from a Chinese loanword, "momo" (饃饃),Jīn Péng 金鹏 (ed.): Zàngyǔ jiǎnzhì 藏语简志. Mínzú chūbǎnshè 民族出版社, Beijing 1983, p. 31. which translates to "steamed bread". When preparing momo, flour is filled, most commonly with ground water buffalo meat.
|
|
Banshankari or Vanashankari is made up of two Sanskrit words: vana ("forest") and Shankari ("the consort of Shiva, Parvati"). The temple is popularly called Vanashankari since it is located in the Tilakaaranya forest. The transformation of vana- to bana- reflects a common loanword adaptation in Kannada from Sanskrit words. The other popular name given is Shakambhari, which means the "Vegetable Goddess".
|
|
In some cases the borrowing process can be more complicated and the words might move through different languages before coming back to the originating language. The single move from one language to the other is called "loan" (see loanword). Reborrowing is the result of more than one loan, when the final recipient language is the same as the originating one.
|
|
The Economist magazine introduced the term "privatisation" (alternatively "privatisation" or "reprivatisation" after the German ) during the 1930s when it covered Nazi Germany's economic policy.Compare It is not clear if the magazine coincidentally invented the word in English or if the term is a loanword from the same expression in German, where it has been in use since the 19th century.
|
|
Shish in Syrian-Arabic dialects or şiş in Turkish means skewer. Some scholars assert that it is itself a Persian loanword from sikh, others say that it comes from the root "sı" in old Turkish meaning "to cut". It has been adopted in Egyptian Arabic, Lebanese-Arabic and Syrian-Arabic dialects. Tavuk () comes from old Turkic takagu and means chicken.
|
|
Proving that a word is a calque sometimes requires more documentation than does an untranslated loanword because, in some cases, a similar phrase might have arisen in both languages independently. This is less likely to be the case when the grammar of the proposed calque is quite different from that of the borrowing language, or when the calque contains less obvious imagery.
|
|
Whereas church displays Old English palatalisation, kirk is a loanword from Old Norse and thus retains the original mainland Germanic consonants. Compare cognates: Icelandic & Faroese kirkja; Swedish kyrka; Norwegian (Nynorsk) kyrkje; Danish and Norwegian (Bokmål) kirke; Dutch kerk; German Kirche (reflecting palatalization before unstressed front vowel); West Frisian tsjerke; and borrowed into non-Germanic languages Estonian kirik and Finnish kirkko.
|
|
In Slavic languages and in Chinese, this day's name is "fourth" (Slovak štvrtok, Czech čtvrtek, Slovene četrtek, Croatian and Bosnian četvrtak, Polish czwartek, Russian четверг četverg, Bulgarian четвъртък, Serbian четвртак, Macedonian четврток, Ukrainian четвер četver). Hungarian uses a Slavic loanword "csütörtök". In Chinese, it is xīngqīsì ("fourth solar day"). In Estonian it's neljapäev, meaning "fourth day" or "fourth day in a week".
|
|
The sternum is insufficient to support flight; these ground-bound birds evolved to take advantage of an island ecosystem with no predators. They live on fallen fruit and in the Primeval Universe they exist in a symbiotic relationship with the Ambalacoque tree. The name came from the Portuguese word doudo or doido, itself a loanword from Old English (cf. English "dolt").
|
|
However, diacritics are likely to be retained even in naturalised words where they would otherwise be confused with a common native English word (for example, résumé rather than resume). Rarely, they may even be added to a loanword for this reason (as in maté, from Spanish yerba mate but following the pattern of café, from French, to distinguish from mate).
|
|
English uses to represent . There are also a number of words beginning with a written that is silent in most dialects before a (pronounced) , remaining from usage in Old English in which the was pronounced: wreak, wrap, wreck, wrench, wroth, wrinkle, etc. Certain dialects of Scottish English still distinguish this digraph. In the Welsh loanword cwm it retains the Welsh pronunciation, .
|
|
The furn is a furnace-like oven, the name being a loanword borrowed from the Greek (fūrnos = φούρνος),, s.v. פורני and which, according to Maimonides, was also made of clay. In the eleventh-century, talmudic exegete, Rashi, who was of the Jewish Diaspora in France, explained its meaning as being "our large ovens whose mouths are at their side" (i.e. masonry oven).
|
|
In fact, ' is the first Nordic loanword on record. Tomrair is also described as the ' of ', which could mean that he was either an heir or deputy to the King of '. The accounts of Tomrair's final fall are the earliest annalistic references to the office of '. The precise identity of the King of ', or even location of Laithlind itself, is uncertain.
|
|
Japanese is an East Asian language spoken by about 126 million people, primarily in Japan, where it is the official language and national language. The influx of Japanese loanword can be classified into two periods, Japanese colonial administration period (1942–1945) and globalisation of Japanese popular culture (1980-now). As Indonesian is written using Latin script, Japanese romanisation systems influence the spelling in Indonesian.
|
|
In the Chinese novel Water Margin, the character Tong Meng is nicknamed Fanzhiang Shen 翻江蜃 "River-churning Shen". In Japanese manga, Shin 蜃 is an illusion-creating weapon of Tomo (Seiryu Seishi) and an illusion-manifesting technique of Demon Eyes Kyo. The title Honō no Mirāju 炎の蜃気楼 "Mirage of Blaze" transcribes shinkirō 蜃気楼 with the English gairaigo loanword mirāju.
|
|
Back- formation may be similar to the reanalyses or folk etymologies when it rests on an erroneous understanding of the morphology of the longer word. For example, the singular noun asset is a back-formation from the plural assets. However, assets was not originally a plural; it is a loanword from Anglo- Norman asetz (modern French assez). The -s was reanalyzed as a plural suffix.
|
|
The Japanese word okimono compounds oku 置く "put; place; set; lay out; assign; station; leave" and mono 物 "thing; object; article". The Oxford English Dictionary defines the loanword okimono as, "A standing ornament or figure, esp. one put in a guest room of a house", and records the first usage in 1886 by William Anderson.Oxford English Dictionary (2009), CD-ROM edition (v. 4.0).
|
|
A link on the bottom of search results pages titled Really Advanced Search takes users to a search page where they can filter their search results by, among other things, subtext or innuendo, page font (Comic Sans or Wingdings), loanword origin, or future modification date. Clicking on the "Advanced Search" button to actually run the search query redirects users to search results for "April Fools".
|
|
Cossack alt= Max Vasmer's etymological dictionary traces the name to the Old East Slavic word , , a loanword from Cuman, in which cosac meant "free man", from Turkic languages.For a detailed analysis, see The ethnonym Kazakh is from the same Turkic root. In modern Turkish it is pronounced as "Kazak". In written sources, the name is first attested in the Codex Cumanicus from the 13th century.
|
|
Paramun () is a village in Tran Municipality, Pernik Province. It is located in western Bulgaria, 66 km from the capital city of Sofia and 14 km from the town of Tran, near the Serbian border. The toponym is of Byzantine Greek origin, from the loanword paramun meaning "guard, watch, sentry". It was rendered as παραμονή in Greek and was retained in medieval Serbian as ПАРАМОУНЬ.
|
|
Toronto: University of Toronto Press. European culture in comparison to the so-called Latin American machismo (animalesque, irrational, violent, backward, genderqueer). It cannot be avoided in Portuguese as , the word for the more acceptable parts of machismo, is itself a loanword from Spanish presenting a palatalization process that Portuguese did not experience (the Portuguese word for a horseman is , and for horsemanship it has ).
|
|
The word 'balar' is given as an adjective meaning white in the context of buffalos, and also albinos. A 1948 Javanese Indonesian dictionary notes boelé, balar and boelai as a suffix to the Javanese 'wong' or 'person', in Indonesian 'orang balar' or 'orang saboen'. Subsequent dictionaries may define 'bule' simply as albino. However, in current usage the English loanword, albino is more commonly used.
|
|
A Sveticism () is a grammatical construction, loanword or calque originating from the Swedish language. Sveticisms are particularly found in the Finnish language, because Finland's governing bureaucracy was mostly Swedish-speaking until the 20th century. The use of Swedish grammatical constructions in official speech is a particularly persistent habit. The Swedish kommer att future tense is an example, being translated to tulla + third infinitive in illative case, e.g.
|
|
Etymology illustrated by pussy willow catkins from a children's book The word catkin is a loanword from the Middle Dutch katteken, meaning "kitten" (compare also German Kätzchen). This name is due either to the resemblance of the lengthy sorts of catkins to a kitten's tail, or to the fine fur found on some catkins. Ament is from the Latin amentum, meaning "thong" or "strap".
|
|
However, it is expressivized from tyyteni (which is a confusing word as -ni is a possessive suffix), which in turn is a loanword from Russian stúden' . A somewhat more obvious example is tökötti "sticky, tarry goo", which could be mistaken as a derivation from the onomatopoetic word tök (cf. the verb tökkiä "to poke"). However, it is an expressive loan of Russian d'ogot' "tar".
|
|
The modern English word gender comes from the Middle English gender, gendre, a loanword from Anglo-Norman and Middle French gendre. This, in turn, came from Latin genus. Both words mean "kind", "type", or "sort". They derive ultimately from a widely attested Proto-Indo-European (PIE) root gen-,Pokorny, Julius (1959, reprinted in 1989) 'gen', in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Bern: Francke, pp. 373–375.
|
|
Communitas is a Latin noun commonly referring either to an unstructured community in which people are equal, or to the very spirit of community. It also has special significance as a loanword in cultural anthropology and the social sciences. Victor Turner, who defined the anthropological usage of communitas, was interested in the interplay between what he called social 'structure' and 'antistructure'; Liminality and Communitas are both components of antistructure.Turner, V. (1974).
|
|
Even now it can be seen in its culture and language. Word such as "wong (person)" is an example of Javanese loanword in Palembang language. Also the Javanese knight and noble honorific titles, such as Raden Mas or Raden Ayu is used by Palembang nobles, the remnant of Palembang Sultanate courtly culture. The tombs of the Islamic heritage was not different in form and style with Islamic tombs in Java.
|
|
As monetary reforms took place in 1974, the Ngultrum was officially introduced as 100 Chhetrum equal to 1 Ngultrum. The Ngultrum retained the peg to the Indian rupee at par, which the Bhutanese coins had maintained. The term derives from the Dzongkha ngul, "silver" and trum, a Hindi loanword meaning "money." The Ministry of Finance issued the first banknotes in 1974 denominated Nu.1, Nu.5, Nu.10 and Nu.100.
|
|
Although the origins of baka are uncertain, Japanese scholars have proposed various etymologies and folk etymologies. The two most widely cited are a Classical Chinese idiom and a loanword from Sanskrit. First, the oldest hypothesis suggests that baka originated as a Chinese literary "allusion to a historical fool", the Qin Dynasty traitor Zhao Gao ( 207 BCE) from the Records of the Grand Historian. This etymology first appears in the (c.
|
|
Russian lexicographer Vladimir Dal in his "Explanatory Dictionary of the Live Great Russian language" marked prospekt as a loanword from French. Prospekt is cognate with the English term prospect, both derive from Latin prospectus "view, outlook". In the 18th century Russia, prospekt was used specifically for very long straight streets, especially in St. Petersburg, because they afforded a spectacular view from one end to the other when looking down them.
|
|
Mäki : Mäen from mäki : mäen 'hill'. Speakers may attempt to inflect native words without gradation or other associated morphophonological alternations, if they are previously unfamiliar with the gradational inflection: e.g. paasi 'monolith' will be often have the unalternating genitive singular paasin rather than alternating paaden (compare native vesi : veden 'water', versus recent loanword vaasi : vaasin 'vase'). The discussion below focuses on gradation as it appears in native vocabulary.
|
|
Sahib or Saheb (, traditionally ; Perso-Arab: , Devanagari: साहिब, Gurmukhi: ਸਾਹਿਬ, Bengali: সাহেব) is a word of Arabic origin meaning "companion". As a loanword, it has passed into several languages, including Persian, Kurdish, Turkish, Urdu, Hindi, Punjabi, Pashto, Bengali, Gujarati, Marathi, Rohingya and Somali. In English, it is especially associated with British rule in India. It can be used as a term of address, either as an official title or an honorific.
|
|
Ellen Broselow (born 1949) is an experimental linguist specializing in second language acquisition and phonology. She is currently a Professor of Linguistics at Stony Brook University. Broselow received her PhD in linguistics from the Department of Linguistics at the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1976. Broselow's research has focused on what sorts of mistakes second language learners make in perception and production in phonology, as well as loanword adaptation.
|
|
The word Panzer () is a German word that means "armour". It derives through the French word , "breastplate", from Latin , "belly". The word is used in English and some other languages as a loanword in the context of the German military. In particular, it is used in the proper names of military formations (Panzerdivision, 4th Panzer Army, etc.), and in the proper names of tanks, such as Panzer IV, etc.
|
|
The origin of the term chifa comes from the Cantonese 饎飯 (Jyutping:ci3 faan6) which means "to cook rice or to cook a meal." A similar loanword, "chaufa", comes from the Cantonese 炒饭 (Jyutping:caau3 faan6) or "fried rice." Many other words in the Peruvian colloquial language that are of Chinese origin include: "kion" from Cantonese 薑 (Jyutping: goeng1), and "sillao" from the Cantonese 豉油 (Jyutping si6 jau4).
|
|
Lucha libre has become a loanword in English, as evidenced by works such as Los Luchadores, ¡Mucha Lucha!, Lucha Mexico and Nacho Libre. Lucha libre also appears in other pop culture such as mainstream advertising: in Canada, Telus' Koodo Mobile Post Paid cell service uses a cartoon lucha libre wrestler as its spokesperson/mascot. On July 21, 2018, Mexican Lucha libre was declared an intangible cultural heritage of Mexico City.
|
|
The word punch is a loanword from Hindi. The original drink was named paantsch, which is Hindi for "five", and the drink was made from five different ingredients: spirit, sugar, lemon, water or tea and spices. The drink was brought back from India to England by the sailors and employees of the British East India Company in the early seventeenth century, and from there it was introduced into other European countries.
|
|
Chinese Peruvians, also known as tusán (a loanword from ), are Peruvian citizens whose ancestors came from Guangdong Province in China. They are people of Overseas Chinese ancestry born in Peru or who have made Peru their adopted homeland. Most Chinese Peruvians are multilingual. In addition to Spanish or Quechua, many of them speak one or more varieties of Chinese that may include Mandarin, Cantonese, Hakka, and Minnan (Hokkien).
|
|
The word “saffron” immediately stems from the Latin word ' via the 12th-century Old French term safran. The French was borrowed from Arabic زَعْفَرَان (za'farān), and ultimately from Persian (zarparān) which literally means "golden leaves". The Latin form ' is also the source of the Catalan safrà, Italian zafferano, but Portuguese açafrão, and Spanish azafrán come from the Arabic az-zaferán. The Latin term crocus is certainly a Semitic loanword.
|
|
The word is a Gaelic loanword from Latin cella, which originally meant a storeroom, or a small room. In both English, and the Goidelic languages, the word was borrowed in the sense of a monastic cell. In English, the word "cell" has also taken on the additional meaning of a room in a prison. The word, in its various forms, can be found in Irish and Scottish Gaelic too.
|
|
The English name halloumi is derived from Modern , khalloúmi, from Cypriot Maronite Arabic xallúm, ultimately from Egyptian . The Egyptian Arabic word is itself a loanword from Coptic (Sahidic) and (Bohairic), and was used for cheese eaten in medieval Egypt.Andriotis et al., Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής The name of the cheese likely goes back the Demotic word ḥlm "cheese" attested in manuscripts and ostraca from 2nd century Roman Egypt.
|
|
The usage of Croatian > words, if necessary even in a modified meaning, or Croatian coinages, if > they're considered to be successful, represents higher merit then mere > mechanical borrowing of foreign expressive devices. That way the Croatian > word is more solemn and formal (glazba, mirovina, redarstvenik), and the > loanword is more relaxing and less demanding (muzika, penzija, policajac). > This dimension of purism is incorporated into the very foundations of > Croatian language sensitivity.
|
|
In linguistics, the donor principle refers primarily to the observance of the original spelling of a loanword from the original ("donor") language. This principle applies in particular to the standardization in the receiver language of exonyms when they are used in publications. The term donor principle is sometimes also used for the particular spelling of names of specific products, brands, institutions etc. chosen by their owner, founder, designer, etc.
|
|
Hrabia (abbreviated hr. before a surname) is the title used for a rank of Polish nobility roughly corresponding to that of a Count. An earlier counterpart, komes, was used for a non-hereditary office in Piast Poland and faded from use before the establishment of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The title was adopted from Czech, in which itself is a loanword from the Old German title grāve (cf.
|
|
Outside Europe, the surname is fairly common in the United States (especially Texas and California), Canada, and South America. The surname Kovács is the Hungarian loanword of this word, and is one of the most frequent surnames in Hungary. The Romanian form is Covaci, and it is also a relatively frequent surname in Romania. The derivative forms Kovačić or Slovenian Kovačič, as well as Kovačević and Bulgarian Kovachev, are also very common.
|
|
Some languages, like Japanese, encourage the shortening and merging of borrowed foreign words (as in gairaigo), because they are long or difficult to pronounce in the target language. For example, karaoke, a combination of the Japanese word kara (meaning empty) and the clipped form oke of the English loanword "orchestra" (J. ōkesutora オーケストラ), is a Japanese blend that has entered the English language. The Vietnamese language also encourages blend words formed from Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary.
