In late June 1989, Beijing issued a report on the crackdown, calling the protests a "fangeming baoluan" (反革命暴乱), meaning a counterrevolutionary riot or counterrevolutionary rebellion.
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Artists who do risk accusations of being counterrevolutionary and being detained.
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Branded a counterrevolutionary, Malevich was jailed and barred from leaving the Soviet Union.
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"I've been a counterrevolutionary for a long time," Mr. Abrams said in 1986.
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The Cultural Revolution was wrongly launched by the leaders and exploited by a counterrevolutionary clique.
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A generation socialized in the revolutionary Soviet discourse is growing old under a counterrevolutionary state.
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He was accused of being a counterrevolutionary and was digitally removed from photos with other leaders.
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The group was reviled by muralists and Stridentists alike as counterrevolutionary, and the attacks got personal.
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Suggesting that black voters are counterrevolutionary because they don't embrace his revolution does him no favors.
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Ms. Zhang's father, a military officer, was branded a "counterrevolutionary" and imprisoned during the Cultural Revolution.
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Once in Mexico they're hired by a tyrannical, counterrevolutionary general at war with Pancho Villa's troops.
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He wrote that officials imprisoned about 700 herders around Jinyintan, accusing them of joining counterrevolutionary gangs.
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It said that a number of "terrorists linked to counterrevolutionary groups" had been killed in the fighting.
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After that the president turned to more clandestine counterrevolutionary measures, and the Iran-contra affair was born.
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The Cuban government, which calls the 49-year-old Ferrer a U.S.-backed counterrevolutionary, declined to comment.
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He was convicted and sentenced in 1983 for "counterrevolutionary incitement" and other crimes and was released in 1986.
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Her husband, Jang Song-thaek, a four-star general, was charged with counterrevolutionary activities and executed in 2013.
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Mr. Shan was labeled a "counterrevolutionary" and sent to do manual labor in a village in northeastern China.
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In 1977, when he was nine, his entire family was taken under suspicion of his grandfather's counterrevolutionary tendencies.
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In Egypt, counterrevolutionary figures stoked nostalgia for the imagined stability of the former dictatorship to undermine democratic progress.
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The government calls him a U.S.-financed counterrevolutionary but said he was not jailed for his political views.
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Mr. Ortega then ruled Nicaragua throughout the 1980s, but war continued to rage, as counterrevolutionary forces tried to topple him.
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The sportswriter Robert Lipsyte describes Mr. Simpson as a "counterrevolutionary," and in Brentwood he assimilated easily into the white elite.
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Beijing declared the demonstrations a "counterrevolutionary rebellion" and did not apologize for the bloodshed, which left hundreds, possibly thousands dead.
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Sniffing Mr. Ceausescu's defeat, General Stanculescu quickly returned to Bucharest, where he faked a broken leg to avoid further counterrevolutionary deployment.
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In June 20123, a letter from the Kremlin accused him of succumbing to "counterrevolutionary activities" by the "extremist wing" of Solidarity.
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She told us that it would be our duty to be vigilant and report any counterrevolutionary talk, even by our parents.
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"They say Sheng Xue is very counterrevolutionary and a very bad person," said Mr. Yi, the president of the federation's Toronto branch.
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It is the violent, repressive left, explicitly disdainful of liberalism and its counterrevolutionary sanction of free inquiry and expression, its untethered, bourgeois individualism.
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Guo A is a counterrevolutionary—a conservative whose work rejects not just the austerities of Maoism but also the youthquake of the nineteen-sixties.
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The front cover: photograph of a girl the Khmer Rouge executed, one of many children presumed counterrevolutionary enemies, as the soiled descendants of such.
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But Murillo insisted that they had already bent over backward to accommodate the demands of the criminal, counterrevolutionary elements, all for the sake of peace.
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The guy who slept on the bottom bunk in my cell was also a counterrevolutionary who had been thrown in jail during the Cultural Revolution.
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Mr. Peng was on an execution list for being "a henchman of the Yu-Lin counterrevolutionary clique," two local leaders who fell out of favor.
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He reflects, and reinforces, a global counterrevolutionary moment, a reaction to the cry of Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany that she was "alternativlos"— without alternative.
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It is counterrevolutionary, since liberals know well that the only revolution that stands a chance of taking hold in this country is a right-wing one.
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In 1959, when Mr. Wang was in elementary school, his father was sent to a labor camp as part of Mao's campaign to purge counterrevolutionary intellectuals.
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Since then, as the percentage of Americans on the liberal side of the culture wars has grown steadily, the counterrevolutionary approach has become more and more divisive.
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" Mr. Arrufat is no stranger to censorship in Cuba: In the early 1970s he was accused of spreading counterrevolutionary messages with his work "The Seven Against Thebes.
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He got a job working for the Shanghai municipal government, but in 1949, when the Communists took over, he lost that, and was accused of being a counterrevolutionary.
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Colonial powers waged costly and ultimately doomed counterrevolutionary wars to reestablish control, which then dovetailed with the U.S.'s anti-communist efforts as Europe withdrew from the scene.
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The P.A. system suddenly blared that the Beijing Public Security Bureau had ordered the arrest of 21 students who were charged with instigating "counterrevolutionary riots" in Tiananmen Square.
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Mr. Ortega became president and ruled Nicaragua throughout the 22021s, but counterrevolutionary forces known as the Contras tried to topple him using secret, illicit financing by the Reagan administration.
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The move is mostly symbolic, but shows that Kim is in full control after purges of key regime figures and family members accused of anti-state and counterrevolutionary acts.
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When I was first transferred to the No. 3 prison in Sichuan, one of the inmates there was a counterrevolutionary commander who told me many stories about the Cultural Revolution.
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The conservative Shafaqna news agency acknowledged her death in a brief item Tuesday, noting that the case had drawn international attention and caused "counterrevolutionary media" to cry over the case.
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" The general's statement stopped short of directly criticizing Mr. Mugabe, arguing that one of his slogans — "Zimbabwe will never be a colony again" — was being "seriously challenged by counterrevolutionary infiltrators.
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The overthrow of Morsi was the first great success of M.B.Z.'s counterrevolutionary campaign, and it seems to have supercharged his confidence about what could be done without American constraints.
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"I've been described as a counterrevolutionary careerist and schemer, an unforgivably wicked madwoman," Ms. Nie wrote in her memoirs, which grew to almost a thousand pages when reprinted in 2017.
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Her friends, who include a dashing counterrevolutionary officer lover, a lesbian Bolshevik girlfriend and a bank-robbing baron with a taste for S-and-M, straddle all sides of the struggle.
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"I think what's different between Bernie Sanders and myself, or the biggest difference really, is that he was trying to have a revolutionary campaign in a counterrevolutionary party," she said on CNN.
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A meek man barely over 5 feet tall, Mr. Zhao's life was ripped apart at age 9 when his father was branded a counterrevolutionary in China, and sent to a labor camp.
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Cuban authorities, who have denounced Ferrer as a U.S.-backed counterrevolutionary, have confirmed he is in jail and state-run media started granting the case unusual coverage as it sparked international controversy.
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When the letters finally arrived, they brought news that Olga's father and brothers had died fighting with the counterrevolutionary forces and that her mother Lydia and sister Nina had left for Georgia.
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While Johnson expanded the powers of the C.I.A. to carry out a domestic espionage campaign, Le Duan strengthened the "counter counterrevolutionary" campaign under the Party Organizational Committee and the Ministry of Public Security.
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During the Cultural Revolution he was detained twice for 30 months for "counterrevolutionary speech" while recently, in 2009, he was physically beaten on his way to a memorial for former Chinese leader Zhao Ziyang.
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It was Mas's father, after all, who was regularly reviled by the Cuban media as the leader of "the counterrevolutionary Miami mafia" because of his longstanding efforts to cripple the government of Fidel Castro.
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But Father Cardenal's critics said the ministry was imposing ideological uniformity by pressuring new writers to produce propaganda, particularly during the Sandinistas' long guerrilla war against an American-backed counterrevolutionary force known as the contras.
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HAVANA (Reuters) - The European parliament joined the United States on Thursday in condemning Cuba's detention and reported mistreatment of leading dissident Jose Daniel Ferrer, whom the Communist government in Havana calls a U.S.-backed counterrevolutionary.
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Some activists had planned to observe the day by calling publicly for the liberation of one of the top opposition leaders in the one-party country, Jose Daniel Ferrer, whom Cuba calls a U.S.-financed counterrevolutionary.
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Egypt, where I had been working as a reporter for several years, was engulfed in revolution, and rubble was being ferried to the rooftop by protesters in an effort to defend Tahrir Square from a counterrevolutionary assault.
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"The Enigma of Clarence Thomas" builds on Robin's previous book, "The Reactionary Mind" (2011), which depicted conservatism as a counterrevolutionary and protean force committed to a hierarchical order, even when it cloaks itself in a rowdy populism.
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In the aftermath of the Stonewall riots of 2019, while the play still ran, its portrayal of gay male life came to be seen as counterrevolutionary, which was exactly backward, if understandable in light of the rebranding underway.
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Then three days before the opening the Cuban Artists and Writers Union issued a statement repudiating of the #003Bienal, calling it an operation designed to denigrate the state run biennial and claiming that it was financed by counterrevolutionary mercenaries.
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We now live in fear of being "called out" — the American equivalent of being denounced as a counterrevolutionary, except instead of being forced to wear a dunce cap in the town square, you get called names on the internet.
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Even at the height of the Cultural Revolution, it was possible to take a bare-chested selfie, which, even though it paid homage to the forward-looking, self-confident, muscular military and industrial heroes of the day, authorities would have nonetheless likely labeled as counterrevolutionary.
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Xu Tan, a member of the Big Tail Elephant Working Group, which was active in Guangzhou in the 1990s, offers a kooky-eloquent critique of the whole disparity-producing, mammon-chasing, ideologically twisted, counter-counterrevolutionary orgy of newfangled "socialist" capitalism that erupted in China with the launch of Deng's reforms.
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At the beginning of "The Afterlife of Stars," Joseph Kertes's devastating yet unnervingly funny new novel, the young narrator, Robert Beck (who is, he informs us, exactly 9.8 years old), happens upon a scene of counterrevolutionary carnage at Budapest's Oktogon Square: From each of its eight lampposts hangs a Hungarian soldier.
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Although Tchijevsky was receiving international recognition for his pioneering work in the field of astrobiology (he was invited to lecture on biophysics at Columbia University and in 1939 he presided as president over the First International Congress on Biophysics and Space Biology in New York), the Soviet authorities continued to denounce his activities as counterrevolutionary.
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Barely 72 hours after the Bolsheviks had seized power, for example, and just as the civil war that would divide Russia for the next half decade began to crystallize, Reed devotes several paragraphs to an ill-tempered conversation between an uneducated member of the Red Guards and a supercilious counterrevolutionary student, which took place by the door of a provincial railway station.
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According to this position, the war was best understood not as a Cold War struggle between East and West, or a Vietnamese civil war, but as an anticolonial struggle, similar to dozens of others that erupted throughout the Third World in the wake of World War II. When the French were defeated by Vietnamese revolutionaries (despite enormous American support), the United States stepped in directly to wage a counterrevolutionary war against an enemy determined to achieve full and final independence from foreign control.
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Trump's lies and his defiance of politically correct norms have enabled him to capitalize on a groundswell of anti-elite populist animosity — an animosity that Ronald Inglehart and Pippa Norris, authors of "Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism," call counterrevolutionary retro backlash, especially among the older generation, white men, and less educated sectors, who sense decline and actively reject the rising tide of progressive values, resent the displacement of familiar traditional norms, and provide a pool of supporters potentially vulnerable to populist appeals.
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The Jacobins accused her of "making counterrevolutionary statements" and having associated and aided a "notorious counterrevolutionary, the énrage Leclerc".Godineau, Dominique: Translated by Katherine Streip. The Women of Paris and Their French Revolution.
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Tang, Baiqiao. My Two Chinas: A Memoir of a Chinese Counterrevolutionary. Prometheus Books, 2011. . First illustrations page: "Baiqiao Tang as a student at Lingling Number Four High School, Hunan Province, 1984." and then Hunan Normal University.Tang, Baiqiao. My Two Chinas: A Memoir of a Chinese Counterrevolutionary. Prometheus Books, 2011. . p. 45.
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The Belgrade Six is the name of the group of six Serbian intellectuals arrested in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, in 1984 and charged with counterrevolutionary activity.
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Louis Ange Pitou (April 1767 in Valainville, a commune of Moléans from Châteaudun – 8 May 1846 in Paris) was a French author and counterrevolutionary.
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September 16 marked the beginning of the end for the Society. On this day in 1793, Claire Lacombe, then president of the Society, was publicly denounced by the Jacobins to the Committee of General Security. The Jacobins accused her of "making counterrevolutionary statements" and having associated and aided a "notorious counterrevolutionary, the énrage Leclerc". Lacombe did her best to defend herself, but it was too late.
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Jaakson was imprisoned by the Soviet secret service NKVD on 14 June 1941. In Russia he was sentenced to death because of "counterrevolutionary activities" and executed the next year.
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Viktor Leonidovich Pokrovsky Viktor Leonidovich Pokrovsky () (1889 - 9 November 1922) was a Russian lieutenant general and one of the leaders of anti-communist counterrevolutionary White Army during Russian Civil War.
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Chen Jun writes a letter to Commissar Lin apologizing about an incident in which his Reconnaissance Company sang a counterrevolutionary song during one of their marches through Longmen City in Northeast China.
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Vladimir Zenonovich May-Mayevsky KCMG () (September 15, 1867 - November 30, 1920) was a general in the Imperial Russian Army and one of the leaders of the counterrevolutionary White movement during the Russian Civil War.
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Mikhail Arkhipovich Fostikov (; – 29 July 1966) was a Cossack officer in the Imperial Russian Army and an officer of the counterrevolutionary White movement during the Russian Civil War, reaching the rank of lieutenant general.
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The People's Armed Police Force, with its 1.5 million personnel, is organized into 45 divisions. These include security police, border defense personnel, guards for government buildings and embassies, and police communications specialists. The Ministry of State Security was established in 1983 to ensure "the security of the state through effective measures against enemy agents, spies, and counterrevolutionary activities designed to sabotage or overthrow China's socialist system." The ministry is guided by a series of laws enacted in 1993, 1994, and 1997 that replaced the "counterrevolutionary" crime statutes.
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Moreover, Sarkesian argued that U.S. strategic thought largely failed to learn the lessons of low-intensity conflicts.Graebner, Norman. (1986). Review of "America's Forgotten Wars: The Counterrevolutionary Past and Lessons for the Future." Pacific Historical Review, Vol.
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This gradual shift to collective farming in the first 15 years after the October Revolution was turned into a "violent stampede" during the forced collectivization campaign that began in 1928 as means to countering "counterrevolutionary elements".
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His antisemitic articles and his PNSR membership were brought up against him by the government of the Moldavian SSR. On March 13, 1941, Kishinev Tribunal sentenced him to death as a "counterrevolutionary".Guțuleac, p. 56; Stratulat, p.
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Index on Censorship. Accessed From Informaworld. Wang was charged with spreading counterrevolutionary propaganda and incitement. He was sentenced to 4 years in prison; a relatively mild sentence compared to other political prisoners in China at this time.
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Through the winter of 1917–1918, all activities of VCheKa were centralized mainly in the city of Petrograd. It was one of several other commissions in the country which fought against counterrevolution, speculation, banditry, and other activities perceived as crimes. Other organizations included: the Bureau of Military Commissars, and an Army-Navy investigatory commission to attack the counterrevolutionary element in the Red Army, plus the Central Requisite and Unloading Commission to fight speculation. The investigation of counterrevolutionary or major criminal offenses was conducted by the Investigatory Commission of Revtribunal.
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On December 7, 1933, Volobuiev was arrested on charges of participating in a "Ukrainian counterrevolutionary organization that sought to overthrow the Soviet government by force." During the interrogation, he “confessed” that he had been recruited by Mykola Khvylovy to a “counterrevolutionary Ukrainian organization”. By the decision of the three judges at the Board of the GPU of the USSR of May 8, 1934, Volobuiev was sentenced in a concentration camp for 5 years (the sentence was commuted to exile in Kazakhstan). However, he was released just in 1943.
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Lipset argues that: :Many writers seeking to account for value differences between the United States and Canada suggest that they stem in large part from the revolutionary origins of the United States and the counterrevolutionary history of Canada…. The Loyalist emigrés from the American Revolution and Canada's subsequent repeatedly aroused fears of United States encroachment fostered the institutionalization of a counterrevolutionary or conservative ethos.S.M. Lipset, Revolution and Counterrevolution: Change and persistence in social structures (2nd ed, 1970) p. 55.J.M.S. Careless, Canada: A story of challenge (Cambridge UP, 1963), pp 111-13.
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Sergey Leonidovich Markov () ( – June 25, 1918), a Russian army general, became one of the founders of the Volunteer Army counterrevolutionary force of the White movement in southern Russia during the Russian Civil War which broke out in 1917.
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Between 1934 - 1936 the political campaign of fighting formalism in art began in USSR. Volkov's art was declared formalist and anti-socialist. His canvases were labeled as counterrevolutionary. In 1946 Volkov was awarded the title of the People's Artist of Uzbekistan.
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The official spokesman for the Red Army officially endorsed the film. Soviet communist artist Demyan Bedny called the film "counterrevolutionary" and "defeatist".Wakeman, p. 263. Bedny was known as "The Kremlin Poet" and was also a personal friend of Joseph Stalin.
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The obligations of the commission were: "to liquidate to the root all of the counterrevolutionary and sabotage activities and all attempts to them in all of Russia, to hand over counter-revolutionaries and saboteurs to the revolutionary tribunals, develop measures to combat them and relentlessly apply them in real-world applications. The commission should only conduct a preliminary investigation". The commission should also observe the press and counterrevolutionary parties, sabotaging officials and other criminals. Smolny, the seat of the Soviet government, 1917 Three sections were created: informational, organizational, and a unit to combat counter-revolution and sabotage.
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In November 1937 he was again arrested, was in the Lubyanka, in the Lefortovo and Butyrka prisons. He pleaded not guilty. In particular, during the interrogation on January 14, 1939, the investigator's demand to testify about "his counter- revolutionary activities" stated: "I intend to say the same thing today, what I will say tomorrow and the day after tomorrow, that I have never been engaged in counterrevolutionary activities, I have not been in any counterrevolutionary organizations and I have not led them". Malyantovich and his wife turned for help to Prosecutor General Vyshinsky, but he refused.
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Russian troops entered the town again on November 2, 1812. When the town was rebuilt in 1817, the former regular layout was basically kept. On , 1917, Soviet power was proclaimed in Gzhatsk and its uyezd. A year later, there was a counterrevolutionary insurrection.
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Jean Chouan is a 1926 French silent historical film directed by Luitz-Morat and starring René Navarre, Marthe Chaumont and Maurice Lagrenée.Oscherwitz p.35 It is set at the time of the French Revolution, when Jean Chouan took part in a counterrevolutionary uprising.
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At the pinnacle of his power he was the second Vice-Chairman of the CCP, and ranked third in the Communist Party's hierarchy. Following Mao's death in 1976, Wang was arrested and charged with "counterrevolutionary activity," then sentenced to life imprisonment in 1981.
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"Carl Schmitt and Donoso Cortes," Telos, No. 125, pp. 69–79. devotes large portions of his final chapter ("On the Counterrevolutionary Philosophy of the State") to Donoso Cortés, praising him for recognizing the importance of the decision and of the concept of sovereignty.
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For instance, during the 1930s in Britain, "Christians – especially the Church of England – provided both a language of opposition to fascism and inspired anti-fascist action". Michael Seidman argues that traditionally anti-fascism was seen as the purview of the political left but that in recent years this has been questioned. Seidman identifies two types of anti-fascism - revolutionary and counterrevolutionary (Seidman uses counterrevolutionary in a neutral sense, noting it is generally thought of as a pejorative). Revolutionary anti-fascism was expressed amongst communists and anarchists, where it identified fascism and capitalism as its enemies and made little distinction between fascism and other forms of authoritarianism.
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It did not disappear after the Second World War but was used as an official ideology of the Soviet bloc, with the "fascist" West as the new enemy. Counterrevolutionary anti-fascism was much more conservative in nature, with Seidman arguing that Charles de Gaulle and Winston Churchill represented examples of it and that they tried to win the masses to their cause. Counterrevolutionary antifascists desired to ensure the restoration or continuation of the prewar old regime and conservative antifascists disliked fascism's erasure of the distinction between the public and private spheres. Like its revolutionary counterpart, it would outlast fascism once the Second World War ended.
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They were arrested by local Tibetan police and sentenced to nine years' imprisonment by the Lhasa Intermediate People's Court for "counterrevolutionary propaganda and incitement". Dui Hua Welcomes Phuntsog Nyidron's Arrival in the United States. In 1993 while still in prison, she secretly recorded and smuggled out songs with some other prisoners that praised the Dalai Lama and demanded an independent Tibet, for which she was again convicted of counterrevolutionary propaganda and incitement and her sentence extended for eight more years. For the remainder of her time in Drapchi Prison, she did other political actions such as hunger strikes, and made allegations of corporal punishment and other mistreatment in prison.
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Hundreds of thousands of persons were arrested and sentenced to long prison terms on the grounds of one of the multiple passages of the notorious Article 58 of the Criminal Codes of the Union republics, which defined punishment for various forms of "counterrevolutionary activities". Under NKVD Order No. 00447, tens of thousands of Gulag inmates were executed in 1937–38 for "continuing counterrevolutionary activities". Between 1934 and 1941, the number of prisoners with higher education increased more than eight times, and the number of prisoners with high education increased five times. It resulted in their increased share in the overall composition of the camp prisoners.
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Laagan was one of the earliest government officials arrested during Khorloogiin Choibalsan's Great Terror (1937-1939). He was arrested in September 1937 on charges of counterrevolutionary activities. Sentenced to death on May 4, 1940, he executed on the same day. Losolyn Laagan was rehabilitated in 1962.
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How Holocausts Happen is a book by Douglas V. Porpora that deals with the United States involvement in Central America in regards to their participation in the genocidal policies of Nicaraguan counterrevolutionary forces and the reaction of the general public to the Holocaust in Nazi Germany.
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He was part of the member of the National Center after the Bolshevik Revolution. For this, he was arrested by the Cheka on the grounds of being a counterrevolutionary. He was imprisoned by the Bolsheviks in Butyrka prison in 1919. He died January the following year.
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The directive exiled from Azerbaijan 2,500 Iranian nationals and 700 families of counterrevolutionary elements (former mullahs, kulaks, persons previously sentenced). ;January 23 - January 30: Trial of the "Anti-Soviet Trotskyist Center". Among those sentenced to death were Georgy Pyatakov, Karl Radek, Grigory Sokolnikov, and Nikolai Muralov.
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Ivan Pavlovich Romanovsky () – 17 April 1920) was a general in the Imperial Russian Army and one of the leaders of the counterrevolutionary White movement during the Russian Civil War. Romanovsky served as chief of staff of the Volunteer Army and later the Armed Forces of South Russia.
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Andrea Brockmann wrote that Castles and Cottages was one of the few East German pictures which made a reference to the 17 June 1953 Uprising, and has portrayed it as a complex event, not a counterrevolutionary putsch. Andrea Brockmann. Erinnerungsarbeit im Fernsehen: Das Beispiel des 17.
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According to Eduardo González Calleja, the predominant form of Spanish fascism in the interwar period was characterized by a "traditionalist ethos" and a "counterrevolutionary" character.González Calleja, 2008, p. 86-87. The Spanish right wing opted for violent political opposition of liberalism and embraced fascism.Saz, 2008, p. 85.
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In the course of Stalin's Great Purges he was arrested on 23 December 1937 and sentenced to death on 10 March 1938 for alleged membership in a "counterrevolutionary terrorist organization" by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union and executed the same day.
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Penguin Group (Canada). Tory and Orange Order in Canada opposition to responsible government came to a head in riots triggered by the Rebellion Losses Bill in 1849. They succeeded in the burning of the Parliament Buildings in Montreal, but, unlike their counterrevolutionary counterparts in Europe, they were ultimately unsuccessful.
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Zhang was demoted to the field of ideological research in Yan'an, and later appointed Deputy Foreign Minister after 1949. He died during the Cultural Revolution after forming a "counterrevolutionary group" with Peng Dehuai. Bo Gu died in an air crash in the 1940s when he returned to Yan'an.
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In 1936, he was arrested and tortured by the NKVD on charges of counterrevolutionary activities, related to his Ukrainian nationalism. In July, the following year, he was executed by firing squad, together with his former mentor and friend, Boychuk, and the painter Vasily Sedlyar. He was rehabilitated in 1958.
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The People's Armed Police Force, which sustains an estimated total strength of 1.5 million personnel, is organized into 45 divisions: internal security police, border defense personnel, guards for government buildings and embassies, and police communications specialists. The Ministry of State Security was established in 1983 to ensure “the security of the state through effective measures against enemy agents, spies, and counterrevolutionary activities designed to sabotage or overthrow China’s socialist system.” The ministry is guided by a series of laws enacted in 1993, 1994, and 1997 that replaced the “counterrevolutionary” crime statutes. The ministry's operations include intelligence collection, both domestic and foreign. China has developed an efficient, well-funded internal security apparatus which is tasked with stability maintenance, or “weiwen”.
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Rhône-et-Loire was a department of France whose prefecture (capital) was Lyon. Created on 4 March 1790, like the other French departments, Rhône-et-Loire was abolished on 12 August 1793 when it was split into two departments: Rhône (prefecture: Lyon) and Loire (prefecture: Feurs, then Montbrison, and then Saint-Étienne, the current capital). The division of Rhône-et-Loire was a response to counterrevolutionary activities in Lyon which, by population, was the country's second largest city. By splitting Rhône-et-Loire, which was the natural economic and, potentially, military hinterland of Lyon, the government sought to protect the French Revolution from the potential power and influence of the counterrevolutionary revolt in the Lyon region.
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He retired in 1933. During the Stalinist purges Gaven was arrested in 1936 and accused of “counterrevolutionary” activities. Gaven was set to be tried, but being too sick to appear at his trial he was taken from his sickbed outside on a stretcher and shot dead on 4 October 1936.
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They perpetrated the rule of a small clique of aristocrats, civil servants, and army officers, and surrounded with adulation the head of the state, the counterrevolutionary Admiral Horthy. István Deák, “Hungary” in Hans Roger and Egon Weber,eds., The European right: A historical profile (1963) p 364-407 quoting p. 364.
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Flag of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. In Soviet ideology there exists the concept of Ukrainian bourgeois nationalism (UBN) (, (УБН)). This nationalism was presented as a form of an anti-socialist and counterrevolutionary, "bourgeois" movement. All counter-revolutionary activities were persecuted by the Article 58 of the 1922 Russian Criminal Code.
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49–52, 54–55. For the next few years, Wu was continuously criticized in Party meetings and closely monitored until his arrest in 1960 at the age of 23 when he was charged with being a "counterrevolutionary rightist", and was sent to the laogai (China's system of forced-labor prison camps).
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These included training visitors to assassinate North Vietnamese officials, and encouraging them to develop guerilla warfare plans upon returning to North Vietnam.Schultz, Richard H. Jr., The Secret War Against Hanoi. HarperCollins, 1999. p. 148. Zealous SOG staff continued to raise the prospect of turning the SSPL into a counterrevolutionary force.
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The WWP signalized support of Alexander Lukashenko in the context of Belarusian protests in 2020. They accused the protest movement of being "counterrevolutionary" and supported by "fascist Maidan movement and the U.S. imperialism", while praising President Lukashenko for maintaining some socialist-oriented politics, rejection of privatization and keeping soviet state symbolic.
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Between the two world wars, four types of dictatorships have been described: constitutional, communist (nominally championing the "dictatorship of the proletariat"), counterrevolutionary and fascist. Since World War II, a broader range of dictatorships has been recognized, including Third World dictatorships, theocratic or religious dictatorships and dynastic or family- based dictatorships.
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2008) Hosseini v. Gonzales: The Court found that an applicant for relief who has been identified as a supporter of a counterrevolutionary group in Iran qualifies for relief under the Convention Against Torture even where the individual had not experienced past torture;464 F.3d 1018 (9th Cir. 2006) Hernandez-Guadarrama v.
