The Dowry Prevention Act of 1961 and later amendments aimed to outlaw the practice and empower women to report dowry extortions.
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The law criminalized both giving and receiving dowry, and it recommended a minimum imprisonment of five years and a fine equal to the amount of the dowry.
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To be able to afford it I asked my mother to use the money that would have gone to my dowry if I got married, because in those days you needed a dowry.
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Others may even be saving up for their own dowry.
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Yet the dowry market has not seen any discernible drop.
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But the state's dowry bought more than a dashing groom.
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Srini's initial reaction was to offer "absolutely nothing" as dowry.
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He also helped buy the cows to pay for Chaha's dowry.
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THE WORD for dowry in Bangladesh is an English one: "demand".
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She was told that the "grown-ups" would decide the dowry.
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What could be more ordinary than wife-beating and dowry extortion?
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Eventually they relented, promising to reimburse the man for the dowry.
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"Abuses against women increase during drought - women forced to become prostitutes, men demanding more dowry to compensate for lower farm incomes, and more dowry deaths if the women cannot conceive because they are malnourished," said Deshpande.
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But her parents gave and received dowry for her and her brother.
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Later corrupt episodes included defrauding a charitable fund devoted toward dowry payments.
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Cultural practices such as requiring a bride provide a dowry reinforce this.
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Their unions are often bound with the illegal exchange of a dowry.
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More often, dowry related-abuses are filed under a law that prevents domestic abuse: in 2015, more than 113,227 women reported abuse by their husbands or in-laws, and 210,240 deaths were classified as related to dowry disputes.
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Instead, it is a walking larder, a pharmacy, a dowry, even a friend.
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The post said five men were participating in the auction for her dowry.
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"If I say anything against dowry, they start shouting at me," she said.
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They had eloped when she was 2000 after his family paid her dowry.
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Just a few minutes into our game of "dowry or no dowry" a few months ago, it was very clear to Srini and me that our personal ideologies and morals were pitted against the fear of letting down the family.
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A dowry system no longer exists in the United States, but in ancient times it was seen as necessary for fathers to provide a dowry when their daughter married as a way of insuring the groom would take care of her.
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One primary grievance was the "dowry law"—formally, Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code—which was created in 1983 to protect women from harassment, abuse, and violence in cases where a bride's family did not provide a sufficient dowry.
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Before we got engaged, I had made my stance on dowry clear to Srini.
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Dowry was seen as a way for the family to give women their share.
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Maybe some potential groom will come along for Priya who does not want dowry.
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The idea impressed her enough to offer him a prenuptial advance on her dowry.
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When they married in the 1950s, her dowry included gold, silver, silk and furs.
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Even though dowry has been illegal in India since 1961, it is still prevalent.
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King Charles VI could not agree to the dowry: He had only 212,000 crowns.
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I hope to help eradicate cultural practices like dowry and Kamlari that undermine women's worth.
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A well-educated groom could cash that in for a good hike in the dowry.
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The open-endedness of "strange dowry" is matched, in this book, by a grim determinism.
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The Telugu Reddy community that Srini belongs to is infamous for its exorbitant dowry demands.
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The compensation for her father's accident had been saved by her mother as Min's dowry.
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Answer: To have a dowry to present to Trump in return for the VP nod.
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He offered her a cash dowry that was three times above market rate, she said.
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She said that yes, education is more valuable than dowry, but then this is it.
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Mostly, though, once the dowry changed hands it was isolation, childbirth and rain, rain, rain.
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We paid him the dowry and so my daughter got herself out of that marriage. . . .
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"There is a trade-off between spending money on educating a girl or spending it on a dowry; education often means a smaller dowry or none at all," says Anirudha Dutta, the author of "Half a Billion Rising: The Emergence of the Indian Woman".
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Soon after Wambura asked for Chaha's hand, she offered to cover the costs of her dowry.
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As research points out, dowry has become an institutionalized and integral part of the Indian marriage.
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India recognized dowry as one of the problems it needed to tackle as a young republic.
