This species coppices well and may therefore be useful in brushwood production.
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Campanula trachelium likes humus-rich soil and is found in broad-leaved woodlands, coppices, hedgerows and the margins of forests.
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Anthony Child, Mayor of Newbury 1614, and sometime leasee of Sandleford;6 May 1668: Lease of Sandleford coppices, called Bradmore and Highwood, the first late held by Anthony Childe and the other by Richard Pinfold, and their coppices in the Parish of Migham, in all 68 acres, by the Dean and Canons of Windsor to John Kingsmill of Sandelford, esquire. Counterpart.
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Campanula latifolia is native to Europe and western Asia as far east as Kashmir. Its natural habitat is broad-leaved woodland, coppices, parkland and forest margins. Some occurrences are as a result of escape from cultivation.
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It is light demander, tolerant of excessive drought, but moderately frost hardy. It has good capacity to recover from frost injury. Gamhar trees coppices very well with vigorous growth. Saplings and young plants need protection from deer and cattle.
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Evidence of these coppices can still be seen in the wood today. The 1800 Milnes land-use map shows Biggin Wood surrounded by pasture, arable land and market gardens. The wood is shown to extend into what is now allotments.
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In the 13th century, Grovely Forest extended north and east to the River Wylye, and south to the Nadder; on its western boundary were the villages of Wylye and Teffont Evias. At a Grovely swainmote held in March 1603, a jury drawn from Great Wishford and Barford St. Martin declared that the forest then consisted of fourteen coppices. Seven lay north of 'Grim's Dyke' in Great Wishford, while the others lay south of the dyke in Barford St. Martin. The combined areas of these fourteen coppices correspond to what was formerly the extra-parochial area of Grovely Wood.
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Rubus caesius most often inhabits areas with rocky, basic soil and light shade. It is often found in forest margins, coppices, rocky broadleaf woods and waterside thickets. The Dewberry can hybridise with the raspberry (Rubus idaeus) and the stone bramble (Rubus saxatilis).
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The scattered coppices, meadows, scrub, and heath should be united, into "one great whole." Bruce. "The Wardens of Savernake Forest", p83-86. A pollarded beechAs times changed, and social expectations altered, a later warden George Frederick was eager to show off his forest.
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Whiteland coppices are shrubby forests that occur near the ocean. Vegetation occurring in whiteland coppice is able to withstand salt spray and rocky, calcareous soil. Trees that grow in whiteland coppices include cinnecord (Acacia choriophylla), brasiletto (Caesalpinia vesicaria), haulback tree (Mimosa bahamensis), autograph tree (Clusia rosea), manchineel tree (Hippomane mancinella), West Indian mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni), sea grape (Coccoloba uvifera), gumbo-limbo (Bursera simaruba), cabbage palmetto (Sabal palmetto), and poisonwood (Metopium toxiferum). The understory features snake bark (Colubrina arborescens) as well as cacti such as erect prickly pear (Opuntia stricta), Turk's cap cactus (Melocactus intortus), queen of the night (Selenicereus grandiflorus), and robin tree cactus (Pilosocereus polygonus).
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The tree is very hardy and capable of standing extremes of temperature and excessive drought except during its early establishment period. It is frost hardy. It coppices freely and grows readily from cuttings provided good moisture is available in early stages. It does not produce root suckers.
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The Corvedale has many hedgerows as well as wooded areas and coppices, so walkers can see much wildlife if they are observant. The signature species for the Corvedale is the Common Buzzard (the local bus is called The Buzzard).. However Red Kites are also becoming quite common.
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County Council paper. "Wiltshire Planning Department", Retrieved on 13-6-2009. Capability Brown worked out a strategy for linking coppices with oak plantings, lining forest trails with beech trees, and providing vistas with "proper objects" on which the eye might rest. The forest would be made part of the parkland.
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The plant life of the reserve represents a meeting of steppe feather grass and forb steppe/broadleaf grasses. Typical trees are oak coppices, with mixtures of ash, linden, maple and other tree species. Understory contains blackberry, buckthorn, wild rose, and viburnum. Scientists on the reserve have recorded over 1,060 species of vascular plants.
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Damerham Park is mentioned in 1226–1227 and in 1283, and at the latter date it contained deer. In 1518 the park, which contained 125 acres of wood, divided into three coppices: Edmundshay, Middle Coppis, and Drakenorth Coppis. It was apparently disparked before 1540. The Church of Saint George dates from the Norman period.
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The parish has numerous woodlands and coppices, making it quite a wooded area overall. On the hill itself is a stone carving of a naked woman which been dubbed by some as the "Rock Lady". Its origin is as yet unknown. Its earliest sighting on record is 1993 but it is thought to date much further back this.