|
|
Wołyń Voivodeship, 1928 Osadniks (, "settler/settlers, colonist/colonists") were veterans of the Polish Army and civilians who were given or sold state land in the Kresy (current Western Belarus and Western Ukraine) territory ceded to Poland by Polish-Soviet Riga Peace Treaty of 1921 (and occupied by the Soviet Union in 1939 and ceded to it after World War II). The Polish word was also a loanword that was used in the Soviet Union.
|
|
Simon Stevin (; 1548–1620), sometimes called Stevinus, was a Flemish mathematician, physicist and military engineer. He made various contributions in many areas of science and engineering, both theoretical and practical. He also translated various mathematical terms into Dutch, making it one of the few European languages in which the word for mathematics, wiskunde (wis and kunde, i.e., "the knowledge of what is certain"), was not a loanword from Greek but a calque via Latin.
|
|
In the Chronicle of Dalimil (3, 53) vila is "fool" (as in Old Polish). appears to be a loanword from South Slavic, because of the vocal length. In Russia, vile are mentioned in the 11th century, but there is doubt that they were truly a part of Russian folklore, and not just a literary tradition. There are common traits between the vile and the rusalki, and Schneeweis holds that they are identical.
|
|
It is named after Khlong Bang Ramat, a waterway that runs through the area. It is a khlong (canal) that separates itself from the Khlong Chak Phra, which used to be part of the Chao Phraya River. The name Bang Ramat means 'place of rhinos' ['ramat' is a loanword from the Khmer language]. It was mentioned in the Kamsuan Samut or Kamsuan Siprat, an ancient text written in the early-Ayutthaya period.
|
|
Māori potatoes or taewa are varieties of potato (Solanum tuberosum subsp. tuberosum and andigena) cultivated by Māori people, especially those grown before New Zealand was colonised by the British. Māori have grown potatoes for at least 200 years, and "taewa" refers collectively to some traditional varieties, including Karuparerā, Huakaroro, Raupī, Moemoe, and Tūtae-kurī. These are smaller, knobblier, and more colourful than modern potato varieties, which are referred to by the loanword pārete.
|
|
Donald Ritche What made Japan join the fast-food nations?, The Japan Times, March 11, 2007. Steak and roasted meat were translated as yakiniku (焼肉) and iriniku (焙肉), respectively, as proposed western-style menus in Seiyō Ryōri Shinan 敬学堂主人 (Keigakudō shujin) 西洋料理指南 (Seiyō Ryōri Shinan), 1872, P28. although this usage of the former word was eventually replaced by the loanword sutēki.
|
|
For 2,000 years, the Feng creature (a.k.a. Taisui, Rouzhi, etc.) has been an obscure aspect of Chinese mythology, but in the late 20th century, Chinese media began reporting a series of fake Feng findings. In modern context, counterfeit and imitation goods made in China are so common that English borrowed the Chinese loanword shanzhai. Most of the alleged Feng findings have been restricted to Chinese-language sources, often with extraordinary pictures (Baidu Baike 2014).
|
|
Falsafa is a Greek loanword meaning "philosophy" (the Greek pronunciation philosophia became falsafa). From the 9th century onward, due to Caliph al-Ma'mun and his successor, ancient Greek philosophy was introduced among the arabs and the Peripatetic School began to find able representatives. Among them were Al- Kindi, Al-Farabi, Avicenna and Averroes. Another trend, represented by the Brethren of Purity, used Aristotelian language to expound a fundamentally Neoplatonic and Neopythagorean world view.
|
|
According to Greek linguist and philologist Georgios Babiniotis, the Greek name kokoretsi comes from Albanian kukurec.Georgios Babiniotis, Λεξικό της Νέας Ελληνικής Γλώσσας, s.v. According to Turkish- Armenian linguist Sevan Nişanyan, Albanian kukurec is a loanword derived from Serbo-Croatian and Bulgarian kukuruza, originally meaning corncob in these languages. Nişanyan also asserts that Greek word is not derived from the Albanian kokërrëz, but both of the names are cognates and were loaned from Slavic languages.
|
|
Many loanwords entered into Korean from Japan, especially during the Japanese forced occupation, when the teaching and speaking of Korean was prohibited. Those Konglish words are loanwords from, and thus similar to, Wasei-eigo used in Japan. A simple example would be how the meaning of the English word "cunning" changes when used in a Konglish sentence. In South Korea, keonning means cheating, as the loanword was adapted from Japanglish kanningu (), which means "cheating".
|
|
Mummu is a Mesopotamian deity. His name is an Akkadian loanword from Sumerian "umun", which translates as "main body, bulk, life-giving force" and "knowledge" as the active part in contrary to the more lethargical primordial forces Tiamat and Apsu (Sumerian Abzu). He appeared in the Babylonian creation myth, the Enuma Elish as the vizier of the primeval gods Apsû, the fresh water, and Tiamat, the salt water. and sometimes referred to as their son.
|
|
The festival is also considered a thanksgiving to the Goddess for fulfillment of vows. The word Bonam is a contraction of the word Bhojanam, a Sanskrit loanword which means a meal or a feast in Telugu. It is an offering to the Mother Goddess. Women prepare rice cooked with milk and jaggery in a new brass or earthen pot adorned with neem leaves, turmeric, vermilion and a lit lamp on top of the pot.
|
|
Serbian gendarmery officers, 1865 The word žandarmerija is a French loanword ("gendarmerie"), and is pronounced "zhandarmeriya". The Žandarmerija corps date back to the Principality of Serbia, established on June 28, 1860, and originally consisted of 120 officers. It was disbanded after World War II and was restored in 2001 by the reorganization of the irregular "Special Police Unit" (, PJP). This was accomplished by an act issued by the Minister of Interior Dušan Mihajlović.
|
|
Slave baracoon, Sierra Leone, 1849 A barracoon (a corruption of Portuguese barracão, an augmentative form of the Catalan loanword barraca ('hut') through Spanish barracónCollins English Dictionary. HarperCollins Publishers. 1991. ) is a type of barracks used historically for the internment of slaves or criminals. In the Atlantic slave trade, captured individuals were temporarily transported to and held at barracoons along the coast of West Africa, where they awaited transportation across the Atlantic Ocean.
|
|
Pilipili in Swahili means "pepper". Other romanizations include in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in Malawi, deriving from various pronunciations of the word in different parts of Bantu-speaking Africa. is also the spelling used as a loanword in some African Portuguese-language countries, especially in the Mozambican community. The spelling is common in English, for example in reference to African-style chili sauce, but in Portuguese it's nearly always spelled piri-piri.
|
|
Rapa Nui incorporates a number of loanwords in which constructions such as consonant clusters or word- final consonants occur, though they do not occur naturally in the language. Historically, the practice was to transliterate unfamiliar consonants, insert vowels between clustered consonants and append word-final vowels where necessary. :e.g.: Britain (English loanword) → Peretane (Rapa Nui rendering) More recently, loanwords – which come primarily from Spanish – retain their consonant clusters. For example, "litro" (litre).
|
|
W.J. Stringer and J.E. Groves. 1991. Extent of Polynyas in the Bering and Chukchi Seas It is now used as a geographical term for an area of unfrozen seawater within otherwise contiguous pack ice or fast ice. It is a loanword from the Russian полынья (), which refers to a natural ice hole and was adopted in the 19th century by polar explorers to describe navigable portions of the sea.Sherard Osborn, Peter Wells and A. Petermann. 1866.
|
|
After a Yolngu man named Bitjingu died, the word bithiwul "no; nothing" was avoided.Dixon (2002, 27). In its place, a synonym or a loanword from another language would be used for a certain period, after which the original word could be used again; but in some cases the replacement word would continue to be used. In some Australian Aboriginal cultural practices, the dead are not referred to by their name directly as a mark of respect.
|
|
Both in bary and in puby, the counter at which one orders is called bar, itself being another obvious loanword from English. Bar mleczny (literally 'milk bar') is a kind of inexpensive self-service restaurant serving wide range of dishes, with simple interior design, usually opened during breakfast and lunch hours. It is very similar to Russian столовая in both menu and decor. It can be also compared to what is called greasy spoon in English-speaking countries.
|
|
The word tzatziki appeared in English around the mid-20th century as a loanword from Modern Greek (), which in turn comes from the Turkish word ,Georgios Babiniotis, Babiniotis DictionaryTriantafyllidis Dictionary, University of Thessaloniki of obscure or unknown origin. It may be related to an Armenian word, cacıχ, but the Armenian word may itself come from Turkish or Kurdish. The root is likely related to several words in Western Asian languages. Persian ' () refers to various herbs used for cooking.
|
|
The word ' derives from the triconsonantal Semitic root د-ر-س D-R-S 'to learn, study', using the wazn (morphological form or template) ; , meaning "a place where something is done". Thus, ' literally means "a place where learning and studying take place" or "place of study". The word is also present as a loanword with the same general meaning in many Arabic-influenced languages, such as: Urdu, Bengali, Pashto, Baluchi, Persian, Turkish, Azeri, Kurdish, Indonesian, Somali and Bosnian.
|
|
Raisins In most of Europe and North America, dried grapes are referred to as "raisins" or the local equivalent. In the UK, three different varieties are recognized, forcing the EU to use the term "dried vine fruit" in official documents. A raisin is any dried grape. While raisin is a French loanword, the word in French refers to the fresh fruit; grappe (from which the English grape is derived) refers to the bunch (as in une grappe de raisins).
|
|
The terminology used to describe photo comics is somewhat inconsistent and idiosyncratic. Fumetti is an Italian word (literally "little puffs of smoke", in reference to word balloons), which refers in that language to any kind of comics. Because of the popularity of photo comics in Italy, fumetti became a loanword in English referring specifically to that technique. By extension, comics which use a mixture of photographic and illustrated imagery have been described as mezzo- fumetti ("half" fumetti).
|
|
A chariot drawn by horses. Approximate historical map of the spread of the spoke-wheeled chariot, 2000–500 BC. A chariot is a type of carriage driven by a charioteer, usually using horses to provide rapid motive power. Chariots were used by armies as transport or mobile archery platforms, for hunting or for racing, and as a conveniently fast way to travel for many ancient people. The word "chariot" comes from the Latin term carrus, a loanword from Gaulish.
|
|
Savory, or umami is an appetitive taste . It can be tasted in cheese and soy sauce. A loanword from Japanese meaning "good flavor" or "good taste",旨味 definition in English Denshi Jisho—Online Japanese dictionary is considered fundamental to many East Asian cuisines and dates back to the Romans' deliberate use of fermented fish sauce (also called garum). Umami was first studied in 1907 by Ikeda isolating dashi taste, which he identified as the chemical monosodium glutamate (MSG).
|
|
About jaipur culture imageThe term behrupiya is derived from the Sanskrit words bahu (many) and roop (form or appearance). The mostly-obsolete term naqqal (नक़्क़ाल or نقّال, meaning mimic or copycat) is also infrequently used for behrupiyas. Sometimes, behrupiyas are also simply called maskharas (मसख़रा or مسخره, an Arabic loanword in Hindustani, and a more general term for jester or buffoon) or bhands, who are the traditional actors, dancers, storytellers and entertainers of the Indian subcontinent.
|
|
The word freeter or freeta was first used around 1987 or 1988 and is thought to be a portmanteau of the English word free (or perhaps freelance) and the German word Arbeiter ("labourer"). Arubaito is a Japanese loanword from Arbeiter, and perhaps from Arbeit ("work"). As German (along with English) was used in Japanese universities before World War II, especially for science and medicine, arubaito became common among students to describe part-time work for university students.
|
|
Similarly, the ampersand ⟨&⟩, originally a ligature for the Latin word et, in many European languages stands logographically for the local word for "and" regardless of pronunciation. This can be contrasted with the older way of abbreviating et cetera—&c.;—where ⟨&⟩ is used to represent et as a full loanword, not a heterogram. Heterograms are frequent in cuneiform scripts, such as the Akkadian cuneiform, which uses Sumerian heterograms, or the Anatolian cuneiform, which uses both Sumerian and Akkadian heterograms.
|
|
Highland cow helping to maintain the landscape near Hilversum in the Netherlands The word 'landscape' in English is a loanword from Dutch landschap introduced in the 1660s and originally meant a painting. The meaning a "tract of land with its distinguishing characteristics" was derived from that in 1886. This was then used as a verb as of 1916. The German geographer Carl Troll coined the German term Landschaftsökologie–thus 'landscape ecology' in 1939.Troll, C. 1939.
|
|
There are also yaoguai kings (mówáng) that command a number of lesser demon minions. In Chinese folklore, the Chinese hell (Diyu) is a place that is populated by various demonic spawns. Most of these demons are influenced by the Indian rakshasa or yaksha and therefore bear some similarity with the Japanese oni. In Japanese, yaoguai are known as yōkai (actually, the term is a loanword from Chinese; the native Japanese equivalent, sometimes written with the same kanji, is mononoke).
|
|
The Shrine of Datuk Panglima Hijau on Pangkor Island The religious belief of the Datuk Keramat worship can be found in Malaysia, Singapore and along the Strait of Malacca. It is a fusion of Malaysian folk religion, Sufism, and Chinese folk religion in Southeast Asia. In Malay, means a village chief, a grandfather, or person in a high position and is an Arabic loanword associated with Sufism that means "sacred, holy, blessed, mystical, supernatural, highly respected".
|
|
' (meaning "watchmaking manufacturer") is a French language term of horology that has also been adopted in the English language as a loanword. In horology, the term is usually encountered in its abbreviated form manufacture. This term is used when describing a wrist watch movement or watchworks fabricator which makes all or most of the parts required for its products in its own production facilities, as opposed to simply assembling watches using parts purchased from other firms.
|
|
The first technical account (in English) of locoism was published in 1873, in the United States. Linguists have documented locoism in use among English speakers by 1889, and both loco and locoweed in use by 1844. page 115 Loco, a loanword from Spanish, is understood by most English-speaking users in the sense of crazy, and this appears to have also been the sense understood by vaqueros. In Spanish, however, loco has an older, different sense.
|
|
This theory was also endorsed by his mentor Panchanan Mandal. However, German Indologist Rahul Peter Das notes that this is highly unlikely: the Santali word "lāṛ" actually means string or fibre, and is sometimes used for "snake" or "twig". Das further points out that the word "lāṛ" may itself be an Indo-Aryan loanword in Santali. "Gangaridai", the name of an ancient Indian people in Greek literature, is sometimes believed to be a Greek corruption of "Ganga-Rāḍha".
|
|
Definitions what an Anglicisms is differs significantly across various fields. The word is employed in various situations of language contact. The criteria for being considered an Anglicism by the Usage Dictionary of Anglicisms in Selected European Languages are as follows: a loanword that is recognisably English in form with regards to spelling, pronunciation and morphology. In this specific sense, loan translations and calques are excluded (as well as words that are etymologically derived from languages related to modern French).
|
|
Blouse is a loanword from French to English (see Wiktionary entry ). Originally referring to the blue blouse worn by French workmen, the term "blouse" began to be applied to the various smocks and tunics worn by English farm labourers. In 1870, blouse was first referenced as being "for a young lady." It is suggested that the French form of the word comes from the Latin pelusia, from the Egyptian town of Pelusium, a manufacturing center in the Middle Ages.
|
|
In linguistics, a calque () or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal word-for-word or root-for-root translation. When used as a verb, "to calque" means to borrow a word or phrase from another language while translating its components, so as to create a new lexeme in the target language. The term calque itself is a loanword from the French noun ('tracing, imitation, close copy').Knapp, Robbin D. 27 January 2011.
|
|
Due to this fragmentation and lack of a standard variety, many speakers of Tweants call it by the locality their variety is from (e.g. a person from Almelo would say they speak "Almeloos" rather than "Tweants"). Alternatively, speakers combine the names: a speaker from Rijssen could say they speak "Riessens Tweants". In less precise circumstances, its speakers mostly call Tweants plat, which may either be an abbreviated form of Plattdeutsch, or a loanword from Dutch that means 'vernacular'.
|
|
In linguistics, an internationalism or international word is a loanword that occurs in several languages (that is, translingually) with the same or at least similar meaning and etymology. These words exist in "several different languages as a result of simultaneous or successive borrowings from the ultimate source" (I.V.Arnold). Pronunciation and orthography are similar so that the word is understandable between the different languages. It is debated how many languages are required so that a word is an internationalism.
|
|
In Sweden money in general is colloquially referred to by the words stålar, deg ("dough") or klöver ("clover") and the English loanword cash. Slang terms for the Swedish krona in use today include spänn and bagis. Riksdaler (referring riksdaler, the former Swedish currency) is still used as a colloquial term for the krona in Sweden. A 20-kronor banknote is sometimes called selma, referring to the portrait of Selma Lagerlöf on the older version of the note.
|
|
Fingerspitzengefühl is a German term, literally meaning "finger tips feeling" and meaning intuitive flair or instinct, which has been adopted by the English language as a loanword. It describes a great situational awareness, and the ability to respond most appropriately and tactfully. It can also be applied to diplomats, bearers of bad news, or to describe a superior ability to respond to an escalated situation. The term is sometimes used to describe the instinctive play of certain football players.
|
|
The authors do the same with the Mongol-Tungus Contact, which they also believe the loanword explanation to be insufficient for. The second chapter of the introduction is a comparative phonology of the Altaic language family. The linguists say that the most common Altaic root structure is CVCV, and compared it with Japanese. They also reconstructed a consonant system for Altaic, and talk about the Khalaj h-, which yields h- in Khalaj but 0- in other Turkic languages.
|
|
In diplomacy, an attaché is a person who is assigned ("to be attached") to the diplomatic or administrative staff of a higher placed person or another service or agency. Although a loanword from French, in English the word is not modified according to gender. "Attachée" is not listed, either as an alternate form under attaché or as a separate entry. "Attachée" is not listed, either as an alternate form under attaché or as a separate entry.
