Originally described as a subspecies of Papilio (Papilio sarpedon monticolus Fruhstorfer, 1896) later treated as a full species and placed in Graphium by most authorities (Graphium monticolus Fruhstorfer, 1896). Ranked again as a subspecies of Graphium sarpedon (Graphium sarpedon monticolus Fruhstorfer, 1896) by Tsukada and Nishiyama, 1982.
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Graphium eurous, the sixbar swordtail, is a swallowtail butterfly belonging to the genus Graphium, also known as the swordtails.
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Synonym of Graphium chiron (Wallace, 1865). Formerly regarded as a subspecies of Graphium bathycles but raised to specific level by Saigusa et al.
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Graphium mandarinus, the spectacle swordtail, which is native to India, is a butterfly of the swallowtail family (Papilionidae). It belongs to subgenus Pazala of the swordtails, that is, genus Graphium. Graphium (Pazala) glycerion Gray is considered by some as the correct nomenclature of this butterfly. It has a related species, the sixbar swordtail Graphium eurous, which is also found in India.
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The Meek's graphium (Graphium meeki) is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is found in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands.
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Graphium empedovana is a species of butterfly of the family Papilionidae, that is found in the Philippines (Balabac, Busuanga, Palawan). The species was first described by Alexander Steven Corbet in 1941. Sometimes regarded as a subspecies of Graphium codrus and sometimes as conspecific with Graphium empedocles. D'Abrera, 1982: p.
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Graphium androcles, the giant swordtail, is a butterfly of the genus Graphium belonging to the family Papilionidae (swallowtails). The species was first described by Jean Baptiste Boisduval in 1836.
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Graphium sarpedon which contains pterobilin Pterobilin is a blue bile pigment found in Nessaea spp., Graphium agamemnon, G. antiphates, G. doson, and G. sarpedon. It is one of only a few blue pigments found in any animal species, as most animals use iridescence to create blue coloration. Other blue pigments of animal origin include phorcabilin, used by other butterflies in Graphium and Papilio (specifically P. phorcas and P. weiskei), and sarpedobilin, which is used by Graphium sarpedon.
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Graphium androcles can be found in Indonesia (Sulawesi, Sula Islands).
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Also treated as a subspecies of Graphium milon (C. & R. Felder, 1865). Graphium milon has an interwoven history. Originally described as Papilio milon Felder & Felder, 1865 it was also seen as a synonym of Papilio sarpedon Linn.
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Graphium rileyi, the Riley's graphium, is a butterfly in the family Papilionidae (swallowtails). It is found in Ivory Coast and central Ghana.Afrotropical Butterflies: File C – Papilionidae - Tribe Leptocercini Its habitat consists of semi-deciduous and upland forests.
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It was regarded as conspecific with Graphium taboranus by some earlier authorities.
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Graphium epaminondas, the Andaman swordtail, is a beautiful butterfly found in India that belongs to the swallowtail family. It was earlier considered a subspecies of fivebar swordtail (Graphium antiphates) but has now been identified as a separate species.
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Graphium is a genus of fungi in the family Microascaceae. Many species are known as plant pathogens. Graphium belongs to the group hyphomycetes and has about 20 species. They are found in soil, plant debris, woody substrate, manure, and polluted water.
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Originally described as Papilio Latr. species anthedon Felder & Felder, 1864 and later seen as a synonym of Papilio sarpedon Linn., 1764 by Kirby (1871: 559). Treated as a subspecies of Graphium (Graphium) sarpedon (Linnaeus, 1758) by Fujioka and Nishiyama (1997: 189).
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Graphium incerta is a butterfly found in China that belongs to the swallowtail family.
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Graphium tamerlana is a butterfly found in China that belongs to the swallowtail family.
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Graphium alebion is a butterfly found in China that belongs to the swallowtail family.
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96, places it as subspecies Graphium codrus empedovana. The larva feeds on Hernandia peltata.
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Graphium stratiotes is a butterfly found in Borneo that belongs to the swallowtail family.
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The sporulating structures of Graphium form synnema, which are a gathering of conidiophores into a sort of flower bouquet. Graphium spp. are recognized by their distinctive, erect, black synnemata, each bearing a single, terminal, ball of one-celled, hyaline conidia produced from annellides.
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Pseudacraea boisduvali is, with Acraea egina and Graphium ridleyanus, a member of a mimicry complex.
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Graphium species are often sighted at mud puddles. The more colourful species are popular with collectors and are commonly seen mounted in frames for sale. Well-known species include the tailed jay (Graphium agamemnon), common bluebottle (G. sarpedon), and the purple-spotted swallowtail (G. weiskei).
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Graphium cloanthus, the glassy bluebottle, is a common, non-threatened tropical butterfly of the family Papilionidae.
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Graphium stresemanni is a vulnerable species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is endemic to the Indonesian island of Seram. It closely resembles the related Graphium weiskei, a more common species from New Guinea but has been treated as a distinct species. It is rare.
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Graphium leonidas, the veined swordtail, veined swallowtail or common graphium, is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae, found in Sub- Saharan Africa.Graphium, funet.fi The wingspan is 75–80 mm in males and 75–85 mm in females. Has continuous broods, peaking from October to April.
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Graphium megaera is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is endemic to the Philippines.