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It produces new leaves during April, which on maturity become thick and leathery. The tree coppices fairly well but regenerates freely by root suckers and natural layering. It is, however, very slow growing but a dense growth is often formed around the parent plant by root suckers and some natural seedlings. The plant provides a dense shade.
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Retrieved 23 March 2020Extracted from "Felton", Grid Reference Finder. Retrieved 23 March 2020Extracted from "Felton", GetOutside, Ordnance Survey. Retrieved 23 March 2020Extracted from "Felton", OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 23 March 2020 The parish is rural, of farms, arable and pasture fields, managed woodland and coppices, water courses, isolated and dispersed businesses, residential properties, and the small nucleated settlement of Felton.
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The Bahamian dry forests are a tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forest ecoregion in the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands, covering an area of . They are found on much of the northern Bahamas, including Andros, Abaco, and Grand Bahama, where they are known as coppices. Dry forests are distributed evenly throughout the Turks and Caicos.
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It is very hardy, being capable of standing extremes of temperature and excessive drought. It is frost-hardy and coppices well. It is a fodder plant along with Ziziphus nummularia, which occurs in association with it. This plant has a number of traditional medicinal uses, including treatment of snakebite, induction of abortion, and for chronic renal disease.
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A study of Dicymbe corymbosa individuals show that (in terms of total basal area) the adult trees dominate resources and space. Additionally, they form coppices, also known as epicormic shoots, which allow their perseverance over time. Hence, if one stem of the tree dies, it is replaced by another living stem in the canopy. This creates same-species regrowth at stem level.
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Gundelia grows on limestone, igneous rock or reddish soils, in steppe, open oak or pine woodland, or between coppices, as weed in barley- or cornfields, fallowed or deserted fields, and in roadsides. It can be found at altitudes up to 2500 m. It is pollinated by insects such as honey bees and pollen feeding beetles, such as the Garden Chafer.
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Trees have a wide variety of sizes and shapes and growth habits. Specimens may grow as individual trunks, multitrunk masses, coppices, clonal colonies, or even more exotic tree complexes. Most champion tree programs focus finding and measuring the largest single-trunk example of each species. There are three basic parameters commonly measured to characterize the size of a single trunk tree: height, girth, and crown spread.
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In the valley over twenty different species of butterfly have been recorded including the nationally scarce marsh fritillary (Eurodryas aurinia) and vulnerable high brown fritillary (Argynnis adippe). Both roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) graze in the pastures. Also, otters (Lutra lutra) have been recorded on Barle. A colony of dormice (Muscardinus avellanarius) inhabits at least one of the hazel coppices.
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The landscape of the constituency features many small rivers which drain the fields and coppices into the upper plain of the River Severn, which cuts straight through the area. The main roads through the area are the A5 and A49, providing links to nearby Telford as well as North Wales and the cities of Birmingham and Manchester. The total population of the area is around 105,000.
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East of Fletland Mill, it meets Thurlby (Obthorpe). At the A15 bridge over the West Glen River, where the Macmillan Way crosses, it meets Baston, to the east. The boundary now follows the Roman road King Street, and the King Street Drain, to the south. For 200 metres it meets Langtoft, then meets Barholm and Stowe, and leaves King Street to the west, passing through some coppices.
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Also in the 18th century, many people emigrated out of economic need. In 1741, Jakob Meyer left with four children, and in 1766, Michel Danneck left with four persons. All went to America (the United States did not yet exist). In 1789, a new disagreement arose when Freisen was asked to plant coppices, and chose to do this in the cadastral area known as Hundklopp.
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The hamlet's unusual toponym is of uncertain origin. It is variously ascribed to a 1643 Christmas Day truce between combatants in the English Civil War, local holly tree coppices, or the Christmas family, which had local connections. Watlington Park is a private park and country house about southwest of Christmas Common. In 1675 Thomas Stonor of Stonor Park had a large house built here on an H-shaped plan.
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Stuart Read, 2002, updated 16/12/11 A picking garden area lies south- west of the rose garden, hedged, but is not kept up. It is now grassed, giving little indication of the intensity with which it would once have been planted, pruned and maintained. Some random NSW Christmas bushes (Ceratopetalum gummiferum) pruned into coppices give a slight hint of its former use. These would have been cut for table arrangements.
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In northwest England, coppice-with-standards has been the norm, the standards often of oak with relatively little simple coppice. After World War II, a great deal was planted up with conifers or became neglected. Coppice-working almost died out, though a few men continued in the woods. A small, and growing, number of people make a living wholly or partly by working coppices in the area today.
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To the east of this area the brook continues into a small valley, Burghfield Slade, which contains a larger reservoir of water. It then continues to the northeast, leaving the parish, and feeds into Foudry Brook. Lockram Brook runs northeast through the parish via Millbarn Pond, joining Burghfield Brook near Grazeley Green. There are several smaller woods and coppices, including Pitchkettle Wood, Rookery Wood, Bell Copse and Pond Wood.
