Oenology, an integral part of ancient Grecian society, is equally represented: an 8th-century-BC black pile of carbonised grapes excavated in Crete sits next to a silver drachm (type of coin) stamped with a grapevine, heavy with fruit.
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Some units of mass are given below: 1 litra = 100 drachm 1 oka = 4 litra = 2.8188 lb = 1.2786 kg.
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Prior to 1588, the "part" () was the smallest unit in the avoirdupois weight system. In the 18th century, the "part" was renamed "drachm".
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Drachm of Agathokleia, with Strato I standing in armour. Coin of Agathokleia. Obv: Queen Agathokleia in profile. Rev:: Greek straight bow and arrow container.
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Silver drachm of Rabbel II with Shaqilat II Silver drachm of Rabbel II with Gamilat Rabel II Soter (ar-Rabil) was the last ruler of the Nabataean Kingdom, ruling from 70 to 106. After the death of his father, Malichus II, ar-Rabil still a child, ascended to the throne. His mother, Shaqilath II, assumed control of the government in the early years. His sister Gamilath became queen of the Nabataeans.
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In words of Hebrew or Yiddish origin it may be pronounced as (or ). The digraph can also be silent, as in Crichton, currach, drachm, yacht and traditionally in schism.
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Silver drachm of Obodas I (86 BC) Obodas I (, ʿUbaydah) was king of the Nabataeans from 96 BC to 85 BC. After his death, Obodas was worshiped as a deity.
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2\. Silver drachm of Menander I(155-130 BC). Obv: Greek legend, ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ (BASILEOS SOTEROS MENANDROU) lit. "Of Saviour King Menander". Rev: Kharosthi legend: MAHARAJA TRATASA MENADRASA "Saviour King Menander".
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Polybius described Moagetes as "cruel and treacherous man and worthy of more than a passing notice."Polybius, The histories, 21.34 Silver Drachm of Trajan from Lycia, 98–99 AD, minted during Roman rule.
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Copper drachm of Parataraja Bhimarjuna. Obv: Robed bust of Bhimarjuna left, wearing tiara-shaped diadem. Rev: Swastika with Kharoshthi legend surrounding: Yolatakhmaputrasa Parataraja Bhimarjunasa ("Of the Parataraja Bhimarjuna, son of Yolatakhma"). From Loralai Pakistan. 1.70g.
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It was originally both a coin and a weight in ancient Greece. The unit of volume is more correctly called a fluid dram, fluid drachm, fluidram or fluidrachm (abbreviated fl dr, ƒ 3, or fʒ).
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Kidara, circa 425–457. AR Drachm (29mm, 3.76 g, 3h). Mint C in Gandhara. Crowned bust facing slightly right. Brahmi legend around the head: 13px13px13px15px13px13px13px Ki-da-ra Ku-ṣa-ṇa-ṣa/ Fire altar flanked by attendants.
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The Roman province of Arabia Petraea, created from the Nabataean kingdom Silver drachm of Malichos II with Shaqilat II Silver drachm of Obodas II with Hagaru Petra was rapidly built in the 1st century BC, and developed a population estimated at 20,000. The Nabataeans were allies of the first Hasmoneans in their struggles against the Seleucid monarchs. They then became rivals of the Judaean dynasty, and a chief element in the disorders that invited Pompey's intervention in Judea. According to historian Paul Johnson, many Nabataeans were forcefully converted to Judaism by Hasmonean king Alexander Jannaeus.
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Shaqilath II (fl. 70), was a queen of the Nabataeans. Silver drachm of Malichus II with his wife Shaqilat II She was the daughter of Aretas IV of the Nabataeans. She ruled jointly with her husband Malichus II (40-70).
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The dirham was a unit of weight used across North Africa, the Middle East, and Persia, with varying values. In the late Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Turkish درهم), the standard dirham was 3.207 g;based on an oka of 1.2828 kg; Diran Kélékian gives 3.21 g (Dictionnaire Turc-Français, Constantinople: Imprimerie Mihran, 1911) ; Γ. Μπαμπινιώτης gives 3.203 g (Λεξικό της Νέας Ελληνικής Γλώσσας, Athens, 1998) 400 dirhem equal one oka. The Ottoman dirham was based on the Sasanian drachm (in Middle Persian: drahm), which was itself based on the Roman dram/drachm. In Egypt in 1895, it was equivalent to 47.661 troy grains (3.088 g).