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Graphium euphratoides is a butterfly found in Mindanao in the Philippines that belongs to the swallowtail family.
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Graphium wallacei is a butterfly found in New Guinea and the Moluccas that belongs to the swallowtail family.
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Graphium decolor is a butterfly found in the Philippines and Sabah, Malaysia, that belongs to the swallowtail family.
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Leptocircini is a tribe of swallowtail butterflies that includes the genera Eurytides (kite swallowtails), Graphium (swordtails), and Lamproptera (dragontails).
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Graphium xenocles, the great zebra, is a swallowtail butterfly found in Southeast Asia which is common and not threatened.
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Graphium bathycles, the veined jay, is a butterfly in the family Papilionidae, that is found in the Indomalayan realm.
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Graphium codrus is a butterfly of the family Papilionidae, that is found in the Philippines, Celebes and Solomon Islands.
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Graphium sandawanum, the Apo swallowtail, is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is endemic to the Philippines.
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Graphium macleayanus, the Macleay's swallowtail, is a butterfly belonging to the family Papilionidae. The species was named after Alexander Macleay.
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Graphium eurypylus, the great jay or pale green triangle, is a species of tropical butterfly belonging to the family Papilionidae.
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Graphium anthedon is a butterfly of the family Papilionidae, that is found in the Sunda Islands in the Malay Archipelago.
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Graphium monticolus, the Sulawesi blue triangle, is a butterfly of the family Papilionidae that is found in Sulawesi in Indonesia.
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Graphium rhesus is a butterfly found in the Sunda Islands of the Malay Archipelago that belongs to the swallowtail family.
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Graphium gelon is a butterfly of the family Papilionidae, that is found in New Caledonia (the Loyalty Islands such as Lifou).
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Graphium mendana is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae, that is found in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands.
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Graphium agetes, the fourbar swordtail, is a widespread species of swallowtail butterfly found in tropical Asia. It is common and not threatened.
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Graphium chironides, the veined jay, is a species of butterfly found in Assam and other parts of Northeast India and Southeast Asia.
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He is honoured in the butterfly names Graphium weiskei and Delias weiskei and the bird name New Guinea hawk-eagle (Hieraaetus weiskei).
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Graphium evemon, the blue jay, lesser jay, or pale green triangle is a species of tropical butterfly found in India, Indonesia, and Malaysia.
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Graphium meyeri is a species of butterfly of the family Papilionidae, that is found in Sulawesi. Very little is known about this species.
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Graphium leechi is a species of butterfly from the family Papilionidae that is found in China and Vietnam. Very little is known about this species.
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Graphium ucalegon, the creamy graphium, is a butterfly in the family Papilionidae (swallowtails). It is found in Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, Angola, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda and Tanzania.Afrotropical Butterflies: File C – Papilionidae - Tribe Leptocercini Its habitat consists of primary forests. Adults are on wing mainly just before the beginning of the rain season.
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Graphium euphrates is a butterfly found in the Philippines and Sulawesi that belongs to the swallowtail family. The larva feeds on Annona, Desmos and Uvaria species.
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Graphium idaeoides (Philippine butterfly) is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is endemic to the Philippines. It is a perfect mimic of Idea leuconoe.
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Graphium antiphates, the five-bar swordtail, is a species of papilionid butterfly found in south and southeast Asia. The species was first described by Pieter Cramer in 1775.
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It is treated as a full species by some authors, but is also treated as a subspecies of Graphium fulleri (Grose-Smith, 1883) by Smith & Vane-Wright (2001).
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Graphium evombar is a butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is found on Madagascar and the Comoros.Afrotropical Butterflies: File C – Papilionidae - Tribe Leptocercini The habitat consists of forests.
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Graphium batjanensis described by Okano in 1984 appears to be allopatric to G. stresemanni and the same species. It has also been suggested to be conspecific with G. weiskei.
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Graphium deucalion, the yellow zebra, is a butterfly found in the Sunda Islands and the Moluccas that belongs to the swallowtail family. It is not known to be threatened.
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Graphium dorcus, or Tabitha's swordtail, is a butterfly found in Sulawesi, Indonesia, that belongs to the swallowtail family. The species was first described by Wilhem de Haan in 1840.
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Originally described as a subspecies of Graphium tamerlana and later treated as conspecific with G. tamerlana. Studies of the genitalia by Chou and Koiwaya suggested it is a full species.
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Graphium teredon is primarily an inhabitant of moist, low-level rain forests (below 1600 m (5000 ft)). In these elevations it is usually seen flying just above the tree canopy.
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Graphium endochus is a butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is found in northern and eastern Madagascar and Mozambique.Afrotropical Butterflies: File C – Papilionidae - Tribe Leptocercini The habitat consists of forests.
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Graphium hicetaon is a butterfly found in the Solomon Islands - Bougainville Island, Choiseul Island, Shortland Island, Florida Island, Guadalcanal, New Georgia Group and Ugi Island - that belongs to the swallowtail family.
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Backa Folkets Hus,”Göteborg Kulturhistoriskt värdefull bebyggelse, Del II. Ett program för bevarande”. Graphium Västra Aros, 2000, p.246 which was previously known as Tingstads Folkets Hus,Lychou, Kerstin. Backa Socken – återblickar.