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Refusing to give dowry would reflect badly on Srini and his family, his uncle warned him.
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In dowry cultures, women who marry relatives usually have to bring less money to the marriage.
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American brides in 2016 don't need to say "I do" with a "dowry" straight from Bloomingdales.com.
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Our house, our flock: they'd make a small dowry, and now they're mine to dispose of.
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For two years, she endured his unreasonable behavior, excessive dowry demands, and incessant accusations of adultery.
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Family, land disputes, or in some cases, dowry demands can drive perpetrators to commit these acts.
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Mohsina said her father refused to take her back, because it would mean returning the dowry.
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In Niger, daughters in some areas are traded by poor families desperate for a dowry payment.
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Within the first dozen pages we have had a dowry, a duel and a privy council.
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Without a dowry to offer suitors, the man worried that his daughters would fall into prostitution.
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He hopes the girl's family would pay the $620 needed for Mohammed Hasan's bail as dowry.
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Ms. Sarabhai's inspiration came from reading newspaper reports of young women dying of burns and learning that these were often cases of "dowry death": a phenomenon in which women were abused and sometimes killed or driven to suicide by their husbands for not providing enough dowry.
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There is a social message about dowry here somewhere, but it is buried deep and never articulated.
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My guilt of letting family down was, I realized, pushing me toward my own justification of dowry.
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She says her family continues to demand her to pay back the dowry from her forced marriage.
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Societal ills like female infanticide and dowry pulled back development, with gender equality remaining off the table.
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But what often happens, unfortunately, is a few months into the marriage, they start demanding a dowry.
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Many fathers are eager for the dowry payments they can get from men who want young wives.
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And when that engagement went south, and a third girl came along, he paid that dowry, too.
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Although it is illegal, many parents are still forced to pay a dowry to marry their daughters.
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Under the law, police could automatically arrest husbands and family members accused of committing dowry-related crimes.
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"Dowry torture" of women like Shirin is common, claiming on average over 20 lives a day in India.
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This is a picture of the money and gold bracelets stacked: The bride's dowry worth millions of yuan.
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So she is essentially considered a freeloader unless she pays for her lodging and food expenses in dowry.
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He would not accept that the wife he had "bought" with a dowry would control him, she said.
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To begin window-shopping for potential grooms, the uncle on the phone wanted to know Srini's dowry budget.
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Whether Zahra, who would have been 6 at oldest, was part of that initial dowry agreement is unclear.
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"We're looking for a bride for him so that they can pay the dowry in advance," he said.
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The couple are currently in the midst of a divorce, with the husband also facing charges of demanding dowry.
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Why does dowry persist, even in Bangladesh, which development specialists praise for improvements in female health, education and employment?
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So all his money, most of which had been my mother's money, her dowry, stayed in other people's houses.
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Ramchand said she has also declined to pay the usual political "dowry" required by political parties to endorse candidates.
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Breakout actress Angourie Rice ("rhymes with floury and dowry," as she clarifies in her Instagram bio) loves to read.
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Dowry is payment made in cash or kind to a bride's in-laws at the time of her marriage.
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Instead of being regarded as a crime and a source of shame, dowry has become a matter of pride.
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Sapana also gives improved access to marriage, once the man and his family have accumulated a dowry of cattle.
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For Mohsina's family, marrying off their underage daughter earned a $1,300 dowry — enough to feed them for a year.
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Getting a dowry is often a way to keep the family afloat, and Werema offered five cows for Ester.
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Indolent and apparently untroubled by his multiple failings, Antonio had received the farm as part of his wife's dowry.
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Singh was brought up believing that girls simply cost their family a dowry before dedicating their energies to their husband.
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The original promised dowry, of $46bn in Chinese grants and soft loans for infrastructure projects, has only grown, to $62bn.
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But the law has a rather narrow definition of dowry that excludes any voluntary gifts when no demands were made.
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This has given rise to a whole new vernacular when it comes to stating dowry demands without explicitly stating them.
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Then she explained, for my benefit, the modules and levels of the course: cooking, health, negotiating a dowry, raising children.