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Historian Stanley Payne described Franco as being the most significant figure to dominate Spain since Philip II,Payne, Stanley G., and Jesús Palacios. Franco: A personal and political biography. University of Wisconsin Pres, 2014, p.501 while Michael Seidman argued that Franco was the most successful counterrevolutionary leader of the 20th century.
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She was there until 1929.. In 1936, she and her husband were arrested on charges of espionage and counterrevolutionary activities. The following year, they were executed by firing squad; in December and July, respectively.Andriy Sydorenko; Монументальні розписи бойчукістів у національній академії образотворчого мистецтва і архітектури // Modern Art;— 2010, випуск 7. — с. 154.
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The General Ma Hushan was chief of the 36th Division. The Chinese Muslims operated state-owned carpet factories. Corporations such as CSBC Corporation, Taiwan, CPC Corporation, Taiwan and Aerospace Industrial Development Corporation are owned by the state in the Republic of China. The Kuomintang government under Sun and Chiang denounced feudalism as counterrevolutionary.
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82 During the 1848 events, Rosetti and Ion Brătianu organized the tanners and the youth into a revolutionary force, toppling the Regulamentul rule. Briefly imprisoned, Rosetti became Bucharest Agha in just a couple of days, and was instrumental in combating counterrevolutionary activities."Constantinu A. Rosetti" (1884), p.53; Netea (March 1972), p.
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Until the end of 1791, Antoine Philippe was noticed for his restless character. He joined counterrevolutionary circles (Poitou Confederation) in Poitou in the end of 1791. It was a failure which resulted in an emigration to England to secure the interests of his party. He then went to the Rhine and joined émigrés.
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Zhou was married to Chai Meichen () and had two sons, Zhou Ximeng (周西蒙, born 1940) and Zhou Xiqin (). Zhou and his family were severely persecuted during the Cultural Revolution. He underwent repeated struggle sessions and made several suicide attempts. His elder son Ximeng killed himself in 1968 after being denounced as a "counterrevolutionary".
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The Catholic and Royal Armies () is the name given to the royalist armies in western France composed of insurgents during the war in the Vendée and the Chouannerie, who opposed the French revolution; hence, they were counterrevolutionary by definition. They were also known as the "Red Army" on account of their emblem: the Sacred Heart.
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As a result, Xu was found guilty in 1981 of the crime of organizing counterrevolutionary groups. On 15 November 1980, Xu proposed a comprehensive reform of Chinese society in his "Gengshen Reform Proposal". On 1 October 1979, he participated in organizing and leading a series of events including the "Stars" (Xingxing) art exhibition demonstration.
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1981 :An economic crisis in Yugoslavia begins. Albanian nationalist demonstrations in Kosovo, demanding the status of a republic and more rights (the slogan "Kosovo republika" which translates to "Republic of Kosovo" or more literally "Kosovo republic"). Demonstrations are suppressed and condemned by all Yugoslav communists, including Albanian communists from Kosovo, calling them counterrevolutionary. Arrests follow.
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They then walked to the hotel where the banquet was being held but were not permitted to enter. The incident led to increased tensions in U.S.-China relations and greater antipathy toward Fang Lizhi, who Beijing would later name the country's most wanted counterrevolutionary criminal leading to Fang's year- long sanctuary at the U.S. embassy.
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After an extensive period of incarceration and interrogation, Stomonyakov was found guilty of being a member of a "counterrevolutionary Trotskyite organization" and spying for Germany and Poland and was sentenced to death. He was executed on October 16, 1940. Stomonyakov was posthumously rehabilitated by the Soviet government for a wrongful conviction and execution in 1988.
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The National Revolutionary Militia (NRM) of Cuba is an organization constituted on 30 October 1960, to enable citizens to defend the country from the threat of military aggression, particularly from the United States, and for the protection of civilian targets against actions of armed or counterrevolutionary groups possibly originating from the U.S. and other countries of the Caribbean.
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A circular, published on , gave the address of VCheka's first headquarters as "Petrograd, Gorokhovaya 2, 4th floor". On December 11, Fomin was ordered to organize a section to suppress "speculation." And in the same day, VCheKa offered Shchukin to conduct arrests of counterfeiters. In January 1918, a subsection of the anti-counterrevolutionary effort was created to police bank officials.
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As a result of his actions, Li was jailed on 9 June for "counterrevolutionary propaganda and incitement".Chinese dissident found dead, family suspect foul play. Reuters, 6 June 2012 He was sentenced to ten years of imprisonment, but his sentence was increased to thirteen years when he appealed to the court. He was also sentenced to hard labour.
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The Kuomintang was a nationalist revolutionary party, which had been supported by the Soviet Union. It was organized on Leninism. The Kuomintang had several influences left upon its ideology by revolutionary thinking. The Kuomintang and Chiang Kai-shek used the words feudal and counterrevolutionary as synonyms for evil, and backwardness, and proudly proclaimed themselves to be revolutionary.
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Ugarte del Pino was a prominent critics of the erosion of the rule of law in Peru by Velasco. The Velasco government prosecuted and imprisoned Ugarte del Pino for counterrevolutionary crimes for his vocal opposition. Juan Velasco Alvarado was overthrown in 1975. Vicente Ugarte del Pino was appointed to the Supreme Court of Peru in 1980.
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Durnovo worked as a research fellow at the Archaeology Institute, specializing in early Russian art. She was also the assistant curator of the Russian Museum. In October 1933 she was arrested for allegedly being an "active member of a counterrevolutionary fascist organization." She was deported to Siberia and eventually freed three years later, in November 1936.
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All female members were required to have sex with all male members, and women also had sexual relations with other women, as monogamous relationships were considered "counterrevolutionary." Revolution was considered to be the top priority, therefore, new mothers were required to give their babies to lower-ranking members if they appeared to be overly distracted from their political goals.
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Now outside the party, Ryutin no longer had protection against the secret police (OGPU). On November 13, 1930, Ryutin was arrested by the OGPU, charged with having engaged in counterrevolutionary agitation.Gupta (ed.), The Ryutin Platform, pg. xviii. Ryutin was held in jail for investigation but was ultimately released on January 17, 1931, for lack of sufficient evidence.
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Arnold C. Brackman, The Last Emperor. Hew York: Scribner's, 1975, p. 151. Semyonov was captured in Dalian by Soviet paratroopers in September 1945 during the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, when the Soviet Army conquered Manchukuo. He was charged with counterrevolutionary activities and sentenced to death by hanging by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR.
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In March 1985, the Jazz Section was dissolved under a 1968 statute banning "counterrevolutionary activities." The Jazz Section continued to operate, however, and in 1986 the government arrested the members of its steering committee. Because religion offered possibilities for thought and activities independent of the state, it too was severely restricted and controlled. Clergymen were required to be licensed.
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Of the 14 persons accused, 13, including former prime minister (1921) and chief abbot of the Manzushir Monastery Sambadondogiin Tserendorj, were sentenced to death.Baabar 1999, p. 361Luvsansharav, member of the Extraordinary Purge CommissionWhat followed was a spasm of violence that lasted nearly 18 months. Choibalsan's troika approved and carried out the execution of over 18,000 counterrevolutionary lamas.
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Started by the accusations of a disgruntled graduate student, most of the observatory staff died as a result. Kozyrev was arrested in November 1936 and sentenced to 10 years for counterrevolutionary activity. In January 1941, he was given another 10-year sentence for "hostile propaganda". While incarcerated, he was allowed to work in engineering-type jobs.
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Jiang Qing was disclosing the main charge in a speech in front of officers of the PLA: The "Wang-Guan-Qi-Anti-Party-Clique" would have been working secretly for Liu Shaoqi, Deng Xiaoping and Tao Zhu since the beginning of the Cultural Revolution. Though staying in prison all the time, it was only on July 14, 1980 that Qi was officially arrested by the Beijing Police. On November 2, 1983 the Intermediate People's Court Beijing sentenced him to 18 years in prison on terms of being a member of the counterrevolutionary clique of Lin Biao and Jiang Qing as well as 'counterrevolutionary propaganda', 'wrong accusations' and 'inciting of the masses' (da-za-qiang). Having by then already spent 15 years in prison, he was discharged after 3 more years in 1986.
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In February 1970, the leadership in Beijing announced the start of the One Strike-Three Anti campaign with immediate effect. The order to local authorities in China to 'strike' against 'active counterrevolutionary elements' was issued by Zhou Enlai with Mao Zedong's blessing on 31 January, and the 'Three Antis' ('graft and embezzlement', 'profiteering' and 'extravagance and waste') were unveiled a week later on 5 February. In order for these issues to be effectively tacked, the Beijing leadership called for a national 'tide' of denunciations and the involvement of the 'masses' in the campaign. However, these fairly vague parameters for what constituted 'active counterrevolutionary elements' led to a situation where interpretations and actions against these elements varied considerably in their definition and in their ferocity, tending to err on the harsh rather than the lenient side.
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Quote: Hitchens "gives us a measured sketch that faults Jefferson for his weaknesses but affirms his greatness as a thinker and president."... "To his credit, Hitchens does not gloss over Jefferson's dark side. There is a dutiful bit on Sally Hemings, and some thoughtful ruminations on the Haitian revolution, which revealed how counterrevolutionary Jefferson could be." Jefferson expressed ambivalence about Haiti.
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The 1929 Convention attempted to eliminate the Left Wing from participation. The gathering was addressed by a guest speaker, Victor Chernov, leader of the Russian Socialist Revolutionary Party (PSR), considered a notorious counterrevolutionary by the Communists of the day. In the supercharged environment, it was charged that a physical attack was made on the reporter of the Communist Party's Yiddish daily, the Freiheit.
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They publicly called on Khánh to remove "corrupt, dishonest and counterrevolutionary" officers, civil servants and exploitationists, and threatened to remove him if he did not enact their proposed reforms. Some observers accused Kỳ and Thi of either allowing or deliberately orchestrating the plot to embarrass Khánh, portray themselves as heroes, and therefore gain prominence on the political stage.Karnow, p. 396.Kahin, p. 232.
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The KMT was a nationalist revolutionary party which had been supported by the Soviet Union. It was organized on the Leninist principle of democratic centralism. The KMT had several influences upon its ideology by revolutionary thinking. The KMT and Chiang Kai-shek used the words feudal and counterrevolutionary as synonyms for evil and backwardness, and they proudly proclaimed themselves to be revolutionaries.
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Legaliteti would continue fighting against the fascist armies, but the distance between them and the Communists would get larger and larger. The communists would consider them counterrevolutionary by the end of the war. The communists' history in the following decades would criticize the agreement and its protagonists (including Dishnica and Gjinishi), and consider it a trap from the Balli side.
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Social clubs were told to integrate as early as January 1959. White and black social clubs began to dissolve. Racism became branded as counterrevolutionary and critics of the government were often branded as racists. Some white Cubans were fearful of integration, while some black Cubans were fearful of the closing of black social clubs and its affects on Afro-Cuban cultural life.
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Chiang arrests targeted rich millionaires, accusing them of communism and counterrevolutionary activities. Chiang also enforced an anti-Japanese boycott, sending his agents to sack the shops of those who sold Japanese made items, fining them. Chiang also disregarded the Internationally protected International Settlement, putting cages on its borders, threatening to have the merchants placed in there. He terrorized the merchant community.
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On 2 February, the Delegation confirmed the "counterrevolutionary" press to be suspended "indefinitely". The suspension even applied to the right wing social democratic Työn Valta and Itä-Suomen Työmies newspapers. After this the only papers allowed to be published were the papers of the Social Democratic Party and the Christian labor movement. The Whites' Senate discontinued all social democratic papers correspondingly.
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For example, in Yinchuan, three university graduates were arrested and executed for supposed 'counterrevolutionary' activity whilst only pretending to study communist theory (such activity included the desecration of a copy of the 'Little Red Book'), and in Hunan province the outspoken wife of Chen Yun was subjected to struggle sessions and solitary confinement for the putting up of two controversial big-character posters.
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On 26 January 1811, he arrived in Monterrey where he was received with jubilation. There he appointed governor Jose Santiago Villareal and returned to Saltillo on hearing of the defeat of Hidalgo. A counterrevolutionary group formed in Texas ended up shooting Santa Maria and Juan Ignacio Ramón. Upon their death, the Monterrey Governing Board was established, chaired by Blas José Gómez (1813).
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Their primary missions were to deter attacks led by the United States, prevent a counterrevolutionary uprising, and mobilize internal support for the FSLN. The strength of the EPS increased steadily during the Contra war in the 1980s. At the time the peace accords for the Contra War went into effect in 1990, the EPS's activeduty members numbered more than 80,000.
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In a spasm of violence that lasted nearly 18 months, Choibalsan's troika approved and carried out the execution of over 17,000 counterrevolutionary lamas. Monks that were not executed were forcibly laicized while 746 of the country's monasteries were liquidated. Thousands more dissident intellectuals, political and government officials labelled "enemies of the revolution," as well as ethnic Buryats and Kazakhs were also rounded up and killed.
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After the Tsar is executed, Medill, LeFarge and Del Val persuade Stephen to join them in supporting counterrevolutionary forces. When Vladimir Lenin is seriously wounded in an assassination attempt, the Soviets initiate a harsh crackdown. LeFarge and Del Val are killed while they attempt to contact a rebel military leader in the city. Medill tries to do the same, but is caught and tortured for Stephen's whereabouts.
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Wills, Negro President, p. 43Finkelman, Slavery and the Founders: Race and Liberty in the Age of Jefferson, p. 121. In his short biography of Jefferson in 2005, Christopher Hitchens noted the president was "counterrevolutionary" in his treatment of Haiti and its revolution.Ted Widmer, "Two Cheers for Jefferson": Review of Christopher Hitchens, Thomas Jefferson: Author of America, New York Times, 17 July 2005, accessed 19 April 2012.
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In August 1999, Biscet, along with two dozen other dissidents, were detained by Cuban police for organizing meetings in Havana and Matanzas. He was released five days earlier on August 17, 1999. He claimed that while in custody, the police tortured him by beating, kicking, stripping, and burning him. The government then threatened to detain him longer if he continued promoting his counterrevolutionary activities in Cuba.
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By early 1953, reports began circulating which indicated that Mehanna was the ringleader in an attempted coup. As a result of this, Mehanna was accused of counterrevolutionary conspiracy and was sentenced to life imprisonment on 30 March 1953. However, he was released in 1956 and then put under house arrest. He was re-arrested in 1965, only to be released once again in 1967.
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Gil- Robles attended an audience at the Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg and was influenced by it, henceforth becoming committed to creating a single anti- Marxist counterrevolutionary front in Spain. CEDA was largely the party of the Catholic middle-class and Northern Spanish smallholders. It would ultimately be the most popular individual party in Spain in the 1936 elections.Payne, Stanley G. The Franco Regime, 1936–1975.
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After the end of the Cultural Revolution, Nie was sent to Yanqing Prison on 19 April 1978. In 1983, she was convicted of multiple crimes including counterrevolutionary activities and defamation. She was sentenced to 17 years in prison, but was paroled in October 1986. In 1998, the renowned scholar Ji Xianlin published his memoir Cowshed: Memories of the Chinese Cultural Revolution, recounting his persecution during the period.
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De Titto, p. 48 Liniers wrote to other Royalist leaders, trying to organize the forces to fight against Buenos Aires. The Junta decided that, among the many enemies that could threaten it, Córdoba was the most dangerous, so an army led by Ortiz de Ocampo was sent to fight against it. However, there was no fighting: the counterrevolutionary army was severely damaged by espionage, desertions, and sabotage.
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The law also defined basic understandable rules of evidence. The death penalty could be imposed for flagrant counterrevolutionary acts and for homicide, arson, criminal intent in causing explosions, and other offenses of this nature. The 1983 revision of the law considerably increased the number of offenses punishable by the death penalty. The Law on Criminal Procedure was promulgated to reform judicial procedures in enforcing the Criminal Law.
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In 1937, in a number of villages, operated cells of SVB — "Union of militant atheists": in Khosrekh - 25, in Vikhli - 16. In 1940, mosque buildings were demolished in 5 out of 14 villages of the Kuli district. In 1930 Ali Kayaev, a Dagestani Muslim reformer and a native of Kumukh, was arrested and exiled to Southern Ural. He was accused of participating in a counterrevolutionary organization.
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Buste de Pierre-Simon Ballanche par Jean-Marie Bonnassieux, musée des Beaux- Arts de LyonPierre-Simon Ballanche (4 August 1776 – 12 June 1847) was a French writer and counterrevolutionary philosopher, who elaborated a theology of progress that possessed considerable influence in French literary circles in the beginning of the nineteenth century. He was the ninth member elected to occupy seat 4 of the Académie française in 1842.
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In 1932, Aptekar was expelled from the party for concealing his involvement with supporters of Gavril Myasnikov. On 14 May 1937, he was arrested. On 29 July 1937, he was sentenced to death for participating in a counterrevolutionary terrorist organization; he was executed and shot the same day. Aptekar was executed within a few weeks of Yevgeny Polivanov, his main opponent in the debate over linguistics.
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Ochab gave Minister of Defense Rokossovsky permission to bring military units to the city and use the force necessary to bring the "counterrevolutionary" revolt under control. Several dozens of mostly civilians were killed and massive damage sustained during the two days of fighting. Central Committee's 7th Plenum deliberated in the second half of July. It placed partial blame for the Poznań protests on bureaucratic and economic errors.
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He also wrote for Revista Fundaţiilor Regale. From 1937 to 1941, he held an Alexander von Humboldt fellowship, sponsored by the Foreign Office of Nazi Germany. He was on the Faculty at the University of Bucharest between 1941 and 1949. After the establishment of the communist regime, Papadima was arrested in 1952 for "counterrevolutionary activities" and for his writings from the interbellic period (especially at Gândirea).
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The Comte de Peyronnet, the minister in charge of the law project, described the law as a "necessary expiation after so many years of indifference or impiety". He was followed by the Comte de Breteuil, who declared: "In order to make our laws respected, let us first make religion be respected." The counterrevolutionary essayist Louis, Vicomte de Bonald adamantly defended capital punishment before the Assembly.
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He became a morphine addict under the pressure of the campaign against him and because he was suffering from colic, caused by a kidney stone. The hypodermic needle Charents used for his habit is on exhibit in his museum in Yerevan. A victim of Yezhov's purges, he was charged for "counterrevolutionary and nationalist activity" and imprisonedCharents during the 1937 Great Purge. He died in prison hospital.
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There, in 1941, at the start of World War II, he was unable to board a crowded evacuation train. He stayed on in Kharkov hoping to catch up later with his family, but was arrested for "counterrevolutionary agitation" in September 1941. With other prisoners evacuated from Kharkov he was shipped to Kazan but died of pleuritis on the way. His place of burial is unknown.
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Maurras and Action française have been influential on different thinkers claiming a counterrevolutionary, anti-Enlightenment, and Christian (particularly Catholic) nationalism in the world. In Great Britain, Charles Maurras was followed and admired by writers and philosophers and by several British correspondents, academics and journal editors; in 1917, he was contracted by Huntley Carter of the New Age and The Egoist.Stéphane Giocanti, Maurras – Le chaos et l'ordre, éd. Flammarion, 2006, p. 412.
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Later Kim Gye-won became Chief Presidential Secretary to President Park and was present at the scene of assassination. In 1961, when Park Chung-hee staged a military coup to seize power, Kim did not participate in the coup and was suspected of being a counterrevolutionary. He was temporarily detained until he was released on Park's order. He served Park's military dictatorship from then until his assassination of Park in 1979.
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In April 1965, Xiao Wangdong was appointed Vice Minister of Culture of China, under minister Lu Dingyi. After Lu Dingyi was purged at the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, Xiao became the acting minister in May 1966. Although Xiao was a military official, he followed Liu Shaoqi and attempted to limit the disruptions of the radical Red Guards. In February 1967 he was denounced as a counterrevolutionary and capitalist roader.
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In 1930, she was released and sent to live three years in Saratov. In 1933, she returned to Leningrad and worked in a tuberculosis clinic. Nefedeva was arrested again on 16 September 1935 on charges of participating in a counterrevolutionary organization. On 7 February 1936, she was sentenced under Article 58-10 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR to three years' exile, and sent to Kargopol Arkhangelsk region.
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The Battle of Volochayevka was an important battle of the Far Eastern Front in the latter part of the Russian Civil War. It occurred on February 10 through 12, 1922, near Volochayevka station on the Amur Railway, on the outskirts of the city of Khabarovsk. The People's Revolutionary Army of the Far Eastern Republic under Vasily Blyukher defeated units of the counterrevolutionary Far Eastern White Army led by Viktorin Molchanov.
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Alexander Vassilievich Golubintzev () (February 28, 1882 – April 19, 1963) was member of the Imperial Russian Army. He joined the army during the Russo- Japanese War in 1904. He was a colonel in the army when the Russian Revolution of 1917 broke out in 1917. He became a Major General in the Don Army and the Armed Forces of South Russia and one of the leaders of the counterrevolutionary White movement.
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The counterrevolutionary conflict, known abroad as the Escambray Rebellion, lasted until about 1965, and has since been branded the War Against the Bandits by the Cuban government. During the first decade after the Cuban Revolution, various reforms in Cuban society tackled racial integration, women's equality, communications, healthcare, housing, and education. By the end of the 1960s, all Cuban children received some education, compared with fewer than half before 1959.
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The Soviet Union had issues with the Czechoslovakian Communist party in 1968 when their leader, Alexander Dubček, created reforms encouraging free speech and democracy. This began a wave of demonstrations that promoted liberalisation, called the Prague Spring. On August 20, the USSR invaded Czechoslovakia to undo the reforms taking place. This created the Brezhnev Doctrine, which gave the Soviet Union its own right to intervene against counterrevolutionary behaviour.
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After he retired, Sytin became a researcher at the Central State Archive of the Red Army. During the Great Purge, he was arrested on 27 February 1938 and charged with participating in a counterrevolutionary organization. The Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union sentenced him to death on 22 August 1938. He was shot and buried the same day at the Kommunarka shooting ground in the Moscow Region.
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Yuan gave the Chinese government's first response to the military crackdown on the Tiananmen Square protests. Two days after the crackdown on June 4, 1989, Yuan described the protests as a "counterrevolutionary rebellion" incited by "thugs and hooligans". He stated less than 300 people had died, of which only 23 were students. He also implied that at least half of those deaths were soldiers of the People's Liberation Army.
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On June 9, Deng Xiaoping made his first public appearance since the beginning of the protests in a speech thanking and praising army's enforcement of martial law. Party organizations organized citizens to study the contents of the speech. He denounced the protests as a counterrevolutionary rebellion to overthrow the party-state, which fully justified the use of force. The demonstrators' complaint about official corruption masked their ulterior motive.
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After the April 12 Incident, he recommended that Chiang Kai-shek be arrested as a counterrevolutionary. Purged from the 1st Army, Xue returned to Guangdong to serve as a divisional commander under Li Jishen. After political turmoil that saw Chiang return to power, Xue joined Zhang Fakui and served in the Guangdong 4th Army. During the Guangzhou Uprising, Xue's troops were called into the city to help suppress the Communists.
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Izvestia said the arrest was not related to his membership in the Constituent Assembly. On January 4, 1918, the VTsIK made a resolution saying the slogan "all power to the constituent assembly" was counterrevolutionary and equivalent to "down with the soviets". Maria Spiridonova Viktor Chernov The Constituent Assembly met on January 18, 1918. The Right SR Chernov was elected president defeating the Bolshevik supported candidate, the Left SR Maria Spiridonova.
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Guilty, among other things, of "wholesale inheritance of China's theatrical legacy and promoting traditional plays", "disparaging revolutionary modern plays" and "promoting bourgeois class liberalism and obfuscating the direction for the workers, peasants and soldiers", Tian was incarcerated as a "counterrevolutionary" in a prison run personally by Kang Sheng, and died there in 1968. After the end of the Cultural Revolution, he and Xie Yaohuan were rehabilitated posthumously in 1979.
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Fang was born in Tongcheng, Anhui in October 1964. His father was a small official in his hometown during the Republic of China (1912-1949). Because of his record, he was denounced as a "counterrevolutionary" and suffered political persecution during the Cultural Revolution. He entered Huazhong University of Science and Technology in September 1983, majoring in applied mathematics at the Department of Mathematics, where he graduated in 1986.
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1968 anti-war marchers carrying a picture of Che Guevara. By 1965 the last counterrevolutionary guerrillas in Cuba would be captured and another wave of Cuban emigration would start via the Camarioca boatlift. By this time hope in overthrowing Fidel Castro was fading, and exiles became concerned with new hardships faced in the United States. Cuban reformists would emerge who advocated for the needs of underprivileged Cuban emigrants.
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Ferrie soon became Arcacha Smith's "eager partner in counterrevolutionary activities." Both were involved in a raid in late 1961 on a munitions depot in Houma, Louisiana, "...in which various weapons, grenades and ammunition were stolen."David Ferrie, House Select Committee on Assassinations – Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 12, p. 109.544 Camp Street and Related Events, House Select Committee on Assassinations – Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 13, p. 127.
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The indictment was as much a political pamphlet as it was a legal document, with some 4,000 copies printed for internal and international distribution.Jansen, A Show Trial Under Lenin, p. 52. The defendants were charge with having violated a new Penal Code which went into effect only on June 1, 1922 — that is, after the alleged counterrevolutionary crimes had been committed.Jansen, A Show Trial Under Lenin, p. 54.
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My Two Chinas: The Memoir of a Chinese Counterrevolutionary. (Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books, 2011). p. 93. On May 19 students from Changsha University continued demonstrating and numbers from other colleges and high schools totaled the crowd between 20,000 and 30,000. Out of 300 students who were hunger striking, 26 fainted by midday and one student is reported to have tried committing suicide by banging his head against a wall.
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This led to confusion and "stripping of officers' authority"; further, "Order No. 3" stipulated that the military was subordinate to Ispolkom in the political hierarchy. The ideas came from a group of Socialists and aimed to limit the officers' power to military affairs. The socialist intellectuals believed the officers to be the most likely counterrevolutionary elements. Kerensky's role in these orders are unclear, but he participated in the decisions.
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Also referring to his relations with Göring, Völgyesi wrote a petition in June 1944, requesting exemption from anti-Jewish regulations on account of his "counterrevolutionary conduct" against the Hungarian Soviet Republic, and his military service and decorations. In 1942, Völgyesi volunteered to the Hungarian Army as a regiment paramedic in reserve, but was only allowed to serve for a short period of time.ÁBTL 3.2.1./Bt-948, p. 59.
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On 25 December 1928 was secretly attached to the Catholic Church by Bishop Pius Neve. On February 15, 1931, he was arrested in Moscow in the case of Sergei Solovyov and was accused of espionage and counterrevolutionary literature. As a condition for the withdrawal of charges, suggesting a return to Orthodoxy, from which Father Alexander refused. On 18 August 1931 he was sentenced to 10 years in labor camps.
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Conservatives abolished most of the New Deal during the war, but they did not attempt to reverse Social Security or the agencies that regulated business.Gould, pp. 271–308. Historian George H. Nash argues: > Unlike the "moderate", internationalist, largely eastern bloc of Republicans > who accepted (or at least acquiesced in) some of the "Roosevelt Revolution" > and the essential premises of President Truman's foreign policy, the > Republican Right at heart was counterrevolutionary.
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Stomonyakov was arrested on 17 December 1938. He was found guilty by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR of participating in a counterrevolutionary Trotskyite organization which spied on behalf of Germany and Poland and sentenced to death. Stomonyakov was executed on 16 October 1940. He was posthumously rehabilitated in 1988, during the period of perestroika and critical reexamination of the abuses and crimes of the Soviet past.
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Lenin regarded Felix Dzerzhinsky as a revolutionary hero and appointed him to organize a force to combat internal threats. On 20 December 1917, the Council of People's Commissars officially established the All-Russia Extraordinary Commission to Combat Counter-revolution and Sabotage—usually known as the Cheka (based on the Russian acronym ВЧК). Dzerzhinsky became its director. The Cheka received extensive resources, and became known for ruthlessly pursuing any perceived counterrevolutionary elements.
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In 1921, Zoia met the Swedish communist politician Karl Kilbom when he was part of a delegation at the Profintern congress held in Moscow. Zoia was serving as an interpreter, but during the congress she was arrested as a suspect in a counterrevolutionary conspiracy. Kilbom helped to get Zoia released, and in 1922 she married him and moved to Sweden. They later divorced, and in 1938 she married the Swedish architect Gunnar Lagerkrans.