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Graphium macareus, the lesser zebra, is a relatively common and not threatened species of swallowtail butterfly found in Southeast Asia. It is also found in parts of India including Assam and Sikkim.
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Graphium megarus, the spotted zebra, is a species of swallowtail butterfly found in Southeast Asia. It is common and not considered to be threatened; however, the nominate subspeciesis protected by law in India.
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Graphium browni is a butterfly found in Oceania - New Britain, Duke of York Islands, New Hanover Island and St Matthias Islands - that belongs to the swallowtail family. The larva feeds on Annona mercuriana.
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Graphium procles is a species of butterfly of the family Papilionidae. It is endemic to the Crocker Range in the Malaysian part of Borneo, including Mount Kinabalu. It occurs in lower montane forests above .
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Graphium aristeus, the chain swordtail, is a butterfly in the family Papilionidae (swallowtails). It is found in the Indomalayan and Australasian realms. The Indian subspecies G. a. anticrates is protected by law in India.
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Graphium gudenusi is a butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Burundi and Uganda.Afrotropical Butterflies: File C – Papilionidae - Tribe Leptocercini Its habitat consists of forests.
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Protographium leosthenes, the four-barred swordtail, is a medium-sized butterfly of the family Papilionidae found in Australia. It is similar to the five-barred (or chain) swordtail (Graphium aristeus) found in both Australia and India.
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The complete set of solutions of Symphosius's riddles (according to Hickman du Bois) is:The Hundred Riddles of Symphosius, ed. and trans. by Elizabeth Hickman du Bois (Woodstock, Vermont: The Elm Tree Press, 1912). 1\. graphium/stilus, 2.
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Four dark brown stripes dominate the wing. Next to the body there is a dark brown area. The underside of Graphium aristeus is very similar to the upperside. The hindwings are yellowish and they have long tails.
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Ideopsis gaura, the smaller wood nymph, is a species of nymphalid butterfly in the Danainae subfamily. It is found in Southeast Asia. Larva feed on Melodinus especially M. laevigatus. Adults are mimicked by Graphium delessertii and Cyclosia pieridoides.
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Laid on underside of leaves. Larva: Spindle shaped, green larva with broad heads and tapering tails. The larva has minute spines on the head and hair-like long spines on the segments. Pupa: Resembles that of Graphium species.
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Graphium colonna, the black swordtail or mamba swordtail, is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae (swallowtails). It is found in Africa.Graphium, funet.fi The wingspan is 55–60 mm in males and 60–65 mm in females.
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In the Philippines, the fruit is commonly eaten by the Philippine fruit bat (kabag or kabog), which then spreads the seeds from island to island. It is a host plant for larvae of the butterfly Graphium agamemnon (tailed jay).
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Graphium weiskei, the purple spotted swallowtail, is a species of butterfly in the swallowtail family; Papilionidae. It is found only in the highlands of New Guinea. These swallowtails live in elevations of . The name honours the collector Emil Weiske.
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Graphium angolanus, the Angola white lady, is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae (swallowtails). It is found in Sub-Saharan Africa.Graphium angolanus, funet.fi The wingspan is 65–70 mm in males and 70–75 mm in females.
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Graphium androcles has a wingspan reaching about . Females are larger than males. The base of the upper wings is white with three black diagonal parallel stripes. The other half of the upper wings is black, crossed by two thin white stripes.
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Graphium policenes, the common swordtail or small striped swordtail, is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae (swallowtails). It is found in tropical Africa.Graphium, funet.fi The wingspan is 55–60 mm in males and 60–65 mm in females.
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Graphium taboranus is a butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is found in Angola, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Malawi, and northern Zambia.Afrotropical Butterflies: File C – Papilionidae - Tribe Leptocercini The habitat consists of woodland. The larvae feed on Annona species.
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His private collection of Lycaenidae is in the Natural History Museum in Dresden. Ribbe described many new species of butterflies, including Graphium weiskei. He also collected and sold ethnographic material :de:Ethnologisches Museum and published an ethnographical travelogue of his time in Solomon Islands.
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Graphium morania, the white lady or small white-lady swordtail, is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae (swallowtails). It is found in southern Africa.Graphium morania, funet.fi The wingspan is 50–55 mm in males and 55–60 mm in females.
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Graphium kigoma is a butterfly in the family Papilionidae (swallowtails). It is found in Tanzania, from the western part of the country to the Kigoma District.Afrotropical Butterflies: File C – Papilionidae - Tribe Leptocercini The habitat consists of forests (including riparian forests) and heavy woodland.
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Graphium policenoides is a butterfly in the family Papilionidae (swallowtails). It is found in Cameroon, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.Afrotropical Butterflies: File C – Papilionidae - Tribe Leptocercini Its habitat consists of wet forests in good condition.
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Common blue bottle at Osaka, Japan Graphium sarpedon, the common bluebottle or blue triangle in Australia, is a species of swallowtail butterfly, that is found in South and Southeast Asia, as well as eastern Australia. There are approximately sixteen subspecies with differing geographical distributions.
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Graphium agamemnon at Butterfly World. The Paradise Adventure Aviary includes fountains with ponds, and butterflies. The Hanging Garden & Butterfly Emerging Area has display cases with hanging pupa and emerging butterflies. The Tropical Rain Forest Aviary includes a waterfall, tropical plants, free flying birds, and butterflies.
