Headnote Tagline: The first network for collaborative legal teams Description: Headnote is building a network of lawyers and legal professionals and connecting them across firms, devices and time zones as the new system of record for today's legal industry.
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With Headnote, an attorney can manage their firm more efficiently while coordinating everyone they work with from clients to colleagues to vendors.
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Metrics: Headnote is currently in private beta with 20 attorneys representing more than $10 million in annual bookings; claims it has a waitlist of more than 500 customers.
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There's no index listing them, and sometimes there's not even a mention of their gluten status in the headnote; you'd have to read the ingredient list to know.
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One of them is Sarah Schaaf, an attorney who spent a year with Google before launching Headnote, a workflow startup aiming to help attorneys get paid faster, close more clients and collaborate more efficiently.
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" And when she does provide a rare headnote, her own editorial voice can intrude: "Sometimes I think that pain is a bridge between people, a secret connection; other times, it seems like an abyss.
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Another, "Carver & Cobain," has a headnote in which the writer-character describes his failure to produce a coherent fiction out of two biographical sketches: one of the legendary story writer Raymond Carver, the other of the grunge-rock icon Kurt Cobain.
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The Court pointed out that the headnote is not the work of the Supreme Court and cannot be relied upon to state the Court's decision. Also, for the case cited, the headnote in question had misinterpreted the scope of the decision.Detroit Lumber at 337 ("In the first place, the headnote is not the work of the court, nor does it state its decision, though a different rule, it is true, is prescribed by statute in some states. It is simply the work of the reporter, gives his understanding of the decision, and is prepared for the convenience of the profession in the examination of the reports.... And finally, the headnote is a misinterpretation of the scope of the decision.").
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The UK Supreme Court publishes on its own website the court's judgments after they have been handed down, together with the ICLR summary (or "headnote").
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The headnote marked the first occasion on which the Supreme Court indicated that the Equal Protection Clause granted constitutional protections to corporations as well as to natural persons.
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Why, > indeed, did he begin his headnote with it? The opinion made plain that the > Court did not decide the corporate personality issue and the subsidiary > equal protection issue..
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Hayford et al. (1987), 581 Melville wrote a note to be appended to the title of "Benito Cereno", either as a footnote or a headnote, in which he acknowledged his source.
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Richard F. Searight invented The Eltdown Shards in a head-note (which purported to be a quotation from this text) to his story "The Sealed Casket" (Weird Tales, March 1935). The story was actually published in that issue without the headnote. Lovecraft later quoted the unpublished headnote in a letter to Clark Ashton Smith, "leading some to believe that he wrote it". He cited the book in The Shadow Out of Time and The Challenge from Beyond.
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In the case reprints that include this headnote (and many of them do not even show it), these excerpts are not clearly identified as being from the taxpayer's brief. A person not trained in analysis of legal materials would not necessarily know that this verbiage, like any headnote or syllabus, is not part of the Court's opinion, perhaps leading to the confusion about the source of the quotation. As explained below, the Supreme Court rejected the arguments in the quotation, and the taxpayer lost the case. Lucas v.
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So the headnote was a reporting by the Reporter of Decisions of the Chief Justice's interpretation of the Justices' opinions. But the issue of applicability of "Equal Protection to any persons" to the railroads was not addressed in the decision of the Court in the case. Before publication in United States Reports, Davis wrote a letter to Chief Justice Morrison Waite, dated May 26, 1886, to make sure his headnote was correct: > Dear Chief Justice, I have a memorandum in the California Cases Santa Clara > County v. Southern Pacific &c; As follows.
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In terms of geographical scope, a Contracting State can only be designated in a divisional application if that State was designated in the parent application at the time of filing of the divisional.J 0012/18 () of 19.5.2020, headnote.
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Keene 1999 : 1011. Her social status is also uncertain. She may have been a low-ranking consort or a lady-in-waiting of an emperor. The headnote to poem #938 in the Kokinshū implies she had some sort of connection to Fun'ya no Yasuhide.
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The headnote from this edition represents an earlier version of this Wikipedia article, here submitted by its author and copyright holder. A full version of the same transcription (Middle English text only) is available online in the University of Michigan's Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse.
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Google Books Eprint. Reprinted as "Science and Immortality" in Collected Papers v. 6, paragraphs 548–56. In an 1893 manuscript "Immortality in the Light of Synechism,"Unpublished at the time because of a misunderstanding between Peirce and editor Paul Carus, according to the headnote in Essential Peirce v. 2.
