Milkfats were down, with anhydrous milk fat down 5.5% and butter slipping 3.9%.
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While creatine monohydrate is creatine that's been bound with water, creatine anhydrous has the water removed.
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Anhydrous ammonia, a colorless gas with pungent fumes, can cause unconsciousness and even death when inhaled.
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Prices of anhydrous milk power, butter and butter milk powder fell 1.9%, 4.8% and 11.9%, respectively.
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The company expected demand to remain strong, especially from China and for butter and anhydrous milk fat.
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Products traded on the twice-monthly auction include whole milk powder, skim milk powder, butter, cheese, and anhydrous milk fat, among others.
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Sales of C-Blend gasoline, which contains 27 percent anhydrous ethanol, rose 7.2 percent to 22.2 million barrels from 20.7 million barrels.
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The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says anhydrous ammonia is a pungent gas with suffocating fumes that is used as a fertilizer.
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That, combined with falling price for anhydrous milk fat, which dropped 5.2 percent, and cheddar, which eased 3.3 percent, dragged on the index.
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He and his brother don't have any anhydrous (fertilizer applied ahead of corn planting) down and are definitely looking to switch to soybeans.
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Anhydrous Milk Fat (AMF) and butter led the decline in prices, down 9.4 percent and 9.6 percent respectively, to more than two-year lows.
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Total New Zealand dairy exports fell 0.2% in June, hurt mainly by declines in butter and anhydrous milkfat - pure milkfat produced only from fresh cream.
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Meanwhile, sales at gas stations of gasoline-C, which contains anhydrous ethanol, rose 6.5 percent in the first five months of the year to 18.649 billion liters.
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A preliminary investigation found that the containers, which held anhydrous ammonia, were being towed by a tractor on Green Bay Road in Beach Park, a village north of Chicago, Sgt.
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Product mix also includes sale of hydrous, anhydrous, industrial ethanol and sanitizers, with the domestic ethanol market becoming more volatile following Petroleo Brasileiro S/A's (Petrobras) new fuel pricing policy.
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In Iowa, the top U.S. corn producing state, the price of the common fertilizer urea was up 20 percent in late April from a year ago, and anhydrous ammonia was up 27 percent.
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In Kentucky, committing "Possession of Anhydrous Ammonia in an Unapproved Container with Intent to Manufacture Methamphetamine" a second time puts you in a "violent" category under the law—and you'll face 20 to 20183 years in prison.
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Those sent to hospitals with "inhalation issues," none of which were life-threatening, included three law enforcement officers who were overcome after responding to a spill of anhydrous ammonia in Beach Park, Illinois, the Lake County Sheriff's Office said.
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Martinho Ono, a director at Sao Paulo-based ethanol brokerage SCA Etanol do Brasil, said some sugar and ethanol makers in Brazil are converting anhydrous ethanol - the type primarily produced in the United States - into the hydrous variety more common in Brazil.
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Anhydrous formulas eliminate water as a key ingredient to deliver on three things: higher potency (and in turn, greater efficacy); a longer shelf life (without water, there is less risk of bacteria growth); fewer toxins (because there is no longer a need for parabens or preservatives); and water conservation.
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Lactulose-based galenical composition or form characterized by the combination of anhydrous lactulose with an equally anhydrous vehicle consisting of a mixture of pharmaceutically acceptable purified paraffinic hydrocarbons.
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Cefadroxil is given by mouth, and doses are expressed in terms of the anhydrous substance; 1.04 g of cefadroxil monohydrate is equivalent to about 1 g of anhydrous cefadroxil.
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Anhydrous sodium hypochlorite is soluble in methanol, and solutions are stable.
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Anhydrous PrCl3 can be made by thermal dehydration of the hydrate at 400 °C in the presence of ammonium chloride.M. D. Taylor, P. C. Carter, "Preparation of anhydrous lanthanide halides, especially iodides", J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem.
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It slowly hydrolyzes back to perchloric acid, which is also hazardous when anhydrous.
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When heated, this salt yields yttrium oxychloride rather than reverting to the anhydrous form.
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The compound can be prepared by reacting cyclopentadiene with magnesium and bromoethane in anhydrous benzene.
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46, No. 11, p. 1085–1090 Density of anhydrous thorium oxalate is 4.637 g/cm3.
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Anhydrous tofogliflozin The active moiety or anhydrous form (ChemSpider ID: 28530778, CHEMBL2110731) has the chemical formula C22H26O6 and a molecular mass of 386.44 g/mol. The United States Adopted Name tofogliflozin applies to the monohydrate, which is the form used as a drug.Statement on a nonproprietary name adopted by the USAN council: Tofogliflozin. The International Nonproprietary Name tofogliflozin applies to the anhydrous compound and the drug form is referred to as tofogliflozin hydrate.
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Anhydrous cadmium chloride can be prepared by the action of anhydrous chlorine or hydrogen chloride gas on heated cadmium metal. : Cd + 2 HCl → CdCl2 \+ H2 Hydrochloric acid may be used to make hydrated CdCl2 from the metal, or from cadmium oxide or cadmium carbonate.
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In anhydrous rubidium rhodizonate , the rhodizonate anions are stacked in parallel columns, as are the rubidium ions. In the plane perpendicular to the columns, these are arranged as two interleaved hexagonal grids. The anions are planar. Anhydrous potassium rhodizonate has a distinct but similar structure.
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Celgene reported seven kinds of crystal form A, B, C, D, E, F, and G and thought the crystal form B was the most thermodynamically stable anhydrous form. However, Utopharm reported another more thermodynamically stable anhydrous crystal form II than the crystal form B.
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In contrast to anhydrous ammonia, aqueous ammonia finds few non-niche uses outside of cleaning agents.
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Note that anhydrous stannites, e.g. K2Sn2O3, K2SnO2 are also known.R M Braun R Hoppe Z. Naturforsch.
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The drug is prepared by combining anhydrous caffeine with citric acid monohydrate and sodium citrate dihydrate.
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Citric acid crystals (crystallized from an aqueous solution) under a microscope. Speciation diagram for a 10-millimolar solution of citric acid Citric acid was first isolated in 1784 by the chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who crystallized it from lemon juice. It can exist either in an anhydrous (water-free) form or as a monohydrate. The anhydrous form crystallizes from hot water, while the monohydrate forms when citric acid is crystallized from cold water. The monohydrate can be converted to the anhydrous form at about 78 °C. Citric acid also dissolves in absolute (anhydrous) ethanol (76 parts of citric acid per 100 parts of ethanol) at 15 °C.
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Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is an organic compound with the formula (CH3)3NO. It is in the class of amine oxides. Although the anhydrous compound is known, trimethylamine N-oxide is usually encountered as the dihydrate. Both the anhydrous and hydrated materials are white, water-soluble solids.
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Iridium(III) chloride is the inorganic compound with the formula IrCl3. The anhydrous compound is relatively rare, but the related hydrate is useful for preparing other iridium compounds. The anhydrous salt is a dark green crystalline solid. More commonly encountered is the trihydrate IrCl3(H2O)3.
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Nitronium tetraperchloratoaluminate is made from exact amounts of nitronium perchlorate and anhydrous aluminium chloride combined in liquid sulfur dioxide. Ammonium tetraperchloratoaluminate can be formed by three moles of nitronium perchlorate, one mole of anhydrous aluminium chloride, and one mole of ammonium perchlorate combined in liquid sulfur dioxide.
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The anhydrous form is very hygroscopic; therefore the monohydrate (Ca(CH3COO)2•H2O) is the common form.
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Barium iodide is an inorganic compound with the formula BaI2. The compound exists as an anhydrous and a hydrate (BaI2(H2O)2), both of which are white solids. When heated, hydrated barium iodide converts to the anhydrous salt. The hydrated form is freely soluble in water, ethanol, and acetone.
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Saranchinaite and dravertite are examples of other anhydrous complex copper-bearing sulfates, also coming from the Tolbachik volcano.
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The anhydrous compound was reported in 1952 by C. M. Fontana and others. In the next two decades others reported its heat of formation and its structure. In the mid-1970s, however, its existence was questioned. The phase diagram for the anhydrous system / shows as a congruently-melting compound, but not .
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Lithium chloride is produced by treatment of lithium carbonate with hydrochloric acid. It can in principle also be generated by the highly exothermic reaction of lithium metal with either chlorine or anhydrous hydrogen chloride gas. Anhydrous LiCl is prepared from the hydrate by heating with a stream of hydrogen chloride.
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Anhydrous forms of trehalose readily regain moisture to form the dihydrate. Anhydrous forms of trehalose can show interesting physical properties when heat-treated. Trehalose aqueous solutions show a concentration-dependent clustering tendency. Owing to their ability to form hydrogen bonds, they self-associate in water to form clusters of various sizes.
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Anhydrous tin(IV) chloride is a major precursor in organotin chemistry. Upon treatment with Grignard reagents, tin(IV) chloride gives tetraalkyltin compounds: :SnCl4 \+ 4 RMgCl → SnR4 \+ 4 MgCl2 Anhydrous tin(IV) chloride reacts with tetraorganotin compounds in redistribution reactions: :SnCl4 \+ SnR4 → 2 SnCl2R2 These organotin halides are more useful than the tetraorganotin derivatives.
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The ionic self-dissociation constant of liquid NH3 at −50 °C is about 10−33. A train carrying Anhydrous Ammonia.
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It is usually used as the dihydrate, although the anhydrous form is also used in some situations. The dihydrate is prepared by combining potassium permanganate and manganese(II) acetate in acetic acid. Addition of acetic anhydride to the reaction produces the anhydrous form. It is also synthesized by electrochemical method starting from Mn(OAc)2.
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Vaniqa is a cream, which is white to off-white in colour. It is supplied in tubes of 30 g and 60 g in Europe. Vaniqa contains 15% w/w eflornithine hydrochloride monohydrate, corresponding to 11.5% w/w anhydrous eflornithine (EU), respectively 13.9% w/w anhydrous eflornithine hydrochloride (U.S.), in a cream for topical administration.
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Disodium phosphate (DSP), or sodium hydrogen phosphate, or sodium phosphate dibasic, is the inorganic compound with the formula Na2HPO4. It is one of several sodium phosphates. The salt is known in anhydrous form as well as forms with 2, 7, 8, and 12 hydrates. All are water-soluble white powders; the anhydrous salt being hygroscopic.
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When anhydrous, cobalt(II) bromide appears as green crystals. It is hygroscopic and forms the hexahydrate in air, which appears as red-purple crystals. The hexahydrate loses four water of crystallization molecules at 100 °C forming the dihydrate: :CoBr2·6H2O → CoBr2·2H2O + 4 H2O Further heating to 130 °C produces the anhydrous form: :CoBr2·2H2O → CoBr2 \+ 2 H2O The anhydrous form melts at 678 °C.Cobalt Bromide Supplier & Tech Info American ElementsWebElements Periodic Table of the Elements At higher temperatures, cobalt(II) bromide reacts with oxygen, forming cobalt(II,III) oxide and bromine vapor.
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Nickel(II) nitrite is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ni(NO2)2.University of Akron Chemical Database Anhydrous nickel nitrite was first discovered in 1961 by Cyril Clifford Addison, who allowed gaseous nickel tetracarbonyl to react with dinitrogen tetroxide, yielding a green smoke. Nickel nitrite was the second transition element anhydrous nitrite discovered after silver nitrite.
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Aluminium triethoxide is produced by the heating reaction of an aluminium amalgam with anhydrous alcohol. All the reagents go through a strict water treatment, and the instrument devices prevent humidity from entering. Aluminium triethoxide is also produced by reacting aluminium with anhydrous alcohol, but this reaction needs the participation of iodine () and mercuric chloride () as catalysts.
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A substance is anhydrous if it contains no water. Many processes in chemistry can be impeded by the presence of water; therefore, it is important that water-free reagents and techniques are used. In practice, however, it is very difficult to achieve perfect dryness; anhydrous compounds gradually absorb water from the atmosphere so they must be stored carefully.
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Anhydrous oxalic acid exists as two polymorphs; in one the hydrogen-bonding results in a chain-like structure whereas the hydrogen bonding pattern in the other form defines a sheet-like structure.Wells, A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford: Clarendon Press. . Because the anhydrous material is both acidic and hydrophilic (water seeking), it is used in esterifications.
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Attempted isolation of the common salts of bisulfite results in dehydration of the anion with formation of metabisulfite (), also known as disulfite: :2 HSO3− ⇌ S2O52− \+ H2O Because of this equilibrium, anhydrous sodium and potassium salts of bisulfite cannot be obtained. However, there are some reports of anhydrous bisulfites with large counter ions. Structure of disulfite ion.
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The anhydrous material crystallizes in the CdCl2 motif, featuring octahedral coordination geometry at each Ni(II) center. NiI2 is prepared by dehydration of the pentahydrate. NiI2 readily hydrates, and the hydrated form can be prepared by dissolution of nickel oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate in hydroiodic acid. The anhydrous form can be produced by treating powdered nickel with iodine.
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The anhydrous salt forms green crystals and is very soluble in water (in contrast to anhydrous chromium(III) chloride which dissolves very slowly except under special conditions). At 100 °C it decomposes. The red-violet hydrate is highly soluble in water. Chromium nitrate is used in the production of alkali metal- free catalysts and in pickling.
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Anhydrous SnCl2 is prepared by the action of dry hydrogen chloride gas on tin metal. The dihydrate is made by a similar reaction, using hydrochloric acid: :Sn (s) + 2 HCl (aq) → SnCl2 (aq) + (g) The water then carefully evaporated from the acidic solution to produce crystals of SnCl2·2H2O. This dihydrate can be dehydrated to anhydrous using acetic anhydride.
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Merrillite is a calcium phosphate mineral with the chemical formula Ca9NaMg(PO4)7. It is an anhydrous, sodic member of the whitlockite group.
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The water is then evaporated and anhydrous alcohol added to extract the urea. This solution is drained off and evaporated, leaving pure urea.
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The tetrahydrate Co3(PO4)2•4H2O precipitates as a solid upon mixing aqueous solutions of cobalt(II) and phosphate salts. Upon heating, the tetrahydrate converts to the anhydrous material. According to X-ray crystallography, the anhydrous Co3(PO4)2 consists of discrete phosphate () anions that link centres. The cobalt ions occupy both octahedral (six-coordinate) and pentacoordinate sites in a 1:2 ratio.
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Several reductants are currently used in SCR applications including anhydrous ammonia, aqueous ammonia or urea. All those three reductants are widely available in large quantities. Anhydrous ammonia can be stored as a liquid at approximately 10 bar in steel tanks. It is classified as an inhalation hazard, but it can be safely stored and handled if well-developed codes and standards are followed.
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Anhydrous samples can be purified by sublimation in a stream of hydrogen chloride gas, followed by heating the sublimate to 400 °C in a stream of dry nitrogen gas. Finally, the simplest method relies on treating the zinc chloride with thionyl chloride. Describes the formation of anhydrous LiCl, CuCl2, ZnCl2, CdCl2, ThCl4, CrCl3, FeCl3, CoCl2, and NiCl2 from the corresponding hydrates.
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Nickel(II) bromide is the name for the inorganic compounds with the chemical formula NiBr2(H2O)x. The value of x can be 0 for the anhydrous material, as well as 2, 3, or 6 for the three known hydrate forms. The anhydrous material is a yellow-brown solid which dissolves in water to give blue-green hexahydrate (see picture).
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5-Aminotetrazole is an organic compound with the formula HN4CNH2. It is a white solid that can be obtained both in anhydrous and hydrated forms. The molecule is planar.Hiroshi Fujihisa, Kazumasa Honda, Shigeaki Obata, Hiroshi Yamawaki, Satoshi Takeya, Yoshito Gotoha, Takehiro Matsunaga "Crystal structure of anhydrous 5-aminotetrazole and its high-pressure behavior" CrystEngComm, 2011, volume 13, pp. 99-102.
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Since it has hygroscopic properties, the most common form of lithium sulfate is lithium sulfate monohydrate. Anhydrous lithium sulfate has a density of 2.22 g/cm3 but, weighing lithium sulfate anhydrous can become cumbersome as it must be done in a water lacking atmosphere. Lithium sulfate has pyroelectric properties. When aqueous lithium sulfate is heated, the electrical conductivity also increases.
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Sodium dihydrogen phosphate Sodium hydrogen phosphate Trisodium phosphate Sodium phosphate is a generic term for a variety of salts of sodium (Na+) and phosphate (PO43−). Phosphate also forms families or condensed anions including di-, tri-, tetra-, and polyphosphates. Most of these salts are known in both anhydrous (water-free) and hydrated forms. The hydrates are more common than the anhydrous forms.
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Therefore HF vapor etching became an interesting commercial fabrication technology. Water or an alcohol catalysts are required, because anhydrous HF does not etch SiO2.
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This occurs during hydration of metal ions, so colourless anhydrous ionic compounds with an anion absorbing in the infrared can become colourful in solution.
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Methylpentynol is prepared by reaction of butanone (MEK) with sodium acetylide. This reaction must be done in anhydrous conditions and in an inert atmosphere.
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The monohydrate can be prepared by heating the hexahydrate to approximately 150 °C. Further heating to approximately 300-320 °C gives anhydrous magnesium sulfate.
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Flash pyrolysis—producing bio-oil (pyrolysis oil), char and gas at temperatures between 350–550 °C and residence times < 1 second (also called anhydrous pyrolysis).
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Calcium makes up 24.1% of calcium citrate (anhydrous) and 21.1% of calcium citrate (tetrahydrate) by mass. The tetrahydrate occurs in nature as the mineral Earlandite.
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Anhydrous sodium hypochlorite can be prepared but, like many hypochlorites, it is highly unstable and decomposes explosively on heating or friction. The decomposition is accelerated by carbon dioxide at atmospheric levels. It is a white solid with the orthorhombic crystal structure. Sodium hypochlorite can also be obtained as a crystalline pentahydrate ·5, which is not explosive and is much more stable than the anhydrous compound.
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In many cases, the presence of water can prevent a reaction from happening, or cause undesirable products to form. To prevent this, anhydrous solvents must be used when performing certain reactions. Examples of reactions requiring the use of anhydrous solvents are the Grignard reaction and the Wurtz reaction. Solvents have typically been dried using distillation or by reaction with reactive metals or metal hydrides.
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Records: Texas plant hadn't told feds about explosive fertilizer. CNN, April 26, 2013. In June 2012, the U.S. Department of Transportation's Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration further fined the facility $5,250 for violations regarding anhydrous ammonia storage. According to an open records request by Reuters, the plant had a long history of minor thefts, presumably by people wanting to use anhydrous ammonia to make methamphetamine.
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White fuming nitric acid, pure nitric acid or WFNA, is very close to anhydrous nitric acid. It is available as 99.9% nitric acid by assay. One specification for white fuming nitric acid is that it has a maximum of 2% water and a maximum of 0.5% dissolved NO2. Anhydrous nitric acid has a density of 1.513 g/cm3 and has the approximate concentration of 24 molar.
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Few procedures have been reported to the anhydrous solid. Instead the material is typically prepared in a solution with ethanol. It is commercially available and as a solution in ethanol. It is easily prepared in the laboratory by treating sodium metal with absolute ethanol: :2 C2H5OH + 2 Na → 2 C2H5ONa + H2 An alternative, cheaper route involves the reaction of sodium hydroxide with anhydrous ethanol.
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Anhydrous magnesium chloride is the principal precursor to magnesium metal, which is produced on a large scale. Hydrated magnesium chloride is the form most readily available.
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Above 800 °C, the anhydrous chloride reverts to Rh metal and chlorine. Various rhodium chloride complexes are intermediates in the purification of rhodium from its ores.
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The operation would also consume some 40,000 pounds of anhydrous ammonia daily. The plant faces a number of hurdles to retrofitting SCRs in the allotted time.
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Inhalation of the gas can cause severe lung damage or even death.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention." Anhydrous Ammonia Health Information." North Dakota Department of Health.
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Nitronium tetrafluoroborate can be prepared by adding a mixture of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride and boron trifluoride to a nitromethane solution of nitric acid or dinitrogen pentoxide.
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In this work, 1H-1,2,3-Benzotriazole, BTri which is a novel protogenic solvent was incorporated into Nafion and polyvinylphosphonic acid, PVPA to produce novel anhydrous membranes.
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Anhydrous copper arsenate, Cu3(AsO4)2, is found in nature as the mineral lammerite. Copper arsenate tetrahydrate, Cu3(AsO4)2·4H2O, occurs naturally as the mineral rollandite.
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The compound can be prepared by the reaction of sucrose with propionic anhydride in the melt state or at room temperature, over several days, in anhydrous pyridine.
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The substance is marketed as a less toxic and more sensitive alternative to ethidium bromide. GelRed is sold as a solution in anhydrous DMSO or ultrapurified water.
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The anhydrous material is a powerful dehydrating agent. The formation of ferric fluoride may have been responsible for the explosion of a cylinder of hydrogen fluoride gas.
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Anhydrous solvents are commercially available from chemical suppliers, and are packaged in sealed containers to maintain dryness. Typically anhydrous solvents will contain approximately 10 ppm of water and will increase in wetness if they are not properly stored. Organic solutions can be dried using a range of drying agents. Typically following a workup the organic extract is dried using magnesium sulfate or a similar drying agent to remove most remaining water.
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As early as in 1895, it was known that ammonia was "strongly antiseptic ... it requires 1.4 grams per litre to preserve beef tea." In one study, anhydrous ammonia destroyed 99.999% of zoonotic bacteria in 3 types of animal feed, but not silage. Anhydrous ammonia is currently used commercially to reduce or eliminate microbial contamination of beef."Evaluation of Treatment Methods for Reducing Bacteria in Textured Beef", Jensen, Jean L et al.
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Reuters, May 3, 2013. In an emergency planning report filed with the EPA in 2011, company officials said the anhydrous ammonia storage tanks did not represent a significant fire or explosion hazard. Indeed, the tanks were still intact following the nearby fire and explosion. According to its last filing with the EPA in late 2012, the company stated that it stored of ammonium nitrate and of anhydrous ammonia on the site.
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Union Pacific is a train company based in the area of San Antonio, Texas. Between 2004 and 2007 there were 21 major derailments, which resulted in six deaths and multiple hospitalizations. One of these crashes led to the release of chlorine gas and anhydrous ammonia near San Antonio. The released chlorine gas and anhydrous ammonia fanned out to a 10-mile radius which resulted in the hospitalization of over 50 people.
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Blossite is an anhydrous copper vanadate mineral with the formula: Cu2+2V5+2O7. Blossite was named for mineralogist F. Donald Bloss of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
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Chromium(III) phosphate describes inorganic compounds with the chemical formula CrPO4.(H2O)n, where n = 0, 4, or 6. All are deeply colored solids. Anhydrous CrPO4 is green.
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On May 25, 2008, an EF5 tornado ripped through southern Butler County, and destroyed the Sinclair grain elevator; ripping apart grain bins and throwing anhydrous ammonia tanks into fields.
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Cobalt(III) fluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula . Hydrates are also known. The anhydrous compound is a hygroscopic brown solid. It is used to synthesize organofluorine compounds.
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Hyponitrous acid (trans) can be prepared from silver(I) hyponitrite and anhydrous HCl in ether: : + 2 HCl → + 2 AgCl Spectroscopic data indicate a trans configuration for the resulting acid.
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NiF2 is prepared by treatment of anhydrous nickel(II) chloride with fluorine at 350 °C:Priest, H. F. “Anhydrous Metal Fluorides” Inorganic Syntheses McGraw-Hill: New York, 1950; Vol. 3, pages 171-183. :NiCl2 \+ F2 -> NiF2 \+ Cl2 The corresponding reaction of cobalt(II) chloride results in oxidation of the cobalt, whereas nickel remains in the +2 oxidation state after fluorination because its +3 oxidation state is less stable. Chloride is more easily oxidized than nickel(II).
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7-Dehydrocholesterol from lanolin is used as a raw material for producing vitamin D3 by irradiation with ultraviolet light. Baseball players often use it to soften and break in their baseball gloves (shaving cream with lanolin is popularly used for this). Anhydrous liquid lanolin, combined with parabens, has been used in trials as artificial tears to treat dry eye. Anhydrous lanolin is also used as a lubricant for brass instrument tuning slides.
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The anhydrous salt can be prepared by reaction of ferrous chloride with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride.W. Kwasnik "Iron(II) Fluoride" in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. Vol. 1. p. 266. It is slightly soluble in water (with solubility product Ksp = 2.36×10−6 at 25 °C) as well as dilute hydrofluoric acid, giving a pale green solution. It is insoluble in organic solvents.
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Cobalt(II) fluoride can be prepared from anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride or cobalt(II) oxide in a stream of hydrogen fluoride: :CoCl2 \+ 2HF → CoF2 \+ 2HCl :CoO + 2HF → CoF2 \+ H2O It is produced in the reaction of cobalt (III) fluoride with water. The tetrahydrate cobalt(II) fluoride is formed by dissolving cobalt(II) in hydrofluoric acid. The anhydrous fluoride can be extracted from this by dehydration. Other synthesis can occur at higher temperatures.
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Sodium perborate is chemical compound whose chemical formula may be written , , or, more properly, ·. Its name is sometimes abbreviated as PBS. The compound is commonly encountered in anhydrous form or as a hexahydrate (commonly called "monohydrate" or PBS-1 and "tetrahydrate" or PBS-4, after the early assumption that would be the anhydrous form).Alexander McKillop and William R Sanderson (1995): "Sodium perborate and sodium percarbonate: Cheap, safe and versatile oxidising agents for organic synthesis".
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Magnesium iodide is stable at high heat under a hydrogen atmosphere, but decomposes in air at normal temperatures, turning brown from the release of elemental iodine. When heated in air, it decomposes completely to magnesium oxide. Another method to prepare MgI2 is mixing powdered elemental iodine and magnesium metal. In order to obtain anhydrous MgI2, the reaction should be conducted in a strictly anhydrous atmosphere; dry-diethyl ether can be used as a solvent.
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Anhydrous magnesium sulfate is commonly used as a desiccant in organic synthesis due to its affinity for water and compatibility with most organic compounds. During work-up, an organic phase is treated with anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The hydrated solid is then removed with filtration, decantation or distillation (if the boiling point is low enough). Other inorganic sulfate salts such as sodium sulfate and calcium sulfate may be used in the same way.
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The common mineral gypsum is a hydrous sulfate mineral that readily alters to the anhydrous sulfate aptly named anhydrite with prolonged desiccation. :CaSO4·2H2O <=> CaSO4 This is a reversible reaction.
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Cobalt(II) bromide (CoBr2) is an inorganic compound. In its anhydrous form, it is a green solid that is soluble in water, used primarily as a catalyst in some processes.
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It contains 32.5% by weight of hydrogen peroxide. The product is used in some eco-friendly bleaches and other cleaning products, and as a laboratory source of anhydrous hydrogen peroxide.
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Phenyldichloroarsine is produced by reacting benzene with arsenic trichloride. Anhydrous aluminum chloride acts as a catalyst in this reaction.Ledgard, Jared. A Laboratory History of Chemical Warfare Agents, (Google Books), Lulu.
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Praseodymium(III) sulfate is a praseodymium compound with formula Pr2(SO4)3. It is an odourless whitish-green crystalline compound. The anhydrous substance readily absorbs water forming pentahydrate and octahydrate.
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The observations are in line with the fact that hydrous ethanol is known for being less corrosive than anhydrous ethanol. The reaction mechanism will be the same at lower-mid blends.
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Boiling less concentrated solutions releases H2O until the constant-boiling mixture composition is reached. Both the anhydrous and aqueous solutions of HBr are common reagents in the preparation of bromide compounds.
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It produces unleaded gasoline, ultra low sulphur diesel, kerosene, low aromatic distillates, drilling fluids, liquid petroleum gas, low sulphur fuel oil, anhydrous alcohols, liquid oxygen, liquid nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and waxes.
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One mL of each strength contains 0.94% sodium citrate hydrous, 1.26% citric acid anhydrous; pH is adjusted, if necessary, with hydrochloric acid. The 10 mg/mL strength contains 0.2% sodium chloride.
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Three next lower hydrates—pentahydrite, starkeyite, and especially sanderite are rare. Kieserite is a monohydrate and is common among evaporitic deposits. Anhydrous magnesium sulfate was reported from some burning coal dumps.
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There are three forms reported, anhydrous, a tetrahydrate and basic beryllium carbonate. The anhydrous form is reported to be unstable, decomposing to BeO and carbon dioxide, and requiring storage under CO2.Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001) Inorganic Chemistry, Elsevier The tetrahydrate is said to be formed when CO2 is bubbled through a solution of Be(OH)2 and is also reported to be similarly unstable.David Anthony Everest, 1964, The Chemistry of Beryllium, Elsevier Pub. Co.
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Cerium(III) nitrate crystal with Miller index notation Anhydrous cerous nitrate, also called cerium(III) nitrate, is the anhydrous salt with the formula Ce(NO3)3.(CAS number 10108-73-3). Cerium nitrate hexahydrate, with the formula Ce(NO3)3.6H2O (CAS number 10294-41-4) is the most common nitrate of cerium(III). It is a component in a burn treatment cream that also includes silver sulphadiazine. Concentrations used are 0.5 M for the cerium nitrate.
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Copper monosulfide can be prepared by passing hydrogen sulfide gas into a solution of copper(II) salt. Alternatively, it can be prepared by melting an excess of sulfur with copper(I) sulfide or by precipitation with hydrogen sulfide from a solution of anhydrous copper(II) chloride in anhydrous ethanol. The reaction of copper with molten sulfur followed by boiling sodium hydroxide and the reaction of sodium sulfide with aqueous copper sulfate will also produce copper sulfide.
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Upon dissolving in water, ferrous sulfates form the metal aquo complex [Fe(H2O)6]2+, which is an almost colorless, paramagnetic ion. On heating, iron(II) sulfate first loses its water of crystallization and the original green crystals are converted into a white colored anhydrous solid. When further heated, the anhydrous material releases sulfur dioxide and white fumes of sulfur trioxide, leaving a reddish-brown iron(III) oxide. Decomposition of iron(II) sulfate begins at about .
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32) reported first in the years 1838 to 1839 on the compound as reaction product of anhydrous ethanol and anhydrous sulfuric acid. Carbyl sulfate is produced in the highly exothermic (about 800 kcal/kg) reaction of ethylene and sulfur trioxide in the vapor phase in nearly quantitative yield. : Carbyl sulfate synthesis Disulfuric acid and chlorosulfuric acid can also be used as a sulfonating agent, replacing sulfur trioxide. Instead of ethylene, ethylene- forming agents can be used, e.g.
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Silver sulfate is prepared by adding sulfuric acid to a solution of silver nitrate: :AgNO3 \+ H2SO4 → AgHSO4 \+ HNO3 :2 AgHSO4 ⇌ Ag2SO4 \+ H2SO4 The compound adopts the structure seen for anhydrous sodium sulfate.
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Sulfates can also be found in hydrothermal vein systems associated with sulfides,, pp. 456–57 or as oxidation products of sulfides., p. 674 Sulfates can be subdivided into anhydrous and hydrous minerals.
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Sodium–air batteries can only function with aprotic, anhydrous electrolytes. When a DMSO electrolyte was stabilized with sodium trifluoromethanesulfonimide, the highest cycling stability of a sodium–air battery was obtained (150 cycles).
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Columbia-Southern Chemical Corporation was a subsidiary of Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company. It produced heavy industrial chemicals for industry and agriculture, including: anhydrous ammonia, caustic soda, chlorine, titanium tetrachloride, and soda ash.
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This very observation led to the postulation of a "dehydration barrier" being involved in the low-temperature formation of anhydrous magnesium carbonate.Lippmann, F. (1973): Sedimentary carbonate minerals. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 228 p.
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Reaction of silver hyponitrite with anhydrous hydrogen chloride in ether is the standard way to prepare hyponitrous acid: : + 2 HCl → + 2 AgCl Spectroscopic data indicate a trans configuration for the resulting acid.
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Reacting potassium cyanide and salts containing nickel(II) ions in aqueous solution can precipitate nickel(II) cyanide tetrahydrate. On heating the tetrahydrate to 140°C, it can produce dry (anhydrous) nickel(II) cyanide.
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Chloramine-T is the organic compound with the formula CH3C6H4SO2NClNa. Both the anhydrous salt and its trihydrate are known. Both are white powders. Chloramine-T is used as a reagent in organic synthesis.
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Manganese(III) acetate may be used either as its dihydrate or in the anhydrous form. Alternatively, it can be electrochemically generated from manganese(II) acetate.Bellami, A. J. Acta Chem. Scand. 1979, B33, 208.
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Acemetacin is the glycolic acid ester of indometacin. It is a fine, slightly yellowish, crystalline powder that melts at . It is polymorphic, with four known anhydrous (water-free) and two monohydrate crystalline forms.
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In solution-phase experiments, the silane is dissolved in an anhydrous solvent and placed in contact with the surface; in vapor-phase experiments, only the vapor of the silane reaches the substrate surface.
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This implies that at ambient conditions VP and VS of hydrous forsterite are slower than those of anhydrous one; conversely, with increasing pressure, and consequently depth, VP and VS of hydrous forsterite exceed those of anhydrous one. In addition hydration decreases the VP/VS ratio of forsterite, the maximum compressional wave azimuthal anisotropy and the maximum shear wave splitting. These data help us to constrain Earth's mantle composition and distinguish regions of hydrogen enrichment from regions of high temperature or partial melt.
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Anhydrous MgCl2 is produced industrially by heating the chloride salt of hexammine complex [Mg(NH3)6]2+. As suggested by the existence of some hydrates, anhydrous MgCl2 is a Lewis acid, although a weak one. In the Dow process, magnesium chloride is regenerated from magnesium hydroxide using hydrochloric acid: : Mg(OH)2(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + 2 H2O(l) It can also be prepared from magnesium carbonate by a similar reaction. Derivatives with tetrahedral Mg2+ are less common.
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Lithium hydroxide is used in breathing gas purification systems for spacecraft, submarines, and rebreathers to remove carbon dioxide from exhaled gas by producing lithium carbonate and water: :2 LiOH•H2O + CO2 → Li2CO3 \+ 3 H2O or :2 LiOH + CO2 → Li2CO3 \+ H2O The latter, anhydrous hydroxide, is preferred for its lower mass and lesser water production for respirator systems in spacecraft. One gram of anhydrous lithium hydroxide can remove 450 cm3 of carbon dioxide gas. The monohydrate loses its water at 100–110 °C.
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A short note from 1872 reported the formation a solid with approximate formula 5··13, as a mass of fine needles, from a solution of magnesium ammonium chloride with excess ammonia left standing for several months.J. W. C. Davis (1872): "Composition of Crystalline Deposit from a Solution of Magnesium and Ammonium Chloride". The Chemical News and Journal of Physical Science, volume 25, page 258. G. André claimed in 1882 the preparation of anhydrous oxychlorides by fusing anhydrous magnesium chloride with powdered magnesium oxide.