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109/8 BC onwards, that the use of the title became a regular feature. The new title was used both on coins and engravings (attested in Greek as BAΣIΛEΥΣ BAΣIΛEΩN), and also Babylonian accounts, where it is attested as šar šarrāni. Mithridates II was more determined than his predecessors as heir and guardian of Achaemenid heritage. Drachm of Mithridates II wearing a diadem Drachm of Mithridates II wearing a tiara, minted at Rhages between 96-92 BC At the start of his reign, Mithridates II briefly used the Greek title Soter ("Saviour") at the start of his reign, which was used on his coin mints in Ecbatana and Rhages.
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The dram (alternative British spelling drachm; apothecary symbol ʒ or ℨ; abbreviated dr) Earlier version first published in New English Dictionary, 1897.National Institute of Standards and Technology (October 2011). Butcher, Tina; Cook, Steve; Crown, Linda et al. eds. "Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement" (PDF).
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Metrication in the United Kingdom began in the mid-1960s. Initially this metrication was voluntary and by 1985 many traditional and imperial units of measure had been voluntarily removed from use in the retail trade. The Weights and Measures Act of 1985 formalized their removal for use in trade, though imperial units were retained for use on road signs and the most common imperial weights such as the foot, inch, pound, ounce, gallon and pint continued to be used in the retail trade for the sale of loose goods or goods measured or weighed in front of the customer.The 1985 Act excluded from use for trade the bushell, cental, chain, drachm, dram, fluid drachm, furlong, grain, hundredweight, ounce apoth.
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List of Hellenistic monetary standards includes weight standards used to determine desired weight and size of the produced coinage. Weights of certain coins, including tetradrachm, didrachm, drachm and hemidrachm, are given here in grams for comparison. Evolution of standards, such as changes in weight, are not reflected in this list.
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Silver drachm of King Antialcidas. Obv: Bust of Antialcidas wearing a helmet, with Greek legend ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΝΙΚΗΦΟΡΟΥ ΑΝΤΙΑΛΚΙΔΟΥ "Of Victorious King Antialcidas". Rev: Seated Zeus holding sceptre, with Nike on his extended arm, holding out a wreath to a baby elephant with bell. Kharoshti legend: MAHARAJASA JAYADHARASA ANTIALIKITASA "Victorious King Antialcidas".
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A standard Sasanian silver coin, a drachm of Shapur I with the crowned and richly adorned head of the king on the obverse, and the fire altar with its two attendants on the reverse. It was minted in Ctesiphon c.240-244. 28 mm, 4.35 gr. Silver drahm of Bahram II (274–293).
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A punch-marked coin from the Nanda Empire. A silver drachm of king Antialkidas (c. 145–135 B.C.), an Indo-Greek ruler in the Indus region. The first Indian coins were either round, square or long sticks of silver with punch marks issued under various kingdoms starting from around 600 BCE onwards.
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Silver Drachm of Menander II (18mm, 2.22 g, 12h). Obv. Diademed king, wearing aegis, brandishing a spear. Greek legend "ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΔΙΚΑΟΥ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ" (King Menander the Just"). Rev. Zeus enthroned, holding Nike and scepter; Nike handing a victory wreath over an eight-spoked wheel to left, monogram to right. Kharoshthi legend: “Maharajasa dharmikasa Minamdrasa” (King Menander follower of the Dharma").
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1 to 1,3g] of ergot in powder to be repeated every twenty minutes, till its peculiar effects are experienced, or till the amount of a drachm [ca. 3,9g] has been taken«. The Dispensatory of the United States of America, third edition Philadelphia 1836, p. 588 (Digitalisat) In 1837 the French Codex Pharmacopee Francaise required ergot to be kept in all pharmacies.
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After the death of Mohammed in 632, the state was governed by caliphs, thus named 'the Caliphate'. As the caliphate expanded into Byzantine territories to the Northwest and conquered the Sassanian (Persian) Empire to the Northeast, the question of a caliphal coinage became imminent. The caliphate adapted the Sassanian drachm as their silver coin. Initially, Arabic inscriptions were added to the Sassanian coin type.
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These coins imitate the original design of the tetradrachms issued by Diodotus I, but with a legend on the obverse identifying the king as ('Of Diodotus Soter'). Diodotus also issued a bronze coinage ('Series G'). This coinage consisted of two denominations: a 'double' (c. 8.4 grammes, 20-24 millimetres in diameter) and a 'single' (4.2 g, 14-18 mm)—possibly worth 1/48th of a silver drachm.