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Dershowitz also asked California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger to intervene in order to prevent the University of California Press from publishing the book.See the reproduction of four letters from Dershowitz as posted on normanfinkelstein.com with a headnote. Schwarzenegger's legal advisor responded, however, that the governor would not intervene in issues of academic freedom.
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Morcar was the son of Earngrim, according to John of Worcester,: headnote and his brother was Sigeferth. He was mentioned in the will of Wulfric Spot, brother of Ælfhelm and son of Wulfrun. In 1004, when Wulfric died, he made Morcar a major beneficiary, along with Burton Abbey and Ælfhelm.Williams, Æthelred the Unready (p. 74-75).
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He was also the founding editor of the Canadian Patent Reporter (CPR) (which he started in 1941).gordon f. henderson/ SOCAN foundation copyright competition 2009 The CPR was one of the first continuous case reporters for Canadian intellectual property law decisions, and remains a leading reporter today. For most of its existence, Henderson wrote virtually every headnote and comment in the publication.
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E K Williams, "Reviews and notices" (1949) 27 Canadian Bar Review 988 Google Books HeinOnline Of the articles reprinted in this book: Moran's article "Law Reporting: The Headnote" has been described as "erudite"."Headnotes" (1947) 111 Justice of the Peace and Local Government Review 82 Google Books An abridged version of "Two Great Elizabethan Reporters"Law Times, 16 February 1946 was published in Case and Comment.
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Mott became professor of English at the University of Iowa in 1921, rising to associate professor and of journalism and director of the school of journalism in 1925. He continued at UI until he was appointed Dean of the University of Missouri (MU)'s School of Journalism in 1942.Frank Luther Mott Papers headnote, retrieved 8/16/2020. Mott may have coined the term photojournalism in 1924.
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Each case published in a West reporter is evaluated by an editor who identifies the points of law cited or explained in the case. The editor places the summaries of the points of law covered in the case at the beginning of the case. These summaries are usually a paragraph long, and are called headnotes. Each headnote is then assigned a topic and key number.
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Decision J 5/80 of 7 July 1981, OJ 1981, 343, Headnote I, Reasons for the Decision, 4. Furthermore, if an applicant is represented both by a professional representative and a non-authorised representative, such as a non-European domestic representative, "the duty of due care applies to both of them."Decision J 4/07 of 7 July 2008, Reasons for the Decision, 3.
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In some printed versions of the case, this statement and other quotations and paraphrases from pages 8, 10, 14, 15, 17, and 18 of the taxpayer's brief are re-printed as a headnote or syllabus above the opinion of the Court.The Respondent's (taxpayer's) brief is available in PDF format at the web site for the College of Law of the University of Cincinnati. See the file "earl07.pdf ".
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The Commonwealth Law Reports (CLR) () are the authorised reports of decisions of the High Court of Australia. The Commonwealth Law Reports are published by the Lawbook Company, a division of Thomson Reuters. James Merralls AM QC was the editor of the Reports from 1969 until his death in 2016. Each reported judgment includes a headnote written by an expert reporter which, as an authorised report, has been approved by the High Court.
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Milton composed an elegy in memory of Diodati, and included a headnote saying that they "had pursued the same studies" and that they were the "most intimate friends from childhood on".qtd in Lewalski 2003, p. 9. It took Milton seven months in all to return finally to England, with the trip extended from Venice as he visited Giovanni Diodati, his friend's uncle, in Geneva. There he encountered Calvinism in power and another model republic.
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Coming from a family of writers (including her sister, Louise Erdrich - renowned contemporary Native American writer) Heid is primarily a poet. Original Local's chapters are structured by food groups, but within that structure the content is more of a collage. Each recipe's 'headnote' incorporates Heid's poetic writing style, and there are essays, interviews, cooking tips and notes throughout. “Writing about cooking is a lot like poetry to me – interesting and emotional and evocative and condensed.
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An example of a rebuttable presumption of guilt is (1983) 301 SE 2d 984. "The presumption of guilt arising from the flight of the accused is a presumption of fact": Hickory v United States (1896) 160 United States Reports 408 (headnote published 1899). are common; but an opening presumption of guilt based on the mere fact that the suspect has been charged is considered illegitimate in many countriesRalph A Newman (ed). Equity in the World's Legal Systems.