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Graphium liponesco, the long-tailed striped swordtail, is a butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo and western Nigeria.Afrotropical Butterflies: File C – Papilionidae - Tribe Leptocercini Its habitat consists of wet and moist forests in good condition.
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The tree is named for Christine Buisman, the first full- time elm researcher (1927-1936) in the Netherlands, who provided the final proof that Graphium ulmi Schwarz (now: Ophiostoma ulmi (Buisman) Melin & Nannf. ) was the causal agent of Dutch elm disease. Buisman died in 1936, aged 36.
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Treated as a full species by Vane-Wright, R. I., & R. de. Jong. 2003. The butterflies of Sulawesi: annotated checklist for a critical island fauna. Zoologische Verhandlingen 343: 1-267. The history of this taxon is complex and related to that of Graphium milon Felder & Felder, 1865.
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Graphium schubotzi is a butterfly in the family Papilionidae (swallowtails). It is found in eastern Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.Afrotropical Butterflies: File C – Papilionidae - Tribe Leptocercini Its habitat consists of the forest/savanna transition zone.
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Graphium porthaon, the coastal swordtail, cream-striped swordtail or dark swordtail, is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae, found in tropical western Africa.Graphium, funet.fi The wingspan is 55–60 mm in males and 60–65 mm in females. The species has continuous broods during warmer months.
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Ophiostoma ulmi is a species of fungus in the family Ophiostomataceae. It is one of the causative agents of Dutch elm disease. It was first described under the name Graphium ulmi, and later transferred to the genus Ophiostoma. Dutch elm disease originated in Europe in the early 1900s.
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Graphium arycles, the spotted jay, is a species of butterfly of the family Papilionidae found in the Indomalayan realm. It is scarce and likely to be found in the extreme north east of India. It is not known to be threatened but the nominate subspecies is protected by law in India.
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Graphium polistratus, the dancing swordtail, is a butterfly in the family Papilionidae (swallowtails). It is found in Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the coast of Kenya, Tanzania, northern Malawi and Mozambique.Afrotropical Butterflies: File C – Papilionidae - Tribe Leptocercini Its habitat consists of warm and coastal forests. Adult males mud-puddle.
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Graphium schaffgotschi, the Schaffgotsch's swordtail, is a butterfly in the family Papilionidae (swallowtails). It is found in Namibia, Angola, the southern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and north-western Zambia.Afrotropical Butterflies: File C – Papilionidae - Tribe Leptocercini Its habitat consists of savanna. Adults are on wing year round.
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Graphium philonoe, the eastern white-lady swordtail, is a butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is found in Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Malawi and Mozambique.Afrotropical Butterflies: File C – Papilionidae - Tribe Leptocercini Its habitat consists of coastal and riparian forests. Males may infrequently mud-puddle.
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Graphium agamedes, the Westwood's white lady, is a butterfly in the family Papilionidae (swallowtails). It is found in Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.Afrotropical Butterflies: File C – Papilionidae - Tribe Leptocercini The habitat consists of the forest/savanna transition zone.
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Though resistant to the earlier strain of Dutch elm disease (DED),Clinton, G. P., McCormick, Florence A., Dutch elm disease, Graphium ulmi (New Haven, 1936), p.737, p.710 'Pinnato-ramosa' has not been scientifically tested for resistance to the later. Several old specimens have survived unscathed by the disease (see 'Notable trees').
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Graphium doson, the common jay, is a black, tropical papilionid (swallowtail) butterfly with pale blue semi-transparent central wing bands that are formed by large spots. There is a marginal series of smaller spots. The underside of wings is brown with markings similar to upperside but whitish in colour. The sexes look alike.
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Graphium biokoensis, the Gauthier's striped swordtail, is a butterfly in the family Papilionidae (swallowtails). It is found in eastern Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea, Bioko, Cameroon, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Burundi.Afrotropical Butterflies: File C – Papilionidae - Tribe Leptocercini Its habitat consists of forests.
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Graphium kirbyi, the Kirby's swordtail, is a butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is found along the coast of Kenya and from the coast of Tanzania, inland to Morogoro.Afrotropical Butterflies: File C – Papilionidae - Tribe Leptocercini The habitat consists of coastal forests. Adults of both sexes visit flowers and males are known to mud-puddle.
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Graphium cyrnus is a butterfly in the family Papilionidae. The top of the wings consist of black with many greenish-yellow dots, with the underside being roughly the same but instead of black, it is a reddish-brown. It is found on Madagascar.Afrotropical Butterflies: File C – Papilionidae - Tribe Leptocercini The habitat consists of forests.
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It is similar to Iphiclides podalirius. The black band at the apex of the cell of the forewing reaches only to the median vein, not extending beyond it to the hind angle, being exactly as in Graphium alebion, but in contradistinction to this insect, the orange anal spot on the hindwing of is reduced to two small obscure dots.
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Petriella is a genus of fungi in the family Microascaceae. Species in the genus are typically found in plant material and dung in nature. Indoors, they are commonly found in wet wood, particularly common under kitchen sinks and bathrooms where there is relatively slowly on persistently wet wood. It produces a Graphium or Scedosporium in the anamorph state.