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She finally succeeded by pushing for payment of her mehrieh, or dowry, which was not paid when the couple married.
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Actual numbers are not known, but anecdotally about half of the weddings in my family and friend's circles involve dowry.
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They offered the social cachet that the family and other heiresses craved—in return for a healthy dowry, of course.
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Many of these men, particularly in rural areas, cannot afford to pay thousands of dollars in dowry for a local bride.
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Half of all literate women were sent to them, as many families could afford a dowry only for the eldest daughter.
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A high-salaried woman would be matched only with a higher-salaried man who commands exorbitant dowry because of his income.
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She was trying to tell me that when the time came, I should support my husband in paying his sister's dowry.
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Gold is an essential part of a bride's dowry in India and a popular gift from family and guests at weddings.
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We had to pick between Srini's dream of us retiring in our 40s and paying my sister-in-law Priya's dowry.
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Unable to find new work, her father, the family's sole breadwinner, accepted Mr. Mohamed's offer of a $1,300 dowry, she said.
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After the dowry had been agreed upon, the groom's grandfather, feeling that he had not been adequately consulted, forbade the marriage.
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Media reports have said Wesfarmers is prepared to pay a dowry to a new owner to rid itself of the business.
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Chaha went back to her parents' home, but she still had to repay the dowry he had given her family -- nine cows.
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Abhay (Sidharth Malhotra), the male lead, is on a mission to eradicate the scourge of dowry in his home state of Bihar.
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Gold is an essential part of a bride's dowry in India and also a popular gift from family and guests at weddings.
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A fit of rage can also cost a man the dowry, and the children are his responsibility, not that of the woman.
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Since fleeing from Syria to Jordan three years ago, he has sold the gold he gave to his wife as a dowry.
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Two years ago he smuggled himself into Greece, after pawning his mother's wedding dowry, at a price of 2,500 euros (about $2,800).
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Concern over social media The practice of dowry negotiations is traditional in Dinka culture and in much of East Africa and beyond.
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Though Facebook said one post was taken down on November 9, posts discussing the dowry were still live on Friday, November 23.
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Though Facebook said the post was taken down on November 9, posts discussing the dowry were still live on Friday, November 23.
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Boosted revenue from Super Bowls, luxury boxes, and sponsorships, for instance, could eclipse any taxpayer-financed dowry from a much smaller city.
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Newly married couples in rural Tamil Nadu still tour their village to display the bride's dowry—typically cooking vessels and a little gold.
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In an extraordinary poem about sex and death, "strange dowry," Smith finds themselves in a strobe-lit bar, checked out by potential lovers.
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That is nearly 225 women killed every day by their husbands or in-laws because their families could not meet the dowry demands.
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She even showed him the math, proving she could earn more on her own than whatever her family would receive as a dowry.
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Dowry payments - paid by the husband's family in Yemen - are an additional incentive for poor parents to marry daughters off early, it added.
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The men who kidnap girls to wed may be unable to afford a dowry, or have struggled to find a willing wife, activists say.
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For a price, he kidnaps men who demand dowry and forces them to get married, even dragging some to the altar kicking and screaming.
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She talks about the years of beating she endured, the incessant demands for a dowry, and multiple abortions her husband forced her to undergo.
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Although Indians have traditionally used gold as part of a bride's dowry and as an offering at temples, demand has ballooned in recent years.
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Some of the women even fetched a higher dowry from Boko Haram fighters than they would have had they married men in their home villages.
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We got married to Europe after our first proposal was rejected by Charles de Gaulle and we paid a hefty dowry to win his hand.
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"There was no discussion about it," she said, adding that her family received the dowry from the pastor even before they informed her of the arrangement.
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It compared the proposal to outlaw marital rape with India's tough anti-dowry law, which men's rights groups say women are misusing to settle personal vendettas.
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Much of the dowry consists of delegates from Ohio, where as governor Kasich can presumably enforce his will on how they vote on the second ballot.
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As far as her village was concerned, the girl was "cursed" and no longer had value as a daughter to bring in a sizeable marriage dowry.
