Espaliers, trained into flat two-dimensional forms, are used not only for decorative purposes, but also for gardens in which space is limited. In a temperate climate, espaliers may be trained next to a wall that can reflect more sunlight and retain heat overnight or orientated so that they absorb maximum sunlight by training them parallel to the equator. These two strategies allow the season to be extended so that fruit has more time to mature. A restricted form of training consists of a central stem and a number of paired horizontal branches all trained in the same plane.
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An open bowl or cup form helps sunlight penetrate the canopy, thus encouraging a high fruit yield whilst keeping the tree short and accessible for harvesting. Other shapes such as cordons, espaliers and fans offer opportunities for growing trees two dimensionally against walls or fences, or they can be trained to function as barriers.
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250px Some of the following fruit tree forms require training by tying the branches to the required form. Most require pruning to retain the desired structure. However, not all types of fruit tree are suitable for all forms; apples and pears do well as cordons and espaliers, for example, whereas cherries are more suited to the fan form.
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Laburnum × watereri (or Laburnum watereri), is a naturally occurring hybrid species of Laburnum, native to Central Europe. Its parents are common laburnum, Laburnum anagyroides, and alpine laburnum, Laburnum alpinum. A small tree or large shrub, it is a popular garden plant, called golden chain tree for its spectacular display of hanging clusters of yellow blossoms. It can be trained to take forms such as arches and espaliers.
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In the municipality there are fourteen wineries, and one of them is also a bottler. Typical, being the viticulture a rooted and integrated practice of the area, are the vineyards, historically cultivated as espaliers. Other forms of traditional and/or historical cultivation are the Sylvoz (espalier), overturned, double-inverted. Cultivated vines are Prosecco, Marzemino, Verdiso Zentil and Manzoni 6.013 (Pinot Bianco X Risling Renano).
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The term "vine" also applies to cucurbitaceae like cucumbers where botanists refer to creeping vines; in commercial agriculture the natural tendency of coiling tendrils to attach themselves to pre-existing structures or espaliers is optimized by the installation of trellis netting. Gardeners can use the tendency of climbing plants to grow quickly. If a plant display is wanted quickly, a climber can achieve this. Climbers can be trained over walls, pergolas, fences, etc.
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Laburnum species and hybrids are cultivated as ornamental trees for gardens and parks. They are also trained as espaliers on pergolas, for ceilings of pendant flowers in season. In its natural form, Laburnum is a shrubby, multi-branched tree, but it is often pruned to maintain a single trunk which displays the smooth green bark. Gardeners are advised to remove the spent seedpods after flowering because they sap the strength of the tree and are the most poisonous part.
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The new park included an arboretum of exotic trees, including Sequoia trees from California. Beginning in 1920, Georges Hersent added a classical garden à la française, with broderies and topiary, near the house, integrated with the architecture. In 1995, the François Rabelais University in Tours created an orchard of pear and apple trees in one part of the park. In 1999, fruit trees on traditional espaliers were grown against the walls, along with table grapes from forty varieties.
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They are most flavorful when they ripen on the tree and are eaten the day of harvest. The peach tree can be grown in an espalier shape. The Baldassari palmette is a palmette design created around 1950 used primarily for training peaches. In walled gardens constructed from stone or brick, which absorb and retain solar heat and then slowly release it, raising the temperature against the wall, peaches can be grown as espaliers against south-facing walls as far north as southeast Great Britain and southern Ireland.
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Frederick commissioned the first KPM table service in 1765 for the New Palace in Potsdam. The dinner service known as Reliefzierat was designed in the Rococo style by modelling master Friedrich Elias Meyer, who would later design many more services for the king. The ornamentation of the relief, made of gilded rocailles and flower espaliers, finds its counterpart in the stucco ceiling of the New Palace. The following years saw the appearance of the Neuzierat, Neuglatt, Neuosier and Antique Zierat (later named Rocaille) dinner services, which are still produced today.
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Several species of Podocarpus are grown as garden trees, or trained into hedges, espaliers, or screens. Common garden species used for their attractive deep green foliage and neat habits include P. macrophyllus, known commonly as Buddhist pine, fern pine, or kusamaki, P. salignus from Chile, and P. nivalis, a smaller, red-fleshy-coned shrub. Some members of the genera Nageia, Prumnopitys and Afrocarpus are marketed under the genus name Podocarpus. The red, purple or bluish fleshy cone (popularly called a "fruit") of most species of Podocarpus are edible, raw or cooked into jams or pies.
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The vineyard is conducted in espaliers, with drip support irrigation. The unique climate of the region brings an average of 700 mm of rain per year, which together with the predominant thermic inversion causes slow and full ripenings, harvesting in some cases by November. Vinification, aging and bottling is all done in the winery, in a 1999 building next to the vineyard. The winery has all the necessary facilities for high quality production: gravity barreling, temperature-controlled stainless steel tanks, air-conditioned warehouses for barrel and bottle aging, etc.
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Espaliers with just one tier of horizontal branches 30 cm from the ground. These make a novel and productive border for a vegetable plot. A study on orchard mango trees in Nelspruit, South Africa, compared open vase, closed vase, central leader, palmette and standard pruning systems and recommended a modified pyramid, somewhere between a central leader and a closed vase system, for high-density mango orchards. The study also evaluated both post-fruit-set and post-harvest pruning, indicating that late mango cultivars benefit from pruning while bearing in late fall, while early cultivars may be best pruned immediately after harvest.
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Frederick Wilhelm I's son and successor, Frederick II (Frederick the Great) (1712–1786) did not appreciate the hunt as his predecessors did, In 1740, he opened the park's first public gardens. In 1742 he instructed the architect Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff to tear down the fences that surrounded the territory and to turn the park into a Lustgarten (literally "pleasure garden"), one that would be open to the people of Berlin. In the baroque style popular at the time he added flowerbeds, borders and espaliers in geometrical layouts, along with mazes, water basins and ornamental ponds; he also commissioned sculptures to add cultural significance. Unique to the time period, areas of congregation called "salons" were established along the many different walkways in the park.
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