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Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Company, 118 U.S. 394 (1886), is a corporate law case of the United States Supreme Court concerning taxation of railroad properties. The case is most notable for a headnote stating that the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment grants constitutional protections to corporations. The case arose when several railroads refused to follow a California state law that gave less favorable tax treatment to some assets owned by corporations as compared to assets owned by individuals.
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The Court's opinions in earlier cases such as Dartmouth College v. Woodward had recognized that corporations were entitled to some of the protections of the Constitution. Associate Justice John Marshall Harlan's majority opinion held for the railroads, but his opinion did not address the Equal Protection Clause. However, a headnote written by the Reporter of Decisions and approved by Chief Justice Morrison Waite stated that the Supreme Court justices unanimously believed that the Equal Protection Clause did grant constitutional protections to corporations.
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Borneo Leisure travel failed to pay on time, the contract was terminated, and it went insolvent. Royal Brunei claimed the money back from Mr Tan.See the headnote of the Appeal Cases report, at [1995] UKPC 4, [1995] 2 AC 378 The Judge held Mr Tan was liable as a constructive trustee to Royal Brunei. The Court of Appeal of Brunei Darussalam held that the company was not guilty of fraud or dishonesty, and so Mr Tan could not be either.
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C. Peter Magrath, who discovered the exchange while researching Morrison R. Waite: The Triumph of Character, writes "In other words, to the Reporter fell the decision which enshrined the declaration in the United States Reports...had Davis left it out, Santa Clara County v. Southern Pac. R. Co. would have been lost to history among thousands of uninteresting tax cases.". At the same time, the correspondence makes clear that the headnote does reflect the Court's thinking, at least before hearing any arguments to the contrary.
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We are all of the opinion that it > does.118 U.S. 394 (1886) – Official court Syllabus in the United States > Reports Before publication, Davis wrote a letter to Waite, dated May 26, 1886, to make sure his headnote was correct to which Waite replied: > I think your mem. in the California Railroad Tax cases expresses with > sufficient accuracy what was said before the argument began. I leave it with > you to determine whether anything need be said about it in the report > inasmuch as we avoided meeting the constitutional question in the > decision.
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The Forme of Cury (The Method of Cooking, being from Middle French : to cook)"Thys fourme of cury ys compyled of þe mayster cokes of kyng Richard þe secund... by assent of Maysters of physik and of phylosophye".--"Things sweet to taste: selections from the Forme of Cury". 1996 is an extensive collection of medieval English recipes from the 14th century. Although the original source manuscript is lost, the text exists in nine manuscripts, the most famous of which is in the form of a scroll with a headnote citing it as the work of "the chief Master Cooks of King Richard II".
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During the joint interview of Dershowitz and Finkelstein in a 2003 Democracy Now! broadcast, host Amy Goodman alluded to an appearance on MSNBC's Scarborough Country in which Dershowitz made a challenge to "give $10,000 to the PLO" (Palestine Liberation Organization), playing a clip from the other program. In the headnote to the transcript, Goodman wrote: > On MSNBC's Scarborough Country on September 8, 2003, renowned appellate > lawyer, Harvard Law professor and author Alan Dershowitz says: "I will give > $10,000 to the PLO... if you can find a historical fact in my book that you > can prove to be false." The book Dershowitz refers to is his latest work The > Case For Israel.
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Volumes of the United States Reports on the shelf at a law library The United States Reports are the official record (law reports) of the Supreme Court of the United States. They include rulings, orders, case tables (list of every case decided), in alphabetical order both by the name of the petitioner (the losing party in lower courts) and by the name of the respondent (the prevailing party below), and other proceedings. United States Reports, once printed and bound, are the final version of court opinions and cannot be changed. Opinions of the court in each case are prepended with a headnote prepared by the Reporter of Decisions, and any concurring or dissenting opinions are published sequentially.
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Bancroft Davis, the Reporter of Decisions and former president of Newburgh and New York Railway The headnote, which is "not the work of the Court, but is simply the work of the Reporter, giving his understanding of the decision, prepared for the convenience of the profession",United States v. Detroit Timber & Lumber Co., , (Syllabus). was written by the Reporter of Decisions, former president of the Newburgh and New York Railway Company J.C. Bancroft Davis. He said the following: > One of the points made and discussed at length in the brief of counsel for > defendants in error was that 'corporations are persons within the meaning of > the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.