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Most chestnut wood production is done by coppice systems, cut on a 12-year rotation to provide small timber which does not split as badly as large logs. In southern England (particularly in Kent), sweet chestnut has traditionally been grown as coppices, being recut every 10 years or so on rotation for poles used for firewood, fencing (fence posts and chestnut paling), and especially to support the strings up when hops are grown.
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Countries where it has been seen include Sweden, Finland, Denmark, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Belgium and northern France. It is a migratory species and winters in a broad belt across tropical southern Africa. During the summer the lesser grey shrike inhabits open countryside, the edges of cultivated areas, heathland with scattered bushes and trees, gardens, coppices, woodland and roadside trees. In its winter quarters it is usually found in scrubland and among thorn trees.
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In the early nineteenth century, the Devil's Punch Bowl became inhabited by several families who enclosed portions of the western slopes of the Bowl for themselves. Here they pastured their sheep, goats, and cattle and gleaned profits of a trade which they monopolised: making and selling brooms. Rods supplied by coppices of Spanish chestnut served for handles, the long and wiry heather twigs for brush. They became known as the Broom-squires and were a fiercely independent folk.
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More than 50 species of wild orchids thrive in the more than of subtropical forests and the swamps of Andros. Many are endemic, including three native species of the climbing orchid Vanilla. Commercial flower collectors have been known to set fire to the pineland coppices to collect the sharp-petaled bletias (Bletia purpurea) that flourish in ashy soil. The orchid genus Epidendrum has nine species endemic to the Bahamas, all of which can be found on Andros.
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To the west, the parish boundary meets Braceborough and Wilsthorpe to the north, passing through Banthorpe Lodge, crossing the East Coast Main Line, then following the West Glen River through Shillingthorpe Park. Close to the village near Greatford Hall, the boundary passes north, crossing the road to Carlby. It follows part of the Macmillan Way (which passes straight through the parish, broadly following the Glen) near some coppices. It rejoins the West Glen River, crossing the road to Wilsthorpe.
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Castle Frome in 1960 Castle Frome is approximately from north to south and east to west, and covers an area of ."Castle Frome", Citypopulation.de. Retrieved 17 March 2020 Adjacent parishes are Bishops Frome at the north and north-east, Much Cowarne at the west, Canon Frome at the south-west, and Bosbury at the south-east. The parish is rural, of farms, fields, managed woodland and coppices, water courses, isolated and dispersed businesses, and residential properties.
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The areas of broad-leaved woodland which dominate the Savernake Plateau are accompanied by a farmland mosaic. The plateau is within the North Wessex Downs Area of Outstanding Beauty. "North Wessex Downs aonb" , Retrieved on 13-6-2009. The mosaic is emphasised by the assarted character of the area east of the Savernake (Coppices of Little Frith, Cobham Frith, Chisbury Wood, Haw Wood, etc.), where farmland occurs as clearings in a wider forest, creating a distinctive and memorable, 'secret' landscape.
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The mill made black powder, mixing imported sulphur and saltpetre with charcoal, which initially was made locally. It adopted the suggestion of government adviser Richard Watson, to control the conditions under which charcoal was prepared, as charcoal cylinders, for greater reliability. The large demand created for charcoal was met from coppices on Windermere, Coniston Water and Esthwaite Water. The best woods from the point of view of powder grain size were juniper (local name "savin"), followed by alder and silver birch.
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Recently felled chestnut coppice near Petworth in West Sussex Old hornbeam coppice stools left uncut for at least 100 years. Coldfall Wood, London In southern Britain, coppice was traditionally hazel, hornbeam, field maple, ash, sweet chestnut, occasionally sallow, elm, small-leafed lime and rarely oak or beech, grown amongst pedunculate or sessile oak, ash or beech standards. In wet areas alder and willows were used. Coppices provided wood for many purposes, especially charcoal before coal was economically significant in metal smelting.
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563 Coppiced hardwoods were used extensively in carriage and shipbuilding, and they are still sometimes grown for making wooden buildings and furniture. Diagram illustrating the coppicing cycle over a 7- to 20-year period Withies for wicker-work are grown in coppices of various willow species, principally osier. In France, sweet chestnut trees are coppiced for use as canes and bâtons for the martial art Canne de combat (also known as Bâton français). Some Eucalyptus species are coppiced in a number of countries.
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It occurs only in South Africa, where it is restricted to the Breede River valley in the Western Cape and its range extends as far north as the Cedarberg mountains. It typically grows along rivers and on rocky outcrops in fynbos vegetation. This is the only South African yellowwood species that coppices when the trunk is damaged. It is a riverine species, and its ability to coppice is important to its survival in the event of its being levelled by floods or bushfires.