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In August 1945, as new identity documents were being issued for them, Yelena and Halyna were arrested by the Soviet authorities. The two were sent to Kiev, where, in July 1946, Halyna Kuzmenko was sentenced to 8 years in prison having participated in the Ukrainian insurrection, being sentenced on counts of counterrevolutionary activity. Yelena was sentenced to 5 years in prison for collaboration with the German occupying forces. The trial was not made public.
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Li Wangyang (, 12 November 1950 – 6 June 2012) was a Chinese dissident labor rights activist, member of the Workers Autonomous Federation and chairman of the Shaoyang WAF branch. Following his role in the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, he served twenty-one years in prison on charges of counterrevolutionary propaganda, incitement, and subversion. Of all Chinese pro-democracy activists from 1989, Li has spent the longest time in prison.Chan, Kaiyee (7 June 2012).
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He began to study and identify with Marxist political theory, made contact with local Communist Party members, and became involved in literary disputes with other leftist writers in the city. In 1930 Lu became one of the co-founders of the League of Left-Wing Writers, but shortly after he moved to Shanghai other leftist writers accused him of being "an evil feudal remnant", the "best spokesman of the bourgeoisie", and "a counterrevolutionary split personality".
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In 1920 and 1921, internal chaos racked Hungary. The white terror continued to plague Jews and leftists, unemployment and inflation soared, and penniless Hungarian refugees poured across the border from neighboring countries and burdened the floundering economy. The government offered the population little succor. In January 1920, Hungarian men and women cast the first secret ballots in the country's political history and elected a large counterrevolutionary and agrarian majority to a unicameral parliament.
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He settled in the USSR in Moscow, where, in 1930, he was in charge of the timber depot at the Central Park of Culture and Rest. He lived on Novoslobodskaya street. On August 15, 1930, he was arrested and charged with espionage and preparing an armed uprising. On April 3, 1931, he was sentenced by the OGPU College to be shot - in the case of the “Counterrevolutionary Cossack Organization “Cossack Block””, together with other persons.
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Later, Deng returned to Beijing to serve as secretary to President Liu Shaoqi, and the deputy chief editor of the party's theory publication Red Flag. Deng was purged during the Cultural Revolution, being labeled a "counterrevolutionary". He went through interrogation in Shijiazhuang. He was politically rehabilitated in 1974, serving on the State Council's political research office, and later as vice- president of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences between 1978 and 1980.
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On March 31, 1976, after the death of Zhou Enlai, Chi Qun demanded that "Tsinghua must not send a single flower wreath to Tiananmen". On April 3, some students sent white flowers to the Monument to the People's Heroes, becoming part of the Tiananmen Incident, known in Chinese as the April 5th movement. On the night of the 6th, Chi Qun referred to the movement as an "organized, purposeful, planned, sequential counterrevolutionary assault".
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Being defined as such, the movement was subjected to the arrests of "counterrevolutionaries" and the censorship of "counterrevolutionary political rumours". By June 10, more than 100 people had been investigated, 38 had been subjected to school-level isolation, and one person had been arrested. In October 1976, the Gang of Four was toppled and the Cultural Revolution ended. On October 16, the Communist Party committee in Beijing began efforts to restore the University.
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Sochi conflict was a three-party border conflict which involved the counterrevolutionary White Russian forces, Bolshevik Red Army and the Democratic Republic of Georgia, each of which sought control over the Black Sea town of Sochi. The conflict was fought as a part of the Russian Civil War and lasted with varying success from July 1918 to May 1919, and ended through British mediation establishing the current official border between Russia and Georgia.
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As a 13-year-old nun Ngawang became one of the youngest people convicted in China for calling for Tibet's independence. However, as her resolve for Tibetan Independence carried on in prison, Ngawang's original 3-year sentence was extended to a 23-year prison term after hearings in 1993, 1996 and 1998 (six years, eight years and six years respectively). These extensions were brought about due to Ngawang 'committing counterrevolutionary crimes in prison'.
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In turn, the POUM newspaper La Batalla accused the Communists of being counterrevolutionary. On December 1936 the CNT and PSUC agreed to remove the POUM from the Catalan government. This was possibly influenced by Soviet consul Vladimir A. Antonov- Ovseenko who threatened to withdraw arm shipments. The PSUC now sought to weaken the CNT committees through an alliance with the urban middle classes and the rural tenant farmers in the Unió de Rabassaires.
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He was elected president in November 1911 but was overthrown and executed in 1913 by the counterrevolutionary General Victoriano Huerta. After Huerta seized power, Archbishop Leopoldo Ruiz y Flóres from Morelia published a letter condemning the coup and distancing the Church from Huerta. The newspaper of the National Catholic Party, representing the views of the bishops, severely attacked Huerta and so the new regime jailed the party's president and halted the publication of the newspaper.
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Roger Griffin & Matthew Feldman, Fascism: The "Fascist Epoch", 2004, p. 353 The aim of LNR was to take the ruling classes away from the prevailing liberalism of the time to more counterrevolutionary, Maurrasian ideals.Sandra McGee Deutsch, Las Derechas, 1999, p. 197 LNR endorsed corporatism and represented a move away from the traditionalism that had tended to be the hallmark of right wing critics of the system in Argentina to a new, hard-line nationalism.
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The Cēsis State gymnasium, where Klētnieks attended secondary school In June 1940, the Soviet Union's occupation of Latvia took place. Scouting was suppressed and Klētnieks' Scout handbook was destroyed by communist agents appointed to abolish Scouting. A wave of arrests followed the Soviet takeover. "The Soviet repressive authorities regarded all organizations and parties of independent Latvia, including the Boy Scouts, as fascist or counterrevolutionary", concluded a University of Latvia study in 2005.
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Ballanche occupied – and continues to occupy – an uneasy borderland between progressive and counterrevolutionary camps. He dreamed of himself, timidly, as the one who could reconcile them. But this was not to be: his view of the social order as supernatural in character was not intelligible (or not acceptable) to those on the left, and his willingness to acknowledge the legitimacy of radical change did not endear him to those on the right.
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They were charged with participation in a counterrevolutionary terrorist organization consisting of Agro-Joint workers and doctor-microbiologists who aimed to assassinate members of the Soviet government. After these initial arrests, the NKVD of Chelyabinsk Oblast requested the arrest of colleagues of these doctors from Moscow, and transfer of all prisoners to Chelyabinsk. This included Erich Ber, Arnold Wilmer, Paul Heymann, and James Lewin (the surname is recorded as 'Levin' in the Soviet records).
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The Reactionary Mind: Conservatism from Edmund Burke to Sarah Palin is a 2011 book written by political theorist Corey Robin. It argues that conservatism from the 17th century to today is based on the principle "that some are fit, and thus ought, to rule others". Robin argues that rather than being about liberty, limited government, resistance to change, or public virtue, conservatism is a "mode of counterrevolutionary practice" to preserve hierarchy and power.
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He was transferred to Bucharest and later to Moscow, where he was arrested and held in the Lubyanka prison. After his arrest, Nzhdeh's wife and son were sent to exile from Sofia to Pavlikeni. In November 1946, Nzhdeh was sent to Yerevan, Armenia, awaiting trial. At the end of his trial, on 24 April 1948, Nzhdeh was charged with "counterrevolutionary" activities in 1920–1921 and sentenced to 25 years of imprisonment (to begin in 1944).
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In 1928, Lanti published a brochure, La Laborista Esperantismo ("Worker Esperantism"), in which he devoted an entire chapter to the definition of the new term. The anationalist tendency had previously encountered no opposition in the non-partisan organization. But in 1929 SAT entered a crisis, and anationalism became the main argument used by the opposition to attack the organization's leadership. That opposition claimed that anationalism was pro- imperialist and, as such, "counterrevolutionary".
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Machado campaigned actively in "slums once viewed as solid pro-Chávez territory", attempting to "capitalize on domestic problems, including widespread violent crime, power outages in some regions, a severe housing shortage and 30-percent inflation". A representative of the Bolivarian Circles, supportive of the Venezuelan government, described Machado as la candidata contrarrevolucionaria (the counterrevolutionary candidate). Contrarrevolución carece de moral para solicitar servicios al CNE. Agencia Bolivariana de Noticias (ABN), (24 February 2010).
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In 1931, Kurz was appointed as the head of Intourist, which organized tourism for foreign visitors. In 1933, he became the first Soviet official to visit the United States after its recognition of the Soviet Union. In 1937, Kurz, along with other leaders of the Volga German ASSR were arrested and charged with membership in a counterrevolutionary nationalist organization. He was tried and sentenced to death by the Politburo on 27 April 1938.
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Yulian Semyonov (left) and his father, Semyon Alexandrovich Lyandres (date unknown) The father of Semyonov was Jewish, the editor of the newspaper "Izvestia", Semyon Alexandrovich Lyandres. In 1932 he was arrested as "an accomplice of the Bukharin counterrevolutionary conspiracy" and severely beaten during the interrogations; he became partially paralyzed as the result. His mother was Russian, Galina Nikolaevna Nozdrina, a history teacher. In 1953 Semyonov graduated from Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies, the Middle-East department.
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He lived in the Soviet capital in Pirogovskaya Street where he was arrested on May 14, 1937. Danilov was an active member of the communist party and for his progressive ideas became, unluckily, a victim of the regime. Found guilty of crimes against his country, being a member of a counterrevolutionary terrorist organization, he was executed on July 29, 1937 (like him several africanists perished due to Joseph Stalin's purges). Danilov's ashes were scattered in the Donskoy Cemetery.
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Immediately the village headman grabbed him and accused him of poisoning the well. For three nights Huang was bound in a dark room, and paraded daily through the streets wearing a dunce cap bearing the legend "Huang Xiang counterrevolutionary poisoner of wells." He was only released when chemical analysis failed to detect any poison in the fish. Although an excellent student in grade school, he was not permitted to matriculate into middle school because of his class origins.
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Wolfgang Harich (3 December 1923 – 15 March 1995) was a philosopher and journalist in East Germany. A deserter from the German army in World War II and a member of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany, Harich became a professor of philosophy at Humboldt University in 1949. He was arrested in 1956 and sentenced to ten years in prison for the "establishment of a conspiratorial counterrevolutionary group." He was released in 1964, after eight years, and rehabilitated in 1990.
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The Extraordinary Commissions arose, usually in the areas during the moments of the greatest aggravation of political situation. On February 25, 1918, as the counterrevolutionary organization Union of Front-liners was making advances, the executive committee of the Saratov Soviet formed a counter- revolutionary section. On March 7, 1918, because of the move from Petrograd to Moscow, the Petrograd Cheka was created. On March 9, a section for combating counterrevolution was created under the Omsk Soviet.
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In 1923, Malevich was appointed director of Petrograd State Institute of Artistic Culture, which was forced to close in 1926 after a Communist party newspaper called it "a government-supported monastery" rife with "counterrevolutionary sermonizing and artistic debauchery." The Soviet state was by then heavily promoting an idealized, propagandistic style of art called Socialist Realism—a style Malevich had spent his entire career repudiating. Nevertheless, he swam with the current, and was quietly tolerated by the Communists.
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The Junker mutiny () was a counterrevolutionary mutiny of military school cadets in Petrograd against the Bolsheviks in October 1917. On October 29 (November 11 (N.S.)) of 1917, students of junker schools in Petrograd rose up against the Bolsheviks under the leadership of the Committee for Salvation of Motherland and Revolution (Комитет спасения родины и революции), organised by the Right Esers. The goal of the mutiny was to support the Kerensky-Krasnov uprising (October 26–31, 1917).
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His unit then suppressed counterrevolutionary uprisings in eastern Mongolia. He joined the Mongolian People's Party in 1923 and spent much of the 1920s working as a police chief while strengthening the administrative structures of the revolution in his home district. Through most of the 1930s he supervised cooperatives in Selenge Province and, as head of the local party cell, was directly involved in efforts to expropriate property of local nobles and the expel Chinese traders from the country.
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M.J. Ard, An eternal struggle: how the National Action Party transformed Mexican politics, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003, p. 43 As a result of these sympathies Abascal passed through a variety of Roman Catholic counterrevolutionary organisations during the 1930s. He would complete his education at the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo where he graduated with a law degree, subsequently serving as a judge in Ayutla.Roderic Ai Camp, Mexican Political Biographies, 1935-2009, University of Texas Press, 2011, p.
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Constitution 55, or Agitation and Propaganda against the State (), was a criminal offence in Communist Albania. This law was used from 1945 until 1991 and was part of the Constitution of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania. The term was interchangeably used with counterrevolutionary agitation. The latter one was in use after the Albanian Resistance of World War II and was gradually phased out by the end of the 1990s in favor of the former one.
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Shi was born in Heping District of Tianjin, China, on 3 April 1953, to Shi Shiyuan () and Gao Xiuqin (), both were well-known xiangsheng performers in Tianjin and Beijing. At the age of 6, Shi moved to Harbin, Heilongjiang to live with his father. He then studied xiangsheng under Zhu Xiangchen (). In late 1965, Shi's father committed suicide because of persecution at the early stage of the Cultural Revolution, and his elder brother was denounced as a "counterrevolutionary".
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The National Synarchist Union was founded in 1937 by José Antonio Urquiza. The group demonstrated some of the palingenetic ultranationalism at the core of fascism because it sought a rebirth of society away from the anarchism, communism, socialism, liberalism, Freemasonry, secularism and Americanism which it saw as dominating Mexico. It differed from European fascism however by being very Roman Catholic in nature. Although supportive of corporatism the National Synarchist Union was arguably too counterrevolutionary to be considered truly fascist.
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He was arrested March 13, 1923 in connection with the case brought against the Catholic clergy, with Archbishop Cieplak at their head. The GPU feared that Archbishop Cieplak was planning to unite the Orthodox who followed Patriarch Tikhon with the Catholic Church. As Patriarch Tikhon was under house arrest on false charges of "anti-Soviet and counterrevolutionary activities", this "conspiracy" implicated Cieplak, Mgr. Budkiewicz, (his Vicar General), and Byzantine Rite Exarch Leonid Feodorov in Anti-Soviet agitation.
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In the rest of the country, the collapse of the communist administration and the power vacuum left behind led to chaos. The situation was not much better in the occupied capital, where looting and retaliation took place. On 6 August 1919, the police and part of the army were already in the hands of the counterrevolutionary conspirators. That afternoon they arrested Károly Peyer, the Minister of the Interior, and learned that the government was meeting in the Sándor Palace.
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New York Times, April 7, 1970, p. 5. Later, Schoenman settled in Princeton, New Jersey, but was again able to travel, visiting Iran during the waning days of the Shah's government to raise awareness of the human rights violations of the U.S.-backed government. After the government fell, he circulated claims of a counterrevolutionary conspiracy in support of American interests that sought to eliminate communist forces.Apple, R.W., Jr. "American Describes Police Siege In Terrified Small Iranian Town".
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Sharaf 1994, p. 170. Reich and Lindenberg left for Vienna the next day. They moved from there to Denmark, where Reich was excluded from the Danish Communist Party in November 1933 (without ever having joined it) because of his promotion of teenage sex and the publication that year of The Mass Psychology of Fascism, which they regarded as "counterrevolutionary". There were multiple complaints about his promotion of abortion, sex education, and the attempted suicide of a teenage patient.
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In the committee, he was responsible for the sections dealing with transportation and with the electrification of the Caucasus areas. The plan was drafted in December 1920. Since early 1921, he was the chief construction engineer until the construction was completed in 1927. On 21 March 1921 he was arrested on the charges of counterrevolutionary activity, but was freed after several months due to intervention of Gleb Krzhizhanovsky, who needed Graftio to continue working on the construction.
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Levy, pp. 74–75. This policy would later be the subject of an attack on Pauker during her purge,The final report of the Party Commission investigating Pauker (issued in 1954) concluded that Pauker's opening of the Party's gates to Iron Guard members and "other groups" in 1945 was one of the two primary components of Pauker's "counterrevolutionary line." The second was her promotion of mass Jewish emigration to the newborn State of Israel.--Levy, pp.
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After returning to China, Zhu served as director of the 625 Institute of the Third Ministry of Machine Building. During the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), his father, who had been a high-ranking official, was denounced as a "capitalist roader". Zhu himself was persecuted as a "counterrevolutionary" for his opposition to the Cultural Revolution. He suffered beatings which caused permanent disability in his right hand, forcing him to write with his left hand for the rest of his life.
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The repression of counterrevolutionary activities in Thiers began in June 1791, after Louis XVI's flight to Varennes, intensifying in February 1793 against the clergy and triggering a wave of emigration which lasted until 1815. Although the Revolutionary Supervisory Committee was created on 22 May 1793, the committee was not very active; its prison opened in September. Forty-nine people were arrested in Thiers, primarily those involved in the revolts of Vollore-Ville and Servant, in October 1793.
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The son of a baptist hotelier, Constandse completed the normal school between 1914 and 1918 and in this period came into contact with the teetotalers movement. In response to World War I, he developed anti-militarist ideas. He joined the Social-Anarchist Youth Organisation (Dutch Sociaal-Anarchistische Jeugd Organisatie, SAJO) in 1919. Within this organisation, he chose the side of the individualist faction within this organisation when factional struggles erupted, denouncing even trade organizations as counterrevolutionary.
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The article claims that, "When eventually troops were sent in to clear the [Tiananmen] square, the demonstrations were already ending. But by this time the Western media were there in force, keen to grab any story they could." There is no mention of a counterrevolutionary rebellion, as earlier government accounts refer to. As Louisa Lim notes in her book, The People's Republic of Amnesia: Tiananmen Revisited, many young Chinese know almost nothing of the Tiananmen Square protests.
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Stefan Sznuk, OC (1896 - May 6, 1986) was a pioneering Polish aviator, as well as an Air Force Major-General and was among the first to join the new Polish Air Force in 1919. Born in Warsaw, he was educated at the Warsaw University of Technology. He fought in World War I for Imperial Russia and later, after the Russian revolution, with the counterrevolutionary White Russians.Obituaries of the Ontario Genealogical Society Provincial Index , retrieved on 2008-05-31.
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"The Communication Commons: resisting the recuperation of the internet by capital," OpenDemocracy, 25 May 2011. Social justice advocates have identified the popular discourse of The New Jim Crow as recuperative, saying that it obscures an analysis of mass-incarceration in the United States by adhering to a counterrevolutionary contextual framework.Thomas, G. , Vox Union, 2012.Osel, J. Toward Détournement of The New Jim Crow, or, The Strange Career of The New Jim Crow, International Journal of Radical Critique, 2012.
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In 1927–33 he was a rector of the Leningrad Institute of National Economy, Leningrad Polytechnic Institute, a deputy head of mass agitation department of the Central Committee of All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), a head of the Central Committee of Trade Union of Education officials, a Presidium member of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. Shumsky expected to return to Ukraine, but in Ukraine he continued to be persecuted; in 1930 at the 11th Congress of CP(b)U it was mentioned about defeat of Shumskism, in November 1933 at plenum it was talked about anti-party Shumsky group and "counterrevolutionary" essence of its national deviation. On 13 May 1933 he was arrested on charges in fabricated "UVO case" and sentenced to 10 years in prison. After spending 2 years in Solovki prison camp of special assignment by decision of Special meeting at the NKVD of the Soviet Union on 10 December 1935 he was sentenced on charges in leadership of "counterrevolutionary borotbist organization" to 10 years exile to Krasnoyarsk.
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From 1931 to 1934 he returned to Ulaanbaatar to work as General Secretary of Cooperatives, but then he returned again to Zavkhan to head the department of the local co-operative production. From 1934 to 1938 Damdinsüren was the second deputy chief of staff in Zavkhan Province and the head of the department of animal husbandry. In 1938 Damdinsüren was accused of counterrevolutionary activity during Khorloogiin Choibalsan's Great Terror (1937-1939) and shortly thereafter he was executed. He was rehabilitated in 1959.
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Kun and his Party of Communists colleagues fled. After the arrival of Miklós Horthy's counterrevolutionary Hungarian paramilitaries in Budapest three months later, stalwartly anti-Communist officers carried out a wave of retributive violence against Communists and their supporters (as well as suspected leftists of any stripe) known as the White Terror. As many communist leaders were ethnically Jewish, this encouraged anti-semitic lynchings in Budapest by these paramilitary forces. The Lenin Youth were also particular targets by the counter-revolutionary forces.
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He calls on the audience to vote for the rejection of the infamous Brest-Litovsk treaty. After Lenin’s speech, which rejected any war with the German Empire, the congress adopts a Bolshevik resolution approving the activities of the Council of People's Commissars. On July 6, the Central Committee of the Left Socialist Revolutionary Party gathered for an emergency meeting. To break the treaty, which they saw as counterrevolutionary, a decision was made to physically eliminate the German ambassador Wilhelm von Mirbach.
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Neither the rebels nor the government expected the Kronstadt protests to trigger a rebellion. Many of the local members of the Bolshevik party did not see in the rebels and their demands the supposedly counterrevolutionary character denounced by the Moscow leaders. Local communists even published a manifesto in the island's new journal. Part of the troops sent by the government to suppress the revolt moved to the side of the rebels, knowing that they had eliminated the "commissarocracy" on the island.
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During the Great Purge, as a part of the so-called "Latvian Operation", he was arrested by the NKVD on 16 July 1937. After being convicted by the Military College of the Supreme Court of the USSR on 8 January 1938, on charges of "participation in the counterrevolutionary terrorist organisation". Daniševskis was shot on 8 January 1938, at the Kommunarka shooting ground, near Moscow. He was rehabilitated on 18 July 1956 by the Military College of the Supreme Court of the USSR.
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On 25 March, the two sides signed the Penza Agreement, in which the legionaries were to surrender most of their weapons in exchange for unmolested passage to Vladivostok. Tensions continued to mount, however, as each side distrusted the other. The Bolsheviks, despite Masaryk's order for the legionaries to remain neutral in Russia's affairs, suspected that the Czechoslovaks might join their counterrevolutionary enemies in the borderlands. Meanwhile, the legionaries were wary of Czechoslovak Communists who were trying to subvert the corps.
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The socialist revolutionary Peter Aleksandrovich, lieutenant of Felix Dzerzhinski, obtained great power in the Cheka, imposing unanimous votes in the troikas' that judged the most serious cases of counterrevolutionary activity, which in practice gave the veto over the death sentences. Until the loss of control of the body during the July revolt, the Left-SRs avoided the execution of political prisoners. Even after his brethren joined the organization, Steinberg continued to try to subordinate the CheKa to his Commissariat, and reported their abuses.
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Beyond expressed fears of a vast "counterrevolutionary" or fascist homosexual conspiracy, there were several high-profile arrests of Russian men accused of being pederasts. In 1933, 130 men "were accused of being 'pederasts' – adult males who have sex with boys. Since no records of men having sex with boys at that time are available, it is possible this term was used broadly and crudely to label homosexuality." Whatever the precise reason, homosexuality remained a serious criminal offense until it was repealed in 1993.
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It was thereafter branded it a "counterrevolutionary incident". In March 1967, local PLA units under the command of General Chen Zaidao forcefully disbanded the Worker's Headquarters faction and detained some 500 of its leaders. At the same time, it had been funding its own "revolutionary mass organization", dubbed "The Million Heroes," drawn from a wider cross-section of conservative interests in the city. The Million Heroes, whose slogans were also broadly "revolutionary" in tone, were mainly intent on maintaining the status quo.
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With the rise of the Chinese Communist Party in 1949, Yiguandao was suppressed, being viewed as the biggest reactionary huidaomen. In December 1950 The People's Daily published the editorial "Firmly Banning Yiguandao" (Jianjue Qudi Yiguandao), proclaiming that the movement had been used as a counterrevolutionary tool by imperialists and the Kuomintang. The article claimed that Yiguandao members were traitors collaborating with the Japanese invaders, Kuomintang spies, and reactionary landlords. The editorial marked the beginning of the country-wide campaign of eradication of Yiguandao.
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Ethiopia was still under the Emperor Haile Selassie, and political activism and free speech were very limited in the country. It was therefore subject to some censorship and limitations, particularly on the local Amharic service. Censorship increased after the overthrow of Haile Selassie in 1974, when the Marxist government suppressed broadcasts that they considered counterrevolutionary. Additionally, some of the donors came from the fundamentalist wing of the church and were clearly anxious their approach should dominate, particularly in such matters as creationism.
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Witness Lee, Life Messages, Volume Two (Anaheim, CA: Living Stream Ministry, 1979), 182.Witness Lee, Life-study of 2 Corinthians (Anaheim, CA: Living Stream Ministry, 1984), 28.Witness Lee, The Subjective Truths in the Holy Scriptures (Anaheim, CA: Living Stream Ministry, 2000), 58. and the more extreme characterizations of Watchman Nee and Witness Lee as counterrevolutionary are contradicted by statements of both men that the church should have no participation in politics and Christians should submit to whatever government rules their country.
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Gladys Kamakakūokalani Ainoa Brandt was born in Honolulu on August 20, 1906. Her father, David Kanuha, was involved in the counterrevolutionary movement of royalist Robert William Wilcox in the mid-1890s working to restore the monarchy of Liliuokalani. Arrested and convicted of treason for his beliefs, Kanuha was elected to the new territorial legislature. She attended the funeral of the last reigning monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii, Queen Liliuokalani's in 1917, one of many events marking the social changes to Hawaiian culture.
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In 1940, after the Soviet occupation of Latvia, a special officer was appointed by the communists to abolish Scouting. "The Soviet repressive authorities regarded all organizations and parties of independent Latvia, including the Boy Scouts, as fascist or counterrevolutionary", concluded a University of Latvia study in 2005. Scouting continued unofficially and underground, operating without uniforms and in the forests to avoid detection. Shortly before Goppers' arrest, he said farewell to his Scouting colleagues: On 30 September 1940, the NKVD arrested General Goppers.
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China's Armed Forces are known as the People's Liberation Army (PLA). The military is the largest in the world with 2.3 million active troops in 2005. The Ministry of State Security was established in 1983 to ensure “the security of the state through effective measures against enemy agents, spies, and counterrevolutionary activities designed to sabotage or overthrow China’s socialist system.”Ministry of State Security, Intelligence Resource Program, Federation of American Scientists Chinese concept of national security is an all-encompassing concept.
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Yarosh, the group's leader, vowed his group would avenge the deaths. On 17 August 2014 Right Sector accused the Interior Ministry of harbouring counterrevolutionary forces seeking to destroy the Ukrainian volunteer movement. It said that Deputy Interior Minister Vladimir Yevdokimov's followers among the police had illegally searched or detained dozens of Right Sector volunteers and confiscated weapons they had taken in combat. Interior Minister Arsen Avakov replied, saying that he had already submitted a request to President Poroshenko that Yevdokimov be dismissed.
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Montazeri's troubles became further evident due to his association with Mehdi Hashemi who ran an organization out of Montazeri's office which sought to export the Islamic revolution. Hashemi is thought to have embarrassed Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani by leaking information of his connection with the Iran-Contra affair. Subsequently Hashemi was arrested, convicted and executed in September 1987 on charges of counterrevolutionary activities. In November 1987, Montazeri created more controversy when he called for the legalization of political parties, though under strict regulation.
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Jesus Baltazar Lava (May 15, 1914 – January 21, 2003) was the Secretary General of the first Communist Party of the Philippines from 1950. Jesus Lava became the Secretary General of the pro-soviet PKP (1930) after the arrest of his brother Jose Lava. In 1968, part of the membership of the party split to create a new maoist Communist Party of the Philippines, CPP (1968). Lava, the General Secretary of the already disappearing PKP (1930), was labelled a "counterrevolutionary revisionist".
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Born Ivan Gratianovitch Dombrovsky (also spelled Dabrowsky) into the aristocratic class, with parents of Polish and Russian descent, he received a classical education and later attended law school. He served as a cavalry officer in the Circassian Regiment of the Russian Imperial army. During World War I, he earned the Saint George's Cross. After the execution of Czar Nicholas II and his family in 1918 by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution, Dombrovsky was briefly imprisoned as a counterrevolutionary, because of his class.
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After these elections the party received more opposition from the Dutch government: civil servants were forbidden to be member of NAS or the RSAP and prominent members of the RSAP were persecuted for insulting 'friendly heads of state' like Hitler. The communist CPN which had gained strength after several purges, also campaigned strongly against the "trotskyite counterrevolutionary sect". Strong arm squads of the CPN attacked several prominent RSAP-members. Finally Trotsky and Sneevliet entered in an ideological conflict, cutting the RSAP off from its international contacts.