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"Jerusalem is a bride whose blood is our dowry," he decalres in the message, which contains extended musings on the dynamics of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
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It involved paying a dowry of 60 cows to the bride's family, according to Steward Women, the advocacy group that provided the girl with legal assistance.
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The mayor is diverting public funds for a cathedral while proffering a large dowry to marry his 11-year-old daughter to a baron's contemptible son.
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Moreover, given the wretched state of the Veneto banks, their acquirer could demand a dowry; Santander was willing to raise money to absorb an essentially sound Popular.
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He despises the up-and-coming bourgeois class that is replacing him in power, but by marrying Sophie he will gain a substantial dowry from von Faninal.
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For instance, there are reports of Hindu women committing suicide because of pressures on families to deliver large dowry payments, in a system that echoes feudal customs.
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If Emily Brontë and Jane Austen were alive and writing today, you'd best believe they'd be marrying ineligible girls off with a dowry of Rockstar and NOS.
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Upon reaching adulthood, they would be transferred to the guardianship of another family, along with a huge dowry that serves as an incentive to treat them well.
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But first Mikael must finagle a dowry to finance medical school in Constantinople, so he promises to marry Maral (Angela Sarafyan), a lovely innocent from his village.
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"Families are increasingly marrying off their young daughters to have someone else care for them, and often use the dowry to pay for basic necessities," he said.
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On one hand, there was the textbook, and then there were all the people who talked about dowry as an inevitable and natural rite of passage for women.
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Even when the groom's family does not make demands, the bride's family pays a dowry because it is a matter of pride and a symbol of social status.
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A spokesman for the campaign team of Widodo, Ace Hasan Syadzily, said his own party, Golkar, does not demand a political dowry but conceded "vote buying does happen".
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Alessandra, the daughter of a wealthy merchant who funds the monastery, embroiders languidly until her father can fund her dowry — she wants love (but will settle for sex).
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"The system of dowry is prevalent in these parts, but parents of women who joined the police did not have to give any money," village head Thakur said.
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The islands were pawned to King James III of Scotland in 153 by Christian I of Denmark and Norway in exchange for a wedding dowry for his daughter.
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A son was born, but when he was 2 months old, Ms. Khatun's husband left her for another wife — and another dowry, which funded his emigration to Malaysia.
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"Girls, particularly in rural areas, are seen as a burden, and are married early because the dowry that is demanded of the parents rises with older girls," he said.
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Among Chinese men generally, a common response to the shortage of women is for prospective grooms to buy an apartment and car before marriage—a sort of reverse dowry.
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The highest bidder, a wealthy businessman, reportedly gave the girl's father over 500 cows, three luxury cars and $10,000 as dowry — and the teenager's marriage took place on Nov.
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According to the National Crime Records Bureau of India, in a country with nearly 10 million weddings a year, less than 10,40 cases of dowry were reported in 2015.
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When he was told that Geno had met a girl and intended to marry her and needed $60,000 for a dowry for her family, he handed over the money.
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Maria Pasca, 72, the matriarch, invited me to her home to see the room where she keeps the dowry items made by women in the family over the ages.
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She doesn't really have much to constitute a dowry — a few quilts made by my mother, some embroidered pillowcases from her great-grandmothers and a set of Haviland china.
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After around a year of healing, her father gave her to a 70-year-old man to be his fifth wife, in exchange for a dowry of three cows.
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They were contemplating the dowry they could have negotiated, Gautama assumed, the elation there would have been in finding a match for a son who was educated in America.
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Odhiambo, the woman who had not been offered aid by the school group, planned to buy corrugated iron sheets for her roof; she considered possibly paying off her dowry.
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Although an integral part of the samurai armory, the naginata was more generally accepted as a weapon used by aristocratic women and often formed part of a samurai daughter's dowry.
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The 30-year-old had filed a complaint against her husband and his family members for gang-raping and tattooing expletives on her body for not meeting their dowry demands.
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In many of these cases, victims are blinded or disfigured by jilted partners or relatives for not bringing adequate dowry, for refusing a man's advances or in property related disputes.