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CrCl3 is a Lewis acid, classified as "hard" according to the Hard-Soft Acid-Base theory. It forms a variety of adducts of the type [CrCl3L3]z, where L is a Lewis base. For example, it reacts with pyridine () to form an adduct: :CrCl3 \+ 3 C5H5N → CrCl3(C5H5N)3 Treatment with trimethylsilylchloride in THF gives the anhydrous THF complex:Philip Boudjouk, Jeung-Ho So "Solvated and Unsolvated Anhydrous Metal Chlorides from Metal Chloride Hydrates" Inorganic Syntheses, 2007, vol. 29, p. 108-111. :CrCl3.
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Summary of the main ethanol blends used around the world Several common ethanol fuel mixtures are in use around the world. The use of pure hydrous or anhydrous ethanol in internal combustion engines (ICEs) is only possible if the engines are designed or modified for that purpose, and used only in automobiles, light-duty trucks and motorcycles. Anhydrous ethanol can be blended with gasoline (petrol) for use in gasoline engines, but with high ethanol content only after minor engine modifications. Ethanol fuel mixtures have "E" numbers which describe the percentage of ethanol fuel in the mixture by volume, for example, E85 is 85% anhydrous ethanol and 15% gasoline. Low- ethanol blends, from E5 to E25, although internationally the most common use of the term refers to the E10 blend.
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Potassium picrate, or potassium 2,4,6-trinitrophenolate, is an organic chemical, a picrate of potassium. It is a reddish yellow or green crystalline material. It is a primary explosive. Anhydrous potassium picrate forms orthorhombic crystals.
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Additionally, the reaction does not require anhydrous or inert conditions. As a mild, selective synthesis, the Petasis reaction is useful in generating α-amino acids, and is utilized in combinatorial chemistry and drug discovery.
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CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 44th ed. pp 2143–2184 Pure (anhydrous) isopropyl alcohol is made by azeotropic distillation of the wet isopropyl alcohol using either diisopropyl ether or cyclohexane as azeotroping agents.
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Lithium sulfide is prepared by treating lithium with sulfur. This reaction is conveniently conducted in anhydrous ammonia. :2 Li + S → Li2S The THF-soluble triethylborane adduct of lithium sulfide can be generated using superhydride.
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Anhydrous MnCl2 adopts a layered cadmium chloride-like structure. The tetrahydrate consists of octahedral cis- Mn(H2O)4Cl2 molecules. The trans isomer, which is metastable, is also known.A. F. Wells, Structural Inorganic Chemistry, 5th ed.
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Reactions mediated by copper are typically on the order of hours, and in some cases, slow addition of the diazocarbonyl compound is necessary. Reactions should be carried out under an inert atmosphere in anhydrous conditions.
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The anhydrous compound is obtained by heating the hydrates to 400 °C. It is isostructural with cobalt(II) phosphate. The metal ions occupy both octahedral (six-coordinate) and pentacoordinate sites in a 1:2 ratio.
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Lithium perchlorate is the inorganic compound with the formula LiClO4. This white or colourless crystalline salt is noteworthy for its high solubility in many solvents. It exists both in anhydrous form and as a trihydrate.
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Glyoxal may be synthesized in the laboratory by oxidation of acetaldehyde with selenious acid. Anhydrous glyoxal is prepared by heating solid glyoxal hydrate(s) with phosphorus pentoxide and condensing the vapors in a cold trap.
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Titanium nitrate is hygroscopic, converting to ill-defined hydrates. The anhydrous material is highly reactive, even toward hydrocarbons. Titanium nitrate also reacts with n-dodecane, p-dichlorobenzene, anisole, biphenyl, It decomposes thermally to titanium dioxide.
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The most common magnesium carbonate forms are the anhydrous salt called magnesite (MgCO3) and the di, tri, and pentahydrates known as barringtonite (MgCO3·2 H2O), nesquehonite (MgCO3·3 H2O), and lansfordite (MgCO3·5 H2O), respectively. Some basic forms such as artinite (MgCO3·Mg(OH)2·3 H2O), hydromagnesite (4 MgCO3·Mg(OH)2·4 H2O), and dypingite (4 MgCO3· Mg(OH)2·5 H2O) also occur as minerals. Magnesite consists of white trigonal crystals. The anhydrous salt is practically insoluble in water, acetone, and ammonia.
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Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate Four dihalides of cobalt(II) are known: cobalt(II) fluoride (CoF2, pink), cobalt(II) chloride (CoCl2, blue), cobalt(II) bromide (CoBr2, green), cobalt(II) iodide (CoI2, blue-black). These halides exist in anhydrous and hydrated forms. Whereas the anhydrous dichloride is blue, the hydrate is red. The reduction potential for the reaction + e− → is +1.92 V, beyond that for chlorine to chloride, +1.36 V. Consequently, cobalt(III) and chloride would result in the cobalt(III) being reduced to cobalt(II).
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After production of the polymer, the aramid fiber is produced by spinning the dissolved polymer to a solid fiber from a liquid chemical blend. Polymer solvent for spinning PPTA is generally 100% anhydrous sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
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In industry, aqueous ammonia can be used as a precursor to some alkyl amines, although anhydrous ammonia is usually preferred. Hexamethylenetetramine forms readily from aqueous ammonia and formaldehyde. Ethylenediamine forms from 1,2-dichloroethane and aqueous ammonia.
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However, the hydrated nature of monohydrocalcite means that full dehydration of Mg is not required before incorporation of this ion into this mineral and therefore it will more likely form than the anhydrous calcium carbonate phases.
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The bait, usually money, is sprinkled with the anhydrous powder. Anyone handling the contaminated money will find that on upon washing the hands, a green stain on the skin that lasts for several days will result.
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The original synthesis of VI2 involved reaction of the elements. Solvated vanadium(II) iodides can be prepared by reduction of vanadium(III) chlorides with trimethylsilyl iodide. It reacts with anhydrous ammonia to give the hexaammine complex.
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The monoaquo complex Zn(acac)2H2O (m.p. 138–140 °C) is pentacoordinate, adopting a square pyramidal structure. The complex is of some use in organic synthesis. Dehydration of this species gives the hygroscopic anhydrous derivative (m.p.
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Alexandru Balaban enrolled the Politehnica University of Bucharest in 1949, where he was awarded a Ph.D. in chemistry on April 2, 1959. The topic of his Ph.D. thesis dealt with the restrictions catalyzed by anhydrous aluminium chloride.
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The compound is synthesised by reacting methylammonium chloride, CH3NH3Cl, with anhydrous iron(III) chloride and adding hydrochloric acid with heating. Crystals of the product, which precipitate as the solvent evaporates, are collected and dried using vacuum desiccation.
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Trioxane is combined with hexamine and compressed into solid bars to make hexamine fuel tablets, used by the military and outdoorsmen as a cooking fuel. In the laboratory, trioxane is used as an anhydrous source of formaldehyde.
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Anhydrous aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly functions by diffusing into the sweat gland and forming a colloidal "plug" which limits the flow of sweat to the skin surface. The plug is gradually broken down and normal sweating resumes.
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Sodium monothiophosphate, or sodium phosphorothioate, is an inorganic compound with the molecular formula Na3PO3S(H2O)x. All are white solids. The anhydrous material (x = 0) decomposes without melting at 120-125 °C. More common is the dodecahydrate.
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It can also be used for bonding fabrics, wood, and other materials to iron or steel surfaces. Anhydrous iron phosphate has been investigated as an intercalation electrode in a lithium-ion battery despite having low electronic conductivity.
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Like most water-soluble sulfates, vanadyl sulfate is only rarely found in nature. Anhydrous form is pauflerite, a mineral of fumarolic origin. Hydrated forms, also rare, include hexahydrate (stanleyite), pentahydrates (minasragrite, orthominasragrite, and anorthominasragrite) and trihydrate - bobjonesite.
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A-type granites are a class of granite. They are characterised by low water and a lack of tectonic fabric. A stands for anorogenic or anhydrous. The granite class was proposed by Loiselle and Wones in 1979.
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Harald Jakob, Stefan Leininger, Thomas Lehmann, Sylvia Jacobi, Sven Gutewort "Peroxo Compounds, Inorganic" Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2007, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. . The octahydrate, which is simple to prepare, is white, in contrast to the anhydrous material.
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The CIPW Norm was developed in the early 1900s by the petrologists Cross, Iddings, Pirsson and the geochemist Washington. The CIPW normative mineralogy calculation is based on the typical minerals that may be precipitated from an anhydrous melt at low pressure, and simplifies the typical igneous geochemistry seen in nature with the following four constraints: # The magma crystallizes under anhydrous conditions so that no hydrous minerals (hornblende, biotite) are formed. # The ferromagnesian minerals are assumed to be free of Al2O3. # The Fe/Mg ratio for all ferromagnesian minerals is assumed to be the same.
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The pentahydrate form, which is blue, is heated, turning the copper sulfate into the anhydrous form which is white, while the water that was present in the pentahydrate form evaporates. When water is then added to the anhydrous compound, it turns back into the pentahydrate form, regaining its blue color, and is known as blue vitriol. Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate can easily be produced by crystallization from solution as copper(II) sulfate, which is hygroscopic. In an illustration of a "single metal replacement reaction", iron is submerged in a solution of copper sulfate.
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In an effort to save energy, the New England Sports Center recycles not water (which would be unsanitary), but heat. When the Zamboni ice resurfacer makes a sheet of ice, a quantity of ice shavings are cut from the surface of the ice. The collected ice shavings are melted by the heat released during the compression of the anhydrous ammonia. Prior to discharge to the sanitary sewer system, the melted ice shavings are used to help chill the water which flows into the evaporation towers to cool the anhydrous ammonia.
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Gregoryite is an anhydrous carbonate mineral that is rich in potassium and sodium with the chemical formula . It is one of the two main ingredients of natrocarbonatite, found naturally in the lava of Ol Doinyo Lengai volcano, the other being nyerereite. Because of its anhydrous nature, gregoryite reacts quickly with the environment, causing the dark lava to be converted to white substance within hours. Gregoryite was first described in 1980 and named after the British geologist and author John Walter Gregory (1864–1932), who studied the East African Rift Valley.
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Hydrofluoric acid is both corrosive and toxic, making it unappealing to work with; as such a number of alternative processes have been developed for small-scale syntheses. Potassium heptafluorotantalate can be produced by both anhydrous and wet methods. The anhydrous method involves the reaction of tantalum oxide with potassium bifluoride or ammonium bifluoride according to the following equation:Agulyansky, A. "Potassium fluorotantalate in solid, dissolved and molten conditions" J. Fluorine Chemistry 2003, 155-161. :Ta2O5 \+ 4 KHF2 \+ 6 HF → 2 K2[TaF7] + 5 H2O The method was originally reported by Berzelius.
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Thorium(IV) chloride (ThCl4) is an inorganic chemical compound. In addition to the anhydrous ThCl4, two hydrates have been reported: ThCl4(H2O)4Cantat, Thibault; Scott, Brian L.; Kiplinger, Jaqueline L. "Convenient Access to the Anhydrous Thorium Tetrachloride Complexes ThCl4(DME)2, ThCl4(1,4-dioxane)2 and ThCl4(THF)3.5 using Commercially Available and Inexpensive Starting Materials" Chemical Communications 2010, 46, 919-921. and ThCl4(H2O)8.P. Ehrlich "Titanium, Zirconium, Hafnium, and Thorium" in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. Vol. 1. p. 1203.
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Anhydrous sodium sulfate occurs in arid environments as the mineral thenardite. It slowly turns to mirabilite in damp air. Sodium sulfate is also found as glauberite, a calcium sodium sulfate mineral. Both minerals are less common than mirabilite.
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Yttrium(III) chloride is an inorganic compound of yttrium and chloride. It exists in two forms, the hydrate (YCl3(H2O)6) and an anhydrous form (YCl3). Both are colourless solids that are highly soluble in water and deliquescent.
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Acetic formic anhydride can be produced by reacting sodium formate with acetyl chloride in anhydrous diethyl ether between 23–27 °C. It can also be prepared by the reaction of acetic anhydride and formic acid at 0 °C.
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Sodium tetrachloroaurate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaAuCl4. It is composed of the ions Na+ and AuCl4−. It exists in the anhydrous and dihydrate states. At room temperature, it exists as a golden-orange solid.
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Industrially, methylamine is transported in its anhydrous form in pressurized railcars and tank trailers. It has a strong odor similar to fish. Methylamine is used as a building block for the synthesis of many other commercially available compounds.
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The crystal unit of the solid hexahydrate •6 contains the neutral molecule trans- and two molecules of water of crystallization. This species dissolves readily in water and alcohol. The anhydrous salt is hygroscopic and the hexahydrate is deliquescent.
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In this technique, a reduced-pressure distillation first yields an ethanol-water mixture of more than 95.6% ethanol. Then, fractional distillation of this mixture at atmospheric pressure distills off the 95.6% azeotrope, leaving anhydrous ethanol at the bottom.
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Naled (Dibrom) is an organophosphate insecticide. Its chemical name is dimethyl 1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichloroethylphosphate. Naled is stable in anhydrous condition and must be stored away from light. It must also be stored under normal pressure and temperatures.
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Retrieved on 2014-07-17. In an accident, the vessels used to contain this gas generally fail. The use of anhydrous ammonia has dropped significantly since the introduction of the 'Shake and Bake' method of methamphetamine production.Staff writer.
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Anhydrous and partially hydrated forms also absorb water, turning into phase 5 and then phase 3 on the way to the chlorocarbonate. The exceptions are the dihydrate and hexahydrate of phase 9, that remain unchanged for many months.
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This is a transformation of the mineral anhydrite > (anhydrous calcium sulphate) into gypsum (hydrous calcium sulphate). A pre- > condition for this transformation is that the anhydrite is in contact with > water, which is then stored in its crystalline structure.
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Arsenates occur naturally in a variety of minerals. Those minerals may contain hydrated or anhydrous arsenates. Unlike phosphates, arsenates are not lost from a mineral during weathering. Examples of arsenate- containing minerals include adamite, alarsite, annabergite, erythrite and legrandite.
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A line at 255 cm−1 is due to the indium-oxygen bond to the sulfate. The water attached to the indium atom causes a band at about 400 cm−1. Solid anhydrous indium sulfate has two crystalline forms.
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These compounds are mainly used for de-icing and dust control. Because the anhydrous salt is hygroscopic, it is used as a desiccant.Robert Kemp, Suzanne E. Keegan "Calcium Chloride" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2000, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
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Further dehydration is normally done by addition of chemicals, up to the specified 99.7°GL in order to produce anhydrous ethanol, which is used for blending with pure gasoline to obtain the country's E25 mandatory blend. The additional processing required to convert hydrated into anhydrous ethanol increases the cost of the fuel, as in 2007 the average producer price difference between the two was around 14% for São Paulo State. Click link Preço ao produtor no Estado de São Paulo - Etanol anidro e etanol hidratado to download the Excel spreadsheet with producer prices of both types of ethanol by year. This production price difference, though small, contributes to the competitiveness of the hydrated ethanol (E100) used in Brazil, not only with regard to local gasoline prices but also as compared to other countries such as the United States and Sweden, that only use anhydrous ethanol for their flex fuel fleet.
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In both the Tholen and SMASS classification as well as in the Bus–DeMeo taxonomy, Aegle is a rare, anhydrous T-type asteroid, while the overall spectral type for the Aegle family is typically that of a C- and X-type.
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Therefore, the most efficient way to make benzylideneacetone is to use equimolar amounts of LDA (in THF), acetone, and benzaldehyde. The reaction must be done with anhydrous chemicals as LDA breaks down in water.Bruice, Paula Yurkanis. Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition.
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These acids also have hydroxide groups attached to the silicon; the formulas suggest that these acids are protonated forms of polyoxyanions. Few hydroxo complexes of germanium have been characterized. Tin(II) hydroxide Sn(OH)2 was prepared in anhydrous media.
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It strongly smells of chlorine, owing to its slow decomposition in moist air. It is not highly soluble in hard water, and is more preferably used in soft to medium-hard water. It has two forms: dry (anhydrous); and hydrated (hydrous).
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NaBr crystallizes in the same cubic motif as NaCl, NaF and NaI. The anhydrous salt crystallizes above 50.7 °C. Dihydrate salts (NaBr·2H2O) crystallize out of water solution below 50.7 °C. NaBr is produced by treating sodium hydroxide with hydrogen bromide.
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Europium(III) chloride is an inorganic compound with the formula EuCl3. The anhydrous compound is a yellow solid. Being hygroscopic it rapidly absorbs water to form a white crystalline hexahydrate, EuCl3·6H2O, which is colourless. The compound is used in research.
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The structure of a cobalt(IV) coordination complex with the norbornyl anion Reaction of the anhydrous compound with sodium cyclopentadienide gives cobaltocene . This 19-electron species is a good reducing agent, being readily oxidised to the yellow 18-electron cobaltacenium cation .
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In 1965 N-benzoyl-N′-phenylurea was synthesized when dry N-chlorobenzamide was reacted with phenylisocyanate or refluxed in dry benzene with anhydrous potassium fluoride. Alternatively N-benzoyl-N′-phenylurea was synthesized in 2010 by hydrolysis of N-benzoyl-N′-phenylthiourea.
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Tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (TBAB) is a quaternary ammonium salt with a bromide counterion commonly used as a phase transfer catalyst. It is used to prepare many other tetrabutylammonium salts by salt metathesis reactions. The anhydrous form is a white solid.
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Rectified spirit, an azeotropic composition of 96% ethanol containing 4% water, is used instead of anhydrous ethanol for various purposes. Spirits of wine are about 94% ethanol (188 proof). The impurities are different from those in 95% (190 proof) laboratory ethanol.
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The six ligands attached to titanium are derived from four different sulfate moieties and a bridging oxide. A monohydrate is also known, being prepared similarly to the anhydrous material. In the hydrate, one Ti-OS bond is replaced by Ti-OH2.
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Iron(III) fluoride is a thermally robust, antiferromagnetic solid consisting of high spin Fe(III) centers, which is consistent with the pale colors of all forms of this material. Both anhydrous iron(III) fluoride as well as its hydrates are hygroscopic.
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Although nominally anhydrous, wadsleyite can incorporate more than 3 percent by weight H2O(), which means that it is capable of incorporating more water than Earth's oceans and may be a significant reservoir for H (or water) in the Earth's interior.
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Sodium metavanadate occurs as two minor minerals, metamunirite (anhydrous) and a dihydrate, munirite. Both are very rare, metamunirite is now known only from vanadium- and uranium-bearing sandstone formations of central-western USA and munirite from Pakistan and South Africa.
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"New 'shake-and-bake' method for making crystal meth gets around drug laws but is no less dangerous." New York Daily News. Retrieved on 2014-07-17. This method cuts out the need for anhydrous ammonia as well as red phosphorus.
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Often solids are available as prills, a solid globule. Liquid fertilizers comprise anhydrous ammonia, aqueous solutions of ammonia, aqueous solutions of ammonium nitrate or urea. These concentrated products may be diluted with water to form a concentrated liquid fertilizer (e.g., UAN).
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Ferrous chloride is prepared by addition of iron powder to a solution of hydrochloric acid in methanol. This reaction gives the methanol solvate of the dichloride, which upon heating in a vacuum at about 160 °C converts to anhydrous FeCl2. The net reaction is shown: : Fe + 2 HCl → FeCl2 \+ H2 FeBr2 and FeI2 can be prepared analogously. An alternative synthesis of anhydrous ferrous chloride is the reduction of FeCl3 with chlorobenzene: :2 FeCl3 \+ C6H5Cl → 2 FeCl2 \+ C6H4Cl2 \+ HCl In one of two classic syntheses of ferrocene, Wilkinson generated FeCl2 in situ by comproportionation of FeCl3 with iron powder in THF.
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Rossman studies mineral spectroscopy, water and hydroxide in nominally anhydrous solids, analytical methods for OH analysis in minerals, x-ray amorphous minerals, and the effects of exposure on minerals to background levels of natural radiation. Paul Asimow, describing Rossman's work, wrote, "Within the general rubric of mineral spectroscopy, Rossman’s work can be grouped into three principal categories: the origin of color, the effects of natural and artificial radiation damage, and the concentration and crystal chemistry of hydrogen in minerals both hydrous and nominally anhydrous." He has received numerous awards for his work including Caltech's most prestigious teaching honor, the Feynman Prize.
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Treating Eu2O3 with aqueous HCl produces hydrated europium chloride (EuCl3·6H2O). This salt cannot be rendered anhydrous by heating. Instead one obtains an oxychloride. Anhydrous EuCl3 is often prepared by the "ammonium chloride route," starting from either Eu2O3 or hydrated europium chloride (EuCl3·6H2O) by heating carefully to 230 °C. These methods produce (NH4)2[EuCl5]: ::10 NH4Cl + Eu2O3 → 2 (NH4)2[EuCl5] + 6 NH3 \+ 3 H2O ::EuCl3·6H2O + 2 NH4Cl → (NH4)2[EuCl5] + 6 H2O The pentachloride decomposes thermally according to the following equation: :: (NH4)2[EuCl5] → 2 NH4Cl + EuCl3 The thermolysis reaction proceeds via the intermediary of (NH4)[Eu2Cl7].
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The compound is prepared by passing anhydrous hydrogen fluoride over anhydrous chromium(II) chloride. The reaction will proceed at room temperature but is typically heated to 100-200 °C to ensure completion: :CrCl2 \+ 2 HF → CrF2 \+ 2 HCl Like many difluorides, CrF2 adopts a structure like rutile with octahedral molecular geometry about Cr(II) and trigonal geometry at F−. Two of the six Cr-F bonds are long at 2.43 Å, and four are short near 2.00 Å.Jack, K. H.; Maitland, R. "Crystal structures and interatomic bonding of chromous and chromic fluorides" Proceedings of the Chemical Society, London (1957), 232.
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Anhydrous iron(III) fluoride is prepared by treating virtually any anhydrous iron compound with fluorine. More practically and like most metal fluorides, it is prepared by treating the corresponding chloride with hydrogen fluoride:Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. Vol. 1. p. 266-7. :FeCl3 \+ 3 HF → FeF3 \+ 3 HCl It also forms as a passivating film upon contact between iron (and steel) and hydrogen fluoride.J. Aigueperse, P. Mollard, D. Devilliers, M. Chemla, R. Faron, R. Romano, J. P. Cuer, "Fluorine Compounds, Inorganic" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005.
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Standard conditions for using NBS in allylic and/or benzylic bromination involves refluxing a solution of NBS in anhydrous CCl4 with a radical initiator—usually azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) or benzoyl peroxide, irradiation, or both to effect radical initiation. The allylic and benzylic radical intermediates formed during this reaction are more stable than other carbon radicals and the major products are allylic and benzylic bromides. This is also called the Wohl–Ziegler reaction. :Allylic bromination of 2-heptene The carbon tetrachloride must be maintained anhydrous throughout the reaction, as the presence of water may likely hydrolyze the desired product.
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Structure of protease and indinavir Indinavir is a white crystalline powder. It is very soluble in water and methanol. Each capsule contains sulfate salt in addition to anhydrous lactose and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell is made of gelatin and titanium dioxide.
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Anhydrous tin(IV) chloride solidifies at −33 °C to give monoclinic crystals with the P21/c space group. It is isostructural with SnBr4. The molecules adopt near- perfect tetrahedral symmetry with average Sn–Cl distances of 227.9(3) pm. Structure of solid SnCl4.
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Lithiophyllite, monazite and purpurite are sometimes grouped with xenotime in the informal "anhydrous phosphates" group. Xenotime is used chiefly as a source of yttrium and heavy lanthanide metals (dysprosium, ytterbium, erbium and gadolinium). Occasionally, gemstones are also cut from the finest xenotime crystals.
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It was first described in 1973 for an occurrence in bat guano in Dingo Donga Cave, Eucla, Western Australia. The name is for its composition, anhydrous uric acid. It occurs with biphosphammite, brushite and syngenite at the type locality in Dingo Donga Cave.
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The infrared spectrum of scotlandite shows conclusively that it is an anhydrous sulfite, with no OH groups or other polyatomic anions being present. It is also proven by electron microprobe analysis and infrared spectroscopy that scotlandite must be a polymorph of lead sulfite.
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Iron(II) selenate (ferrous selenate) is an inorganic compound with the formula FeSeO4. It has anhydrous and several hydrate forms. The pentahydrate has the structure, [Fe(H2O)4]SeO4•H2O, isomorphous to the corresponding iron(II) sulfate.K. Heinzinger, G. Pálinkás, Hubertus Kleeberg.
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BC.05 (IUPAC: tetrairon(III) trioxodiarsenate) #Anglesite (baryte: 1832) 7.AD.35 (IUPAC: lead sulfate) #Anhydrite (Y: 1795) 7.AD.30 (IUPAC: anhydrous calcium sulfate) #AnhydrokainiteQ (chlorothionite: 1912) 7.BC.80 [no] [no] (IUPAC: potassium magnesium chloro sulfate) #Anilite (digenite: IMA1968-030) 2.
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M. Tachez, F. Theobald, G. Trouillot. Crystal data for vanadyl sulphate hexahydrate VOSO4.6H2O. J. Appl. Cryst. (1976). 9, 246 Two polymorphs of anhydrous VOSO4 are known. The V=O bond distance is 160 pm, about 50 pm shorter than the V–OH2 bonds.
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The dihydrate loses two water molecules at 200 °C. The anhydrous salt is stable in the absence of oxygen up to about 470 °C, when it decomposes into potassium oxalate and ferrous oxide (which disproportionates partly into magnetite , metallic iron, and cementite ).
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Attempts to produce aluminium metal date back to 1760. The first successful attempt, however, was completed in 1824 by Danish physicist and chemist Hans Christian Ørsted. He reacted anhydrous aluminium chloride with potassium amalgam, yielding a lump of metal looking similar to tin.
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Neptunium(V) fluoride thermally decomposes at 318 °C to produce neptunium(IV) fluoride and neptunium(VI) fluoride. Contrary to uranium(V) fluoride, neptunium(V) fluoride does not react with boron trichloride, but it reacts with lithium fluoride in anhydrous HF to produce LiNpF6.
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ZnBr2 · 2H2O is prepared by treating zinc oxide or zinc metal with hydrobromic acid. : ZnO + 2 HBr + H2O → ZnBr2 · 2H2O The anhydrous material can be produced by dehydration of the dihydrate with hot CO2 or by reaction of zinc metal and bromine.
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Anhydrous FeF2 adopts the TiO2 rutile structure. As such, the iron cations are octahedral and fluoride anions are trigonal planar. The tetrahydrate can exist in two structures, or polymorphs. One form is rhombohedral and the other is hexagonal, the former having a disorder.
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It is an anhydrous aluminosilicate of sodium and magnesium, which crystallizes in the hexagonal crystalline system with silicate tetrahedra arranged in double rings. In addition to the elements of its formula, it usually carries impurities: such as titanium, chromium, iron, manganese and calcium.
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Thorium(IV) chloride is an intermediate in many different experiments. The first type of experiment is the purification of Thorium. 1\. Reduction of ThCl4 with alkali metals. 2\. Electrolysis of anhydrous thorium(IV) chloride in fused mixture of NaCl and KCl. 3\.
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Hypohalous acids tend to be unstable. Only hypofluorous acid has been isolated as a solid, and even it is explosive at room temperature. Hypochlorous acid cannot be prepared in anhydrous form.Inorganic chemistry, Egon Wiberg, Nils Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman, "Hypochlorous acid" p.
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Color produced when lithium chloride is heated The salt forms crystalline hydrates, unlike the other alkali metal chlorides.Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. Inorganic Chemistry Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. . Mono-, tri-, and pentahydrates are known. The anhydrous salt can be regenerated by heating the hydrates.
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The anhydrous complex is the precursor to nickel-based catalysts such as nickel bis(cyclooctadiene). [Ni(acac)2]3 is a precursor for the deposition of NiO thin film on conductive glass substrates using sol-gel techniques. Use of "Ni(acac)2" as the precatalyst.
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With the reaction of anhydrous chromium(III) chloride (CrCl3) and phenylmagnesium bromide (C6H5MgBr), Hein created a mixture of compounds. He was able to produce what he called phenylmagnesium salts. Hein denoted them as: (C6H5)5CrX,Hein, F. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1919, 52, 192.
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Yttrium(III) bromide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula YBr3. It is a white solid. Anhydrous yttrium(III) bromide can be produced by reacting yttrium oxide or yttrium(III) bromide hydrate and ammonium bromide. The reaction proceeds via the intermediate (NH4)3YBr6.
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Cheralite is an anhydrous phosphate mineral with the ideal chemical formula CaTh(PO4)2.Cheralite on Mindat.org It is isomorphous with huttonite and monazite. It can be regarded as the product of the complete cationic substitution in the system: 2 LREE3+ ↔ Ca2+ \+ Th4+.
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Often some sort of humidity indicator is included in the desiccator to show, by color changes, the level of humidity. These indicators are in the form of indicator plugs or indicator cards. The active chemical is cobalt chloride (CoCl2). Anhydrous cobalt chloride is blue.
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It can be obtained as dark red crystals or as an amorphous red powder. Cyanocobalamin is hygroscopic in the anhydrous form, and sparingly soluble in water (1:80). It is stable to autoclaving for short periods at . The vitamin coenzymes are unstable in light.
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A demonstration plant is due to start up in The Netherlands said to be capable of processing 64 tons of biomass (dry basis) per day into oil. Thermal depolymerisation differs in that it contains a hydrous process followed by an anhydrous cracking / distillation process.
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The Fischer oxazole synthesis is a chemical synthesis of an oxazole from a cyanohydrin and an aldehyde in the presence of anhydrous hydrochloric acid.Wiley, R. H. The Chemistry of Oxazoles. Chem. Rev. 1945, 37, 401. () This method was discovered by Emil Fischer in 1896.
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Like most fluoride compounds, the anhydrous and hydrated forms of iron(II) fluoride feature high spin metal center. Low temperature neutron diffraction studies show that the FeF2 is antiferromagnetic. Heat capacity measurements reveal an event at 78.3 K corresponding to ordering of antiferromagnetic state.
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Diglycolic acid is readily water soluble and crystallizes from water in monoclinic prisms as a white, odorless solid. At an air humidity of more than 72% and 25 °C the monohydrate is formed. The commercial product is the anhydrous form as a free-flowing flakes.
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Potassium ethyl xanthate (KEX) is an organosulfur compound with the chemical formula CH3CH2OCS2K. It is a pale yellow powder that is used in the mining industry for the separation of ores. Unlike the related sodium ethyl xanthate, the potassium salt exists as an anhydrous salt.
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The first synthesis was reported in 1878 by Harmon Northrop Morse. Phenacetin may be synthesized as an example of the Williamson ether synthesis: ethyl iodide, paracetamol, and anhydrous potassium carbonate are heated in 2-butanone to give the crude product, which is recrystallized from water.
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Barium carbonate is often added to maintain anhydrous and acid-free conditions. In the above reaction, while a mixture of isomeric allylic bromide products are possible, only one is created due to the greater stability of the 4-position radical over the methyl-centered radical.
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Hypochlorites are generally unstable and many compounds exist only in solution. Lithium hypochlorite LiOCl, calcium hypochlorite Ca(OCl)2 and barium hypochlorite Ba(ClO)2 have been isolated as pure anhydrous compounds. All are solids. A few more can be produced as aqueous solutions.
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Yara Belle Plaine Inc is a nitrate-based fertilizer manufacture based in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada, and part of the Yara International group of companies. Originally the company was established in 1984 as SaskFerco Products Inc., a joint venture between Cargil (50%), the Government of Saskatchewan (49%), Citibank Canada (1%), to construct a plant near Belle Plaine, Saskatchewan at a cost of $435 million for the production of granular urea and anhydrous ammonia. SaskFerco became one of the largest North America manufacturers of granular urea (2,850 tonnes per day capacity) and anhydrous ammonia (1,860 tonnes per day) and urea ammonium nitrate (670 tonnes per day).
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The principal active ingredient in Paregoric is powdered opium. In the United States the formula for Paregoric, U.S.P. is tincture of opium 40 ml, anise oil 4 ml, benzoic acid 4 g, camphor 4 g, glycerin 40 ml, alcohol 450 ml, purified water 450 ml, diluted alcoholDiluted alcohol is a mixture of equal portions of purified water and 190 proof alcohol (95% alcohol by volume). to 1000 ml, and contains the equivalent of 0.4 mg/ml of anhydrous morphine; one ounce of paregoric contains 129.6 mg (2 grains) of powdered opium, or the equivalent of 13 mg of anhydrous morphine.The Extra Pharmacoepia Martindale, Vol.
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Cobalt trichloride, in amounts sufficient to study spectroscopically, was obtained by Green and others in 1983, by sputtering cobalt electrodes with chlorine atoms and trapping the resulting molecules in frozen argon at 14 K. A report from 1969 claims that treatment of solid cobalt(III) hydroxide · with anhydrous ether saturated with at −20 °C produces a green solution (stable at −78 °C) with the characteristic spectrum of . In a 1932 report, the compound was claimed to arise in the electrolysis of cobalt(II) chloride in anhydrous ethanol.C. Schall (1932): "Zur anodischen Oxydation von Co und Ni‐Dichlorid (Nachtrag)." Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie, volume 38, page 27.
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Nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs) are minerals with only trace to minor amounts of hydrous components. The hydrous material occurs only at crystal defects. NAMs chemical formulas are normally written without hydrogen. NAMs such as olivine and orthopyroxene account for a large proportion in the mantle volume.
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The same geometry seems to persist in carbon tetrachloride solution.R. J. Fereday, N. Logan and D. Sutton (1969): "Anhydrous cobalt(III) nitrate: preparation, spectra, and reactions with some organic ligands". Journal of the Chemical Society A: Inorganic, Physical, Theoretical, volume 1969, issue 0, pages 2699-2703.
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A bridging ligand links two or more metal centers. Virtually all inorganic solids with simple formulas are coordination polymers, consisting of metal ion centres linked by bridging ligands. This group of materials includes all anhydrous binary metal ion halides and pseudohalides. Bridging ligands also persist in solution.
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The fluoride uptake capacity (FUC) of activated alumina can be up to 5000 mg/kg. The FUC using V.K. Chhabra's method can be determined as follows: Fluoride solution: Dissolve 22.1 g anhydrous NaF in distilled water and dilute to 1,000 mL. 1 mL = 10 mg fluoride.
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Structure of Ni(acac)2(H2O)2. As in the anhydrous form, the Ni(II) centres occupy octahedral coordination sites. The coordination sphere is provided by two bidentate acetylacetonate (acac) ligands and two aquo ligands. Ni(acac)2(H2O)2 exists as cis and trans isomers.