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Von Lamezan saw in Saint Boniface a "counterrevolutionary par excellence", who opposed the "three basic evils" of the 1848 revolution: atheism, enmity toward the church, and weakness and sensuality. Von Lamezan was praised as one of the finest Jesuit preachers, though few of his sermons were printed. Among those are six sermons on Die Hauptmomente des Lebens (1870); eight sermons for Lent (), Wollet nicht lieben die Welt (1872, 2nd edition 1882); and eighteen on Die Vollkommenheiten Gottes (1882) (published with a biographical sketch by P. Drecker).
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Bloque Meta (English: Meta Block) was a Colombian drug trafficking, neo- paramilitary organization engaged in the Colombian armed conflict. Bloque Meta's history can be traced back to the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia, or AUC. When the AUC demobilized in 2006, many former members of the organization formed ERPAC, which would later partly become the Bloque Meta, to continue the counterrevolutionary struggle against the FARC in Colombia's eastern plains. Above all, the Bloque Meta is considered one of Colombia's most brutal drug trafficking organizations.
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Names such as June Fourth Movement () and '89 Democracy Movement () are used to describe the event in its entirety. The Chinese Communist Party has used numerous names for the event since 1989, gradually reducing the intensity of terminology applied. As the events unfolded, it was labelled a "counterrevolutionary riot," which was later changed to simply "riot," followed by "political storm". Finally the leadership settled on the more neutral phrase "political turmoil between the Spring and Summer of 1989," which it uses to this day.
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Those who did move tended to migrate further south, towards Marseille and away from Paris, in an attempt to further distance themselves from Paris. Although revolutionary intervention was meant as a way to increase fervor for the new republic and its politics, it only succeeded in creating a more strongly polarized environment through the violent suppression of the revolt. It did not do well in quelling counterrevolutionary thought, rather prompting these thoughts and giving direction to their complaints against the republic. If anything, the violence soured relations.
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Nim appears to have only reluctantly implicated himself in 'counterrevolutionary' activity, even displaying what in relative terms seems "extraordinary courage" by including criticism of the Party Standing Committee in his notes.Chandler, S. Voices from S-21, University of California Press, p.65 By the time of his last confession on 28 May he wrote: "I have nothing to depend on, only the Communist Party of Kampuchea. Would the Party please show clemency towards me," adding "I am not a human being, I am an animal".
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His crimes resulted in the death of over 50,000 people. A committed Nazi, arrogant and unremitting until the very end, he was put on trial on July 18, 1951 for the war crimes committed in Poland and executed on 6 March 1952. Also in 1952, a brand new Stalinist trial of Kazimierz Moczarski opened on counterrevolutionary charges falsified on site by MBP. On November 18, 1952 – by the decision of Warsaw’s District Court – he was sentenced to death as an enemy of the state.
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In November or October 1989, Chen and Wang were arrested in Southern Guangdong while trying to make their way to Guangzhou. They were allegedly following an escape route set up by an unidentified Hong Kong activist who was also arrested. It is believed that Wang spent the months after June 4th hiding in the city of Wuhan while Chen went underground in Inner Mongolia. On November 24, 1990, Wang was formally charged with intent to overthrow the Communist government and dissemination of counterrevolutionary propaganda.
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Peter Winn noted that "the Chilean revolution always kept to its peaceful road, despite counterrevolutionary plots and violence." Moreover, this strong emphasis on nonviolence was precisely to avoid revolutionary terror which had blemished the reputations of the French, Russian and Cuban revolutions. Overall, 1973 was when the Chilean president was overthrown. The president later committed suicide, an article in The Atlantic stating "he committed suicide under mysterious circumstances as troops surrounded his place, ushering in more than 15 years of military dictatorship under Augusto Pinochet".
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All politics and attitudes that were not strictly RCP were suppressed, under the premise that the RCP represented the proletariat and all activities contrary to the party's beliefs were "counterrevolutionary" or "anti-socialist." Most rich families fled to exile. During 1917 to 1923, the Bolsheviks/Communists under Lenin surrendered to Germany in 1918, then fought an intense Russian Civil War against multiple enemies especially the White Army. They won the Russian heartland but lost most non-Russian areas that had been part of Imperial Russia.
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Some Muslims expressed dismay that non Muslims had informed the sultan of his deposition. As a result, the focus of the sultan's rage was toward Toptani whom Abdul Hamid II felt had betrayed him. The sultan referred to him as a "wicked man", given that the extended Toptani family had benefited from royal patronage in gaining privileges and key positions in the Ottoman government. Albanians involved in the counterrevolutionary movement were executed such as Halil Bey from Krajë which caused indignation among conservative Muslims of Shkodër.
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He commanded the first People's Liberation Army naval force and served as an army corps commander in the Korean War. Upon his return home he served in a series of significant military and political posts. He was made a General in 1955. Zhang was accused of counterrevolutionary crimes and dismissed from all positions during the Cultural Revolution, when many veteran communists were attacked by Red Guards inspired by Mao Zedong's vision of continuous revolution, and one of his legs was broken as a result.
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District and Stanitsa atamans are subject to unconditional elimination, [but] khutor atamans should be subject to execution only in those cases where it can be proved that they actively supported Krasnov's policies (having organized pacification, conducted mobilization, refused to offer refuge to revolutionary Cossacks or to Red Army men)." In mid-March 1919 alone, Cheka forces executed more than 8,000 Cossacks. In each stanitsa, summary judgements were passed by revolutionary courts within minutes, and whole lists of people were condemned to execution for "counterrevolutionary behavior.
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At the time of the February Revolution of 1917, Vol'skii was in Tver, where he soon became a leading member of the local party. Together with his brother, he was elected to the Constituent Assembly as the representative of Tver Oblast. Following the Bolshevik seizure of power in 1917, he became active in the Socialist Revolutionary resistance to the Bolsheviks and became chairman of the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly who established themselves in Samara. The Bolsheviks declared him a counterrevolutionary, subject to immediate arrest.
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Such journals as Ogonyok (Little Fire), a weekly that became more popular in the late 1980s because of its insightful political exposes, human interest stories, serialized features, and pictorial sections, had an audience of over 2 million people. In 1986 it published excerpted works by the previously banned writer Nikolai Gumilev, who was shot in 1921 after being accused of writing a counterrevolutionary proclamation. In 1988 it also published excerpts of poetry from Yuliy Daniel, imprisoned after a famous 1966 trial for publication of his work abroad.
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Pylypenko, like numerous other Ukrainian nationals, was murdered by the Stalinist regime in March 1934, when he was recognized as a counterrevolutionary. After that Tetyana continued to live as a widow of the former enemy of the people in Ukraine until World War II when in 1943 she was deported to Austria for "work". After escaping from a labor camp she lived in neighboring Italy, then Great Britain. After the war she emigrated to the United States, as returning home was not an option.
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Lasserre defended neo-classicism against romanticism, which he tied to the ideals of the French Revolution. He upheld a controversial thesis on this topic in 1907, on French Romanticism, at the University of Paris. Part of his general argument, that the French romantics had damaged the concept of monarchy, was influenced from the side of the Action Française and Maurras. That strand of anti-romanticism, close to that of the essayist Ernest Seillière and the counterrevolutionary tradition, later affected Carl Schmitt and his Politische Romantik of 1921.
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Some Marxists referred to women workers as the "most backward stratum of the proletariat" and accused them of being unable to develop a revolutionary consciousness without party guidance. Many wrote and theorized on the issue, but many Russians associated the issue mainly with feminists. Before the revolution, feminism was condemned as "bourgeois" because it tended to come from the upper classes, and was considered counterrevolutionary because of the perception that it would have divided the working class. Engels' 1890 work on The Women Question influenced Lenin heavily.
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At the beginning of the Cuban Revolution, Aruca became involved with the Movimiento Revolucionario del Pueblo (MRP), an organization led by Manuel Ray, an architect who had served as Fidel Castro's minister of public works. Aruca was the propaganda director of the student wing, and distributed anti-revolutionary leaflets and to organize strikes. He was arrested on January 5, 1961, and charged with counterrevolutionary activities, tried ten days later, found guilty, and sentenced to 30 years. Aruca was sent to Havana's La Cabana prison.
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Yan Fengying (13 April 1930 – 8 April 1968), born Yan Hongliu, also known as Yan Daifeng, was a Chinese Huangmei opera artist who played dan (female) roles. Though she lived a short life, she left such a mark and is today remembered as the "queen of Huangmei opera". Like most famous Chinese opera artists, Yan Fengying suffered greatly in the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976). Charged with 13 (trumped up) criminal counts of "counterrevolutionary activities" and tortured beyond enduring, she took her own life in 1968.
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However, soon, President Woodrow Wilson repudiated the project and Bullitt resigned from Wilson's staff. In 1921, Karl Kilbom was the head of the Swedish delegation at the Profintern congress (Red International of Labor Unions) held in Moscow. Their interpreter was a 17-year-old girl named Zoia Korvin-Krukovsky, and they soon became good friends. One morning, Zoia didn't show up, and Kilbom later found out that she had been arrested by the Soviet Secret Police as one of many suspects in a counterrevolutionary conspiracy.
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In what Edward N. Peterson has called "a remarkable disclaimer of responsibility for the violence," Mielke declared that Honecker's orders to him "were built on false situation judgments." He added that Honecker's commands on 7 and 8 October "were false and undifferentiated condemnations of those who think differently. Despite this evaluation, there was never any instructions to use violence against persons. There is nothing in our basic principles to consider a demonstration as part of a possible counterrevolutionary coup."Peterson (2002), pages 204–205.
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Dieyi's addiction to opium negatively affects his performances, but he ultimately rehabilitates with the help of Xiaolou and Juxian. Xiao Si nurtures resentment against Dieyi because of his rigorous teachings and usurps his role in Farewell My Concubine during one performance, without anyone telling Dieyi beforehand. Devastated by the betrayal, Dieyi secludes himself and refuses to reconcile with Xiaolou. As the Cultural Revolution continues, the entire opera troupe is put on a struggle session by the Red Guards where, under pressure, Dieyi and Xiaolou accuse each other of counterrevolutionary acts.
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After Mao's death in 1976, many of the convictions were revoked during the Boluan Fanzheng period. At that time, under leader Deng Xiaoping, the government announced that it needed capitalists' experience to get the country moving economically, and subsequently the guilty verdicts of thousands of counterrevolutionary cases were overturned — affecting many of those accused of rightism and who had been persecuted for that crime the previous twenty two years. This came despite the fact that Deng Xiaoping and Peng Zhen were among the most enthusiastic prosecutors of the movement during the "First Wave" of 1957.
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Virtually overnight the political lines of the Communist parties of the world shifted. Those who were formerly the greatest cheerleaders for collective security against the danger of Germany now became staunch opponents of American intervention in the European military situation—reflective of the newly revised needs of Soviet foreign policy. All anti-fascist propaganda was immediately terminated, overt criticism of German action was minimized, the culpability of the governments of France and Britain was exaggerated. Browder's CPUSA claimed that Hitler's foes intended to escalate the ongoing European conflict into a counterrevolutionary offensive against the USSR.
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For reasons of political correctness, the Shanghai edition amended the entry for Lin Biao (Sawer 2001: 225). It altered the original American edition's "veteran Communist military leader and Mao Zedong's designated successor until mysterious death" to "veteran Communist military leader; ringleader of counterrevolutionary group (during Cultural Revolution)". Victor H. Mair became general editor of the ABC Chinese Dictionary Series in 1996, and the University of Hawai'i Press has issued ten publications (as of October 2016), including two developments from the ABC Chinese–English Dictionary (1996) with 71,486 head entries.
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Chang's body was returned to the Church the next day on November 12 and Shanghai's Catholics began to venerate him as a martyr, turning out in great numbers for a series of requiem Masses. The government issued a statement denouncing the prayers and Masses for Chang as a "new type of bacteria warfare by the imperialists – a counterrevolutionary mental bacteria." The police guarded the grave to prevent veneration, but reports of miracles accomplished through the intercession of Chang began to be reported. The Chinese authorities later admonished Shanghai's Catholic Bishop Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei.
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Witness for Peace (WFP) is a United States-based grassroots organization founded in 1983 that opposed the Reagan administration's support of the Nicaraguan Contras, denouncing widespread atrocities by these counterrevolutionary groups. Witness for Peace Solidarity Collective brought U.S. citizens to Nicaragua to see the effects of their government's military policy firsthand. Since the end of the Contra war, they have broadened their focus to other Latin American and Caribbean countries, including Colombia and Honduras. Within Latin America, the organization is known by the Spanish name Accion Permanente por la Paz.
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After World War II he became chairman of the Party of Labour committee of Elbasan District and Albania's delegate at Comecon. In July 1960 he was arrested by the Sigurimi, Albania's secret police, for being part of an alleged joint Greek-Yugoslav-Italian-US Sixth Fleet counterrevolutionary plot to overthrow the Albanian government.Socialist Albania since 1944: domestic and foreign developments, Peter R. Prifti Edition illustrated Publisher MIT Press, 1978 , Length 311 pages. page 206The Albanians: a modern history Author Miranda Vickers Edition 3, revised, illustrated, reprint Publisher I.B.Tauris, 1999 , Length 282 pages.
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The first large- scale killings under Mao took place during his land reform and the counterrevolutionary campaign. In official study materials that were published in 1948, Mao envisaged that "one-tenth of the peasants" (or about 50,000,000) "would have to be destroyed" to facilitate agrarian reform. The exact number of people who were killed during Mao's land reform is believed to have been lower, but at least one million people were killed. The suppression of counterrevolutionaries targeted mainly former Kuomintang officials and intellectuals who were suspected of disloyalty.
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Several days later, on 9 July 1984, he was given an eight-year sentence. The verdict delivered by presiding judge Milorad Potparić concluded that Šešelj "acted from the anarcho-liberal and nationalist platform thereby committing the criminal act of counterrevolutionary endangerment of the social order". The single most incriminating piece of evidence cited by the court was the unpublished manuscript that the secret police found in Šešelj's home. On appeal, the Supreme Court of SFR Yugoslavia reduced the sentence to six years, then to four, and finally two.
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In 1994 Latour submitted his new book The Fool to his Cuban publisher. Based on a real-life case of corruption in the ministries of the Interior and the Armed Forces, the book was considered counterrevolutionary and its author labeled an "enemy of the people." Certain that he would never be published in Cuba again as long as all publishing houses were state-owned, Latour took a shot at writing in English. His first novel in that language, Outcast, was published in the U.S., Japan, five Western European countries and Brazil.
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On 27 September the Presidium of the Central Control Commission hastily convened to investigate and deal with the Ryutin group. Twenty-four members attended, including Yan Rudzutak, Yemelyan Yaroslavsky, Avel Yenukidze, Aaron Soltz, and Lenin's sister, Maria Ilyinichna Ulyanova. They authorized the OGPU "to uncover the still undetected members of Ryutin's counterrevolutionary group" and to acquaint "these white guard criminals...with the entire strictness of revolutionary law". The final report of the Presidium, released on October 9, expelled twenty-four people from the party and banished them from Moscow for varying lengths of time.
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These laws, deeming attacks on unveiling as "counterrevolutionary" and as "terrorist acts" (meriting the death penalty),Northrop (2001a), p. 119. were designed to help local authorities defend women from harassment and violence. In the private domestic domain, women's roles changed little, however their roles in the public domain as well as material conditions changed drastically, because of the hujum. The hujum's multifaceted approach to social and cultural reform in the form of women's liberation transformed women in public, breaking seclusion and creating new and active members of society.
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Kỳ's role in putting down Phát and Đức's coup attempt gave him more leverage in Saigon's military politics. Indebted to Kỳ and his supporters for maintaining his hold on power, Khánh was now in a weaker position. Kỳ's group called on Khánh to remove "corrupt, dishonest and counterrevolutionary" officers, civil servants and exploitationists, and threatened to remove him if he did not enact their proposed reforms. Phát and 19 others were put on trial in a military court; observers predicted that he would be the only one to face the death penalty.
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Three weeks later, Fort-Whiteman was denounced for having expressed "counterrevolutionary" sentiments and on July 1, 1937 sentenced to five years internal exile. He was first sent to Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan, where he worked for a time as a teacher. The terror continued to escalate into 1938, however, and on May 8, 1938, Fort-Whiteman's sentence was reviewed and changed to five years of hard labor in the notorious Gulag system of work camps. Fort- Whiteman was sent to Kolyma in Siberia, a particularly inhospitable part of the Soviet Far East.
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Law has been perceived as a key element of regime legitimacy as it serves to institutionalise economic reform. The 1980 Criminal Law was intended to protect state property as well as the personal and property rights of citizens against unlawful infringement by any person or institution. It safeguarded the fundamental rights stipulated in the 1978 state constitution and prescribed penalties for counterrevolutionary activities (crimes against the state) and other criminal offenses. Prevention of crime and rehabilitation through education (taking into account actual conditions in China in 1979) were stressed.
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In August 1793, the new commissioner Sonthonax proclaimed freedom for all slaves in Saint-Domingue, in an effort to counteract a counterrevolutionary white planters' revolt in Le Cap, a British invasion, and a Spanish invasion from neighboring Santo Domingo, as part of the War of the First Coalition. After they abolished slavery, Sonthonax and his fellow commissioner Polverel successfully convinced Toussaint to join the French Republican side of the conflict. Toussaint and Rigaud had become allies by 1794. In early 1795, the French National Convention promoted both men to the rank of brigadier general.
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His participation in the conflict gave him ample material to write Los de abajo (The Underdogs) (1915). He later was forced for a time to emigrate to El Paso, Texas when the counterrevolutionary forces of Victoriano Huerta were temporarily triumphant. It was there that he wrote Los de abajo, which was his first-hand description of combat during the Mexican revolution, based on his experiences in the field. It was first published as a serial in the newspaper "El Paso del Norte" from October 1915 to December 1915.
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During the Russian Civil War of 1918 to 1922, military operations across the vast Russian frontier tended to follow the thin network of rail lines interspersed throughout the country.Peter Kenez, The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization, 1917–1929. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1985; pg. 58. The front line between the Red Army of the revolutionary Bolshevik government and those of the so-called White movement of counterrevolutionary forces moved back and forth, with towns and districts moving from the control of one group to the other.
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However, Joseph was unpopular with the membership of the White House because of his supportive role in the Aster Revolution. On 5 August, Vilmos Böhm, envoy to Vienna, phoned Budapest to inform his government of his meeting with representatives of the Entente Powers, where they accepted a moderate reorganisation of the Peidl cabinet instead of establishment of a grand coalition. A White House spy informed Csilléry of the conversation's content. Böhm's telephone call confirmed the counterrevolutionary forces' worst fears; the Allied representatives were willing to recognise Peidl's cabinet.
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William Alexander Morgan in prison, Havana, Cuba. 1961 On October 16, 1960, Castro ordered Morgan's arrest due to counterrevolutionary activities. Three days later, Morgan was arrested while attending a meeting for the National Institute for Agrarian Reform, to which he had been summoned. Morgan was formally charged with plotting to join and lead the counter-revolutionaries who were active in the Escambray Mountains. On March 11, 1961, shortly after a military trial at La Cabaña fortress, Morgan, then 32 years old, was shot by firing squad with Fidel and Raul Castro in attendance.
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Some continued to fight with the Whites in the conflict's waning stages in Crimea and the Russian Far East. As many as 80,000–100,000 Cossacks eventually joined the defeated Whites in exile.G. O. Matsievsky, “Political Life of the Cossacks in Emigration: Tendencies and Features,” Modern Studies of Social Problems, 2013, No 3 (23), 3. Although the Cossacks were sometimes portrayed by Bolsheviks and, later, émigré historians, as a monolithic counterrevolutionary group during the civil war, there were many Cossacks who fought with the Red Army throughout the conflict.
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Based on the career of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, Marxism and Leninism defined Bonapartism as a political expression., Marxists website Karl Marx was a student of Jacobinism and the French Revolution, as well as a contemporary critic of the Second Republic and Second Empire. He used the term Bonapartism to refer to a situation in which counterrevolutionary military officers seize power from revolutionaries, and use selective reformism to co-opt the radicalism of the masses. In the process, Marx argued, Bonapartists preserve and mask the power of a narrower ruling class.
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Jean-Baptiste Carrier is popularly cited as having devised this method of execution. This form of execution is attributed to French Revolutionary Jean-Baptiste Carrier,Archibald Alison and Edward Sherman Gould, History of Europe from the Commencement of the French Revolution in 1789, to the Restoration of the Bourbons in 1815 (1850) p. 44. who was sent to Nantes to suppress the counterrevolutionary forces and to appoint a Revolutionary Committee. One historian described the use of the practice as follows: Details of the practice vary slightly, but are generally consistent with the description offered above.
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Such a view was common enough in counterrevolutionary circles. But unlike religious thinkers who conferred upon the Church the task of interpreting this significance, Ballanche developed a theory of language. In Ballanche's view, to name something was in some way to participate in creation. For Ballanche, this creative power of speech had the same essence as poetry, and he developed a poetics of the symbol that played a role in the thinking of those who gave birth to a new vision of the poet and of poetry that soon came to be known as romanticism.
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In 1920–1922 in the Abrikosovs' house dialogue took place between representatives of the Catholic and Orthodox churches, which was attended by Moscow intellectuals. Under the influence of Abrikosov in particular, Dmitriy Kuz'min-Karavaev converted to Catholicism. Such activity was considered counterrevolutionary and on 17 August 1922, Vladimir Abrikosov was arrested and sentenced to death, but the punishment was subsequently commuted to perpetual exile. On 29 September of the same year, Abrikosov was expelled from Russia by philosophers' ship, together with the 150 of the most prominent Russian intellectuals.
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Pierre Gaspard Chaumette (24 May 1763 – 13 April 1794) was a French politician of the Revolutionary period who served as the president of the Paris Commune and played a leading role in the establishment of the Reign of Terror. He was one of the ultra-radical enragés of the revolution, an ardent critic of Christianity who was one of the leaders of the dechristianization of France. His radical positions resulted in his alienation from Maximilien Robespierre, and he was arrested on charges of being a counterrevolutionary and executed.
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The Terror, David Andress, Little, Brown 2005 p.253 Fabre d'Églantine, himself under suspicion, produced a report for the Committee of Public Safety, alleging Chaumette's involvement in an anti-government plot, revealed by Chabot, although Chabot had never named Chaumette himself.The Terror, David Andress, Little, Brown 2005 p.254 In the early spring of 1794, Chaumette increasingly became target of allegations that he was a counterrevolutionary. Hébert and his associates planned an armed uprising to overthrow Robespierre, but Chaumette, along with Hanriot, refused to take part.Chronicle of the French Revolution, Longman 1989 p.
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The Marxist Left in Slovakia and the Transcarpathian Ukraine () was a political organisation in eastern parts of the First Czechoslovak Republic. It was one of the forerunners of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. After the defeat of the Hungarian Soviet Republic, many revolutionary refugees arrived in Czechoslovakia and intermingled with the local political movements. The emergence of the Marxist Left originated in a split in the Slovak Social Democratic Party in 1920, among sections dissatisfied with the counterrevolutionary line of the Czechoslovak Social Democratic Workers Party towards the Hungarian Soviet Republic.
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Vilsandi sea rescue team circa 1922. During World War I, in October 1917, Germany launched Operation Albion, a massive fleet of over 300 ships and 25,000 soldiers, to occupy Saaremaa and other Baltic islands to try and force Russia, who governed Estonia at the time, to surrender. The invasion began at Vilsandi and was first noticed by Artur Toom, Vilsandi's lighthouse keeper. In 1941, Toom was arrested by the Russians, accused of undertaking counterrevolutionary activities and spying for capitalist countries, and was sent to a Stalinist work camp where he perished in 1942.
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In Chile, Santucho and his companions were granted safe passage by then president Salvador Allende to continue onwards to La Habana, Cuba. Santucho returned to Argentina in November 1972 in order to resume his position as leader of PRT- ERP. Santucho would later resist pressures to abandon the armed struggle and enter into dialogue with President Héctor Jóse Cámpora, the Peronist figurehead for then-exiled Juan Domingo Perón. In a series of public statements he denounced the counterrevolutionary character of the Campora government, as well as Perón's conciliatory attitude towards the Argentine business class.
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He entered politics as an ardent liberal under the influence of Manuel José Quintana.Verdeguer, Suárez (1989). "Los Comienzos Parlamentarios de Donoso Cortés", Revista de Estudios Políticos, No. 65, pp. 7–34. His views began to shift after the rising at La Granja, becoming a counterrevolutionary, especially after his appointment as the private secretary to the Queen Regent.. His political thought found its most lucid and orderly expression in his Lecciones de Derecho Politico (1837). Alarmed by the proceedings of the French revolutionary party in 1848–1849,Acedo Castilla, José Francisco (1956).
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Basic Books, 1992. p. 73 When the killings of rural landlords that occurred during land reform, which overlapped the counterrevolutionary campaign, are included, the estimates then range from 2 millionMaurice Meisner. Mao's China and After: A History of the People's Republic, Third Edition. Free,Press, 1999. p. 72: "...the estimate of many relatively impartial observers that there were 2,000,000 people executed during the first three years of the People's Republic is probably as accurate a guess as one can make on the basis of scanty information." to 5 millionSteven W. Mosher.
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Hundreds of civilians were killed, thousands were wounded and thousands more were detained. On June 5, foreign press in the Beijing Hotel photographed a lone protester blocking a long column of tanks driving east of the Square on Chang'an Avenue. The identity of this protester, like many facts about the events of spring 1989, remains unknown because the government has barred any reporting, research or remembrance of the "June 4 Incident", which was officially deemed a counterrevolutionary rebellion. Zhao Ziyang was placed under house arrest for the remainder of his life.
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Some historians have noted that it was during this time that Soviet propaganda began to depict homosexuality as a sign of fascism and that Article 121 may have a simple political tool to use against dissidents, irrespective of their true sexual orientation and to solidify Russian opposition to Nazi Germany, who had broken its treaty with Russia.Duberman 1989, p.362. More recently, a third possible reason for the anti-gay law has emerged from declassified Soviet documents and transcripts. Beyond expressed fears of a vast "counterrevolutionary" or fascist homosexual conspiracy, there were several high-profile arrests of Russian men accused of being pederasts.
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Budu Mdivani in 1937 On 11 July 1937 the Soviet newspaper Zaria Vostoka, with the headline of "Death to Enemies of the People", announced that the Georgian Supreme Court found Mdivani, Okudzhava and several of their colleagues guilty of treason and other counterrevolutionary crimes all categorized under Article 58 of the Criminal Code. On 19 July Mdivani was executed in Tbilisi. His wife and sons, including the notable tennis player Archil Mdivani (1911–1937), and daughter Meri (Mary) were also shot. Meri left a newborn son, David Kobakhidze, with the neighbor when she was taken away for questioning.
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Phuntsog Nyidron (born 1969) is a Tibetan Buddhist nun and a former high- profile prisoner in Tibet. In 1989, she and eight other nuns traveled from her hometown to the provincial capital of Lhasa when it was convulsed by Tibetan independence protests and riots, and handed out leaflets and shouted anti- Chinese slogans. She was tried and imprisoned for the charge of counterrevolutionary propaganda and incitement and imprisoned at the Drapchi Prison that same year. During her incarceration, she produced and smuggled out tapes of her and other prisoners' political songs, engaged in hunger strikes, and made publicized allegations of mistreatment.
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This allowed the group to criticize without responsibility, and kept them away from any potential backlash. On March 2, the Soviet received the eight-point program of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma, appointed an oversight committee (nabliudatel'nyi komitet), and issued a decidedly conditional statement of support. Moreover, the Soviet undermined the Provisional Government by issuing its own orders, beginning with the seven-article Order No. 1. The Soviet was not opposed to the war - internal divisions produced a public ambivalence-but was deeply worried about counterrevolutionary moves from the military, and was determined to have garrison troops firmly on its side.
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In 1943 he was sent by the National Anti-Fascist Liberation Army of Albania to Konispol, where he became one of the founding members of the Chameria battalion (). After World War II Teme Sejko rose rapidly through the ranks of the Albanian army, becoming in 1958 rear-admiral of the Albanian navy. During the period of poor relations with Yugoslavia, Colonel Sejko was sending undercover groups into Yugoslavia. In July 1960 he was arrested by the Sigurimi, Albania's secret police, for allegedly being part of a joint Greek-Yugoslav-Italian-US sixth Fleet counterrevolutionary plot to overthrow the Albanian government.