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They appear in two early anthologies, the more famous being the Shin Kokin Wakashū, the eighth imperially sponsored collection of poetry in Japanese, compiled circa 1205, where, it is preceded by the headnote, "Composed by his mother when the monk Jōjin went to China." The poem attracted little attention until 1942, when the newspapers that evolved into the present Mainichi Shimbun published , literally meaning something like, "One Hundred Patriotic Poems by One Hundred Poets." The title refers to the familiar Hyakunin Isshu, a medieval anthology of one hundred poems, each by a different poet. Because the poems came to be used in a card game played in Japanese homes every New Year, they are among the best known in the classical Japanese poetic canon.
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This contrasts with the situation in the United States, as laid out in the U.S. Manual of Patent Examining Procedure (MPEP). MPEP 1895 "A Continuation>, Divisional,< or Continuation- in- Part Application of a PCT Application Designating the United States [R-2]". In decision G 1/09, the Enlarged Board of Appeal held that :"In the case where no appeal is filed, a European patent application which has been refused by a decision of the Examining Division is thereafter still pending within the meaning of Rule 25 EPC 1973 (Rule 36(1) EPC) until the expiry of the time limit for filing a notice of appeal."Decision G 1/09 of the Enlarged Board of Appeal dated 27 September 2010, Headnote.
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A trip that at that time typically took 42 days each way. The headnote writer in the authorised reports of Donoghue v Stevenson expressed the duty of care as being confined to ‘the manufacturer of an article of food, medicine or the like’,Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562. an argument that was adopted for Australian Knitting Mills in seeking to distinguish the case from one in which an item of clothing was to be worn externally. The other way in which they sought to distinguish Donoghue v Stevenson the sealed bottle intentionally excluded interference with or examination of the ginger beer before it reached the consumer, whereas the clothing bought by Dr Gran "might be handled and inspected by others before reaching the" consumer.
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Corporate personhood is the legal notion that a corporation, separately from its associated human beings (like owners, managers, or employees), has at least some of the legal rights and responsibilities enjoyed by natural persons. In the United States and most countries, corporations, as legal persons, have a right to enter into contracts with other parties and to sue or be sued in court in the same way as natural persons or unincorporated associations of persons. In a U.S. historical context, the phrase "Corporate Personhood" refers to the ongoing legal debate over the extent to which rights traditionally associated with natural persons should also be afforded to corporations. A headnote issued by the Court Reporter in the 1886 Supreme Court case Santa Clara County v.
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Plum blossoms in Minabe, Wakayama The kanji characters for Reiwa are derived from the Man'yōshū, an eighth- century (Nara period) anthology of waka poetry. The kotobagaki (headnote) attached to a group of 32 poems (815–846) in Volume 5 of the collection, composed on the occasion of a poetic gathering to view the plum blossoms, reads as follows: The Japanese Foreign Ministry provided an English-language interpretation of Reiwa as "beautiful harmony", to dispel reports that here is translated as "command" or "order" – which aside from "auspicious" are the more common meanings of the character in modern Japanese and Chinese. The Foreign Ministry also noted that "beautiful harmony" is rather an explanation than an official translation or a legally binding interpretation.
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This statement cannot mean that > in order to be acquitted the prisoner must "satisfy" the jury. This is the > law as laid down in the Court of Criminal Appeal in Rex v. Davies 29 Times > LR 350; 8 Cr App R 211, the headnote of which correctly states that where > intent is an ingredient of a crime there is no onus on the defendant to > prove that the act alleged was accidental. Throughout the web of the English > Criminal Law one golden thread is always to be seen, that it is the duty of > the prosecution to prove the prisoner's guilt subject to what I have already > said as to the defence of insanity and subject also to any statutory > exception.
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Gerald Hammond (The Reader and Shakespeare's Young Man Sonnets) contrasts his view of the group of sonnets 88–93 with that of Martin Seymour-Smith (in his headnote to sonnet 88 in his edition). Against Seymour-Smith's account of "psychologically peculiar" sonnets, in which the poet sought "to demolish the edifice of his own ego", Hammond asserts that the sonnets seek to "maintain and strengthen the ego, rather than destroy it". To contemporary readers, there may seem something 'passive-aggressive' about this sonnet: the emotional manipulation of the extremity of the language in "acquaintance strangle and look strange" looks like a strategy of overstatement, culminating in the statement that the poet is hated. The sonnet utilizes many and repeated pronouns: 'I' (seven times), 5 instances of 'me','my' and 'myself'.