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The resulting insoluble mineral appears as "rusty" flocs on the water soil and the surface of the stems of marsh plants. Around the edge of lakes and rivers it grows between reeds, and it can be found in black alder coppices and other regularly flooded and always moist forests. When it is present it often visually dominates when it is in bloom. It also used to be common on wet meadows, but due to agricultural rationalization it is now limited to ditches.
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Ancient woods were well-defined, often being surrounded by a bank and ditch, so that they could be easily recognised. The bank may also support a living fence of hawthorn or blackthorn to prevent livestock or deer entering. They are attracted by young shoots on coppice stools, so must be excluded if the coppice is to regenerate. Such indicators can still be seen in many ancient woodlands, and large forest are often sub- divided into woods and coppices with banks and ditches as before.
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It is one of the largest ancient woodlands in the south-west of England and covers some three square kilometres. There are three waymarked trails and over sixty miles of paths, rides and wide grassy 'trenches' (ancient roads).2011, 'Nature Reserves Guide', Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust, issued to celebrate its 50th Anniversary This large reserve is made up of twenty-three woods and coppices, the boundaries of which have remained unchanged for several centuries. The woods are linked by a network of grass trenches and ridges.
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Numerous church-overseen testamentary charities served, many of which were sufficient provision for the weak and infirm housed in the row of almshouses. Funds were more manageably administered into an annual revenue-focussed joint board Scheme from 1899. In 1961 the almshouses were condemned as unfit for habitation but five were occupied and stipends continued to be distributed to the almspeople. The other charities for the poor were distributed in kind, such as the rent from a fuel allotment (coppices) being spent on coal.
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The species is widely distributed throughout Europe, where in 2004 C. sativa was grown on 2.25 million hectares of forest, of which 1.78 million hectares were mainly cultivated for wood and 0.43 million hectares for fruit production. Italy, France, southern Switzerland, Spain, Portugal and Greece are countries with a strong sweet chestnut tradition, with trees cultivated intensively in coppices and orchards. Countries like England, Croatia, Turkey and Georgia only have a partially developed sweet chestnut tradition due to geography or history. Nevertheless, centuries-old specimens may be found in Great Britain today.
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The parish of Leighton Bromswold contains , about half of which is arable and half grass land. Salome Wood is a plantation in the north of the parish, and there are one or two coppices. The soil is heavy and the subsoil is Oxford Clay. The land is undulating and is watered by two brooks, the one flowing from the west through the north and middle part of the parish; and the other, the Ellington Brook, flowing eastward through the southern part of the parish, forms the boundary for short distances.
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The natural old-growth forest has declined rapidly with economic development and the government's policies. Some areas are turned into plantation forest (secondary forest) of Japanese cedar, Quercus serrate, and sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissime). These forests are known as Satoyama and were well-managed until the government changed its policies again. Takeuchi explains Satoyama as “secondary woodlands and grassland near human settlements that have traditionally used these lands as coppices and meadows for fuel, fertilizer, and fodder.” Increased importing of fossil fuel and timber changed the value of Satoyama in the 1960s.
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Most of the wood is made-up of coppices of hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) with oak (Quercus robur) standards. Under the dense tree canopy, mosses mainly grow with a few patches of bluebells (Hyacinthoides nonscripta),also blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) and wood sorrel (Oxalis acetosella) can be found. On the higher grounds, the woodland becomes more open, with silver birch (Betula pendula) and hazel (Corylus avellana) and some sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) coppice areas. The ground flora of the woodland has wood sage (Teucrium scorodonia), bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) and sanicle (Sanicula europaea).
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Little Cowarne parish is, at its widest, about from north to south and east to west, with an area of ."Little Cowarne", Citypopulation.de. Retrieved 21 March 2020 Adjacent parishes are Pencombe with Grendon Warren at the north, Much Cowarne at the south-east, Stoke Lacy at the east, and Ullingswick at the west anticlockwise to the south-east. The parish is rural, of farms, arable and pasture fields, managed woodland and coppices, water courses, isolated and dispersed businesses, residential properties, and the nucleated settlement of Little Cowarne village.
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From the top of the Chandrashila peak, picturesque views of the Himalayan range comprising snow peaks of Nanda Devi, Panch Chuli, Banderpoonch, Kedarnath, Chaukhamba and Neelkanth on one side, and the Garhwal valley on the opposite side could be witnessed. The valley between Chopta and Tunganath temple has wooded hills with rich alpine meadows with rhododendron coppices and also agricultural fields. The rhododendrons, when they are in full bloom during March, display dazzling colours ranging from crimson to pink. A high-altitude botanical station of the Garhwal University is located here.
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The earliest surviving mention of the wood dates from assize records in 1272, and it was known to be owned by the Whitehorse family during the reign of King Edward III. When Oliver Cromwell seized it from the Archbishop of Canterbury its area was measured at , but held only 9,200 oaken pollards. Since the middle ages the woodland has been managed to provide goods of economic worth. The coppices were used to provide timber, charcoal, oak bark, and small wood whilst the commons and pastureland were used for grazing and as a source of turf and firewood.