|
|
Contrast to many bacilli-shaped bacteria, most cocci bacteria do not have flagella and are non-motile. Cocci is an English loanword of a modern or neo-Latin noun, which in turn stems from the Greek masculine noun cóccos (κόκκος) meaning "berry". Structure Structure for cocci may vary between gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial wall types. The cell wall structure for cocci may vary between gram-positive (thick peptidoglycan layers) and gram-negative (thin peptidoglycan layers).
|
|
Where sic follows the quotation, it takes brackets: [sic]. The word sic is usually treated as a loanword that does not require italics, and the style manuals of New Zealand, Australian and British media outlets generally do not require italicisation. However, italicization is common in the United States, where authorities including APA Style insist upon it. Because sic is not an abbreviation, placing a full stop/period inside the brackets after the word sic is erroneous,Quotations.
|
|
Tyrol, groomed for classic skiing only. A cross-country skiing trail or loipeFrom or Langlaufloipe, pl. –n, loipe is a loanword in English-language travel guides, referring to cross-country ski trails in Europe. It is a Germanization of the Norwegian word, løype, which originally meant a steep channel used to slide logs downhill into the valleys and which in turn came from the verb laupe ("run") whose causative løype, can translate as "to get running".
|
|
The term bilby is a loanword from the Yuwaalaraay Aboriginal language of northern New South Wales, meaning long-nosed rat. It is known as dalgite in Western Australia, and the nickname pinkie is sometimes used in South Australia. The Wiradjuri of New South Wales also call it "bilby". Gerard Krefft recorded the name Jacko used by the peoples of the lower Darling in 1864, emended to Jecko in 1866 along with Wuirrapur from the peoples at the lower Murray River.
|
|
Tradition recounts that in the 1800s, Saint Martha, who destroyed the Tarasque), was invoked by the people of Pateros to vanquish a giant crocodile in the Pateros River that ate their ducks. These animals were main source of their livelihood of highly priced Balut (duck eggs). In Tagalog, the Spanish loanword for duck is pato; and those who raise ducks are called pateros. At that time, domestic ducks (whose eggs produced balut) were abundant in the river that passed through Pateros.
|
|
First recorded in 1882, the Russian word (, ) is derived from the common prefix () and the verb (, ) meaning "to destroy, to wreak havoc, to demolish violently". The noun pogrom, which has a relatively short history, is used in English and many other languages as a loanword, possibly borrowed from Yiddish (where the word takes the form ). Its widespread circulation in today's world began with the antisemitic violence in the Russian Empire in 1881–1883. The Hep-Hep riots in Frankfurt, 1819.
|
|
In Parsian language the earliest known evidence is from Vis o Rāmin by Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani in the eleventh century. It was originally thought to have been a personal name. However in the 19th century Kerope Patkanov identified it as a common word possibly meaning "musician" and suggested that it was an obsolete Persian term, currently found in a form of a loanword in Armenian. In 1934 Harold Walter Bailey linked to origin of the word to the Parthian language.
|
|
A ' (, 'wandering word', plural '; capitalized like all German nouns) is a word that has spread as a loanword among numerous languages and cultures, especially those that are far away from one another, usually in connection with trade. As such, are a curiosity in historical linguistics and sociolinguistics within a wider study of language contact. At a sufficient time depth, it can be very difficult to establish in which language or language family it originated and in which it was borrowed.
|
|
Karaoke (), a combination of the Japanese word kara "empty" and the clipped form, oke, of the English loanword "orchestra" (J. ōkesutora ), is a clipped compound that has entered the English language. Japanese ordinarily takes the first part of a foreign word, but in some cases the second syllable is used instead; notable examples from English include and . Some Japanese people are not aware of the origins of the words in their language, and may assume that all gairaigo words are legitimate English words.
|
|
Other models include the Renault Alaskan (a rebadged Nissan Navara), and the Toyota Hilux. The NOx law and other differing regulations prevent pickups from being imported to Japan, but the Japanese Domestic Market Mitsubishi Triton was available for a limited time. The most-recent pickup truck on sale in Japan is Toyota Hilux. In China (where it is known by the English loanword as 皮卡车 pí kǎ chē) the Great Wall Wingle is manufactured domestically and exported to Australia.
|
|
The Tablet of Akaptaḫa, recording a gift of land by Babylonian king, Kaštiliašu IV. The tablet of Akaptaḫa, or Agaptaḫa, is an ancient Mesopotamian private commemorative inscription on stone of the donation of a 10 GUR field (about 200 acres) 1 kurru = 8.1 hectares. by Kassite king Kaštiliašu IV (ca. 1232 BC – 1225 BC) to a fugitive leatherworker from Assyrian-occupied Ḫanigalbat in grateful recognition of his services provisioning the Babylonian army with bridles (pagumu, a loanword from Hurrian or perhaps Kassite) .
|
|
The Barolo shearwater (Puffinus baroli), also known as the North Atlantic little shearwater or Macaronesian shearwater, is a small shearwater which breeds in the Azores and Canaries of Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean. Puffinus is a New Latin loanword based on the English "puffin" and its variants, such as poffin, pophyn and puffing, that referred to the cured carcass of the fat nestling of the Manx shearwater, a former delicacy. The specific baroli refers to Carlo Tencredi Falletti, marquis of Barolo.
|
|
Molybdenum is a Group 6 chemical element with the symbol Mo and atomic number 42. The name is from Neo-Latin Molybdaenum, from Ancient Greek , meaning lead, itself proposed as a loanword from Anatolian Luvian and Lydian languages, since its ores were confused with lead ores. The free element, which is a silvery metal, has the sixth-highest melting point of any element. It readily forms hard, stable carbides, and for this reason it is often used in high-strength steel alloys.
|
|
The usual Middle Persian term "abāxtar" (loanword from MIr.s: abāxtar, abarag According to Tafażżoli and Cereti. cf. . to be because of "the Zoroastrian association of the north with the abode of evil" Excerpt: In the Zoroastrian cosmogonical division, the northern part (nēmag/kanārag “side”) is called abāxtar, which is under the superintendence of the star Haptōrang “Ursa Major”. The Zoroastrians also supposed hell to be located in the north, where Ahreman and the demons reside... which "would be evoked by use of abāxtar".
|
|
Although it can be applied to other members of the genus Homo, in common usage the word "human" generally refers to the only extant species — Homo sapiens. The definition of H. sapiens itself is debated. Some paleoanthropologists include fossils that others have allocated to different species, while the majority assign only fossils that align anatomically with the species as it exists today. The English word "human" is a Middle English loanword from Old French ', ultimately from Latin ', the adjectival form of ' ("man").
|
|
57 He is also called Aijeke, "grandfather" or "great-grandfather"; in 1673 Johannes Scheffer wrote that when Aijeke thundered, he was called Tiermes. The names of the god vary considerably between regions, with Tiermes and variants being commonly used among northern Sami and Horagalles and variants among southern Sami,Jens Andreas Friis, Lappisk Mythologi, Eventyr og Folkesagn, Christiania: Cammermeyer, 1871, pp. 65-66, 69 but unlike Horagalles, the name Tiermes is not a loanword; it is related to Torym, found in Siberia.
|
|
In Arabic, مَشَقَ mashaqa means "to stretch out" and the name مَشْق mashq references the fact that the letters د ,ص ,ط ,ك, and ى (as well as their dotted counterparts) are written stretched out. Mashq calligraphy is also notable for the shortened intervals between words. The Arabic term for this script spread as a loanword throughout the Muslim world as the Arabic writing system spread. For example, mashq is known as meşk in Turkish and is practiced by present-day calligraphers.
|
|
A sign in Austria advertising home-made Marillenschnaps, an Obstler (fruit brandy) made from apricots Schnapps ( or ) or schnaps is a type of alcoholic beverage that may take several forms, including distilled fruit brandies, herbal liqueurs, infusions, and "flavored liqueurs" made by adding fruit syrups, spices, or artificial flavorings to neutral grain spirits. The English loanword "schnapps" is derived from the colloquial German word Schnaps (plural: Schnäpse)Wahrig: Deutsches Wörterbuch (Munich: Bertelsmann, 2006). See Branntwein at p. 298 and Schnaps at p. 1305.
|
|
South-eastern Finnish, for example, has many expressive loans. The main source language, Russian, does not use the front rounded vowels 'y', 'ä' or 'ö' [y æ ø]. Thus, it is common to add these to redescriptivized loans to remove the degree of foreignness that the loanword would otherwise have. For example, tytinä "brawn" means "wobblyness", and superficially it looks like a native construction, originating from the verb tutista "to wobble" added with a front vowel sound in the vowel harmony.
|
|
The pudus (Mapudungun püdü or püdu, , ) are two species of South American deer from the genus Pudu, and are the world's smallest deer. The name is a loanword from Mapudungun, the language of the indigenous Mapuche people of central Chile and south-western Argentina. The two species of pudus are the northern pudu (Pudu mephistophiles) from Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, and the southern pudu (Pudu puda; sometimes incorrectly modified to Pudu puduHershkovitz, Philip (1982). Neotropical deer (Cervidae) : Part I. Pudus, genus Pudu Gray.
|
|
A few English compound words, such as lightheaded or hothouse, have the letter combination split between the parts, though this is not a digraph. Here, the and are pronounced separately (light-headed) as a cluster of two consonants. Other examples are anthill, goatherd, lighthouse, outhouse, pothead; also in words formed with the suffix -hood: knighthood, and the similarly formed Afrikaans loanword apartheid. In a few place names ending in t+ham, the t-h boundary has been lost and become a spelling pronunciation, for example Grantham.
|
|
The confusion of the 11th century and the use of the Saxon loanword edling for the heir also seem to have clouded the issue. By law, the principal homestead (and presumably the realm) were to go to the king's eldest son, but this was subject to several important provisos: :(a) First, the son could not be damaged in any limb, blind, deaf, or mentally retarded.Owen, p. 687. :(b) Second, although this was not explicitly codified,Unless implicit in the requirements for mental maturity above.
|
|
A common Uyghur dish is laghman or leghmen (, ; Shou La Mian, , shǒu lāmiàn, شِوْ لامِيًا), a noodle dish thought to have originated from the Chinese lamian - it has been noted that words that begin with L are not native to Turkic, therefore "läghmän" is possibly a loanword from Chinese. However, the flavor and preparation method of leghmen are distinctively Uyghur. It is a special type of handmade noodle, made from flour, water and salt. The dough is divided into small balls and then stretched by hand.
|
|
"Háu kȟolá", literally "Hello, friend", is the most common greeting, and was transformed into the generic motion picture American Indian "How!", just as the traditional feathered headdress of the Teton was "given" to all movie Indians. As háu is the only word in Lakota which contains a diphthong, , it may be a loanword from a non-Siouan language. Other than using the word "friend", one often uses the word "cousin" or "cross-cousin" since everyone in the tribe was as family to each other.
|
|
In German the word Kessel (literally a cauldron) is commonly used to refer to an encircled military force, and a Kesselschlacht (cauldron battle) refers to a pincer movement. The common tactic which would leave a Kessel is referred to Keil and Kessel (Keil means wedge). Kessel is a loanword in English texts about World War II. Another use of Kessel is to refer to Kessel fever, the panic and hopelessness felt by any troops who were surrounded with little or no chance of escape.
|
|
The main renewable energy sources in Germany: biomass, wind energy, and photovoltaicsThe term Energiewende is regularly used in English language publications without being translated (a loanword). The term Energiewende was first contained in the title of a 1980 publication by the German Öko-Institut, calling for the complete abandonment of nuclear and petroleum energy. In support of the claim that Krause et al (1980) was the first use of the term Energiewende. The most groundbreaking claim was that economic growth was possible without increased energy consumption.
|
|
The current spelling and pronunciation result from the English and French languages importing the loanword from Inuktitut. On April 1, 1946, the Canadian Army assumed responsibility for the portions of the Alaska Highway that lay with Canadian boundaries. This section of the highway was renamed the "Northwest Highway System" and the responsibility for maintenance was given to the Royal Canadian Engineers for the next 20 years. The soldiers of the CME/RCE adopted the greeting of "chimo" and in 1973 it became the cheer of the CME.
|
|
French delicacies sold in delicatessens: foie gras and Sauternes Delicatessen is a German loanword which first appeared in English in the late 19th century and is the plural of Delikatesse. The German form was lent from the French délicatesse, which itself was lent from Italian delicatezza, from delicato, of which the root word is the Latin adjective delicatus, meaning "giving pleasure, delightful, pleasing". The first Americanized short version of this word, deli, came into existence probably after World War II (first evidence from 1948).
|
|
In ancient Greek, no compounds are known to exist with γυνή that start with γυνο- or γυνω-. The ancient Greek word κέντρον can be translated as sharp point, sting (of bees and wasps), point of a spear and stationary point of a pair of compasses, with the meaning centre of a circle related to the latter. The meaning centre/middle point (of a circle) is preserved in the Latin word centrum, a loanword from ancient Greek. The English word centre is derived from the Latin centrum.
|
|
Before the coming of white colonists, the Marra may have had some prior contact with Asians. Their word for food/flour/bread, gandirri, has been hypothesized by Nicholas Evans to be a loanword from the Maccassan kanre, meaning food, esp. cooked rice, and if so, would be some evidence that the Marra people had enjoyed direct contact with Macassar traders from southeast Asia. Matthew Flinders was the first European to set foot on Maria Island in 1802, and noted from fires and footprints that it was inhabited.
|
|
The reason there is a debate is because the line between a dialect and a language is not clear. Meänkieli received the status of a separate language in Sweden for political, historical and sociological reasons. Linguistically it can be grouped into the northern dialects of Finnish and the difference between northern Finnish dialects in Meänkieli is the loanword count. Meänkieli has about the same amount of Swedish loanwords as the dialect of Rauma but Meänkieli also has Sami loanwords but they are less common.
|
|
The shell of Concholepas concholepas is used as an ashtray in Chile. Concholepas concholepas, the Chilean abalone, is a species of large edible sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk. Despite the superficial resemblance, C. concholepas is not a true abalone (a species in the family Haliotidae), but a member of the family Muricidae, also known as murex snails or rock snails. This species is native to the coasts of Chile and Peru, where it is called loco (Chilean Spanish a loanword from Mapudungun Etimología de LOCO.
|
|
As a result, the apple became a symbol for knowledge, immortality, temptation, the fall of man and sin. The classical Greek word μήλον (mēlon), or dialectal μᾶλον (mālon), now a loanword in English as melon, meant tree fruit in general,Entry μῆλον at Liddell & Scott. but was borrowed into Latin as mālum, meaning 'apple'. The similarity of this word to Latin mălum, meaning 'evil', may also have influenced the apple's becoming interpreted as the biblical "forbidden fruit" in the commonly used Latin translation called "Vulgate".
|
|
From top left clockwise: alt=' is a Japanese language term used to refer to an individual born to one ethnic Japanese and one non-Japanese parent. A loanword from English, the term literally means "half," a reference to the individual's non-Japanese heritage. While Japan remains one of the most homogeneous societies on the planet, hāfu individuals are well represented in the media in Japan and abroad and recent studies estimate that 1 in 30 children born in Japan are born to interracial couples.
|
|
The name of Syridahel was first mentioned in 1256. Other early orthographic forms of the name were Zeredahely (1270) and Zredahel (1358). Szerdahely means "Wednesday (market)place" in Hungarian and it indicates the town had the privilege to hold a market on Wednesdays (although it was later changed to Fridays). (The Hungarian word szerda is a loanword from Slavic languages; the word streda means Wednesday for example in Slovak, with related words existing in other Slavic languages, as it is the middle (stred) day in the week.) The attribute Duna- (Dunajská; i.e.
|
|
Glutamic acid stimulates specific receptors located in taste buds such as the amino acid receptor T1R1/T1R3, or other glutamate receptors like the metabotropic receptors (mGluR4 and mGluR1) which induce the flavor profile known as umami. It is classified as one of the five basic tastes (the word umami is a loanword from Japanese; it is also referred to as "savory" or "meaty"). Structures of inosine-5'-monophosphate (top) and guanosine-5'-monophosphate (bottom). The flavoring effect of glutamate come with its free form, where it is not bound to other amino acids in protein.
|
|
Bāb () is an Arabic word for gateway, also found as a loanword in Persian and Ottoman Turkish. Commonly used names of several gateways built throughout the centuries in Arabic or Persianate societies start with "Bab", such as the Babs of Cairo and those of Marrakech. The word was taken by Siyyid `Alí Muḥammad Shírází, the founder of Bábism and one of the central figures of the Baháʼí Faith, who called himself "The Báb" in reference to the promised Twelver Mahdi or al-Qá'im. His followers were known as Bábís.
|
|
The name Agadir is a common Berber noun agadir meaning "wall, enclosure, fortified building, citadel". This noun is attested in most Berber languages,See K. Naït-Zerrad, Dictionnaire des racines berbères, Ḍ-G, Louvain: Peeters, 2002, p. 734. and may be a loanword from Phoenician-Punic, a Semitic language spoken in North-Africa until the fifth century CE.Cf. Hebrew gādēr "wall, place fortified with a wall" (see S.P. Tregelles, Gesenius' Hebrew- Chaldee lexicon, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1949, p. 160, which also mentions Classical Arabic jadīr "a place surrounded by a wall").
|
|
The Ogea are a Papuan people from Madang Province of Papua New Guinea speaking the Ogea language. They live in the four villages of Garima, Dogia, Balama, and Erima, bounded by the Gogol and Yawor rivers, and Astrolabe Bay. The first recorded contact with the Ogea by a European was by the Russian scientist, Nicholai Nicholaevich Miklukho-Maklai, who described visits to several Ogea villages between 1871 and 1883 in his diary. Ogea has at least one Russian loanword, "sapora" ('axe, hatchet') evidence perhaps that Miklukho-Maklai introduced metal to the Ogea.