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Graphium agamemnon, the tailed jay, is a predominantly green and black tropical butterfly that belongs to the swallowtail family. The butterfly is also called the green-spotted triangle, tailed green jay, or green triangle. It is a common, non-threatened species native to Nepal, India, Sri Lanka through Southeast Asia and Australia. Several geographic races are recognized.
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Its fruit are eaten by the superb fruit dove, along with many other lauraceae. It is also a food plant for the blue triangle (Graphium sarpedon) and bronze flat (Netrocoryne repanda). The leaves are used by the tooth-billed catbird (Scenopoeetes dentirostris) to decorate its display court. Litsea bindoniana is suited as a garden plant in tropical situations.
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Graphium junodi, the Junod's swordtail, is a butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is found in Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, Mozambique and along the eastern border of Zimbabwe.Afrotropical Butterflies: File C – Papilionidae - Tribe Leptocercini The habitat consists of warm forests. Adults are on wing from July to September and from January to April.
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Indian swallowtails are spread over all the biomes/ecoregions of India. The Malabar banded peacock (Papilio buddha) and the Malabar banded swallowtail (Papilio liomedon) fly at sea level while the Apollos (Parnassius species), are to be found only in the highest alpine meadows of the Himalayas. Some species such as the common Mormon (Papilio polytes) and the blue Mormon (Papilio polymnestor) fly at ground level whereas others, such as the tailed jay (Graphium agamemnon) are normally found flying high in the forest canopy. The lime butterfly (Papilio demoleus) is a creature of arid scrub-land, occasionally being spotted even in the Thar Desert, while the tropical evergreen forests have their own representatives, such as the red Helen (Papilio helenus), the common bluebottle (Graphium cloanthus) and the Malabar raven (Papilio dravidarum).
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Graphium is a genus of mostly tropical swallowtail butterflies commonly known as swordtails, kite swallowtails, or ladies. Native to Eurasia, Africa, and Oceania, the genus is represented by over 100 species. Their colouration is as variable as the habitats they frequent; from rainforest to savannah. Some possess tails which may be long and swordlike, while others lack any hindwing extensions.
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Graphium macfarlanei, the green triangle butterfly or green triangle, is a butterfly of the family Papilionidae. It is found along the northern Gulf and north-eastern coast of Queensland, Australia; as well as on the Moluccas, New Guinea, Admiralty Islands and New Britain. The wingspan is about 70 mm. The larvae feed on Desmos species (including Desmos chinensis), Annona muricata and Rollinia deliciosa.
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By the 1930s, when 'Pinnato-ramosa' was being recommended as resistant to early- strain Dutch elm disease,Clinton, G. P., McCormick, Florence A., Dutch elm disease, Graphium ulmi (New Haven, 1936), p.737, p.710 the "Turkestan elm" in nursery lists, as descriptions show, was usually the Siberian elm cultivar, not Regel's tree.Catalogue générale, automne 1936 – printemps 1937, Pépinières Boccard Frères, Geneva, 1936, p.
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Graphium eurypylus has a wingspan reaching about . The basic colour of the uppersides of the wings is black, with a chain of yellowish or greenish spots at the edges. In the middle of the forewings there is a large yellowish or greenish area. The undersides of the wings are similar to the uppersides, but the basic colour is brownish and the spots are paler or whitish.
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The wingspan of Acraea egina can reach . Wings are basically brick red, with black spots on both forewings and hindwings and a quite large black margin on the hindwing upperside. These butterflies are closely mimicked by Pseudacraea boisduvali and by Graphium ridleyanus in the shade of color, in the cut of the wings and in the pattern of markings. The larvae of Acraea egina feed on Adenia lobata and Rawsonia species.
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Acraea perenna, the falcate acraea, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Senegal, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Malawi and Zambia. The habitat consists of forests and forest-savanna mosaic in hilly country. It is thought to be the main mimicry model for Graphium ridleyanus.
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It is thought that expression of the slime-spored Graphium may be induced by certain environmental conditions. In the laboratory, asymmetric ascospores were found at room temperature when the fungus was grown on a PDA plate. Clusters of brown-grey chlamydospores have been isolated on the agar. These spores were only found in P. boulangeri previously, but it is believed P. setifera developed chlamydospores to survive in the soil.
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The asymmetrical ascospore convex and marked germinal pores are unique to P. setifera. The Graphium stage has been associated with fungal reproduction, while the Sporotrichum state has the largest growth and branching. Hyphae are found to form many condia near the apical end during the Sporotrichum stage. CMCase which is also known as cellulase, can be produced by P. setifera optimally at 55 °C and a pH 6.0.
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Petriella setifera was originally found on horse feces in 1912, but has since been linked to decayed wood, compost and maize field soil. It is most commonly found in soil and feces, but also common in wood or plant debris when in Graphium state. The discovery of P. setifera on rock hyrax dung was the first case of the fungus in Kenya. It has not been linked to this species prior.
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Graphium nomius, the spot swordtail, is a butterfly found in South and Southeast Asia that belongs to the swallowtail family. The species was first described by Eugenius Johann Christoph Esper in 1793. One of the grandest sights is a host of spot swordtails mud-puddling or swarming around a flowering forest tree. The spot swordtail gets its name from the line of distinct white spots along the margin of its wings.
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Graphium tynderaeus, the electric green swordtail, is a butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, Angola, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and western Tanzania.Afrotropical Butterflies: File C – Papilionidae - Tribe Leptocercini Its habitat consists of primary lowland forests. Males may mud-puddle but are extremely wary if approached.