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Tomato ketchup and other condiments Tomato ketchup next to raw tomatoes Many variations of ketchup were created, but the tomato-based version did not appear until about a century after other types. An early recipe for "Tomata Catsup" from 1817 still has the anchovies that betray its fish-sauce ancestry: > # Gather a gallon of fine, red, and full ripe tomatas; mash them with one > pound of salt. # Let them rest for three days, press off the juice, and to > each quart add a quarter of a pound of anchovies, two ounces of shallots, > and an ounce of ground black pepper. # Boil up together for half an hour, > strain through a sieve, and put to it the following spices; a quarter of an > ounce of mace, the same of allspice and ginger, half an ounce of nutmeg, a > drachm of coriander seed, and half a drachm of cochineal.
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In the episode "Double Indecency" of the TV series Archer, the character Cheryl/Carol was carrying around 10 drams of Vole's blood and even offered to pay for a taxi ride with it. In Frank Herbert's Dune, the Fremen employ a sophisticated measurement system that involves the drachm (and fractions thereof) to accurately count and economize water, an ultra-precious resource on their home, the desert planet Arrakis.
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The translated inscription on her coins reads: "Boran, restorer of the race of Gods" (Middle Persian: Bōrān ī yazdān tōhm winārdār). Her claim of being descended from the gods had not been used since the 3rd-century, when it was used by the Sasanian shah Shapur II (). Silver coin of Boran, Arrajan mint. As with all Sasanian rulers, Boran's main denomination was the silver drachm (Middle Persian: drahm).
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Massilian heavy drachm Between the 10th and 4th century BC, the Ligures were found in Provence from Massilia. According to Strabo, the Ligurians, living in proximity of numerous Celtic mountain tribes, were a different people (ἑτεροεθνεῖς), but "were similar to the Celts in their ways of life".Strabo, Geography, book 2, chapter 5, section 28. Massalia, whose name was probably adapted from an existing Ligurian name, was the first Greek settlement in France.
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Later, it became the capital of the Parthian kings, at which time it became their main mint, producing drachm, tetradrachm, and assorted bronze denominations. The wealth and importance of the city in the Persian empire is attributed to its location on a crucial crossroads that made it a staging post on the main East-West highway. In 330 BC, Ecbatana was the site of the assassination of the Macedonian general Parmenion by order of Alexander the Great.
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Only the first two of these denominations seem to be attested under Diodotus I. The value of these denominations is uncertain; a single may have been worth 1/48th of a silver drachm. After this initial issue, Diodotus introduced a new set of designs ('Series I'). On the double and single denominations, these depict the head of Zeus on the obverse (except on one issue depicting a king—probably by accident), and the goddess Artemis on the reverse.
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Rev: Facing bust of Anahita with flame nimbus and Middle Persian i.e. Pahlavi text (y’cwysty and ’yl’n ’pzwt hwytk’ The main denomination of the Sasanians, introduced by King Ardashir I (224–242) and inherited from the Parthians, was the silver drachm (Middle Persian: drahm). It is a large thin coin (a novelty at the time) that weighs about 4 grams, with a diameter of 25-30 mm. It was made of rather pure silver and produced in large quantities by all Sasanian kings.
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The tables of imperial troy mass and apothecaries' mass are the same as the corresponding United States tables, except for the British spelling "drachm" in the table of apothecaries' mass. The table of imperial avoirdupois mass is the same as the United States table up to 1 pound, but above that point the tables differ. The imperial system has a hundredweight, defined as eight Stone of 14 lbs each, or 112 lb (), whereas a US hundredweight is 100 lb (). In both systems, 20 hundredweights make a ton.
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Under Gotarzes I and Orodes I, Babylonian scholars notably wrote cuneiform records in the same method that had been done in era of the Achaemenid Empire. According to Shayegan, this was done to emphasize the association of the Parthians with their Achaemenid predecessors. Drachm of Sinatruces () The kingdom of Elymais in south- western Iran had since 124 BC been under complete Parthian control. However, in 81/80 BC, coins of king Kamnaskires III and his wife Anzaze appears, which indicates that the kingdom had been restored.
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Finley (1997), p.200. In the Gortyn code, where all punishment was monetary, fines were doubled for slaves committing a misdemeanour or felony. Conversely, an offence committed against a slave was much less expensive than an offence committed against a free person. As an example, the rape of a free woman by a slave was punishable by a fine of 200 staters (400 drachms), while the rape of a non-virgin slave by another slave brought a fine of only one obolus (a sixth of a drachm).