|
|
Baron Haussmann made such roads well known in his re-shaping of Second Empire Paris between 1853 and 1870. The French word boulevard originally referred to the flat summit of a rampart (the etymology of the word distantly parallels that of bulwark which is a Dutch loanword [bolwerk]). Several Parisian boulevards replaced old city walls; more generally, boulevards encircle a city center, in contrast to avenues that radiate from the center. Boulevard is sometimes used to describe an elegantly wide road, such as those in Paris, approaching the Champs-Élysées.
|
|
The word guanine derives from the Spanish loanword guano ("bird/bat droppings"), which itself is from the Quechua word wanu, meaning "dung". As the Oxford English Dictionary notes, guanine is "A white amorphous substance obtained abundantly from guano, forming a constituent of the excrement of birds".OED. "guanine" and also "guano". In 1656 in Paris, a Mr. Jaquin extracted from the scales of the fish Alburnus alburnus so-called "pearl essence",Johann Rudolf von Wagner, Ferdinand Fischer, and L. Gautier, Traité de chimie industrielle (Treatise on industrial chemistry), 4th ed.
|
|
Thai youtiao In Thailand, youtiao is generally called pathongko (, ) due to a confusion with a different kind of dessert. Pathongko is a loanword adapted from either Teochew Minnan beh teung guai (白糖粿; Mandarin: bái tángguǒ) or Cantonese of baahktònggòu (白糖糕; Mandarin: bái tánggāo). However, both possible original names are different desserts, not to be confused with the real white sugar sponge cake (白糖糕). It was previously sold together with youtiao by street vendors who normally walked around and shouted both names out loud.
|
|
Several alternative etymologies exist that hold that the Arab form may disguise a loanword from an Ethiopian or African source, suggesting Kaffa, the highland in southwestern Ethiopia as one, since the plant is indigenous to that area. However, the term used in that region for the berry and plant is bunn, the native name in Shoa being būn. Ethiopian ancestors of today's Oromo people were believed to have been the first to recognize the energizing effect of the coffee plant. In Ethiopia, coffee originated in Keffa Zone, also in the SNNP region.
|
|
Greek lexicographers in the Hellenistic period claimed that Ariadne is derived from the Cretan dialectical elements ari (ἀρι-) "most" (which is an intensive prefix) and adnós (ἀδνός) "holy". Conversely, Stylianos Alexiou has argued that despite the belief being that Ariadne's name is of Indo-European origin, it's actually pre-Greek. Linguist Robert S. P. Beekes has also supported Ariadne having a pre-Greek origin; specifically being Minoan from Crete. This being due to her name containing the sequence dn (δν), which is rare in Indo-European languages, indicating that it's a Minoan loanword.
|
|
The spread of this vocabulary particular to their culture accompanied the diffusion of other Olmec cultural and artistic traits that appears in the archaeological record of other Mesoamerican societies. Mixe–Zoque specialist Søren Wichmann first critiqued this theory on the basis that most of the Mixe–Zoquean loans seemed to originate only from the Zoquean branch of the family. This implied the loanword transmission occurred in the period after the two branches of the language family split, placing the time of the borrowings outside of the Olmec period.Wichmann (1995).
|
|
Manflor (combination of the English loanword "man" and the word flor meaning "flower") and its variant manflora (a play on manflor using the word flora) are used in Mexico and in the US to refer, usually pejoratively, to a homosexual female or lesbian. (In Eastern Guatemala, the variation mamplor is used.) It is used in very much the same way as the English word "dyke." For example: Oye, güey, no toques a esa chica; todos ya saben que es monflora. ("Hey, dude, don't hit on that girl; everyone knows she's a dyke.").
|
|
Fight for the Bagration flèches, fragment of Borodino battle panoramic painting by Franz Roubaud. The fortifications themselves are on the far right French artillery supports attack on the Bagration flèches, fragment of Borodino battle panoramic painting by Franz Roubaud. The fortification are on the far side of the paintings The Bagration flèches (Flèche is a French loanword meaning "arrow" or "spire") are certain historic military earthworks named after Pyotr Bagration who ordered their construction. They were the pivotal Russian strongholds on the left flank during the Battle of Borodino in 1812.
|
|
Kaserne is a loanword taken from the German word ' (plural: '), which means "barracks". It is the typical term used when naming the garrison location for American and Canadian forces stationed in Germany. American forces were also sometimes housed in installations simply referred to as "barracks", such as Ray Barracks in Friedberg. APCs and artillery American forces within a kaserne could range in size anywhere from company size, with a few hundred troops and equipment, to brigade level formation with supporting units, or approximately three to five thousand troops and their equipment.
|
|
Regularization is a linguistic phenomenon observed in language acquisition, language development, and language change typified by the replacement of irregular forms in morphology or syntax by regular ones. Examples are "gooses" instead of "geese" in child speech and replacement of the Middle English plural form for "cow", "kine", with "cows". Regularization is a common process in natural languages; regularized forms can replace loanword forms (such as with "cows" and "kine") or coexist with them (such as with "formulae" and "formulas" or "hepatitides" and "hepatitises"). Erroneous regularization is also called overregularization.
|
|
3, p. 1093. Grammarians of the Basra school regarded it as either formed "spontaneously" (murtajal) or as the definite form of lāh (from the verbal root lyh with the meaning of "lofty" or "hidden"). Others held that it was borrowed from Syriac or Hebrew, but most considered it to be derived from a contraction of the Arabic definite article al- "the" and ' "deity, god" to ' meaning "the deity", or "the God". The majority of modern scholars subscribe to the latter theory, and view the loanword hypothesis with skepticism.
|
|
Venn diagram illustrating the overlapping definitions of the word pogrom incorporate the definitional requirements of a massacre, a riot and a group persecution. This article provides a list of definitions of the term pogrom. The term originated as a loanword from the Russian verb громи́ть (), meaning "to destroy, to wreak havoc, to demolish violently". The events in Odessa during Holy Week in 1871 were the first to be widely called a "pogrom" in Russian, and the events of 1881–82 introduced the term into common usage throughout the world.
|
|
In Cambodia, "villa" is used as a loanword in the local language of Khmer, and is generally used to describe any type of detached townhouse that features yard space. The term doesn't apply to any particular architectural style or size, the only features that distinguish a Khmer villa from another building are the yard space and being fully detached. The terms "twin-villa" and "mini-villa" have been coined meaning semi-detached and smaller versions respectively. Generally, these would be more luxurious and spacious houses than the more common row houses.
|
|
The term may refer to both scientific ideas and science fiction genres that center on giant robots or machines (mechs) controlled by people. Mechas are typically depicted as humanoid mobile robots. The term was first used in Japanese (meka) after shortening the English loanword mekanikaru ('mechanical'), but the meaning in Japanese is more inclusive, and "robot" (robotto) or "giant robot" is the narrower term. These machines vary greatly in size and shape, but are distinguished from vehicles by their humanoid or biomorphic appearance and size—bigger than a human.
|
|
Yōkan (羊羹) is a thick Japanese jellied dessert made of adzuki bean paste, agar, and sugar The name adzuki (or azuki) is a transliteration of the native Japanese name. Japanese also has a Chinese loanword, , which means "small bean", its counterpart being the soybean. It is common to write in kanji but pronounce it as azuki ', an example of '. In China, the corresponding name () still is used in botanical or agricultural parlance, however, in everyday Chinese, the more common terms are ' () and ' (), both meaning "red bean", because almost all Chinese cultivars are uniformly red.
|
|
For instance, they proposed that the Romanian words for fountain and land (modern Romanian fântână and țară) should be rendered by fontana and tiera. They decided to replace Slavic loanwords with terms of Latin origin, even trying to get rid of the Romanian word for and (și), wrongly attributing a Slavic origin to it. They created portmanteau words, containing both Slavic and Latin roots, like răzbel from the Slavic loanword război and the Latin term bellum (both meaning war). Scholars of this "Latinist school" (or "Latinist current") often spread extremist views in their works.
|
|
French Army kepi The kepi ( ) is a cap with a flat circular top and a peak, or visor. In English, the term is a loanword of , itself a re-spelled version of the , a diminutive form of , meaning "cap". In Europe, this headgear is most commonly associated with French military and police uniforms, though versions of it were widely worn by other armies during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In North America, it is usually associated with the American Civil War, as it was worn by soldiers on both sides of the conflict.
|
|
These usages vary: in 133 cases it refers to "spirit" and in 153 cases to "spiritual". Around 93 times, the reference is to the Holy Spirit, sometimes under the name pneuma and sometimes explicitly as the pneûma tò Hagion (). (In a few cases it is also simply used generically to mean wind or life.) It was generally translated into the Vulgate as Spiritus and '. The English terms "Holy Ghost" and "Holy Spirit" are complete synonyms: one derives from the Old English gast and the other from the Latin loanword '.
|
|
In modern Japanese slang, the term is mostly equivalent to "geek" or "nerd" (both in the broad sense; a technological geek would be and an academic nerd would be or ), but in a more derogatory manner than used in the West. However, it can relate to any fan of any particular theme, topic, hobby or form of entertainment. "When these people are referred to as , they are judged for their behaviors - and people suddenly see an as a person unable to relate to reality." The word entered English as a loanword from the Japanese language.
|
|
Ateji today are used conventionally for certain words, such as (sushi), though these words may be written in hiragana (especially for native words), or katakana (especially for borrowed words), with preference depending on the particular word, context, and choice of the writer. Ateji are particularly common on traditional store signs and menus. For example, tempura may be written as . The Japanese loanword for "coffee" is generally written using the katakana , but on coffee shop signs and menus it may be written with the Chinese word , which is then pronounced irregularly to their normal kun'yomi.
|
|
Images of the custom have been found on several ancient Near East inscriptions in contexts suggesting that it was practiced across the Near East.Peake's Commentary on the Bible Some scholars believe that the practice among ancients originated due to the wearing of animal skins, which have legs at each corner, and that later fabrics symbolized the presence of such legs, first by the use of amulets, and later by tzitzit. While uses the Heb. tzitzit, employs the plural form of gadil, which is an Akkadian loanword for a "cord" or "string".
|
|
A similar situation happened with the Polish loanword from English czipsy ("potato chips")—from English chips being already plural in the original (chip + -s), yet it has obtained the Polish plural ending -y. The word spruce entered the English language from the Polish name of Prusy (a historical region, today part of Poland). It became spruce because in Polish, z Prus, sounded like "spruce" in English (transl. "from Prussia") and was a generic term for commodities brought to England by Hanseatic merchants and because the tree was believed to have come from Polish Ducal Prussia.
|
|
Nguyễn V. T. (1975) notes that Nguồn speakers can communicate with Mường speakers with each speaking their own language, but Vietnamese speakers who do not know Mường cannot understand Nguồn. Although closer to Mường generally (especially concerning sound system similarities), in some aspects Nguồn is more similar to Vietnamese. For example, the negative marker in Vietnamese is the particle không, which is ultimately a loanword from Chinese that became grammaticalized. The native negative marker chẳng, which is attested in earlier stages of Vietnamese, was largely replaced by the Chinese borrowing.
|
|
Vigorish (also known as juice, under-juice, the cut, the take, the margin, the house edge or simply the vig) is the fee charged by a bookmaker (or bookie) for accepting a gambler's wager. In American English it can also refer to the interest owed a loanshark in consideration for credit. The term came to English usage via Yiddish slang (), which was itself a loanword from the original Russian. () As a business practice it is an example of risk management; by doing so bookmakers can guarantee turning a profit regardless of the underlying event's outcome.
|
|
In Aceh, Islamic criminal law is called jinayat (an Arabic loanword). The laws that implement it are called Qanun Jinayat or Hukum Jinayat, roughly meaning "Islamic criminal code". Although the largely-secular laws of Indonesia apply in Aceh, the provincial government passed additional regulations, some derived from Islamic criminal law, after Indonesia authorized its provinces to enact regional regulations (perda) and granted Aceh special autonomy to implement Islamic law. Offences under the provisions include alcohol consumption, production and distribution, gambling, adultery, rape, sexual harassment, certain intimacies outside marriage, and certain homosexual acts.
|
|
The word island derives from Middle English iland, from Old English igland (from ig or ieg, similarly meaning 'island' when used independently, and -land carrying its contemporary meaning; cf. Dutch eiland ("island"), German Eiland ("small island")). However, the spelling of the word was modified in the 15th century because of a false etymology caused by an incorrect association with the etymologically unrelated Old French loanword isle, which itself comes from the Latin word insula. Old English ieg is actually a cognate of Swedish ö and German Aue, and related to Latin aqua (water).
|
|
The pharaoh Djoser's Ka statue peers out through the hole in his serdab, ready to receive the soul of the deceased and any offerings presented to it. A serdab (), literally meaning "cold water", which became a loanword in Arabic for 'cellar') is an ancient Egyptian tomb structure that served as a chamber for the Ka statue of a deceased individual. Used during the Old Kingdom, the serdab was a sealed chamber with a small slit or hole to allow the soul of the deceased to move about freely. These holes also let in the smells of the offerings presented to the statue.
|
|
Close-up of a kookaburra in Sydney, Australia Kookaburras are terrestrial tree kingfishers of the genus Dacelo native to Australia and New Guinea, which grow to between in length and weigh around . The name is a loanword from Wiradjuri guuguubarra, onomatopoeic of its call. The loud distinctive call of the laughing kookaburra is widely used as a stock sound effect in situations that involve an Australian bush setting or tropical jungle, especially in older movies. They are found in habitats ranging from humid forest to arid savanna, as well as in suburban areas with tall trees or near running water.
|
|
The Kurgan hypothesis (also theory or model) argues that the people of an archaeological "Kurgan culture" (a term grouping the Yamnaya or Pit Grave culture and its predecessors) in the Pontic steppe were the most likely speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language. The term is derived from kurgan (), a Turkic loanword in Russian for a tumulus or burial mound. An origin at the Pontic-Caspian steppes is the most widely accepted scenario of Indo-European origins. Marija Gimbutas formulated her Kurgan hypothesis in the 1950s, grouping together a number of related cultures at the Pontic steppes.
|
|
Orbis Books.] This set of Latin dialects came to be called the Mozarabic language by 19th-century Spanish scholars who studied medieval Al-Andalus, though there never was a common language standard. The term is inaccurate, because it refers to the Christians who spoke Andalusi Romance, as a part of the Romance dialectic linguistic continuum in the Iberian Peninsula, but it was also spoken by Jews, and Muslims, as large parts of the population converted to Islam. The word Mozarab is a loanword from Andalusi Arabic musta'rab, , Classical Arabic musta'rib, meaning "who adopts the ways of the Arabs".
|
|
Penny was likely readily adopted because the previous coinage in Canada (up to 1858) was the British monetary system, where Canada used British pounds, shillings, and pence as coinage alongside U.S. decimal coins and Spanish milled dollars. In Canadian French, the penny is often known by the loanword cent; in contrast with the heteronymous word meaning "hundred" (), this keeps the English pronunciation . Slang terms include , , or (black penny), although common Quebec French usage is . Production of the penny ceased in May 2012, and the Royal Canadian Mint ceased distribution of them as of February 4, 2013.
|
|
The word was primarily used to describe networks, when people made each a favour in exchange for another favour. According to Max Vasmer, the origin of the word blat is the Yiddish blatt, meaning a "blank note" or a "list". However, according to both Vasmer and N. M. Shansky, blat may also have entered into Russian as the Polish loanword blat, a noun signifying "someone who provides an umbrella" or a "cover". The word became part of Imperial Russian criminal slang in the early 20th century, where it signified relatively minor criminal activity such as petty theft.
|
|
But, just as the mountain stream carries the card box, the current of the language carries the loanword or its twisted form. It is enough just to guess the first word—and Uskoković’s stories are a testament to that—and other words will follow, in accordance with supreme laws and lingual habits.” Foreword for Falcon chick, Nikšić, 1989 Dr Ratko Božović: “Continuously, artfully consistently, Uskoković weaved his drama, storytelling, satire and comedy cloth, colorful and unpredictable, as a sign of clear individual recognition. No matter how his poetics belongs to ‘this’ time, it belongs to ‘that’ time, as well.
|
|
Candystorm is a loanword used in the German language and is the antonym of shitstorm. Green German MP Volker Beck gave distinction to the term by using it to describe a wave of party support for Claudia Roth's bid for Party leadership on Twitter in late 2012. Roth had just before failed in her bid to be nominated as the party's top candidate in the 2013 federal elections, and was rumored not to be running for re-election as party leader. Volker Beck called in July 2013 for a "candystorm for Edward Snowden", calling for admission of Snowden under hashtag #snowstorm22.
|
|
Instead of struggling to translate shen , it can be transliterated as a loanword. The Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.) defines shen, "In Chinese philosophy: a god, person of supernatural power, or the spirit of a dead person." In acupuncture, shen is a pure spiritual energy devoid of memory and personality traits, whereas hun is the spiritual energy associated with the personality and po the energy tied to the sustenance of the physical body. In this system, shen resides in the heart and departs first at death, hun resides in the liver and departs second, and po resides in the lungs and departs last.