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Graphium adamastor, the Boisduval's white lady, is a butterfly in the family Papilionidae (swallowtails). It is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its habitat consists of dry forests and the transition zone between forests and the Guinea savanna. Adult females mimic Amauris damocles.
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Notable are the giant coconut grasshopper (Pseudophyllanax imperialis) and other endemic insects including an ant (Cerapachys cohici), a cicada Kanakia typica, a damselfly Caledopteryx maculata a longhorned beetle Buprestomorpha montrouzieri, a phasmid Gigantophasma bicolor and a leafcutting bee Eutricharaea australis. There are 521 species of Lepidoptera, with 197 endemic (38%), notably the butterfly Montrouzier's swallowtail (Papilio montrouzieri), Graphium gelon, Polyura gamma, Paratisiphone lyrnessa, Austroypthima petersi and a sphinx moth Compsulyx cochereaui.
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This fungus was renamed under the genus Petriella in 1930 for reasons currently unknown. Further analysis of the fungus concluded there are multiple stages of development, including Schmidt`s discovery of the fungus in teleomorph phase. In 1961 Barron reported on the Sporotrichum and Graphium anamorph stages of the fungus in isolations from soil. A year later, A.L Shigoon reported the fungus in Tokyo and other regions of the globe including the United States.
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All species in the genus Petriella have a Graphium state, characterized by dark synnemata and round, single-celled spores in the mucus. Dimorphic pore openings produce condia to form mucoid balls at the synnemata apex, which is similarly found in Lectographium lundbergii. The spores are sexual, non-motile condiophores. The perithecium in which the sexual spores are borne is pale to dark brown colour, 75-125μm in diameter with scattered hairs along the neck.
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The Microascales are characterized by a lack of stroma, black perithecial ascomata with long necks or rarely with cleistothecial ascomata that lack paraphyses. They have roughly spherical and short-lived asci that develop singly or in chains. Nonseptate, colorless ascospores often have ornamenting ridges or wings. The anamorphs of the family Microascaceae produce percurrently proliferating conidiogenous cells (annellides) and sometimes chlamydospore-like or aleurioconidial synanamorphs; these are classified mostly in the genera Scopulariopsis, Graphium and Scedosporium.
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Its primary nutrients are the sugars xylose, arabinose, glucose, sucrose, ribitol, xylitol and L-arabinitol. It cannot assimilate maltose or lactose; however, it is able to assimilate urea, asparagine, potassium nitrate and ammonium nitrate. The optimal temperature for growth is and the fungus is generally considered to be mesophilic, although it can grow at higher temperatures (up to ) as well. Asexual reproduction manifests in one of two forms: the Scedosporium type (the most common type) and the Graphium type.
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Chain swordtail (UP) from Australia. Graphium aristeus is a butterfly from the Australasian and Indomalayan realms. It is also widely distributed in New Guinea. Papua localities: Salawati: Salawati Mountains; Biak: Wardo; New Guinea: Akimuga (Kampong Baru & Fafafuku), Beaufortbivak, Dabra (Mamberamo), East Tami, Homasam, Kobakama, Kopi River (Timika), Kuala Kenkana (Timika), Van Weels Camp (Keerom), Wendesi, Werba (Fakfak) External distribution: Northern India, Sikkim to South China, Philippines and Indonesia, New Guinea, Queensland, New Britain, New Ireland and Manus.
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Protographium marcellus, the zebra swallowtail, (formerly listed under genera Eurytides, Iphiclides, Graphium and Papilio by some authorities) is a swallowtail butterfly native to the eastern United States and southeast Canada. It is the state butterfly of Tennessee. Its distinctive wing shape and long tails make it easy to identify, and its black-and-white-striped pattern is reminiscent of a zebra. The butterflies are closely associated with pawpaws, and are rarely found far from these trees.
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Three Indian swallowtails mud-puddling: Blue Mormon (Papilio polymnestor), common Mormon (Papilio polytes) and common bluebottle (Graphium sarpedon). (left to right anticlockwise) The five-bar swordtail (Graphium antiphates) A pair of common peacocks (Papilio bianor) Malabar banded peacock (Papilio buddha), an endemic species of the coastal forests This is a list of the butterflies of family Papilionidae (superfamily Papilionoidea), or the swallowtails, which are found in India. This family of large and beautiful butterflies is well represented with 89 species found within Indian borders.Evans (1932) states, in a table on pg 23, the number of papilionids in the Indian subcontinent as 90; 15 species being found in Ceylon, 19 in South India, 6 in Baluchistan, 11 in Chitral, 31 in the western Himalayas, 69 in Northeast India, 50 in southern Myanmar and 13 in the Andaman and Nicobar islands. Wynter-Blyth (1957) gives a modified version of the same table on p. 12, where the overall number of species is 94; with differences being in total number of species for Northeast Himalayas (62) and Myanmar (66).
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Graphium sarpedon is primarily an inhabitant of moist, low-level rain forests (below 1600 m (5000 ft)). In these elevations it is usually seen flying just above the tree canopy. The larvae of the common bluebottle feed on trees of the laurel family, which includes the cinnamon tree, and have expanded their range to include cinnamon tree plantations. In eastern Australia, they have adapted to a drier subtropical environment, and are commonly seen in suburban gardens in Queensland and New South Wales.