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And activists are worried that the inflated dowry paid in this case will lead to a flood of similar posts, unless Facebook takes a more aggressive stance in the region.
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When her mother was paralyzed and her father decided to marry again, Zahra, then around 11 years old, became part of the dowry, according to her father's accounts to reporters.
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In interviews, she joked about breaking her dentures, having given her husband a $0.15 dowry, and the time a pair of brothers teased her when she was a young woman.
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Because they are traditionally part of a woman's dowry, I bought a medium-size rug in pastels as a wedding gift for my daughter who's getting married later this month.
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To sell them, Dr. Polak ran a publicity campaign: a singing, dancing Bollywood-style movie about a couple that could not marry because her father could not afford a dowry.
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Ngong said the family had no intention of posting to Facebook, but the dowry amount pledged for her was higher than usual and generated a lot of discussion among Facebook members.
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Instead of being stoned to death, she would be forced to marry her attacker (who would pay a dowry to her father) if she were not set to be wed already.
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"Because the practice of girls' parents paying a dowry to the grooms' family is so common, girls are often seen as an economic burden on already struggling families," she tells Broadly.
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Bradley-Martin, who inherited an unexpected fortune from her father and shoved her daughter, Cornelia, into a marriage to the impecunious Earl of Craven, who was after her million-dollar dowry.
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After meeting Ms. Namusoosa, Mr. Levi went to the United States for two years to earn money to pay the dowry promised to his future wife's family by Ugandan social law.
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Since then, Bal has gone on to create, support, and counsel groups for women (and men, too), and attempt to amend sexist Indian laws regarding custodial rape, divorce, and the dowry.
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"You know why I'm respected?" she asks her prospective son-in-law, Rapayet (José Acosta), who sells marijuana to gringos to gather the dowry required to wed Úrsula's daughter, Zaida (Natalia Reyes).
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Increasingly, fathers like Abdullah are marrying off their daughters to be relieved of the cost of their care -- seeking dowry payments to cope with conflict-related hardships or to pay off debts.
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It's a lovely dowry (Roxane Gay was smart enough to call this what it is) idea, but sheesh, have the class to not talk about it in an interview with the Hollywood Reporter.
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"Honor" killings, dowry-related deaths and the lynching of women branded as witches have persisted in some parts of South Asia, including India and Pakistan, despite years of campaign to halt these practices.
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Dowry gets reported only when the groom's demands go beyond what the bride's family can afford or when the bride is physically abused or, worse, killed, as cases that gained media attention show.
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The story of Tevye and his five dowry-less daughters in a small Russian village that faced increasing anti-Semitism was strangely familiar to me: The daughters pining for their not-yet husbands.
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When Shirin, a young garment-worker in Dhaka, got married and moved into her new husband's home, her parents paid the groom's family "a good dowry—as much as they could afford", she says.
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She said more needed to be done to tackle poverty and change the perception that girls are an economic burden on their families or a commodity to be traded for bride price - or dowry.
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Indian women face a barrage of threats ranging from child marriage, dowry killings and human trafficking to rape and domestic violence, largely due to deep-rooted attitudes that view them as inferior to men.
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Alizadeh's life took a dramatic turn when her mother announced that she would be sold to an Afghan family for $9,000 in order to earn the dowry her family needed for her brother's bride.
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Off the colonnade there are dozens of cell-like rooms, traditionally stacked to the rafters with thousands of bowls, tureens and urns in steel, brass or colored enamel — dowry offerings handed down through generations.
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"We used to draw attention because we were seen as weak, now we're even more under the spotlight because we are all done up with a party dress and a small dowry," Fiordi said.
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"I was given away at that age so my mother could get a good bride price of five cows and a plot of land," she said referring to the dowry paid by her husband's family.
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He will NEVER be able to marry his beautiful, morally upstanding daughter off to Mo Williams' perverted dilettante son, solidifying his alliances and collecting a sizeable land dowry he can use to grow expensive grains.