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The first time the Supreme Court entertained the idea of corporations having constitutional rights was in 1886's Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Company, when Chief Justice Morrison Waite began oral arguments by stating, "The court does not wish to hear argument on the question whether the provision in the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which forbids a State to deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws, applies to these corporations. We are all of the opinion that it does." While the Chief Justice Waite's statement in Santa Clara County was inserted in the headnote, which was not part of the Court's opinion and not considered precedent, the doctrine was clearly affirmed in subsequent cases in Pembina Consolidated Silver Mining Co. v.
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A headnote to poems 784 and 785 in the Kokinshū connects Narihira to the daughter of . Medieval commentaries call her Narihira's wife, and some modern scholars, such as Katagiri, do the same, although the only early source that explicitly names her is the note in the Kokinshū. In the classical Noh play Izutsu, an adaptation by Zeami Motokiyo of from The Tales of Ise, portrays Narihira and Ki no Aritsune's daughter as childhood playmates who eventually marry; Narihira is unfaithful to his wife, and her pining spirit appears to a monk after their deaths. Ariwara no Narihira looking for the ghost of Ono no Komachi, in an 1891 print by Yoshitoshi It has been speculated, based in part on their being considered the most beautiful man and woman of their age, that Narihira and the poet Ono no Komachi may have been lovers, but there is little evidence for this.
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The figure of the "tragic octoroon" was a stock character of abolitionist literature: a mixed- race woman raised as if a white woman in her white father's household, until his bankruptcy or death has her reduced to a menial positionAriela J. Gross, What Blood Won't Tell: A History of Race on Trial in America, p 61 She may even be unaware of her status before being reduced to victimization.Kathy Davis. "Headnote to Lydia Maria Child's 'The Quadroons' and 'Slavery's Pleasant Homes'," Bucknell University, Summer 1997, accessed June 4, 2012 The first character of this type was the heroine of Lydia Maria Child's "The Quadroons" (1842), a short story. This character allowed abolitionists to draw attention to the sexual exploitation in slavery and, unlike portrayals of the suffering of the field hands, did not allow slaveholders to retort that the sufferings of Northern mill hands were no easier.
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Prior art (state of the art or background art"The expression 'background art' ... must have the same meaning as the more familiar expression 'prior art'" in EPO Board of appeal decision T 11/82 of 15 April 1983, Headnote II and Reasons 15. See also (previously , where the term is used).), in most systems of patent law,See for example and is constituted by all information that has been made available to the public in any form before a given date that might be relevant to a patent's claims of originality. If an invention has been described in the prior art or would have been obvious from what has been described in the prior art, a patent on that invention is not valid. Information kept secret, for instance, as a trade secret, is not usually prior art, provided that employees and others with access to the information are under a non-disclosure obligation.
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The legal expression "semble" indicates that the point to which it refers is uncertain or represents only the judge's opinion. In a law report, the expression precedes a proposition of law which is an obiter dictum by the judge, or a suggestion by the reporter. For example, in the headnote(at page 576 E-F) for House of Lords' decision in Hedley Byrne v Heller,[1963] 2 All All ER 575 the reporter uses the term semble when summarising certain remarks of Lords Reid, Morris, and Hodson on a point which did not arise for decision in the case; semble indicates that this may be the law, but it falls to a future case to decide authoritatively. In Simpkins v Pays [1955],'Simpkins v Pays' [1955] 1 WLR 975 Queen's Bench Division Sellers J, having made an award to the plaintiff, suggested "semble" that an equal award was due to the defendant's granddaughter, even though she was not party to the action.
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The Minstrelsy began with a substantial general introduction with several appendices of documentary material, followed by the editions of the various ballads; each of these has an explanatory headnote which puts the ballad into its historical context, then the text of the ballad itself, and finally a set of explanatory notes. Originally Scott wanted to restrict himself to those ballads that celebrated the Border raids of the past, but he was drawn into including romantic ballads telling entirely unhistorical stories, and also modern imitations of the traditional ballads written by Scott and Leyden, and in later editions by Matthew Lewis, Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe, Anna Seward and others. These three categories of ballad were clearly demarcated from each other in the Minstrelsy. For some while Scott intended to include the Middle English romance Sir Tristrem among the romantic ballads, convinced as he was that it was a Scottish production, but it proved so difficult and time-consuming to edit that he had to publish it separately in 1804, two years after the Minstrelsy had appeared.