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This produces "carrier-free" dissolved [18F]fluoride ([18F]F−) ions in the water. The 109.8-minute half-life of 18F makes rapid and automated chemistry necessary after this point. Anhydrous fluoride salts, which are easier to handle than fluorine gas, can be produced in a cyclotron.
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Ferrous and ferric iron are components in many minerals, especially within sandstones. Fe2+ is in clay, carbonates, sulfides, and is even within feldspars in small amounts. Fe3+ is in oxides, hydrous, anhydrous, and in glauconites.Pettijohn, Potter, and Siever, 1987, Sand and Sandstone, Springer-Verlag Publishing Inc.
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This mixture is called hydrous ethanol and can be used as a fuel alone, but unlike anhydrous ethanol, hydrous ethanol is not miscible in all ratios with gasoline, so the water fraction is typically removed in further treatment to burn in combination with gasoline in gasoline engines.
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The anhydrous material and dihydrate Mn(CH3CO2)2.2H2O are coordination polymers. The dihydrate has been characterized by X-ray crystallography. Each Mn(II) center is surrounded by six oxygen centers provided by aquo ligands and acetates. Subunit of the structure of the dihydrate of manganese(II) acetate.
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If the reaction mixture is not anhydrous, this minor reaction pathway is suppressed as water acts as a competing base. Oxidation of thiophenes may be relevant to the metabolic activation of various thiophene-containing drugs, such as tienilic acid and the investigational anticancer drug OSI-930.
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Iron(III) chloride is harmful, highly corrosive and acidic. The anhydrous material is a powerful dehydrating agent. Although reports of poisoning in humans are rare, ingestion of ferric chloride can result in serious morbidity and mortality. Inappropriate labeling and storage lead to accidental swallowing or misdiagnosis.
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Similarly, samples dried at 40 °C under high vacuum still contain 0.1-0.3 mol% of water and some 10% of difluoride. Instead, anhydrous TBAF has been prepared by the reaction of hexafluorobenzene and tetrabutylammonium cyanide. Solutions of the salt in acetonitrile and dimethyl sulfoxide are stable.
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Copper sulfate is employed at a limited level in organic synthesis. The anhydrous salt is used as a dehydrating agent for forming and manipulating acetal groups. The hydrated salt can be intimately mingled with potassium permanganate to give an oxidant for the conversion of primary alcohols.
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During storage, potassium forms peroxides and superoxides. These peroxides may react violently with organic compounds such as oils. Both peroxides and superoxides may react explosively with metallic potassium. Because potassium reacts with water vapor in the air, it is usually stored under anhydrous mineral oil or kerosene.
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Unlike the less expensive sodium salt, potassium salt is mainly used for laboratory work in situations where an anhydrous salt is required. It is as an oxidizing agent in organic synthesis. It is used as in qualitative inorganic analysis, e.g. as a colorimetric test for silver ion.
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For example, dissolving in a hot, concentrated aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide forms the potassium salt . The anhydrous salts may be synthesized by heating metal oxides or hydroxides with . All plumbate(IV) salts are very strong oxidising agents. Some hydrated plumbate(IV) salts decompose upon dehydration.
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Three different ethanol blends are sold in the Netherlands—E5, E10 and hE15. The last of these differs from standard ethanol–gasoline blends in that it consists of 15% hydrous ethanol (i.e., the ethanol–water azeotrope) instead of the anhydrous ethanol traditionally used for blending with gasoline.
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Anhydrous cobalt trifluoride crystallizes in the rhombohedral group, specifically according to the aluminium trifluoride motif, with a = 527.9 pm, α = 56.97°. Each cobalt atom is bound to six fluorine atoms in octahedral geometry, with Co–F distances of 189 pm. Each fluoride is a doubly bridging ligand.
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Cobalt trifluoride can be prepared in the laboratory by treating with fluorine at 250 °C:H. F. Priest (1950): "Anhydrous Metal Fluorides". In Inorganic Syntheses, McGraw-Hill, volume 3, pages 171-183. : + 3/2 → + In this redox reaction, and are oxidized to and , respectively, while is reduced to .
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1,9-Pyrazoloanthrone can be synthesized by the condensation of 2-chloroanthraquinone with anhydrous hydrazine in pyridine at 100 °C. Purification is achieved via conversion to the N-acetyl derivative which is crystallized from acetic acid, followed by hydrolysis of the acetyl group with ammonium hydroxide in methanol.
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Because tetrafluoroammonium salts are destroyed by water, water cannot be used as a solvent. Instead anhydrous hydrogen fluoride or bromine pentafluoride can be used as a solvent to dissolve these salts. Tetrafluoroammonium salts usually have no colour. However, some are coloured due to other elements in them.
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Anhydrous tert-butyl alcohol is obtained by further refluxing and distilling from magnesium activated with iodine, or alkali metals such as sodium or potassium. Other methods include the use of 4 Å molecular sieves, aluminium tert- butylate, calcium hydride (CaH2), or fractional crystallization under inert atmosphere.
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Anhydrous aluminium chloride is a powerful Lewis acid, capable of forming Lewis acid-base adducts with even weak Lewis bases such as benzophenone and mesitylene. It forms tetrachloroaluminate (AlCl4−) in the presence of chloride ions. Aluminium chloride reacts with calcium and magnesium hydrides in tetrahydrofuran forming tetrahydroaluminates.
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2,000 grams of metallic aluminum are placed in a 75-gallon steam-jacketed open kettle. To this are added 7,000 grams of NaOH and 10 gallons of water. When the reaction has subsided, 92 lbs of anhydrous sodium carbonate are added and finally 50 gallons of water.
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For carboxylic and sulfonic acids, the products are the corresponding acyl and sulfonyl fluorides. The method has been adapted to laboratory-scale preparations. Two noteworthy considerations are (i) the hazards associated with hydrogen fluoride (the solvent and fluorine source) and (ii) the requirement for anhydrous conditions.
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The molecular formula of cetylpyridinium chloride is C21H38NCl. In its pure form it is a solid at room temperature. It has a melting point of 77 °C when anhydrous or 80–83 °C as a monohydrate . It is soluble in water but insoluble in acetone, acetic acid, or ethanol.
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According to Urbanski, Potassium picrate detonated 10% of the time when struck by a mass of 2kg dropped from the height of 21cm. By comparison, the more sensitive anhydrous lead picrate detonated 10% of the time when struck by the same mass dropped from the height of 2cm.
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Whewellite (calcium oxalate monohydrate) heat decomposition mass curve. The whewellite decomposes first to anhydrous calcium oxalate, then to calcium carbonate (losing carbon monoxide), and finally to calcium oxide (losing carbon dioxide). Whewellite is used as a thermogravimetric analysis standard due to its well-known decomposition temperatures and products.
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The method for synthesis of nicomorphine, which involves treating anhydrous morphine base with nicotinic anhydride at 130 °C, was published by Pongratz and Zirm in Monatshefte für Chemie in 1957, simultaneously with the two analogues nicocodeine and nicodicodeine in an article about amides and esters of various organic acids.
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Copper(II) chloride occurs naturally as the very rare anhydrous mineral tolbachite and the dihydrate eriochalcite. Both are found near fumaroles. More common are mixed oxyhydroxide-chlorides like atacamite Cu2(OH)3Cl, arising among Cu ore beds oxidation zones in arid climate (also known from some altered slags).
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ZrBr4 is prepared by the action of bromine on zirconium oxide via a carbothermic reaction:R. C. Young, Hewitt G. Fletcher, "Anhydrous Zirconium Tetrabromide" Inorganic Syntheses, 1939, vol. 1, pp. 49–51. : ZrO2 \+ 2 C + 2 Br2 → ZrBr4 \+ 2 CO Like many related tetrahalides, it is purified by sublimation.
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Potassium sulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula K2S. The colourless solid is rarely encountered, because it reacts readily with water, a reaction that affords potassium hydrosulfide (KSH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH). Most commonly, the term potassium sulfide refers loosely to this mixture, not the anhydrous solid.
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Magnesium nitrate refers to inorganic compounds with the formula Mg(NO3)2(H2O)x, where x = 6, 2, and 0. All are white solids. The anhydrous material is hygroscopic, quickly forming the hexahydrate upon standing in air. All of the salts are very soluble in both water and ethanol.
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Anhydrous magnesium acetate has the chemical formula Mg(C2H3O2)2 and in its hydrated form, magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, it has the chemical formula Mg(CH3COO)2 • 4H2O. In this compound magnesium has an oxidation state of 2+. Magnesium acetate is the magnesium salt of acetic acid.Magnesium Acetate. Hazard.com.
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Illustrating its hydrophilic character, as much as 1.21kg of KOH can dissolve in a single liter of water.Schultz, p. 94 Anhydrous KOH is rarely encountered. KOH reacts readily with carbon dioxide to produce potassium carbonate and in principle could be used to remove traces of the gas from air.
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Sublimation can also take place at 140 ° C and 0.01 hPa. It is advisable to cover the raw material with glass wool, as potassium tert-butanolate tends to "bounce", so parts can be thrown up during the sublimation. The anhydrous removal using an inert sublimation apparatus is particularly advantageous.
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Barium bromide can be prepared by treating barium sulfide or barium carbonate with hydrobromic acid: :BaS + 2 HBr → BaBr2 \+ H2S :BaCO3 \+ 2 HBr → BaBr2 \+ CO2 \+ H2O Barium bromide crystallizes from concentrated aqueous solution in its dihydrate , BaBr2·2H2O. Heating this dihydrate to 120 °C gives the anhydrous salt.
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Cadmium sulfate is the name of a series of related inorganic compounds with the formula CdSO4·H2O. The most common form is the monohydrate CdSO4·H2O, but two other forms are known CdSO4·H2O and the anhydrous salt (CdSO4). All salts are colourless and highly soluble in water.
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Iron(II) fluoride or ferrous fluoride is an inorganic compound with the molecular formula FeF2. It forms a tetrahydrate FeF2·4H2O that is often referred to by the same names. The anhydrous and hydrated forms are white crystalline solids.Dale L. Perry (1995), "Handbook of Inorganic Compounds", page 167.
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Metakaolin is the anhydrous calcined form of the clay mineral kaolinite. Minerals that are rich in kaolinite are known as china clay or kaolin, traditionally used in the manufacture of porcelain. The particle size of metakaolin is smaller than cement particles, but not as fine as silica fume.
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The concept of microemulsion is applied in this process. The transesterification involves sucrose and fatty acid methyl ester in a solvent, propylene glycol. A basic catalyst, such as anhydrous potassium carbonate, and soap, or a fatty acid salt, are added. The reaction is carried out at 130-135 °C.
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Double metal sulfates include ammonium cobaltous sulfate, ferrous diammonium sulfate, ammonium nickel sulfate which are known as Tutton's salts and ammonium ceric sulfate. Anhydrous double sulfates of ammonium also occur in the Langbeinites family. Airborne particles of evaporated ammonium sulfate comprise approximately 30% of fine particulate pollution worldwide.
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Titanium perchlorate can be formed by reacting titanium tetrachloride with perchloric acid enriched in dichlorine heptoxide. Another way uses titanium tetrachloride with dichlorine hexoxide. This forms a complex with Cl2O6 which when warmed to 55° in a vacuum, sublimes and can crystallise the pure anhydrous product from the vapour.
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Masatsugu Sekiguchi, Michio Kobayashi, Hiroshi Minato (1974), "Reactions between Acyl Halides and Silver Hyponitrite". Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, volume 45, issue 9, pages 2932-2934. The anhydrous compound decomposes in vacuum at 158 °C. The primary decomposition products are silver(I) oxide and nitrous oxide .
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Scandium(III) chloride is the inorganic compound with the formula ScCl3. It is a white, high-melting ionic compound, which is deliquescent and highly water- soluble. Scandium(III) chloride is mainly of interest in the research laboratory. Both the anhydrous form and hexahydrate (ScCl3•6H2O) are commercially available.
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Phenylglyoxal is the organic compound with the formula C6H5C(O)C(O)H. It contains both an aldehyde and a ketone functional group. It is yellow liquid when anhydrous but readily forms a colorless crystalline hydrate. It has been used as a reagent to modify the amino acid, arginine.
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Opium tincture remains in the British Pharmacopoeia, where it is referred to as Tincture of Opium, B.P., Laudanum, Thebaic Tincture or Tinctura Thebaica, and "adjusted to contain 1% w/v of anhydrous morphine."The Extra Pharmacopeia Martindale. Vol. 1, 24th edition. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1958, page 924.
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In the anhydrous solid, the metasilicate anion is actually polymeric, consisting of corner-shared {SiO4} tetrahedra, and not a discrete SiO32− ion. In addition to the anhydrous form, there are hydrates with the formula Na2SiO3·nH2O (where n = 5, 6, 8, 9), which contain the discrete, approximately tetrahedral anion SiO2(OH)22− with water of hydration. For example, the commercially available sodium silicate pentahydrate Na2SiO3·5H2O is formulated as Na2SiO2(OH)2·4H2O, and the nonahydrate Na2SiO3·9H2O is formulated as Na2SiO2(OH)2·8H2O.Wells A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry 5th edition Oxford Science Publications The pentahydrate and nonahydrate forms have their own CAS Numbers, 10213-79-3 and 13517-24-3 respectively.
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Anhydrous chromium(III) chloride may be prepared by chlorination of chromium metal directly, or indirectly by carbothermic chlorination of chromium(III) oxide at 650–800 °CD. Nicholls, Complexes and First-Row Transition Elements, Macmillan Press, London, 1973. :Cr2O3 \+ 3 C + 3 Cl2 → 2 CrCl3 \+ 3 CO Dehydration with trimethylsilyl chloride in THF gives the solvate: :CrCl3 \+ 12 Me3SiCl → CrCl3(THF)3 \+ 6 (Me3Si)2O + 12 HCl It may also be prepared by treating the hexahydrate with thionyl chloride:Pray, A. P. "Anhydrous Metal Chlorides" Inorganic Syntheses, 1990, vol 28, 321–2. :CrCl3 \+ 6 SOCl2 → CrCl3 \+ 6 SO2 \+ 12 HCl The hydrated chlorides are prepared by treatment of chromate with hydrochloric acid and methanol.
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If sodium sulfite is allowed to crystallize from aqueous solution at room temperature or below, it does so as a heptahydrate. The heptahydrate crystals effloresce in warm dry air. Heptahydrate crystals also oxidize in air to form the sulfate. The anhydrous form is much more stable against oxidation by air.
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In chemistry, the Halex process is used to convert aromatic chlorides to the corresponding aromatic fluorides. The process entails Halide exchange, hence the name. The reaction conditions call for hot (150-250 °C) solution of the aryl chloride in dimethylsulfoxide and anhydrous potassium fluoride. Potassium chloride is generated in the process.
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The hexahydrate occurs in nature as the very rare mineral nickelbischofite. The dihydrate NiCl2·2H2O adopts a structure intermediate between the hexahydrate and the anhydrous forms. It consists of infinite chains of NiCl2, wherein both chloride centers are bridging ligands. The trans sites on the octahedral centers occupied by aquo ligands.
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GATX 96500 is now on display at the Museum of Transportation in Saint Louis, Missouri. This car is in length, weighs empty, and rides on four two- axle trucks to distribute the additional weight. It was used to transport such diverse substances as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and anhydrous ammonia.
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Sodium monothiophosphate is prepared by the base hydrolysis of thiophosphoryl chloride using aqueous sodium hydroxide: :PSCl3 \+ 6 NaOH + 9 H2O → Na3PO3S.(H2O)12 \+ 3 NaCl This reaction affords the dodecahydrate, which is easily dehydrated. Partial dehydration over 6.5 M H2SO4 gives the nonahydrate. Under flowing N2, the anhydrous salt is formed.
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Magnesium chloride is the name for the chemical compound with the formula MgCl2 and its various hydrates MgCl2(H2O)x. Anhydrous MgCl2 contains 25.5% elemental magnesium by mass. These salts are typical ionic halides, being highly soluble in water. The hydrated magnesium chloride can be extracted from brine or sea water.
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The reaction is usually carried out under inert atmosphere in anhydrous conditions, and the most common solvent used is dichloromethane. However, the enantioselectivity of asymmetric cyclopropanations may depend profoundly on the solvent.Doyle, M. P.; Zhou, Q.-L.; Charnsangavej, C.; Longoria, M. A.; McKervey, M. A.; Garcia, C. F. Tetrahedron Lett.
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Phenylacetone self condenses to form dibenzyl ketone. One method is where phenylacetic acid is reacted with acetic anhydride and anhydrous potassium acetate and refluxed for two hours at 140−150 °C. The mixture is distilled slowly so that the distillate is mostly acetic acid. Carbon dioxide is released in this reaction.
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Anhydrous sodium metaborate refluxed with methanol yields the corresponding sodium methoxyborate:T. Kemmitt and G. J. Gainsford (2009): "Regeneration of sodium borohydride from sodium metaborate, and isolation of intermediate compounds" International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, volume 34, issue 14, pages 5726-5731. : + 4 → + 2 The analogous reaction with ethanol yields the ethoxyborate.
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Anhydrous ammonia corrodes copper- and zinc- containing alloys, and so brass fittings should not be used for handling the gas. Liquid ammonia can also attack rubber and certain plastics. Ammonia reacts violently with the halogens. Nitrogen triiodide, a primary high explosive, is formed when ammonia comes in contact with iodine.
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The company’s major products are nitrogen fertilizer, which is essential for plant (such as corn and wheat) growth and yields. Products of this company are urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) liquid solution, with a nitrogen content between 28 percent to 32 percent; and anhydrous ammonia, with a nitrogen content about 82 percent.
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Its marketing and distribution persists because its historical use preceded the Federal Food, Drug & Cosmetic Act of 1938. Tincture of opium B.P., containing 1% w/v of anhydrous morphine, also remains in the British Pharmacopoeia,The Extra Pharmacopeia Martindale. Vol. 1, 24th edition. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1958, page 924.
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Nickel(II) chloride is produced by dissolving nickel or its oxide in hydrochloric acid. It is usually encountered as the green hexahydrate, the formula of which is usually written NiCl2•6H2O. When dissolved in water, this salt forms the metal aquo complex . Dehydration of NiCl2•6H2O gives the yellow anhydrous .
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The analogous rubidium and potassium compounds behave similarly. NaHS has a relatively low melting point of 350 °C. In addition to the aforementioned anhydrous forms, it can be obtained as two different hydrates, NaHS·2H2O and NaHS·3H2O. These three species are all colorless and behave similarly, but not identically.
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Zeolites are also used as a molecular sieve in cryosorption style vacuum pumps. The largest single use for zeolite is the global laundry detergent market. This amounted to 1.44 million metric tons per year of anhydrous zeolite A in 1992. Non-clumping cat litter is often made of zeolite or diatomite.
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The compound also crystallizes from water as the hexahydrate, ·6, that is, or . The anhydrous compound is commonly but incorrectly called a "monohydrate" after the original formulation · instead of the correct . Likewise, the hexahydrate is usually called "tetrahydrate" and formulated as ·4. Both forms are white, odorless, water-soluble solids.
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The first reported syntheses of ferrocene were nearly simultaneous. Pauson and Kealy synthesised ferrocene using iron(III) chloride and a Grignard reagent, cyclopentadienyl magnesium bromide. Iron(III) chloride is suspended in anhydrous diethyl ether and added to the Grignard reagent. A redox reaction occurs, forming the cyclopentadienyl radical and iron(II) ions.
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While NiCl2 anhydrous is not commonly employed as a precatalyst, the NiCl2-6H2O has seen some use and can be used when cost is a concern. More commonly, NiCl2-dme (or NiCl2-glyme) is used due to its increased solubility in comparison to the hexahydrate. Application of NiCl2 precatalyst by the Baran group.
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The Tishchenko reaction involve disproportionation of an aldehyde in the presence of an anhydrous base to give an ester. Catalysts are aluminium alkoxides or sodium alkoxides. Benzaldehyde reacts with sodium benzyloxide (generated from sodium and benzyl alcohol) to generate benzyl benzoate. The method is used in the production of ethyl acetate from acetaldehyde.
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An estimated 100 poles were broken off leaving nearly 1,100 people without power. Several farmsteads were heavily damaged or destroyed in the area, and three people were injured. A large and slow-moving F4 tornado occurred near Ruby, Nebraska. The tornado destroyed an entire farmstead, along with several propane and anhydrous ammonia tanks.
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For example, in the United Kingdom the formula for Paregoric, B.P. is tincture of opium 5 ml, benzoic acid 500 mg, camphor 300 mg, anise oil 0.3 ml, alcohol (60%) to 100 ml, and contains about 1/30th grain of anhydrous morphine in 60 minims, which is 25% stronger than Paregoric, U.S.P.
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Dichlorotetrakis(pyridine)iron(II) is the coordination complex with the formula FeCl2(pyridine)4. A yellow solid, it is a prominent example of a transition metal pyridine complex. It is used as an anhydrous precursor to other iron complexes and catalysts. According to X-ray crystallography, the chloride ligands are mutually trans.
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Formerly, it was mined, but now it is derived from hydrogen fluoride. Fluorite is used on a large scale to separate slag in steel-making. Mined fluorite (CaF2) is a commodity chemical used in steel-making. Hydrofluoric acid and its anhydrous form, hydrogen fluoride, is also used in the production of fluorocarbons.
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Aluminium silicate (or aluminum silicate) is a name commonly applied to chemical compounds which are derived from aluminium oxide, Al2O3 and silicon dioxide, SiO2 which may be anhydrous or hydrated, naturally occurring as minerals or synthetic. Their chemical formulae are often expressed as xAl2O3·ySiO2·zH2O. It is known as E number E559.
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Molecule "A" has been reconfigured for clarity. The rearrangement substrate proceeds by heating at 80°C in paraformaldehyde, acetonitrile, and anhydrous Na2-SO4. The paraformaldehyde adds the carbon to the nitrogen, resulting in the iminium ion, already pictured. The aza- Cope/Mannich reaction step proceeded in near quantitative yield (98%), 99% ee.
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Benzyltrimethylammonium fluoride is a quaternary ammonium salt. It is commercially available as the hydrate. The compound is a source of organic- soluble fluoride to removal of silyl ether protecting groups. As is the case for tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride and most other quaternary ammonium fluorides, the compound cannot be obtained in anhydrous form.
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Sodium ethyl xanthate (SEX) is an organosulfur compound with the chemical formula CH3CH2OCS2Na. It is a pale yellow powder, which is usually obtained as the dihydrate. Sodium ethyl xanthate is used in the mining industry as a flotation agent. A closely related potassium ethyl xanthate (KEX) is obtained as the anhydrous salt.
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Sodium sulfide is the chemical compound with the formula Na2S, or more commonly its hydrate Na2S·9H2O. Both the anhydrous and the hydrated salts are colorless solids. They are water-soluble, giving strongly alkaline solutions. When exposed to moist air, Na2S and its hydrates emit hydrogen sulfide, which smells like rotten eggs.
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Lanthanide hypochlorites are also unstable; however, they have been reported as being more stable in their anhydrous forms than in the presence of water. Hypochlorite has been used to oxidise cerium from its +3 to +4 oxidation state. Hypochlorous acid itself is not stable in isolation as it decomposes to form chlorine.
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On February 15, 1978, farmers sprayed troopers with anhydrous ammonia, a fertilizer that can cause serious chemical burns. Media reaction to this act was negative and protesters became divided over tactics. Protesters began making greater use of nonviolent resistance. Protesters covered themselves in pig manure and asked the police to arrest them.
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Docetaxel is a white powder and is the active ingredient available in 20 mg and 80 mg Taxotere single-dose vials of concentrated anhydrous docetaxel in polysorbate 80.Anonymous. Taxotere Docetaxel concentrate for infusion. Medsafe. Likely replacement for dead link (25 Sep 2006). Last modified 6 Feb 2006. The solution is a clear brown-yellow containing 40 mg docetaxel and 1040 mg polysorbate 80 per mL. 20 mg Taxotere is distributed in a blister carton containing one single-dose vial of Taxotere (docetaxel) preparation in 0.5 mL sterile pyrogen-free anhydrous polysorbate 80, and a single dose Taxotere solvent vial containing 1.5 mL 13% ethanol in saline to be combined and diluted in a 250 mL infusion bag containing 0.9% sodium chloride or 5% glucose for administration.
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Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 812–6 Unlike hydrogen fluoride, anhydrous liquid hydrogen bromide is difficult to work with as a solvent, because its boiling point is low, it has a small liquid range, its dielectric constant is low and it does not dissociate appreciably into H2Br+ and ions – the latter, in any case, are much less stable than the bifluoride ions () due to the very weak hydrogen bonding between hydrogen and bromine, though its salts with very large and weakly polarising cations such as Cs+ and (R = Me, Et, Bun) may still be isolated. Anhydrous hydrogen bromide is a poor solvent, only able to dissolve small molecular compounds such as nitrosyl chloride and phenol, or salts with very low lattice energies such as tetraalkylammonium halides.
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KRS 514.030 states that theft by unlawful taking or disposition is generally a Class A misdemeanor unless the items stolen are a firearm, anhydrous ammonia, a controlled substance valued at less than $10,000 or any other item or combination of items valued $500 or higher and less than $10,000 in which case the theft is a Class D felony. Theft of items valued at $10,000 or higher and less than $1,000,000 is a Class C felony. Theft of items valued at $1,000,000 or more is a Class B felony, as is first offense theft of anhydrous ammonia for the express purpose of manufacturing methamphetamines in violation of KRS 218A.1432. In the latter case, subsequent offenses are a Class A felony.
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Because Grignard reagents are so sensitive to moisture and oxygen, many methods have been developed to test the quality of a batch. Typical tests involve titrations with weighable, anhydrous protic reagents, e.g. menthol in the presence of a color-indicator. The interaction of the Grignard reagent with phenanthroline or 2,2'-bipyridine causes a color change.
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Alcohols like methanol or ethanol can be used as the reaction media, as they are oxidized slowly with sodium bismuthate. Lead tetraacetate performs similar reactions, but anhydrous conditions, as required in the use of lead tetraacetate, are not necessary for sodium bismuthate. NaBiO3 can be used for lab-scale plutonium separation (see bismuth phosphate process).
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The adduct reacts with ammonia to form , which can then be heated to form anhydrous . Gallium trichloride is formed by the reaction of gallium metal with chlorine gas. Unlike the trifluoride, gallium(III) chloride exists as dimeric molecules, , with a melting point of 78 °C. Eqivalent compounds are formed with bromine and iodine, and .
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The Wöhler process was one of the first routes for producing aluminium metal. It involves the reduction of anhydrous aluminium chloride with potassium, produced powdered aluminium:Greenwood, N. N.; & Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd Edn.), Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. . :AlCl3 \+ 3 K → Al + 3 KCl With advent of more efficient means of electrolysis, e.g.
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The most common bases used to deprotonate nitriles are the alkali metal amides, substituted amides, and hydrides. These reagents require inert, anhydrous conditions and careful handling. Polyalkylation is a significant problem for primary or secondary nitriles; however, a number of solutions to this problem exist. Alkylation of cyanoacetates followed by decarboxylation provides one solution.
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However, if the phenol is substituted, the carbon para to the hydroxyl carbon must not be substituted. Anhydrous methanesulfonic acid should be present as a condensing agent and a solvent that will dehydrate. The combined compounds should be mixed at 90°C for 5 hours. The temperature should not reach 100°C at any point.
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Cerium(III) sulfate, also called cerous sulfate, is an inorganic compound with the formula Ce2(SO4)3. It is one of the few salts whose solubility in water decreases with rising temperature. Cerium (III) sulfate (anhydrous) is a hygroscopic white solid, which begins to decompose above 600°C. It has a monoclinic crystal structure.
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Iron(II) bromide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula FeBr2. The anhydrous compound is a yellow or brownish-colored paramagnetic solid. Several hydrates of FeBr2 are also known, all being pale colored solids. It is a common precursor to other iron compounds in research laboratory, but no applications exist for this compound.
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Calcium sulfate (or calcium sulphate) is the inorganic compound with the formula CaSO4 and related hydrates. In the form of γ-anhydrite (the anhydrous form), it is used as a desiccant. One particular hydrate is better known as plaster of Paris, and another occurs naturally as the mineral gypsum. It has many uses in industry.
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Organolithium reagents are sensitive to moisture and thus should be handled under inert atmosphere in anhydrous conditions. Tetrahydrofuran is the most common solvent employed for lateral lithiation reactions. Measurement of the concentration of commercial or prepared alkyllithium solutions may be accomplished using well-established titration methods.Kofron, W. G.; Baclawski, L. M. J. Org. Chem.
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Dehydration can also be effected with trimethylsilyl chloride: :•6 + 12 → + 6 + 12 HCl The anhydrous compound can be purified by sublimation in vacuum.Wojakowska, A., Krzyżak, E. and Plińska, S. (2007): "Melting and high-temperature solid state transitions in cobalt(II) halides". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, volume 88, issue 2, pages 525-530.
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Efremovite is a rare ammonium sulfate mineral with the chemical formula: (NH4)2Mg2(SO4)3. It is a white to gray cubic mineral.Handbook of Mineralogy This anhydrous sulfate occurs as constituent in sulfate crusts of burning coal dumps. It is hygroscopic and when exposed to humid air it slowly converts to the hydrate form, boussingaultite.
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Lithium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula LiOH. It is a white hygroscopic crystalline material. It is soluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol, and is available commercially in anhydrous form and as the monohydrate (LiOH.H2O). While lithium hydroxide is a strong base, it is the weakest known alkali metal hydroxide.
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Individual ions have been separated by ion exchange chromatography. Anhydrous rhodium chloride crystallises in the YCl3 and AlCl3 motif (see image in upper right). The metal centres are octahedral, and the halides are doubly bridging. It is a dense brown solid that is insoluble in common solvents and of little value in the laboratory.
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A common vanadium phosphate is VOPO4•2H2O. Seven polymorphs are known for anhydrous VOPO4, denoted αI, αII, β, γ, δ, ω, and ε. These materials are composed of the vanadyl group (VO) and phosphate (PO43−). They are yellow, diamagnetic solids, although when contaminated with vanadium(IV) derivatives, samples exhibit EPR signals and have bluish cast.
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The most common bases used to deprotonate nitriles are the alkali metal amides, substituted amides, and hydrides. These reagents require inert, anhydrous conditions and careful handling. Polyalkylation is a significant problem for primary or secondary nitriles; however, a number of solutions to this problem exist. Alkylation of cyanoacetates followed by decarboxylation provides one solution.
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Cerium(IV) fluoride is an inorganic compound with a chemical formula CeF4, and white crystals with strong oxidizing powers. Cerium(IV) fluoride has an anhydrous form and a monohydrate form.无机化学丛书 第七卷 钪 稀土元素 (Series of Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. 7. Scandium. Rare Earth Elements.).
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The anhydrous form has 3 polymorphs, α-, β-, and a metastable γ. The high temperature form α- is monoclinic, with 8 coordinate calcium, the lower temperature form β- is tetragonal, with calcium in four different coordination environments, 2 that are 7 coordinate, one eight and one 9. In both the pyrophosphates are essentially eclipsed.
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Monocalcium phosphate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ca(H2PO4)2 ("AMCP" or "CMP-A" for anhydrous monocalcium phosphate). It is commonly found as the monohydrate ("MCP" or "MCP-M"), Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O. Both salts are colourless solids. They are used mainly as superphosphate fertilizers and are also popular leavening agents..
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A section of the chain comprising edge-sharing octahedra. Oxygen atoms in back and front of the chain link to other chains to build the layer. In the gas phase, three oxygen atoms are double bonded to the central molybdenum atom. In the solid state, anhydrous MoO3 is composed of layers of distorted MoO6 octahedra in an orthorhombic crystal.
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Sodium hexachloroplatinate, the sodium salt of chloroplatinic acid, is an inorganic compound with the formula Na2[PtCl6], consisting of the sodium cation and the hexachloroplatinate anion. As explained by Cox and Peters, anhydrous sodium hexachloroplatinate, which is yellow, tends to form the orange hexahydrate upon storage in humid air. The latter can be dehydrated upon heating at 110 ºC.
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Many cyclodehydrating agents have been discovered to be of use in the Robinson–Gabriel synthesis. Historically, the dehydration agent is concentrated sulfuric acid. To date, the reaction has been shown to proceed with a variety of other agents including phosphorus pentachloride, phosphorus pentoxide, phosphoryl chloride, thionyl chloride, phosphoric acid-acetic anhydride, polyphosphoric acid, and anhydrous hydrogen fluoride among others.
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Anhydrous CrCl2 is white however commercial samples are often grey or green. It crystallizes in the Pnnm space group, which is an orthorhombically distorted variant of the rutile structure; making it isostructural to calcium chloride. The Cr centres are octahedral, being distorted by the Jahn-Teller Effect. Ball-and-stick model of chromium(II) chloride tetrahydrate.
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Nickel(II) chloride (or just nickel chloride), is the chemical compound NiCl2. The anhydrous salt is yellow, but the more familiar hydrate NiCl2·6H2O is green. Nickel(II) chloride, in various forms, is the most important source of nickel for chemical synthesis. The nickel chlorides are deliquescent, absorbing moisture from the air to form a solution.
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Krebs later joined Pusey & Jones Co. and built the first ice plant in Wilmington, Delaware. In 1886, Krebs, Wagner, and William G. Pennypacker founded the Delaware Chemical Company to produce anhydrous ammonia, which later became the National Ammonia Company. Around 1902, he formed the Krebs Pigments and Chemical Company. In 1908, he built a new plant in Newport, Delaware.
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Soderquist JA, Najafi MR. "Selective Oxidation of Organoboranes with Anhydrous Trimethylamine-N-Oxide." J Org Chem. 1986;51:1330. doi: 10.1021/jo00358a032. Zweifel GS, Leung T, Najafi MR, Najdi S. "Stereoselective Syntheses of Alkenyl-Substituted 1,3-Dioxolanes or 4,7-Dihydro-1,3-dioxepins or an (E)-alpha,beta-Unsaturated Aldehyde from (Z)-2-Butene-1,4-diols" J Org Chem. 1985;50:2004.
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Mascara is often used on a daily basis around the world. In 2016 alone, U.S. consumers spent 335.6 million USD on the top 10 leading mascara brands. In one method of production, referred to as anhydrous, all waxes, oils, and pigments are mixed, heated, and agitated simultaneously. The alternative method, termed emulsion, starts by combining water and thickeners.
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Suxamethonium is an odorless, white crystalline substance. Aqueous solutions have a pH of about 4. The dihydrate melts at 160 °C, whereas the anhydrous melts at 190 °C. It is highly soluble in water (1 gram in about 1 mL), soluble in ethyl alcohol (1 gram in about 350 mL), slightly soluble in chloroform, and practically insoluble in ether.