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Moreover, recent decades have seen a sharp rise in levels of female employment in Bangladesh and Pakistan, at least, undermining the notional justification for a dowry: to defray the cost of providing for the bride.
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They set up looms to knit coarse, hand-spun cotton carpets, wall hangings and sofa covers (from new wool) that were an instant hit abroad (and qualified as a dowry in marriages in northern India).
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To illustrate the scale of the crisis, he said Yemeni families are increasingly marrying off their young daughters to have someone else care for them, and often use the dowry to pay for basic necessities.
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In India for example, the study showed over 8,000 women were killed every year over dowry disputes - a figure far higher than the 278 who died in a Maoist rebellion in eastern India last year.
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From a young age, girls began the laborious work of weaving the items for their own future dowry (corredo), which took the form of all the linens they planned to bring with them into marriage.
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She was aware of her talent, but she also knew the danger of being an unmarried woman whose value was tied not only to the dowry her father could offer, but to her prized virginity.
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It's because many years ago, before women could own property, they were "given away" into marriage with a dowry, which was essentially a way to pay the groom's family for taking their daughter off their hands.
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"Paying a dowry is common in parts of Kenyan culture, but a Western woman taking part in something that reduces women down to objects to be exchanged [for a price] is unacceptable," she told BuzzFeed News.
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Weddings are one of the biggest drivers of gold purchases in India as bullion in the form of jewellery is an essential part of the bride's dowry and also a popular gift from family and guests.
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Instead, the United States and its allies pay lip service to the need to end the occupation, but do nothing to steer Israel from its preferred option of perpetuating it: enjoying the dowry, denying the bride.
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"My brother-in-law was planning to force me to marry him and sell my four-year-old daughter to a Taliban commander," she said, referring to the dowry that would be paid for her child.
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The dowry in this unlikely cold-war marriage of convenience was six kilograms of enriched uranium, which Japan used to seed a nuclear-energy programme that would eventually provide it with about a third of its electricity.
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But thanks to our feminist mother and a steady diet of Malayalam movies that featured stories about women murdered by exploding gas cylinders for not meeting dowry demands, I never once doubted which side I was on.
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Girls are expected to marry young in exchange for a dowry or "bride price," often in the form of cattle, and parents are more likely to educate boys while discouraging girls from going to school, she added.
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When her mother, whom she hasn't seen in eight years, tries to persuade her daughter to be sold into marriage to fund a dowry for her older brother, Ms. Maghami intervenes and helps buy the girl's freedom.
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The dowry: Kasich now has 85033 delegates but hopes to pick up 50 or 60 more in New York and other nearby states so he can present to Trump enough first-ballot delegates to get him nominated.
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Ilyasi's family initially sought charges in 2000 against Mr. Ilyasi, the son of a prominent Muslim cleric, claiming that he had driven his wife to kill herself after demanding more money as part of a wedding dowry.
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Then they are called into another portacabin where a judge, seated behind a plastic table with two witnesses present, asks for their dates of birth, when they married and the value of the dowry paid to the wife.
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Another key component of the two-and-a-half year program, funded by the British government, is to convince local communities that keeping girls in school - rather than marrying them off for dowry - is in their best interest.
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Child marriage here is finely threaded with other practices, including the exchange of a dowry from the bride's family to the groom, and sometimes with sex trafficking, making it difficult to tackle any one issue without addressing others.
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She had no dowry, no expectations, no means of being known, understood, loved, married by a man rich and distinguished; and she let them make a match for her with a little clerk in the Department of Education.
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With a $20133 wedding dowry from Ms. Ballantine's father, the couple established Penguin U.S.A. by importing British editions of Penguin paperbacks, starting with "The Invisible Man" by H. G. Wells and "My Man Jeeves" by P. G. Wodehouse.
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The possibilities for all three rise abruptly when they're hired to see a young Jewish bride and the priceless Torah that is her dowry from Bordeaux to Paris, and find much more along the road than they bargained for.
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South Sudanese human rights lawyer Phillips Ngong told CNN the assets were proposed in the context of an auction that took place in person, and the dowry amount pledged was higher than usual, which prompted a discussion on Facebook.