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A silver drachm, with a deity seated on a winged wheel, probably struck by the Persian administration in Jerusalem. 4th century BCE, British Museum The symbol is considered to be distinct from the older winged circle symbol which was commonly used in Mesopotamian and Assyrian symbolism. It was used by the ancient Greeks as a symbol of Hermes, the herald of the Gods, but despite this it is relatively rare on surviving Greek and Roman monuments. When it does appear it is mainly as an abbreviation or indication of a chariot or to symbolise motion.
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Maues, whose coins are found only in the Punjab, was the first king of what may be called the Azes group of princes. His silver is not plentiful; the finest type is that with a "biga" (two-horsed chariot) on the obverse, and this type belongs to a square Hemi drachm, the only square aka silver coin known. His most common copper coins, with an elephant's head on the obverse and a "Caduceus" (staff of the god Hermes) on the reverse are imitated from a round copper coin of Demetrius. On another copper square coin of Maues the king is represented on horseback.
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Silver drachm of king Polemon II (left) and emperor Nero (right), dating from Polemon's regnal year 19 (ιθ to the lower left of Polemon's bust), that is 56/57 AD. Caption: ETOYC ΙΘ΄ / BACIΛΕΩC ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝΟC. Marcus Antonius Polemon Pythodoros, also known as Polemon II of Pontus and Polemon of Cilicia (; 12 BC/11 BC–74), was a prince of the Bosporan, Pontus, Cilicia, and Cappadocia. He served as a Roman Client King of Pontus, Colchis, and Cilicia. Polemon II was the second son and middle child of the Pontic Rulers Polemon Pythodoros and Pythodorida of Pontus.
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Drachm of Vahbarz/Oborzos, showing on the reverse an Achaemenid king slaying an armoured, possibly Greek or Macedonian, soldier. Wahbarz became the king of Persis sometime in the 1st half of 2nd century BC, possibly in . He is generally identified as the same person as Oborzos, who, according to the contemporary Macedonian author Polyaenus, was in charge of 3,000 Greek military settlers (katoikoi), whom he had executed in a place called Komastos due to suspecting them of organizing a rebellion against him. This is considered the first attempt by a frataraka to secede from Seleucid rule.
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A rough calculation shows that > his intake was equivalent to about 6 or 7 marijuana cigarettes per dose, > i.e. at the hallucinatory rather than at the euphoriant level prevalent in > contemporary North American use. Kalant, O.J. "Ludlow on Cannabis: A Modern > Look at a Nineteenth Century Drug Experience". The International Journal of > the Addictions, June 1971 Ludlow wrote of taking as much as a drachm of the extract (3.9 grams or 0.14 ounces) in his largest doses — if Kalant's figures are correct, this would equate to a quarter-ounce of resin or well over an ounce of herbal cannabis.
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Série surchargée, valeurs métalliques, non dentelée et dentelée In October 1900, another issue was launched but that time for common usage, the values are in lepta and drachm. Série surchargée, usage courant, non dentelée Série surchargée, usage courant, dentelée It exists a very large number of variety of these surcharges, such as those of the: "narrow 0", "large 0", "small space", "large space".Jan Mancini, The 1900 Overprints, Vlastos Editions, Athènes 2007. All these overprint issues have been removed from the selling on June 30, 1901 when the "flying Hermes" issue has been finally shipped from London.
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Jean-Baptiste Desgranges (1751–1831). Sur la propriété qu’a le Seigle ergoté d‘accélérer la marche de l’accouchement, et de hâter sa terminaison. In: Nouveau Journal de Médecine, Paris, I (1818), S. 54–61 (Digitalisat) In 1807 Dr. John Stearns of Saratoga County wrote to a friend, that he had used over several years a »pulvis parturiens« with complete success in patients with »lingering parturitation«. This »pulvis parturiens« consisted of ergot, that he called a »spurious groth of rye«. He boiled »half a drachm« (ca. 2g) of that powder in half a pint of water and gave one third every twenty minutes, till the pains commenced.