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Graphium latreillianus, the coppery swordtail, is a butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Sao Tome and Principe, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, Angola, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chad, Uganda and Tanzania.Afrotropical Butterflies: File C – Papilionidae - Tribe Leptocercini Its habitat consists of primary forests. Males mud-puddle and are also attracted to urine-soaked sand, human perspiration and camp rubbish tips.
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Graphium almansor, the Almansor white-lady swordtail or Honrath's white lady, is a butterfly in the family Papilionidae (swallowtails). It is found in Guinea, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, Angola, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia and possibly Rwanda and Burundi.Afrotropical Butterflies: File C – Papilionidae - Tribe Leptocercini Adults of both sexes mimic Amauris species, including Amauris damocles and species of the Amauris echeria-group. Males are attracted to damp spots on river banks (mud-puddling) and both sexes feed from flowers.
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Retrieved 22 January 2014 Notable endemic insect species include Ornithoptera paradisea, Ornithoptera chimaera, Papilio weymeri, Graphium weiskei, Ideopsis hewitsonii, Taenaris catops, Parantica rotundata, Parantica clinias, Rosenbergia rufolineata, Mecopus doryphorus, Mecopus serrirostris, Sphingnotus mirabilis, Sphingnotus insignis, Belionota aenea, Poropterus solidus, Poropterus gemmifer, Aesernia splendens, Aporhina bispinosa, Eupholus petitii, Eupholus bennetti, Schizoeupsalis promissa, Barystethus tropicus, Eupholus geoffroyi, Rhinoscapha loriai, Rhinoscapha funebris, Rhinoscapha insignis Alcides exornatus, Alcides elegans, Xenocerus lacrymans, Arachnobas sectator, Arrhenodes digramma, Eupholus magnificus, Mecopus bispinosus, Callictita spp.. Also known from New Guinea are Batocera wallacei, Ithystenus curvidens, Meganthribus pupa, Sipalinus gigas, Pelargoderus rubropunctatus, Rhynchophorus bilineatus, Gasterocercus anatinus, Acalolepta australis, Actinus imperialis, Megacrania batesii.
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Male and female. Upperside black, with similar markings to those in Graphium sarpedon. Forewing with the transverse macular band generally much narrower, the upper spots being smaller and wider separated, and the lower portions mostly divided by black veins; the band is composed of either eight or nine portions, the upper spot being sometimes absent, in both sexes from Sri Lanka and south India, the band being either at its narrowest or widest width, this spot—when present—is very small. Hindwing produced into a rather prominent tooth at end of upper median veinlet; the medial band mostly narrower than in G. sarpedon.
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Clinton, G. P., McCormick, Florence A., Dutch elm disease, Graphium ulmi; New Haven, 1936 Elm trees were once an ecologically valuable tree that dominated mixed broadleaf forests, floodplains, and low areas near rivers and streams. They were planted in urban settings because of their aesthetic appeal and their ability to provide shade due to their V like shape. An outbreak of Dutch elm disease in the 1920s and again in the 1970s was responsible for the death of more than 40 million American elm trees. Ophiostoma ulmi was the first known cause of Dutch elm disease .
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At the end of 1926, funds were granted for further research into the cause of Dutch elm disease. Buisman was charged with this two-year project, and part of the villa garden was duly planted with elm seedlings. To infect so many plants, Buisman experimented with the use of a syringe, a method which would be used in successive decades. In 1927, she succeeded in producing both vascular discolouration and leaf wilt, simply by inoculating her trial plants earlier in summer than Bea Schwarz had done in 1921, confirming the results achieved by Wollenweber and Stapp in Berlin, providing the definitive proof that Graphium ulmi caused Dutch elm disease (DED).
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Christine Johanna Buisman (; 22 March 1900 – 27 March 1936) was a Dutch phytopathologist who dedicated her short career to the research of Dutch elm disease and the selection of resistant elm seedlings. In 1927, Buisman provided the final proof that Graphium ulmi (later named Ophiostoma ulmi) was the causal agent of the disease, concluding the controversy which had raged among Dutch and German scientists since 1922. Buisman developed the inoculation method for screening large numbers of elm plants for resistance, and in 1932 discovered the generative form of the fungus, Ceratostomella ulmi. The first ever resistant elm clone released in the Netherlands was named for her in 1937, following her untimely death the previous year.
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Crystal Mountains National Park () is a twin park and one of the 13 national parks of Gabon. It is situated in the Monts de Crystal on the western edge of the Woleu-Ntem Plateau, between Equatorial Guinea and the Ogooué River. The twin parks, Mbe National Park and Mt Sene National Park, were established on 4 September 2002, based on their exceptionally high plant biodiversity and forming part of a former Pleistocene rain forest refugium. The park is home to many animal species such as elephants or monkeys, and hundreds of species of butterflies can be found here, some of which are very rare, such as euphaedra brevis, cymothoe or graphium angrier.