|
|
The term maharlika is a loanword from Sanskrit maharddhika (महर्द्धिक), a title meaning "man of wealth, knowledge, or ability". Contrary to modern definitions, it did not refer to the ruling class, but rather to a warrior class (which were minor nobility) of the Tagalog people, directly equivalent to Visayan timawa. Like timawa, the term also has connotations of "freeman" or "freed slave" in both Filipino and Malay languages. In some Indo-Malayan languages, as well as the languages of the Muslim areas of the Philippines, the cognates mardika, merdeka, merdeheka, and maradika mean "freedom" or "freemen" (as opposed to servitude).
|
|
Signboard In manufacturing, the term andon () refers to a system which notifies managerial, maintenance, and other workers of a quality or processing problem. The alert can be activated manually by a worker using a pullcord or button or may be activated automatically by the production equipment itself. The system may include a means to pause production so the issue can be corrected. Some modern alert systems incorporate audio alarms, text, or other displays; stack lights are among the most commonly used. “Andon” is a Japanese loanword originally meaning paper lantern; Japanese manufacturers began its quality-control usage.
|
|
In common with many other Amazonian languages, Madí has a very simple syllable structure (C)V; that is, a syllable must consist of a vowel, which may be preceded by a consonant. All consonant-vowel sequences are permitted except /wo/. VV sequences are heavily restricted; aside from /oV Vo/ (which may also be transcribed /owV Vwo/, with an intervening consonant), sequences where /h/ is deleted before an unstressed vowel, and the recent loanword /ia/ "day" (from Portuguese dia), the only permitted sequence is /ai/. Words cannot begin with VV sequences, except when /h/ is deleted from the sequence /VhV-/.
|
|
According to Sabaean grammar, the term ʾaʿrāb is derived from the term ʿarab. The term is also mentioned in Quranic verses, referring to people who were living in Madina and it might be a south Arabian loanword into Quranic language. The oldest surviving indication of an Arab national identity is an inscription made in an archaic form of Arabic in 328 CE using the Nabataean alphabet, which refers to Imru' al-Qays ibn 'Amr as 'King of all the Arabs'. Herodotus refers to the Arabs in the Sinai, southern Palestine, and the frankincense region (Southern Arabia).
|
|
While the demonym for a New Zealand citizen is New Zealander, the informal "Kiwi" is commonly used both internationally and by locals. The name derives from the kiwi, a native flightless bird, which is the national symbol of New Zealand. The Māori loanword "Pākehā" usually refers to New Zealanders of European descent, although some reject this appellation, and some Māori use it to refer to all non-Polynesian New Zealanders. Most people born in New Zealand or one of the realm's external territories (Tokelau, the Ross Dependency, the Cook Islands and Niue) before 2006 are New Zealand citizens.
|
|
Though there is disagreement about the assumption that the majority of wasei-eigo are created by advertisers, the audience that predominantly uses wasei-eigo is youth and women. Many Japanese consider English loanword usage to be more casual and as being used mainly among peers of the same status. In addition, many wasei-eigo words are used to camouflage risque terms and ideas, such as the famous rabbuho (love hotel), or the many massaji (massage) and sabisu (service) associated with taboo topics. Finally, wasei-eigo may be used to express a poetic and emphatic need of the speaker, resulting in a new term.
|
|
Similarly, Philippine languages such as Tagalog have many Sanskrit loanwords. A Sanskrit loanword encountered in many Southeast Asian languages is the word bhāṣā, or spoken language, which is used to mean language in general, for example bahasa in Malay, Indonesian and Tausug, basa in Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese, phasa in Thai and Lao, bhasa in Burmese, and phiesa in Khmer. The utilization of Sanskrit has been prevalent in all aspects of life including legal purposes. Sanskrit terminology and vernacular appears in ancient courts to establish procedures that have been structured by Indian models such as a system composed of a code of laws.
|
|
In English, while a translation is usually marketed as a "graphic novel" or "trade paperback", the transliterated terms and are sometimes used amongst online communities. Japanese people frequently refer to manga by the English loanword , although it is more widespread for being used in place of the word "manga", as they are the same thing. The term also refers to the format itself—a comic collection in a trade paperback sized (roughly ) book (as opposed to the larger format used by traditional American graphic novels). Although Japanese manga tankobon may be in various sizes, the most common are Japanese B6 () and ISO A5 ().
|
|
Some of the words provided with false Turkish etymologies through the practice of goropism were God, attributed to the Turkish kut (blessing); Bulletin from belleten (to learn by heart); Electric from Uyghur yaltrık (shine). According to linguist Ghil'ad Zuckermann, "it is possible that the Sun Language Theory was adopted by Atatürk in order to legitimize the Arabic and Persian words which the Turkish language authorities did not manage to uproot. This move compensated for the failure to provide a neologism for every foreignism/loanword."Zuckermann, Ghil’ad (2003), ‘‘Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew’’, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, , p. 165.
|
|
Wilkinson (2000: 725-726) lists three commonly used words: nu 奴 "slave" (e.g., Xiongnu 匈奴 "fierce slaves; Xiongnu people"), gui 鬼 "devil; ghost" (guilao or Cantonese Gweilo 鬼佬 "devil men; Western barbarians"), and lu 虜 "captive; caitiff" (Suolu 索虜 "unkempt caitiffs; Tuoba people", now officially written 拓拔 "develop pull"). Unlike official Chinese language reforms, Wilkinson (2000: 730) notes, "Unofficially and not infrequently graphic pejoratives were added or substituted" in loanword transcriptions, as when Falanxi 法蘭西 (with lan 蘭 "orchid; moral excellence") "France" was written Falangxi 法狼西 (with lang 狼 "wolf").
|
|
Curriculum vitae is a Latin expression which can be loosely translated as [the] course of [my] life. In current usage, curriculum is less marked as a foreign loanword. Traditionally the word vitae is rendered in English using the ligature æ, hence vitæ,List of words that may be spelled with a ligature although this convention (curriculum vitæ) is less common in contemporary practice. The plural of curriculum vitae, in Latin, is formed following Latin rules of grammar as curricula vitae, and is used along with curricula vitarum, each of which is debated as being more grammatically correct than the other.
|
|
The Persian toponym Atashgah (with Russian/Azerbaijani pronunciation: Atashgyakh/Ateshgah) literally means "home of fire." The Persian-origin term atesh (آتش) means "fire", and is a loanword in Azerbaijani; it is etymologically related to the Vedic अथर्वन् atharvan. Gah (گاہ) derives from Middle Persian and means "throne" or "bed" and it is identical with Sanskrit gṛha गृह for "house", which in popular usage becomes gah. The name refers to the fact that the site is situated atop a now-exhausted natural gas field, which once caused natural fires to spontaneously burn there as the gas emerged from seven natural surface vents.
|
|
Dorylus, also known as driver ants, safari ants, or siafu, is a large genus of army ants found primarily in central and east Africa, although the range also extends to southern Africa and tropical Asia. The term siafu is a loanword from Swahili,Swahili translation and is one of numerous similar words from regional Bantu languages used by indigenous peoples to describe various species of these ants. Unlike the New World members of the former subfamily Ecitoninae (now Dorylinae), members of this genus do form temporary anthills lasting from a few days up to three months. Each colony can contain over 20 million individuals.
|
|
New Zealand school- students of European descent Most European New Zealanders have British and/or Irish ancestry, with smaller percentages of other European ancestries such as Germans, Poles (historically noted as "Germans" due to Partitions of Poland), French, Dutch, Scandinavian and South Slavs.Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand: New Zealand Peoples In the 1961 census, over 90% of New Zealanders self-identified as people of European descent. The Māori-language loanword Pākehā came into use to refer to European New Zealanders, although some European New Zealanders reject this appellation. Twenty-first century New Zealanders increasingly use the word "Pākehā" to refer to all non-Polynesian New Zealanders.
|
|
For example, the kanji (literally "one horn beast") might be glossed with katakana , yunikōn, to show the pronunciation of the loanword "unicorn", which is unrelated to the normal reading of the kanji. Generally, though, such loanwords are just written in straight katakana. The distinction between regular kana and the smaller character forms (yōon and sokuon), which are used in regular orthography to mark such things as gemination and palatalization, is often not made in furigana: for example, the usual hiragana spelling of the word (kyakka) is , but in furigana it might be written . This was especially common in old-fashioned movable type printing when smaller fonts were not available.
|
|
38-46, who treats on this subject in great length, but whose conclusions differ from those of Amar. In any rate, all agree that Cassia should not be confused with our modern taxonomic names of Cassia acutifolia and C. angustifolia, from which plants are produced senna (Cassia fistula). Cassia is merely a Hebrew loanword used in English. Onkelos (Aquilas) in Exodus 30:24 translates "qidah" = קדה as "qeṣī'ah" = קציעתא, or what is transliterated as "cassia" in English texts. According to Theophrastus' Enquiry Into Plants, the "cassia" is identified with "a bark taken from a fragrant tree," and which modern botanists think may have referred to Cinnamomum inersTheophrastus (1916), editors.
|
|
An early Christian painting of Noah in the gesture of orant Catacombs of Domitilla, Rome Orans, a loanword from Medieval Latin ōrāns translated as one who is praying or pleading, also orant or orante, is a posture or bodily attitude of prayer, usually standing, with the elbows close to the sides of the body and with the hands outstretched sideways, palms up. It was common in early Christianity and can frequently be seen in early Christian art. In modern times, the orans position is still preserved within parts of the Catholic, Orthodox, Anglican and Lutheran liturgies, Pentecostal and charismatic worship, and the ascetical practices of some religious groups.
|
|
Humor is the quality which makes experiences provoke laughter or amusement, while comedy is a performing art. The nineteenth century German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer lamented the misuse of humor (a German loanword from English) to mean any type of comedy. A humorist is adept at seeing the humor in a situation or aspect of life and relating it, usually through a story; the comedian generally concentrates on jokes designed to invoke instantaneous laughter. The humorist is primarily a writer of books, newspaper or magazine articles or columns, stage or screen plays, and may occasionally appear before an audience to deliver a lecture or read a piece of his or her work.
|
|
Lamian (, Dungan: Ламян) is a Chinese dish of hand-made noodles, usually served in a beef or mutton-flavored soup (湯麪, даңмян, tāngmiàn), but sometimes stir-fried (炒麪, Чаомян, chǎomiàn) and served with a tomato-based sauce. Literally, 拉, ла (lā) means to pull or stretch, while 麪, мян (miàn) means noodle. The hand-making process involves taking a lump of dough and repeatedly stretching it to produce a single very long noodle. Words that begin with L are not native to Turkic — läghmän is a loanword as stated by Uyghur linguist Abdlikim: It is of Chinese derivation and not originally Uyghur.
|
|
His murder by Vikings at Clonmacnoise is recorded in the Annals of the Four Masters in 1106,Annals of the Four Masters M1106.7 giving us a latest possible date and location for the main body of the manuscript. Some time later, H (named for his addition of two homilies) added a number of new texts and passages, sometimes over erased portions of the original, sometimes on new leaves. Based on orthography and an English loanword, Gearóid Mac Eoin concludes that H wrote in the late 12th or early 13th century.Gearóid Mac Eoin, "The Interpolator H in Lebor na hUidre", Ulidia, December Publications, 1994, pp. 39–46.
|
|
Cerro Shumba Chacra is a Spanish term (a loanword from the Quechua word chakra, meaning "farm, agricultural field, or land sown with seed";Teofilo Laime Ajacopa, Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha, La Paz, 2007 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary)Diccionario Quechua - Español - Quechua, Academía Mayor de la Lengua Quechua, Gobierno Regional Cusco, Cusco 2005 (Quechua- Spanish dictionary)Chacra, RAE. Retrieved on July 4, 2012. Hispanicized spellings include chacra, chajra, and chagra) for a small garden or farm, often on the outskirts of a city, which produces food for the inhabitants of the city. The term is most commonly used to refer to farms located on ejidos (agricultural commons) in parts of Latin America.
|
|
Chinese characters adapted to write Japanese words are known as kanji. Chinese words borrowed into Japanese could be written with Chinese characters, while native Japanese words could also be written using the for a Chinese word of similar meaning. Most kanji have both the native (and often multi-syllabic) Japanese pronunciation, known as kun'yomi, and the (mono-syllabic) Chinese-based pronunciation, known as on'yomi. For example, the native Japanese word katana is written as in kanji, which uses the native pronunciation since the word is native to Japanese, while the Chinese loanword nihontō (meaning "Japanese sword") is written as , which uses the Chinese- based pronunciation.
|
|
The word mīl, as used in Hebrew texts between the 2nd and 5th centuries CE, is a Roman loanword, believed to be a shortened adaptation of the Latin mīliarium, literally meaning, "milestone,"Moshe Fischer, Benjamin Isaac and Israel Roll, Roman Roads in Judaea II - The Jaffa-Jerusalem roads, B.A.R., Oxford 1996, p. 26 and which word signifies "a thousand" [passuum of two steps each]; hence: Roman mile. The word appears in the Mishnah, a compendium of Jewish oral law compiled by Rabbi Judah the Prince in 189 CE, and is used to this very day by religious Jews in the application of certain halachic laws.
|
|
In Serbian, the town is known as Alibunar or Алибунар, in Romanian as Alibunar, in German as Alisbrunn, in Hungarian as Alibunár, and in Turkish as Alipınar. The name of the town derived from the Serbian loanword from Turkish "bunar""bunar", TDK Büyük Türkçe Sözlük Official website of Turkish Language Foundation (TDK) ("well" in English) and Muslim/Turkish personal name "Ali". According to the local legend, Alibunar was named after Ali-paša (Ali-pasha), who had a cattle and a well at this place. Even today, there is a well in the town which is known as "Ali-pašin bunar" ("well of Ali-paša").
|
|
In 1997, Sanseido published a reverse dictionary of the second edition, entitled Kanji-biki, Gyaku-biki Daijirin (漢字引き・逆引き大辞林, ), with two indexes. The first lists kanji by on-yomi and stroke count, the second indexes headwords both by first and last kanji (for example, it lists jisho 辞書 "wordbook; dictionary" under both ji 辞 "word" and sho 書 "book"). According to Sanseido, total sales of the first two editions totaled over one million copies in 2003. The third edition (2006) added new headwords, such as the English loanword intarakutibu (インタラクティブ "interactive"), for a total of 238,000 entries.
|
|
Die is German for "the" (plural); Lollipops is a loanword from English. The most common German word for lollipop is Lutscher, but like its English counterpart "sucker", it has come to be supplemented in modern times by Lollipop. The band debuted in July 2000 with a self-titled album which contains what are today many of their most famous songs. Since then, they have released new CDs, videos, and audiobooks at the rate of about two per year. As of 2005, their label had sold more than 1.5 million of their CDs and videos, of which 8 made it to gold and one platinum.
|
|
Souk in Dubai, the Deira Souks The Arabic word is a loan from Aramaic "šūqā" (“street, market”), itself a loanword from the Akkadian "sūqu" (“street”, from "sāqu", meaning “narrow”). The spelling souk entered European languages probably through French during the French occupation of the Arab countries Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia in the 19th and 20th centuries. Thus, the word "souk" most likely refers to Arabic/North African traditional markets. Other spellings of this word involving the letter "Q" (sooq, souq, so'oq...) were likely developed using English and thus refer to Western Asian/Arab traditional markets, as British colonialism was present there during the 19th and 20th centuries.
|
|
In English, lingzhi or ling chih (sometimes spelled "ling chi", using the French EFEO Chinese transcription) is a Chinese loanword. The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) gives the definition, "The fungus Ganoderma lucidum (actually Ganoderma lingzhi, see Ganoderma lucidum for details], believed in China to confer longevity and used as a symbol of this on Chinese ceramic ware.", and identifies the etymology of the word as Chinese: líng, "divine" + zhī, "fungus". According to the OED, the earliest recorded usage of the Wade–Giles romanization ling chih is 1904, (Victoria and Albert Museum); This context describes the lingzhi fungus and ruyi scepter as Daoist symbols of longevity on a jade vase.
|
|
The current tribal name "Mono" is a Yokutsan loanword from the tribe's western neighbors, the Yokuts, who however hereby designated the southernmost Northern Paiute band living around Mono Lake as monachie/monoache ("fly people") because fly larvae was their chief food staple and trading article. and not the "Mono". This "Kucadikadi Northern Paiute Band", whose autonym Kutsavidökadö/Kutzadika'a means "eaters of the brine fly pupae", are also known as Mono Lake Paiute or Mono Basin Paiute, a holdover from early anthropological literature, and are often confused with the non-Northern Paiute ethnic group of the "Mono".Lamb gives the Mono language name for this Northern Paiute band as Kwicathyhka' ("larvae eaters").
|
|
Petrified Miocene quartz sand in the old Grube Gotthold mine on the Liebenwerda Heath, Lower Lusatia Geotope is the geological component of the abiotic matrix present in an ecotope. Example geotopes might be: an exposed outcrop of rocks, an erratic boulder, a grotto or ravine, a cave, an old stone wall marking a property boundary, and so forth. It is a loanword from German (Geotop) in the study of ecology and might be the model for many other similar words coined by analogy. As the prototype, it has enjoyed wider currency than many of the other words modelled on it, including physiotope, with which it is used synonymously.
|
|
As the history of Xinjiang in particular is contested between the government of China and Uyghur separatists, the official and common name of Xinjiang [Uyghur Autonomous Region] (with its Uyghur loanword counterpart, Shinjang) is rejected by those seeking independence. "East Turkestan", a term of Russian origin, asserts a continuity with a "West Turkestan" or the now-independent states of Soviet Central Asia. Not all of those states accept the designation of "Turkestan", however; Tajikistan's Persian-speaking population feels more closely aligned with Iran and Afghanistan. For separatists, East Turkestan is coterminous with Xinjiang or the independent state that they would like to lead in Xinjiang.