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South Leigh had coppices of pollarded elms to supply wood for various purposes. Between 1793 and 1795 Sibthorp had more than 3,000 trees around the estate, most of them pollarded elms, felled to make fences for the new enclosures. Sibthorp wrote that in the first ten months after the enclosure award: > I have worked up between 2000 and 3000 trees to posts and rails for my > enclosure, besides a great quantity of timber used in the general repair of > the farmhouses and cottage. I have quicked near upon 100 furlongs and fenced > with posts and rails one-half of it.
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The open area is then colonised by many animals such as nightingale, European nightjar and fritillary butterflies. As the coup grows, the canopy closes and it becomes unsuitable for these animals againbut in an actively managed coppice there is always another recently cut coup nearby, and the populations therefore move around, following the coppice management. However, most British coppices have not been managed in this way for many decades. The coppice stems have grown tall (the coppice is said to be overstood), forming a heavily shaded woodland of many closely spaced stems with little ground vegetation.
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King's Pyon is approximately from north-west to south-east and south-west to north-east, and covers an area of ."King's Pyon", Citypopulation.de. Retrieved 15 March 2020 Adjacent parishes are Dilwyn at the north, Weobley at the west, Birley with Upper Hill at the north-east, Canon Pyon at the south-east, and Brinsop and Wormsley at the south. The parish is rural, of farms, fields, managed woodland and coppices, water courses, isolated and dispersed businesses, residential properties, the small village of King's Pyon, and the larger settlement of Ledgemoor at the south-west on Ledgemoor Lane.
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Some of humans' earliest manufactured items may have been made from willow. A fishing net made from willow dates back to 8300 BC.The palaeoenvironment of the Antrea Net Find The Department of Geography, University of Helsinki Basic crafts, such as baskets, fish traps, wattle fences and wattle and daub house walls, were often woven from osiers or withies (rod-like willow shoots, often grown in coppices). One of the forms of Welsh coracle boat traditionally uses willow in the framework. Thin or split willow rods can be woven into wicker, which also has a long history.
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Bark of W. nobilis Wollemia nobilis is an evergreen tree reaching tall. The bark is very distinctive, dark brown, and knobbly, quoted as resembling a popular breakfast cereal.James Woodford, The Wollemi Pine: The incredible discovery of a living fossil from the age of the dinosaurs, (Revised Edition), The Text Publishing Company, 2002, The tree coppices readily, and most specimens are multiple-trunked or appear as clumps of trunks thought to derive from old coppice growth, with some consisting of up to 100 stems of differing sizes. The branching is unusual in that nearly all the side branches never have further branching.
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Nymphaea thermarum is endemic to Rwanda. The forest cover in Rwanda as of 2007 accounted for 240,746.53 ha comprising humid natural forests in 33.15% area, degraded natural forests covering 15.79%, bamboo forest of 1.82%, savanahs accounting for 1.55%, large eucalyptus plantations to the extent of 26.4%, recent plantations of eucalyptus and coppices and 5.01 percent of pinus plantations. Montane forest, one of the most ancient forests dated to even before the Ice Age which has a unique richness of 200 species of trees, many flowering plants including the giant lobelia and many colourful orchids. There are more than 140 species of orchids in the wildlife area of Nyungwe forest.
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The river emerges south of Roneo Corner River Rom in the north of Romford Throughout the northern section, where the Rom starts, in the north western part of the London Borough of Havering its valley has been designated as a Site of Importance for Nature Conservation The river contains unbranched bur-reeds (Sparganium erectum and Sparganium emersum) and fool's watercress (Apium nodiflorum), and supports water voles, kingfishers and reed buntings. Surrounding farmland has lapwing and Eurasian golden plover in winter. Apart from the river environs, the Site of Importance for Nature Conservation also includes Foreberry Wood through which the river runs. This contains both pedunculate oak and hornbeam coppices.
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Clare County Library Retrieved 2011-08-03. The oak in this wood is very valuable as was proven in 1215 when Geoffrey de Luterel, the granted owner of the woods and the townland of Cratloe, sold oak trees to Philip Marc for 20 ounces of gold, a massive sum considering he bought the area for only 30 ounces of silver. The Garranone site was managed as an oak (Quercus petraea) coppice since at least the 16th century. In the mid-19th century the wood was converted from coppice to free-standing trees (employing Continental techniques) when Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) was planted between the coppices.
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Humber Marsh Nature Reserve Ford and Stoke Prior is approximately from north to south and east to west. Adjacent parishes are Leominster at the north and north- west, Humber at the east, Bodenham at the south-east, Hope under Dinmore at the south, and Newton at the south-west. The parish is rural, of farms, fields, managed woodland and coppices, water courses, isolated and dispersed businesses, residential properties, Humber Marsh Nature Reserve, and the nucleated settlements of the hamlet of Ford at the western border of the parish, and Stoke Prior at the centre north. Ford consists of a farm, a golf course and the church of St John of Jerusalem.