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Religious leaders should therefore leave secular affairs to the new leaders who were striving for goals that conformed with Islamic principles. Soon after, the government arrested several protesting religious leaders and accused them of counterrevolutionary propaganda and of conniving with reactionary elements in the Arabian Peninsula. The authorities also dismissed several members of religious tribunals for corruption and incompetence. Young Somali women wearing the hijab. When the Three-Year Plan, 1971–1973, was launched in January 1971, SRC leaders felt compelled to win the support of religious leaders so as to transform the existing social structure.
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On 24 April the occupation of Constantinople by the Action Army began in the early morning through military operations directed by Ali Pasha Kolonja, an Albanian, that retook the city with little resistance from the mutineers. The barracks of Tașkışla and Taksim offered strong resistance and by four o'clock of the afternoon the remaining rebels surrendered. Under martial law and following the defeat of the rebellion two courts martial sentenced and executed the majority of the rebels which included Dervish Vahdeti. Albanians involved in the counterrevolutionary movement were executed such as Halil Bey from Krajë which caused indignation among conservative Muslims of Shkodër.
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The aftermath of the Cuban Revolution is a period in Cuban history typically defined as starting in 1959 and ending in 1970. The period encompasses early domestic reforms, growing international tensions, and ending with the failure of the 1970 sugar harvest. In 1959 in the immediate aftermath of the revolution, Fidel Castro would visit the United States to ask for aid and boast of land reform plans, which he believed the U.S. government would appreciate. Throughout 1960 tensions slowly escalated between Cuba and the United States due to the nationalizations of various American companies, retaliatory economic sanctions, and counterrevolutionary bombing raids.
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He made attempts to point out that his revenue had been used to support socialism, and that he had a grasp of "revolutionary practices", but was attacked by Vyshinsky, who persistently referred to Rakovsky as "a counterrevolutionary". In his final statement, Rakovsky argued: "from my young days I honestly, truthfully and devotedly performed my duty as a soldier of the cause of the emancipation of labor. After this bright period a dark period set in, the period of my criminal deeds". Unlike most of his co-defendants, who were immediately executed, he was sentenced to twenty years of hard labor.
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The charges filed against the accused included mentions of "counterrevolutionary crimes" and organized action meant to "topple, undermine, or weaken the Soviet Union."Lustiger, Arno, Stalin and the Jews (New York: Enigma Books, 2003) p. 222. Additionally, the inculpation revealed that the investigation uncovered evidence that the accused had used the JAC as a means for spying and promoting anti-government sentiment. The indictment went on to assert that the accused had been enemies of the government prior to their involvement with the JAC, and that the JAC served as their international network for communicating anti-Soviet views.
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Luvsansharav was a staunch opponent of Prime Minister Peljidiin Genden, openly challenging many of his decisions and looking for opportunities to undercut him. He led calls within MPRP Central Committee for the prime minister's dismissal after Genden had confronted Stalin in contentious meetings, refusing to persecute Mongolia's Buddhist Church, publicly calling him a Russian tsar, and even slapping the pipe from Stalin's mouth during a Mongolian Embassy reception. Within four months Genden was stripped of all his government positions and sent off to the USSR “for medical treatment.” He was arrested and executed a year later for counterrevolutionary activities and spying for Japan.
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Kuva-yi Milliye Anatolia had many competing forces on its soil: British battalions, Ahmet Anzavur forces, the Sultan's army, and Kuvayi Milliye: local irregular Turkish militia groups. The Sultan raised 4,000 soldiers and Kuva-i Inzibatiye (Caliphate Army) to resist against the nationalists. Then using money from the Allies, he raised another army, a force about 2,000 strong from non-Muslim inhabitants which were initially deployed in Iznik. The Sultan's government sent forces under the name of the caliphate army to the revolutionaries and aroused counterrevolutionary sympathy.George F. Nafziger, Islam at War: A History, p. 132.
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In February 1962, 45 Cuban Air Force officers were tried for genocide in the civilian courts and were acquitted. Their acquittal was publicly denounced by Fidel Castro as a miscarriage of justice. In response to the verdict, the Revolutionary Government established "Revolutionary Courts," whose purpose was to try those accused of collaboration with the deposed Batista regime, especially those accused of torture and assassination, and those engaged in counterrevolutionary activity. These courts were criticized for their summary procedures, which limited a defendant's ability to prepare for trial, as well as procedural safeguards, such as the right to appeal a verdict of guilt.
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She was the Chinese Communist Party's 11th representative for the first, second, and third National People's Congress, and was also a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference for the fifth and sixth National People's Congress. She performed in the large-scale music and dance drama and film, The East Is Red in the 1960s. Her singing was praised by China's tops leaders Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai, but that did not prevent her and her family from being persecuted during the Cultural Revolution. She was labelled a counterrevolutionary and imprisoned by the Red Guards.
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Cathelineau rallied an army of peasants loyal to the monarchy and the Church and waged an uprising against the revolutionaries, capturing several villages and castles, leading more volunteers to follow him. As the War in the Vendée grew in success, Cathelineau joined forces with other counterrevolutionary leaders and was made generalissimo of the Catholic and Royal Army. He inspired his troops by fighting alongside them on the front lines, which proved to be his downfall. In the summer of 1793, while he and his men were storming the city of Nantes, Cathelineau was shot down by a sniper and died soon afterwards.
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While serving in these capacities Huang praised the work of a young engineer in Shanghai named Jiang Zemin, the later General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, who recalled that Huang invited him to a banquet at the Quanjude duck restaurant, and on another occasion, talked to him for four hours until 11 pm. Huang Jing was considered a promising young star of the Communist Party, but was labelled a counterrevolutionary when the Anti-Rightist Campaign began in 1958. He died in Guangzhou that same year, at the age of only 46. The circumstances surrounding his death are unclear.
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During the actions of the civil war, the Bolsheviks found it expedient to create an alliance with Nabat and Nestor Makhno because the Bolsheviks did not have a significant influence in Ukraine. Nabat was in fact so popular that in October 1920, a delegation of the Red Army proposed to the General Assembly that they arrest Lenin and the other Bolshevik party leaders. Nabat refused the proposal on ideological grounds, since anarchists do not desire arbitrary power. Despite being allied with the Soviets against the counterrevolutionary White army, Nabat severely denounced the Bolshevik regime as being authoritarian.
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Cong was soon denounced as a "rightist" and a member of a "counterrevolutionary clique", together with Liu Shaotang, Wang Meng, and . The four writers were collectively known as the "Four Black Swans" () of Beijing. Cong's wife Zhang Hu (), who was also a reporter at Beijing Daily, was condemned as a rightist at the same time for criticizing excessive formalism and bureaucracy at her employer. After being publicly humiliated, she attempted to kill herself by taking sleeping pills, but was saved (she later attempted suicide for a second time during the Cultural Revolution and was saved again).
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148 Turning to translation work and children's literature, Naum infused his conventional poetry with surrealist elements, before making a full return to the avant-garde in the liberal year 1968.Glăvan, p. 148 Luca and Trost both managed to leave legally for France via Israel in the early 1950s, where their earlier friendship degenerated into outright enmity: Trost declared Luca a "counterrevolutionary" (not in the Marxist sense, but in the sense of the surrealist “revolution” their group had attempted). Luca settled in Paris, where he found himself distanced by the group surrounding Breton, and his friendship with Breton took a while to develop.
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In early 1937, while serving in the Suzdal special prison, Smirnov sent letters to the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs Yezhov and the USSR Prosecutor Vyshinsky, protesting against his detention. On April 20 the same year, he was transferred to Moscow and, on 26 May 1937, the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court USSR under the chairmanship of V. Ulrich sentenced him to death for participating in a counterrevolutionary terrorist organization. Smirnov was shot on the same day, becoming a victim of the Great Purge. On 16 November 1960, Smirnov was partially rehabilitated but not was fully rehabilitated until 1990.
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After the Cultural Revolution began in 1966, Wang was persecuted as a "counterrevolutionary". He was imprisoned for four years in the same prison building that the Kuomintang had imprisoned him in during the 1930s, enduring conditions that he later described as "fascist brutality". Wang remained a political outcast until 1979, following Deng Xiaoping's ascent to power, when Wang was allowed to rejoin the Communist Party as part of a national programme to rehabilitate those unjustly persecuted during the Cultural Revolution. Following his political rehabilitation, he continued to criticize the government and agitated for greater human rights and democratic reforms.
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Cabo, pp. 302, 322–323 In their countries of origin, all participating groups were depicted using lines of criticism first tested by the Krestintern, as "pro-fascist, bourgeois, and counterrevolutionary".Cabo, pp. 303, 313–314. See also Anev, passim; Hrabík Šámal, pp. 117–118; Papp, pp. 341–342 State propaganda consistently accused the IPU branches of having collaborated with Nazism—charges which, as noted by scholar Miguel Cabo, were almost universally groundless.Cabo, pp. 304, 312–313 The IPU's own propaganda works highlighted Nazi and communist state terrorism as used against Nikola Petkov, Wincenty Witos, and other "peasant martyrs for democracy".Cabo, pp.
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" This article blamed "the Shouters sect."Deng Fucun, "The Truth about the So-called Dongyang & Yiwu Affair," Tian Feng, February 1983, translated and published in Religion in the People's Republic of China: Documentation 12, October 1983:20-21. Most contemporaneous accounts from overseas took the opposite view. "A letter to all the members of the Lord's Body (from the saints in Dongyang)" was published in the April 10, 1983, issue of The Gospel. It said that the TSPM "persecuted many believers who did not side with them, by creating conflicts, fabricating facts, and putting the labels ‘heretical and cultic group’, ‘unpatriotic’, and ‘counterrevolutionary’.
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The Allies, however, refused to recognise the new government for having only socialist members. The Romanian occupation army was not willing either to support the new government or to protect it from the counterrevolutionary forces. Meanwhile, on the same day, the army recovered Szolnok on the outskirts of Budapest and ejected the Romanians. The Allies ordered their representative to begin negotiations with Peidl if he accepted, as he did, the Belgrade armistice; At the same time Peidl requested an army of occupation, partly to counter the Romanians and Czechs and partly to reinforce the power of his government.
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Struggle sessions developed from similar ideas of criticism and self-criticism in the Soviet Union from the 1920s. The term refers to class struggle; the session is held, ostensibly, to benefit the target, by eliminating all traces of counterrevolutionary, reactionary thinking. Chinese communists resisted this at first, because struggle sessions conflicted with the Chinese concept of saving face, but struggle sessions became commonplace at Communist Party meetings during the 1930s due to public popularity. Later struggle sessions were adapted to use outside the CCP as a means of consolidating its control of areas under its jurisdiction.
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Later she was accused of concealing weapons intended for counterrevolutionary activities. Montansier attempted to counteract these rumours and accusations, and let it be known her sympathies lay with the new revolutionary government. In 1792 after the French declaration of war on Austria in April and the subsequent revelations of the Brunswick Manifesto in August, Montansier demonstrated her patriotism by outfitting a contingent of soldiers for the defense of France. Later that year when the French invaded the Austrian Netherlands, under the command of General Charles François Dumouriez, Montansier convinced Dumouriez to allow her and her troupe to accompany the army.
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New York. pp. 410–411. Isaac Deutscher called it "a veil of liberal phrases and premises over the guillotine in the background". Hannah Arendt observed that it was hailed as the ending of the Soviet Union's "revolutionary period", but was immediately followed by the country's most intense purges in its history, the Great Purge in which many of the constitution's organizers and draftees — such as Yakov Yakovlev, Aleksei Stetskii, Boris Markovich Tal', Vlas Chubar, Karl Radek, Nikolai Bukharin, and Ivan Akulov — were imprisoned or murdered on charges of being counterrevolutionary shortly after their work was complete.
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Charlotte Atkyns (née Walpole) (1757–1836) was an English actor and agent, foremost known for her attempts in rescuing the members of the former royal family of France from imprisonment during the French revolution. Said to be related to British Prime Minister Robert Walpole, she enjoined a short career on the London stage in 1777-1779 before she married Sir Edward Atkyns and moved to France. After the outbreak of the French revolution, she was recruited as a spy and agent for the counterrevolutionary royalists by Louis de Frotté. Between 1791 and 1794, she was active as a spy in Paris.
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To offset the growing influence of the Soviets in internal affairs, Tserendorj pursued international recognition of Mongolian independence, not only from Russia but from other nations as well. He also hoped to see Mongolia become a neutral state, akin to an Asian Switzerland. Outreach efforts to Europe, Japan, and the United States were eventually stifled by Moscow and Comintern agents within the Mongolian government. Later, Tserendorj and his allies came under heavy criticism from pro-Soviet members of the MPRP who felt such efforts were counterrevolutionary and a betrayal of the special relationship that had developed between Mongolia and its chief benefactor.
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Under Lieutenant colonel François de La Rocque, who took over in 1930, the Croix-de- Feu took their independence from François Coty, leaving the Figaro's building for the rue de Milan (Milan Street) in Paris. It organized popular demonstrations in reaction to the Stavisky Affair, hoping to overthrow the Second Left-wing Coalition government. De la Rocque quickly became a hero of the far right, opposed to the influences of Socialism and "hidden Communism", but skeptical about becoming counterrevolutionary. Under de la Rocque, the movement advocated a military effort against the "German danger," supporting corporatism and an alliance between Capital and Labour.
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From 22 May 1917 to 10 July 1917 Gutor commanded the Southwestern Front during the early stages of the Kerensky Offensive. After the Russian Revolution and the Bolshevik takeover, Gutor placed himself at the disposal of the Red Army. He was appointed Chairman of the Statute Commission, conducted military science courses, and advised the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces of the republic. In the summer of 1920, he was transferred to Siberia as an adviser to the command, but soon afterwards he was arrested in Omsk under accusations of counterrevolutionary activity and transferred to the Moscow Butyrka prison.
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Domestic journalists who had been sympathetic to the student movement were removed from their positions, and several foreign journalists were expelled from China. On June 6, State Council spokesman Yuan Mu held a press conference where he claimed that there had been 300 fatalities during the massacre, with no killings having occurred in Tiananmen Square itself. Yuan Mu portrayed the crackdown as a response to "a counterrevolutionary rebellion in the early hours of the morning of June 3." In August 1989, the Chinese government released its complete, official account of the Tiananmen protests, The Truth About the Beijing Turmoil.
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Many former samurai succeeded in adjusting to the new Japanese society, but many did not and soon found themselves losing their incomes, status, and purpose. A large number of shizoku were angered by their treatment from the Meiji government, including those that had supported the Meiji Restoration and fought in the Boshin War. They were disappointed that social reform had benefited the high-ranking nobility and commoners but severely disadvantaged most of the samurai. As a result, radical counterrevolutionary sentiment began to develop among the disillusioned shizoku, particularly in hope of overthrowing the new government while it was weak and restoring the shogunate.
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Bishop Aloysius Jin was born in Shanghai into a family that had been Catholic for generations. He was orphaned as a youth, losing his mother when he was 10 and his father when he was 14. He attended Catholic schools and in 1938, at the age of 22, he entered the Society of Jesus, subsequently being ordained in 1946. He studied in France, Germany and Italy, before returning to China in 1951. He was arrested with hundreds of priests and laity in the “September 8 Incident” in 1955, a major crackdown against the “counterrevolutionary clique” of Ignatius Kung Pin-mei of Shanghai.
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States where revolutions are more likely to develop also are indiscriminate and violent towards mobilized oppositional groups and figures. States that have weak policing capacities and infrastructural power are also more likely to produce revolutions. Lastly states that are characterized by a, “corrupt and arbitrary personalistic rule that alienates, weakens, or divides counterrevolutionary elites,” are more likely to develop revolutionary movements (Goodwin 2001: 49). Critiques and Limitations of State-Centered Approaches Goodwin acknowledges that there are many criticisms to his state-centered perspective on revolutions, but he argues that these critiques make unrealistic assumptions and they are completely unreliable.
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After a month the inquest was lifted for lack of concrete data of the charge and Kravkov was set free. In 1925 Maximilian Kravkov organized an expedition to the Salair from where he brought a number of valuable exhibits for the museum. At the end of 1920th – beginning 1930th Kravkov as a member of geological exploratory and geographic expeditions used to visit the Sayan Mountains and the lower reaches of the Yenisei River. In March 1931 Maximilian Kravkov was arrested on a charge of his membership in a counterrevolutionary organization of the former Lieutenant General Vasily Boldyrev.
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In 1953, Xinhua News Agency investigated the claims, finding that in various provinces, many of the accused counterrevolutionaries were falsely labelled because of local disputes, and many local officials used the campaign to rid themselves of political rivals. Furthermore, large number of former KMT personnel were targeted. Despite assurances by the CCP during the Chinese Civil War that surrendering KMT troops would be forgiven for their past associations, many of them were nevertheless targeted by local officials to meet quotas. Following the subsequent investigations, around 150,000 former KMT personnel across the country had their 'counterrevolutionary' label removed.
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Artur Rudzynskiy; "The Illustrator of 'Kobzar' Vasily Sedlyar: The Fate of the Master and His Work" Among his best known works were the murals at the , which were later destroyed. He was arrested at his home in Kharkiv by the NKVD, in 1936, on charges of espionage and counterrevolutionary activities; based on a trip to Germany, France and Italy that he had taken with Boychuk in 1927. He was taken to a prison in Kiev, confessed under torture and was executed by firing squad on 13 July 1937, along with Boychuk and the painter Ivan Padalka. He was rehabilitated in 1958.
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The first wave of purges between 1929 and 1934 targeted the revolutionary generation of the party that in Ukraine included many supporters of Ukrainization. Soviet authorities specifically targeted the commissar of education in Ukraine, Mykola Skrypnyk, for promoting Ukrainian language reforms that were seen as dangerous and counterrevolutionary; Skrypnyk committed suicide in 1933. The next 1936–1938 wave of political purges eliminated much of the new political generation that replaced those who perished in the first wave. The purges nearly halved the membership of the Ukrainian communist party, and purged Ukrainian political leadership was largely replaced by the cadres sent from Russia that was also largely "rotated" by Stalin's purges.
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In August 1919, under pressure from the British government, ad hoc in order to issue a legally binding guarantee of the independence of his key ally Estonia, Yudenich was forced to create the counterrevolutionary "Regional Government of Northwest Russia", Richard K. Debo Survival and Consolidation. The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1918-1921, p. 126. McGill-Queens University Books, 1992 which included Monarchists, Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks. Yudenich served as Minister of War and spent the next two months organizing and training his army. By September 1919 Yudenich had a fairly well-organized army of approximately 17,000 troops, with 53 guns and six tanks.
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Following the success of the Cuban Revolution, claims of activity labeled as 'counterrevolutionary' filled Havana. There existed popular desire for some form of urban-based civil defense against sabotage particularly after the mysterious explosion of the French freighter La Coubre while dockworkers unloaded ammunitions from the ship. The final impetus for the creation of such a movement came on the evening of September 28, 1960 when bomb blasts erupted on the former steps of the Presidential Palace while Fidel Castro gave a speech. Fidel Castro subsequently declared: > “We’re going to set up a system of collective vigilance; we’re going to set > up a system of revolutionary collective vigilance.
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Kỳ's group called on Khánh to remove "corrupt, dishonest, and counterrevolutionary" officers, civil servants, and exploitationists, and threatened to remove him if he did not enact their proposed reforms. Some observers accused Kỳ and Thi of deliberately orchestrating or allowing the plot to develop before putting it down in order to embarrass Khánh and allow himself to gain prominence on the political stage.Kahin, p. 232. In later years, Cao Huy Thuần, a professor and Buddhist activist based in the northern town of Đà Nẵng, claimed that during a meeting with Kỳ and Thi a few days before the coup, the officers had discussed their plans for joining a coup against Khánh.
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Vanags designed a number of churches in Riga and approximately 70 multi-storey apartment buildings in the city before World War I, most of which are in a National romantic style of Art Nouveau architecture. During World War I, he worked for the road construction department of the Imperial Russian army but during the German occupation of Riga he helped organise an exhibition in Berlin about Latvian art (in 1918). He returned to Riga in 1919 and worked with the building department of the city during the Communist occupation. He was a victim of the so called Red Terror because he was arrested and executed by firing squad for "counterrevolutionary activities".
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Unarmed troops emerged from the Great Hall of the People and were quickly met with crowds of protesters. Several protesters tried to injure the troops as they collided outside the Great Hall of the People, forcing soldiers to temporarily retreat. At 4:30pm on June 3, the three PSC members met with military leaders, Beijing Party Secretary Li Ximing, mayor Chen Xitong, and State Council secretariat Luo Gan, and finalized the order for the enforcement of martial law: # The operation to quell the counterrevolutionary riot was to begin at 9pm. # Military units should converge on the Square by 1am on June 4 and the Square must be cleared by 6am.
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"More on the Suppression of Kronstadt" by Leon Trotsky Years later, anarchist Emma Goldman and others criticised Trotsky's actions as Commissar for War for his role in the suppression of the rebellion, and argued that he ordered unjustified incarcerations and executions of political opponents such as anarchists, although Trotsky did not participate in the actual suppression."Hue and Cry Over Kronstadt" by Leon Trotsky Some Trotskyists, most notably Abbie Bakan, have argued that the claim that the Kronstadt rebels were "counterrevolutionary" has been supported by evidence of White Army and French government support for the Kronstadt sailors' March rebellion.Abbie Bakan. "Kronstadt – A Tragic Necessity" , marxisme.
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The authorities' accusations that the revolt was a counterrevolutionary plan were false. The rebels did not expect attacks from the authorities nor did they launch attacks against the continent - rejecting Kozlovski's advice - nor did the island's communists denounce any kind of collusion by the rebels in the early moments of the revolt, and even attended the delegate assembly on March 2. Initially, the rebels sought to show a conciliatory stance with the government, believing that it could comply with Kronstadt's demands. Kalinin, who could have been a valuable hostage for the rebels, was able to return to Petrograd without complications after the March 1 assembly.
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He was one of the main organizers of collectivization in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which caused the death by starvation of millions of people. On 7 September 1937 he was arrested, and on 27 October 1937 sentenced to death on charges of participating in a counterrevolutionary terrorist organization and executed. In 1956 Khatayevich was rehabilitated and restored in the party. In a ruling on 13 January 2010 the Court of Appeal for Kyiv City found Khatayevich and other long-dead Bolshevik leaders Joseph Stalin, Vyacheslav Molotov, Lazar Kaganovich, Pavel Postyshev, Stanislav Kosior and Vlas Chubar guilty of "organizing genocide of the Ukrainian ethnic group".
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The ICAP was established on December 30, 1960, to gain popular support in Europe and the United States in anticipation of a counterrevolutionary invasion by the United States.CIA, Cuba: Castro's Propaganda Apparatus and Foreign Policy, by CIA, restricted report (July 2003), 12. Casa de las Américas ICAP organized foreigners into associations based on their country of origin such as Union of Peruvians in Cuba, Cuban- Spanish Friendship Society, The Cuban-Venezuelan Institute of Revolutionary Solidarity and The Association of Guatemalans Residing in Cuba. The president of ICAP at the time, Rene Rodriguez Cruz, admitted that the friendship organizations sponsored by ICAP were used for Havana's propaganda purposes.
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The Secretary of Military Affairs Symon Petliura expressed his intentions to unite both the Southwestern and Romanian fronts that were stretched across Ukraine into one Ukrainian Front under the command of Colonel General Dmitry Shcherbachev. On December 17, 1917 Bolsheviks planned an All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets and on December 11–12, 1917 set off a number of uprisings across Ukraine in Kiev, Odessa, Vinnytsia. They were successfully defeated by the Rada. On December 17, 1917 Sovnarkom, that initiated peace talks with Central Powers earlier that month, sent a 48-hour ultimatum to the Rada requesting it stop "counterrevolutionary actions" or prepare for war.
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Jambyn Lkhümbe (; 1902 – June 30, 1934) was member of the Presidium (or Politburo) of the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) from 1930 to 1933 and served as First Secretary of the MPRP Central Committee from July 30, 1932 to June 30, 1933. Lkhümbe was arrested in 1933 and accused of being the ringleader of a counterrevolutionary group conspiring to turn Mongolia into a Japanese protectorate. The ensuing "Lkhümbe Affair" resulted in the purge of numerous high-ranking politicians and military officers, with particular emphasis placed on the persecution of Buryat-Mongols. He was found guilty on June 25, 1934 and he was executed on June 30, 1934.
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Along with differences over land ownership, the main dissent between the two allied parties was due to the use of terror as a political instrument. Steinberg, as People's Commissar of Justice, was in favor of applying harsh measures against the opposition, but always legally; Lenin, on the contrary, was willing to use state terror to consolidate the revolution. Contrary to the activity of the Cheka, founded five days before the entry of Steinberg into the government, the Left-SRs eventually decided to participate in the body - to try to control it. Steinberg tried to subordinate it to the revolutionary court, which dealt with the cases related to counterrevolutionary activity.
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In October 1919 and again in May 1920 (after another brief legalization), the Left-SRs ended their confrontations with the Government in order to focus on opposing the counterrevolutionary threat of the White Armies. With the subsequent red victory, the socialist revolutionaries resumed their opposition activities in the late 1920s. The remains of the party were removed by the arrests carried out during the Kronstadt Rebellion, that the party had supported. A number of Left Socialist Revolutionaries, such as Alexander Antonov, played a significant political and military role during the Russian Civil War, joining the green rebels and fighting both the Bolsheviks and the White Guards.
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In Hudson & Hanratty. Barrientos insisted that his assumption of power was not a counterrevolutionary move and promised to restore the Bolivian National Revolution to its "true path", from which the Nationalist Revolutionary Movement (Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario, MNR) had deviated during its twelve-year rule. His government continued many of the policies of the second Víctor Paz Estenssoro administration, including the International Monetary Fund (IMF) stabilization plan and the Triangular Plan. The emphasis on reducing social costs remained in effect. In May 1965, the army forced Barrientos to accept Ovando as his co-president as a reward for suppressing an uprising by miners and factory workers.
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Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks Come to Power, pg. 127. Although the 6-month celebration of the revolution came and went, Kornilov's plan for a military takeover moved forward, with stock prices on the Petrograd stock exchange rocketing upwards on August 28 in anticipation of a rapid victory. It was here that Vikzhel played its historic role. On August 27, in conjunction with the celebration of the revolution, the Petrograd Soviet issued an emergency appeal to soldiers, telegraph operators, and railway workers to come to the defense of the revolution, declaring that orders of the military high command were to be ignored and the movement of counterrevolutionary troops stymied.
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Even after Chiang turned on the Soviet Union and massacred the communists, he still continued anti-capitalist activities and promoting revolutionary thought, accusing the merchants of being reactionaries and counter-revolutionaries. The United States consulate and other westerners in Shanghai was concerned about the approach of "Red General" Chiang as his army was seizing control in the Northern Expedition. Chiang also confronted and dominated the merchants of Shanghai in 1927, seizing loans from them, with the threats of death or exile. Rich merchants, industrialists, and entrepreneurs were arrested by Chiang, who accused them of being "counterrevolutionary", and Chiang held them until they gave money to the Kuomintang.
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Rubin xxxii Wang was one of the few senior leaders of the Tiananmen protests who did not escape China. Following his return to Shanghai, Wang was put under house arrest until he was formally charged for his involvement in the demonstrations on September 8, 1989. He was accused in the Chinese media of "listening to the Voice of America and spreading rumors based on its broadcasts, writing articles in support of the student hunger strike, giving counterrevolutionary speeches on Shanghai's People's Square... publishing articles in the Hong Kong press", and trying to "overthrow the Party's leadership" with his writing.Rubin xxxiii Wang was sentenced to fourteen months in prison.
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The Ministry's attention was focused especially on the Romanian Orthodox revival, that had seen growth after Romania's admittance to the United Nations. After 1958, Minister Drăghici was involved in the clampdown on hesychasm, officially depicted as a recruiting ground for the Iron Guard (a clandestine fascist movement). He reported to the political leadership that many "Iron Guard and reactionary elements" survived in monasteries, and that "monks are always swelling in numbers with the arrival of elements that have been indoctrinated with counterrevolutionary ideas". Serenela Ghițeanu, "Patimile lui Zahei", Revista 22, Nr. 964; accessed May 8, 2012 Scholar George Enache describes Drăghici's claims about fascist activities in the Church as farcical.