|
|
In the United States, Canada and other English-speaking countries and cultures, mestizo, as a loanword from Spanish, is used to mean a person of mixed European and American Indian descent exclusively. It is generally associated with persons connected to a Latin American culture or of Latin American descent. This is a more limited concept than that found in Romance languages (especially Portuguese, which has terms that are not cognate with mestizo for such admixture, and the concept of is not particularly associated with Amerindian ancestry at all). It is related to the particular racial identity of historical Amerindian-descended Hispanic and Latino American communities in an American context.
|
|
Many jukujikun (established meaning- spellings) may have started out as gikun (improvised meaning-spellings). A loanword example is reading (', "mortal enemy") as the English-derived word ' "rival". While standardized ateji uses okurigana, as in (kawai-i) having the so that it can inflect as (kawai-katta) for the past tense, gikun that is only intended for one-off usage need not have sufficient okurigana. For example, (kara-i, "spicy, salty") is an adjective and requires an , but it might be spelt for example as (ka-rai, both legitimate on readings of the characters) on a poster, for example, where there is no intention of inflecting this spelling.
|
|
The medical term neurasthenia is translated as Chinese shenjing shuairuo () or Japanese shinkei-suijaku (神経衰弱), both of which also translate the common term nervous breakdown. This loanword combines shenjing (神經) or shinkei (神経) "nerve(s); nervous" and shuairuo or suijaku (衰弱) "weakness; feebleness; debility; asthenia". Despite being omitted by the American Psychiatric Association's DSM in 1980, neurasthenia is listed in an appendix as the culture-bound syndrome shenjing shuairuo as well as appearing in the ICD-10. The condition is thought to persist in Asia as a culturally acceptable diagnosis that avoids the social stigma of a diagnosis of mental disorder.
|
|
In English, the Italian loanword "vermicelli" is used to indicate different sorts of long pasta shapes from different parts of the world but mostly from South or East Asia. Central Asian Kesme and Persian reshteh also resembles vermicelli. Fālūde or faloodeh is a Persian frozen dessert made with thin vermicelli noodles frozen with corn starch, rose water, lime juice, and often ground pistachios. In East Asia, the term rice vermicelli is often used to describe the thin rice noodles (米粉) popular in China, also known as bee hoon in Hokkien Chinese, mai fun in Cantonese Chinese, วุ้นเส้น (Wûns̄ên) in Thai, (kya zan) in Burmese, and bún in Vietnamese.
|
|
The Japanese term sennin is a loanword from Middle Chinese SenNyin 仙人 "immortal person", known also as xian "immortal; transcendent; genie; mage; djinn; sage; hermit" in Daoism. Liu Hai carrying a Chan Chu (three legged toad) Sennin is a common Japanese character name. For example, Ikkaku Sennin (一角仙人 "One-horned Immortal") was a Noh play by Komparu Zenpō (金春禅鳳, 1454–1520?). The Japanese legend of Gama Sennin (蝦蟇仙人 "Toad Immortal") is based upon Chinese Liu Hai, a fabled 10th-century alchemist who learned the secret of immortality from the Chan Chu ("Three-legged Money Toad").
|
|
In the contemporary English language, the nouns Polack ( and ) or Polak are ethnic slurs, and derogatory references to a person of Polish descent. It is an Anglicisation of the Polish masculine noun Polak, which denotes a person of Polish ethnicity and male gender.Some sources connect the feminine form Polka to the musical form and genre of that name; others link the latter to Czech pulka, meaning "half" and likely referring to the half steps performed by the dancers or the dance's 2/4 as opposed to 4/4 time signature. However, the English loanword is considered now an ethnic slur and therefore considered insulting in nearly all contemporary usages.
|
|
Akhundzade identified himself as belonging to the nation of Iran (mellat-e Irān) and to the Iranian homeland (vaṭan). He corresponded with Jālāl-al-Din Mirzā (a minor Qajar prince, son of Bahman Mirza Qajar,1826–70) and admired this latter's epic Nāmeh-ye Khosrovān ('Book of Sovereigns'), which was an attempt to offer the modern reader biography of Iran's ancient kings, real and mythical, without recourse to any Arabic loanword. The Nāmeh presented the pre-Islamic past as one of grandeur, and the advent of Islam as a radical rupture. For Zia-Ebrahimi, Akhundzade is the founder of what he refers to as 'dislocative nationalism'.
|
|
Lau (老) means old; pa sat is the Hokkien pronunciation of the Persian loanword "bazaar" (market) which is pasar in Malay. The original Telok Ayer market was one of the oldest markets in Singapore; a new market called Ellenborough Market was later built along Ellenborough Street (now the site of The Central shopping mall, next to Tew Chew Street), and that market became known to the locals as the "new market" (Pasar Baru or Sin Pa Sat), while the Telok Ayer Market in turn became known colloquially as the "old market" or Lau Pa Sat. Because of its Victorian iron structure, the market is also referred to in Malay as pasar besi (market of iron).
|
|
The Japanese loanword "bonsai" has become an umbrella term in English, attached to many forms of potted or other plants, and also on occasion to other living and non-living things. According to Stephen Orr in The New York Times, "the term should be reserved for plants that are grown in shallow containers following the precise tenets of bonsai pruning and training, resulting in an artful miniature replica of a full-grown tree in nature." In the most restrictive sense, "bonsai" refers to miniaturized, container-grown trees adhering to Japanese tradition and principles. Purposes of bonsai are primarily contemplation for the viewer, and the pleasant exercise of effort and ingenuity for the grower.
|
|
In Quebec, mostly with speakers of Quebec English, the term "college" is seldom used for post secondary education. Instead the word "CEGEP" ( or ) has become the more common term. CEGEP is a loanword from the French acronym Cégep or CÉGEP (Collège d'enseignement général et professionnel), meaning "College of General and Vocational Education". A CEGEP is a public college in the Quebec education system, offering either a two-year diploma, which allows on to continue onto university (unless one applies as a 'mature' student, meaning 21 years of age or over, and out of the educational system for at least two years), or a three-year diploma in a variety of trades and technologies (e.g.
|
|
The word khâgne (f.) is a pseudo-Graecism, derived from the French adjective cagneux, meaning "knock-kneed". During the 19th and early 20th century, the adjective was often used mockingly to describe people in the academic strata, especially those pursuing classical studies. More specifically, the cagneux was used as a taunt by students of the military academy, whose curriculum included physical education such as equestrianism and fencing, against students in the humanities, who were perceived as crouching over their books, thus developing physical deformities. In the early 20th century, the term cagneux was adapted by humanities students themselves as a mocking self-description but they changed the spelling (khâgneux) to make it look like a Greek loanword.
|
|
The term was appropriated by the Christian Eastern Orthodox Church among the Slavs only by the 17th century, through the reforms of Patriarch Nikon of Moscow, in order to wholly absorb the indigenous religion which was then still prevalent among the population. Prior to the reform, Christianity used the Greek loanword Ortodoksalnost (Ортодоксальность). The definition "Old Believers" (Староверы, Starovery), which today is employed to refer to Christians who preserved pre- Nikonian rituals, who are more correctly called the "Old Ritualists" (Старообрядцы, Staroobryadtsy), was imposed on the latter during the same Nikonian reform. Their previous name was "Righteous Christians" (Праведные Христиане, Pravednye Khristiane), and "Old Believers" it itself referred to indigenous Slavic religion.
|
|
Tsam mask in a performance in Ulan-Ude (2011) In Tibetan Buddhism Beg-tse (Beg tse; Baik-tse) or Jamsaran ( "the Great Coat of Mail", a loanword from Mongolian "coat of mail") is a dharmapala and the lord of war, in origin a pre-Buddhist war god of the Mongols.Elisabetta Chiodo, The Mongolian Manuscripts on Birch Bark from Xarbuxyn Balgas in the Collection of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Volume 137 of Asiatische Forschungen, ISSN 0571-320X, 2000, p. 149, n. 11. Begtse has red skin and orange-red hair, two arms (as opposed to other Mahākālas, who have four or six), three blood-shot eyes and is wielding a sword in his right hand.
|
|
Suburban Baths, Pompeii Greek words for a woman who prefers sex with another woman include hetairistria (compare hetaira, "courtesan" or "companion"), tribas (plural tribades), and Lesbia; Latin words include the loanword tribas, fricatrix ("she who rubs"), and virago.Bernadette J. Brooten, Love between Women: Early Christian Responses to Female Homoeroticism (University of Chicago Press, 1996), p. 4. References to sex between women are infrequent in the Roman literature of the Republic and early Principate. Ovid, who advocates generally for a heterosexual lifestyle, finds it "a desire known to no one, freakish, novel ... among all animals no female is seized by desire for female".Ovid, Metamorphoses 9.727, 733–4, as cited in Potter (2009), p. 346.
|
|
Originally, Swedish/Finnish punsch was a variant of punch, which became a popular drink all over Europe in the 18th century, having been introduced in Britain from India in the late 17th century. Some believe the word punch/punsch came from a loanword from Persian panj, meaning "five", as punch was originally made with five ingredients: alcohol, sugar, lemon, water, and tea or spices.Punch at the Online Etymology Dictionary Others believe the word originates from the English puncheon, which was a volumetric description for certain sized barrels used to transport alcohol on ships. The English spelling of the word was in Sweden and Germany adapted to local spelling rules, thus becoming punsch.
|
|
In 2006, Macworld reviewer Cyrus Farivar noted that his Persian CD used khodrow for "car", although most native speakers use a French loanword, ma:sheen. The same course did not teach words that would be important to someone learning Persian, such as "bread" and "tea"; however, it very curiously included the word "elephant" in a basic vocabulary lesson. Perplexed by the question of why the word "elephant" would be taught in a language where it might never be used (there are not many elephants in Iran), Farivar called Rosetta Stone, Inc. He was told that the company makes four different picture sets: one for Western languages, another for Asian languages, and two sets unique to each Swahili and Latin.
|
|
Meriggi, P. "Schizzo della delineazione nominale dell'eteo geroglifico (Continuazione e fine)", in: Archivio Glottologico Italiano, 38, 1953. pp. 36-57.Chantraine, P. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque. Histoire des mots, vol. 4.1, 1968, p. 1146.Gusmani 1969: R. Gusmani, Isoglossi lessicali Greco-Ittite, in: Studi linguistici in onore di Vittore Pisani, Brescia 1969, Vol. 1, p. 511-12.Cornil, P. "Une étymologie étrusco-hittite", Atti del II Congresso Internazionale de Hittitologia, Pavía, 1995, p. 84-85.Rabin, C. "Hittite Words in Hebrew", Or NS 32, 1963, pp. 113-39. and Edward SapirSapir, "Hebrew 'helmet,' a loanword, and its bearing on Indo- European phonology" Journal of the American Oriental Society 57.1 (March 1937:73–77).
|
|
They exchanged gifts, after which she returned to her land. The use of the term ḥiddot or 'riddles' (I Kings 10:1), an Aramaic loanword whose shape points to a sound shift no earlier than the sixth century B.C., indicates a late origin for the text. Since there is no mention of the fall of Babylon in 539 BC, Martin Noth has held that the Book of Kings received a definitive redaction around 550 BC. Virtually all modern scholars agree that Sheba was the South Arabian kingdom of Saba, centered around the oasis of Marib, in present-day Yemen. Sheba was quite well known in the classical world, and its country was called Arabia Felix.
|
|
A Vienna porcelain jug, 1799, decorated to imitate another rare Chinese product, lacquerware Chinoiserie (, ; loanword from French chinoiserie, from chinois, "Chinese"; ) is the European interpretation and imitation of Chinese and other East Asian artistic traditions, especially in the decorative arts, garden design, architecture, literature, theatre, and music. The aesthetic of Chinoiserie has been expressed in different ways depending on the region. Its acknowledgement derives from the current of Orientalism, which studied Far East cultures from a historical, philological, anthropological, philosophical and religious point of view. First appearing in the 17th century, this trend was popularized in the 18th century due to the rise in trade with China and the rest of East Asia.
|
|
The English word "papyrus" derives, via Latin, from Greek πάπυρος (papyros),πάπυρος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus a loanword of unknown (perhaps Pre-Greek) origin.R. S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. 1151. Greek has a second word for it, βύβλος (byblos),βύβλος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus said to derive from the name of the Phoenician city of Byblos. The Greek writer Theophrastus, who flourished during the 4th century BCE, uses papyros when referring to the plant used as a foodstuff and byblos for the same plant when used for nonfood products, such as cordage, basketry, or writing surfaces.
|
|
The specialized sense of "sin" is usually limited to Daoist usage, except for the Chinese "synonym compound" zuiguo(r) 罪過(兒) "fault; wicked act; sin; offense", which is a humble expression for "guilty conscience; this is really more than I deserve." Words meaning "sin; violation of religious law" are not a linguistic universal. For instance, the anthropologist Verrier Elwin, who studied the Gondi language, said, "There are no words in Gondi for sin or virtue: a man may be ruined, here and hereafter, for a breach of a taboo, but the notion of retribution for sinners is an alien importation" . The Gondi language word pap "sin" is a loanword from the Marathi language.
|
|
The word riding is descended from late Old English or (recorded only in Latin contexts or forms, e.g., trehing, treding, trithing, with Latin initial t here representing the Old English letter thorn). It came into Old English as a loanword from Old Norse , meaning a third part (especially of a county) – the original "ridings", in the English counties of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, were in each case a set of three, though once the term was adopted elsewhere it was used for other numbers (cf. farthing). The modern form riding was the result of initial th being absorbed in the final th or t of the words north, south, east and west, by which it was normally preceded.
|
|
After the first rains following a fire, the landscape is dominated by small flowering herbaceous plants, known as fire followers, which die back with the summer dry period. Similar plant communities are found in the four other Mediterranean climate regions around the world, including the Mediterranean Basin (where it is known as ), central Chile (where it is called ), the South African Cape Region (known there as ), and in Western and Southern Australia (as ). According to the California Academy of Sciences, Mediterranean shrubland contains more than 20 percent of the world's plant diversity. The word chaparral is a loanword from Spanish , meaning both 'small' and 'dwarf' evergreen oak, which itself comes from a Basque word, , that has the same meaning.
|
|
The resm-i bennâk was a tax on peasants who had little or no land - those who did not pay the resm-i çift - in the Ottoman Empire. The name is probably a loanword of Armenian origin; in the Ottoman Empire, "bennâk" came to mean a landless peasant, or a man who had married but not yet established his own household. "Bennâk" was also a term for a small area of farmland, less than half a çift. The resm-i bennâk was usually paid annually, on 1 March, by the head of a family who is either landless or has very little land - not enough to be assessed for resm-i çift.
|
|
Chok mu sap: Thai rice congee with minced pork Chok Prince or written Jok Prince, a Bib Gourmand chok eatery in Bang Rak In Thai cuisine, rice congee, known as chok (, , a loanword from Min Nan Chinese), is often served as breakfast with a raw or partially cooked egg added. Minced pork or beef and chopped spring onions are usually added, and the dish is optionally topped with a small donut-like pathongko, fried garlic, slivered ginger, and spicy pickles such as pickled radish. Although it is more popular as a breakfast dish, many stores specializing in chok sell it throughout the day. Variations in the meat and toppings are also frequently found.
|
|
Jigglypuff was one of 151 different designs conceived by Game Freak's character development team and finalized by Ken Sugimori, for the first-generation of Pocket Monsters games Red and Green, which were localized outside Japan as Pokémon Red and Blue. Its Japanese name "Purin", derives from the Japanese loanword for custard or pudding. Nintendo decided to give the various Pokémon species "clever and descriptive names" related to their appearance or features when translating the game for western audiences as a means to make the characters more relatable to American children. Deciding to use a name better suited for its jelly-like appearance, the species was renamed "Jigglypuff", a combination of the words "jiggly" and "puff".
|
|
Within the lexical set of English words originating from Chinese, the loanword Tao/Dao is more typical than the loanblend Taoism/Daoism. Most Sinitic borrowings in English are loanwords directly transliterated from Chinese (for example, Tao/Dao from dào 道 "way, path; say" or kowtow from kòutóu 叩頭 lit. "knock head"), some are calques or loan translations (brainwashing from xǐnăo 洗腦, lit. "brain wash" or Red Guards from Hóngwèibīng 红卫兵), and a few are hybrid words or loanblends that combine a borrowing with a native element (Taoism/Daoism from Tao/Dao "the Way" and -ism suffix or Peking duck from Běijīng kǎoyā 北京烤鴨 "roast Beijing duck").
|
|
Lexical items conform to the vowel harmony intrinsic to Igbo phonological structures. For example, loanwords with syllable-final consonants may be assimilated by the addition of a vowel after the consonant, and vowels are inserted in between consonant clusters, which have not been found to occur in Igbo. This can be seen in the word sukulu, which is a loanword derived from the English word school that has followed the aforementioned pattern of modification when it was assimilated into the Igbo language. Code-switching, which involves the insertion of longer English syntactic units into Igbo utterances, may consist of phrases or entire sentences, principally nouns and verbs, that may or may not follow Igbo syntactic patterns.
|
|
In English-speaking Canada, Canadian Métis (with upper- case), as a loanword from French, refers to persons of mixed French or European and Indigenous ancestry, who were part of a particular ethnic group. French-speaking Canadians, when using the word métis, are referring to Canadian Métis ethnicity, and all persons of mixed Amerindian and European ancestry. In all other French-speaking countries, the term would apply to the broader concept of mixed people in general ( with lowercase), as it does for speakers of Spanish. The usual French term to refer to mixed-ethnicity people in general is "mulâtre", which is considered elsewhere pejorative as it was often used to denigrate enslaved persons.