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Shipbourne ( ) is a village and civil parish situated between the towns of Sevenoaks and Tonbridge, in the borough of Tonbridge and Malling in the English county of Kent. It is located in an undulating landscape traversed by the small streams of the River Bourne, set in a clay vale at the foot of the wooded Sevenoaks Greensand Ridge. The landscape is agricultural with dispersed groups of buildings that are almost entirely residential or used for farming purposes. The dominant characteristics of the historical landscape are thick woodland with smaller, broadleaf coppices with small to medium-sized fields enclosed by traditional boundaries of hedges or chestnut fencing.
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This presents a potentially useful source of revenue for some farmers. Biofuel crops grown in the UK include oilseed rape (which is also grown for other purposes), short-rotation coppices such as poplar or willow, and miscanthus. Unfortunately biofuels are quite bulky for their energy yield, which means processing into fuel needs to happen near where the crop is grown; otherwise, most or all of the benefit of biofuels can be lost in transporting the biofuel to the processing area. Such local processing units are not generally available in the UK, and further expansion of this market will depend on politics and industrial finance.
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Peaslake, Hoe, and Colman's Hill are in the centre of the Surrey Hills AONB and mid-west of the Greensand Ridge about ESE of the county town of Guildford. Surrounded by denser pine and other coniferous forest-clad hills, the three conjoined settlements have a small core in Peaslake itself with the amenities of a village, but are otherwise lightly scattered settlements at a higher elevation than the centre of Shere, the civil parish. The area referred to by the 2011 census covers . Friends of the Hurtwood maintains and coppices of surrounding forest, the Hurtwood which comprises: Holmbury Hill, Pitch Hill, Winterfold, Shere Heath, Farley Heath and part of Blackheath Common.
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The open-woodland animals survive in small numbers along woodland rides or not at all, and many of these once-common species have become rare. Overstood coppice is a habitat of relatively low biodiversityit does not support the open-woodland species, but neither does it support many of the characteristic species of high forest, because it lacks many high-forest features such as substantial dead-wood, clearings and stems of varied ages. Suitable conservation management of these abandoned coppices may be to restart coppice management, or in some cases it may be more appropriate to use singling and selective clearance to establish a high-forest structure.
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Most of Cranham is located on the London Clay belt, with loam to the north and a gravel valley to the south. It rises to about in the north and to below in the south; with a ridge running east to west upon which All Saints' Church is located. Cranham forms a continuously built-up area with Upminster to the west, with open fields separating it from Harold Wood in the north, Great Warley to the east and North Ockendon to the southeast. Franks Wood and Cranham Brickfields are designated a Site of Importance for Nature Conservation with a habitat of ancient woodland, coppices, ditches, scrub, tall herbs and neutral grassland.
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Docklow and Hampton Wafer is approximately from north to south and east to west, with an area of ."Docklow and Hampton Wafer", Citypopulation.de. Retrieved 3 April 2020 Adjacent parishes are Leominster at the north-west, Pudleston at the north, Hatfield and Newhampton at the north-east, Grendon Bishop at the south-east, Humber at the south, and Ford and Stoke Prior at the west. The parish is rural, of farms, fields, managed woodland and coppices, streams, lakes and ponds, isolated and dispersed businesses and residential properties, and the nucleated settlements of the small village of Docklow at the centre of the parish, and the hamlet of Buckland at the south-west.
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It has modest lodging provisions as well as tavernas serving traditional food, coffee, and spirits. The climate of the region is Mediterranean transitioning to Continental with heavy snowfalls in the winter and considerable rainfall and humidity also during the other seasons of the year. There is a very diverse flora and fauna, because of the many microenvironments, such as streams, rivers, lakes, forests, agricultural land, coppices, pasture, sub- alpine grassland and the unique biotope of the Vikos Gorge. A footpath leads up from the village through the sub-alpine plateaus of Mt Tymphe to Drakolimni (Dragonlake), a glacial lake at an altitude of 2000 m.
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In England, many woods were managed as coppices, which were cut and regrown cyclically, so that a steady supply of charcoal was available. Complaints (as early as the Stuart period) about shortages may relate to the results of temporary over-exploitation or the impossibility of increasing production to match growing demand. The increasing scarcity of easily harvested wood was a major factor behind the switch to fossil fuel equivalents, mainly coal and brown coal for industrial use. The modern process of carbonizing wood, either in small pieces or as sawdust in cast iron retorts, is extensively practiced where wood is scarce, and also for the recovery of valuable byproducts (wood spirit, pyroligneous acid, wood tar), which the process permits.