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The anhydrous product is a white, odorless, crystalline solid, hygroscopic and soluble in water (2.5 g/100 g at room temperature). The solutions are basic. Below 50 °C the much less soluble "potassium tetraoxalate" • forms and precipitates out of solution. ChemicalBook (2007) Potassium binoxalate Product Description The monohydrate KHC2O4·H2O starts losing the water at 100 °C.
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Hydroxybenzotriazole (abbreviated HOBt) is an organic compound that is a derivative of benzotriazole. It is a white crystalline powder, which as a commercial product contains some water (~11.7% wt as the HOBt monohydrate crystal). Anhydrous HOBt is explosive. It is mainly used to suppress the racemization of single-enantiomer chiral molecules and to improve the efficiency of peptide synthesis.
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Methylamine is an organic compound with a formula of CH3NH2. This colorless gas is a derivative of ammonia, but with one hydrogen atom being replaced by a methyl group. It is the simplest primary amine. It is sold as a solution in methanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, or water, or as the anhydrous gas in pressurized metal containers.
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Sodium oxalate can be prepared through the neutralization of oxalic acid with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in a 1:2 acid- to-base molar ratio. Evaporation yields the anhydrous oxalateH. W. Foote and John E. Vance (1933), "The system; sodium iodate, sodium oxalate, water". American Journal of Science, series 5, volume 26, issue 151, pages 16-18.
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P-type asteroids are asteroids that have low albedo and a featureless reddish spectrum. It has been suggested that they have a composition of organic rich silicates, carbon and anhydrous silicates, possibly with water ice in their interior. P-type asteroids are found in the outer asteroid belt and beyond. There are 33 known P-type asteroids.
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In terms of tectonic settings, no obvious trend in tectonic setting that favours the formation of regolith-hosted rare earth element deposits is observed. Geologists had long believed that among different magma sources, magmas originated formed anorogenic (non-mountain building) and anhydrous settings (e.g. divergent plate boundaries), which consequently form A-type granites, are REEs-enriched.Cui, Y., 2014.
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510 (1963); Vol. 38, p.34 (1958) Because the second step occurs under nearly anhydrous conditions, yields tend to be higher, while reaction times are sometimes dramatically shortened compared to the original version of the reaction. Even with the development of other variants of the Wolff-Kishner reaction, it remains a widely practiced version of the reaction today.
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361 Bononia is a very large, resonant Hilda asteroid located in the outermost region of the asteroid belt. It is classified as a D-type asteroid and is probably composed of organic rich silicates, carbon and anhydrous silicates. It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 11 March 1893, in Nice, and assigned the prov. designations and .
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In: J.Am.Chem.Soc. 127, Nr. 32, 2005, S. 11240–11241, Formation of laurolactam An alternative process is the photonitrosation of cyclododecane with nitrosyl chloride in the presence of anhydrous hydrogen chloride. The resulting cyclododecanone oxime is extracted with concentrated sulfuric acid and rearranged to laurolactam by heating to 160 °C. The overall yield (photonitrogenation + Beckmann rearrangement) is up to 93%.
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Inorganic Chemistry, Fifth Edition. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, 2010; pp 407. The typical hydrolysis is that of aluminium telluride: :Al2Te3 \+ 6 H2O → 2 Al(OH)3 \+ 3 H2Te Other salts of Te2− such as MgTe and sodium telluride can also be used. Na2Te can be made by the reaction of Na and Te in anhydrous ammonia.
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Nitronium perchloratoborate (NO2B(ClO4)4)can be formed by reacting nitronium perchlorate with boron trichloride in solution. Similarly ammonium perchlorate reacts with BCl3 forming ammonium perchloratoborate. The metal perchloratoborates can also be formed from the metal perchlorate dissolved in anhydrous perchloric acid reacting with boron trichloride. Another way is to react a metal chloridoborate (MBCl4) with perchloric acid.
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The BEST project targets included the introduction of more than 10,000 flex-fuel or ethanol cars and 160 ethanol buses; to promote the opening of 135 E85 and 13 ED95 public fuel stations; and to promote the development and testing of hydrous E15 and anhydrous low ethanol blends with gasoline and diesel. Abstract also presented in English.
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SynthesisChemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 19(1), 72-79, 1971-01-25. Its synthesis starts by reacting 1-aminomorpholine with formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide to give 2. Nitrosation gives the N-nitroso analog (3) which cyclizes to the sydnone (4) on treatment with anhydrous acid. Formation of the ethyl urethane is then made possible by reacting linsidomine with ethyl chloroformate.
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Absolute or anhydrous alcohol refers to ethanol with a low water content. There are various grades with maximum water contents ranging from 1% to a few parts per million (ppm) levels. If azeotropic distillation is used to remove water, it will contain trace amounts of the material separation agent (e.g. benzene). Absolute alcohol is not intended for human consumption.
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Lead styphnate's heat of formation is −835 kJ mol−1. The loss of water leads to the formation of a sensitive anhydrous material with a density of 2.9 g cm−3. The variation of colors remains unexplained. Lead styphnate has a detonation velocity of 5.2 km/s and an explosion temperature of 265–280 °C after five seconds.
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Organometallic nucleophiles used for conjugate additions are most often prepared in situ. The use of anhydrous equipment and inert atmosphere is necessary. Because these factors are sometimes difficult to control and the strength of freshly prepared reagents can vary substantially, titration methods are necessary to verify the purity of reagents. A number of efficient titration methodologies exist.
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Most strong superacids are prepared by the combination of a strong Lewis acid and a strong Brønsted acid. A strong superacid of this kind is fluoroantimonic acid. Another group of superacids, the carborane acid group, contains some of the strongest known acids. Finally, when treated with anhydrous acid, zeolites (microporous aluminosilicate minerals) will contain superacidic sites within their pores.
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Mottramite is an orthorhombic anhydrous vanadate hydroxide mineral, PbCu(VO4)(OH), at the copper end of the descloizite subgroup. It was formerly called cuprodescloizite or psittacinite (this mineral characterized in 1868 by Frederick Augustus Genth). Duhamelite is a calcium- and bismuth-bearing variety of mottramite, typically with acicular habit. Mottramite is a member of the adelite-descloizite group.
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63, p.37 (1985). (Article) :500px This reaction appeared in 1971 in the patent literature by Z. G. Hajos and D. R. Parrish. In this patent, the isolation and characterization of the above pictured optically active intermediate bicyclic ketol (in parentheses) has also been described, because they worked at ambient temperature in anhydrous dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent.
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Calcium bromide is the name for compounds with the chemical formula CaBr2(H2O)x. Individual compounds include the anhydrous material (x = 0), the hexahydrate (x = 6), and the rare dihydrate (x = 2). All are white powders that dissolve in water, and from these solutions crystallizes the hexahydrate. The hydrated form is mainly used in some drilling fluids.
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Later, it was used by chemists such as Glauber, Priestley, and Davy in their scientific research. Unless pressurized or cooled, hydrochloric acid will turn into a gas if there is around 60% or less of water. Hydrochloric acid is also known as hydronium chloride, in contrast to its anhydrous parent known as hydrogen chloride, or dry HCl.
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One of them is kinetic fractionation during hydrocarbon generation while the other is isotopic exchange with surrounding water. Anhydrous incubation experiments have shown that the products are generally more depleted in D than their precursors, causing enrichment in residual kerogen. Schimmelmann et al. studied the relationship between terrestrially-derived oil and their source rock kerogens from four Australian Basins.
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Burnt sienna contains a large proportion of anhydrous iron oxide. It is made by heating raw sienna, which dehydrates the iron oxide, changing it partially to haematite, giving it rich reddish-brown colour. The pigment is also known as red earth, red ochre, and terra rossa. On the Colour Index International, the pigment is known as PR-102.
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As a solid indium sulfate can be anhydrous, or take the form of a pentahydrate with five water molecules or a nonahydrate with nine molecules of water. Indium sulfate is used in the production of indium or indium containing substances. Indium sulfate also can be found in basic salts, acidic salts or double salts including indium alum.
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In industry, TNT is produced in a three-step process. First, toluene is nitrated with a mixture of sulfuric and nitric acid to produce mononitrotoluene (MNT). The MNT is separated and then renitrated to dinitrotoluene (DNT). In the final step, the DNT is nitrated to trinitrotoluene (TNT) using an anhydrous mixture of nitric acid and oleum.
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All the ingredients are simply placed into a bottle and shaken while the chemical reaction occurs. This reaction occurs under pressure and the bottle must be frequently unscrewed to release pressure. Methamphetamine producers often call this "burping" the bottle. The dangers of transporting a shake and bake lab are similar to those of transporting anhydrous ammonia.
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Natural forms of zinc phosphate include minerals hopeite and parahopeite. A somewhat similar mineral is natural hydrous zinc phosphate called tarbuttite, Zn2(PO4)(OH). Both are known from oxidation zones of Zn ore beds and were formed through oxidation of sphalerite by the presence of phosphate-rich solutions. The anhydrous form has not yet been found naturally.
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The alkali metal hypochlorites decrease in stability down the group. Anhydrous lithium hypochlorite is stable at room temperature; however, sodium hypochlorite has not be prepared drier than the pentahydrate (NaOCl·(H2O)5). This is unstable above 0 °C; although the more dilute solutions encountered as household bleach possesses better stability. Potassium hypochlorite (KOCl) is known only in solution.
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Like some other aldehydes, phenylglyoxal polymerizes upon standing, as indicated by solidification of the liquid. Upon heating, this polymer "cracks" to give back the yellow aldehyde. Dissolution of phenylglyoxal in water gives crystals of the hydrate: : C6H5C(O)COH + H2O → C6H5C(O)CH(OH)2 Upon heating, the hydrate loses water and regenerates the anhydrous liquid.
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Ruthenium(III) chloride is the chemical compound with the formula RuCl3. "Ruthenium(III) chloride" more commonly refers to the hydrate RuCl3·xH2O. Both the anhydrous and hydrated species are dark brown or black solids. The hydrate, with a varying proportion of water of crystallization, often approximating to a trihydrate, is a commonly used starting material in ruthenium chemistry.
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Alloxan, sometimes referred to as alloxan hydrate, is the name of the organic compound with the formula OC(N(H)CO)2C(OH)2. It is classified as a derivative of pyrimidine. The anhydrous derivative OC(N(H)CO)2CO is also known, as well as a dimeric derivative. These are some of the earliest known organic compounds.
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Nickel nitrate commonly crystallises with six water molecules, but can also be anhydrous, or with two, four or nine waters.Keith Lascelles, Lindsay G. Morgan, David Nicholls, Detmar Beyersmann, "Nickel Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005. triphenylphosphine oxide nickel nitrate [(C6H6)3PO]2Ni(NO3)2 is non ionic, with nitrato as a ligand.
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The TASF reagent or tris(dimethylamino)sulfonium difluorotrimethylsilicate is a reagent in organic chemistry with structural formula [((CH3)2N)3S]+[F2Si(CH3)3]−. It is an anhydrous source of fluoride and is used to cleave silyl ether protective groups. Many other fluoride reagents are known, but few are truly anhydrous, because of the extraordinary basicity of "naked" F−. In TASF, the fluoride is masked as an adduct with the weak Lewis acid trimethylsilylfluoride (FSi(CH3)3). The sulfonium cation ((CH3)2N)3S+ is unusually non-electrophilic due to the electron-donating properties of the three (CH3)2N substituents. This compound is prepared from sulfur tetrafluoride: :3 (CH3)2NSi(CH3)3 \+ SF4 -> 2 (CH3)3SiF + [((CH3)2N)3S]+[F2Si(CH3)3]− The colorless salt precipitates from the reaction solvent, diethyl ether.
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Hence hydroiodic acid cannot be concentrated past this point by evaporation of water. Unlike hydrogen fluoride, anhydrous liquid hydrogen iodide is difficult to work with as a solvent, because its boiling point is low, it has a small liquid range, its dielectric constant is low and it does not dissociate appreciably into H2I+ and ions – the latter, in any case, are much less stable than the bifluoride ions () due to the very weak hydrogen bonding between hydrogen and iodine, though its salts with very large and weakly polarising cations such as Cs+ and (R = Me, Et, Bun) may still be isolated. Anhydrous hydrogen iodide is a poor solvent, able to dissolve only small molecular compounds such as nitrosyl chloride and phenol, or salts with very low lattice energies such as tetraalkylammonium halides.
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Calcium iodates are inorganic compound composed of calcium and iodate anion. Two forms are known, anhydrous Ca(IO3)2 and the hexahydrate Ca(IO3)2(H2O). Both are colourless salts that occur naturally as the minerals called lautarite and bruggenite, respectively. A third mineral form of calcium iodate is dietzeite, a salt containing chromate with the formula Ca2(IO3)2CrO4.
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Chloroacetaldehyde is an organic compound with the formula ClCH2CHO. Like some related compounds, it is highly electrophilic reagent and a potentially dangerous alkylating agent. The compound is not normally encountered in the anhydrous form, but rather as the hemiacetal (ClCH2CH(OH))2O. Chloroacetaldehyde is a useful intermediate in the synthesis of 2-aminothiazole including the pharmaceuticals altizide, polythiazide, brotizolam and ciclotizolam.
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Molten anhydrous ZnCl2 at 500–700 °C dissolves zinc metal, and, on rapid cooling of the melt, a yellow diamagnetic glass is formed, which Raman studies indicate contains the ion. A number of salts containing the tetrachlorozincate anion, Zn, are known. "Caulton's reagent", V2Cl3(thf)6Zn2Cl6 is an example of a salt containing Zn2. The compound Cs3ZnCl5 contains tetrahedral Zn and Cl− anions.
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Commercially sold indinavir is indinavir anhydrous, which is indinavir with an additional amine in the hydroxyethylene backbone. This enhances its solubility and oral bioavailability, making it easier for users to intake. It was synthetically produced for the purpose of inhibiting the protease in the HIV virus. Currently, it is not recommended for use in HIV/AIDS treatment due to its side effects.
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Curium hydroxide in bottom of microcentrifuge cone, fall 1947 Curium hydroxide [Cm(OH)3] is a radioactive compound first discovered in measurable quantities in 1947. It is composed of a single curium atom, and three hydroxide groups. It was the first curium compound ever isolated. Curium hydroxide is anhydrous colorless or light yellow amorphous gelatinous solid that is insoluble to water.
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In the laboratory, and usually for illustrative purposes only, ethyl esters are typically hydrolyzed in a two- step process starting with a stoichiometric amount of a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide. This reaction gives ethanol and sodium acetate, which is unreactive toward ethanol: : Under anhydrous conditions, strong bases induce the Claisen condensation to give ethyl acetoacetate: :Preparation of ethyl acetoacetate.
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Similar to sodium sulfide, anhydrous caesium sulfide can be produced by reacting caesium and sulfur in THF. It needs ammonia or naphthalene to react. : 2Cs + S → Cs2S By dissolving hydrogen sulfide into caesium hydroxide solution, it will produce caesium bisulfide, then it will produce caesium sulfide too.Wilhelm Blitz, Ernst Wilke-Dörfurt: "Über Sulfide des Rubidiums und Cäsiums" in Zeitschr. f. anorg. Chem. 1906.
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Tetra(pyridine)iron dichloride is prepared by treating ferrous chloride with pyridine. FeCl2 and its hydrates form complexes with many ligands. For example, solutions of the hydrates react with two molar equivalents of [(C2H5)4N]Cl to give the salt [(C2H5)4N]2[FeCl4]. The anhydrous FeCl2, which is soluble in tetrahydrofuran (THF), is a standard precursor in organometallic synthesis.
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The decahydrate is a common ingredient in multivitamins and livestock feed as a source of selenium. The anhydrous salt is used in the production of some glass. Although the selenates are much more toxic, many physical properties of sodium selenate and sodium sulfate are similar.Bernd E. Langner "Selenium and Selenium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. .
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Anhydrous BaI2 can be prepared by treating Ba metal with 1,2-diiodoethane in ether.Duval, E.; Zoltobroda, G.; Langlois, Y.; A new preparation of BaI2: application to (Z)-enol ether synthesis. Tetrahedron Letters, 2000, 41, 337-339 BaI2 reacts with alkyl potassium compounds to form organobarium compounds.Walter, M. D.; Wolmershauser, G.; Sitzmann, H.; Calcium, Strontium, Barium, and Ytterbium Complexes with Cyclooctatetraenyl or Cyclononatetraenyl Ligands.
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It makes up 500 parts per trillion of the universe by mass. It is commercially extracted by ion exchange from monazite sand (0.05% holmium), but is still difficult to separate from other rare earths. The element has been isolated through the reduction of its anhydrous chloride or fluoride with metallic calcium. Its estimated abundance in the Earth's crust is 1.3 mg/kg.
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In 1923, the famous radical chemist Moses Gomberg proposed a production method of chlorine tetroxide. He claimed that treating iodine and silver perchlorate in anhydrous diethyl ether produced it. :I2 \+ 2 AgClO4 → 2 AgI + (ClO4)2 However, later researchers claimed that the product was iodine perchlorate. So far, however, there is no certain evidence for the existence of iodine perchlorate either.
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Sodium cobalt oxide, also called sodium cobaltate, is any of a range of compounds of sodium, cobalt, and oxygen with the general formula for 0 < x ≤ 1. The name is also used for hydrated forms of those compounds, ·y. The anhydrous compound was first synthesized in the 1970s.Barbara Goss Levi (2003), "Intriguing Properties Put Sodium Cobalt Oxide in the Spotlight".
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Mark Dugan (2009) Potassium binoxalate product data sheet. Hummel Croton Inc. The anhydrous salt was found to have remarkable elastic anisotropy, due to its crystal structure that consists of relatively rigid columns of hydrogen-bonded hydrogenoxalate anions, joined into sheets by ionic K–O bonds. H. Koppers (1973), 'The Elastic Constants of Monoclinic Potassium Hydrogen Oxalate Acta Crystallographica,volume A29, p. 415.
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The former is connected to Yalovarnika through a series of steep rock gendarmes. A deeply cut saddle divides it from Zabat to the south-west. The north-western slopes of Yalovarnika are open to the pebbly Begovitsa cirque and have a typical alpine look. They are almost vertical, severely smoothed and eroded, with extensive anhydrous stone-piles at the base of the summit.
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Sodium phosphorothiolate decomposes at neutral pH. Silicone grease catalyses the hydrolysis of the phosphorothioate ion, so it is recommended that it is not used in the glass joints. In the anhydrous material, the P-S bond is 211 pm and the three equivalent P-O bonds are short at 151 pm. These disparate values suggest that the P-S bond is single.
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Virgil discovered a process used by the military to remove water and milk solids from butter. This process enabled butter to be shipped overseas without refrigeration or special handling. This process led to the introduction of Odell's Anhydrous Butterfat for the use on theatre popcorn, it was an immediate success with theatres. On January 31, 1961, Odell Concession Specialty Co., Inc.
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Acetic oxalic anhydride is an unstable colorless crystalline solid, soluble in diethyl ether, that decomposes at about −3 °C into acetic anhydride (-(C=O)-)2O, carbon dioxide () and carbon monoxide (CO). It is hydrolyzed by water into acetic and oxalic acids. Acetic oxalic anhydride was conjectured to be an intermediate in the decomposition of anhydrous oxalic acid by acetic anhydride.
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It is available commercially in a variety of powders, from nanoscale to micron- sized, either as an anhydrous or hydrated form. As a hydrate, it is useful as a corrosion inhibitor and pigment, or as an ingredient in cosmetics. In 2011, an undecahydrate (containing 11 molecules of water) of this compound was discovered by scientists at the University College London.
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Iron(III) chloride is the inorganic compound with the formula (). Also called ferric chloride, it is a common compound of iron in the +3 oxidation state. The anhydrous compound is a crystalline solid with a melting point of 307.6 °C. The color depends on the viewing angle: by reflected light the crystals appear dark green, but by transmitted light they appear purple-red.
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Hydrobromic acid can be prepared in the laboratory via the reaction of Br2, SO2, and water. :Br2 \+ SO2 \+ 2 H2O → H2SO4 \+ 2 HBr More typically laboratory preparations involve the production of anhydrous HBr, which is then dissolved in water. Hydrobromic acid has commonly been prepared industrially by reacting bromine with either sulfur or phosphorus and water. However, it can also be produced electrolytically.
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Moreover, while the Wurtzite substance's decomposition is strongly base catalysed, whereas the solidified diatomic species is not strongly affected at all. Dilts distinguishes between the two copper hydrides as the 'insoluble-' and 'soluble copper hydrides'. The soluble hydride is susceptible to pyrolysis under vacuum and proceeds to completion under 100 °C. Amorphous copper hydride is also produced by anhydrous reduction.
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For low boiling azeotropes, the volatile component cannot be fully purified by distillation. To obtain the pure material one must "break the azeotrope", which involves a separation method that does not rely on distillation. A common approach involves the use of molecular sieves. Treatment of 96% ethanol with molecular sieves gives the anhydrous alcohol, the sieves having adsorbed water from the mixture.
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Hyperfine Interactions, volume 70, issue 1, pages 1095–1098. The anhydrous salt is orange-yellow and dissolves in water to give a red solution. Crystals of the dihydrate []·2 are golden yellow in color. Potassium ferrooxalate is believed to be formed when the related compound potassium ferrioxalate [] is decomposed by light in solution (a common method of actinometry) or heated above 296 °C.
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St. Charles was laid out in 1854, and named for Saint Charles Borromeo (1538–1584), an Italian saint and cardinal. A post office has been in operation at St. Charles since 1855. St. Charles was incorporated in 1870. The city was evacuated on April 17, 2009, when a large fire at North Star Foods, a poultry processing plant, threatened anhydrous ammonia tanks.
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In the US as of 2019, approximately 88% of ammonia was used as fertilizers either as its salts, solutions or anhydrously. When applied to soil, it helps provide increased yields of crops such as maize and wheat. 30% of agricultural nitrogen applied in the US is in the form of anhydrous ammonia and worldwide 110 million tonnes are applied each year.
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Because of ammonia's vaporization properties, it is a useful refrigerant. It was commonly used before the popularisation of chlorofluorocarbons (Freons). Anhydrous ammonia is widely used in industrial refrigeration applications and hockey rinks because of its high energy efficiency and low cost. It suffers from the disadvantage of toxicity, and requiring corrosion resistant components, which restricts its domestic and small-scale use.
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Copper(II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2, is an inorganic compound that forms a blue crystalline solid. Anhydrous copper nitrate forms deep blue-green crystals and sublimes in a vacuum at 150-200 °C. Copper nitrate also occurs as five different hydrates, the most common ones being the hemipentahydrate and trihydrate. These materials are more commonly encountered in commerce than in the laboratory.
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Using data from Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Odyssey and the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, scientists have found widespread deposits of chloride minerals. Some of these chloride deposits have been identified to be a mixture of anhydrous chloride salt and regional basaltic regolith. These are located in the southern highlands of Mars. Usually chlorides are the last minerals to come out of solution.
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Afterward, the Army Corps of Engineers straightened the path of the river through the city and built several flood control structures. The Old Soo Depot Transportation Museum is housed in the historic Soo Line depot (built 1912) in downtown Minot. On January 18, 2002, a severe train derailment west of the city sent a gigantic cloud of anhydrous ammonia toward Minot, and Burlington.
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Terra Nitrogen Company, Limited Partnership is an American company that was set up on September 20, 1991 and now is headquartered in Deerfield, Illinois. The company markets nitrogen fertilizers, most of which are anhydrous ammonia and urea ammonium nitrate solutions (UAN). Terra Nitrogen Company (TNCLP) is a subsidiary of CF Industries and Terra Nitrogen, L. P. (TNLP) is the operating partner of TNCLP.
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The carbohydrate content can be defined as the sum of the amounts of the five principal, neutral wood monosaccharides; arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose and xylose in anhydrous form, in a sample, in milligrams per gram. In the determination, the samples are hydrolyzed with sulphuric acid using a two- step technique. The amounts of the different monosaccharides are determined using ion chromatography (IC).
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In contrast, the anhydrous halides of the later metals tend to hydrate, not hydrolyze, and they often form hydroxides. Reduced complexes of oxophilic metals tend to generate oxides by reaction with oxygen. Typically the oxide- ligand is bridging, e.g. :2 (C5H5)2TiCl + 1/2 O2 → {(C5H5)2TiCl}2O Only in rare cases do the products of oxygenation feature terminal oxo ligands.
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In anhydrous zinc acetate the zinc is coordinated to four oxygen atoms to give a tetrahedral environment, these tetrahedral polyhedra are then interconnected by acetate ligands to give a range of polymeric structures. In contrast, most metal diacetates feature metals in octahedral coordination with bidentate acetate groups. In zinc acetate dihydrate the zinc is octahedral, wherein both acetate groups are bidentate.
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Iron(III) fluoride, also known as ferric fluoride, are inorganic compounds with the formula FeF3(H2O)x where x = 0 or 3. They are mainly of interest by researchers, unlike the related iron(III) chlorides. Anhydrous iron(III) fluoride is white, whereas the hydrated forms are light pink.Housecroft, Catherine E.; Sharpe, Alan G. (2008) Inorganic Chemistry (3rd ed.), Pearson: Prentice Hall. .
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Crabtree's catalyst, a popular catalyst for hydrogenations, is a pyridine complex. Although transition metal pyridine complexes have few practical applications, they are widely used synthetic precursors. Many are anhydrous, soluble in nonpolar solvents, and susceptible to alkylation by organolithium and Grignard reagents. Thus CoCl2(py)4 has proven very useful in organocobalt chemistry and NiCl2(py)4 useful in organonickel chemistry.
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Eugenia is a large asteroid, with a diameter of 214 km. It is an F-type asteroid, which means that it is very dark in colouring (darker than soot) with a carbonaceous composition. Like Mathilde, its density appears to be unusually low, indicating that it may be a loosely packed rubble pile, not a monolithic object. Eugenia appears to be almost anhydrous.
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On heating to 180 °C (350°F), the nearly water- free form, called γ-anhydrite (CaSO4·nH2O where n = 0 to 0.05) is produced. γ-Anhydrite reacts slowly with water to return to the dihydrate state, a property exploited in some commercial desiccants. On heating above 250 °C (480°F), the completely anhydrous form called β-anhydrite or dead burned plaster is formed.
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On December 13, 1994, an explosion killed four and injured 18 at the Terra International ammonium nitrate plant at Port Neal. The explosion released a cloud of anhydrous ammonia into the air and leaked nitric acid into the ground.Chemical Emergency Preparedness and Prevention Office The incident forced emergency evacuations in nearby areas such as Salix. The toxic cloud stayed south of Sioux City.
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Hose barbs are used in machine perfusion and chemistry laboratory equipment. Hose barb fittings are small curved, bent or T-shaped pipes, hoses or tubes with hose barbs on at least one side used to join two or more pieces of piping (hosing, tubing) together. Hose barbs are commonly used in the agriculture industry to connect anhydrous ammonia (NH3) hoses.
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Titanium perchlorate is a molecular compound of titanium and perchlorate groups with formula Ti(ClO4)4. Anhydrous titanium perchlorate decomposes explosively at 130°C and melts at 85°C with a slight decomposition. It can sublime in a vacuum as low as 70°C, and can form vapour at up to 120°. Titanium perchlorate is quite volatile. It has density 2.35.
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Chromium(III) nitrate describes several inorganic compounds consisting of chromium, nitrate and varying amounts of water. Most common is the dark violet hydrated solid, but an anhydrous green form is also known. Chromium(III) nitrate compounds are of a limited importance commercially, finding some applications in the dyeing industry. It is common in academic laboratories for the synthesis of chromium coordination complexes.
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Mikasaite, a mixed iron-aluminium sulfate of chemical formula (Fe3+, Al3+)2(SO4)3Mikasaite is the name of mineralogical form of iron(III) sulfate. This anhydrous form occurs very rarely and is connected with coal fires. The hydrates are more common, with coquimbite (nonahydrate) as probably the most often met among them. Paracoquimbite is the other, rarely met natural nonahydrate.
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The structure of thorium(IV) chloride is square planar with a symmetry of D4h. In this coordinate compound the bond length between the Th-Cl bond is 2.690 Å. The structure has been reported as hydrous or anhydrous. Due to the compound’s hydroscopic nature in the presence of water it can form either ThCl4(H2O)4 and ThCl4(H2O)8.
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Tetrasodium EDTA is the salt resulting from the neutralization of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid with four equivalents of sodium hydroxide (or an equivalent sodium base). It is a white solid that is highly soluble in water. Commercial samples are often hydrated, e.g. Na4EDTA.4H2O. The properties of solutions produced from the anhydrous and hydrated forms are the same, provided they are at the same pH.
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Anhydrous ruthenium(III) chloride is usually prepared by heating powdered ruthenium metal with chlorine. In the original synthesis, the chlorination was conducted in the presence of carbon monoxide, the product being carried by the gas stream and crystallising upon cooling. Two allotropes of RuCl3 are known. The black α-form adopts the CrCl3-type structure with long Ru-Ru contacts of 346 pm.
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The main use of magnesium sulfate is in agriculture, to correct soils deficient in magnesium (an essential plant nutrient). The monohydrate is favored for this use; by the mid-1970s, its production was 2.3 million tons per year. The anhydrous form and several hydrates occur in nature as minerals, and the salt is a significant component of the water from some springs.
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In the mixture used to synthesize the compound chlorine monofluoride and chlorine trifluoride may still be present. These compounds are highly reactive and hazardous and are preferably deactivated as soon as possible. The deactivation is carried out by adding anhydrous calcium chloride to the mixture. The deactivated mixture is scrubbed with water and diluted caustically to remove the chlorine and residual carbonyl.
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When heated to 90 °C it decomposes to form NiS. NiS2O3 can be made from BaS2O3 and NiSO4. Nickel sulfamate can be used for nickel or mixed nickel-tungsten plating. It can be formed by the action of sulfamic acid on nickel carbonate. Nickel selenite NiSeO3 has many different hydrates, anhydrous NiSeO3, NiSeO3, NiSeO3 (which is also a mineral called ahlfeldite), and NiSeO3.
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Chromium(III) chloride (also called chromic chloride) describes any of several compounds of with the formula CrCl3, where can be 0, 5, and 6. The anhydrous compound with the formula CrCl3 is a violet solid. The most common form of the trichloride is the dark green hexahydrate, CrCl3. Chromium chlorides find use as catalysts and as precursors to dyes for wool.
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Laudanum is a tincture of opium containing approximately 10% powdered opium by weight (the equivalent of 1% morphine).Also labeled Tr. Opii, Tinctura Opii Deodorati, Tincture of Deodorized Opium, Opii tinctura. Tincture of Opium, U.S.P, "yields, from each 100 cc, not less than 0.95 gm and not more than 1.05 gm of anhydrous morphine". Source: The Pharmacopoeia of the United States of America.
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Anhydrous iron(III) chloride may be prepared by union of the elements: :2 {Fe_(s)} + 3 Cl2_(g) -> 2 FeCl3_(s) Solutions of iron(III) chloride are produced industrially both from iron and from ore, in a closed-loop process. #Dissolving iron ore in hydrochloric acid #:Fe3O4_(s) {+~} 8 HCl_(aq) -> FeCl2_(aq) {+~} 2 FeCl3_(aq) {+~} 4 H2O_(l) #Oxidation of iron(II) chloride with chlorine #:2 FeCl2_(aq) {+~} Cl2_(g) -> 2 FeCl3_(aq) #Oxidation of iron(II) chloride with oxygen #:4FeCl2_(aq) {+~} O2 {+~} 4HCl -> 4FeCl3_(aq) {+~} 2H2O_(l) Small amounts can be produced by reacting iron with hydrochloric acid, then with hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide is the oxidant in turning ferrous chloride into ferric chloride Anhydrous iron(III) chloride cannot be obtained from the hydrate by heating. Instead, the solid decomposes into HCl and iron oxychloride.
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The name "hydrazine" was coined by Emil Fischer in 1875; he was trying to produce organic compounds that consisted of mono-substituted hydrazine. By 1887, Theodor Curtius had produced hydrazine sulfate by treating organic diazides with dilute sulfuric acid; however, he was unable to obtain pure hydrazine, despite repeated efforts. Pure anhydrous hydrazine was first prepared by the Dutch chemist Lobry de Bruyn in 1895.
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Water free chloroacetaldehyde is prepared from the hydrate by azeotropic distillation with chloroform, toluene or carbon tetrachloride. Anhydrous chloroacetaldehyde reversibly converts to polyacetals. Less reactive chloroacetaldehyde derivatives might be used instead to obtain chloroacetaldehyde or bypass its intermediate formation completely: e.g. chloroacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal (2-chloro-1,1-dimethoxyethane) hydrolyzes in acidic conditions to give chloroacetaldehyde, which may then quickly react with the other reagents instead of polymerizing.
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Cobalt(III) nitrate can be prepared by the reaction of dinitrogen pentoxide with cobalt(III) fluoride . It can be purified by vacuum sublimation at 40 °C.J. Hilton and S. C. Wallwork (1968): "The crystal structure of cobalt(III) nitrate", Chemical Communications (London), volume 1968, issue 15, pages 871-871. E. Stumpp, G. Nietfeld, K. Steinwede, and K. D. Wageringel (1983): "Reaction of anhydrous metal nitrates with graphite".
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Research by Monsan and his collaborators has focused on biocatalysis, biochemical engineering and enzyme engineering, published in over 230 articles. His fundamental includes investigation of structure-activity relationships of enzymes, (particularly glycoside hydrolases and lipases), and enzyme discovery by functional metagenomics. His more applied research involves biocatalysis in non-conventional (anhydrous) media for the synthesis of chemicals (e.g., chiral resolution to obtain enantiopure compounds), protein engineering (e.g.
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A routine route to oxazolines entails reactions of acyl chlorides with 2-amino alcohols. Thionyl chloride is commonly used to generate the acid chloride in situ, care being taken to maintain anhydrous conditions, as oxazolines can be ring-opened by chloride if the imine becomes protonated. The reaction is typically performed at room temperature. If reagents milder than SOCl2 are required, oxalyl chloride can be used.
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Pure anhydrous caffeine is a bitter-tasting, white, odorless powder with a melting point of 235–238 °C. Caffeine is moderately soluble in water at room temperature (2 g/100 mL), but very soluble in boiling water (66 g/100 mL). It is also moderately soluble in ethanol (1.5 g/100 mL). It is weakly basic (pKa of conjugate acid = ~0.6) requiring strong acid to protonate it.
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Strong acids, such as trifluoroacetic acid, are often used in hydrosilane reductions and should be handled with extreme care. Hydrosilanes undergo hydrolysis in strong acid or base (affording hydrogen gas); thus, maintaining anhydrous conditions during these reactions is important. Low molecular weight silanes are often pyrophoric. Polymeric hydrosilanes, such as polymethylhydrosiloxane (PHMS) may be employed to facilitate separation of the reduced products from silicon- containing byproducts.