|
|
The letters A, E, I, O, and U are considered vowel letters, since (except when silent) they represent vowels, although I and U represent consonants in words such as "onion" and "quail" respectively. The letter Y sometimes represents a consonant (as in "young") and sometimes a vowel (as in "myth"). Very rarely, W may represent a vowel (as in "cwm")—a Welsh loanword. The consonant sounds represented by the letters W and Y in English (/w/ and /j/ as in yes /jɛs/ and went /wɛnt/) are referred to as semi-vowels (or glides) by linguists, however this is a description that applies to the sounds represented by the letters and not to the letters themselves.
|
|
The Hol Beck is the name of a stream running from the South-West into the River Aire.Leodis Hol Beck. It was the deposition of silt by the Hol Beck and nearby the Sheepscar Beck from the North that led to a fording place and a small community which eventually grew into the town of Leeds.W. R. Mitchell (2000) A History of Leeds Phillimore, West Sussex, The place-name Holbeck is first attested in the 12th century in forms such as Holebec and Holesbec, from hol 'a hollow' and beck 'a stream' (an Old Norse loanword, from bekkr, reflecting Scandinavian influence in Yorkshire during the Viking Age), thus 'stream in the hollow'.
|
|
Portrait of a Javanese regent in gala uniform (circa 1900). The Indonesian title of bupati is originally a loanword from Sanskrit originating in India, a shortening of the Sanskrit title bhumi- pati (bhumi भूमि '(of the) land' + pati पति 'lord', hence bhumi-pati 'lord of the land'). In Indonesia, bupati was originally used as a Javanese title for regional rulers in precolonial kingdoms, its first recorded usage being in a Telaga Batu inscription during the Srivijaya period, in which bhupati is mentioned among the titles of local rulers who paid allegiance to Sriwijaya's kings.Casparis, J.G., (1956), Prasasti Indonesia II: Selected Inscriptions from the 7th to the 9th Century A.D., Dinas Purbakala Republik Indonesia, Bandung: Masa Baru.
|
|
The was a 1598 Japanese dictionary of kanji "Chinese characters" and compounds in three parts. The Jesuit Mission Press published it at Nagasaki along with other early Japanese language reference works, such as the 1603 Nippo Jisho Japanese–Portuguese dictionary. The Rakuyōshū, also known as the Rakuyoshu or Rakuyôshû, is notable as the first dictionary to separate kanji readings between Chinese loanword on (音 "pronunciation") and native Japanese kun (訓 "meaning"). In contrast with the numerous Rakuyōshū studies written in Japanese, the primary research in English is by Joseph Koshimi Yamagiwa (1955), Professor of Japanese at the University of Michigan, and Don Clifford Bailey (1960, 1962), Professor of Japanese at the University of Arizona.
|
|
In other Germanic languages, including German (but not Dutch, in which it is pronounced wé), its name is similar to that of English V. In many languages, its name literally means "double v": Portuguese duplo vê,In Brazilian Portuguese, it is dáblio, which is a loanword from the English double-u. Spanish doble ve (though it can be spelled uve doble),In Latin American Spanish, it is doble ve, similar regional variations exist in other Spanish-speaking countries. French double vé, Icelandic tvöfalt vaff, Czech dvojité vé, Finnish kaksois-vee, etc. Former U.S. president George W. Bush was given the nickname "Dubya" after the colloquial pronunciation of his middle initial in Texas, where he spent much of his childhood.
|
|
Jewish wedding in Venice, 1780 Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme The Jews living in Italy since the Roman times, distinct from the Sephardim and the Ashkenazim, are sometimes referred to in the scholarly literature as Italkim (Hebrew for "Italians"; pl. of "italki", Middle Hebrew loanword from the Latin adjective "italicu(m)", meaning "Italic", "Latin", "Roman"; italkit is also used in Modern Hebrew as the language name "Italian"). They have traditionally spoken a variety of Judeo-Italian languages. The customs and religious rites of the Italian-rite Jews can be seen as a bridge between the Ashkenazi and Sephardic traditions, showing similarities to both; they are closer still to the customs of the Romaniote Jews from Greece.
|
|
Hyperforeignisms may similarly occur when a word is thought to be a loanword from a particular language when it is not. Although similar, words that exhibit deliberate language-play (such as pronouncing Report with a silent in The Colbert Report or pronouncing Target as , as though it were an upscale boutique) are not, strictly speaking, hyperforeignisms. These are, instead, a way of poking fun at those who earnestly adopt foreign-sounding pronunciations of pseudo-loanwords. Similarly, speakers who echo hyperforeign pronunciations without the intention of approximating a foreign-language pattern are also not practicing hyperforeignization; thus, pronouncing habanero as if it were spelled habañero is not a hyperforeignism if one is not aware that the word has been borrowed from Spanish.
|
|
In this respect, the Wallachian dialect of Romanian is the most innovative of all Romanian dialects. Many linguists and historiansincluding Grigore Nandriș and Alexandru Madgearueven propose that the preservation of inherited Latin words by the dialects spoken in Roman Dacia which were replaced by loanwords in other regionsFor instance, the Latin word for snow nivem was preserved in Western Transylvania as nea, but was repladed by Slavic loanwords (omăt and zăpada) in other regions (Nandriș 1951, p. 18.). proves that these territories served as centres of "linguistic expansion". Likewise, the Maramureș dialectFor instance, the Latin word for sand arena was preserved in Western Transylvania and Maramureș as arină, but was repladed by the Slavic loanword (nisip) in most other regions (Nandriș 1951, p. 18.).
|
|
Businesses criticized the tax hikes as well as the idea of tax code changes in the middle of the fiscal year as an unreasonable burden, while independent economists mostly noted how new taxes would cut consumer spending and further slow down the economy. The Opposition criticized the new measures heavily, calling the crisis tax harač, a historical Turkish loanword representing a tax implemented during the Ottoman Empire in the late Middle Ages. Indeed, the government's handling of finances was unpopular among the public resulting in the Prime Minister's dismal approval rating of 32% by the end of her first month. In the last quarter of 2009, many public officials, as well as members of the boards of various government agencies, became suspected of participating in corrupt activities.
|
|
The Karnāṭaka Śabdānuśāsana is modelled mostly on the earlier Sanskrit grammars written by Pāṇini, Śākaṭāyana, Śaravarma, Pūjyapāda and others, though some rules have been borrowed from earlier Kannada grammatical works; one or two rules from the Karnāṭaka Bhāṣābhūṣaṇa by Nāgavarma II and about fifteen from Śabdamaṇidarpaṇa by Keśirāja. The first chapter (up to 101 rules) consists of euphonic combinations, technical words, signs of nouns and verbs, numbers and indeclinables. The second chapter (101-299 rules) consists of the gender classification of indigenous Kannada nouns and those inherited from the Sanskrit (Sanskrit: tadbhava "naturalised, loanword" and samāsamaskṛta-non- naturalised). The third chapter (set in 291-441 rules) consists of the compound words and the fourth chapter (written in 442-592 rules) focuses on verbal roots and verbal nouns.
|
|
The German name of the currency is Deutsche Mark (, ); its plural form in standard German is the same as the singular. In German, the adjective "deutsche" (adjective for "German" in feminine singular nominative form) is capitalized because it is part of a proper name, while the noun "Mark", like all German nouns, is always capitalized. The English loanword "Deutschmark" has a slightly different spelling and one syllable fewer (possibly due to the frequency of silent e in English, or due to English's lack of adjectival endings), and a plural form in -s. In Germany and other German speaking countries, the currency's name was often abbreviated as D-Mark (, ) or simply Mark () with the latter term also often used in English.
|
|
In 2017, Murdijati Gardjito, a food researcher from Gadjah Mada University, identified hundreds variants of sambals in Indonesia; 212 of them have clear origin, while 43 have unclear origin. Java has the most of variants with 43 percent of sambal variants, Sumatra has 20 percent, Bali and West Nusa Tenggara has 8 percent, and the rest are distributed between Maluku, Kalimantan and Sulawesi. Sambal as a hot and spicy relish most likely originated from Java, as etymology study suggests that the term is a loanword derived from Javanese sambel. Just like many culinary introduction and adaptation in the archipelago, over the years this hot and spicy relish branched off into an assorted array of sambal varieties, localised according to local taste and the availability of the ingredients.
|
|
As the usage of the Spanish loanword evolved over the years in the languages of the Philippines, "lechón" has come to refer to roasted pig in general (including suckling pigs). Roasted suckling pigs are now referred to in the Philippines as “lechón de leche” (which in Spanish would be a linguistic redundancy, though corresponding to the term cochinillo in Spain). Lechón being roasted in Cadiz, Negros Occidental, Philippines Visayan lechon is prepared stuffed with herbs which usually include scallions, bay leaves, black peppercorn, garlic, salt, and distinctively tanglad (lemongrass) and/or leaves from native Citrus trees or tamarind trees, among other spices. A variant among Hiligaynon people also stuffs the pig with the sour fruits of batuan or binukaw (Garcinia binucao).
|
|
A Japanese bonsai arrangement may be called a micro landschaftA micro landschaft, also microlandschaft, is an Anglicized loanword portmanteau of micro(scopic) (Greek mikrós, small) and landschaft (German for landscape), lit. "small landscape". English synonyms include aquariums, terrariums, bonsai cultivation, and even small gardens, pools, etc. Example of both word use and applicationAmazon search results example of term useGoogle gives 719,000 results for the use of this term in English In the Americas, the term is generally used to describe a variety of terrariums and small planters, whereas in China, Europe and Japan it also is more generally applied to include hanging aquatic planters, ant farms (or formicaria), small reptile habitats and even small aquariums (often with a single betta, koi or goldfish).
|
|
The English loanword juggernaut in the sense of "a huge wagon bearing an image of a Hindu god" is from the seventeenth century, inspired by the Jagannatha Temple in Puri, Odisha (Orissa), which has the Ratha Yatra ("chariot procession"), an annual procession of chariots carrying the murtis (statues) of Jagannātha, Subhadrā, and Balabhadra. The first European description of this festival is found in a thirteenth-century account by the Franciscan monk and missionary Odoric of Pordenone, who describes Hindus, as a religious sacrifice, casting themselves under the wheels of these huge chariots and being crushed to death. Odoric's description was later taken up and elaborated upon in the popular fourteenth- century Travels of John Mandeville.Folker Reichert, Asien und Europa im Mittelalter, p. 353.
|
|
German does not have an ablative case (but exceptionally, Latin ablative case-forms were used from the 17th to the 19th century after some prepositions, for example after von in von dem Nomine: ablative of the Latin loanword Nomen). Grammarians at that time, such as Justus Georg Schottel, Kaspar von Stieler ("der Spate"), Johann Balthasar von Antesperg and Johann Christoph Gottsched, listed an ablative case (as the sixth case after nominative, genitive, dative, accusative and vocative) for German words. They arbitrarily considered the dative case after some prepositions to be an ablative, as in ("from the man" or "of the man") and ("with the man"), while they considered the dative case after other prepositions or without a preposition as to be a dative.
|
|
For instance, the Maramureș subdialect of Romanian still uses both the ancient -a ending of verbs, and the Latin word for sand (arină) instead of standard nisip (a Slavic loanword), and Aromanian kept dozens of wordsincluding arină, oarfăn ("orphan") and mes ("month")lost in other variants. Emphasizing that western Transylvania used to be an integral part of Dacia Traiana, Nandriș concludes that "Transylvania was the centre of linguistic expansion", because the Transylvanian dialects preserved Latin words which were replaced by loanwords in other variants; furthermore, place names with the archaic -ești ending abound in the region. There are about 100-170 Romanian words with a possible substratum origin. Almost one third of these words represent the specific vocabulary of sheep- and goat-breeding.
|
|
The Balearic shearwater (Puffinus mauretanicus) is a medium-sized shearwater in the seabird family Procellariidae. Puffinus is a New Latin loanword based on the English "puffin" and its variants, such as poffin, pophyn and puffing, that referred to the cured carcass of the fat nestling of the Manx shearwater, a former delicacy. The specific mauretanicus refers to Mauretania, an old name for an area of North Africa roughly corresponding to Morocco and Algeria. It was long regarded a subspecies of the Manx shearwater (see there for more on the Puffinus puffinus superspecies); following an initial split it was held to be a subspecies of the "Mediterranean shearwater" (Sibley & Monroe 1990'Sibley, Charles Gald & Monroe, Burt L. Jr. (1990): Distribution and taxonomy of the birds of the world.
|
|
See single character gairaigo for further discussion. Note that numerically, most of these characters are for units, particularly SI units, in many cases using new characters (kokuji) coined during the Meiji period, such as . Some non- kanji symbols or Latin character abbreviations also have loanword readings, often quite long; a common example is '%' (the percent sign), which has the five kana reading (pāsento), while the word "centimeter" is generally written as "cm" (with two half-width characters, so occupying one space) and has the seven kana reading (senchimētoru) it can also be written as , as with kilometer above, though this is very rare). Many borrowed measurement terms may be written as tiny abbreviations stuffed into a single character space called : (for centimeters; senchi), (for kilo; kiro), etc.
|
|
Velikiy knyaz (Meaning closest to Grand Prince but was generally translated as Grand Duke in state documents written in Latin), used in the Slavic and Baltic languages, was the title of a medieval monarch who headed a more-or-less loose confederation whose constituent parts were ruled by lesser knyazs ( often translated as "princes" ) . Those great knyazs' (grand princes') title and position was at the time sometimes translated as king, though kings, princes, and dukes seemingly initially didn't exist amongst proto-Slavs and Balts with Knyaz being a Germanic loanword adopted by tribal chieftains. Although, the Slavic ' and the Baltic ' (nowadays usually translated as prince) are similar to kings in terms of ruling and duties. However, a velikiy knyaz (grand prince) was usually only ' within a dynasty, primogeniture not governing the order of succession.
|
|
The settlement that grew around it was called Maryburgh, after his wife Mary II of England. This settlement was later renamed Gordonsburgh, and then Duncansburgh before being renamed Fort William, this time after Prince William, Duke of Cumberland; known to some Scots as "Butcher Cumberland". Given these origins, there have been various suggestions over the years to rename the town (for example, to Invernevis). The origin of the Gaelic name for Fort William, ', is not recorded but could be a loanword from the English garrison, having entered common usage some time after the royal garrison was established, during the reign of William of Orange or perhaps after the earlier Cromwellian fort, or from the ultimately French- derived word "garrison", as at the earlier garrison at Inverlochy by the Scoto-Norman Clan Comyn.
|
|
Etymology is the study of the history of words: when they entered a language, from what source, and how their form and meaning have changed over time. A word may enter a language as a loanword (as a word from one language adopted by speakers of another language), through derivational morphology by combining pre-existing elements in the language, by a hybrid of these two processes called phono-semantic matching, or in several other minor ways. In languages with a long and detailed history, etymology makes use of philology, the study of how words change from culture to culture over time. Etymologists also apply the methods of comparative linguistics to reconstruct information about languages that are too old for any direct information (such as writing) to be known.
|
|
A tender palm frond was a symbol of Nri Nearly all communities in Igboland were organized according to a title system. Igbo west of the Niger River and on its east bank developed kingship, governing states such as Aboh, Onitsha and Oguta, their title Obi,Ogot, page 229 apparently from the Benin Empire's Oba (this is debatable however, because the word "obi" in most Igbo dialects literally means "heart" and may be a metaphorical reference to kingship, rather than a loanword from Yoruba or Edo) The Igbo of Nri, on the other hand, developed a state system sustained by ritual power. The Kingdom of Nri was a religio-polity, a sort of theocratic state, that developed in the central heartland of the Igbo region. The Nri had a taboo symbolic code with six types.
|
|
The Korean zodiac is essentially identical to the Chinese zodiac, but the Sino-Korean word 양 (yang) normally refers specifically to a sheep in the Korean language (where a native Korean word 염소 yeomso is used to mean "Goat"), although the Chinese source of the loanword yang may refer to any goat-antelope. The Japanese zodiac includes the Sheep (hitsuji) instead of the Goat (which would be yagi), and the Wild boar (inoshishi, i) instead of the Pig (buta). Since 1873, the Japanese have celebrated the beginning of the new year on 1 January as per the Gregorian calendar. The Vietnamese zodiac varies from the Chinese zodiac with the second animal being the Water Buffalo instead of the Ox, and the fourth animal being the Cat instead of the Rabbit.
|
|
Broers uit UK beginnen milkshakezaak in Rotterdam, Metro, 13 June 2016 Similarly, English has influenced such terms in Afrikaans as bestuurslisensie, from bestuur ("driving") and lisensie ("licence") and grondboontjiebotter, literally "peanut butter". By contrast, the Dutch term rijbewijs, translates as "driving certificate", but while ry is used in Afrikaans to mean "driving", bewys means "evidence" or "proof".Afrikaans-English, English-Afrikaans Dictionary, Hippocrene Books, 2001, page 22 The Dutch term for peanut butter, pindakaas (literally "peanut cheese"), was coined because when it was first sold in the Netherlands, the term boter was a protected name and could only be used for products containing actual butter.Der Nederlanden: Calvé, pindakaas van;Calvinisme, Volkskrant, 30 October 2010 The word pinda, a loanword from Papiamentu, spoken in the Dutch Caribbean, is ultimately of Kongo origin.
|
|
Victor Mair, "Polysyllabic characters in Chinese writing", Language Log, 2011 August 2 However, for the sake of consistency and standardization, the CPC seeks to limit the use of such polysyllabic characters in public writing to ensure that every character only has one syllable. Conversely, with the fusion of the diminutive -er suffix in Mandarin, some monosyllabic words may even be written with two characters, as in huār "flower", which was formerly disyllabic. In most other languages that use the Chinese family of scripts, notably Korean, Vietnamese, and Zhuang, Chinese characters are typically monosyllabic, but in Japanese a single character is generally used to represent a borrowed monosyllabic Chinese morpheme (the on'yomi), a polysyllabic native Japanese morpheme (the kun'yomi), or even (in rare cases) a foreign loanword. These uses are completely standard and unexceptional.