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In the Ptolemaic army the Graeco-Macedonian troops formed the phalanx. But Ptolemy IV Philopator and his ministers reformed the army in order to keep up manpower by allowing the native Egyptian warrior class, the Machimoi, into the phalanx. Up until that point the Machimoi had only performed auxiliary duties such as archery, skirmishing and so on. The Machmioi Epilektoi, or 'Picked Machimoi', first saw service at the battle of Raphia and from then on were featured in more important positions within the Ptolemaic army. A Persian ruler slaying an armoured, possibly Greek or Macedonian, hoplite, on a drachm of 3rd-2nd century BC Persis ruler Vahbarz (Oborzos).
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By 1805, the use of rectally applied tobacco smoke was so established as a way to treat obstinate constrictions of the alimentary canal that doctors began experimenting with other delivery mechanisms. In one experiment, a decoction of half a drachm of tobacco in four ounces of water was used as an enema in a patient suffering from general convulsion where there was no expected recovery. The decoction worked as a powerful agent to penetrate and "roused the sensibility" of the patient to end the convulsions, although the decoction resulted in excited sickness, vomiting, and profuse perspiration. Such enemas were often used to treat hernias.
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In September 1900, due to the shipment delay of the new issue of the "flying Hermes" by the English printer J.P. Segg & C°, the Greek postal administration decided to reuse the old stocks on the anterior issues, including those of the "large Hermes head" (these overprints also exist on the "Olympic 1896" and on the "small Hermes head" issues). They are overprinted "AM", in black, for "Αξια Μεταλλικη" ("Metal Value") and with values in drachms. The usage of these stamps was reserved to the postal parcels and to postal orders ("mandats") and were paid in "gold drachm". They are really very rare on non-philatelic documents.
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A lack of ammunition led the Mexican soldiers in the trenches between the bridgehead and the convent to disband; without ammunition, they had no way to fight back. Santa Anna had ordered half of these soldiers to a different part of the battlefield. When the requested ammunition wagon finally arrived, the 9 ½ drachm cartridges were compatible with none but the San Patricio Companies "Brown Bess" muskets, and they made up only a fraction of the defending forces. Further hampering Mexican efforts, a stray spark from an artillery piece firing grape shot at the on-coming U.S. troops caused the just-arrived ammunition to explode and set fire to several men, including Captain O'Leary and Gen. Anaya.
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Silver drachm of Malichus I from 34 BC Malichus I or Malchos I ( ) was a king of Nabataea who reigned from 59 to 30 BC. Malichus was a possible cousin of Herod the Great of the Herodian kingdom. When Herod fled Judea in 40 BC to escape imprisonment by the Hasmonean ruler Antigonus II Mattathias, who had already imprisoned his brother Phasael, he first traveled to the court of Malichus. However, Malichus I turned Herod away, as the Nabataean king was politically aligned with the Parthian Empire, which viewed Herod as a client ruler of the rival Roman Republic. Herod then decided to take refuge instead in Alexandria, at the court of Cleopatra VII of Ptolemaic Egypt.
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The reason behind his use of the title is uncertain. Olbrycht (2010) has proposed that he adopted the title due to his victory over the nomads, while Grenet (2006) has proposed that Soter could be seen as a Mithraic title from an Iranian point of view, in connection to Mithra's role as a saviour in Zoroastrianism. Drachm of the Sasanian king Ardashir I () wearing the same type of tiara used by Mithridates II The early Arsacid monarchs are depicted on the obverse of their coins with a soft cap, known as the bashlyk, which had also been worn by Achaemenid satraps. From Mithridates I, the Hellenistic diadem was used by the Arsacid kings.
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The British NART was re-standardized in 1991 to enable calculation of predicted IQ on the newer WAIS-R and again in 2016 to provide premorbid estimates on the most recent WAIS-IV. There are two versions of the NART devised for use in North America; both feature a modified word list and re-standardization of predicted IQ. The NART-R, published in 1989, was designed for use in the United States and Canada. NART-R comprises an extended list of 61 words chosen to have irregular pronunciations in North American English. The AMNART was developed independently in 1987 but unpublished until 1991 and comprises 50 words selected to be familiar to speakers of American English (for example gaoled and drachm were removed).
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Bronze coin of Alexander II, minted in Beirut Drachm of Alexander II, minted in Tarsus Following Demetrius II's death, Alexander II, commanding a force of forty thousand soldiers, brought Seleucia Pieria under his control. Cilicia was also conquered in 125 BC along with other regions. The coinage of Alexander II was minted in: Antioch, Seleucia Pieria, Apamea, Damascus, Beirut, Ashkelon and Tarsus, in addition to unknown minting centers in northern Syria, southern Coele-Syria and Cilicia (coded by numismatists: uncertain mint 111, 112, 113, 114). In Ptolemais, Cleopatra Thea refused to recognise Alexander II as king; already in 187 SE (126/125 BC), the year of her husband's defeat, she struck tetradrachms in her own name as the sole monarch of Syria.