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He also serves on the following committees: Administration and Accounts, Ethics, Transportation, and the Joint Committee on Transportation Oversight. In addition to his legislative duties, Representative Kolkmeyer is owner and CEO of Energy Transport Solutions, Inc. Bates City MO. The family owned and operated company hauls gasoline, diesel, propane and anhydrous ammonia. Glen's parents, Omer and Dorothy started in the propane business in 1955.
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Shown here a typical Petrobras gas station at São Paulo with dual fuel service, marked A for alcohol (ethanol) and G for gasoline. There are no longer any light vehicles in Brazil running on pure gasoline. Since 1976 the government made it mandatory to blend anhydrous ethanol with gasoline, fluctuating between 10% to 22%. and requiring just a minor adjustment on regular gasoline engines.
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The observations in Japan are in line with the fact that hydrous ethanol is known for being less corrosive than anhydrous ethanol. The reaction mechanism is 3 EtOH + Al -> Al(OEt)3 \+ H2 will be the same at lower-mid blends. When enough water is present in the fuel, the aluminum will react preferably with water to produce Al2O3, repairing the protective aluminum oxide layer.
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Methyllithium is the simplest organolithium reagent with the empirical formula CH3Li. This s-block organometallic compound adopts an oligomeric structure both in solution and in the solid state. This highly reactive compound, invariably used as a solution in ethers, is a reagent in organic synthesis as well as organometallic chemistry. Operations involving methyllithium require anhydrous conditions, because the compound is highly reactive toward water.
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Diphosphorus tetraiodide is easily generated by the disproportionation of phosphorus triiodide in dry ether: :2 PI3 → P2I4 \+ I2 It can also be obtained by treating phosphorus trichloride and potassium iodide in anhydrous conditions. The compound adopts a centrosymmetric structure with a P-P bond of 2.230 Å.Z. Žák, M. Černík "Diphosphorus tetraiodide at 120 K" Acta Crystallographica Section C 1996, vol. C52, pp. 290-1.
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In either case, the neptunium is reduced to Np(V). : + → + 1/2 : + 3 → + 1/2 In the presence of chlorine trifluoride (ClF3) as solvent and at low temperatures, there is some evidence of the formation of an unstable Np(IV) complex. The hydrolysis of neptunium hexafluoride an almost anhydrous HF solution leads to the formation of NpOF4, which has a similar structure to UOF4.
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Usually, 50–100 kg/ha (45–90 lb/ac) of nitrogen in the form of urea or anhydrous ammonia is sufficient, as oats use about one pound per bushel. A sufficient amount of nitrogen is particularly important for plant height and hence, straw quality and yield. When the prior-year crop was a legume, or where ample manure is applied, nitrogen rates can be reduced somewhat.
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The anhydrous salt adopts a polymeric structure in the solid state consisting of Na+-phenyl interactions. As such the salt could be classified as an organosodium compound.Ulrich Behrens, Frank Hoffmann, and Falk Olbrich "Solid-State Structures of Base-Free Lithium and Sodium Tetraphenylborates at Room and Low Temperature: Comparison with the Higher Homologues MB(C6H5)4 (M = K, Rb, Cs)" Organometallics 2012, volume 31, p. 905−913.
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Stock solutions are usually made up in anhydrous ethanol, isopropanol, or corn oil and diluted immediately before use. PMSF binds specifically to the active site serine residue in serine hydrolases. It does not bind to any other serine residues in the protein. This is a result of the hyperactivity of that serine residue caused by the specific environmental conditions in the enzyme's active site (catalytic triad).
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Sodium tripolyphosphate is produced by heating a stoichiometric mixture of disodium phosphate, Na2HPO4, and monosodium phosphate, NaH2PO4, under carefully controlled conditions. :2 Na2HPO4 \+ NaH2PO4 → Na5P3O10 \+ 2 H2O In this way, approximately 2 million tons are produced annually. STPP is a colourless salt, which exists both in anhydrous form and as the hexahydrate. The anion can be described as the pentanionic chain [O3POP(O)2OPO3]5−.
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A brown, acidic solution of iron(III) chloride Iron(III) chloride undergoes hydrolysis to give a strongly acidic solution. When heated with iron(III) oxide at 350 °C, iron(III) chloride gives iron oxychloride, a layered solid and intercalation host. :FeCl3 + Fe2O3 -> 3FeOCl The anhydrous salt is a moderately strong Lewis acid, forming adducts with Lewis bases such as triphenylphosphine oxide; e.g., where Ph is phenyl.
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At room temperature, anhydrous cobalt chloride has the cadmium(II) chloride structure () (Rm) in which the cobalt(II) ions are octahedrally coordinated. At about 706 °C (20 degrees below the melting point), the coordination is believed to change to tetrahedral. The vapor pressure has been reported as 7.6 mm Hg at the melting point.Yuzo Saeki, Ryoko Matsuzaki, Naomi Aoyama (1977): "The vapor pressure of cobalt dichloride".
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Anhydrous Copper sulfate is 39.81 percent copper and 60.19 percent sulfate by mass, and in its blue, hydrous form, it is 25.47% copper, 38.47% sulfate (12.82% sulfur) and 36.06% water by mass. Four types of crystal size are provided based on its usage: large crystals (10–40 mm), small crystals (2–10 mm), snow crystals (less than 2 mm), and windswept powder (less than 0.15 mm).
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Tellurium has properties similar to sulfur and selenium. In the anhydrous form Na2TeO3 the tellurium atoms are 6 coordinate, three Te-O at 1.87 Å and three at 2.9 Å, with distorted octahedra sharing edges. In the pentahydrate, Na2TeO3.5H2O there are discrete tellurite anions, TeO32− which are pyramidal. The Te-O distance is 1.85 - 1.86 Å and the O-Te-O angle is close to 99.5°.
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Commonly, anhydrous ammonia, ammonium nitrate, and urea are used as bioavailable sources of nitrogen. Other nutrients needed by plants include phosphorus and potassium. Like nitrogen, plants require these substances to live but they must be contained in other chemical substances such as monoammonium phosphate or diammonium phosphate to serve as bioavailable nutrients. A common source of potassium is muriate of potash which is chemically potassium chloride.
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Chromium trioxide (also known as chromium(VI) oxide or chromic anhydride) is an inorganic compound with the formula CrO3. It is the acidic anhydride of chromic acid, and is sometimes marketed under the same name. This compound is a dark-purple solid under anhydrous conditions, bright orange when wet and which dissolves in water concomitant with hydrolysis. Millions of kilograms are produced annually, mainly for electroplating.
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Sodium selenite usually is prepared by the reaction of selenium dioxide with sodium hydroxide:F. Féher, "Sodium Selenite" in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. Vol. 1. p. 432. :SeO2 \+ 2 NaOH → Na2SeO3 \+ H2O The hydrate converts to the anhydrous salt upon heating to 40 °C. Akin to the related salt sodium sulfite, Na2SeO3 features a pyramidal dianion SeO32−.
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Solid anhydrous sodium metaborate crystallizes in the hexagonal R\bar3 c space group. It actually contains the trimeric anion .Ssu- Mien Fang (1938): "The Crystal Structure of Sodium Metaborate ". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, volume 99, issue 1-6, pages 1–8, The six oxygen atoms are evenly divided into two distinct structural sites, with different B–O bond lengths (about 128 and 143 pm, respectively).
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Lucas test: negative (left) with ethanol and positive with t-butanol "Lucas' reagent" is a solution of anhydrous zinc chloride in concentrated hydrochloric acid. This solution is used to classify alcohols of low molecular weight. The reaction is a substitution in which the chloride replaces a hydroxyl group. A positive test is indicated by a change from clear and colourless to turbid, signalling formation of a chloroalkane.
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Industrial ammonia is sold either as ammonia liquor (usually 28% ammonia in water) or as pressurized or refrigerated anhydrous liquid ammonia transported in tank cars or cylinders. See also Gas carrier and Bottled gas. NH3 boils at at a pressure of one atmosphere, so the liquid must be stored under pressure or at low temperature. Household ammonia or ammonium hydroxide is a solution of NH3 in water.
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Manganese(II) nitrate are the inorganic salts with formula Mn(NO3)2·(H2O)n. Each formula unit is composed of one Mn2+ cation and two NO3− anions and varying amounts of water. Most common is the tetrahydrate Mn(NO3)2·4H2O, but mono- and hexahydrates are also known as well as the anhydrous compound. Some of these compounds are useful precursors to the oxides of manganese.
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The resulting steam distilled product contains about 90% safrole by weight. The oil is dried by mixing it with a small amount of anhydrous calcium chloride. After filtering-off the calcium chloride, the oil is vacuum distilled at 100 °C under a vacuum of 11 mmHg or frozen to crystallize the safrole out. This technique works with other oils in which safrole is present as well.
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Spray dried full fat milk powder is normally used, but alternatives include anhydrous full fat or skimmed milk powders. Condensed milk is preferred by some manufacturers, particularly where milk production is seasonal. Milk substitutes like rice milk are used to create lactose-free milk chocolate. Sugar, the last major ingredient, is added at the same time as the milk powder, either in a roll refiner or conche.
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Thus, many secondary minerals do not actually incorporate water, but still require water to form. Some examples of anhydrous secondary minerals include many carbonates, some sulfates (e.g., anhydrite), and metallic oxides such as the iron oxide mineral hematite. On Mars, a few of these weathering products may theoretically form without water or with scant amounts present as ice or in thin molecular-scale films (monolayers).
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He researched the chemistry of hydrocarbons and polymers. In studying the chemical reactions between alkenes and dienes, particularly in the presence of an aluminium chloride catalyst, he developed the proton theory of aluminium chloride, which helped explain a variety of chemical reactions, including cracking, polymerization and dehydrogenation. This research culminated in the publication of his book Anhydrous Aluminum Chloride in Organic Chemistry in 1941.
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Cadmium chloride is used for the preparation of cadmium sulfide, used as "Cadmium Yellow", a brilliant-yellow stable inorganic pigment. : + → + 2 HCl In the laboratory, anhydrous CdCl2 can be used for the preparation of organocadmium compounds of the type R2Cd, where R is an aryl or a primary alkyl. These were once used in the synthesis of ketones from acyl chlorides:J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 4th ed.
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Picene is a hydrocarbon found in the pitchy residue obtained in the distillation of peat tar and of petroleum. This is distilled to dryness and the distillate repeatedly recrystallized from cymene. It may be synthetically prepared by the action of anhydrous aluminium chloride on a mixture of naphthalene and 1,2-dibromoethane, or by distilling a-dinaphthostilbene. It crystallizes in large colorless plates which possess a blue fluorescence.
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Ansul is a corporation headquartered in Marinette, Wisconsin that manufactures fire suppression systems, extinguishers, and offers fire training. Ansul’s initial activities included production of cattle feed, refrigerants and selected specialty chemicals. The name Ansul comes from ANhydrous SULfur dioxide (SO2), which was sold to die works and fruit preservers, and later as a refrigerant.ANSUL: Who We Are Production of fire suppression chemicals began in 1934.
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The Great Hydration is the sixteenth and last science fiction novel by Barrington J. Bayley. The book was written in 1998 and first published as a print on demand edition in 2002. The book features the illegal traders Krabbe and Bouche, the first humans to reach the planet of Tenacity, as they proceed to destroy the planet's anhydrous economy in an attempt to make a quick profit.
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It forms a series of hydrates NaOH·n. The monohydrate NaOH· crystallizes from water solutions between 12.3 and 61.8 °C. The commercially available "sodium hydroxide" is often this monohydrate, and published data may refer to it instead of the anhydrous compound. As one of the simplest hydroxides, it is frequently utilized alongside neutral water and acidic hydrochloric acid to demonstrate the pH scale to chemistry students.
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A spectroscopist mistakenly switched the names of the two elements during spectroscopy. After 1860, terbia was renamed erbia and after 1877 what had been known as erbia was renamed terbia. Fairly pure Er2O3 was independently isolated in 1905 by Georges Urbain and Charles James. Reasonably pure erbium metal was not produced until 1934 when Wilhelm Klemm and Heinrich Bommer reduced the anhydrous chloride with potassium vapor.
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Drying tubes are frequently packed with calcium chloride. Kelp is dried with calcium chloride for use in producing sodium carbonate. Anhydrous calcium chloride has been approved by the FDA as a packaging aid to ensure dryness (CPG 7117.02). The hydrated salt can be dried for re-use but will dissolve in its own water of hydration if heated quickly and form a hard amalgamated solid when cooled.
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Drugs for whole bowel irrigation: left side "SCRIT", right side "Niflec". The main component of both products is anhydrous sodium sulfate. Contains a small amount of polyethylene glycol. Whole bowel irrigation (WBI) is a medical process involving the rapid administration of large volumes of an osmotically balanced macrogol solution (GoLYTELY, CoLyte), either orally or via a nasogastric tube, to flush out the entire gastrointestinal tract.
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In November 2016, KSW started production of industrial- grade ethanol, distilled from molasses, produced as a by-product of sugar manufacturing. The ethanol distillery, was constructed by Praj Industries of India, at a cost of US$36.6 million (Shs133 billion). The distillery is expected to process the 74,000 metric tonnes of molasses that the sugar mill produces annually, into of "fuel grade anhydrous ethanol".
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Aluminium chloride (AlCl3), also known as aluminium trichloride, describe compounds with the formula AlCl3(H2O)n (n = 0 or 6). They consist of aluminium and chlorine atoms in a 1:3 ratio, and one form also contains six waters of hydration. Both are white solids, but samples are often contaminated with iron(III) chloride, giving a yellow color. The anhydrous material is important commercially.
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Metallic aluminum also readily dissolves in hydrochloric acid ─ releasing hydrogen gas and generating considerable heat. Heating this solid does not produce anhydrous aluminium trichloride, the hexahydrate decomposes to aluminium hydroxide when heated: :Al(H2O)6Cl3 → Al(OH)3 \+ 3 HCl + 3 H2O Aluminium also forms a lower chloride, aluminium(I) chloride (AlCl), but this is very unstable and only known in the vapour phase.
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The same generals structure is seen in the anhydrous salt (except that the melonate ions are asymmetric due to an group being turned by 180°) and in the salts and . Melonate salts decompose when melted with cyanates to form tricyanomelaminates, the first selective decomposition reaction leading from heptazines to triazines. Pyrolysis of iron(III) melonate at very high temperature yields carbon in the form of nanotubes.
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The reaction of diphenylcarbonate with dimethylamine in an autoclave is also effective. Synthesis of tetramethylurea from diphenylcarbonate Tetramethylurea is formed in the reaction of dimethylcarbamoyl chloride with anhydrous sodium carbonate in a yield of 96.5%. Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride also reacts with excess dimethylamine forming tetramethylurea. Even though the product is contaminated and smelly it may be purified by addition of calcium oxide and subsequent fractional distillation.
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Molybdenum(III) chloride is synthesized by the reduction of molybdenum(V) chloride with hydrogen. A higher yield is produced by the reduction of pure molybdenum(V) chloride with anhydrous tin(II) chloride as the reducing agent. This procedure must be performed under a moisture-free and oxygen-free atmosphere of prepurified nitrogen. There are two structures of molybdenum trichloride- alpha (α) and beta (β).
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It is thought that perhaps the structure of calcium carbonate in a concentrated aqueous solution also consists of an ion pair, and that this is why ikaite readily nucleates at low temperatures, outside of its thermodynamic stability range. When removed from its natural cold water environment, ikaite rapidly disintegrates into monohydrocalcite or anhydrous calcium carbonate phases and water, earning the nickname of the melting mineral.
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These include processes that produce salt, corn steep water and calcium carbonate. Natural circulation evaporators are used in other processes such as those that produce anhydrous sodium hydroxide (caustic), sugar beet, liquors that are particularly foamy, or those that have a low to moderate viscosity, and precipitating liquids. Natural/forced circulation evaporators are also necessary in effluent treatment plants, and in both the chemical and pharmaceutical industry.
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Commercial manganese powder is not suited for the synthesis of organomanganese compounds. In 1996 Rieke introduced activated manganese (see Rieke metal) obtained by reaction of anhydrous manganese(II) chloride with lithium metal in a solution of a catalytic amount of naphthalene in THF. Other reducing agents are potassium graphite and magnesium. Activated manganese facilitates the Mn version of the Barbier reaction and the pinacol coupling.
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They also tend to hydrate, forming the geminal diol. Formaldehyde is often sold as the aqueous solution, formalin, which is mostly 1,1-methanediol, with a small amount of methanol added as stabilizer. The oligomers/polymers and the hydrates exist in equilibrium with the parent aldehyde, and for some synthetic procedures, they can serve as substitutes for the anhydrous monomer. Aldehydes are readily identified by spectroscopic methods.
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Reaction with halogens :Ca + Cl2 → CaCl2 Anhydrous calcium chloride is a hygroscopic substance that is used as a desiccant. Exposed to air, it will absorb water vapour from the air, forming a solution. This property is known as deliquescence. Reaction with oxygen :Ca + 1/2O2 → CaO :Mg + 1/2O2 → MgO Reaction with sulphur :Ca + 1/8S8 → CaS Reaction with carbon With carbon, they form acetylides directly.
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The preparation usually begins with reduction of an aqueous solution of a Cr(III) compound using zinc. The resulting blue solution is treated with sodium acetate, which results in the rapid precipitation of chromous acetate as a bright red powder. :2 Cr3+ \+ Zn → 2 Cr2+ \+ Zn2+ :2 Cr2+ \+ 4 OAc− \+ 2 H2O → Cr2(OAc)4(H2O)2 The synthesis of Cr2(OAc)4(H2O)2 has been traditionally used to test the synthetic skills and patience of inorganic laboratory students in universities because the accidental introduction of a small amount of air into the apparatus is readily indicated by the discoloration of the otherwise bright red product. The anhydrous form of chromium(II) acetate, and also related chromium(II) carboxylates, can be prepared from chromocene: : 4 RCO2H + 2 Cr(C5H5)2 → Cr2(O2CR)4 \+ 4 C5H6 This method provides anhydrous derivatives in a straightforward manner.
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Its advantage is that it needs no further conversion to operate within an SCR and is typically favoured by large industrial SCR operators. Aqueous ammonia must be vaporized in order to be used, but it is substantially safer to store and transport than anhydrous ammonia. Urea is the safest to store, but requires conversion to ammonia through thermal decomposition in order to be used as an effective reductant.
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Nearly every metal ion and quaternary ammonium ions can form a salt with flourosulfate. Different ways to make these salts include treating a metal chloride with anhydrous fluorosulfuric acid, which releases hydrogen chloride gas. Double decomposition methods with a metal sulfate with barium fluorosulfate, or a metal chloride with silver fluorosulfate, leave the metal salt in solution. The fluorosulfate anion is weakly coordinating, and is difficult to oxidise.
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For this work, Wöhler is credited with the first isolation of aluminium metal in pure form. In 1828 Wöhler was the first to isolate the element beryllium in pure metallic form (also independently isolated by Antoine Bussy). In the same year, he became the first to isolate the element yttrium in pure metallic form. He achieved these preparations by heating the anhydrous chlorides of beryllium and yttrium with potassium metal.
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Sodium hypochlorite (commonly known as bleach) is a chemical compound with the formula NaOCl or NaClO, comprising a sodium cation () and a hypochlorite anion (or ). It may also be viewed as the sodium salt of hypochlorous acid. The anhydrous compound is unstable and may decompose explosively. It can be crystallized as a pentahydrate ·5, a pale greenish-yellow solid which is not explosive and is stable if kept refrigerated.
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Chromium(II) chloride describes inorganic compounds with the formula CrCl2(H2O)n. The anhydrous solid is white when pure, however commercial samples are often grey or green; it is hygroscopic and readily dissolves in water to give bright blue air-sensitive solutions of the tetrahydrate Cr(H2O)4Cl2. Chromium(II) chloride has no commercial uses but is used on a laboratory-scale for the synthesis of other chromium complexes.
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Although the fractional crystallisation of basaltic melts can yield small amounts of granites, such granites must occur together with large amounts of basaltic rocks. A-type granites were defined as to occur in anorogenic setting, have alkaline and anhydrous compositions. They show a peculiar mineralogy and geochemistry, with particularly high silicon and potassium at the expense of calcium and magnesium.Winter, J.D. (2010) Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology.
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Barytocalcite is an anhydrous barium calcium carbonate mineral with the chemical formula BaCa(CO3)2. It is trimorphous with alstonite and paralstonite, that is to say the three minerals have the same formula but different structures. Baryte and quartz pseudomorphs after barytocalcite have been observed. Barytocalcite crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system, typically as massive to druzy accumulations of transparent white to yellow to grey aggregates of slender prismatic crystals.
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Arsenate can serve as a respiratory electron acceptor for oxidation of organic substrates and H2S or H2. Arsenates occur naturally in minerals such as adamite, alarsite, legrandite, and erythrite, and as hydrated or anhydrous arsenates. Arsenates are similar to phosphates since arsenic (As) and phosphorus (P) occur in group 15 (or VA) of the periodic table. Unlike phosphates, arsenates are not readily lost from minerals due to weathering.
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Sodium selenate is the inorganic compound with the formula , not to be confused with sodium selenite. It exists as the anhydrous salt, the heptahydrate, and the decahydrate.Kamburov, S.; Schmidt, H.; Voigt, W.; Balarew, C. "Similarities and peculiarities between the crystal structures of the hydrates of sodium sulfate and selenate" Acta Crystallographica B (Struct Sci Cryst Eng Mater.) 2014, volume 70, pp. 714-22. These are white, water- soluble solids.
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The trimeric structure allows all nickel centers to achieve an octahedral coordination. The trimer is only formed if intramolecular sharing of oxygen centers between pairs of nickel centers occurs. The anhydrous complex has interesting magnetic properties. Down to about 80 K it exhibits normal paramagnetism with an effective magnetic moment of 3.2 μB, close to the spin-only moment expected of a d8 ion with two unpaired electrons.
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Aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly is the INCI name for a preparation used as an antiperspirant in many deodorant products. It is selected for its ability to obstruct pores in the skin and prevent sweat from leaving the body. Its anhydrous form gives it the added ability of absorbing moisture. It is sometimes called AZG, and contains a mixture of monomeric and polymeric Zr4+ and Al3+ complexes with hydroxide, chloride and glycine.
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Cole's FAA commercial pilot unrestricted Lighter than Air certificate is complemented by his inspector/repairman expertise with a FAA airframe and power plant (A&P;) certification. Tim Cole with John Kugler and Dennis Brown pioneered balloon design using the inexpensive, agricultural gas anhydrous ammonia. This lifting gas is an economical alternative to helium. Ammonia is sometimes used to fill weather balloons with about half the lifting power of hydrogen.
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CBI identifies the following uses: gasoline, anhydrous ammonia, vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), naphtha, propane, propylene, ethane, butane, NGL and butadiene. Cryogenic storage is also possible for LNG, methane, ethylene, hydrogen, and oxygen. Gases that may be stored include hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, helium and argon. Other uses have been applied to the Hortonsphere including space chambers, hyperbaric chambers, environmental chambers, vacuum vessels, process vessels, test vessels, containment vessels and surge vessels.
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From water, phloroglucinol crystallizes as the dihydrate, which has a melting point of 116–117 °C, but the anhydrous form melts at a much higher temperature, at 218–220 °C. It does not boil intact, but it does sublime. The Hoesch reaction allows the synthesis of 1-(2,4,6-Trihydroxyphenyl)ethanone from phloroglucinol. Leptospermone can be synthesized from phloroglucinol by a reaction with isovaleroylnitrile in the presence of a zinc chloride catalyst.
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The anhydrous form is easily produced from the hydrated form by gentle warming. Major sodium sulfate by-product producers of 50–80 Mt/a in 2006 include Elementis Chromium (chromium industry, Castle Hayne, NC, US), Lenzing AG (200 Mt/a, rayon industry, Lenzing, Austria), Addiseo (formerly Rhodia, methionine industry, Les Roches-Roussillon, France), Elementis (chromium industry, Stockton-on-Tees, UK), Shikoku Chemicals (Tokushima, Japan) and Visko-R (rayon industry, Russia).
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PCP can be produced by the chlorination of phenol in the presence of catalyst (anhydrous aluminium or ferric chloride) and a temperature up to about 191°C. This process does not result in complete chlorination and commercial PCP is only 84-90% pure. The main contaminants include other polychlorinated phenols, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. Some of these species are even more toxic than the PCP itself.
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Grignard hypothesized that the aldehyde/ketone prevented the magnesium from reacting with the alkyl halide which resulted in the low yields. He tested his hypothesis by first adding the alkyl halide and magnesium filings to a solution of anhydrous ether and then adding the aldehyde/ketone. This resulted in a drastic increase in the yield of the reaction. A couple of years later, Grignard was able to isolate the intermediate.
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On heating above 250 °C, the completely anhydrous form called β-anhydrite or "natural" anhydrite is formed. Natural anhydrite does not react with water, even over geological timescales, unless very finely ground. The variable composition of the hemihydrate and γ-anhydrite, and their easy inter-conversion, is due to their nearly identical crystal structures containing "channels" that can accommodate variable amounts of water, or other small molecules such as methanol.
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Example of an unsaturated fat triglyceride. Left part: glycerol, right part from top to bottom: palmitic acid, oleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid. Chemical formula: C55H98O6 Fatty acids, stored as triglycerides in an organism, are an important source of energy because they are both reduced and anhydrous. The energy yield from a gram of fatty acids is approximately 9 kcal (37 kJ), compared to 4 kcal (17 kJ) for carbohydrates.
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Scandium has a coordination number of 6, while iodine has a coordination number of 3 and is trigonal pyramidal.Men'kov, A. A., Komissarova, L. N., 1964, X-ray study of scandium iodide, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoi Khimii, v. 9, p. 766 The purest scandium triiodide is obtained through direct reaction of the elements: : 2 Sc + 3 I2 → 2 ScI3 Alternatively, but less effectively, one can produce anhydrous scandium triiodide by dehydrating ScI3(H2O)6.
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POSF is synthesized by electrochemical fluorination of octanesulfonyl fluoride in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride by the equation: :C8H17SO2F + 17 F− → C8F17SO2F + 17 H+ \+ 34 e−. This reaction results in a 25% yield for POSF, less than that for shorter perfluorosulfonyl fluorides. The POSF obtained is impure as it is a mixture of linear and branched isomers, with ∼70% linear. POSF can also be obtained by ECF of the sulfonyl halide octanesulfonyl chloride.
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Lacadiera (minor planet designation: 336 Lacadiera) is a large Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a D-type asteroid and is probably composed of organic rich silicates, carbon and anhydrous silicates. The asteroid was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 19 September 1892 in Nice. In 2000, the asteroid was detected by radar from the Arecibo Observatory at a distance of 1.21 AU. The resulting data yielded an effective diameter of .
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Anhydrite, or anhydrous calcium sulfate, is a mineral with the chemical formula CaSO4. It is in the orthorhombic crystal system, with three directions of perfect cleavage parallel to the three planes of symmetry. It is not isomorphous with the orthorhombic barium (baryte) and strontium (celestine) sulfates, as might be expected from the chemical formulas. Distinctly developed crystals are somewhat rare, the mineral usually presenting the form of cleavage masses.
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Cerium(IV) sulfate, also called ceric sulfate, is an inorganic compound. It exists as the anhydrous salt Ce(SO4)2 as well as a few hydrated forms: Ce(SO4)2(H2O)x, with x equal to 4, 8, or 12. These salts are yellow to yellow/orange solids that are moderately soluble in water and dilute acids. Its neutral solutions slowly decompose, depositing the light yellow oxide CeO2.
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When warmed with mineral acid, limonene isomerizes to the conjugated diene α-terpinene (which can also easily be converted to p-cymene). Evidence for this isomerization includes the formation of Diels–Alder adducts between α-terpinene adducts and maleic anhydride. It is possible to effect reaction at one of the double bonds selectively. Anhydrous hydrogen chloride reacts preferentially at the disubstituted alkene, whereas epoxidation with mCPBA occurs at the trisubstituted alkene.
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Zinc acetate is a salt with the formula Zn(CH3CO2)2, which commonly occurs as the dihydrate Zn(CH3CO2)2·2H2O. Both the hydrate and the anhydrous forms are colorless solids that are commonly used in chemical synthesis and as dietary supplements. Zinc acetates are prepared by the action of acetic acid on zinc carbonate or zinc metal. When used as a food additive, it has the E number E650.
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At the top of the transition zone, olivine undergoes isochemical phase transitions to wadsleyite and ringwoodite. Unlike nominally anhydrous olivine, these high-pressure olivine polymorphs have a large capacity to store water in their crystal structure. This has led to the hypothesis that the transition zone may host a large quantity of water. At the base of the transition zone, ringwoodite decomposes into bridgmanite (formerly called magnesium silicate perovskite), and ferropericlase.
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Chromium(III) fluoride is the name for the inorganic compounds with the chemical formula CrF3 as well as several related hydrates. The compound CrF3 is a green crystalline solid that is insoluble in common solvents, but the coloured hydrates [Cr(H2O)6]F3 and [Cr(H2O)6]F3•3H2O are soluble in water. The trihydrate is green, and the hexahydrate is violet. The anhydrous form sublimes at 1100–1200 °C.
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In addition to the alums, which are dodecahydrates, double sulfates and selenates of univalent and trivalent cations occur with other degrees of hydration. These materials may also be referred to as alums, including the undecahydrates such as mendozite and kalinite, hexahydrates such as guanidinium () and dimethylammonium () "alums", tetrahydrates such as goldichite, monohydrates such as thallium plutonium sulfate and anhydrous alums (yavapaiites). These classes include differing, but overlapping, combinations of ions.
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The trivial name acetic acid is the most commonly used and preferred IUPAC name. The systematic name ethanoic acid, a valid IUPAC name, is constructed according to the substitutive nomenclature.IUPAC Provisional Recommendations 2004 Chapter P-12.1; page 4 The name acetic acid derives from acetum, the Latin word for vinegar, and is related to the word acid itself. Glacial acetic acid is a name for water-free (anhydrous) acetic acid.
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In the European Union commercially produced Hagebuttenmark has to be declared as "Hagebuttenkonfitüre extra" or "Konfitüre einfach" (fruit preserve onefold). Since the "Hagebuttenkonfitüre extra" with kernels is not edible, there's a special provision that allows declaration of the Hagebuttenmark (without kernels) as "Konfitüre extra". If it is produced in raw processing (see Preparation), it mustn't be named "Konfitüre" as it doesn't contain the required anhydrous mass of 60%.
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In mid-1944, the Ames Project was asked to produce cerium. This was being used by the laboratories at Berkeley and Los Alamos for cerium sulphide, which was used in crucibles to cast plutonium. Again, the bomb method was used, this time to reduce anhydrous cerium chloride with calcium using an iodine booster. A special "dry room" was constructed for drying out the cerium chloride using hydrogen chloride gas.
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Xanthate salts are prepared by the action of alkoxides on carbon disulfide. The alkoxide is often generated in situ from potassium hydroxide:This report gives a detailed procedure :CH3CH2OH + CS2 \+ KOH → CH3CH2OCS2K + H2O Potassium ethyl xanthate is a pale yellow powder that is stable at high pH but rapidly hydrolyses at pH <9 at 25 °C. Unlike the sodium derivative, potassium xanthate crystallizes as the anhydrous salt and is non-hygroscopic.
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Xenon nitrate, also called xenon dinitrate, is an inorganic compound consisting of one xenon atom bonded to two nitrate groups. It can be made by reacting xenon difluoride with anhydrous nitric acid, but it only exists transiently before decomposing, and therefore it has not been isolated and full characterized. A related compound, xenon fluoride nitrate, has been made and is stable enough to be studied in more detail.
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The chemical composition of this original glass was very close to that of the classical ZBLAN, on the basis of a simple La/Nd substitution. Further experimental work led to major advances. First, ammonium bifluoride processing replaced the initial preparation method based on heat treatment of anhydrous fluorides in a metallic sealed tube. This process was already used by K. H. Sun, a pioneer of beryllium fluoride glasses.
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Magnesium sulfite is the magnesium salt of sulfurous acid with the formula . Its most common hydrated form has 6 water molecules making it a hexahydrate, ·6. When heated above , it is dehydrated to magnesium sulfite trihydrate, or ·3.Nývlt, J., "Solubilities of Magnesium Sulfite," Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Volume 66, Number 2 / November, 2001 The anhydrous form is hygroscopic, meaning that it readily absorbs water from the air.
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Crews in protective clothing headed to the scene to clean up, a slow process due to leaking tanks of anhydrous ammonia and residue from acids and other products. Several firefighters had to undergo treatment for respiratory irritation. Overhaul continued until dusk and resumed the following day. Authorities found the remains of Bruce Halker, the Plant Manager, but no trace of the other victim, the Controller Roy Westerfield, was ever found.
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Examination of Newberry lavas with olivine-plagioclase hygrometry shows that tholeiites are anhydrous (less than ) and thus distinct from calc-alkaline deposits ); both have different fractional crystallization sequences that derive from primitive magmas, which had their compositions influenced by equilibrium with peridotite in the mantle. By volume, basaltic andesite is the principal lava type at Newberry Volcano, with large volumes of silicic lava among older ash flow tuff deposits.
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It is available in its anhydrous form, and if water has been absorbed, it is easy to dry by heating at 100 °C for two hours in vacuo. CsF reaches a vapor pressure of 1 kilopascal at 825 °C, 10 kPa at 999 °C, and 100 kPa at 1249 °C. CsF chains with a thickness as small as one or two atoms can be grown inside carbon nanotubes.
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In aqueous solutions chromium(II) sulfate forms metal aquo complexes, presumably with six water ligands. The structures of the crystalline salts are similar to the corresponding hydrates of copper(II) sulfate: pentahydrate, trihydrate, monohydrate, and anhydrous derivatives of chromous sulfate are known. In all of these compounds, the Cr(II) centre adopts octahedral coordination geometry, being coordinated to six oxygen centers provided by a combination of water and sulfate ligands.
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Sodium acetate may be added to food as a seasoning, sometimes in the form of sodium diacetate, a one-to-one complex of sodium acetate and acetic acid, given the E-number E262. It is often used to give potato chips a salt and vinegar flavor. Sodium acetate (anhydrous) is widely used as a shelf-life extending agent, pH control agent It is safe to eat at low concentration.
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Uracil becomes uridine, uridine monophosphate (UMP), uridine diphosphate (UDP), uridine triphosphate (UTP), and uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-glucose). Each one of these molecules is synthesized in the body and has specific functions. When uracil reacts with anhydrous hydrazine, a first-order kinetic reaction occurs and the uracil ring opens up. If the pH of the reaction increases to > 10.5, the uracil anion forms, making the reaction go much more slowly.
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A simplified representation of a lactose molecule being broken down into glucose (2) and galactose (1) Milk contains several different carbohydrate including lactose, glucose, galactose, and other oligosaccharides. The lactose gives milk its sweet taste and contributes approximately 40% of whole cow's milk's calories. Lactose is a disaccharide composite of two simple sugars, glucose and galactose. Bovine milk averages 4.8% anhydrous lactose, which amounts to about 50% of the total solids of skimmed milk.