|
|
While nowadays loanwords from non-Sinosphere languages are usually just written in katakana, one of the two syllabary systems of Japanese, loanwords that were borrowed into Japanese before the Meiji Period were typically written with Chinese characters whose on'yomi had the same pronunciation as the loanword itself, words like Amerika (kanji: , katakana: , meaning: America), karuta (kanji: , , katakana: , meaning: card, letter), and tenpura (kanji: , , katakana: , meaning: tempura), although the meanings of the characters used often had no relation to the words themselves. Only some of the old kanji spellings are in common use, like kan (, meaning: can). Kanji that are used to only represent the sounds of a word are called ateji (). Because Chinese words have been borrowed from varying dialects at different times, a single character may have several on'yomi in Japanese.
|
|
The Messapic verbal form eipeigrave ('wrote, incised'; variant ipigrave) is a notable loanword from Greek (with the initial stem eipigra-, ipigra- deriving from epigrá-phō, ἐπιγράφω, 'inscribe, engrave'), and is probably related to the fact that the Messapic alphabet has been borrowed from an Archaic Greek script. Other Greek loanwords include argora-pandes ('coin officials', with the first part deriving from ἄργυρος), and names of deities like Aprodita and Athana. The origin of the Messapic goddess Damatura is debated: scholars like Vladimir I. Georgiev (1937), Eqrem Çabej, Shaban Demiraj (1997), or Martin L. West (2007) have argued that she was an Illyrian goddess eventually borrowed into Greek as Demeter, while others like Paul Kretschmer (1939), Robert S. P. Beekes (2009) and Carlo De Simone (2017) have argued for the contrary.
|
|
In many cases, the appearance of a loanword in a language indicates whether the borrowing is old or more recent: The more a word deviates from the "original" one, the longer it must have been a part of the respective lexicon, because while being used, a word can undergo changes (sometimes regular sound changes along with the native words). The inversion of this argument is not possible since loanwords already matching the linguistic requirements of the target language may remain unchanged. Thus, the word täpäl (Tamil tapāl) gives away its old age because the respective umlaut processes took place before the 8th century; iḍama (Tamil iṭam) however needn't be a recent borrowing, because no sound changes that could have affected this word have taken place in Sinhala since at least the 13th century.
|
|
Oburoni (or Obroni) is the Akan (or more specifically, the Twi language) word for foreigner, literally meaning "those who come from over the horizon." It is often colloquially translated into "white person." West Africa does not have an equivalent of the ubiquitous "mzungu", used throughout Eastern and Southern Africa, and even within Ghana, "oburoni" predominates because it is common to the predominant local languages, those of Akan family, primarily Ashanti Twi, Akuapem Twi and Fante. Other Akan languages employ variants on "oburoni": For example, Western Ghana, uses the term "Brofo" or "Brofwe", and Northern Ghana uses a more complex pastiche of terms: "gbampielli", "pielli", "siliminga" (Dagbani and other Gur languages), "bature", "baturiya" (Hausa language), "nasaara" (Arabic loanword used by some Muslims literally meaning "Christian"), "toubab" (Mande languages), among other terms.
|
|
553 Acra is the shortened-form of the Greek loanword akrópoli, adopted in Aramaic usage and having the connotation of "citadel" or "stonghold,"Cf. the Aramaic translation made by Yonathan ben Uziel in for the "stronghold of Zion," as well as in for the word "fort" (), and which was no more than the city of David. See also the Palestinian Aramaic translation of for "fortified cities," which is translated as . a place thought to have once had a fortified compound built by Antiochus Epiphanes, ruler of the Seleucid Empire, following his sack of the city in 168 BCE. The capture of the Lower City (Acra) played a significant role in the formation of the Hasmonean Kingdom, and in the Maccabean Revolt when the city was captured by Judas MaccabeusJosephus (1980), The Jewish War 1.1.4. (p.
|
|
One of the first and most famous Polish comics was Koziołek Matołek (Matołek the Billy-Goat), created by Kornel Makuszyński (story) and Marian Walentynowicz (art) in 1933. It became a cult classic, still popular today, and is an important part of the canon of Polish children's literature. In the People's Republic of Poland the term comic (komiks) was discouraged as a "demoralising Western influence," and the terms "graphic stories" (historyjki obrazkowe) or "color books" (kolorowe zeszyty) were preferred instead; they were actually illegal and forbidden from 1947 to 1957. (In modern Poland those terms have largely been forgotten, and the formerly discouraged English loanword "comics" is now the main term for the medium.) One of the most notable series created in 1957 (and concluded in 2009) was Tytus, Romek i A'Tomek (eng.
|
|
The most common style, seen in Western G-strings and Japanese Fundoshis, has a triangle of material (cloth, beaded strings, etc.) attached at the corners to straps or strings around the waist and between the legs, that fasten the triangle over the genitals. Cache-sexes have various social intentions, including the wearer's practice of sincere or enforced modesty, legal and/or customary restrictions within the context of intentional eroticism, and adding fetishistic or playfully teasing aspects to intentional eroticism. In Western cultures, for example, G-strings appear as swimming attire; for many erotic dancing venues, as the final state of undress, set as the polite and/or legal limit; or as a garment whose removal is one of many steps of a striptease, each existing to provide an increment in the viewer's sexual arousal. Cache-sexe is a loanword from French.
|
|
An outdoor cauldron in Hungary, used for cooking gulyás Gulyásleves (gulyás and leves mean herdsman and soup in Hungarian), is a Hungarian soup, made of beef, vegetables, ground paprika and other spices. It originates from a dish cooked by the cattlemen ( Hungarian: Gulya = cattle herder ) , who tended their herds in the Great Hungarian Plain (known as the alföld or puszta in Hungarian). These Hungarian cowboys often camped out with their cattle days away from populated areas, so they had to make their food from ingredients they could carry with themselves, and this food had to be cooked in the one available portable cauldron (called bogrács) over an open fire. The word bogrács is a loanword from Ottoman Turkish باقراج (spelled bakraç in modern Turkish), meaning a cauldron made of copper; from the word "copper" in Old Turkish language (spelled bakır in modern Turkish).
|
|
The English word antifa is a loanword from German (Antifa), where it is a shortened form of the word antifaschistisch ("anti- fascist") and a nickname of Antifaschistische Aktion (1932–1933), a short- lived group which inspired the wider antifa movement in Germany. The German word Antifa itself first appeared in 1930 and the long form antifaschistisch was borrowed from the original Italian anti-Fascisti ("anti-fascists"). Oxford Dictionaries placed antifa on its shortlist for word of the year in 2017 and stated the word "emerged from relative obscurity to become an established part of the English lexicon over the course of 2017". The Anti-Defamation League states that the label antifa should be limited to "those who proactively seek physical confrontations with their perceived fascist adversaries" and not be misapplied to include all anti-fascist counter-protesters.
|
|
Brennschluss (a loanword, from the German Brennschluss) is either the cessation of fuel burning in a rocket or the time that the burning ceases: the cessation may result from the consumption of the propellants, from deliberate shutoff, or from some other cause. After Brennschluss, the rocket is subject only to external forces, notably that due to gravity. According to Walter Dornberger, Brennschluss literally meant "end of burning," He goes on to state, "the German word is preferred to the form 'all-burnt,' which is used in England, because at Brennschluss considerable quantities of fuel may still be left in the tanks." In the 1950s, former German rocket engineer Willy Ley, who had emigrated before the Anschluss and hence never worked on the V-2 rocket, tried to get this term used by the English-speaking aerospace industry.
|
|
A rubber in the U.S. and Canada is slang for a condom; however, in Canada it is sometimes (rarely except for Newfoundland and South Western Ontario) another term for an eraser (as it is in the United Kingdom and Ireland). The word bum can refer either to the buttocks (as in Britain), or, derogatorily, to a homeless person (as in the U.S.). However, the "buttocks" sense does not have the indecent character it retains in British use, as it and "butt" are commonly used as a polite or childish euphemism for ruder words such as arse (commonly used in Atlantic Canada and among older people in Ontario and to the west) or ass, or mitiss (used in the Prairie Provinces, especially in northern and central Saskatchewan; probably originally a Cree loanword). Older Canadians may see "bum" as more polite than "butt", which before the 1980s was often considered rude.
|
|
Besides English Taoism/Daoism, other common -ism borrowings include Confucianism, Mohism, and Maoism. While most Chinese loanwords have a "foreign appearance", monosyllabic ones such as li or tong are more likely to remain "alien" than loanblends with English elements such as Taoism or tangram that are more readily "naturalized" (Yuan 1981: 250). The Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.) records the progression of occurrences over the succeeding centuries: Tao 1736, Tau 1747, Taouism and Taouist 1838, Taoistic 1856, Tao-ism 1858, Taoism 1903, Daoism 1948, Dao and Daoist 1971. Linguists distinguish between hypercorrection, the erroneous use of a nonstandard word form due to a belief that it is more accurate than the corresponding standard form (for instance, the /fra:ns/ pronunciation for France /fræns/), and hyperforeignism, the misapplication of foreign loanword pronunciation patterns extended beyond their use in the original language (such as dropping the "t" in claret /ˈklærɪt/).
|
|
However the original parent loan word, manga, is still used by publishers such as Tokyopop, Harper Collins, and various small presses as a blanket term for all of their bound graphic novels—without reference to origin or location of its creator(s). The significance of the word, however, has mutated outside Japan as a reference to comics originally published in Japan, regardless of style or language. Merriam-Webster's dictionary defines the word manga as meaning "a Japanese comic or graphic novel", reflecting the change of the meaning this word has had once used outside Japan. Because the word "manga"—being a Japanese loanword in English use—means comics initially published in Japan, there have been attempts to find more appropriate terms for the growing number of publications of manga created by non-Japanese authors. Beside the term “OEL Manga”, there is also the term “manga-influenced comics” (MIC) in use.
|
|
10 Daawaamwin (from Odaawaa "Ottawa" + verb suffix -mo "speak a language" + suffix -win "nominalizer", with regular deletion of short vowels) "speaking Ottawa" is also reported in some sources.Baraga, Frederic, 1878, p. 336 gives . The name of the Canadian capital Ottawa is a loanword that comes through French from odaawaa, the self-designation of the Ottawa people.Rayburn, Alan, 1997, p. 259See Bright, William, 2004, p. 360 for other uses of "Ottawa" as a place name. The earliest recorded form is "Outaouan", in a French source from 1641.Feest, Johanna and Christian Feest, 1978, p. 785 Ottawa is a dialect of the Ojibwe language, which is a member of the Algonquian language family.Goddard, Ives, 1979, p. 95 The varieties of Ojibwe form a dialect continuum, a series of adjacent dialects spoken primarily in the area surrounding the Great Lakes as well as in the Canadian provinces of Quebec, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan, with smaller outlying groups in North Dakota, Montana, Alberta, and British Columbia.
|
|
Polybius 23.10.17. Immediately after describing the October Horse, Festus gives three other examples: the Spartans sacrifice a horse "to the winds" on Mount Taygetus;Noted also by Pausanias 2.34.2. among the Sallentini,An uncertain ethnonym, perhaps the Messapii, who were famed as horse breeders (Vergil calls their mythological progenitor Messapus equum domitor, "tamer of horses," at Aeneid 7.691); see Pallottino, "Myths and Cults of the Ancient Veneti," in Roman and European Mythologies, p. 50, and L.R. Palmer, The Latin Language (Oklahoma University Press, 1988, originally published 1954), p. 40. horses were burnt alive for an obscure Jove Menzana;Perhaps related to mannus, "pony," a loanword from Illyrian; Francisco Marcos-Marin, "Etymology and Semantics: Theoretical Considerations apropos of an Analysis of the Etymological Problem of Spanish mañero, mañeria," in Historical Semantics—Historical Word-Formation (de Gruyter, 1985), p. 381. Festus records a sacrifice made every eight years by the Illyrians, who throw four horses into the sea; Parker, On Greek Religion, p. 138.
|
|
'Sardine' first appeared in English in the 15th century, a loanword from French sardine, derived from Latin sardina, from Ancient Greek σαρδίνη (sardínē) or σαρδῖνος (sardínos), said to be from the Greek "Sardò" (Σαρδώ), indicating the island of Sardinia. Athenaios quotes a fragmentary passage from Aristotle mentioning the fish sardinos, referring to the sardine or pilchard. However, Sardinia is around 800 miles (1300 km) distant from Athens; Ernest Klein in his Etymological Dictionary of the English Language (1971) writes, "It is hardly probable that the Greeks would have obtained fish from so far as Sardinia at a time relatively so early as that of Aristotle." The flesh of some sardines or pilchards is a reddish-brown colour similar to some varieties of red sardonyx or sardine stone; this word derives from σαρδῖον (sardion) with a root meaning 'red' and (according to Pliny) possibly cognate with Sardis, the capital of ancient Lydia (now western Turkey) where it was obtained.
|
|
Local residents translate the name Nahualá roughly as "enchanted waters," "water of the spirits," and "water of the shamans," and they often object to the common Spanish translation of the name as agua de los brujos ("water of the shamans"). Scholars have typically argued that the name Nahualá derives from a compound of the Nahuatl term nagual or nahual (pronounced NA-wal), meaning "magician"(and related to terms for clear or powerful speech) and the K’iche’ root ja', meaning "water". However, the loanword nawal, which entered the Mayan languages about a thousand years ago, came to denote "spirit[s]" or "divine co-essence[s]", as well as "shaman[s]" in K'iche'. Some Maya linguists have argued apocryphally that the "true" name should be Nawalja' or Nawal-ja', disregarding that the word ja’ is regularly apocopated at the ends of words — especially toponyms — not only in K'iche', but also in related Mayan languages.
|
|
Dance groups in tautoga (called hafa, a loanword referring to the halves of the dance group) can vary in number from 10 people to 100+ people, depending on availability of dancers and the scale of the event. The men and women usually arrange themselves in rows and in a rectangular shape, with men on one side, women on the other like the lakalaka, and also analogous to the Tongan dance, the most attractive and competent dancers stand in the front row centrally (this factor is referred to in Rotuman culture as "mạru") and these attributes decline over each row and column. Male and female dance styles differ greatly, although their actions are synchronised and use similar shapes to evoke the words and feelings of the music to which they are dancing. Women's hand movements are generally slow and graceful, similar to the shapes made in Samoan or Tongan dance, and with their feet almost together, they make a subtle shuffling movement in time to the music, shifting weight from one foot to another.
|
|
The Dasheng qixin lun 大乘起信論 or Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana makes no distinction between the two, with the yingshen "response body" being the Buddha of the 32 signs who revealed himself to the earthly disciples. Sharf (2002: 111-112) explains that the Chinese understanding of yingshen "resonant/response [buddha-]body" incorporates the Buddhist notion of nirmāṇakāya a corporeal (or seemingly corporeal) body manifest in response to the needs of suffering beings and the Chinese cosmological principles that explain the power to produce such bodies in terms of wuwei nonaction and ganying sympathetic resonance. "The sage, bodhisattva, or buddha, through the principle of nonaction, becomes at one with the universe, acquires the attributes of stillness and harmonious balance, and, without any premeditation or will of his own, spontaneously responds to the stimuli of the world around him, manifesting bodies wherever and whenever the need arises." Paralleling the use of ganying 感應 in Chinese Buddhism, Japanese Buddhism borrowed the Sino-Japanese loanword kannō 感應.
|
|
Hogarth's Marriage à la Mode series (1743), a young countess receives her lover, tradesmen, hangers-on, and an Italian tenor as she finishes her toiletteSee Egerton op cit Queen Charlotte with her Two Eldest Sons, Johan Zoffany, 1765, (the whole painting). She is doing her toilet, with her silver-gilt toilet service on the dressing-table Toilet was originally a French loanword (first attested in 1540) that referred to the ' ("little cloth") draped over one's shoulders during hairdressing.. During the late 17th century, the term came to be used by metonymy in both languages for the whole complex of grooming and body care that centered at a dressing table (also covered by a cloth) and for the equipment composing a toilet service, including a mirror, hairbrushes, and containers for powder and makeup. The time spent at such a table also came to be known as one's "toilet"; it came to be a period during which close friends or tradesmen were received as "toilet-calls". The use of "toilet" to describe a special room for grooming came much later (first attested in 1819), following the French '.
|
|
The dish is of Greco-Roman origin.. In 350 BCE, the ancient Greek poets Archestratos and Antiphanes first mentioned plakous. Cato the Elder's short work De Agri Cultura ("On Farming") from about 160 BC includes an elaborate recipe for placenta. Palatschinke still bears the same name of its Greek and Roman ancestors. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word placenta, which in turn is derived from the Greek word plakous for thin or layered flat breads.. The name of the dish has followed a track of borrowing across several languages of Central and Southeastern Europe; the dish originates from the Roman era of Central Europe and the Austrian-German term palatschinke(n) is deemed to have been borrowed from Czech palačinka, that in turn from Hungarian palacsinta, and that in turn from Romanian plăcintă (a cake, a pie), where it ultimately derives from Latin placenta.. According to the Hungarian Ethnographic Encyclopedia, the Hungarian word palacsinta is an Italian loanword.. Palačinka is also the name in most West and South Slavic languages (Slovak palacinka, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Czech, Croatian, Montenegrin, Macedonian, Serbian, Slovenian palačinka, палачинка).
|
|