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Aside from an annual average of around 8,000 "dowry deaths"—wives killed because they have not coughed up enough money—recent newspaper reports tell of such persuasive methods as beating with hockey sticks, stealing a kidney and blackmailing with sex tapes.
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In some Indian states, gender bias and sex-selective abortion are not uncommon and girls are often viewed as a financial burden because of the dowry given by the bride's family to the groom - an illegal but prevailing social custom.
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And any dowry given to the firm that could have been spent retraining workers would be wasted in a repeat of the collapse of Rover, a Midlands carmaker that went bust five years after a similar buy-out in 2000.
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"I have always told my people that when you educate a girl child, you gain double because apart from adding value to her life, she will still get married, through which the parents will still get the much-wanted dowry," said Logilai.
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"I have always told my people that when you educate a girl child, you gain double because apart from adding value to her life, she will still get married, through which the parents will still get the much-wanted dowry," said Logilai.
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Fathers and sons are not willing to give married women a share of the parental property because they believe she belongs to the husband's family, and that she has already been compensated with a dowry at the time of her marriage, she said.
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The Spanish princess Catherine of Aragon, after her first husband, Arthur, died, was kept at the English court, impoverished because Henry VII refused to pay back her dowry, and both Princess Elizabeth and Mary were pushed around and mistreated by Henry VIII.
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Most species developed their own flash pattern, or language, that they use to attract potential mates, warn predators about their toxicity, advertise a nutritious dowry, or, for some cannibalistic fireflies called femme fatales, mimic other firefly species and lure them in for dinner.
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Indian families often prefer male children for a number of cultural reasons, including property being passed on to sons over daughters, women moving into their husband's home after marriage, and families having to pay a dowry to propose marriage for their daughter.
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For many men, living up to that socially sanctioned definition amidst inexorable physical and economic insecurity is impossible: They don't have the money to pay a bride dowry, can't find a job, or they cannot protect their family from extremist violence or insurgencies.
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What should be called immoral is women tortured or killed for dowry; underage girls forced into marriage against their will; sexual assault and rape; stalking, intimidation, and revenge porn; and young women having their faces permanently disfigured by acid for rejecting unwanted advances.
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Among the reasons for Indians' preference for a male child are the perception that men will take care of their aging parents financially, a desire to pass lineage through a male heir and a fear of being financially crippled by a dowry.
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He would not let her step outside their home in Afghanistan's western Farah Province, even when she fell sick, and beat her for burning her hand baking bread, complaining that her mother had taught her nothing to justify the dowry he paid.
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Additionally, there were many astounding discoveries made in preparing this exhibition that are downplayed in the galleries, such as a new understanding of imperial marital dowry and exceptional objects assumed to be that of the emperor, which were uncovered as property of the empress.
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Some of the ingrained preference is due to the norms governing inheritance, the continued practice of paying a dowry for female children to be married and the tradition of "patrilocality" -- women joining their husband's households -- and rituals which need to be performed by male children.
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"In 2011 our families began lobola negotiations (dowry) and in 2012 we got married in a small traditional ceremony as that was all we could afford at the time... We had the ceremony but I knew this wasn't what my wife and I wanted," Mkansi told CNN.
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Buxwaha, INDIA (Thomson Reuters Foundation) - For his 2000-year-old daughter's wedding last year, Makhanlal Ahirwal bought Bhawani saris, bangles and anklets, got her in-laws a water cooler, a bed, and utensils as dowry and threw a feast for 216 people in his village in central India.
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"It doesn't have an aria like 'O Mio Babbino Caro,' which is universally known even by people who know nothing about opera," a reference to Puccini's lyric showstopper in which Schicchi's daughter persuades her father to win her a dowry so she can marry the man she loves.
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What began in the early 2000s as a series of local support groups for aggrieved husbands fighting the supposed misuse of a law that protected Indian women from dowry-related crimes has grown into a network of men's rights groups with the basic anatomy of a political movement.
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