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The name itself was bestowed not by any of its alleged members but from the Montagnards, "who claimed as early as April 1792 that a counterrevolutionary faction had coalesced around deputies of the department of the Gironde". Jacques-Pierre Brissot, Jean Marie Roland and François Buzot were among the most prominent of such deputies and contemporaries called their supporters Brissotins, Rolandins, or Buzotins, depending on which politician was being blamed for their leadership. Other names were employed at the time too, but "Girondins" ultimately became the term favored by historians. The term became standard with Alphonse de Lamartine's History of the Girondins in 1847.
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His government was even weaker than Peidl's and was little more than a collection of conspirators and unknown figures, without members of the nobility that could serve to attract the counterrevolutionary right. The cabinet could not count on British nor Italian military aid, given the practical absence of troops from these countries in the capital, nor could it count on Romanian aid, whose units occupied the city and the eastern territories. The government of Bucharest refused to recognise the Friedrich cabinet. The government of Szeged and the French, for their part, almost immediately tried to do away with the Friedrich government or, if this was impossible, to alter its composition.
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At the same time, the counterrevolutionary forces conspired to overthrow the government and put the Archduke Joseph August in power. On the night of the 4 August 1919, the Archduke was brought from his castle to Budapest with the idea of seizing power the next day. Peidl received a communication from Vienna announcing that the Allies would support the government if it included bourgeois elements, which encouraged the counterrevolutionaries to accelerate their plans, backed by Traian Moșoiu, the Romanian military governor of Budapest, but rejected by the Allied representative. The Romanians seized the capital on the request of refugee counterrevolutionaries in Vienna, against Allied warnings.
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After the takeover of power by the local revolutionary junta from the Spanish governors, Henríquez was part of the patriot force that put down the counterrevolutionary Motín de Figueroa (Figueroa mutiny) on April 1, 1811. Ironically, Tomás de Figueroa's (the leader of the revolt) only allowance before his execution the next day was receiving the Sacrament of Confession from the local priest, Henríquez himself. In the First National Congress, Henríquez was an interim deputy for Puchacay. He also gave a sermon on the mass at the inauguration of the sessions at Congress, in which he argued that the church authorize Congress to create a national constitution.
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After Kirov's death, Stalin called for swift punishment of the traitors and those found negligent in Kirov's death. Borisov, one of the first to come upon the scene, was immediately arrested; he died the day after Kirov's assassination, allegedly as the result of a fall from a truck in which he was being transported by the NKVD. On 28-29 December 1934, Nikolaev and 13 other people as members of the "counterrevolutionary group" were tried by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR under Vasili Ulrikh's chairmanship. At 5:45 AM, 29 December, all of them were sentenced to death and executed by shooting an hour later.
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This abuse of power by local leaders exacerbated the violent purges and terror campaigns carried out by Stalin against members of the party deemed to be traitors. With the Great Purge (1936–1938), Stalin rid himself of internal enemies in the party and rid the Soviet Union of any alleged socially dangerous and counterrevolutionary person who might have offered legitimate political opposition to Marxism–Leninism.Pons, p. 447. Stalin allowed the secret police NKVD (People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs) to rise above the law and the GPU (State Political Directorate) to use political violence to eliminate any person who might be a threat, whether real, potential, or imagined.
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It depicts the last day of the writer's life (24 August 1966), when he drowned himself in the lake after being tortured by the Red Guards. In the play, Lao She wanders around Taiping Lake, converses with the tragic characters he has condemned to death in his works, and contemplates the tragic irony of his own life: his devotion to the Communist Party of China and the charges against him of being an anti-Party counterrevolutionary. In 1998, Su published A Reader on China (), a 150,000-character non-fiction book on Chinese civilization. It became his best-selling work, with 15 million copies sold.
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The pro-interventionist coalition viewed the situation in Czechoslovakia as "counterrevolutionary" and favoured the defeat of Dubček and his supporters. This coalition was headed by the Ukrainian party leader Petro Shelest and included communist bureaucrats from Belarus and from the non-Russian national republics of the western part of the Soviet Union (the Baltic republics). The coalition members feared the awakening of nationalism within their respective republics and the influence of the Ukrainian minority in Czechoslovakia on Ukrainians in the Soviet Union. Bureaucrats responsible for political stability in Soviet cities and for the ideological supervision of the intellectual community also favoured a military solution.
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The show, entitled Let History Tell the Future consisted of twenty images from his collection, which were deemed "counterrevolutionary." In December of that year, Li met Robert Pledge, a French-British photography editor who was director of Contact Press Images, an international photo agency based in New York City, who had come to Beijing. They agreed to work together on a book of Li's photos, but to wait until the political climate was right. Seven months later, in June 1989, the events of Tiananmen Square made worldwide headlines, and Li became determined to produce a book to show the world the images from the Cultural Revolution.
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The One Strike-Three Anti campaign did not have a definite end, as it came to its conclusion at various times across China. In the capital, the proceedings were largely over by the end of 1970, with the report on the campaign reporting the discovery of 5,757 'counterrevolutionaries', the resolving of 3,138 criminal cases related to major crimes and 'counterrevolutionary' activity and the highlighting of over 6,000 cases of the 'Three Antis'. Elsewhere, however, the campaign continued until as late as 1972 or 1973, with it ending in Shanghai in late 1972. According to the official report, 64,000 people from Shanghai and the surrounding area were 'struggled' against.
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The Central Case Examination Group was founded at roughly the same time as the Cultural Revolution Group (CRG). The CRG was essentially "command central" of the Cultural Revolution. However, unlike the CRG, the CCEG was to operate throughout the entire of the Cultural Revolution decade and beyond, investigating and reporting on the purported crimes of many of the members of the higher echelons of the Communist Party of China (CCP) and all people considered to be counterrevolutionary. The group's highest profile case was that of Chinese President Liu Shaoqi, whose case was reportedly investigated by 400,000 people (including some Red Guards from Peking University), looking at over four million files.
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Cha was born Zha Liangyong in Haining, Zhejiang in Republican China, the second of seven children. He hailed from the scholarly Zha clan of Haining (), whose members included notable literati of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties such as Zha Jizuo (1601–1676), Zha Shenxing (查慎行; 1650–1727) and Zha Siting (查嗣庭; died 1727). His grandfather, Zha Wenqing (), obtained the position of a tong jinshi chushen (third class graduate) in the imperial examination during the Qing dynasty. His father, Zha Shuqing (), was arrested and executed by the Communist government for allegedly being a counterrevolutionary during the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries in the early 1950s.
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In a telegram to the Soviet leadership, Suslov and Mikoyan acknowledged that the situation had become more dire, but both were content with the dismissal of Ernő Gerő as General Secretary and the choice of Kádár as his successor. The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet criticised Suslov's and Mikoyan's concessions to the new revolutionary government in the People's Republic of Hungary. Despite his initial reservations, Suslov eventually supported the Presidium's decision to intervene in Hungary militarily and replace the counterrevolutionary government's leadership there. In June 1957, Suslov backed Khrushchev during his struggle with the Anti-Party Group led by Georgy Malenkov, Vyacheslav Molotov, Lazar Kaganovich, and Dmitry Shepilov.
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During the night of June 20, 1791, the king and his wife, Leopold's sister Marie Antoinette, fled Paris in an attempt to meet counterrevolutionary troops at Montmédy. They were recognized and arrested on June 21 at Varennes-en-Argonne. On August 27, Leopold and Frederick William II of Prussia, king of Prussia, issued the Declaration of Pillnitz, calling for the release of Louis and Marie Antoinette and promising that, if his safety was threatened, and with the support of the other monarchs of Europe, they would go to war to restore him. The National Assembly interpreted the declaration as a declaration of war against the revolutionary government.
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Jiang was arrested on shortly before the anniversary; in court on November 1, 1999, he defended himself, maintaining he was exercising freedom of speech and recalling a previous reversal of the government's term "counterrevolutionary" after the Gang of Four and Cultural Revolution. He urged the government not to imprison people for expressing their views, "Simply by writing and talking, do I commit such a crime against heaven that I must be put to death?" and his lawyer, Mao Shaoping argued that the group's activities did not amount to "subversion of state power". Jiang was charged and released from prison on May 19, 2003. Despite Jiang's arrest, Ding remained undeterred.
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In 1936, without having to present a thesis, he was bestowed a PhD degree in the Historical Sciences and a title of an active member of the Pre-Class Society Institute (GAIMK). And on September 9, 1936, he was arrested by the Leningrad provincial department of the NKVD under the Russian SFSR Penal Code Articles 58-8 (terrorism) and 11 (hostile organization) as an “active participant in the counterrevolutionary Trotskyite-Zinoviev terrorist organization”. On December 19, 1936, a field session of the Supreme Council of the USSR Armed Forces sentenced him to death with confiscation of all his private property. On the same day, in Leningrad, he was shot to death.
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Jorge Mas Canosa (21 September 1939 – 23 November 1997) was a Cuban-American immigrant who founded the Cuban American National Foundation and MasTec, a publicly traded company. Regarded within the United States as a powerful lobbyist on Cuban and anti-Castro political positions, he was labeled a "counterrevolutionary" by the Cuban Communist Party. Mas Canosa was the driving force behind the creation of both Radio Marti and TV Marti and was appointed chairman of the advisory panel by President Ronald Reagan. In the early 1960s, he was trained by the CIA for the Bay of Pigs Invasion and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the United States Army.
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As the country radicalized, Casal became involved with the Catholic elements of the 26th of July Movement participating with other students from Villanova. She was active in the anti-Batista Student Revolutionary Directorate () and like other members within the group, switched sides after the Cuban Revolution to oppose what they saw as a betrayal of the revolutionary ideals. She worked briefly in the counterrevolutionary movement in Cuba, but in 1962 was forced into exile. As a Director from the Consejo Revolucionario Cubano, she made a tour of Africa, underwritten by the CIA, collecting information on the continent and published an account of her experiences in Cuba Nueva.
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In February 1937, Sergo Ordzhonikidze died. In March 1937, David Petrovsky was arrested (as the head of the General Directorate of higher and secondary technical education in the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry of the Soviet Union), and was accused for "counterrevolutionary" activity, and shot on September 10, 1937. In August 1937, his London-born wife Rose Cohen, a former Comintern courier, was arrested as an alleged British spy, and on November 28, 1937 she was also shot (rehabilitated in the Soviet Union in 1956). Rose Cohen was the head of the Department and the editor in the "Moscow Daily News" (The Moscow News) newspaper.
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Coulondre called the Yezhovshchina a "crisis of growth" towards what Coulondre called "counterrevolutionary absolutism", Russian nationalism, and military and economic might. In a dispatch to Paris, Coulondre wrote the most important question facing French diplomacy was not "will Russia be with us or not?", but rather "with whom will Russia go?" As the Soviet Union had signed an alliance with France's ally Czechoslovakia in 1935, one of Coulondre's main duties in Moscow was see if it was possible for the Soviets to obtain transit rights with Poland and/or Romania to allow the Red Army to reach Czechoslovakia if Germany should attack the latter.
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Alexander Dutov Alexander Ilyich Dutov () (, Kazalinsk, Russian Empire – 7 February 1921, Shuiding, China) was one of the leaders of the Cossack counterrevolution in the Urals, lieutenant general (1919). Dutov was born in Kazalinsk in Syr-Darya Oblast (now Kazaly in Kazakhstan). He graduated from Nikolayev Cavalry School and Nikolayev Engineering Institute, now Military engineering-technical university (Russian Военный инженерно-технический университет), and General Staff Academy (1908). He was assistant commander of the Cossack regiment during World War I. After the February Revolution, Dutov was appointed head of the All-Russian Cossack Army Union, then chairman of the counterrevolutionary All-Russian Cossack Congress (June, 1917), and then Chief of the Army Administration and ataman of the Orenburg Cossack Army (September).
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Historian George H. Nash argues: > Unlike the "moderate," internationalist, largely eastern bloc of Republicans > who accepted (or at least acquiesced in) some of the "Roosevelt Revolution" > and the essential premises of President Truman's foreign policy, the > Republican Right at heart was counterrevolutionary. Anticollectivist, anti- > Communist, anti-New Deal, passionately committed to limited government, free > market economics, and congressional (as opposed to executive) prerogatives, > the G.O.P. conservatives were obliged from the start to wage a constant two- > front war: against liberal Democrats from without and "me-too" Republicans > from within.George H. Nash, "The Republican Right from Taft to Reagan," > Reviews in American History (1984) 12:2 pp. 261–265 in JSTOR quote on p.
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Under the control of the party, all politics and attitudes that were not strictly RCP (Russian Communist Party) were suppressed, under the premise that the RCP represented the proletariat and all activities contrary to the party's beliefs were "counterrevolutionary" or "anti-socialist." During the years of 1917 to 1923, the Soviet Union achieved peace with the Central Powers, their enemies in World War I, but also fought the Russian Civil War against the White Army and foreign armies from United States, United Kingdom, and France, among others. This resulted in large territorial changes, albeit temporarily for some of these. Eventually crushing all opponents, the RCP spread Soviet style rule quickly and established itself through all of Russia.
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In just war theory, notions of fittingness and proportionality are central, at least as constraints both on the justification of a given war, and the methods used to prosecute it. When war represents a disproportionate response to a threat or an injury, it raises questions of justice related to reciprocity. When war fighting employs weapons that do not discriminate between combatants and noncombatants, it raises questions of justice related to reciprocity. A profound sense of injustice related to a lack of reciprocity – for example, between those privileged by socioeconomic status, political power, or wealth, and those who are less privileged, and oppressed – sometimes leads to war in the form of revolutionary or counterrevolutionary violence.
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The Resolution frankly noted Mao's leadership role in the movement, stating that "chief responsibility for the grave 'Left' error of the 'Cultural Revolution,' an error comprehensive in magnitude and protracted in duration, does indeed lie with Comrade Mao Zedong." It diluted blame on Mao himself by asserting that the movement was "manipulated by the counterrevolutionary groups of Lin Biao and Jiang Qing," who caused its worst excesses. The Resolution affirmed that the Cultural Revolution "brought serious disaster and turmoil to the Communist Party and the Chinese people." The official view aimed to separate Mao's actions during the Cultural Revolution from his "heroic" revolutionary activities during the Chinese Civil War and the Second Sino-Japanese War.
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After the collapse of a short-lived Communist regime, according to historian István Deák: :Between 1919 and 1944 Hungary was a rightist country. Forged out of a counter-revolutionary heritage, its governments advocated a “nationalist Christian” policy; they extolled heroism, faith, and unity; they despised the French Revolution, and they spurned the liberal and socialist ideologies of the 19th century. The governments saw Hungary as a bulwark against bolshevism and bolshevism’s instruments: socialism, cosmopolitanism, and Freemasonry. They perpetrated the rule of a small clique of aristocrats, civil servants, and army officers, and surrounded with adulation the head of the state, the counterrevolutionary Admiral Horthy. István Deák, “Hungary” in Hans Roger and Egon Weber,eds.
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The challenge facing the ruling group—the construction of a socialist society—was seen as a natural extension of past collaboration with North Vietnam. The revolution was simply entering a new phase in 1975, and the LPRP leaders congratulated themselves upon ousting the imperialists and looked forward to advice and economic as well as military support, which was not available from any neighbour or counterrevolutionary state. LPRP leaders were accustomed to discussing policies as well as studying doctrine in Hanoi. They formalised governmental contacts with their mentors at biannual meetings of the foreign ministers of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam starting in 1980 and through the joint Vietnam-Laos Cooperative Commission, which met annually to review progress of various projects.
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Rousseau, a philosophe influential in the Enlightenment, spread the idea of a "collective will", a singular purpose which the people of a nation must all unequivocally support. If anyone was against the collective will, they were a part of this counterrevolutionary conspiracy, and since the momentum of the Revolution had to be protected at all costs, any and all threats had to be eliminated. This attitude toward dissension only grew more violent and bloodthirsty throughout 1793-1794 when Robespierre enacted the Reign of Terror. In order to preserve the "republic of virtue", Robespierre had to "cleanse" the country of anyone who spoke out or acted against the virtues of the revolution by way of the guillotine.
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Instead, he and Gustáv Husák traveled to Moscow on 23 August to insist Dubček and Černík should be included in a solution to the conflict. After days of negotiations, all members of the Czechoslovak delegation (including all the highest-ranked officials President Svoboda, First Secretary Dubček, Prime Minister Černík and Chairman of the National Assembly Smrkovský) but one (František Kriegel) accepted the "Moscow Protocol", and signed their commitment to its fifteen points. The Protocol demanded the suppression of opposition groups, the full reinstatement of censorship, and the dismissal of specific reformist officials. It did not, however, refer to the situation in the ČSSR as "counterrevolutionary" nor did it demand a reversal of the post-January course.
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On June 8, 1966, a task force led by Ye Lin with participation from Chinese President Liu Shaoqi and his wife Wang Guangmei entered Tsinghua University, attacking principal Jiang Nanyu and other cadres as "capitalist roaders", "counterrevolutionary academic authorities", and "cow demons and snake spirits", took over the Tsinghua party committee, and criticized rebellious students. Radical students like Peng Dafu from the university's engineering chemistry faculty resisted. On June 21, in what has since been called the "June 21st incident", Peng lambasted the task force, claiming that it did not represent the revolution, and demanded to seize power. The taskforce criticized Peng, revoked his party credentials, and detained him for 18 days.
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The use of profanity drew Kong considerable criticism online, to the point of calling for his resignation, although he also received widespread support, with some online straw polls turning out in favor of Kong. Commentators pointed out that Kong's popularity is a symptom of the widespread resentment of the elite liberal media, which often run editorials critical of poor people and make economic arguments to justify the increasing wealth gap. Kong himself asserted he used the expletives deliberately to 'lure out' his enemies in the liberal Chinese media, having predicted that they would respond to him vehemently with what he called "counterrevolutionary encirclement." Some eighty media outlets reportedly criticized Kong for his remarks.
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The judges characterized the group's actions as nonviolent, but found they had prepared and distributed calls for changes in the country's social, political, and economic systems, citing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The court characterized the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and denunciations of Cuban human rights violations as counterrevolutionary propaganda. An article published on 19 November 1999 by Maria Elena Rodriguez, a journalist for the Cuba-Verdad Press, described the burning and burying of hundreds of books donated to Cuba by the government of Spain. Unexplained at the time was why all of the books in the Spanish-donated shipment, even those on seemingly non-controversial topics such as children's literature and medical textbooks were destroyed.
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Jansen, A Show Trial Under Lenin, p. 32. The Second International was virtually universal in its condemnation of a show trial as an opaque attempt to stifle socialist dissent in Russia, which the parties and leaders of the Two-and-a-Half tended to distance themselves from the armed struggle of the PSR against the Soviet government, while seeking a fair trial and the opportunity for unfettered international investigation of the question of PSR participation in counterrevolutionary crimes.Jansen, A Show Trial Under Lenin, pp. 32-33. In an effort to explore the possibility of unity of action, the three Internationals met in a formal conference in Berlin from April 2-5, 1922.
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In Hungary after the collapse of a short-lived Communist regime, according to historian István Deák: :Between 1919 and 1944 Hungary was a rightist country. Forged out of a counter-revolutionary heritage, its governments advocated a “nationalist Christian” policy; they extolled heroism, faith, and unity; they despised the French Revolution, and they spurned the liberal and socialist ideologies of the 19th century. The governments saw Hungary as a bulwark against bolshevism and bolshevism’s instruments: socialism, cosmopolitanism, and Freemasonry. They perpetrated the rule of a small clique of aristocrats, civil servants, and army officers, and surrounded with adulation the head of the state, the counterrevolutionary Admiral Horthy. István Deák, “Hungary” in Hans Roger and Egon Weber,eds.
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Historians agree on the conservatism of interwar Hungary, Historian István Deák states: :Between 1919 and 1944 Hungary was a rightist country. Forged out of a counter-revolutionary heritage, its governments advocated a “nationalist Christian” policy; they extolled heroism, faith, and unity; they despised the French Revolution, and they spurned the liberal and socialist ideologies of the 19th century. The governments saw Hungary as a bulwark against bolshevism and bolshevism’s instruments: socialism, cosmopolitanism, and Freemasonry. They perpetrated the rule of a small clique of aristocrats, civil servants, and army officers, and surrounded with adulation the head of the state, the counterrevolutionary Admiral Horthy. István Deák, “Hungary” in Hans Rogger and Egon Weber,eds.
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When asked during interviews about Castro's political beliefs and where the new Cuban government was leaning, he remained firm in his belief that Castro was not a communist and that Cuba would become a capitalist parliamentary democracy. As Castro began to reveal his socialist leanings, Morgan became disenchanted with the revolutionary government, as did other members of the SFNE, who wanted Cuba to restore elections. In the middle of June 1960, Morgan and a select few former Escambray leaders met to discuss Castro's turn towards socialism and protecting the Revolution. As the arrests of Morgan's former rebel comrades for counterrevolutionary activities started to increase, Morgan organized weapons to be smuggled to the counterrevolutionaries in the Escambray.
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Basmachis - Oxford Islamic Studies Online The Soviets portrayed the movement as being composed of brigands motivated by Islamic fundamentalism, waging a counterrevolutionary war with the support of British agents.Richard Lorenz, "Economic Bases of the Basmachi Movement in the Ferghana Valley," in Andreas Kappelerm Gerhard Simon, Edward Allworth, ed, Muslim Communities Reemerge: Historical Perspectives on Nationality, Politics, and Opposition in the Former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia (Durham: Duke University Press, 1994), 277. In reality, the Basmachi were a diverse and multi-faceted group that received negligible foreign aid. The Basmachi were not viewed favorably by Western Powers, who saw the Basmachi as potential enemies due to the Pan- Turkist and Pan-Islamist ideologies that some of their leaders ascribed to.
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Nevertheless, upon his return to the Soviet Union he still retained the stigma of having been a prisoner of war and was often relocated because of political reasons. To leave a personal account of his experiences for his children and also to maintain his faculties amid the desolate Sarozek, Abutalip takes to writing about his time as a prisoner of war, his escape, and fighting for the partisans; he also records the various legends told to him by Yedigei. Unfortunately for him, these activities are discovered during a routine inspection of the junction and reported to higher authorities. The denizens of Boranly-Burannyi and Abutalip are interrogated by the tyrannical Tansykbaev, and he is deemed counterrevolutionary.
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During the 1955 Campaign to Uproot Hidden Counterrevolutionaries Wu was suspected of having been a Nationalist spy, or of still being an American spy, and he was denounced as the number-one "hidden counterrevolutionary" at Nankai University. In 1957, during the Hundred Flowers Campaign, he was one of the intellectuals who - despite initial misgivings - spoke up for freedom of speech. This led to his formal denouncement as an "ultra-rightist" during the Anti-Rightist campaign of September 1957, and in the spring of 1958 he was sent to a state prison farm in Heilongjiang for "corrective education through hard labor". In 1961, during the famine caused by the Great Leap Forward, he was released from prison.
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Hoover was an ardent supporter of trade associations, but saw the Swope Plan as fascistic because of its compulsory nature. Historian George H. Nash argues: > Unlike the "moderate," internationalist, largely eastern bloc of Republicans > who accepted (or at least acquiesced in) some of the "Roosevelt Revolution" > and the essential premises of President Truman's foreign policy, the > Republican Right at heart was counterrevolutionary. Anti-collectivist, anti- > Communist, anti-New Deal, passionately committed to limited government, free > market economics, and congressional (as opposed to executive) prerogatives, > the G.O.P. conservatives were obliged from the start to wage a constant two- > front war: against liberal Democrats from without and "me-too" Republicans > from within.George H. Nash.
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According to scholar Peter Tang, "[t]he supreme test of whether a Communist Party-state remains revolutionarily dedicated or degenerates into a revisionist or counterrevolutionary system lies in its attitude toward the Communist ideology". Therefore, the sole ideological purpose of communist states is to spread socialism and to reach that goal these states have to be guided by Marxism–Leninism. The communist states have opted for two ways to achieve this goal, namely govern indirectly by Marxism–Leninism through the party (Soviet model), or commit the state officially through the constitution to Marxism–Leninism (Maoist China–Albania model). The Soviet model is the most common and is currently in use in China.
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Thomas Paine Author of the Rights of Man from John Baxter's Impartial History of England, 1796. Back in London by 1787, Paine would become engrossed in the French Revolution after it began in 1789, and decided to travel to France in 1790. Meanwhile, conservative intellectual Edmund Burke launched a counterrevolutionary blast against the French Revolution, entitled Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), which strongly appealed to the landed class, and sold 30,000 copies. Paine set out to refute it in his Rights of Man (1791). He wrote it not as a quick pamphlet, but as a long, abstract political tract of 90,000 words which tore apart monarchies and traditional social institutions.
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Although the dorados copied their style from the Blackshirts and Sturmabteilung, the anti-communism and authoritarianism of the former and the anti-Semitism of the latter, they nonetheless lacked the fascist mission, being essentially, according to Fascism expert Stanley Payne, counterrevolutionary and reactionary, and as such were more easily employed by the existing state.Stanley G. Payne, A History of Fascism 1914-1945, London, Roultedge, 2001, p. 342 During the Maximato era of the formerly heavily anticlerical Calles regime, the Gold Shirts were moderately in favour of religious liberty for the Catholic Church, but because they still at times acted in an anticlericalist way against priests wearing the cassock, Cristeros never entered their ranks.
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Zhao and Hu Qili voted against enacting the martial law in response to the protests during the Politburo Central Committee meeting on May 17, 1989. Premier Li Peng and Vice Premier Yao Yilin voted the opposite, and other Politburo Standing Committee member Qiao Shi remained neutral. There was no clear majority in the vote until Chairman Deng Xiaoping and President Yang Shangkun were suddenly added; they both sided with Li Peng. After this meeting, Zhao Ziyang refused to participate in implementing martial law in any aspect. He was called a counterrevolutionary during an informal meeting in Deng Xiaoping’s house on May 20 because of his support for the protesting students and his anti-party decision attitude.
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"Surabaya" was published by Merdeka Press in 1946 or 1947. In 1948, it was included in a collection of short stories written by Idrus, entitled Dari Ave Maria ke Jalan Lain ke Roma (From Ave Maria to Another Way to Rome), published by Balai Pustaka. "Surabaya" was poorly received at the time of its publication; Idrus was cast aside by mainstream writers, who did not view the work as satire and instead branded him a counterrevolutionary. Satires were not published again in Indonesia until after the revolution, when writers such as Mochtar Lubis, Utuy Sontani, and Prijana Winduwinata – upset over the political leadership's perceived unwillingness to fulfill their promises – began using the technique again.
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According to state-owned Mashregh News, which is close to Iran's presidential office, Derakhshan was convicted on charges of cooperation with hostile countries (a reference to the Israel visit), spreading propaganda against the ruling establishment, promotion of counterrevolutionary groups and insulting Islamic thought and religious figures. On December 9, Derakhshan was released for two days on a bail of $1.5m (£950,000) On May 6, 2011, Derakhshan updated his Facebook profile and photos, and added a one line status update of "On a very short leave from Evin". In June 2011, Derakhshan's family said that the Iranian appeals court has upheld his conviction. In October 2013, Derakhshan's sentence was reduced from 19.5 years to 17 years, as a result of the Supreme Leader's pardoning for Eid al-Fitr.
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Members of the presidium of VCheKa (left to right) Yakov Peters, Józef Unszlicht, Abram Belenky (standing), Felix Dzerzhinsky, Vyacheslav Menzhinsky, 1921 In the first month and half after the October Revolution (1917), the duty of "extinguishing the resistance of exploiters" was assigned to the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee (or PVRK). It represented a temporary body working under directives of the Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom) and Central Committee of RDSRP(b). The VRK created new bodies of government, organized food delivery to cities and the Army, requisitioned products from bourgeoisie, and sent its emissaries and agitators into provinces. One of its most important functions was the security of revolutionary order, and the fight against counterrevolutionary activity (see: Anti-Soviet agitation).