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Anhydrous (pure, not in solution) hydrazine being loaded into the MESSENGER space probe. The technician is wearing a safety suit. Hydrazine was first used as a component in rocket fuels during World War II. A 30% mix by weight with 57% methanol (named M-Stoff in the German Luftwaffe) and 13% water was called C-Stoff by the Germans. The mixture was used to power the Messerschmitt Me 163B rocket-powered fighter plane.
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A common way to synthesize an NHS-activated acid is to mix NHS with the desired carboxylic acid and a small amount of an organic base in an anhydrous solvent. A coupling reagent such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) or ethyl(dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) is then added to form a highly reactive activated acid intermediate. NHS reacts to form a less labile activated acid. The group itself is usually written as SuO- or -OSu in chemical notation.
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Without the mineralizer, higher temperatures are required to solubilize silica. Hydroxides and carbonates make silica more soluble by forming water-soluble sodium silicates. Simplified equations can be represented as :SiO2 \+ 2 NaOH → Na2SiO3 \+ H2O :SiO2 \+ Na2CO3 → Na2SiO3 \+ CO2 Anhydrous sodium silicate is a chain polymeric anion composed of corner shared SiO4 tetrahedra. Hydrates form with the formula Na2SiO3•nH2O which contain the discrete, approximately tetrahedral anion SiO2(OH)22− with waters of hydration.
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Manganese(II) chloride is the dichloride salt of manganese, MnCl2. This inorganic chemical exists in the anhydrous form, as well as the dihydrate (MnCl2·2H2O) and tetrahydrate (MnCl2·4H2O), with the tetrahydrate being the most common form. Like many Mn(II) species, these salts are pink, with the paleness of the color being characteristic of transition metal complexes with high spin d5 configurations.N. N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd ed.
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The batholith plutons intruded and cooled 370 million years ago in the Devonian Period. Geochemical characteristics indicate the granites are A-type granites and peralumineous (alumineous A-type). These characteristics are interpreted to reflect a mixed origin for the magmas with sources both in the mantle and in the crust. Crustal sources would have contributed to the magmas by melting under anhydrous conditions, with such conditions being allowed by a large undetermined heat source.
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This contrasts with the analogous magnesium salt, MgSO4·6H2O which contains an octahedral Mg(OH2)62+ unit. Wells A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry 5th edition Oxford Science Publications The anhydrous compound has a structure similar to that of berlinite. The structure contains alternating tetrahedrally coordinated Be and S and each oxygen is 2 coordinate (Be-O-S). The Be-O distance is 156 pm and the S-O distance is 150 pm.
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Unlike some other anhydrides, Acetic oxalic anhydride cannot be obtained directly from the acids. It was synthesized in 1953 by W. Edwards and W. M. Henley, by reacting silver oxalate () suspended in diethyl ether with acetyl chloride at temperatures below −5 °C and distilling off the solvent under low pressure. It can also be obtained by reacting anhydrous oxalic acid with ketene (=C=O).W. R. Edwards and Walter M. Henley (1953), Acetic Oxalic Anhydride.
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Anhydrous iron(III) chloride has the BiI3 structure, with octahedral Fe(III) centres interconnected by two- coordinate chloride ligands. Iron(III) chloride has a relatively low melting point and boils at around 315 °C. The vapour consists of the dimer (cf. aluminium chloride) which increasingly dissociates into the monomeric (with D3h point group molecular symmetry) at higher temperature, in competition with its reversible decomposition to give iron(II) chloride and chlorine gas.
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Since the hydrocarbon portion of fatty acids is hydrophobic, these molecules can be stored in a relatively anhydrous (water- free) environment. Carbohydrates, on the other hand, are more highly hydrated. For example, 1 g of glycogen can bind approximately 2 g of water, which translates to 1.33 kcal/g (4 kcal/3 g). This means that fatty acids can hold more than six times the amount of energy per unit of storage mass.
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Antimony pentafluoride is prepared by the reaction of antimony pentachloride with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride:Sabina C. Grund, Kunibert Hanusch, Hans J. Breunig, Hans Uwe Wolf "Antimony and Antimony Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. :SbCl5 \+ 5 HF → SbF5 \+ 5 HCl It can also be prepared from antimony trifluoride and fluorine.Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. Vol. 1. p. 200.
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T-type asteroids are rare inner-belt asteroids of unknown composition with dark, featureless and moderately red spectra, and a moderate absorption feature shortwards of 0.85 μm. No direct meteorite analog has been found to date. Thought to be anhydrous, they are considered to be related to P-types or D-types, or possibly a highly altered C-type. Examples of T-type asteroids include 96 Aegle, 114 Kassandra, 233 Asterope, and 308 Polyxo.
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The engine is propelled by liquid oxygen and anhydrous ammonia, pumped into the engine by turbopumps at a mass flow rate of over per minute. After one hour of operation, the XLR99 required an overhaul. Operating times nearly twice that were recorded in tests, but declared largely unsafe. The basic X-15 aircraft carried fuel for about 83 seconds of full-powered flight, while the X-15A-2 carried fuel for just over 150 seconds.
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Sodium bisulfate, also known as sodium hydrogen sulfate, is the sodium salt of the bisulfate anion, with the molecular formula NaHSO4. Sodium bisulfate is an acid salt formed by partial neutralization of sulfuric acid by an equivalent of sodium base, typically in the form of either sodium hydroxide (lye) or sodium chloride (table salt). It is a dry granular product that can be safely shipped and stored. The anhydrous form is hygroscopic.
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Pyrophosphoric acid, also known as diphosphoric acid, is the inorganic compound with the formula H4P2O7 or, more descriptively, [(HO)2P(O)]2O. Colorless and odorless, it is soluble in water, diethyl ether, and ethyl alcohol. The anhydrous acid crystallizes in two polymorphs, which melt at 54.3 °C and 71.5 °C. The compound is not particularly useful, except that it is a component of polyphosphoric acid and the conjugate acid of the pyrophosphate anion.
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It was heavily stressed by Criegee that the reaction must be run in anhydrous solvents, as any water present would hydrolyze the lead tetraacetate; however, subsequent publications have reported that if the rate of oxidation is faster than the rate of hydrolysis, the cleavage can be run in wet solvents or even aqueous solutions. For example, glucose, glycerol, mannitol, and xylose can all undergo a Criegee oxidation in aqueous solutions, but sucrose cannot.
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Sulfate crust is a zone observed in the axial (central) parts of burning coal dumps and related sites. It is a zone built mainly by anhydrous sulfate minerals, such as godovikovite and millosevichite. The outer zone can easily be hydrated giving rise to minerals like tschermigite and alunogen. The zone forms due to interaction with hot (even around 600 °C) coal-derived gases (mainly NH3 and SO3) with the "sterile" material (i.e.
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RhCl3(H2O)3 is produced from salts such as Na3RhCl6, the latter being obtained in the purification of rhodium from the other platinum group metals such as platinum and iridium. The sodium salt is converted to H3RhCl6 by ion exchange chromatography. Recrystallization of this acidic salt from water affords the hydrated trichloride, sometimes called "soluble rhodium trichloride." Anhydrous RhCl3 is prepared by reaction of chlorine with rhodium sponge metal at 200–300 °C.
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Anhydrous perchloric acid is an unstable oily liquid at room temperature. It forms at least five hydrates, several of which have been characterized crystallographically. These solids consist of the perchlorate anion linked via hydrogen bonds to H2O and H3O+ centersAlmlöf, Jan; Lundgren, Jan O.; Olovsson, Ivar "Hydrogen Bond Studies. XLV. Crystal structure of perchloric acid 2.5 hydrate" Acta Crystallographica Section B: Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry 1971, volume 27, pp. 898–904. .
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Sanders then developed this early manifestation of dynamic combinatorial chemistry as a strategy for organic synthesis; the first example being the thermodynamically-controlled macrolactonisation of oligocholates to assemble cyclic steroid-derived macrocycles capable of interconversion via component exchange. Early work by Sanders et al. employed transesterification to generate dynamic combinatorial libraries. In retrospect, it was unfortunate that esters were selected for mediating component exchange, as transesterification processes are inherently slow and require vigorous anhydrous conditions.
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In chemistry, a plumbate is a salt having one of the several lead-containing oxoanions. Although the term plumbate can refer either to plumbate(II) or plumbate(IV), it traditionally refers specifically to plumbate(IV), whereas plumbate(II) is referred to as plumbite. Plumbates are formed by the reaction of lead(IV) oxide, , with alkali. Plumbate salts contain either the hydrated plumbate anion, , or the anhydrous anions (meta-plumbate) or (ortho-plumbate).
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Verdigris is primarily a small agricultural community. It is also the home of the CF Industries’ Verdigris Nitrogen Facility, which manufactures anhydrous ammonia, urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) solutions, nitric acid, high purity argon and food grade liquid carbon dioxide. The facility is located on and employs approximately 200 people. The urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) production facility has an annual capacity of 2.0 million tons of UAN and is the second largest such in North America.
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Thule, minor planet designation: 279 Thule, is a large asteroid from the outer asteroid belt. It is classified as a D-type asteroid and is probably composed of organic-rich silicates, carbon and anhydrous silicates. Thule was the first asteroid discovered with a semi-major axis greater than 4 AU. It was discovered by Johann Palisa on 25 October 1888 in Vienna and was named aptly after the ultimate northern land of Thule.
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Nitrogen trichloride All four simple nitrogen trihalides are known. A few mixed halides and hydrohalides are known, but are mostly unstable; examples include NClF2, NCl2F, NBrF2, NF2H, NFH2, NCl2H, and NClH2.Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 438–42 Five nitrogen fluorides are known. Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3, first prepared in 1928) is a colourless and odourless gas that is thermodynamically stable, and most readily produced by the electrolysis of molten ammonium fluoride dissolved in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride.
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The tetranitratoaluminate group has two bidentate nitrate groups attached in a square around the aluminium, and with two other monodentate nitrates attached via one oxygen only, perpendicular, up and down from the square. Tetranitratoaluminate salts are not completely stable and can decompose to the nitrates and aluminium oxy-nitrates. When nitronium tetranitratoaluminate is sublimed it can form anhydrous aluminium nitrate. Nitronium tetranitratoaluminate dissolved in a nitric acid and dinitrogen pentoxide mixture yields the hexanitratoaluminate complex.
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Acetylene reacts with anhydrous hydrogen chloride gas over a mercuric chloride catalyst to give vinyl chloride: :C2H2 \+ HCl → CH2=CHCl The reaction is exothermic and highly selective. Product purity and yields are generally very high. This industrial route to vinyl chloride was common before ethylene became widely distributed. When vinyl chloride producers shifted to using the thermal cracking of EDC described above, some used byproduct HCl in conjunction with a colocated acetylene-based unit.
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Copper(II) acetate, also referred to as cupric acetate, is the chemical compound with the formula Cu(OAc)2 where AcO− is acetate (). The hydrated derivative, which contains one molecule of water for each Cu atom, is available commercially. Anhydrous Cu(OAc)2 is a dark green crystalline solid, whereas Cu2(OAc)4(H2O)2 is more bluish-green. Since ancient times, copper acetates of some form have been used as fungicides and green pigments.
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Heating a mixture of anhydrous copper(II) acetate and copper metal affords copper(I) acetate: :Cu + Cu(OAc)2 → 2 CuOAc Unlike the copper(II) derivative, copper(I) acetate is colourless and diamagnetic. "Basic copper acetate" is prepared by neutralizing an aqueous solution of copper(II) acetate. The basic acetate is poorly soluble. This material is a component of verdigris, the blue-green substance that forms on copper during long exposures to atmosphere.
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Lawsonite is a metamorphic silicate mineral related chemically and structurally to the epidote group of minerals. It is close to the ideal composition of CaAl2Si2O7(OH)2 . H2O giving it a close chemical composition with anorthite CaAl2Si2O8 (its anhydrous equivalent), yet lawsonite has greater density and a different Al coordination (Comodi et al., 1996). The substantial amount of water bound in lawsonite’s crystal structure is released during its breakdown to denser minerals during prograde metamorphism.
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The company ships generated byproduct carbon dioxide via a high pressure pipeline to an oilfield in Saskatchewan in Canada where it is used for enhanced oil recovery from the Weyburn oil field near Weyburn, Saskatchewan (Canada). The plant also produces ammonium sulfate, anhydrous ammonia, phenol, cresylic acid, methanol, and naphtha. These materials are by-products of coal gasification. The plant also produces liquid nitrogen, krypton and xenon as a by-product of liquid oxygen production.
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The presence of water in the reaction mixture has been shown to have a significant effect on enantiomeric excesses, and thus the CBS reduction must be conducted under anhydrous conditions. Temperature also plays a critical role in the observed stereoselectivity. In general, at lower temperatures enantiomeric excesses (ee's) are obtained. However, when the temperature is increased, the ee values reach a maximum value that is dependent on the catalyst structure and borane reducing agent used.
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In quest of a non-addictive alternative to morphine, Wright experimented with combining morphine with various acids. He boiled anhydrous morphine alkaloid with acetic anhydride over a stove for several hours and produced a more potent, acetylated form of morphine, now called diamorphine (or diacetylmorphine), also known as heroin. After Wright's death, Heinrich Dreser, a chemist at Bayer Laboratories, continued to test heroin. Bayer marketed it as an analgesic and 'sedative for coughs' in 1898.
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HIn(SO4)2 is made by evaporating an indium sulfate in 40% sulfuric acid solution or cooling indium sulfate in a 60% sulfuric acid solution. As the acid tetrahydrate is heated it gives off water yielding a trihydrate, monohydrate, and an anhydrous form at 370, 385 and 482K. Above 505K it gives out more water and sulfur dioxide yielding the neutral indium sulfate. Indium hydrogensulfate is a proton conductor with conductivity 0.0002Ω−1cm−1.
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The rural governing body around Moose Jaw is Moose Jaw No. 161, which serves 1,228 residents (2006 census) and includes the Moose Jaw Canadian Forces Base. Meat-processing plants, salt, potash, urea fertilizer, anhydrous ammonia and ethanol producers abound in this area with easy transport access to the Trans–Canada Highway. The Town 'N' Country Mall is Moose Jaw's only indoor shopping centre. Many retailers and grocery stores operate in Moose Jaw.
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Organocobalt compounds are known with alkene, allyl, diene, and Cp ligands. A famous sandwich compound is cobaltocene, a 19-electron metallocene that is used as a reducing agent and a source of CpCo. Other sandwich compounds are CoCp(C6Me6) and Co(C6Me6)2, with 20 electrons and 21 electrons, respectively. Reduction of anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride with sodium in the presence of cyclooctadiene gives Co(cyclooctadiene)(cyclooctenyl), a synthetically versatile reagent. Co(1,5-cyclooctadiene)(cyclooctenyl).
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It has a columnar structure including channels filled with water molecules; these can be removed and replaced without destroying the crystal structure. The chains are ferromagnetic; they are coupled antiferromagnetically in the hydrated form, ferromagnetically in the anhydrous form. Copper(II) squarate monomeric and dimeric mixed-ligand complexes were synthesized and characterizedReinprecht, J. T.; Miller, J. G.; Vogel, G. C.; et al. (1979). "Synthesis and Characterization of Copper(II) Squarate Complexes". Inorg. Chem.
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In this process, rare-earth ions are sorbed onto suitable ion-exchange resin by exchange with hydrogen, ammonium or cupric ions present in the resin. The rare earth ions are then selectively washed out by suitable complexing agent. As with other rare earths, terbium metal is produced by reducing the anhydrous chloride or fluoride with calcium metal. Calcium and tantalum impurities can be removed by vacuum remelting, distillation, amalgam formation or zone melting.
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Ca reduction of Thorium(IV) Chloride mixed with anhydrous zinc chloride. The process of producing pure thorium is normally for its production as the initial stage of producing a nuclear fuel. Thorium is sometimes mistaken for a nuclear fuel like uranium however it is not and requires neutron bombardment or other modifications to be applicable in the nuclear fuel cycle. The other application of thorium(IV) chloride is a perquisite for other thorium complexes.
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Concentrated gold(III) chloride solution On contact with water, forms acidic hydrates and the conjugate base . It may be reduced by causing elemental gold to be precipitated from solution. Anhydrous AuCl3 begins to decompose to AuCl at around 160 °C; however, this in turn undergoes disproportionation at higher temperatures to give gold metal and AuCl3. :AuCl3 → AuCl + Cl2 (>160 °C) :3 AuCl → AuCl3 \+ 2 Au (>420 °C) AuCl3 is Lewis acidic and readily forms complexes.
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Transactions of the American Electrochemical Society, volume 45, page 161.D. Hibert and C. Duval (1937): Comptes rendues, volume 204, page 780. however, those results do not seem to have been reproduced, or have been attributed to other substances like the hexachlorocobaltate(III) anion . Those earlier reports claim that it gives green solutions in anhydrous solvents such as ethanol and diethyl ether, and that it is stable only a very low temperatures (below −60 °C).
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Two polymorphs are known of the pentahydrate. The anhydrous salt exists in several polymorphs. In the solid state, the thiosulfate anion is tetrahedral in shape and is notionally derived by replacing one of the oxygen atoms by a sulfur atom in a sulfate anion. The S-S distance indicates a single bond, implying that the terminal sulfur holds a significant negative charge and the S-O interactions have more double-bond character.
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Industrial fertilizer plant When first invented, the Haber process competed against another industrial process, the cyanamide process. However, the cyanamide process consumed large amounts of electrical power and was more labor-intensive than the Haber process. As of 2018, the Haber process produces 230 million tonnes of anhydrous ammonia per year. The ammonia is used mainly as a nitrogen fertilizer as ammonia itself, in the form of ammonium nitrate, and as urea.
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Solid anhydrous sodium hypochlorite is unstable and decomposes explosively. A non-explosive hydrated solid is available for laboratory use, but must be kept refrigerated to avoid decomposition.) Liquid bleach usually contains also some sodium hydroxide (caustic soda or soda lye, ), intended to keep the solution alkaline. Sodium chloride (table salt, ) is often present too, and plays no role in the product's action. Sodium chloride and hydroxide are normal residues from the main production processes.
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Much attention has been given to the non-sugar parts (aglyca) of the molecules; the constitutions of many have been determined, and the compounds synthesized; and in some cases the preparation of the synthetic glucoside effected. The simplest glucosides are the alkyl ethers which have been obtained by reacting hydrochloric acid on alcoholic glucose solutions. A better method of preparation is to dissolve solid anhydrous glucose in methanol containing hydrochloric acid. A mixture of alpha- and beta-methylglucoside results.
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Improved technology for harvest, transport and road construction have made the large inland terminals more viable economically. The rural governing body around Moose Jaw is Moose Jaw No. 161, which serves 1,228 residents (2006 census), which includes the Moose Jaw, Canadian Forces Base. Meat-processing plants, salt, potash, urea fertilizer, anhydrous ammonia and ethanol producers abound in this area with easy transport access to the Trans–Canada Highway. Belle Plaine, an unincorporated area, is within Pense No 160.
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However, non-CNS tissue meat can be processed and is considered meat, as are the muscle cuts. Although some sources claim AMR systems use ammonia (or anhydrous ammonia, ammonia hydroxide, etc.) to treat the meat, this appears to be due to confusion between AMR and the production of lean finely textured beef (LFTB, commonly referred to as pink slime). LFTB is in fact treated with ammonia, and so is substantially more restricted than most AMR products.
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The use of catalytic amounts of ZnCl2 to generate oxazolines from nitriles was first described by Witte and Seeliger, and further developed by Bolm et al. The reaction requires high temperatures to succeed and is typically performed in refluxing chlorobenzene under anhydrous conditions. A precise reaction mechanism has never been proposed, although it is likely similar to the Pinner reaction; preceding via an intermediate amidine. Limited research has been done into identifying alternative solvents or catalysts for the reaction.
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LMTX is a stable anhydrous reduced form of methylthioninium chloride.Complex Disposition of Methylthioninium Redox Forms Determines Efficacy in Tau Aggregation Inhibitor Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease (Chloride is replaced by bromide or methanesulfonate.) One of these is undergoing a phase 3 clinical trial for safety and efficacy in mild AD as "TRx0237". The results of the trial were released in July 2016. As a whole, patients who participated in the trial did not show significant benefits from receiving the LMTX.
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Lanthanide triflates are normally nonahydrates, mostly commonly depicted as Ln(OTf)3·(H2O)9; however, in the solid state and in aqueous solution, the waters are bound to the lanthanide and the triflates are counteranions, so more accurately lanthanide triflate nonahydrate is written as [Ln(H2O)9](OTf)3. Anhydrous lanthanide triflates, Ln(OTf)3, are also easily obtained as described below. The metal triflate complex is strongly electrophilic, thus acts as a strong Lewis acid.
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At about 1:37 a.m. CST, 30 cars of a Canadian Pacific train derailed about four miles west of the city center, in a development called Terracita Vallejo in Harrison Township in Ward County. Five tanker cars carrying anhydrous ammonia ruptured, releasing a cloud of caustic, poisonous gas over the city. Soon after the derailment, a large area around the derailed train was evacuated, and residents in the remainder of the city were told to stay indoors.
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There may also be urinating, defecating, and vomiting.Encyclopedia of Capital Punishment in the United States, 2d ed. by Louis J. Palmer, Jr. (page 319)The Death Penalty As Cruel Treatment And Torture by William Schabas (page 194) Following the execution the chamber is purged with air, and any remnant gas is neutralized with anhydrous ammonia, after which the body can be removed (with great caution, as pockets of gas can be trapped in the victim's clothing).
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The fluorine mineral fluorospar was known as early as 1529. Early chemists realized that fluorine compounds contain an undiscovered element, but were unable to isolate it. In 1860, George Gore, an English chemist, ran a current of electricity through hydrofluoric acid and probably produced fluorine, but he was unable to prove his results at the time. In 1886, Henri Moissan, a chemist in Paris, performed electrolysis on potassium bifluoride dissolved in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, and successfully isolated fluorine.
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Upon treatment with typical organic ligands, manganese(II) undergoes oxidation by air to give Mn(III) complexes. Examples include [Mn(EDTA)]−, [Mn(CN)6]3−, and [Mn(acetylacetonate)3]. Triphenylphosphine forms a labile 2:1 adduct: :MnCl2 \+ 2 Ph3P → [MnCl2(Ph3P)2] Anhydrous manganese(II) chloride serves as a starting point for the synthesis of a variety of manganese compounds. For example, manganocene is prepared by reaction of MnCl2 with a solution of sodium cyclopentadienide in THF.
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In 2005, settled a $500,000 lawsuit related to air pollution in Kentucky. In 2013, Tyson paid nearly $4 million in fines due to eight separate incidents between 2006 and 2010 where it accidentally released anhydrous ammonia, an extremely hazardous substance which causes chemical-type burns. These releases killed at least one worker and injured nearly a dozen other. In 2019, the Environmental Integrity Project identified Tyson as being a major discharger of pollution to waterways in East Texas.
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Thenardite is an anhydrous sodium sulfate mineral, Na2SO4 which occurs in arid evaporite environments, specifically lakes and playas. It also occurs in dry caves and old mine workings as an efflorescence and as a crusty sublimate deposit around fumaroles. It occurs in volcanic caves on Mt. Etna, Italy. It was first described in 1825 for an occurrence in the Espartinas Saltworks, Ciempozuelos, Madrid, Spain and was named for the French chemist, Louis Jacques Thénard (1777–1826).
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By heating a mixture of anhydrous aluminium chloride and sodium hexafluorosilicate to between 190 and 250°C a mixture of gases containing chlorotrifluorosilane is given off. These are condensed at -196°C degrees and fractionally distilled at temperatures up to -78°C. SiClF3 can be made by reacting silicon tetrachloride and silicon tetrafluoride gases at 600°C, producing a mixture of fluorochloro silanes including about one quarter SiClF3. SiClF3 can be made by reacting silicon tetrachloride with antimony trifluoride.
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TBAF can be prepared by passing hydrofluoric acid thorugh an ion-exchange resin, followed by tetrabutylammonium bromide. Upon evaporation of the water, TBAF can be collected as an oil in quantitative yield. Preparing anhydrous samples is of interest as the basicity of fluoride increases by more than 20 pK units on passing from aqueous to aprotic solvent. However, heating samples of the hydrated material to 77 °C under vacuum causes decomposition to the hydrogen difluoride salt.
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In contrast to previous methods, it did not require special equipment, and the main challenges were only the handling of pyrophoric reagents and/or products, and the need for anhydrous reagents and air-free techniques. Thus his discovery gained much attention because of its simplicity and the reactivity of the activated metals. Rieke continued this work at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. He and his wife Loretta founded Rieke Metals LLC in 1991, based on these materials.
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Lysergic acid is generally produced by hydrolysis of natural lysergamides, but can also be synthesized in the laboratory by a complex total synthesis for example by Robert Burns Woodward's team in 1956. An enantioselective total synthesis based on a palladium-catalyzed domino cyclization reaction has been described in 2011 by Fujii and Ohno. Lysergic acid monohydrate crystallizes in very thin hexagonal leaflets when recrystallized from water. Lysergic acid monohydrate, when dried (140 °C at ) forms anhydrous lysergic acid.
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Glass with embedded metal and sulfides (GEMS) are tiny spheroids in cosmic dust particles with bulk compositions that are approximately chondritic. They form the building blocks of anhydrous interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) in general, and cometary IDPs, in particular. Their compositions, mineralogy and petrography appear to have been shaped by exposure to ionizing radiation. Since the exposure occurred prior to the accretion of cometary IDPs, and therefore comets themselves, GEMS are likely either solar nebula or presolar interstellar grains.
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Elsewhere in the Pacific Rim, Dicogesic in analogous to Glaxo/Smith-Kline's DF-118. The manufacturer of New Bron Solution-ACE; SS Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, also markets an ibuprofen with dihydrocodeine product called S.Tac EVE, which also includes d,l-methylephedrine HCl, chlorpheniramine, anhydrous caffeine, and vitamins B1 and C. The Panlor series is manufactured by Pan-American Laboratories of Covington, Louisiana, and they also market several dihydrocodeine-based prescription cough syrups in the United States.
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A vacuum desiccator (left) and desiccator (right). Silica gel with cobalt chloride indicator placed in the lower shelf is used as the desiccant. A desiccator is a heavy glass or plastic container, now somewhat antiquated, used in practical chemistry for drying or keeping small amounts of materials very dry. The material is placed on a shelf, and a drying agent or desiccant, such as dry silica gel or anhydrous sodium hydroxide, is placed below the shelf.
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Additions in the absence of a catalyst or promoter take place only upon heating to 100-130 °C. In the presence of a Lewis acid, the addition will proceed at -78 °C. Reactions must be carried out under an inert atmosphere in anhydrous conditions, but the process is operationally simple and does not require a great deal of special care. Reactions should be carried out in a well-ventilated fume hood, however, as volatile organotin compounds are highly toxic.
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Anhydrous boron trifluoride has a boiling point of −100.3 °C and a critical temperature of −12.3 °C, so that it can be stored as a refrigerated liquid only between those temperatures. Storage or transport vessels should be designed to withstand internal pressure, since a refrigeration system failure could cause pressures to rise to the critical pressure of 49.85 bar (4.985 MPa). Boron trifluoride is corrosive. Suitable metals for equipment handling boron trifluoride include stainless steel, monel, and hastelloy.
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Ether holds the last bit of water so tenaciously that only a very powerful desiccant such as sodium metal added to the liquid phase can result in completely dry ether.Cohen, Julius B. Practical Organic Chemistry MacMillan 1930 Anhydrous calcium chloride is used as a desiccant for drying a wide variety of solvents since it is inexpensive and does not react with most nonaqueous solvents. Chloroform is an example of a solvent that can be effectively dried using calcium chloride.
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Curium(III) fluoride or curium trifluoride is the chemical compound composed of curium and fluorine with the formula CmF3. It is a white, nearly insoluble salt that has the same crystal structure as LaF3. It precipitates as a hydrate when fluoride ions are added to a weakly acidic Cm(III) solution; alternatively it can be synthesized by reacting hydrofluoric acid with Cm(OH)3. The anhydrous form is then obtained by desiccation or by treatment with hydrogen fluoride gas.
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Various techniques are used to achieve an etched surface in glass, whether for artistic effect, or simply to create a translucent surface. Acid etching is done using hexafluorosilicic acid (H2SiF6) which, when anhydrous, is colourless. The acid is prepared by dissolving silica in a mixture of hydroelectric acid (hydrochloric acid), quartz powder, calcium fluoride, and concentrated sulfuric acid derived after heating. Glass etching cream is used by hobbyists as it is generally easier to use than acid.
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Also known as rectification, the raw materials are directly heated in a still without a carrier solvent such as water. Fragrant compounds that are released from the raw material by the high heat often undergo anhydrous pyrolysis, which results in the formation of different fragrant compounds, and thus different fragrant notes. This method is used to obtain fragrant compounds from fossil amber and fragrant woods (such as birch tar) where an intentional "burned" or "toasted" odour is desired.
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Alcohols react with acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides to give esters: : RCOCl + R′OH → RCO2R′ + HCl : (RCO)2O + R′OH → RCO2R′ + RCO2H The reactions are irreversible simplifying work-up. Since acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides also react with water, anhydrous conditions are preferred. The analogous acylations of amines to give amides are less sensitive because amines are stronger nucleophiles and react more rapidly than does water. This method is employed only for laboratory- scale procedures, as it is expensive.
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On January 18, 2002, a severe train derailment east of the city sent a gigantic cloud of anhydrous ammonia toward Minot and Burlington. Power was knocked out to the residents of Burlington for many hours due to damage to power lines. Residents were unable to access radios or televisions due to this, although messages went out advising people to stay inside. One man died and many of the area's citizens were sickened by the noxious gas.
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Mint green Annabergite, a nickel arsenite Important nickel oxo acid salts include nickel(II) sulfate can crystallise with six water molecules yielding Retgersite or with seven making Morenosite which is isomorphic to Epsom salts. These contain the hexaquanickel(II) ion. There is also an anhydrous form, a dihydrate and a tetrahydrate, the last two crystallised from sulfuric acid. The hexahydrate has two forms, a blue tetragonal form, and a green monoclinic form, with a transition temperature around 53 °C.
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Anhydrous nitric acid is a colorless mobile liquid with a density of 1.512 g/cm3 that solidifies at −42 °C to form white crystals. As it decomposes to NO2 and water, it obtains a yellow tint. It boils at 83 °C. It is usually stored in a glass shatterproof amber bottle with twice the volume of head space to allow for pressure build up, but even with those precautions the bottle must be vented monthly to release pressure.
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Such distillations must be done with all-glass apparatus at reduced pressure, to prevent decomposition of the acid. Industrially, highly concentrated nitric acid is produced by dissolving additional nitrogen dioxide in 68% nitric acid in an absorption tower. Dissolved nitrogen oxides are either stripped in the case of white fuming nitric acid, or remain in solution to form red fuming nitric acid. More recently, electrochemical means have been developed to produce anhydrous acid from concentrated nitric acid feedstock.
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For this reason, an excess of sodium is often required. Because the hydrolysis of sodium is rapid, not to mention dangerous, the Bouveault-Blanc reaction requires anhydrous ethanol. The mechanism of the reaction follows: :The mechanism of the Bouveault-Blanc reduction Consistent with this mechanism, sodium-ethanol mixtures will also reduce ketones to alcohols. This approach to reducing esters was widely used prior to the availability of hydride reducing agents such as lithium aluminium hydride and related reagents.
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The sodium and potassium carbonate minerals of the lavas erupted at Ol Doinyo Lengai are unstable at the Earth's surface and susceptible to rapid weathering, the minerals are anhydrous and when they come into contact with the moisture of the atmosphere, they begin to react extremely quickly. The black or dark brown lava and ash erupted begins to turn white within a few hours. The resulting volcanic landscape is different from any other in the world.
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Most of the approaches currently used to synthesize CMPs must be carried out under anhydrous and oxygen-free environments due to the presence of metal catalysts. Due to the use of metal catalysts, polymers inevitably have trace metals present. Reactions, such as the Schiff base reaction, have garnered much attention in that the reactions are metal free. In Schiff base, amine based monomers and aldehyde containing monomers undergo a reaction to create the repeat unit for CMPs.
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Ernest Gaston Joseph Solvay (; 16 April 1838 - 26 May 1922) was a Belgian chemist, industrialist and philanthropist. Born in Rebecq, he was prevented by his acute pleurisy from going to university. He worked in his uncle's chemical factory from the age of 21. In 1861, he developed the ammonia-soda process for the manufacturing of soda ash (anhydrous sodium carbonate) from brine (as a source of sodium chloride) and limestone (as a source of calcium carbonate).
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Sodium hydroxide is traditionally used in soap making (cold process soap, saponification). It was made in the nineteenth century for a hard surface rather than liquid product because it was easier to store and transport. For the manufacture of biodiesel, sodium hydroxide is used as a catalyst for the transesterification of methanol and triglycerides. This only works with anhydrous sodium hydroxide, because combined with water the fat would turn into soap, which would be tainted with methanol.
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To make polyoxymethylene homopolymer, anhydrous formaldehyde must be generated. The principal method is by reaction of the aqueous formaldehyde with an alcohol to create a hemiformal, dehydration of the hemiformal/water mixture (either by extraction or vacuum distillation) and release of the formaldehyde by heating the hemiformal. The formaldehyde is then polymerized by anionic catalysis, and the resulting polymer stabilized by reaction with acetic anhydride. Due to the manufacturing process, large-diameter cross-sections may have pronounced centerline porosity.
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The higher temperature polymorphs of silica cristobalite and tridymite are frequently the first to crystallize from amorphous anhydrous silica, and the local structures of microcrystalline opals also appear to be closer to that of cristobalite and tridymite than to quartz. The structures of tridymite and cristobalite are closely related and can be described as hexagonal and cubic close-packed layers. It is therefore possible to have intermediate structures in which the layers are not regularly stacked.
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Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1965, NY. Vol. 2. p. 1583. A hydrated form of the oxide (which dissolves in acid) can be prepared by precipitation from solution, for example, by hydrolysis of palladium nitrate or reaction of a soluble palladium compound with a strong base. The brown hydrated oxide converts to black anhydrous oxide on heating. Its susceptibility to attack by acids decreases at lower water content.
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Sodium polysulfide can be produced by dissolving sulfur in a solution of sodium sulfide.F. Fehér" Sodium Disulfide", "Sodium Tetrasulfide" "Sodium Pentasulfide" in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. Vol. 1. p. 361-367. Alternatively they are produced by the redox reaction of aqueous sodium hydroxide with sulfur at elevated temperatures. Finally they arise by the reduction of elemental sulfur with sodium, a reaction often conducted in anhydrous ammonia.