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Setting aside the early 5th century BC Auriol-type silver fractions of the Volterra hoard of 1868,HNItaly (Historia Nummorum Italy) coins: 92-94; IGCH (Inventory of Greek Coin Hoards) # 1875 which are probably not of Etruscan production, the earliest struck silver coinage seems to be that of Vulci and Populonia. An attribution to the 5th century for these first issues of tridrachms, didrachms, or staters and drachms is plausible since they seem to be struck on the 'Chalcidian' silver drachm standard of theoretically about 5.8 grams,Parise 1985 which were present at Etruria's nearest Greek neighbour, i.e. Cumae, dated to about 475-470 BC (HNItaly 513; Rutter 1979, p. 123, 1) and at other Greek cities important to Etruscan sea-borne commerce in the early 5th century, such as Himera, Naxos and Zancle.
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In 1850, an attempt was made in Ireland to solve this problem: "In relation to the weights and measures, a great innovation has been made, which, however, the College feels confident will receive the sanction of the public and the profession. [...] In the formularies, however, [of the Edinburgh Pharmacopœia], the Troy pound, with its well-known submultiples, has been retained, whereas it is now rejected by the Irish College, and its place supplied by the avoirdupois pound, the avoirdupois ounce being, like the Troy ounce, subdivided into eight drachms, and each of these, like the Troy drachm, into three scruples. [...] At present the two systems are in use with the apothecary, for his purchases are made in avoirdupois, and his sales generally, though not always, in Troy weight." See also p.
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Silver drachm of Aretas IV with his wife Huldu Chuldu or Huldu (1st-century CE), was a Queen of the Nabataeans, spouse and co-ruler of Aretas IV. She ruled jointly with her husband from around 9 CE until around 16 CE. Copper and silver coins where she is depicted with her husband have been recovered. Little is known about the exact date and reason of the transition from Chuldu to Shaqilath, who appears on coins after an unexplained gap in 18 CE. Maurice Satre suggested previous gaps in the minting of coins could have been due to a period of capitulation to Ancient Rome. She has been presumed to be the mother of Malichus, Obodas and Rabbel, and of three daughters, Phasa'el (first wife of Herod Antipas), Shu'dat and Hagera. The latter also had a son, also called Aretas, grandson of Aretas IV.
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Malichus II ( ) was ruler of Nabatea from 40 to 70 AD. Silver drachm of Malichus II with his wife Shaqilat According to some scholars, during his reign, Nabataean power decreased and it lost control of Damascus, while others state the evidence that Nabataeans formally controlled Damascus in the 34 to 40 period is very weak to nonexistent.Riesner, Rainer (1998) Paul's Early Period Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1998 pg 81-82 with Gerd Lüdemann stating "that control never existed" for the 37 to 39 period Gerd Ludemann (2002) Paul: The Founder of Christianity pg 38 and Peter Alpass stating "it seems unlikely that the Romans would be willing to cede control of such important centre to the Nabataean king." and that Paul's reference to an ethnarch was to "the official in control of a Nabataean community in Damascus, and not the city as a whole."Alpass, Peter (2013) The Religious Life of Nabataea BRILL pg 175 The Romans had diverted the routes of spice and perfume cargo shipments to Egypt. Rome was very powerful, so Malichus cooperated.
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59, of spare habit, was admitted into hospital, May > 18, 1844, complaining of acute pain over the entire of left side of face, > particularly in the supraorbital region, shooting into the eye, along the > branches of the portio dura in the cheek, along the gums of both upper and > lower jaw, much increased in this situation by shutting the mouth and > pressing her teeth close together, and occasionally darting to the opposite > side of the face and to the top and back of her head. On the 3rd of June a > solution of fifteen grains of acetate of morphia, dissolved in one drachm of > creosote, was introduced to the supra-orbital nerve, and along the course of > the temporal,malar, and buccal nerves, by four punctures of an instrument > made for the purpose. In the space of a minute all pain (except that caused > by the operation, which was very slight) had ceased, and she slept better > that night than she had for months. After the interval of a week she had > slight return of pain in the gums of both upper and under jaw.
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