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Humber parish, of L-plan, is approximately from north to south and east to west. Adjacent parishes are Docklow and Hampton Wafer at the north, Grendon Bishop at the north-east, Pencombe with Grendon Warren at both the east and south- east, Bodenham at the south, and Ford and Stoke Prior at the west. The parish is rural, of farms, fields, managed woodland and coppices, streams, isolated and dispersed businesses, and residential properties, the nucleated settlements being the hamlets of Humber at the extreme west of the parish, and Risbury approximately at the centre. Even smaller parish settlements are Steen's Bridge at the extreme north-west, and Great Marston at the east with the adjacent Marston Stannet farther east.
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Sydenham Hill Wood is a ten-hectare wood on the northern slopes of the Norwood Ridge in the London Borough of Southwark. It is designated as a Local Nature Reserve and Site of Metropolitan Importance for Nature Conservation. With the adjacent Dulwich Wood, Sydenham Hill Wood is the largest extant tract of the ancientThe Great North Wood - A brief history of ancient woodlands from Selhurst to Deptford by LSC Neville, London Wildlife Trust, 1987 Great North Wood. The two woods are formed from coppices known as Lapsewood, Old Ambrook Hill Wood and Peckarmans Wood after the relocation of The Crystal Palace in 1854 and the creation of the high level line in 1865.
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Garston Wood is a woodland nature reserve on the border between Dorset and Wiltshire in England, around north of the village of Sixpenny Handley, owned by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds to protect species living in the region. The reserve is a mixture of ancient woodland and managed coppices and scrubland.RSPB Garston Wood map To help maintain the park, the RSPB sets annual population targets for certain breeding pairs of birds, and manages the forest by clearing out taller and non-native trees. In an effort to help tourists and volunteers enjoy the park, the RSPB holds an annual event programme, biannual volunteer working parties, and publishes a regularly updated trail guide.
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The origins of Biggin Wood can be traced as far back as 1493 when it was mentioned in Archbishop Morton's land rental which states, "Biggins Farm, Biggenswood - in landes called Biggynge, an ancient estate 120 acres on the South side confronting Bewlay" Later, a 1678 survey by Archbishop Laud shows Biggin Hill Coppice as covering 78 acres. The survey states, “These coppices have been felled 10 years. Growth then fenced in for 10 years for saving the spring and afterward. Commoners have their common therein for three years, till the next fall. The herbage, bushes, thorns and the wood are claimed by tenants of the manor and so have been from time to time enjoyed by them.”.
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Croft and Yarpole is approximately from north to south and east to west, with an area of ,"Croft and Yarpole", City Population, www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2 March 2020 and is approximately east from the border with Wales. Adjacent parishes are Lucton at the west, Aymestrey at the north-west, Orleton at the north-east, Eye, Moreton and Ashton at the east, and the three parishes of Kingsland, Eyton and Luston at the south. The parish is rural, of farms, arable and pasture fields, managed woodland and coppices, water courses, isolated and dispersed businesses, residential properties, the nucleated settlements of the village of Yarpole and the hamlets of Bircher and Bicton, and the site of the ancient settlement and waste of Bircher Common.
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The small village of West Ella is around roughly west of the traditional village centre of Kirk Ella; much of the village's housing is located on the east-west West Ella Road from Kirk Ella to Swanland, there is also housing north towards Riplingham Road along Elveley Drive. The village lies in the eastern foothills of the Yorkshire Wolds and is at between above sea level, rising westward.Ordance Survey Sheet 293 1:25000 2006 Most of the village along West Ella Road is a conservation area, due to the picturesque nature of the village; the area is richly treed, and hedged with associated wildlife. The village is separated from its neighbours on all side by open land, coppices and the golf course of Hull Golf Club.
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A map showing the Norwood ward of Lambeth Metropolitan Borough as it appeared in 1916. "Norwood" recalls the "Great North Wood", a name that was formerly used for the hilly and wooded area to the north of Croydon. Before 1885 West Norwood station and the surrounding area was known as "Lower Norwood", reflecting its being at a lower altitude than Upper Norwood. John Rocque's 1745 map of London and the surrounding area includes the Horns Tavern at Knight's Hill, opposite what is now the main entrance to West Norwood station, with a largely undeveloped valley stretching to 'Island Green' in the north, approximately where Herne Hill railway station stands now. The enclosure map of 50 years later shows that little of the original woodland remained by then, other than a few coppices.
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Eye, Moreton and Ashton is approximately from north to south and east to west, with an area of ,"Eye, Moreton and Ashton", City Population, www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 5 March 2020 and is approximately east from the England border with Wales, with the north border of the parish south from the border of Shropshire. Adjacent parishes are Luston at the west, Croft and Yarpole and Orleton at the north- west, Brimfield at the north, Kimbolton at the south and, with Middleton on the Hill, at the east. The parish is rural, of farms, arable and pasture fields, managed woodland and coppices, watercourses, isolated and dispersed businesses, residential properties, and the nucleated settlements of Eye at the west, Morton at the centre and Ashton at the east, laterally across the centre of the parish.