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Xylamidine is an amidine which serves as a serotonin inhibitor. This agent is prepared by alkylation of 3-methoxyphenol (m-methoxyphenol) with α-chloropropionitrile, KI and potassium carbonate in MEK to give #, which is in turn reduced with lithium aluminum hydride to give the primary amine #. When # is treated with m-tolylacetonitrile in the presence of anhydrous HCl, the synthesis is completed. Alternately, one can react primary amine # with m-tolylacetamidine under acid catalysis to produce xylamidine.
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Zirconium sulfate is prepared by the action of sulfuric acid on zirconium oxide: :ZrO2 \+ 2 H2SO4 \+ H2O → Zr(SO4)2(H2O)x The anhydrous sulfate is also known. These compounds adopt complex structures featuring 7- and 8-coordinated Zr centres. Both water and sulfate serve as ligands.Bear, Isabel J.; Mumme, W. G. "Crystal chemistry of zirconium sulfate. III. Structure of the β-pentahydrate, Zr2(SO4)4(H2O)8.2H2O, and the interrelationship of the four higher hydrates" Acta Crystallogr. 1969.
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Solubility of LiBr in water as a function of temperature Phase diagram of LiBr LiBr is prepared by treating an aqueous suspension of lithium carbonate with hydrobromic acid or by reacting lithium hydroxide with bromine. The salt forms several crystalline hydrates, unlike the other alkali metal bromides. The anhydrous salt forms cubic crystals similar to common salt (sodium chloride). Lithium hydroxide and hydrobromic acid (aqueous solution of hydrogen bromide) will precipitate lithium bromide in the presence of water.
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ChestEze (or Do-Do ChestEze) is a British over-the-counter pharmaceutical product manufactured by NovartiseMC product summary for "relief of bronchial cough, wheezing, breathlessness and other symptoms of asthmatic bronchitis and to clear the chest of mucus following upper respiratory tract infection." It contains 30 mg caffeine, 18.31 mg ephedrine hydrochloride and 100 mg anhydrous theophylline. It comes in a fawn brown tablet. Recommended doses are: Adults: not more than 1 tablet in 4 hours.
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Reactions with organomagnesium compounds, alcohols, amines, and ammonia yield adduction compounds. Fluorosilicic acid, a derivative of SiF4, is a strong acid in aqueous solution (the anhydrous form does not exist). Pnictogens (nitrogen's periodic table column) show very similar trends in reactivity and acidity of the highest fluorides (pentafluorides) and most common ones (trifluorides), with the said property increasing down the group: NF3 is stable against hydrolysis, PF3 hydrolyzes very slowly in moist air, while AsF3 completely hydrolyzes.
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The complex is prepared by reduction of anhydrous nickel(II) acetylacetonate in the presence of the diolefin: :Ni(acac)2 \+ 2 cod + 2 AlEt3 → Ni(cod)2 \+ 2 acacAlEt2 \+ C2H6 \+ C2H4 Ni(cod)2 is moderately soluble in several organic solvents. One or both 1,5-cyclooctadiene ligands are readily displaced by phosphines, phosphites, bipyridine, and isocyanides. If exposed to air, the solid oxidizes to nickel(II) oxide. As a result, this compound is generally handled in a glovebox.
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Co(acac)3 is low-spin, diamagnetic complex. Like other compounds of the type M(acac)3, this complex is chiral (has a non-superimposable mirror image). Many such complexes have been resolved, but the premier example is Co(acac)3. :Scheme 2. Chirality of M(acac)3 The complex Co(acac)2, like the related nickel complex, exists octahedral complexes with two additional ligands. The anhydrous form exists as the tetramer [Co(acac)2]4.
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CDI can be prepared straightforwardly by the reaction of phosgene with four equivalents of imidazole under anhydrous conditions. Removal of the side product, imidazolium chloride, and solvent results in the crystalline product in ~90% yield. :4 C3H4N2 \+ C(O)Cl2 → (C3H3N2)2CO + 2 [C3H3N2H2]Cl In this conversion, the imidazole serves both as the nucleophile and the base. An alternative precursor 1-(trimethylsilyl)imidazole requires more preparative effort with the advantage that the coproduct trimethylsilyl chloride is volatile.
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Amos Dairies Uganda Limited purchases raw milk from 7,000 to 10,000 smallholder farmers in the community, through cooperative societies and middlemen. The milk is processed into anhydrous milk fat, ghee, casein and whey. The factory products are exported, to earn the country valuable foreign exchange. In February 2020, Amos Diaries began to purchase raw milk from Kabula Farmers’ Cooperative Society, in Lyantonde District, the district to the immediate east of Kiruhura District, where the factory is located.
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There is also an anhydrous form, a dihydrate and a tetrahydrate, the last two crystallised from sulfuric acid. The hexahydrate has two forms, a blue tetragonal form, and a green monoclinic form, with a transition temperature around 53 °C.Mellor pp462-465 The heptahydrate crystallises from water below 31.5 above this blue hexhydrate forms, and above 53.3 the green form.Mellor p 466-467 Heating nickel sulfate dehydrates it, and then 700° it loses sulfur trioxide, sulfur dioxide and oxygen.
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In 1993 the mandatory blend was fixed by law at 22% anhydrous ethanol (E22) by volume in the entire country, but with leeway to the Executive to set different percentages of ethanol within pre-established boundaries. In 2003 these limits were set at a minimum of 20% and a maximum of 25%. Since July 1, 2007 the mandatory blend is 25% of anhydrous ethanol and 75% gasoline or E25 blend. The lower limit was reduced to 18% in April 2011 due to recurring ethanol supply shortages and high prices that take place between harvest seasons. By mid March 2015 the government raised temporarily the ethanol blend in regular gasoline from 25% to 27%. The Brazilian car manufacturing industry developed flexible-fuel vehicles that can run on any proportion of gasoline (E20-E25 blend) and hydrous ethanol (E100). Introduced in the market in 2003, flex vehicles became a commercial success, dominating the passenger vehicle market with a 94% market share of all new cars and light vehicles sold in 2013. See pp.
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The low yield so obtained could be improved by maintaining a lower temperature and using a different nitrating acid mixture. 1) Direct Nitration of Glycol is carried out in exactly the same manner, with the same apparatus, and with the same mixed acids as nitration of glycerine. In the test nitration of anhydrous glycol (100g) with 625g of mixed acid 40% & 60% at 10-12°, the yield was 222g and it dropped to 218g when the temp was raised to 29-30°. When 500g of mixed acid 50% & 50% was used at 10-12°, the yield increased to 229g. In commercial nitration, the yields obtained from 100 kg anhydrous glycol and 625 kg of mixed acid containing 41%, 58% & water 1% were 222.2 kg of NGc at nitrating temp of 10-12° and only 218.3 kg at 29-30°. This means 90.6% of theory, as compared to 93.6% with NG. :C2H4(OH)2 \+ 2 HNO3 → C2H4(ONO2)2 \+ 2 H2O or through the reaction of ethylene oxide and dinitrogen pentoxide: :C2H4O + N2O5 → C2H4(ONO2)2 2) Direct Production of NGc from Gaseous Ethylene.
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The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warns that Brazilian Blowouts are hazardous to the health of those who use them and the hairdressers who apply them. Concerns over the presence of formaldehyde in various hair smoothing products at significant concentrations centered whether methylene glycol could legally be synonymous with formaldehyde. Anhydrous formaldehyde gas readily dissolves in and reacts with water to form an equilibrium solution of methylene glycol. When heated, the equilibrium shifts and favors the production of formaldehyde and water.
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Methyl azide can be prepared by the methylation of sodium azide, for instance with dimethyl sulfate in alkaline solution, followed by passing through a tube of anhydrous calcium chloride or sodium hydroxide to remove contaminating hydrazoic acid. The first synthesis was reported in 1905. It decomposes in a first-order reaction: :CH3N3 → CH3N + N2 Methyl azide might be a potential precursor in the synthesis of prebiotic molecules via nonequilibrium reactions on interstellar ices initiated by energetic galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and photons.
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Gypsum crystals are soft enough to bend under pressure of the hand. Sample on display at Musée cantonal de géologie de Lausanne. Gypsum is moderately water-soluble (~2.0–2.5 g/l at 25 °C) and, in contrast to most other salts, it exhibits retrograde solubility, becoming less soluble at higher temperatures. When gypsum is heated in air it loses water and converts first to calcium sulfate hemihydrate, (bassanite, often simply called "plaster") and, if heated further, to anhydrous calcium sulfate (anhydrite).
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Caesium chloride powder Relatively few chemical applications use caesium. Doping with caesium compounds enhances the effectiveness of several metal-ion catalysts for chemical synthesis, such as acrylic acid, anthraquinone, ethylene oxide, methanol, phthalic anhydride, styrene, methyl methacrylate monomers, and various olefins. It is also used in the catalytic conversion of sulfur dioxide into sulfur trioxide in the production of sulfuric acid. Caesium fluoride enjoys a niche use in organic chemistry as a base and as an anhydrous source of fluoride ion.
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Anhydrous nickel(II) acetylacetonate exists as molecules of Ni3(acac)6. The three nickel atoms are approximately collinear and each pair of them is bridged by two μ2 oxygen atoms. Each nickel atom has tetragonally distorted octahedral geometry, caused by the difference in the length of the Ni-O bonds between the bridging and non-bridging oxygens. Ni3(acac)6 molecules are almost centrosymmetric, despite the non-centrosymmetric point group of the cis-Ni(acac)2 "monomers," which is uncommon.
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The aromatic ring of phenol is activated towards electrophilic substitution reactions, and attempted nitration of phenol, even with dilute nitric acid, results in the formation of high molecular weight tars. In order to minimize these side reactions, anhydrous phenol is sulfonated with fuming sulfuric acid, and the resulting p-hydroxyphenylsulfonic acid is then nitrated with concentrated nitric acid. During this reaction, nitro groups are introduced, and the sulfonic acid group is displaced. The reaction is highly exothermic, and careful temperature control is required.
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It reacts pseudoephedrine with liquid anhydrous ammonia and an alkali metal such as sodium or lithium. The reaction is allowed to stand until the ammonia evaporates. However, the Birch reduction is dangerous because the alkali metal and ammonia are both extremely reactive, and the temperature of liquid ammonia makes it susceptible to explosive boiling when reactants are added. It has been the most popular method in Midwestern states of the U.S. because of the ready availability of liquid ammonia fertilizer in farming regions.
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Example of public gas station with hE15 next to diesel and regular gasoline in the Netherlands. A 15% hydrous ethanol and 85% gasoline blend, hE15, has been introduced at public gas stations in the Netherlands since 2008. Ethanol fuel specifications worldwide traditionally dictate use of anhydrous ethanol (less than 1% water) for gasoline blending. This results in additional costs, energy usage and environmental impacts associated with the extra processing step required to dehydrate the hydrous ethanol produced via distillation (3.5-4.9 vol.
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The anhydrous form is obtained by heating to 140 °C in vacuum. Dehydration of barium perchlorate that does not occur in vacuum will also result in hydrolysis of the perchlorate. Other reactions that produce barium perchlorate are as follows: perchloric acid and barium hydroxide or carbonate; potassium perchlorate and hydrofluosilicic acid followed with barium carbonate; boiling solution of potassium chlorate and zinc fluosilicate. For large-scale manufacturing purposes, barium perchlorate is synthesized by evaporating a solution of sodium perchlorate and barium chloride.
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This left no room for the rear-mounted control find, which were instead operated by nose-mounted actuators via long pushrods. The actuators were powered by compressed air from bottles at the rear. The lead telluride (PbTe) IR seeker was mounted under an eight-faceted conical arsenic trisulphide "pencil" nose and was cooled to by anhydrous ammonia to improve the signal to noise ratio. The unusual faceted nose was chosen when a more conventional hemispherical nose proved prone to ice accretion.
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The hexahydrate and the anhydrous salt are weak Lewis acids. The adducts are usually either octahedral or tetrahedral. With pyridine (), one obtains an octahedral complex: :·6 + 4 → + 6 With triphenylphosphine (), a tetrahedral complex results: :·6 + 2 → + 6 Salts of the anionic complex CoCl42− can be prepared using tetraethylammonium chloride: : + 2 [(C2H5)4N]Cl → [(C2H5)4N)]2[CoCl4] The [CoCl4]2− ion is the blue ion that forms upon addition of hydrochloric acid to aqueous solutions of hydrated cobalt chloride, which are pink.
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A more inconvenient scenario is if the reagents have a lower boiling point than either the ester product or water, in which case the reaction mixture must be capped and refluxed and a large excess of starting material added. In this case anhydrous salts, such as copper(II) sulfate or potassium pyrosulfate, can also be added to sequester the water by forming hydrates, shifting the equilibrium towards ester products. These hydrated salts are then decanted prior to the final workup.
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The "ultra boosters" seen on infomercials may contain as much as 80% sodium percarbonate. However, sodium percarbonate is less expensive in its pure form and can be adjusted to any percentage the user desires. Sodium percarbonate is also used as a no-rinse cleaning agent in at- home breweries. Sodium percarbonate can be used in organic synthesis as a convenient source of anhydrous H2O2, in particular in solvents that cannot dissolve the carbonate but can leach the H2O2 out of it.
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He presented his results and demonstrated a sample of the new metal in 1825. In 1827, German chemist Friedrich Wöhler repeated Ørsted's experiments but did not identify any aluminium. (The reason for this inconsistency was only discovered in 1921.) He conducted a similar experiment in the same year by mixing anhydrous aluminium chloride with potassium and produced a powder of aluminium. In 1845, he was able to produce small pieces of the metal and described some physical properties of this metal.
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Organocerium compounds are typically prepared via transmetallation from the respective organolithium or Grignard reagent. The most common cerium source for this purpose is cerium (III) chloride, which can be obtained in anhydrous form via dehydration of the commercially available heptahydrate. Precomplexation with tetrahydrofuran is important for the success of the transmetallation, with most procedures involving "vigorous stirring for a period of no less than 2 hours". Reagents derived from alkyl, alkynyl, and alkenyl organometallic reagents as well as cerium enolates have been described.
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Anhydrous copper(II) nitrate has been crystallized in two solvate- free polymorphs. α- and β-Cu(NO3)2 are fully 3D coordination polymer networks. The alpha form has only one Cu environment, with [4+1] coordination, but the beta form has two different copper centers, one with [4+1] and one that is square planar. The nitromethane solvate also features "[4+ 1] coordination", with four short Cu-O bonds of approximately 200 pm and one longer bond at 240 pm.
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Most commonly, solutions of sodium phenoxide are produced by treating phenol with sodium hydroxide. Anhydrous derivatives can be prepared by combining phenol and sodium: :Na + HOC6H5 → NaOC6H5 \+ 1/2 H2 Like other sodium alkoxides, crystalline sodium phenolate adopts a complex structure involving multiple Na-O bonds. Solvent-free material is polymeric, each Na center being bound to three oxygen ligands as well as the phenyl ring. Adducts of sodium phenoxide are molecular, such as the cubane-type cluster [NaOPh]4(HMPA)4.
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Strongly acidic ion exchange resin is then added. The resin is filtered and the opiates are recovered with the addition of ammonia water. The resulting liquid is evaporated using a chemical condenser, then when dry (it is then called glazura - glaze) it is acetylated using acetic anhydride in an anhydrous environment of a non-polar solvent, for example toluene, diethyl ether, chloroform, or most commonly acetone. After acetylation, the solvent is evaporated to remove the acetic anhydride, and finally water is added.
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The anhydrous form adopts a simple structure with octahedral Fe(III)F6 centres interconnected by linear Fe-F-Fe linkages. In the language of crystallography, the crystals are classified as rhombohedral with an R-3c space group. The structural motif is similar to that seen in ReO3. Although the solid is nonvolatile, it evaporates at high temperatures, the gas at 987 °C consists of FeF3, a planar molecule of D3h symmetry with three equal Fe-F bonds, each of length 176.3 pm.
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The direct formylation of aromatic compounds can be accomplished by various methods such as the Gattermann reaction, Gattermann–Koch reaction, Vilsmeier–Haack reaction, or Duff reaction; however, in terms of ease and safety of operations, the Reimer–Tiemann reaction is often the most advantageous route chosen in chemical synthesis. Of the reactions mentioned before, the Reimer–Tiemann reaction is the only route not requiring acidic and/or anhydrous conditions. Additionally the Gattermann-Koch and Vilsmeier–Haack reactions are not applicable to phenol substrates.
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There are at least 20 different synthesis routes that produce Ammonium dinitramide In the laboratory ammonium dinitramide, can be prepared by nitration of sulfamic acid or its salt under low temperatures. KO3S-NH2 + 2HNO3 W KHSO4 + NH4N(NO2)2 + H2O The process is performed under red light, since the compound is decomposed by higher energy photons. The details of the synthesis remain classified. Other sources report ammonium synthesis from ammonium nitrate, anhydrous nitric acid, and fuming sulfuric acid containing 20% free sulfur trioxide.
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The cometary and asteroidal delivery of water to accreting Earth and Mars has significant caveats, even though it is favored by D/H isotopic ratios. Key issues include: # The higher D/H ratios in Martian meteorites could be a consequence of biased sampling since Mars may have never had an effective crustal recycling process # Earth's Primitive upper mantle estimate of the 187Os/188Os isotopic ratio exceeds 0.129, significantly greater than that of carbonaceous chondrites, but similar to anhydrous ordinary chondrites.
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Conversely, MOFs have shown encouraging proton conductivities in both low and high temperature regimes as well as over a wide range of humidity conditions. Below 100 °C and under hydration, the presence of hydrogen bonding and solvent water molecules aid in proton transport, whereas anhydrous conditions are suitable for temperatures above 100 °C. MOFs also have the distinct advantage of exhibiting proton conductivity by the framework itself in addition to the inclusion of charge carries (i.e., water, acids, etc.) into their pores.
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Sodium dithionite is stable when dry, but aqueous solutions deteriorate due to the following reaction: : 2 S2O42− \+ H2O → S2O32− \+ 2 HSO3− This behavior is consistent with the instability of dithionous acid. Thus, solutions of sodium dithionite cannot be stored for a long period of time. Anhydrous sodium dithionite decomposes to sodium sulfate and sulfur dioxide above 90 °C in the air. In absence of air, it decomposes quickly above 150 °C to sodium sulfite, sodium thiosulfate, sulfur dioxide and trace amount of sulfur.
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By May 24, three towers owned by AT&T; and Sprint had been restored. Due to the severe damage caused by the tornado, the travelling Piccadilly Circus was unable to perform as scheduled. As a result, the circus employees brought their two adult elephants to help drag damaged automobiles and other heavy debris out of the roadway to make a path for first responders. East of Joplin, a Risk Management Plan facility released of anhydrous ammonia; it was contained within two days.
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The process of synthesizing methamphetamine (also known as "cooking") can be dangerous as it involves poisonous, flammable, and explosive chemicals. When the lab is mobile, it presents a risk to wherever it happens to be, as demonstrated in November 2001, a rolling meth lab that was carrying anhydrous ammonia exploded on Interstate 24 in Kentucky,Bootie Cosgrove-Mather."Rolling Meth Labs In Vogue – Methamphetamine Makers Turn Vehicles Into Rolling Drug Labs." CBS News. Published July 17, 2002. Retrieved on 2009-02-14.
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The resulting anions, hydrogencroconate and croconate are also quite stable. The croconate ion, in particular, is aromatic and symmetric, as the double bond and the negative charges become delocalized over the five CO units (with two electrons, Hückel's rule means this is an aromatic configuration). The lithium, sodium and potassium croconates crystallize from water as dihydrates but the orange potassium salt can be dehydrated to form a monohydrate. The croconates of ammonium, rubidium and caesium crystallize in the anhydrous form.
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Calcium pyrophosphate (Ca2P2O7) is a chemical compound, an insoluble calcium salt containing the pyrophosphate anion. There are a number of forms reported: an anhydrous form, a dihydrate, Ca2P2O7·2H2O and a tetrahydrate, Ca2P2O7·4H2O. Deposition of dihydrate crystals in cartilage are responsible for the severe joint pain in cases of calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (pseudo gout) whose symptoms are similar to those of gout. Ca2P2O7 is commonly used as a mild abrasive agent in toothpastes, because of its insolubility and nonreactivity toward fluoride.
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Like other metal cyanides, solid potassium ferrocyanide, both as the hydrate and anhydrous salts, has a complicated polymeric structure. The polymer consists of octahedral [Fe(CN)6]4− centers crosslinked with K+ ions that are bound to the CN ligands.Willans, M.J.; Wasylishen, R.E.; McDonald, R. "Polymorphism of potassium ferrocyanide trihydrate as studied by solid-state multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction" Inorganic Chemistry 2009, volume 48, p4342-4353 The K+\---NC linkages break when the solid is dissolved in water.
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Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is a means of converting nitrogen oxides, also referred to as with the aid of a catalyst into diatomic nitrogen (), and water (). A reductant, typically anhydrous ammonia, aqueous ammonia or urea solution, is added to a stream of flue or exhaust gas and is absorbed onto a catalyst. As the reaction drives toward completion, Carbon dioxide, is produced. Selective catalytic reduction of using ammonia as the reducing agent was patented in the United States by the Engelhard Corporation in 1957.
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1H-Tetrazole was first prepared by the reaction of anhydrous hydrazoic acid and hydrogen cyanide under pressure. Treatment of organic nitriles with sodium azide in the presence of iodine or silica-supported sodium bisulfate as a heterogeneous catalyst enables an advantageous synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles. Another method is the deamination of 5-aminotetrazole, which can be commercially obtained or prepared in turn from aminoguanidine. :900px 2-Aryl-2H-tetrazoles are synthesized by a [3+2] cycloaddition reaction between an aryl diazonium and trimethylsilyldiazomethane.
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An emergency landing was made at Mud Lake, Nevada where the aircraft flipped on its back. As part of the rescue crew, these 6 men worked to free McKay in the presence of lethal concentrations of unjettisoned anhydrous ammonia fuel, saving McKay's life. Exceptional Bravery Medals were awarded in 1969 to NASA engineers Bill B. McClure and Charles J. "Jack" Beverlin, who prevented the collapse and explosion of an Atlas rocket at great risk to their own lives. A feature on Mars was later named after them.
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Reduction may typically be carried out in a round-bottom flask equipped with a drying-tube-capped reflux condenser, a mercury-sealed mechanical stirrer, a thermometer, a nitrogen inlet, and an additional funnel with a pressure-equalizing side arm. The most common solvents used are tetrahydrofuran and diethyl ether. Whatever solvent is used should be anhydrous and pure. Alkoxyaluminium hydrides should be kept as dry as possible and represent a significant fire hazard, particularly when an excess of hydride is used (hydrogen evolves during workup).
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As a versatile tool for characterizing elastic properties of solid materials, RUS has found applications in a variety of fields. In geosciences one of the most important applications is related to the determination of seismic velocities in the Earth's interior. In a recent work, for example, the elastic constants of hydrous forsterite were measured up to 14.1 GPa at ambient temperature. This study showed that aggregate bulk and shear moduli of hydrous forsterite increase with pressure at a greater rate than those of the corresponding anhydrous phase.
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Copper(II) chloride is the chemical compound with the chemical formula CuCl2. This is a light brown solid, which slowly absorbs moisture to form a blue- green dihydrate. Both the anhydrous and the dihydrate forms occur naturally as the very rare minerals tolbachite and eriochalcite, respectively.Marlene C. Morris, Howard F. McMurdie, Eloise H. Evans, Boris Paretzkin, Harry S. Parker, and Nicolas C. Panagiotopoulos (1981) Copper chloride hydrate (eriochalcite), in Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns National Bureau of Standards, Monograph 25, Section 18; page 33.
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Small-scale tests have shown many vehicles with modern engine types can run smoothly on this hydrous ethanol blend. Mixed tanking scenarios with anhydrous ethanol blends at 5% or 10% level do not induce phase separation. As avoiding mixing with E0, in particular at extremely low temperatures, in logistic systems and engines is not recommended, a separate specification for controlled usage is presented in a Netherlands Technical Agreement NTA 8115. The NTA 8115 is written for a worldwide application in trading and fuel blending.
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The driest wood, which makes the best tinder, are dead branches that have not fallen to the ground yet. If a fire is to be lit by sparks rather than matches, char cloth, punkwood, fungus or down are commonly used to catch the sparks. However, fungi should be selected with care as some release toxic fumes on combustion. Char cloth can be made by placing plant-based fabric (usually cotton) in a tin box into a campfire; like charcoal, it is the product of anhydrous pyrolysis.
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Aromatic polyamides and polyamides are practical compounds due to their temperature resistance, electrical or insulating characteristics, and their mechanical strength. Some of the polyamides and polyimides that can be synthesized by o-Cresophthalein are polycarbonate, polyacrylate, and epoxy-resin. The diether-diamine 3,3-bis[4-(4-amino- phenoxy)-3-methylphenyl]phthalide, or BNMP, is synthesized by 12 g o-cresophthalein, 11.5 g p-chloronitrobenzene, 5.1 g anhydrous potassium carbonate, and 55 mL of DMF. The compounds should be refluxed together at 160°C for eight hours.
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There are three dehydration processes to remove the water from an azeotropic ethanol/water mixture. The first process, used in many early fuel ethanol plants, is called azeotropic distillation and consists of adding benzene or cyclohexane to the mixture. When these components are added to the mixture, it forms a heterogeneous azeotropic mixture in vapor–liquid-liquid equilibrium, which when distilled produces anhydrous ethanol in the column bottom, and a vapor mixture of water, ethanol, and cyclohexane/benzene. When condensed, this becomes a two-phase liquid mixture.
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Laboratory experiments with formamide, a liquid resembling water, have shown how no such dehydration barrier can be involved. The fundamental difficulty to nucleate anhydrous magnesium carbonate remains when using this non-aqueous solution. Not cation dehydration, but rather the spatial configuration of carbonate anions creates the barrier in the low-temperature nucleation of magnesite.Xu, J; Yan, C.; Zhang, F.; Konishi, H., Xu, H. & Teng, H. H. (2013): Testing the cation- hydration effect on the crystallization of Ca – Mg- CO3 systems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
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Zintl compounds feature naked anionic clusters that are generated by reduction of heavy main group p elements, mostly metals or semimetals, with alkali metals, often as a solution in anhydrous liquid ammonia or ethylenediamine. Examples of Zintl anions are [Bi3]3−, [Sn9]4−, [Pb9]4−, and [Sb7]3−.Zintl Ions: Principles and Recent Developments, Book Series: Structure and Bonding. T. F. Fässler (Ed.), Volume 140, Springer, Heidelberg, 2011 Although these species are called "naked clusters," they are usually strongly associated with alkali metal cations.
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Zintl compounds feature naked anionic clusters that are generated by reduction of heavy main group p elements, mostly metals or semimetals, with alkali metals, often as a solution in anhydrous liquid ammonia or ethylenediamine. Examples of Zintl anions are [Bi3]3−, [Sn9]4−, [Pb9]4−, and [Sb7]3−.Zintl Ions: Principles and Recent Developments, Book Series: Structure and Bonding. T. F. Fässler (Ed.), Volume 140, Springer, Heidelberg, 2011 Although these species are called "naked clusters," they are usually strongly associated with alkali metal cations.
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This works as a gas-solid reaction at moderate temperatures, as well as in anhydrous liquid hydrogen fluoride at −78 °C. : + 3 → + 4 : + → + These reaction temperatures are markedly different from the high temperatures of over 200 °C previously required to synthesize neptunium hexafluoride with elemental fluorine or halogen fluorides. Neptunyl fluoride (NpO2F2) has been detected by Raman spectroscopy as a dominant intermediate in the reaction with NpO2. Direct reaction of NpF4 with liquid O2F2 led instead to vigorous decomposition of the O2F2 with no NpF6 generation.
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It is seen in ice at high pressure (Ice X), and also in the solid phase of many anhydrous acids such as hydrofluoric acid and formic acid at high pressure. It is also seen in the bifluoride ion [F−H−F]−. Much has been done to explain the symmetric hydrogen bond quantum-mechanically, as it seems to violate the duet rule for the first shell: The proton is effectively surrounded by four electrons. Because of this problem, some consider it to be an ionic bond.
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The most common way to prepare cellulose acetate phthalate consists of the reaction of a partially substituted cellulose acetate (CA) with phthalic anhydride in the presence of an organic solvent and a basic catalyst. The organic solvents widely used as reaction media for the phthaloylation of cellulose acetate are acetic acid, acetone, or pyridine. The basic catalysts employed are anhydrous sodium acetate when using acetic acid, amines when using acetone, and the organic solvent itself when using pyridine as reaction medium. Malm et al.
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Generally similar to the C-type objects, but differing in that the ultraviolet absorption below 0.5 μm is small or absent, and the spectrum is rather slightly bluish than reddish. The albedo also tends to be greater than in the generally very dark C type. Spectroscopy of B-class objects suggests major surface constituents of anhydrous silicates, hydrated clay minerals, organic polymers, magnetite, and sulfides. The closest matches to B-class asteroids have been obtained on carbonaceous chondrite meteorites that have been gently heated in the laboratory.
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There are currently no successful methods in controlling the severity and occurrence of the disease on a commercial scale ,. No fungicides and soil fumigation strategies have proved successful. Chemicals such as methyl bromide, anhydrous ammonia and ammonium salts were tested as effective but required deep injective into the soil, therefore expensive and not commercially feasible. In addition, systemic fungicides such as benzimidazoles and sterol biosynthesis inhibitors were shown to limit P. omnivore as well, but systemic fungicides are expensive, and exhibit poor soil penetration therefore pursued cautiously.
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Occasionally, a more complex pattern is observed, as with sodium sulfate, where the less soluble decahydrate crystal (mirabilite) loses water of crystallization at 32 °C to form a more soluble anhydrous phase (thenardite) because the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG), of the dissolution reaction. 400px The solubility of organic compounds nearly always increases with temperature. The technique of recrystallization, used for purification of solids, depends on a solute's different solubilities in hot and cold solvent. A few exceptions exist, such as certain cyclodextrins.
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Acetamide can be produced in the laboratory from ammonium acetate by dehydration: : [NH4][CH3CO2] → CH3C(O)NH2 \+ H2O Alternatively acetamide can be obtained in excellent yield via ammonolysis of acetylacetone under conditions commonly used in reductive amination. It can also be made from anhydrous acetic acid, acetonitrile and very well dried hydrogen chloride gas, using an ice bath, alongside more valuable reagent acetyl chloride. Yield is typically low (up to 35%), and the acetamide made this way is generated as a salt with HCl.
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A molecule of water may be eliminated, for example, by the action of sulfuric acid. Another example is chloral hydrate, CCl3−CH(OH)2, which can be formed by reaction of water with chloral, CCl3−CH=O. Many organic molecules, as well as inorganic molecules, form crystals that incorporate water into the crystalline structure without chemical alteration of the organic molecule (water of crystallization). The sugar trehalose, for example, exists in both an anhydrous form (melting point 203 °C) and as a dihydrate (melting point 97 °C).
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The Loop Heat Pipe (LHP) test will advance thermal energy management technology and validating technology readiness for upcoming commercial spacecraft applications. The LHP will be operated with anhydrous ammonia as the working fluid to transport thermal energy with high effective conductivity in zero gravity. LHP is a passive, two-phase flow heat transfer device that is capable of transporting up to 400 watts over a distance of 5 meters through semiflexible, small- diameter tubes. It uses capillary forces to circulate the two-phase working fluid.
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Indicating silica gel Silica gel may be doped with a moisture indicator that gradually changes its color when it transitions from the anhydrous (dry) state, to the hydrated (wet) state. Common indicators are cobalt(II) chloride and methyl violet. Cobalt (II) chloride is deep blue when dry and pink when wet, but it is toxic and carcinogenic, and was reclassified by the European Union in July 2000 as a toxic material. Methyl violet can be formulated to change from orange to green, or orange to colorless.
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The preparation of anhydrous chromium(III) phosphate begins by grinding a mixture of 75 mol% of chromium(III) oxide, Cr2O3, and 25 mol% of pure ammonium hydrogen phosphate, (NH4)2HPO4. This mixture is pressed into pellets and heated under air pressure at 400 °C for 24h in order to remove ammonia and water. After this, a heating sequence of 450 °C (24 h), 700 °C (3⋅24 h), 800 °C (24 h) and 850 °C (2⋅24 h) occurs. The pellet mixture is gradually cooled thereafter.
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Unit coal trains leaving from Youngstown, Ohio, run to Erie, Pennsylvania, followed by Buffalo, then north to the Niagara Branch, where they swing off onto the Lockport Subdivision, and finally in Lockport onto the Somerset Secondary. Even though the Somerset Power Plant owns its own gondolas, CSXT Hoppers are a regular sight at the plant. The coal cars are unloaded using a rotary car dumper at the power plant. Also on the line in Lockport is a chemical plant, Vanchlor, which receives anhydrous ammonia via the railroad.
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Tin(IV) fluoride is a chemical compound of tin and fluorine with the chemical formula SnF4 and is a white solid with a melting point above 700 °C. SnF4 can be prepared by the reaction of tin metal with fluorine gas: :Sn + 2F2 → SnF4 However, a passivating metal fluoride layer will be created and the surface will eventually become unreactive. An alternative synthesis is the reaction of SnCl4 with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride: :SnCl4 \+ 4HF → SnF4 \+ 4HCl With alkali metal fluorides (e.g. KF) hexafluorostannates are produced (e.g.
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Gold(III) oxide (Au2O3) is the most stable oxide of gold. It is a red-brown, thermally unstable solid that decomposes at 160 °C. The hydrated form is weakly acidic and dissolves in concentrated alkali to form salts that are believed to contain the Au(OH)4− ion. Anhydrous AuO can be prepared by heating amorphous hydrated gold(III) oxide with perchloric acid and an alkali metal perchlorate in a sealed quartz tube at a temperature of around 250 °C and a pressure of around 30 MPa.
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The island became present above sea level after African and Asiatic continental plates converged to cause rocks in the lower crust to be uplifted. The island contains three masses of peridotite, which are rich in the gemstone peridot (olivine). The island is believed to be the first discovered source of peridot, which was called topazios in ancient times, hence the Greek name for the island, Topazios. Layers of spinel-lherzolites with anhydrous Al-diopside pyroxenites and hydrous Cr-diopside pyroxenites can be found too on the island.
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Gallium nitrate injection is a clear, colorless, odorless, sterile solution of gallium nitrate, a hydrated nitrate salt of the group IIIa element, gallium. The stable, nonahydrate, Ga(NO3)3•9H2O is a white, slightly hygroscopic, crystalline powder of molecular weight 417.87, that is readily soluble in water. Each mL of Ganite (gallium nitrate injection) contains gallium nitrate 25 mg (on an anhydrous basis) and sodium citrate dihydrate 28.75 mg. The solution may contain sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid for pH adjustment to 6.0-7.0.