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Species named after Meek include eight full bird species: Choiseul crested pigeon (Migrogoura meeki), Meek's lorikeet (Charmosyna meeki), Meek's pygmy parrot (Micropsitta meeki), Bougainville crow (Corvus meeki), white-throated white-eye (Zosterops meeki), yellowish-streaked honeyeater (Ptiloprora meekiana), North Solomons dwarf kingfisher (Ceyx meeki) and the Manus hawk owl (Ninox meeki). Also several butterfly and moth species were named after Meek, including Graphium meeki, Gnathothlibus meeki, Delias meeki, Angonyx meeki, Macroglossum meeki, Oxycanus meeki, Bindahara meeki, Acupicta meeki, and Udara meeki. In 1896, Oldfield Thomas described Emballonura beccarii meeki, a subspecies of the Beccari's sheath-tailed bat of which Meek had collected the type series on Kiriwina, Trobriand Islands.Oldfield Thomas: On Mammals collected by Mr. Albert Meek on Woodlark Island and on Kiriwina in the Trobriand Group.
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Butterfly (Vindula sp.) in Bulusaurung Conservatory Besides insectarium, butterfly breeding centers, managed by both the reserve administrator and residents serve complete the metamorphosis process of the butterflies. There are many butterflies around the waterfall such as Troides helena Linne, Troides hypolitus Cramer, Troides haliphron Boisduval, Papilio peranthus adamantius and Cethosia myrana. The British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace referred to the site as a butterfly kingdom.Andi Hajramurni, 'Bantimurung: One of Indonesia’s fascinating tourist spots', The Jakarta Post,4 August 2011. During his exploration in 1857, Wallace found 256 butterfly species from Bantimurung area, different from previous report of Mattimu in 1977 who found 103 butterfly species inside the national park with some endemic species are Papilio blumei, Papilio polytes, Papilio sataspes, and Graphium androcles.
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Staudinger, underside Rothschild, 1895 Race indicus, Rothschild. Male. Upperside: ground colour and markings very similar to those of Graphium xenocles, but the former is of a more brownish-fuliginous tint and the latter are all very much narrower; also there are distinctly two well-divided streaks in interspace 1 of the forewing; on the hindwing there is never any tornal yellow spot, while the bluish-white streak in the coll is very often divided. Underside: similar to the upperside both in ground colour and markings, only the latter are much broader than on the upperside. It differs from the underside of G. xenocles by the absence in most specimens of the yellow tornal spot on the hindwing; also the terminal brown margin on the same wing is proportionately much broader and much darker.
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It differs from Graphium antiphates chiefly in the greater width of the black markings on the upperside, especially of the basal and subbasal bands that cross the forewing, both of which also extend to the dorsum. On the hindwing the black markings of the underside on the basal and discal areas are not only seen by transparency from below, but are actually represented, though only partially, by black scaling; the width of the dark grey terminal portion is also greater, and it has a tendency to turn to dusky black anteriorly, so that the sub-terminal series of black lunules are obscured anteriorly and are difficult to make out. Underside: markings similar to those of the typical form, but broader; forewing with the discal transverse band that reaches from costa to vein 1; hindwing: the black bands that cross the cell broader and proportionately closer together. Has a 94–100 mm expanse.
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In 1929, Buisman left the CBS for further study in Dahlem Berlin. In August that year, she attended a congress of the International Federation of University Women in Geneva, where she met Bernice Cronkhite, dean of Harvard University’s Radcliffe College in Boston, US. Buisman seized the opportunity to apply for a fellowship to study the elms and elm diseases in the US, and by the next month she began her one year’s study in Boston, with the main objective of determining whether Graphium ulmi was also present in the US. It was not until the last days before her return to Europe that she managed to isolate the fungus in samples from Cleveland, being the first to confirm the presence of the fungus on the North American continent. She also studied other elm diseases, helped by donations of Ulmus americana seedlings from the U.S. Department of Agriculture. She recorded this research in a paper published in the Journal of the Arnold Arboretum, Vol.
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It differs from Graphium antiphates chiefly in the greater width of the black markings on the upperside, especially of the basal and subbasal bands that cross the forewing, both of which also extend to the dorsum. On the hindwing the black markings of the underside on the basal and discal areas are not only seen by transparency from below, but are actually represented, though only partially, by black scaling; the width of the dark grey terminal portion is also greater, and it has a tendency to turn to dusky black anteriorly, so that the sub-terminal series of black lunules are obscured anteriorly and are difficult to make out. Underside: markings similar to those of the typical form, but broader; forewing with the discal transverse band that reaches from costa to vein 1; hindwing: the black bands that cross the cell broader and proportionately closer together. It has a 94–100 mm expanse.
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An Eastern carpenter bee (Xylocopa virginica) pierces the corolla to feed from a daffodil (Narcissus sp.) Nectarivory is extremely common in insects. Key families with large proportions of nectarivores include the Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Hemiptera. Some, but not all, are also pollinators: others engage in nectar robbing by avoiding the reproductive organs of plants altogether, particularly those with deep corollas, by piercing into the base of the flower to reach the nectary directly, such as carpenter bees and secondarily honey bees (who consume nectar from holes made by others), as well as ants, who frequently consume nectar and pollen where available despite actively inhibiting germination of pollen at the flowers they visit to the detriment of the plant. Two Spot swordtail butterflies (Graphium nomius) mud puddling for minerals Nectar- feeding insects gain enough water from nectar to rarely need to drink, though adult butterflies and moths may engage in puddling in order to obtain dissolved substances not abundant in nectar, particularly salts and amino acids.
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