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On his return to Scotland he applied himself to the management and improvement of his estate, enclosing his lands, erecting farmhouses and offices, granting leases to his tenants, encouraging them to implement improved methods of husbandry, and to cultivate potatoes and turnips on a large scale, which had hitherto been regarded as garden plants. He also set himself to cultivate improved breeds of horses, cattle, and sheep. In 1785, he purchased the estate of Lynedoch or Lednock, situated in the valley of the Almond, where he planted trees and oak coppices, and improved the sloping banks bordering the stream. Fond of horses and dogs, and distinguished for his skill in country sports, he rode with the foxhounds, and accompanied the Duke of Atholl--who subsequently became his brother-in-law--in grouse- shooting and deer-stalking on the Atholl moors.
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Some of these include: yarrow (Achillea thracica), Water soldier (Stratiotes aloides), common corncockle (Agrostemma githago), Cirsium brachycephalum, prostrate false pimpernel (Lindernia procumbens), brittle waternymph (Najas minor), hog's fennel (Peucedanum officinale), lesser Butterfly-orchid (Platanthera bifolia), Scottish dock (Rumex aquaticus), French vetch (Vicia narbonensis L. ssp. serratifolia). Besides this, there are also three species which are strictly protected according to the Bern Convention: European waterclover (Marsilea quadrifolia), floating watermoss (Salvinia natans), water caltrop (Trapa natans). Stands of oak (Quercus robur) and ash (Fraxinus angustifolia) are predominant in the park, together with the coppices of black and white poplar (Populus nigra and Populus alba) and white willow (Salix alba). These species are mostly found in the small forest in the Cenad area and in the 6,000 ha forest along the Mureș River between Arad and the village of Semlac (which includes the Ceala Forest).
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To the south, the basin of Ravella includes parts of Mount Raj, Mount Cornizzolo and Pesora. Its affluents are the small rivers of St. Mir and of Valett, the last flowing down from Pesora and entering Ravella not far from St. Francis' church, passing between the convent's lands and the curt di Sant, flowing under an ancient bridge and entering Ravella between the former Prina and Arcellazzi palaces. The River Ravella, in its upper course, often flows through steep limestone canyons, resulting in small waterfalls and with characteristic "giants' mufflers", produced by the action of glaciers, parallel to the anticline and syncline folds forming the structure of the Lombard pre-Alps. The environment is completely wild as far as Gajum, and is made up of coppices; the quality of its waters is demonstrated by the presence of stream trout, sometimes also visible under the town bridges in Canzo.
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Chaffey (p. 9) Geological map of Dorset Dorset has a number of limestone ridges which are mostly covered in either arable fields or calcareous grassland supporting sheep.Cullingford (p. 91) These limestone areas include a wide band of Cretaceous chalk which crosses the county as a range of hills from north-east to south-west, incorporating Cranborne Chase and the Dorset Downs, and a narrow band running from south-west to south-east, incorporating the Purbeck Hills.Chaffey (p. 43)Chaffey (p. 11) Between the chalk hills are large, wide vales and wide flood plains. These vales are dotted with small villages, farms and coppices, and include the Blackmore Vale (Stour valley) and Frome valley.Chaffey (p. 30) The Blackmore Vale is composed of older Jurassic deposits, largely clays interspersed with limestones, and has traditionally been a centre for dairy agriculture.Wightman (p. 15) South- east Dorset, including the lower Frome valley and around Poole and Bournemouth, comprises younger Eocene deposits, mainly sands and clays of poor agricultural quality.
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In 1600 Norden was appointed surveyor of the crown woods and forests in Berkshire, Devon, and Surrey; in 1605 he obtained the surveyorship of the Duchy of Cornwall; and in 1607, after a careful survey, he composed his valuable Description of the Honor of Windsor, with fine maps and plans in colour, dedicated to James I. In 1608 he was mainly occupied with the surveying of crown woods, especially in Surrey, Berkshire and Devon, and with the writing of his works on forest culture Considerations touching... raising... of Coppices, and Relation of... Proceedings upon... Commission concerning new forests, to which he added in 1613 his Observations concerning Crown Lands and Woods. In 1612 he was made surveyor of the royal castles in Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Hampshire, Berkshire, Dorset, Wiltshire, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall; in 1616 and 1617 he appears surveying the soke of Kirketon in Lindsey, as well as various manors and lands belonging to Prince Charles, afterwards Charles I. His last works were a survey of Sheriff Hutton manor, Yorks, in 1624, and England, an intended guide for English travellers, a series of tables to accompany Speed's county maps, executed in 1625, shortly before his death.
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