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Bat-Ochiryn Eldev-Ochir (; 1905–1937) was a prominent political figure in early years of the Mongolian People's Republic who, between 1928 and 1937, was one of three secretaries of the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP). He served as the party's First Secretary from 1929 to 1930 and again for a month in 1932. As party leader, Eldev-Ochir pushed for rapid implementation of socialist policies (forced collectivization and property confiscation) during the “Leftist” period of the early 1930s, led the persecution of institutional Buddhism in Mongolia, and backed Soviet-sponsored purges of counterrevolutionary elements, particularly Buryat-Mongols, during the Lkhümbe affair in 1934-1935. He died in 1937 after being injured in a car accident.
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Renouveau français (literally "French renewal") is a French far-right ultranationalist political party affiliated with the European National Front, founded in November 2005. Renouveau français politically defines itself as nationalist, Catholic and "counterrevolutionary"—in this case, reactionary opposition to the principles of the French Revolution of 1789. Nevertheless, the organisation has a tricolour logoa stylised white fleur-de-lis on blue and red background ; the three colours are one of the most prominent symbols of the French Revolution and claims to defend the "French nation".The concept of France as a "nation" was one of the advances introduced by the French Revolution, but members of Renouveau français claim that it dates back to the baptism of Clovis I in 496.
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Chai recalled that after the CCP announced the imposition of martial law, intense disagreement over staying or leaving the square and a shift of intentions among student leaders put her into a dilemma, but she finally decided to call for an evacuation of the square when PLA troops advanced.Ling Chai, A Heart for Freedom, 191. Chai claims that infantry, tank crewmen and machine guns were shooting randomly at the unarmed citizens in the square; thousands of innocent lives were sacrificed as the price of showing up in the square on the night of June 4, 1989.Ling Chai, A Heart for Freedom, 192. The CCP labeled her a “counterrevolutionary rioter” and the most-wanted female fugitive after the protest was violently crushed.
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The old demands that Lenin had defended in 1917 were now considered counterrevolutionary and dangerous to the Soviet government controlled by the Bolsheviks. The following day, March 1, about fifteen thousand people attended a large assembly convened by the local Soviet in Ancla square. The authorities tried to appease the spirit of the crowd by sending Mikhail Kalinin, chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) as a speaker, while Zinoviev did not dare to go to the island. But the attitude of the present crowd, which demanded free elections for the soviets, freedom of speech and the press for leftist anarchists and socialists, and all workers and peasants, freedom of assembly, suppression of political sections in the army, was soon apparent.
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The government had serious problems with the regular troops sent to suppress the uprising - having to resort to using cadets and agents of Cheka. The direction of the military plans was in the hands of the highest Bolshevik leaders, who had to return from the 10th Party Congress being held in Moscow to head operations. The rebel's claim to initiate a "third revolution" that resumed the ideals of 1917 and ended the Bolshevik government's mischief posed a great threat to the Bolshevik government, which could undermine popular support for the party and split it into a large group. To avoid such a possibility, the government needed to make any revolt seem counterrevolutionary, which explains its uncompromising stance with Kronstadt and the campaign against the rebels.
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Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997. In Mayer's opinion, in 1914 Britain was on the verge of civil war and massive industrial unrest, Italy had been rocked by the Red Week of June 1914, France and Germany were faced with ever-increasing political strife, Russia was facing a huge strike wave, and Austria-Hungary was confronted with rising ethnic and class tensions. Mayer insists that liberalism was disintegrating in face of the challenge from the extreme right and left in Britain, France and Italy, while being a non-existent force in Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia. Mayer ended his essay by arguing that World War I should be best understood as a pre- emptive "counterrevolutionary" strike by ruling elites in Europe to preserve their power.
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Following his Cuba service, he became a member of the China Relief Expedition (1900–1901), then an instructor and assistant professor of chemistry at West Point (1901–1906). Following this academic stint, he was then assigned a billet as governor of Lanao District on Mindanao in the Philippines (1906–1908).University of Malaya, Tenggara magazine, Issues 36–37, 1996, page 133 Upon return from Far East Service, he was a student at the United States Army Command and General Staff College.Sam Charles Sarkesian, America's Forgotten Wars: The Counterrevolutionary Past and Lessons for the Future, 1984, page 129 After graduating he was assigned to the War Department General Staff under the command of the then-Army Chief of Staff Leonard Wood (1908–1910).
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It attempted to convince the people—and sometimes the government—of North Vietnam of the existence of an autonomous, non-communist society within North Vietnam. Creating and promulgating the "legend" of the SSPL required U.S. Special Forces to build on PSYWAR techniques established by the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) during World War II. Some historians believe the SSPL managed to divert the attention of North Vietnamese officials enough to justify its expenses and manpower. However, the program is not known for any particularly noteworthy successes and it suffered from a lack of direction regarding its ultimate goals. Recurring disagreements between some military leaders in Vietnam and policymakers in Washington kept the program from ever becoming an actual counterrevolutionary force within North Vietnam.
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Cooperation in the military field was probably the most extensive, with logistics, training, and communications largely supplied by Vietnam throughout the 1970s and 1980s (heavy ordnance and aircraft were provided by the Soviet Union). The phrase "special relations" came into general use by both parties after 1976, and in July 1977, the signing of the twentyfive -year Lao-Vietnamese Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation legitimised the stationing of Vietnamese army troops in Laos for its protection against hostile or counterrevolutionary neighbours. Another element of co-operation involved hundreds of Vietnamese advisers who mentored their Laotian counterparts in virtually all the ministries in Vientiane. Hundreds of LPRP stalwarts and technicians studied in institutes of Marxism- Leninism or technical schools in Hanoi.
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He was a co-author of the Eisenacher program of the LDPD. Esch wrote several editorials for the Norddeutsche Zeitung, the newspaper of the Liberal-Democrats in Mecklenburg, in which he applied for the Separation of powers, individual civil and political rights and the abolition of the death penalty. Esch caused a controversy with his dictum: "A Chinese liberal is more affiliated to me than a German communist". Esch was imprisoned by the Soviet NKVD on October 18, 1949 together with 12 other young Liberals and sentenced to death by a Soviet Military tribunal for "counterrevolutionary activities" in July 1950, he was transferred to Moscow, where the sentence was approved and executed at the Lubyanka prison on July 24, 1951.
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Kỳ and Thi's role in putting down the coup attempt gave them more leverage in Saigon's military politics. Indebted to Kỳ, Thi, and the youthful clique of officers dubbed the Young Turks for helping him stay in power, Khánh was now in a weaker position. Kỳ's group called on Khánh to remove "corrupt, dishonest and counterrevolutionary" officers, civil servants and "exploitationists", and threatened to remove him if he did not enact their proposed reforms, as "the people and the armed forces will be compelled to make a second revolution". This was interpreted as a thinly veiled warning to Khánh that the younger officers were intent on holding significant power through the military apparatus, contrary to any plans for civilian rule.
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298-299, p. 316. After 1936, in response to the rise of the Popular Front, many previous French fascists and others who were counterrevolutionary, Catholic, traditionalist and reactionary crossed over to La Rocque's PSF. This was also true of some democratic conservatives who had previously viewed La Rocque with repugnance but who were now willing to overlook the many anti- democratic statements and paramilitary threats to overthrow the government that he had made before 1936. When the new Popular Front government banned the paramilitary CF in the summer of 1936, La Rocque replaced it with the PSF, claiming that he was now a political democrat (an alleged conversion that was quickly forgotten in 1941 when he became a strong supporter of the Vichy regime).
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On 18 November 1917, Purishkevich was arrested by the Red Guards for his participation in a counterrevolutionary conspiracy after the discovery of a letter sent by him to General Aleksei Maksimovich Kaledin in which he urged the Cossack leader to come and restore order in Petrograd.Andrew Kalpaschnikoff, A Prisoner of Trotsky's, 1920 He became the first person to be tried in the Smolny Institute by the first Revolutionary Tribunal. He was condemned to eleven months of 'public work' and four years of imprisonment with obligatory community service, and won the admiration of his fellow prisoners in the Fortress of St Peter and St Paul by his courageous bearing.Irene Zohrab, "The Liberals among the forces of the Revolution: from the unpublished papers of Harold W. Williams".
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The Ansoffs lived in Vladivostok until the US Embassy closed in 1924, whereupon they returned to Moscow, with Ansoff, Sr., now a Soviet citizen. They travelled the 9,000 km (5592.3 mi) on the Trans-Siberian Railway, crossing Siberia in the middle of winter in a place where temperatures of -35 Celsius (-31 Fahrenheit) are common. The cattle cars of the trans-siberian were heated by coal burning stoves and the occupants slept on straw laid out on timber bunks. With his father's American origin and his mother's "capitalist" background (her father had owned a small samovar factory in the town of Tula some hundred miles south of Moscow), the Ansoffs were suspected members of the bourgeoisie, a group assumed to harbor "counterrevolutionary" hopes and tendencies.
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Agro-Joint workers and the doctors it had helped to resettle soon became targets for Stalinist purges under the so-called National Operations of the NKVD. Operational Order No. 00439, entitled “On the Arrest of German Subjects Suspected of Espionage against the USSR” was issued on July 25, 1937, and mandated the arrest of current and former German citizens who had taken up Soviet citizenship. Later in the year, the order was expanded to include other ethnic Germans suspected of collaborating or spying for Germany. Initially, 15 refugee doctors from Crimea and Chelyabinsk were arrested and accused of "collaboration with a counterrevolutionary organization". They were alleged to have received from Agro-Joint “a special assignment to organize acts of bacteriological diversion on a territory of the USSR”.
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He was banished and recalled four times by different regimes, never arrested, succeeding each time in regaining official favour. In a long and eventful career, he was successively a monarchist deputy during the Revolution and under the Directoire, an exile during the Terror, a deputy under Napoleon, Minister of the Interior to Louis XVIII and eventually, at the end of his political career, a simple ultra-royalist deputy. He is remembered now for the fiery eloquence of his speeches, and for his controversial reorganisation of the Académie française in 1816 while Minister of the Interior. A man of order, he was a moderate supporter of the Revolution of 1789 and ended his political life under the Restoration as a radical counterrevolutionary.
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Interview with Stanisław Karolkiewicz He was charged of counterrevolutionary activities, but, unlike other prisoners (see: Katyń massacre), he was not shot. Kept in the prison in Brzesc, he was released in June 1941, when the Wehrmacht seized the city (see: Operation Barbarossa). Under German occupation, Karolkiewicz did not change his stance and became commandant of the Directorate of Sabotage and Diversion of the Białystok area. Then, he joined underground forces in Szczuczyn and was the commandant of the 1943 Polish underground raid on East Prussia, which took place on 15 August 1943. After the raid, Karolkiewicz and his men got to the Naliboki Forest, to join units of Wilno’s Home Army district and to take part in the Operation Tempest (summer 1944).
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The other goal of their agenda was to arrange the meeting with the Patriarch in an effort to end what they saw as counterrevolutionary activity on the part of the church. They typed up an appeal at the Military-Revolutionary Council which was certified by Trotsky’s personal secretary and, on May 12, distributed by Stalin to the Politburo, which approved it - in fact, the only type-written archival copy was signed by Stalin, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Molotov, Mikhail Tomsky, and Aleksey Rykov.Roslof, p. 54 The same evening of the Politburo meeting, Vvedensky with several other renovationist priests confronted Patriarch Tikhon, at that time under his house arrest, with evidence that his anti-Soviet activities were leading to chaos in the Church.
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Director Chen Kaige told Asian Week in an interview that he first got the idea for Together after watching a TV documentary on a father and his musical prodigy child from the provinces. Chen said he was struck by the father and son's aspirations of upward mobility that would never have existed in China before the economic reforms. This phenomenon of a "new Cultural Revolution" reminded Chen of his experience during the Cultural Revolution in the 1960s, when he was forced to denounce his own father, Chen Huaikai, a filmmaker who was labelled counterrevolutionary. Those sad memories prompted Chen to want to "make a very happy film", in Chen's words, because "being Chinese isn't all misery and very dark moments".
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The Estonian Government, faced with a Bolshevik advance, accepted to take the White force into its territory and supply it, in exchange for passing under its control, and this despite the ideological difference between the independence fighters of Tallinn and the Russian White Movement. Under pressure from the British gen. Gough who promised to arrange for Estonian and British military assistance in advance on Petrograd, Nikolai N. Yudenich formed a Government of Northwestern Region of Russia encompassing Petrograd, Novgorod and Pskov governorates that officially recognised Estonian independence. Together with the Finnish counterrevolutionary forces of Mannerheim, the Estonians and the Northern Corps were able to stop the advance of the Bolsheviks and to launch a counteroffensive in which they took Pskov and Yamburg in May 1919.
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In the wake of the French Revolution of 1789, Thomas Paine wrote The Rights of Man (1791) as a response to Burke's counterrevolutionary essay Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), itself an attack on Richard Price's sermon that kicked off the so-called "pamphlet war" known as the Revolution Controversy. Mary Wollstonecraft, another supporter of Price, soon followed with A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. They encouraged mass support for democratic reform along with rejection of the monarchy, aristocracy and all forms of privilege. Different strands of the movement developed, with middle class "reformers" aiming to widen the franchise to represent commercial and industrial interests and towns without parliamentary representation, while "Popular radicals" drawn from the middle class and from artisans agitated to assert wider rights including relieving distress.
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Towards the late 1980s, she became highly critical of the subsequent trajectory of the German Green Party, which she described as counterrevolutionary, hierarchical, and nepotistic; she left the Greens in 1991. As a candidate on an international list of the Greek Left- wing party New Left Current during the 1999 European elections, she ran a campaign critical of the military German and NATO involvement in the Kosovo War, but did not win enough votes to win a seat in the European Parliament. In 2000, she co-founded the minor German party Ecological Left, of which she remains a member and on whose ticket she won a seat in the city parliament of Frankfurt in 2001 and 2011. In 2007, she published a biography of the Red Army Faction member Ulrike Meinhof.
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Alexander Kerenksy, head of the Provisional Government, led a crackdown on those involved with the events of the July Days and overthrow of the Provisional Government. The military was used to gather and arrest violent demonstrators, retake government buildings from Bolshevik forces, and dissolve military units that had participated in the attempted overthrow. The Provisional Government also attempted to undermine Lenin and his party by revealing their investigation of his ties to Germany, Russia's enemy during World War I. These combined actions would quell the Bolshevik uprising and support until August 1917 (Julian). The reinstatement of the death penalty for soldiers, and Kerensky transferring the Provisional Government into the Winter Palace were among the actions that led to accusations of counterrevolutionary activity (reestablishment of autocratic government) by the Provisional Government.
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In 1961, the U.S. government backed an armed counterrevolutionary assault on the Bay of Pigs with the aim of ousting Castro, but the counterrevolutionaries were swiftly defeated by the Cuban military. The U.S. Embargo against Cuba – the longest- lasting single foreign policy in American history – is still in force as of 2020, although it underwent a partial loosening during the Obama Administration, only to be strengthened in 2017 under Trump. The U.S. began efforts to normalize relations with Cuba in the mid-2010s, and formally reopened its embassy in Havana after over half a century in August 2015. The Trump administration has reversed much of the Cuban Thaw by severely restricting travel by US citizens to Cuba and tightening the US government's 62-year-old embargo against the country.
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About this time she says: Cuza Malé was arrested on 20 March 1971, following the recital given by Padilla in the Union of Writers, where he had read Provocaciones. Both were accused of "counterrevolutionary activities" against the government, but she was only held incommunicado for three days in the barracks of Villa Marista (Padilla was held for 37) and participated in the self-denouncement meeting held at the Union of Writers when her husband was released. Her book Juego de damas was the third which received mention for the Casa de las Américas Prize (in 1968), an excerpt of which appeared in the anthology 8 poetas. In 1971, the already-published collection of poems from the Union of Writers and Artists of Cuba was destroyed due to the arrest of Cuza Malé and Padilla.
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After defending his candidate thesis on the topic "The Marxist-Leninist theory of reflection and criticism of physiological idealism" in 1937 he was appointed head of the Department of Philosophy at Rostov University. In 1948 he defended his doctor thesis on the topic "Problems of the formation of general concepts" and became a professor.Михаил Гонтмахер «Евреи на Донской земле» He was arrested during the Campaign against cosmopolitanism in 1949, was expelled from the Communist Party "for the anti-Party activity, which was alien to the interests of the Bolshevik Party and the Soviet people, expressed in propaganda of the ideology of bourgeois cosmopolitanism, counterrevolutionary Trotskyism and right opportunism in his works." In 1950, he was sentenced to 10 years of forced labor camps (in 1954 he was released, rehabilitated, and returned to his previous work).
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Avakian led the faction that rejected what they considered a counterrevolutionary coup against Mao's allies, and the split left him as undisputed leader of the remainder of the RCP. In January 1979 Avakian and 78 other Party members and supporters were arrested and charged with various crimes in connection to a militant protest against Deng Xiaoping's visit to the White House. Seventeen demonstrators, including Avakian, were charged with multiple felonies which would carry a combined sentence of up to 241 years. After the RCP and its supporters waged a mass campaign for political, legal, and other support for the defendants, the charges were dropped in 1982, by which time Party leadership had decided to go into exile, with Avakian applying for political asylum in France, where he remained for many years.
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Barnouin and Yu 49 Mao's efforts soon developed into a ruthless campaign driven by paranoia and aimed not only at KMT spies, but at anyone with an ideological outlook different from Mao's. Suspects were commonly tortured until they confessed to their crimes and accused others of crimes, and wives and relatives who inquired of those being tortured were themselves arrested and tortured even more severely. Mao's attempts to purge the Red Army of those who might potentially oppose him led Mao to accuse Chen Yi, the commander and political commissar of the Jiangxi Military Region, as a counterrevolutionary, provoking a violent reaction against Mao's persecutions that became known as the "Futian Incident" in January 1931. Mao was eventually successful in subduing the Red Army, reducing its numbers from forty thousand to less than ten thousand.
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It turned out later that the success of the operation was neither final nor decisive, as in September 1986 the Soviet Union's official information agency TASS reported an accomplishment of another operation against "counterrevolutionary gangs in Herat Province". According to the report, Kabul forces located a great number of weapon- and ammunition stashes which were destroyed without casualties. According to the memoirs of General A.A. Lyakhovsky: "During the Afghan War (1979-1989), the armed opposition formations in the border areas were equipped with large trans-shipment bases: Marulgad, Rabati-Jali, Shinarai, KOKARI-SHARSHARI, Javara, Lmarchhouse, Angurkot, Khodjamulk, Mianpushta, Anandara, Chagali , Tangiseidan, they were also the base areas at the same time ... "- General AA. Lyakhovsky "Tragedy and valor of Afghanistan". The fortified base Kokari-Sharshari was built in 1984.
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This, Valentinov maintained, was behind Lenin's utter rejection empirio-criticism as a form of subjective idealism. Valentinov objected to this critique, since in his view empirio-criticism was designed to overcome the metaphysical dichotomy of idealism and realism.The basic idea of empirio-criticism was that the question whether objects are constituted by the mind in some way (idealism) or exist independently of any mind (realism) is a piece of unverifiable and therefore meaningless metaphysics; what objects are is determined by empirical science, and science relies on sense data whose ontological status is undetermined or 'neutral'. For Lenin, the dispute had not merely philosophical but political implications: empirio-criticism was a form of petty bourgeois ideology that not only threatened the philosophical purity of Marxism but would also, in time, reveal its objectively counterrevolutionary political consequences.
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Alpha 66 had multiple founders including Eloy Gutiérrez Menoyo, who had served twenty years in a Cuban prison for counterrevolutionary activities, and Antonio Veciana. Early on, some members of Alpha 66 also partook in the United States-sponsored Volunteer Program, which allowed Cuban exiles to form all-Cuban military units within the United States Army. Additionally, members of Alpha 66 received limited funding and training from the CIA; however, this support did not last. The CIA found that it had little control over the actions of Alpha 66 and, in many cases, Alpha 66 carried out operations without the CIA's approval or consultation, leading to the CIA ending its involvement with the group, which in turn caused many Alpha 66 members to become disillusioned with the United States government for its lack of support.
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After immediately entering communication with the surviving Sisters of the congregation, Mother Catherine was arrested, along with 24 other Catholics, in August 1933. In what the NKVD called "The Case of the Counterrevolutionary Terrorist-Monarchist Organization", Mother Catherine stood accused of plotting to assassinate Joseph Stalin, overthrow the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and restore the House of Romanov as a constitutional monarchy in concert with "international fascism" and "Papal theocracy". It was further alleged that the organization planned for the restoration of Capitalism and for collective farms to be broken up and returned to their former owners among the Russian nobility and the kulaks. The NKVD alleged that the organization was directed by Pope Pius XI, Bishop Pie Neveu, and the Vatican's Congregation for Eastern Churches.
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Trotsky also intentionally withdrew Red Army troops from their positions on the southern front, allowing Tsarist Cossack forces to overrun the southern Ukraine. At first, Makhno and the Black Army retreated, followed by a caravan of Ukrainian refugees. Attacking again, Makhno's forces surprised General Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel's counterrevolutionary regiments in southern Ukraine, capturing 4,000 prisoners and stores of weapons and munitions, and preventing Wrangel from seizing that year's grain harvest in Ukraine.Berland, Pierre, Mhakno, Le Temps, 28 August 1934: In addition to supplying White Army forces and their sympathizers with food, a successful seizure of the 1920 Ukrainian grain harvest would have had a devastating effect on food supplies to Bolshevik-held cities, while depriving both Red Army and Ukrainian Black Army troops of their usual bread rations.
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Since assuming power in 1948, KSČ had one of the largest per capita membership rolls in the communist world (11 percent of the entire population). The membership roll was often alleged by party ideologues to contain a large component of inactive, opportunistic, and "counterrevolutionary" elements. These charges were used on two occasions, between 1948 and 1950 and again from 1969 to 1971, as a pretext to conduct massive purges of the membership. In the first case, during the great Stalinist purges, nearly 1 million members were removed; in the wake of the Prague Spring and subsequent invasion, about half that number either resigned or were purged from KSČ. Purges following the 1968 invasion hit especially the Czechs, the youth and the blue-collar workers, as well as the intelligentsia within the party membership.
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The Spanish Constitution of 1856 was also known as the "unborn (non nata)", a Republican attempt at reform, because although it was passed by parliament, it was never implemented due to the "counterrevolutionary coup" of General Leopoldo O'Donnell that ended the progressive regime. As a consequence of enacting an illegal constitution Isabella II of Spain decreed the closure the constituent assembly elected in 1854. The document was therefore officially declared a merely a failed draft project although technically it was a valid constitution. It is important as it collected together the ideas of progressive liberal ideology and anticipated some of the ideas developed later by the Spanish Constitution of 1869 which ended the autocratic regime of Isabella and put he more democratic Amadeo I of Spain on the throne.
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The first collaborative work by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to feature the term lumpenproletariat is The German Ideology, written in 1845–46. They used it to describe the plebs (plebeians) of ancient Rome who were midway between freemen and slaves, never becoming more than a "proletarian rabble [lumpenproletariat]" and Max Stirner's "self-professed radical constituency of the Lumpen or ragamuffin." The first work written solely by Marx to mention the term was an article published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in November 1848 which described the lumpenproletariat as a "tool of reaction" in the revolutions of 1848 and as a "significant counterrevolutionary force throughout Europe." Engels wrote in The Peasant War in Germany (1850) that the lumpenproletariat is a "phenomenon that occurs in a more or less developed form in all the so far known phases of society".
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Agreement Facsimile Since the agreement included strong notes of nationalism with a potential of future border disputes which could jeopardize relations between Albania and Yugoslavia, it was considered counterrevolutionary by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, whose delegate Svetozar Vukmanović-Tempo exerted considerable influence over the Albanian communists. Consequently, the agreement was formally denounced several days later in a meeting of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Albania in Labinot, repeated during the second Conference of the National Liberation Movement still in Labinot one month later. The agreement would be criticized as "a betrayal of the people and revolution" and "against the fundamental principles of the Conference of Pezë". After failure of the agreement, Balli Kombëtar chose to openly collaborate with the Germans after the capitulation of Italy, while the Communist Party of Albania continued to fight alongside the Yugoslav Partisans.
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Trotsky presented alleged French press articles announcing the revolt two weeks before its outbreak, as proof that the rebellion was a plan devised by the emigre and the forces of the Entente. Lenin adopted the same strategy to accuse the rebels a few days later at the 10th Party Congress. Despite the intransigence of the government and the willingness of the authorities to crush the revolt by force, many communists advocated the reforms demanded by the sailors and preferred a negotiated resolution to end the conflict. In reality, the initial attitude of the Petrograd government was not as uncompromising as it seemed; Kalinin himself assumed that the demands were acceptable and should undergo only a few changes, while the local Petrograd Soviet tried to appeal to the sailors by saying that they had been misled by certain counterrevolutionary agents.
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Fearful of justifying the Bolshevik's accusations, the leaders of the rebellion did not attack the revolutionary symbols and were very careful to not accept any help that might relate them in any way to the emigrants or counterrevolutionary forces. The rebels did not demand the demise of the Bolshevik party, but a reform to eliminate its strong authoritarian and bureaucratic tendency that had grown during the civil war, an opinion held by some opposing currents within the party itself. The rebels maintained that the party had departed from the people and sacrificed its democratic and egalitarian ideals to remain in power. The Kronstadt seamen remained true to the ideals of 1917, arguing that the Soviets should be free from the control of any party and that all leftist tendencies could participate without restriction, guaranteeing the civil rights of the workers.
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The second act opens with warm and reflective music culminating in Pat Nixon's tender aria "This is prophetic". The main focus of the act, however, is the Chinese revolutionary opera-ballet, The Red Detachment of Women, "a riot of clashing styles" according to Tommasini, reminiscent of agitprop theatre with added elements of Strauss waltzes, blasts of jazz and 1930s Stravinsky. The internal opera is followed by a monologue, "I am the wife of Mao Tse-tung" in which Chiang Ch'ing, Mao's wife, rails against counterrevolutionary elements in full coloratura soprano mode that culminates in a high D, appropriate for a character who in real life was a former actress given to self-dramatization. Critic Thomas May notes that, in the third act, her "pose as a power-hungry Queen of the Night gives way to wistful regret".
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Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 210 Those who profited from public property were "enemies of the people."Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p197 By the late 1930s, all "enemies" were lumped together in art as supporters of historical idiocy.Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p210 Newspapers reported even on the trial of children as young as ten for counterrevolutionary and fascist behavior.Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p233 During the Holodomor, the starving peasants were denounced as saboteurs, all the more dangerous in that their gentle and inoffensive appearance made them appear innocent; the deaths were only proof that peasants hated socialism so much they were willing to sacrifice their families and risk their lives to fight it.
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All over China during the Cultural Revolution, provincial and municipal governments were replaced by organizations known as Revolutionary Committees (alliances of cadres, soldiers and student/worker groups) to take charge of governing the country and cleansing it from "counterrevolutionary forces" and "reactionary elements". With orders from the top leadership to "find and capture those in power walking the capitalist road," almost all incumbent party and government officials became vulnerable to attacks from Red Guard organizations - not owing to their ideological disposition but solely as a result of their incumbency. However, "capitalist roader" was a nebulous label that could be liberally applied to anyone perceived to be counter to the revolutionary spirit. Various mass organizations around the country took advantage of this chaotic backdrop and seized the opportunity to overthrow incumbent power figures with whom they may have carried other, unrelated grievances.
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Starting with Gar Alperovitz in his influential Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (1965), revisionists have focused on the United States decision to use atomic weapons against Hiroshima and Nagasaki during the last days of World War II. In their belief, the nuclear bombing of Nagasaki and Hiroshima in effect started the Cold War. According to Alperovitz, the bombs were used not against an already-defeated Japan to win the war, but to intimidate the Soviets by signaling that the United States would use nuclear weapons to stop Soviet expansion, though they failed to do so. New Left historians Joyce and Gabriel Kolko's The Limits of Power: The World and U.S. Foreign Policy, 1945–1954 (1972) has also received considerable attention in the historiography on the Cold War. The Kolkos argued American policy was both reflexively anticommunist and counterrevolutionary.
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Baháʼís are considered apostates by the Shi'a clergy because of their claim to a valid religious revelation subsequent to that of Mohammed. The Baháʼí Faith is defined by the Government as a political "sect," historically linked to the Pahlavi regime and, hence, counterrevolutionary, even though one of the tenets of the Baháʼí Faith is non-involvement in partisan politics. Baháʼís may not teach or practice their faith or maintain links with coreligionists abroad. The fact that the Baháʼí world headquarters (established by the founder of the Baháʼí Faith in the 19th century, in what was then Ottoman-controlled Palestine) is situated in what is now the state of Israel, allows the Iranian government to charge the Baháʼís with "espionage on behalf of Zionism," in particular when caught communicating with or sending monetary contributions to the Baháʼí headquarters.