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The Court of Appeal dismissed the appeal. The only judgment was given by Mummery LJ. Although there were several grounds in the appeal, the main proposition for which the judgment is traditionally cited is that directors do not owe a general duty to shareholders, although they may owe a specific duty to a shareholder if there has been an assumption of responsibility. In this case there was no suggestion of such an assumption of responsibility, and so the claims were struck out. Counsel for the claimants accepted that the fiduciary duties owed by the directors to RAC do not necessarily extend to the individual members, and that, in general, directors do not, solely by virtue of the office of director, owe fiduciary duties to the shareholders, either collectively or individually. The court cited with approval the headnote in Percival v Wright [1902] 2 Ch 421 that: In his judgment Mummery LJ noted that the apparently unqualified width of the ruling had, over the course of the previous century, been subjected to increasing judicial, academic and professional critical comment.
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Eye-witnesses include Joseph Smith (who had said in other statements that it was in Fayette), William Smith , Joseph Knight, Sr. , and several non-believing Palmyra residents who had attended (). Independent researcher H. Michael Marquardt argues that the evidence suggests the organization occurred in Manchester, and that the confusion was likely due to the effect of memory tending to conflate memories of several meetings in Manchester and Fayette years earlier.. Critics suggest that the location of the organization was intentionally changed in 1834 around the same time the church's name was changed to the "Church of the Latter Day Saints", in order to make it seem like the new church organization was different from the "Church of Christ", as a tactic to frustrate the church's creditors and avoid payment of debts.. There is also evidence pointing to Fayette as the place of organization. For example, a headnote to the earliest known version of chapter XXII of the Book of Commandments says that the revelation was dictated in Fayette on April 6, 1830, after the church was organized.Joseph Smith Papers, (need citation).
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Melvin P. Unger, Historical Dictionary of Choral Music, Scarecrow Press 2010, (p.93) More recently, the English poet Gerard Manley Hopkins wrote a famous sonnet entitled simply "Henry Purcell", with a headnote reading: "The poet wishes well to the divine genius of Purcell and praises him that, whereas other musicians have given utterance to the moods of man's mind, he has, beyond that, uttered in notes the very make and species of man as created both in him and in all men generally." Purcell also had a strong influence on the composers of the English musical renaissance of the early 20th century, most notably Benjamin Britten, who arranged many of Purcell's vocal works for voice(s) and piano in Britten's Purcell Realizations, including from Dido and Aeneas, and whose The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra is based on a theme from Purcell's Abdelazar. Stylistically, the aria "I know a bank" from Britten's opera A Midsummer Night's Dream is clearly inspired by Purcell's aria "Sweeter than Roses", which Purcell originally wrote as part of incidental music to Richard Norton's Pausanias, the Betrayer of His Country.
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See Hiemstra Suid-Afrikaanse Strafprosesreg at 113. It fell now to be decided what were the duties of a private employee in relation to his employer and the employee's delict and duties of employment or instruction.See Mkize v Martens 1914 AD 382; Estate Van der Byl v Swanepoel 1927 AD 141; Scott Middellike Aanspreeklikheid in die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg at 139, 159; Feldman (Pty) Ltd v Mall 1945 AD at 742, 753, 756, 780, 783, 784, 787; Moosa v Duma and the Vereeniging Municipality 1944 TPD 30; Germishuys en 'n Ander v Van Heerden 1958 (2) SA 99; Magubane v Minister of Police 1982 (3) SA at 548D; Sahanga v Dupont NO 1965 (2) SA 404 (headnote); Khoza v Minister of Justice 1964 (3) SA at 82H, 83D; Masikane v Smit and Another 1965 (4) SA at 297; Komane v Van der Merwe 1941 (2) PH K62. Van der Westhuizen was not acting in terms of the Police Act at the time of the incident, and he was not under the supervision of officers of the Police Force, but was busy, Wessels argued, with an act unrelated to his employment with the Department of Police; he was engaged upon a private and personal enterprise.
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