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Ahmet Tevfik Pasha's first period of office as grand vizier was one of the direct outcomes of the failed counterrevolutionary 31 March Incident (which actually occurred on 13 April) in 1909. When the absolutists declared the countercoup, they demanded and received the resignation of the previous grand vizier Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha. Although their preferred replacement was not Ahmet Tevfik Pasha, his appointment at least fulfilled their demands for the removal of Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha.Necati Çavdar, Siyasi Denge Unsuru Olarak 31 Mart Vakasında Ahmet Tevfik Paşa Hükümeti, History Studies, Samsun, Mart 2011 Ahmet Tevfik Pasha, who had only reluctantly taken up the post at the urging of the pro-absolutist sultan Abdul Hamid II, formed a government made up of mostly non-partisan and neutral members and took precautions to limit the growth of violence that had begun in Istanbul and Adana.
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A painting of the assault on Corral fort Self-governing juntas appeared in Spanish America and Spain after Napoleon occupied Spain and held the Spanish king Fernando VII captive. Many juntas, as was the case of Chile, declared plans to rule their territory in the absence of the legitimate king. At the time of the first governing junta of Chile in 1810 the Valdivian governor, an Irishman, Albert Alexander Eagar, led the celebration of what was seen as an affirmation of the legitimacy of the Spanish king. However, Valdivian independentists, such as Camilo Henríquez, saw an opportunity to gain absolute independence from Spain, organized a coup on 1 November 1811, and joined other Chilean cities that were already revolting against the old order. Four months after the coup, on 16 March 1812 a counterrevolutionary coup took control of the city and created a War Council.
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The Tiananmen Incident ( or the April 5 Tiananmen Incident) was a mass gathering and protest that took place on 5 April 1976, at Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China. The incident occurred on the traditional day of mourning, the Qingming Festival, after the Nanjing Incident, and was triggered by the death of Premier Zhou Enlai earlier that year. Some people strongly disapproved of the removal of the displays of mourning, and began gathering in the Square to protest against the central authorities, then largely under the auspices of the Gang of Four, who ordered the Square to be cleared. The event was labeled as counterrevolutionary immediately after its occurrence by the Communist Party's Central Committee and served as a gateway to the dismissal and house arrest of then–Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping, who was accused of planning the event, while he insisted that he came to Tiananmen Square only for a haircut.
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In June 1989, she organized, the 1. Potsdamer Pfingsbergfest, a public gathering at which the Stasi counted 3000 visitors from all over the GDR, together with Wieland Eschenburg and Matthias Platzeck. She used administrative loopholes to circumvent a prohibition of the assembly. During the gathering, oppositional groups distributed information leaflets. A poster by graphic artist Bob Bahra and an information leaflet published by ARGUS helped to stop the demolition of Potsdam’s baroque city center, which had been planned by the leadership of the SED (Socialist Unity Party of Germany). Because of her active role at Pfingstbergfest and other events that were critical of the system, Stabe was dismissed from the teaching profession in July 1989, for reasons of “counterrevolutionary activities”. On October 7, 1989 she organized, together with Matthias Platzeck, the second GDR-wide meeting. 124 representatives of environmental groups followed an ARGUS invitation to Potsdam’s Cultural Association.
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In 2006, The Committee to Protect Journalists named it the seventh most censored nation in the world, and the 2011 Freedom of the Press report of the press NGO Freedom House named it the most censored country in the Americas. As a journalist unaligned with the government, Díaz Hernández reportedly suffered repeated threats and harassment, including an "acto de repudio" ("act of repudiation") in which he was subjected to public criticism for his "counterrevolutionary" views. In 1997, he was briefly detained by police, and the following year, he was attacked in the street following a meeting of independent journalists. On 18 January 1999, Díaz Hernández was arrested, and in a trial the following day, convicted of "dangerousness", defined by the Cuban penal code as "the special proclivity of a person to commit crimes as demonstrated by behaviour that manifestly contradicts the norms of socialist morals".
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In the years leading up to the July Revolution of 1830, Julien Sorel lives in Paris as an employee of the de la Mole family. Despite his sophistication and intellect, Julien is condescended to as an uncouth plebeian by the de la Moles and their friends. Meanwhile, Julien is acutely aware of the materialism and hypocrisy that permeate the Parisian elite and that the counterrevolutionary temper of the time renders it impossible for even well-born men of superior intellect and аеsthetic sensibility to participate in the nation's public affairs. Julien accompanies the Marquis de la Mole to a secret meeting, then is dispatched on a dangerous mission to communicate a letter from memory to the Duc d'Angoulême, who is exiled in England; but the callow Julien is distracted by an unrequited love affair and learns the message only by rote, missing its political significance as part of a legitimist plot.
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In the face of persecution and a lack of support in the countryside, the Social Democrats decided not to stand for election, which the progressive parties still won. The Social Democrats had remained in government only because of the country's grave situation and with the aim of moderating counterrevolutionary tendencies, but on 18 December 1919, they had been about to withdraw their ministers from the cabinet, which they eventually did the following month, on 15 January, before the political trials, electoral irregularities and the attack on the printing press of the party. The January elections gave a small majority to the Party of Smallholders, contrary to the Habsburgs and against the Christian National Union Party, monarchic and favourable to the dynasty. The result augured a future crisis between both tendencies, despite the disinterest of the majority of the population who were impoverished by the condition of the state.
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Murafa's daughter Silvia (right) with Mateevici's daughter Nina at a skating rink in Chișinău, 1932 On August 20, 1917, Simeon G. Murafa was attending a picnic at the Chișinău vineyard owned by engineer Andrei Constantin Hodorogea, when a mob of soldiers, which Halippa would later claim were Bolsheviks, stormed in. They identified the owner and guests as "counterrevolutionary" politicians, and surrounded them menacingly. According to one account, a shooting ensued, probably after Hodorogea asked his aggressors to stop tearing out grapes and littering. Murafa was hit in the chest, and the attackers used their bayonets to kill Hodorogea, who was trying to offer him medical attention. Ilie Gulca, "Ce are PCRM cu Murafa și Hodorogea", in Jurnal de Chișinău, October 3, 2013 Another eyewitness account states places notes that Murafa and Hodorogea were murdered at bayonet by "three well-armed Russian soldiers", after having made efforts to appease them.
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The communist leaders quickly negotiated with Germany the treaty of Brest-Litovsk which took Russia out of the war and allowed the Central Powers to concentrate their resources on the Western Front. This development left the Czech Legion—some 40,000 strong—stranded in Russia with hostile forces separating it from its still oppressed homeland. Allied leaders hoped to use these dedicated and highly disciplined fighting men to bolster their own embattled troops on the western front and encouraged the Czechs to move east on the Trans-Siberian Railroad to Vladivostok where they could be embarked in transports for passage to France. However, before this could be accomplished, the Czechs, who had tried to remain aloof from Russia's internal struggles, incurred the hostility and opposition of the Bolsheviks and found themselves involuntarily embroiled in the Russian Civil War as something of a rallying point for various counterrevolutionary forces.
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MacFarquhar & Schoenhals, p. 303 It was also more generally the case that those condemned in the movement were attacked for financial reasons rather than their political views or actions- for example, in Zhabei in Shanghai, only 6% of all cases in the movement were for political reasons. The crackdowns on unsavoury elements in the cities were periodic and therefore known as 'red typhoons'.MacFarquhar & Schoenhals, p. 304 In Shanghai, under the guidance of Wang Hongwen, these 'red typhoons' occurred on average every two months, and involved the mass mobilisation of thousands of police and militia to undertake raids across the city, in the hope of uncovering evidence of 'counterrevolutionary activity'. The ambiguous nature of the wording of the original orders from Zhou Enlai and Mao also meant that in Shanghai (and elsewhere) any small crime could be quickly made into a crime against the 'people'.
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A painting of the assault on Corral fort Friar Camilo Henríquez born in Valdivia was one of the founding fathers of the Republic of Chile Self-governing juntas appeared in Spanish America and Spain after Napoleon occupied Spain and held the Spanish king Fernando VII captive. Many juntas, as was the case of Chile, declared plans to rule their territory in the absence of the legitimate king. At the time of the first governing junta of Chile in 1810 the Valdivian governor, an Irishman, Albert Alexander Eagar, led the celebration of what was seen as an affirmation of the legitimacy of the Spanish king. However, Valdivian independentists, such as Camilo Henríquez, saw an opportunity to gain absolute independence from Spain, organized a coup on 1 November 1811, and joined other Chilean cities that were already revolting against the old order. Four months after the coup, on 16 March 1812 a counterrevolutionary coup took control of the city and created a War Council.
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While Pogány dedicated himself to promotion of what one historian has called "the often impossible demands of the soldiers," he nonetheless remained for a time supportive of the policies of the left-wing government of Count Mihály Károlyi. On 13 November 1918, Gyula Károlyi's new minister of defense, Albert Bartha, decided to take on the Budapest Soldiers' Soviet head on in an attempt to bolster the sagging discipline of the army. Bartha declared that he would "no longer tolerate Soldiers' Councils," a position which greatly agitated the newly empowered soldiers. On 4 December he was forced to retreat from this position, however, when the disciplinary power of the officers was transferred to new popularly elected military tribunals.Vermes, "The October Revolution in Hungary," pg. 45. Bartha attempted to dodge this decision with the establishment of new disciplinary "flying squads," but this move was regarded as counterrevolutionary and Bartha was forced to resign on 11 December.
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The German consul in Petrograd was bombarded with letters demanding the release of individuals from countries under German protection who were swept up in the dragnet — over 1000 in all. On September 10, 1918 Bokii responded by forwarding to the Consul the text of a message he had sent to district soviets ordering the release of all citizens of nations under German protection against whom no specific evidence supporting charges of speculation or counterrevolutionary activity could be mustered. Bokii's explicit directive was largely ignored, however, and by the end of the month only about 200 out of the 1000 names provided by the Germans had been freed. Bokii's moderation with respect to the use of terror brought him into conflict with Zinoviev, who in mid-September 1918 was advancing the idea of distributing arms to the Petrograd workers and allowing them to administer mob justice against their perceived class enemies as they saw fit.
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On June 2, Deng Xiaoping and several party elders met with the three remaining Politburo Standing Committee members, Li Peng, Qiao Shi and Yao Yilin.(Chinese) Wu Renhua, "天安门广场清场命令的下达 " 《1989天安门事件二十周年祭》之五 Accessed 2013-06-30 They agreed to clear the Square so "the riot can be halted and order be restored to the Capital." At 4:30pm on June 3, the three politburo members met with Central Military Commission members Qin Jiwei, Hong Xuezhi, Liu Huaqing, Chi Haotian and Yang Baibing, PLA General Logistics chief Zhao Nanqi, Beijing Party Secretary Li Ximing, mayor Chen Xitong, State Council secretariat Luo Gan, Beijing Military Region commander Zhou Yibing and political commissar Liu Zhenhua to discuss the final steps for enforcing martial law: #The operation to quell the counterrevolutionary riot would begin at 9:00 p.m. #Military units should converge on the Square by 1:00 a.m.
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Persuading the German states and princes that were fated to lose their possessions west of the Rhine to come to terms with what amounted to massive French spoliation of German land by compensating themselves with land on the right bank became a constant objective of the French revolutionaries and later Napoleon Bonaparte. Moreover, given that the German Catholic clergy at all levels were the most implacable enemies of the "godless" Republic, and had actually provided the first cause of war between France and the Holy Roman Empire through provocative action such as allowing émigré French nobles to carry on counterrevolutionary activities from their land, the French leaders estimated that the ecclesiastical rulers and other clerics – who collectively were the ones who were losing the most on the left bank – should be excluded from any future compensation. On the other hand, the secular rulers entitled to compensation should be compensated with secularized ecclesiastical land and property located on the right bank.Gagliardo, p. 209.
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The procuratorates were established to ensure that government organs at all levels, persons in government service, and all citizens strictly observed the Common Program and the policies, directives, laws, and decrees of the people's government. They also were to investigate and prosecute counterrevolutionary and other criminal cases; to contest illegal or improper judgments rendered by judicial organs at every level; and to investigate illegal measures taken by places of detention and labor-reform organs anywhere in the country. They were to dispose of cases submitted by citizens who were dissatisfied with the decision of "no prosecution" made by the procuratorial organs of lower levels and to intervene in important civil cases and administrative legal actions affecting the national interest. The period 1949-52 was one of national integration in the wake of decades of disunity, turmoil, and war, and included efforts to bring the diverse elements of a disrupted society into line with the new political direction of the state.
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Graduating from a communist secondary school in Rostov-on-Don in 1929, Israilov entered the ranks of the Communist Party, and in 1933 he was sent to Moscow's Communist University of the Toilers of the East. As a student Israilov wrote plays and poetry, and he became a correspondent for the Moscow newspaper Krestianskaia Gazeta (Farmer's Newspaper). A couple of his articles attacked the Soviet policy in the Checheno-Ingushetia, which he described as "plundering Chechnya by the Party leadership". Although he instantly became popular with his peers, the Soviet leadership arrested him swiftly at the age of 19, on charges of "counterrevolutionary slander", and was sentenced to ten years in prison after he had written an editorial accusing certain Party officials of "looting and corruption", but after two years Israilov was released, rehabilitated, and allowed to return to his university after several of the Party members Israilov had accused were charged with corruption.
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Jesus Lava, the General Secretary of the PKP, was labelled a "counterrevolutionary revisionist", and the new leaders also attacked what they called "the gangster clique" of Pedro Taruc-Sumulong in the old people's army of the Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan (HMB), remnant of the Hukbalahap in Central Luzon. The Party issued the document of rectification, "Rectify Errors and Rebuild the Party," and promulgated the Programme for a People's Democratic Revolution and the new Party Constitution in its Congress of Reestablishment. The two communist parties deviation was clear ideologically when the Lava's PKP was supporting the Communist Party of the Soviet Union whom Sison's group considered revisionist while the latter supported the line of the Chinese Communist Party. The reestablishment was centered on a comprehensive and thoroughgoing criticism and repudiation of modern revisionism and of the leadership of the Lavas in Manila as well as the Taruc-Sumulong grouping which had usurped authority over remnants of the HMB.
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According to Faik Goulamov after the dissolution of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic in 1936 the newly formed independent Azerbaijani SSR needed a special history which would on one hand allow distancing the republic from Shiite Iran for avoid suspicions in the counterrevolutionary pan-Islamism and on the other hand to separate the Azerbaijanis from other Turkic people (in the light of the official struggle against pan-Turkism). At the same time the Azerbaijanis desperately needed proofs of their own autochthony, since being considered as a 'nation of newcomers' created a direct threat of deportations. As a result, a Chair of Azerbaijani history was established in the Faculty of History of the State University of Azerbaijan and rapid Azerbaijanization of historical heroes and preceding historical-political entities on the territory of Azerbaijan was launched. Yuri Slezkine mentions that in the self-determined republics the efforts directed at the formation of cultures of titular nations were doubled at that time.
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Maldonado was arrested on July 6, 2014, when he and his ex-wife left their home. He was detained and without communications for several days. He was reportedly held at the Vivac el Calabazar penal colony near Havana. According to one source, many observers felt that this was “yet another of the government's attempts to squelch counterrevolutionary sentiment.” Writer and photographer Orlando Luis Pardo Lazo reported on Facebook that Maldonado's mother and sister had tried to visit him, but had not been allowed to do so. Pardo Lazo also suggested that Maldonado was being targeted as an act of reprisal, and that the artist had been “denied access to everyday hygienic items such as soap, toothpaste, a towel, and a toothbrush,” and stated that, to all intents and purposes, Maldonado had “disappeared.” Other reports maintained that Maldonado’s ex-wife had been “co-opted by the Cuban political police into working against her former husband.” His imprisonment was protested by organizations such as the Ladies in White.
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In March 1922, upon order of the Central Committee Bureau of Organization, he was transferred from Belarus to Central Asia to counter the Basmachi Revolt in Fergana as Commander of the Fergana Region. From 1923 until the day of his arrest in April 1938 he worked in government institutions in Moscow, including more than 12 years (beginning in 1924) in leading positions in Narkomvneshtorg - the Ministry of Foreign Trade. During the Great Purge as a part of the so- called "Latvian Operation", in May 1938 he was arrested and convicted by the NKVD’s Counterintelligence Department on charges of "involvement in a Latvian counterrevolutionary organization" and as the cousin of Robert I. Eiche, a former member of the Central Committee (sentenced to be shot, posthumously rehabilitated in the 1950s). After sentencing he first was incarcerated in the NKVD’s Lefortovo Prison in Moscow, where during interrogations he endured beatings and torture, and then he served time in the gulags.
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It became the director's landmark work regularly listed among the greatest movies of world cinema.Is Vertigo really the greatest film of all time? by The Daily Telegraph, August 1, 2012The 50 Greatest Films of All Time by Sight & Sound, September 2012 Tarkovsky and Misharin worked on several other screenplays, including Sardor (1978) and a biographical film about Fyodor Dostoyevsky, although most of them weren't screened for various reasons described in Tarkovsky's diaries. Misharin was critical of his friend's decision to leave the country which he called a 'creative mistake' influenced by the overrated expectations of his second wife Larisa Tarkovskaya whom he described as mentally unstable and blamed for manipulating her husband.Tarkovsky was an «authorized counterrevolutionary» interview by Komsomolskaya Pravda, April 4, 2007 (in Russian) According to Misharin, Tarkovsky actually planned a divorce shortly before the emigration happened, but Larisa convinced him not only to stay with her, but also to stay in Europe.
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The Chinese Communist Party (CCP), however, stated that the students in general installed the loudspeakers illegally, and that a small minority utilized them to attack Party and state leaders, disseminate counterrevolutionary propaganda, and promote overthrowing the CCP. In order to fulfill its defence mandate, the Headquarters established a system of pickets (road blockades) and student marshals to control the streets surrounding the square. Scholar Andrew Scobell agrees with Li Lu that student pickets were effective until June 3 in keeping the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) at bay; as between May 23 and June 3 the troops were ordered not to move on the unarmed students. Once authorized to use force, the PLA broke through student pickets and entered the square, demonstrating the inability of the pickets to resist the army. Once the crackdown began, the responsibilities of the pickets widened to include maintaining order during the square’s evacuation, as well as physically protecting the Defend Tiananmen Square Headquarters leaders, which facilitated the escape of Chai Ling, Feng Congde, Li Lu, and Wang Chaohua.
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Arnaud de La Porte was survived by two daughters and four sons, and all of the latter entered the public sphere. Arnaud II briefly achieved the position his father had never been able to attain of Minister of the Marine, and during the Revolution was called by his beleaguered king to oversee counterrevolutionary activities from his new post as Intendant of the Civil List (manager of the king's private funds), an endeavour which would cost him his life in 1792 when he became the Revolution's second victim of the guillotine. Jean-Victor took over his father's last position at the Chambre des Comptes and emigrated at the Revolution, serving first in the artillery of the Army of the Princes in Germany, and after its disbanding going into exile in England, living in London for a decade before returning to France during the Napoleonic Regime. Ferdinand was appointed bishop of Carcassone by Napoleon and was granted the title of Baron by him, and finally Arnaud-Joseph became a Councillor of State under Louis XVIII.
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We have to announce that the Central Executive Committee and the People's Secretariat as motive for their actions do not reflect any particular attitudes to whichever Narkom of the Russian Federation, but rather only the will of the toiling masses of Ukraine that is presented in the declaration of the II All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets. Announcements similar to the one presented by Stalin are directed to undermine the Soviet power in Ukraine and cannot be perceived by the representative of the Soviet government of neighboring republic. The toiling masses of Ukraine lead their struggle with their bourgeoisie counterrevolutionary independently from any decisions of whichever Sovnarkom of the Russian Federation, yet the Soviet power right now is undermined by the bayonets of the German troops. And if somebody dares to call the struggle of the Ukrainian toiling masses the game that is time to leave while in actuality the same masses of Ukraine think otherwise and those delegations that turn to us even from the occupied by Germans territories of Ukraine confirm that as the same struggle that is led by our forces.
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Inciting subversion of state power () is a crime under the law of the People's Republic of China. It is article 105, paragraph 2 of the 1997 revision of the People's Republic of China's Penal Code.The 1997 Criminal Code of the People's Republic of China, Volume 1 of Chinese law series, Laws, etc. (Chinese law series) ; v. 1, by Wei Luo, published by Wm. S. Hein Publishing, 1998, , , page 73, via books.google.com on 10 10 9 The "inciting subversion" crime is related to earlier Chinese laws criminalizing activities deemed "counterrevolutionary"; as was the case with its predecessor, the charge is wielded by the government as an instrument of political repression.Joshua Rosenzweig, "The Sky Is Falling: Inciting Subversion and the Defense of Liu Xiaobo" in Liu Xiaobo, Charter 08 and the Challenges of Political Reform in China (Hong Kong University Press: 2012), pp. 31-33. The Chinese government frequently uses "inciting subversion of state power" as a "catch-all" charge used to target and imprison political activists, human rights campaigners and dissidents.China: "Appalling" jail sentence for outspoken pastor makes mockery of religious freedoms, Amnesty International (December 30, 2019).
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Whereas Marx, Engels and classical Marxist thinkers had little to say about the organization of the state in a socialist society, presuming the modern state to be specific to the capitalist mode of production, Vladimir Lenin pioneered the idea of a revolutionary state based on his theory of the revolutionary vanguard party and organizational principles of democratic centralism. Adapted to the conditions of semi-feudal Russia, Lenin's concept of the dictatorship of the proletariat involved a revolutionary vanguard party acting as representatives of the proletariat and its interests. According to Lenin's April Theses, the goal of the revolution and vanguard party is not the introduction of socialism (it could only be established on a worldwide scale), but to bring production and the state under the control of the soviets of workers' deputies. Following the October Revolution in Russia, the Bolsheviks consolidated their power and sought to control and direct the social and economic affairs of the state and broader Russian society in order to safeguard against counterrevolutionary insurrection, foreign invasion and to promote socialist consciousness among the Russian population while simultaneously promoting economic development.
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An announcement from the Presidium of the Ural Regional Soviet of the Workers' and Peasants' Government emphasized that conspiracies had been exposed to free the ex-tsar, that counter-revolutionary forces were pressing in on Soviet Russian territory, and that the ex-tsar was guilty of unforgivable crimes against the nation. > In view of the enemy's proximity to Yekaterinburg and the exposure by the > Cheka of a serious White Guard plot with the goal of abducting the former > Tsar and his family… In light of the approach of counterrevolutionary bands > toward the Red capital of the Urals and the possibility of the crowned > executioner escaping trial by the people (a plot among the White Guards to > try to abduct him and his family was exposed and the compromising documents > will be published), the Presidium of the Ural Regional Soviet, fulfilling > the will of the Revolution, resolved to shoot the former Tsar, Nikolai > Romanov, who is guilty of countless, bloody, violent acts against the > Russian people.Telegraph quoted in The Kitchen Boy by Robert Alexander > (unpaginated). The bodies were driven to nearby woodland, searched and burned.
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According to Gebru Tareke, he ordered those suspected of leading the mutiny "bayoneted as cowardly and counterrevolutionary elements", then had the soldiers regrouped and ordered to recapture Jijiga in simultaneous attacks from the west and north. The Ethiopians recaptured the city on 5 September, but Jijiga remained within range of the Somali artillery, which shelled the city the whole night long. The next day the Somalis counterattacked, "considerably strengthened and ever more determined", and before he could be encircled inside the city, Mengistu fled back to Adew on the 7th where he boarded a plane back to Addis Ababa. The Somalis broke through Ethiopian lines, recapturing Jijiga on 12 September, and managing to overrun Ethiopian positions past the Marda Pass.Gebru Tareke, "The Ethiopia-Somalia War of 1977 Revisited" , International Journal of African Historical Studies, 2000 (33, #3), pp. 635ff at p. 648. (accessed 10 August 2009) In early 1984, under Mengistu's direction, the Marxist–Leninist Worker's Party of Ethiopia (WPE) was founded as the country's ruling party, with Mengistu as general secretary. On 10 September 1987, a new Soviet-style constitution was adopted, and the country was renamed the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.
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Following this, the RCT went on to change its name to the Revolutionary Communist Party in 1981, and would publish the magazine Living Marxism from 1988 to 2000, in which their political position moved from Leninism to Libertarian Marxism. The RCG recognised the progressive role played by some of the traditional communist parties such as the South African Communist Party and from that position developed into a more orthodox communist grouping supporting the socialist revolution in Cuba. Whilst many self-proclaimed socialist organisations, especially those regarding themselves as Trotskyist, in the UK welcomed the demise of the Eastern Bloc and then of the Soviet Union the RCG argued that these events were counterrevolutionary and constituted a setback in the class struggle internationally because many national liberation movements and socialist states in the Third World were supported by the Soviet Union and the Comecon. The RCG believed that while the Soviet Union was a socialist state, as a result of both internal developments in the Soviet Union itself and the reactionary role of working class parties (social democratic and communist) in the imperialist countries, the revolution degenerated and the communist party became an elite party separate from the working class.
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On 1 August 1837 in Santa Cruz, New Mexico a popular revolution against the Mexican Centralist Republic Governor Albino Pérez took place due in large part to widespread opposition to the governor's ineffective policies towards custom officials, who according to the revolutionaries were using corrupt taxation practices in order to take advantage of the lucrative Santa Fe Trail trade. Pérez attempted to raise a militia in response but on 8 August he was decapitated in a raid by a group of Indians and his head was taken to be displayed in public in Santa Fe. Along with Pérez at least 20 other government officials were killed and a new "popular junta" government was proclaimed. This government proved unpopular and a counterrevolutionary movement led by previous New Mexican governor and Albuquerque native Manuel Armijo rose in response with Armijo winning consecutive military victories and writing to the Mexican Central government requesting support and additional troops to quell the uprising. The rebellion would last until January 1838 with Armijo defeating the rebel leader José Gonzales in battle and proceeding to have the rebel leader publicly executed in Santa Cruz.
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The Committee for the Salvation of the Homeland and the Revolution was a brief counterrevolutionary organ created in Petrograd on the night of November 7–8, 1917, during the storming of the Winter Palace by the Bolsheviks, after the procession participants returned to the building of the City Duma to help the revolutionary government besieged in their residence in order to fight against the Bolsheviks. The Committee included representatives of the Petrograd City Council, the Pre-Parliament, the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of the First Convocation, the Executive Committee of the All–Russian Council of Peasant Deputies, the Central Executive Committee of the Navy, the Central Committees of the Menshevik, Socialist Revolutionary, "People's Socialist", Constitutional Democratic parties, the postal–telegraph and railway unions, factions of the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries, who left the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets and others. The right–wing Social Revolutionary Abram Gotz was elected Chairman of the Committee. The committee distributed anti–Bolshevik leaflets, supported the strike of civil servants and the campaign of Kerensky–Krasnov to Petrograd, organized an armed uprising of junkers in Petrograd itself, the Mensheviks and Socialist–Revolutionaries who left the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets and others.
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The Chinese government has a history of imprisoning citizens for political reasons. Article 73 of China's Criminal Procedure Law was adopted in 2012 and allow the authorities to detain people for reasons of "state security" or "terrorism". In this regard Detainees can be held for as long as six months in “designated locations” such as secret prisons.In China, the Brutality of ‘House Arrest’ The number of political prisoners peaked during the Mao era and it has been decreasing ever since. From 1953 to 1975, around 26 to 39 percent of prisoners were incarcerated for political reasons. By 1980, the percentage of prisoners incarcerated for political reasons was only 13 percent, and this figure decreased to 0.5 percent in 1989 and 0.46 percent in 1997. 1997 is also the year that the Chinese Criminal Law was amended to replace counterrevolutionary crime with crimes endangering national security. During the Mao era, one notorious labor camp called Xingkaihu which was located in the northeastern Heilongjiang Province was operated from 1955 to 1969. During this time, over 20,000 inmates were forced to work on irrigation, infrastructure construction, and agricultural projects for the government while being subjected to ideological reform; a significant percentage of these inmates were incarcerated for being counterrevolutionaries and political dissidents.
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