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Bismuth chloride can be synthesized directly by passing chlorine over bismuth. :2 Bi + 3 Cl2 → 2 BiCl3 or by dissolving bismuth metal in aqua regia, evaporating the mixture to give BiCl3·2H2O, which can be distilled to form the anhydrous trichloride. Alternatively, it may be prepared by adding hydrochloric acid to bismuth oxide and evaporating the solution. :Bi2O3 \+ 6 HCl → 2 BiCl3 \+ 3 H2O Also, the compound can be prepared by dissolving bismuth in concentrated nitric acid and then adding solid sodium chloride into this solution.
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The Venezuelan rum designation forbids the alteration of the mixture of rum by use of substances that provide artificial color, flavor or aroma. These requirements also include the rum having, in the entirety of its components, a minimum of two years spent aging in white oak barrels and at least 40% anhydrous alcohol, and that none of the raw materials are mixed with molasses nor alcohol from other countries This denomination allows to differentiate Venezuelan rums from those of the rest of the world.
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The orange to deep- red and highly hygroscopic anhydrous acid can be obtained by low-pressure sublimation of the dihydrate. Like many other enols, rhodizonic acid can lose the hydrogen cations H+ from the hydroxyls (pKa1 = , pKa2 = at 25 °C), yielding the hydrogenrhodizonate anion and the rhodizonate anion . The latter is aromatic and symmetric, as the double bond and the negative charges are delocalized and evenly distributed over the six CO units. Rhodizonates tend to have various shades of red, from yellowish to purplish.
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Hornblendes are the most common of the amphiboles and are formed in a wide range of Pressure-Temperature environments. Tschermakite is found in eclogites and ultramafic igneous rocks as well as in medium to high-grade metamorphic rocks. The mineral is widespread throughout the world but has most notably been studied in Greenland, Scotland, Finland, France, and Ukraine (Anthony, 1995). Because amphibole minerals like Tschermakite are hydrous (contain an OH group), they can break down to denser anhydrous minerals like pyroxene or garnet at high temperatures.
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Nalbuphine is available in two concentrations, 10 mg and 20 mg of nalbuphine hydrochloride per mL. Both strengths contain 0.94% sodium citrate hydrous, 1.26% citric acid anhydrous, 0.1% sodium metabisulfite, and 0.2% of a 9:1 mixture of methylparaben and propylparaben as preservatives; pH is adjusted, if necessary, with hydrochloric acid. The 10 mg/mL strength contains 0.1% sodium chloride. The drug is also available in a sulfite and paraben-free formulation in two concentrations, 10 mg and 20 mg of nalbuphine hydrochloride per mL.
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The Moon, on the other hand, is a natural laboratory for regolith processes and weathering on anhydrous airless bodies- modification and alteration by meteoroid and micrometeoroid impacts, the implantation of solar and interstellar charged particles, radiation damage, spallation, exposure to ultraviolet radiation, and so on. Knowledge of the processes that create and modify the lunar regolith is essential to understanding the compositional and structural attributes of other airless planet and asteroid regoliths. Other possibilities include extrasolar planets completely covered by oceans, which would lack some Earthly processes.
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Guayama Convention Center In the early twentieth century, there were selected societies such as the 'Coliseo Derkes' and 'Grupo Primavera', which endowed performing arts as well as scientific events. By the mid-twentieth century, Guayama achieved great industrial development, especially with the establishment of Univis Optical Corp., Angela Manufacturing Company and a petrochemical complex of the Phillips Petroleum Company. In 1968, the company started production of paraffin, benzene, synthetic fibers, nylon, plastic anhydrous, a million gallons of gasoline a day, and many other products.
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Thallium(I) fluoride (or thallous fluoride or thallium monofluoride) is the chemical compound composed of thallium and fluorine with the formula TlF. It consists of hard white orthorhombic crystals which are slightly deliquescent in humid air but revert to the anhydrous form in dry air. It has a distorted sodium chloride (rock salt) crystal structure, due to the 6s2 inert pair on Tl+. Thallium(I) fluoride is unusual among the thallium(I) halides in that it is very soluble in water, while the others are not.
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In the United States, opium tincture contains 10 mg per mL of anhydrous morphine. By contrast, opium tincture's weaker cousin, paregoric, also confusingly known as "camphorated tincture of opium", is 1/25th the strength of opium tincture, containing only 0.4 mg of morphine per mL. A 25-fold morphine overdose may occur if opium tincture is used where paregoric is indicated. Opium tincture is almost always dosed in drops, or fractions of a mL, or less commonly, in minims, while paregoric is dosed in teaspoons or tablespoons.
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Melete (minor planet designation: 56 Melete) is a large and dark main belt asteroid. It is a rather unusual P-type asteroid, probably composed of organic rich silicates, carbon and anhydrous silicates, with possible internal water ice. Melete was discovered by Hermann Goldschmidt from his balcony in Paris, on September 9, 1857. Its orbit was computed by E. Schubert, who named it after Melete, the Muse of meditation in Greek mythology. It was originally confused for 41 Daphne before it was confirmed not to be by its second sighting on August 27, 1871.
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Anhydrous ZnCl2 can be prepared from zinc and hydrogen chloride: :Zn(s) + 2 HCl → ZnCl2 \+ H2(g) Hydrated forms and aqueous solutions may be readily prepared similarly by treating Zn metal with hydrochloric acid. Zinc oxide and zinc sulfide react with HCl: :ZnS(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2S(g) Unlike many other elements, zinc essentially exists in only one oxidation state, 2+, which simplifies purification of the chloride. Commercial samples of zinc chloride typically contain water and products from hydrolysis as impurities. Such samples may be purified by recrystallization from hot dioxane.
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It contains a polymeric anion (Zn2Cl5−) with balancing monohydrated hydronium ions, H5O2+ ions. The formation of highly reactive anhydrous HCl gas formed when zinc chloride hydrates are heated is the basis of qualitative inorganic spot tests. The use of zinc chloride as a flux, sometimes in a mixture with ammonium chloride (see also Zinc ammonium chloride), involves the production of HCl and its subsequent reaction with surface oxides. Zinc chloride forms two salts with ammonium chloride: (NH4)2ZnCl4 and (NH4)3ClZnCl4, which decompose on heating liberating HCl, just as zinc chloride hydrate does.
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Chondrites are meteorites that have experienced very little alteration by melting or differentiation since the formation of the solar system 4.56 billion years ago. One of the most studied chondrites in existence is the Allende meteorite. Hedenbergite was found to be the most abundant secondary calcium-rich silicate phase within Allende chondules and is closely associated with other minerals such as sodalite and nepheline.Kimura, M., Ikeda, Y. Anhydrous Alterations of the Allende Meteorite in the Solar Nebula II: Alkali-Ca Exchange Reactions and Formation of Nepheline, Sodalite and Ca- rich Phases in Chondrules. Proc.
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Total synthesis of β-sitosterol has not been achieved. However, β-sitosterol has been synthesized from stigmasterol 1, which involves a specific hydrogenation of the side-chain of stigmasterol. The first step in the synthesis forms stigmasterol tosylate 2 from stigmasterol 1 (95% purity) using p-TsCl, DMAP, and pyridine (90% yield). The tosylate 2 then undergoes solvolysis as it is treated with pyridine and anhydrous MeOH to give a 5:1 ratio of i-stigmasterol methyl ether 3 (74% yield) to stigmasterol methyl ether 4, which is subsequently removed by chromatography.
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Unlike sodium carbonate, which forms at least three hydrates, lithium carbonate exists only in the anhydrous form. Its solubility in water is low relative to other lithium salts. The isolation of lithium from aqueous extracts of lithium ores capitalizes on this poor solubility. Its apparent solubility increases 10-fold under a mild pressure of carbon dioxide; this effect is due to the formation of the metastable bicarbonate, which is more soluble: : + + 2 The extraction of lithium carbonate at high pressures of and its precipitation upon depressuring is the basis of the Quebec process.
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The most common hydrous sulfate by far is gypsum, CaSO4⋅2H2O. It forms as an evaporite, and is associated with other evaporites such as calcite and halite; if it incorporates sand grains as it crystallizes, gypsum can form desert roses. Gypsum has very low thermal conductivity and maintains a low temperature when heated as it loses that heat by dehydrating; as such, gypsum is used as an insulator in materials such as plaster and drywall. The anhydrous equivalent of gypsum is anhydrite; it can form directly from seawater in highly arid conditions.
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Anhydrous and hydrated silica surface with siloxane and silanol groups along with surface bound water molecules. The surface of solid silica in contact with water is covered by siloxane bonds (≡Si–O–Si≡) and silanol groups (≡Si–OH) sensitive to an alkaline attack by ions. The presence of these oxygen-bearing groups very prone to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules explains the affinity of silica for water and makes colloidal silica very hydrophile. Siloxane bonds may undergo hydrolysis and condensation reactions as schematically represented hereafter: Siloxane bond between two silicon atoms.
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Copper(II) phosphate (not to be confused with copper(I) phosphate) is an inorganic compound consisting of copper cations and the phosphate anions; with the chemical formula Cu3(PO4)2. It may also be regarded as the cupric salt of phosphoric acid. It is commonly encountered as the hydrated species Cu2(PO4)OH, which is green and occurs naturally as the mineral libethenite. Anhydrous copper(II) phosphate is blue with triclinic crystals and can be produced by a high-temperature reaction between diammonium phosphate and copper(II) oxide.
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Anhydrous chromium(III) chloride (CrCl3) A large number of chromium(III) compounds are known, such as chromium(III) nitrate, chromium(III) acetate, and chromium(III) oxide. Chromium(III) can be obtained by dissolving elemental chromium in acids like hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, but it can also be formed through the reduction of chromium(VI) by cytochrome c7. The ion has a similar radius (63 pm) to (radius 50 pm), and they can replace each other in some compounds, such as in chrome alum and alum. Chromium(III) tends to form octahedral complexes.
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Apart from group 1 and 2 complexes, a general method for preparing metal bis(trimethylsilyl)amides entails reactions of anhydrous metal chlorideMany metal chlorides may be dried by refluxing in thionyl chloride. See with an alkali metal bis(trimethylsilyl)amides via a salt metathesis reaction: : MCl \+ Na(hmds) → M(hmds) \+ NaCl Alkali metal chloride formed as a by-product typically precipitates as a solid, allowing for its removal by filtration. The remaining metal bis(trimethylsilyl)amide is then often purified by distillation or sublimation. Space-filling model of Fe[N(SiMe3)2]2.
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Bis(2,4-pentanedionato)nickel(II) is prepared by treating nickel nitrate with acetylacetone in the presence of base. The product is the blue-green diaquo complex Ni(CH3COCHCOCH3)2(H2O)2. :Ni(NO3)2 \+ 2 CH3COCH2COCH3 \+ 2 H2O + 2 NaOH → Ni(CH3COCHCOCH3)2(H2O)2 \+ 2 NaNO3 This complex can be dehydrated using a Dean-Stark trap by azeotropic distillation: :3 Ni(CH3COCHCOCH3)2(H2O)2 → [Ni(CH3COCHCOCH3)2]3 \+ 6 H2O Subliming Ni(acac)2(H2O)2 at 170–210 °C under reduced pressure (0.2-0.4 mmHg) also gives the anhydrous form.
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Side effects are similar to those of other opiates and include itching, nausea and respiratory depression. Related opioid analogues such as nicomorphine and nicodicodeine were first synthesized. The definitive synthesis, which involves treating anhydrous codeine base with nicotinic anhydride at 130 °C, was published by Pongratz and Zirm in Monatshefte für Chemie in 1957, simultaneously with the two analogues in an article about amides and esters of various organic acids. Nicocodeine is almost always used as the hydrochloride salt, which has a free base conversion ratio of .917.
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The chemical name is 1-deoxy-1 (methylamino)-D-glucitol, 1-(6-amino-3,5-difluoropyridin-2-yl)-8-chloro-6-fluoro-7-(3-hydroxyazetidin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylate (salt). The injectable form of delafloxacin is sold as the meglumine salt of the active ingredient and its United States Adopted Name, delafloxacin meglumine, reflects that; the injection formulation also includes EDTA and sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin. The tablet is made of delafloxacin, citric acid anhydrous, crospovidone, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate.
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Kellestine believed what Sandham had told him, and this bit of misinformation turned Kellestine against the "no surrender crew". For Kellestine, outlaw biking was his life, and to be left alone without belonging to any club would be a sort of death for him. Stratford, Ontario is regarded as the "meth-making capital" of Canada, as methamphetamine is usually manufactured in rural areas since it emits an unpleasant smell and needs anhydrous ammonia as an ingredient, a fertilizer commonly sold in rural stores. There was a huge demand for methamphetamine in Winnipeg.
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In many crystalline salts (with the exception of the lithium one), the HADC units form linear chains connected by strong hydrogen bonds. Each carboxylate group is usually planar; but the two groups may lie in different planes due to rotation about the carbon–carbon bonds. They are coplanar in the hydrated salts and , nearly coplanar in the guanidinium salt , but off by 60° or more in other salts such as anhydrous . Potassium hydrogenacetylenedicarboxylate is a potassium salt of HADC with chemical formula KC4HO4 or , often abbreviated as KHadc.
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Anhydrous CuCl2 adopts a distorted cadmium iodide structure. In this motif, the copper centers are octahedral. Most copper(II) compounds exhibit distortions from idealized octahedral geometry due to the Jahn-Teller effect, which in this case describes the localization of one d-electron into a molecular orbital that is strongly antibonding with respect to a pair of chloride ligands. In CuCl2·2H2O, the copper again adopts a highly distorted octahedral geometry, the Cu(II) centers being surrounded by two water ligands and four chloride ligands, which bridge asymmetrically to other Cu centers.
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Beryllium sulfate normally encountered as the tetrahydrate, [Be(H2O)4]SO4 is a white crystalline solid. It was first isolated in 1815 by Jons Jakob Berzelius.. Beryllium sulfate may be prepared by treating an aqueous solution of any beryllium salt with sulfuric acid, followed by evaporation of the solution and crystallization. The hydrated product may be converted to anhydrous salt by heating at 400 °C.. The tetrahydrate contains a tetrahedral Be(OH2)42+ unit and sulfate anions. The small size of the Be2+ cation determines the number of water molecules that can be coordinated.
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To achieve this chemistry, the [18F]F− is separated from the aqueous solvent by trapping it on an ion-exchange column, and eluted with an acetonitrile solution of 2,2,2-cryptand and potassium carbonate. Evaporation of the eluate gives [(crypt-222)K]+ [18F]F− (2) . The fluoride anion is nucleophilic but its anhydrous conditions are required to avoid competing reactions involving hydroxide, which is also a good nucleophile. The use of the cryptand to sequester the potassium ions avoids ion-pairing between free potassium and fluoride ions, rendering the fluoride anion more reactive.
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In its properties hydrazoic acid shows some analogy to the halogen acids, since it forms poorly soluble (in water) lead, silver and mercury(I) salts. The metallic salts all crystallize in the anhydrous form and decompose on heating, leaving a residue of the pure metal. It is a weak acid (pKa = 4.75.) Its heavy metal salts are explosive and readily interact with the alkyl iodides. Azides of heavier alkali metals (excluding lithium) or alkaline earth metals are not explosive, but decompose in a more controlled way upon heating, releasing spectroscopically-pure gas.
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The heavier phase, poor in the entrainer (benzene or cyclohexane), is stripped of the entrainer and recycled to the feed—while the lighter phase, with condensate from the stripping, is recycled to the second column. Another early method, called extractive distillation, consists of adding a ternary component that increases ethanol's relative volatility. When the ternary mixture is distilled, it produces anhydrous ethanol on the top stream of the column. With increasing attention being paid to saving energy, many methods have been proposed that avoid distillation altogether for dehydration.
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The Boc/Bzl approach retains its usefulness in reducing peptide aggregation during synthesis. In addition, Boc/Bzl SPPS may be preferred over the Fmoc/tBu approach when synthesizing peptides containing base-sensitive moieties (such as depsipeptides), as treatment with base is required during the Fmoc deprotection step (see below). Permanent side-chain protecting groups used during Boc/Bzl SPPS are typically benzyl or benzyl-based groups. Final removal of the peptide from the solid support occurs simultaneously with side chain deprotection using anhydrous hydrogen fluoride via hydrolytic cleavage.
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The fertilizer grade (15.5-0-0 + 19% Ca) is popular in the greenhouse and hydroponics trades; it contains ammonium nitrate and water, as the "double salt" 5Ca(NO3)2.NH4NO3.10H2O. This is called calcium ammonium nitrate. Formulations lacking ammonia are also known: Ca(NO3)2·4H2O (11.9-0-0 + 16.9 Ca) and the water-free 17-0-0 + 23.6 Ca. A liquid formulation (9-0-0 + 11 Ca) is also offered. An anhydrous, air-stable derivative is the urea complex Ca(NO3)2·4[OC(NH2)2], which has been sold as Cal-Urea.
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The stereochemical possibilities increase when the amino acid ligands are not homochiral. Complexes with the 2:1 stoichiometry are illustrated by copper(II) glycinate [Cu(O2CC(R)HNH2)2], which exists both in anhydrous and pentacoordinate geometries. When the metal is square planar, these complexes can exist as cis and trans isomers. The stereochemical possibilities increase when the amino acid ligands are not homochiral. Homoleptic complexes are also known where the amino carboxylate is tridentate amino acids. One such complex is Ni(κ3-histidinate)2. Structure of Ni(κ3-histidinate)2.
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There is only one clear absorption band in the 3-micron part, which suggests an anhydrous component mixed with hydrated CM-like silicates. Very little is known of Pallas's surface features. Hubble images from 2007, with a resolution around per pixel, show pixel-to-pixel variation, but Pallas's albedo of 0.12 placed such features at the lower end of detectability. There is little variability between lightcurves obtained through visible-light and infrared filters, but there are significant deviations in the ultraviolet, suggesting large surface or compositional features near 285° (75° west longitude).
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During the distillation of citric acid as early as 1836, one of the products obtained was the so-called "pyrocitric acid" ("Brenzcitronensäure"), correctly itaconic anhydride. Synthese von Itaconsäureanhydrid aus Citronensäure According to an organic synthesis protocol, itaconic anhydride is obtained from the rapid heating of citric acid monohydrate in a modest yield (37-47 %). The by-product is the thermodynamically more stable citraconic anhydride. Also when heating anhydrous citric acid to 260 °C in a vacuum, a mixture of itaconic and citraconic anhydride is achieved "in good yield".
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If the hydration energy is greater than the lattice energy, then the enthalpy of solution is negative (heat is released), otherwise it is positive (heat is absorbed). The hydration energy should not be confused with solvation energy, which is the change in Gibb's free energy (not enthalpy) as solute in the gaseous state is dissolved. If the solvation energy is positive, then the solvation process is endergonic; otherwise, it is exergonic. For instance, water warms when treated with CaCl2 (anhydrous calcium chloride) as a consequence of the large heat of hydration.
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Nonaqueous titration is the titration of substances dissolved in solvents other than water. It is the most common titrimetric procedure used in pharmacopoeial assays and serves a double purpose: it is suitable for the titration of very weak acids and very weak bases, and it provides a solvent in which organic compounds are soluble. The most commonly used procedure is the titration of organic bases with perchloric acid in anhydrous acetic acid. These assays sometimes take some perfecting in terms of being able to judge the endpoint precisely.
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The first heat-seeker built outside the US was the UK's de Havilland Firestreak. Development began as OR.1056 Red Hawk, but this was considered too advanced, and in 1951 an amended concept was released as OR.1117 and given the code name Blue Jay. Designed as an anti-bomber weapon, the Blue Jay was larger, much heavier and flew faster than its US counterparts, but had about the same range. It had a more advanced seeker, using PbTe and cooled to −180 °C (−292.0 °F) by anhydrous ammonia to improve its performance.
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Cobalt chloride can be prepared in aqueous solution from cobalt(II) hydroxide or cobalt(II) carbonate and hydrochloric acid: : + 2 HCl(aq) → (aq) \+ : + 2 HCl(aq) → (aq) \+ 2 The solid dihydrate and hexahydrate can be obtained by evaporation. Cooling saturated aqueous solutions yields the dihydrate between 120.2 °C and 51.25 °C, and the hexahydrate below 51.25 °C. Water ice, rather than cobalt chloride, will crystallize from solutions with concentration below 29%. The monohydrate and the anhydrous forms can be obtained by cooling solutions only under high pressure, above 206 °C and 335 °C, respectively.
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Multiple homes along Maple Tree Drive and Pinbranch Court were damaged, five of which sustained major damage. The Hardy Bottling Company facility was also damaged, which released 120,000 pounds (54,500 kg) of anhydrous ammonia into the atmosphere, although no public health impacts were reported. Continuing northeast, the tornado weakened to EF1 strength and struck the Hickory Ridge Mall, resulting in total collapse of a large wall and much of the roof at the Sears department store. Damage surveyors noted very poor construction at this location, and six people in the mall were injured.
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TNM is a pale yellow liquid that can be prepared in the laboratory by the nitration of acetic anhydride with anhydrous nitric acid (Chattaway's method). This method was attempted on an industrial scale in the 1950s by Nitroform Products Company in Newark, USA, but the entire plant was destroyed by an explosion in 1953. The first industrial scale production was started in Germany during World War II in an effort to improve the cetane number of diesel fuel. This process improved the original method, which started with acetic acid and nitric acid.
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The New England Sports Center uses a brine/ammonia indirect refrigeration system to cool the concrete surface underlying the skating surface. Brine chilled to between and loops between the skating surfaces and an anhydrous ammonia refrigeration system. There are two separate compressor systems in use at the New England Sports Center: the Primary System, which cools Rinks 1-6 and Rink 9, and the Secondary System, which cools the rinks constructed during the summer of 2017 (Rinks 7, 8, and 10). The Primary consists of two "sleds", each of which consists of three compressors.
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D-type asteroids have a very low albedo and a featureless reddish spectrum. It has been suggested that they have a composition of organic-rich silicates, carbon and anhydrous silicates, possibly with water ice in their interiors. D-type asteroids are found in the outer asteroid belt and beyond; examples are 152 Atala, and 944 Hidalgo as well as the majority of Jupiter trojans. It has been suggested that the Tagish Lake meteorite was a fragment from a D-type asteroid, and that the Martian moon Phobos is closely related.
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A reinforced, fireproof cabinet for dangerous chemicals Mitigating the risks associated with hazardous materials may require the application of safety precautions during their transport, use, storage and disposal. Most countries regulate hazardous materials by law, and they are subject to several international treaties as well. Even so, different countries may use different class diamonds for the same product. For example, in Australia, anhydrous ammonia UN 1005 is classified as 2.3 (toxic gas) with subsidiary hazard 8 (corrosive), whereas in the U.S. it is only classified as 2.2 (non-flammable gas).
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Cetostearyl alcohol, cetearyl alcohol or cetylstearyl alcohol is a mixture of fatty alcohols, consisting predominantly of cetyl (16 C) and stearyl alcohols (18 C) and is classified as a fatty alcohol. It is used as an emulsion stabilizer, opacifying agent, and foam boosting surfactant, as well as an aqueous and nonaqueous viscosity-increasing agent. It imparts an emollient feel to the skin and can be used in water-in-oil emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions, and anhydrous formulations. It is commonly used in hair conditioners and other hair products.
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Benzaldehyde can be oxidized to benzoic acid; in fact "[B]enzaldehyde readily undergoes autoxidation to form benzoic acid on exposure to air at room temperature" causing a common impurity in laboratory samples. Since the boiling point of benzoic acid is much higher than that of benzaldehyde, it may be purified by distillation. Benzyl alcohol can be formed from benzaldehyde by means of hydrogenation. Reaction of benzaldehyde with anhydrous sodium acetate and acetic anhydride yields cinnamic acid, while alcoholic potassium cyanide can be used to catalyze the condensation of benzaldehyde to benzoin.
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In anhydrous form, 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline is mostly used as a monomer. The cationic ring-opening polymerization of 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline can be initiated by alkylation with e.g. methyl tosylate or triflates (in particular methyl triflate) and leads to the water-soluble poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) which is a propionyl-substituted linear polyethylenimine and can also be seen as a pseudo-polypeptide. :Kationische lebende Polymerisation von 2-Ethyl-2-oxazolin The polymerization of 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline can also be carried out as living cationic polymerization.
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For example, nitric acid has an ionization constant of , and mixtures with water at all proportions are liquid at room temperature. However, perchloric acid has an ionization constant of , and if liquid anhydrous perchloric acid and water are combined in a 1:1 molar ratio, they react to form solid hydronium perchlorate (). The hydronium ion also forms stable compounds with the carborane superacid . X-ray crystallography shows a symmetry for the hydronium ion with each proton interacting with a bromine atom each from three carborane anions 320 pm apart on average.
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FTIR data suggests that CIP and NOR act as bidentate ligands, using the ring carbonyl oxygen and an oxygen of the carboxylic group. This coordination is significant because it increases the solubility of the antibiotics in water and other polar solvents, increasing their uptake efficiency. Because of its high solubility in water, anhydrous barium perchlorate can be used as a dehydrating reagent for other compounds. Due to its high solubility, ease of preparation, low cost, stability at high temperatures, and relatively ease of regeneration, barium perchlorate is a favored compound for dehydrating compounds.
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Like the other oxygen fluorides, O3F2 is endothermic and decomposes at about 115 K with the evolution of heat, which is given by the following reaction: :2 O3F2 -> O2 + 2O2F2 O3F2 is safer to work with than ozone, and can be evaporated, or thermally decomposed, or exposed to electric sparks, without any explosions. But on contact with organic matter or oxidizable compounds, it can detonate or explode. Thus, the addition of even one drop of ozone difluoride to solid anhydrous ammonia will result in a mild explosion, when they are both at 90 K each.
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482, pp. 193-200. Subunit of crystal structure of H3OBF4 highlighting the hydrogen bonding between the cation and the anion Aqueous solutions of HBF4 are produced by dissolving boric acid in aqueous hydrofluoric acid. Three equivalents of HF react to give the intermediate boron trifluoride and the fourth gives fluoroboric acid: : B(OH)3 \+ 4 HF → H3O+ \+ + 2 H2O Anhydrous solutions can be prepared by treatment of aqueous fluoroboric acid with acetic anhydride.Wudl, F.; Kaplan, M. L., "2,2′-Bi-L,3-Dithiolylidene (Tetrathiafulvalene, TTF) and its Radical Cation Salts" Inorg. Synth.
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In the late 1950s, Estes was heavily involved in the Texas anhydrous ammonia business. He produced mortgages on nonexistent ammonia tanks by convincing local farmers to purchase them on credit, sight unseen, and leasing them from the farmers for the same amount as the mortgage payment, paying them a convenience fee as well. He used the fraudulent mortgage holdings to obtain loans from banks outside Texas who were unable to easily check on the tanks. At the same time, United States Department of Agriculture began controlling the price of cotton, specifying quotas to farmers.
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Exposure to very high concentrations of gaseous ammonia can result in lung damage and death. Ammonia is regulated in the United States as a non-flammable gas, but it meets the definition of a material that is toxic by inhalation and requires a hazardous safety permit when transported in quantities greater than 13,248 L (3,500 gallons).Is Anhydrous Ammonia covered under the Hazardous Materials Safety Permit Program? from the website of the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) Liquid ammonia is dangerous because it is hygroscopic and because it can cause caustic burns.
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Anhydrous ammonia is classified as toxic (T) and dangerous for the environment (N). The gas is flammable (autoignition temperature: 651 °C) and can form explosive mixtures with air (16–25%). The permissible exposure limit (PEL) in the United States is 50 ppm (35 mg/m3), while the IDLH concentration is estimated at 300 ppm. Repeated exposure to ammonia lowers the sensitivity to the smell of the gas: normally the odour is detectable at concentrations of less than 50 ppm, but desensitised individuals may not detect it even at concentrations of 100 ppm.
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As a result of construction and investments, Wood River acquired other pipelines in the US and Canada. "In the ensuing years," according to Koch Pipeline's website, "the company bought, sold and built pipeline systems transporting crude oil and refined products, as well as natural gas, natural gas liquids and anhydrous ammonia (for fertilizer)." Koch Pipeline and its affiliates currently maintain a 4,000-mile network of pipelines. In October, 1994, a pipeline broke and discharged over 90,000 gallons of crude oil into Gum Hollow Creek, in Refugio County, Texas.
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Ferrocene The first metallocene to be classified was ferrocene, and was discovered simultaneously in 1951 by Kealy and Pauson, and Miller et al. Kealy and Pauson were attempting to synthesize fulvalene through the oxidation of a cyclopentadienyl salt with anhydrous FeCl3 but obtained instead the substance C10H10Fe At the same time, Miller et al reported the same iron product from a reaction of cyclopentadiene with iron in the presence of aluminum, potassium, or molybdenum oxides. The structure of "C10H10Fe" was determined by Wilkinson et al. and by Fischer et al.
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To a suspension of 24.4 g (1.017 mol) of sodium hydride in 200 mL of anhydrous toluene was added a mixture of 122 g (1.043 mol) of phenylacetonitrile and 150 g (1.095 mol) of isobutyl bromide. The mixture was heated at 65 °C, at which temperature the reaction commenced. The heating mantle was removed, and the flask was cooled in order to keep the reaction from becoming too vigorous during the initial 0.5-hour reaction period. The reaction mixture was refluxed for an additional 5 hours and permitted to stand overnight.
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Traditionally, superacids are made from mixing a Brønsted acid with a Lewis acid. The function of the Lewis acid is to bind to and stabilize the anion that is formed upon dissociation of the Brønsted acid, thereby removing a proton acceptor from solution and strengthening the proton donating ability of the solution. For example, fluoroantimonic acid, nominally (), can produce solutions with a H0 lower than –21, giving it a protonating ability over a billion times greater than 100% sulfuric acid. Fluoroantimonic acid is made by dissolving antimony pentafluoride (SbF5) in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (HF).
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1,2-Dichloroethane, ClCH2CH2Cl (also known as ethylene dichloride, EDC), can be prepared by halogenation of ethane or ethylene, inexpensive starting materials. When EDC in gas phase is heated to 500 °C at 15–30 atm (1.5 to 3 MPa) pressure, it decomposes to produce vinyl chloride and anhydrous HCl. This production method is cheaper than preparing EDC from acetylene, which is why it has become the major route to vinyl chloride since the late 1950s. :ClCH2CH2Cl → CH2=CHCl + HCl The thermal cracking reaction is highly endothermic, and is generally carried out in a fired heater.
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Nickel can be substituted by other divalent metals of similar sized to make mixtures that crystallise in the same form. Nickel forms double salts with Tutton's salt structure with tetrafluoroberyllate with the range of cations of ammonia, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and thallium. Anhydrous salts of the formula M2Ni2(SO4)3, which can be termed metal nickel trisulfates, belong to the family of langbeinites. The known salts include (NH4)2Ni2(SO4)3, K2Ni2(SO4)3 and Rb2Ni2(SO4)3, and those of Tl and Cs are predicted to exist.
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The usual laboratory synthesis entails treatment of sodium methoxide (NaOMe) with hydrogen sulfide: :NaOMe + H2S → NaHS + MeOH The quality of the NaHS can be assayed by iodometric titration, exploiting the ability of HS− to reduce I2. A method for the preparation of anhydrous sodium hydrosulfide involves reaction of clean solid sodium metal with hydrogen sulfide gas in a water and oxygen free environment. J. W. Pavlik, B. C. Noll, A. G. Oliver, C. E. Schulz, W. R. Scheidt, “Hydrosulfide (HS−) Coordination in Iron Porphyrinates”, Inorganic Chemistry, 2010, vol. 49(3), 1017-1026.
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In this process alloxantin is dissolved in a large excess of boiling absolute alcohol, and dry ammonia gas is passed into the solution for about three hours. The solution is then filtered from the precipitated murexide, which is washed with absolute alcohol and dried. The salt obtained in this way is in the anhydrous state. It may also be prepared by digesting alloxan with alcoholic ammonia at about 78 °C; the purple solid so formed is easily soluble in water, and the solution produced is indistinguishable from one of murexide.
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Dolomite and calcite look similar under a microscope, but thin sections can be etched and stained in order to identify the minerals. Photomicrograph of a thin section in cross and plane polarised light: the brighter mineral grains in the picture are dolomite, and the darker grains are calcite. Dolomite () is an anhydrous carbonate mineral composed of calcium magnesium carbonate, ideally The term is also used for a sedimentary carbonate rock composed mostly of the mineral dolomite. An alternative name sometimes used for the dolomitic rock type is dolostone.
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Franz Schmider, "Kein Ende der Hebungen in Staufen in Sicht", Badische-Zeitung, 13 July 2013 \- \- \- Data from the TerraSAR-X radar satellite before and after the changes have confirmed the localised nature of the situation. "A geochemical process called anhydrite swelling has been confirmed as the cause of these uplifts. This is a transformation of the mineral anhydrite (anhydrous calcium sulphate) into gypsum (hydrous calcium sulphate). A pre-condition for this transformation is that the anhydrite is in contact with water, which is then stored in its crystalline structure".
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Nissan launched in August 2009 in Brazil a FFV variant of the B16 Sentra. It features the same MR20DE engine, but capable of running on hydrated ethanol (E100) or a blend of gasoline with 20 to 25 percent of anhydrous ethanol (mandatory blend since 1993) See the ninth article and modifications approved by law number 10.696 from July 2, 2003, increasing the upper limit to 25 percent. or a mix of both in any proportion."Linha 2010 do Nissan Sentra fica mais equipada e custando menos", Mecânica Online. Retrieved May 1, 2011.
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A commercial grade of fuming nitric acid contains 98% HNO3 and has a density of 1.50 g/cm3. This grade is often used in the explosives industry. It is not as volatile nor as corrosive as the anhydrous acid and has the approximate concentration of 21.4 M. Red fuming nitric acid, or RFNA, contains substantial quantities of dissolved nitrogen dioxide (NO2) leaving the solution with a reddish-brown color. Due to the dissolved nitrogen dioxide, the density of red fuming nitric acid is lower at 1.490 g/cm3.
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The anhydrous acid is stable in air at 100 °C but above this it dehydrates to form polymetatelluric acid, a white hygroscopic powder (approximate composition (H2TeO4)10), and allotelluric acid, an acid syrup of unknown structure (approximate composition (H2TeO4)3(H2O)4). Typical salts of the acid contains the anions [Te(O)(OH)5]− and [Te(O)2(OH)4]2−. The presence of the tellurate ion has been confirmed in the solid state structure of Rb6[TeO5][TeO4]. Strong heating at over 300 °C produces the α- crystalline modification of tellurium trioxide, α-TeO3.
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Calcium cyanide can be prepared by treating powdered calcium oxide with boiling anhydrous hydrocyanic acid in the presence of an accelerator such as ammonia or water in order to minimize the loss of the hydrocyanic acid by polymerization. It may also be prepared by reacting liquid hydrocyanic acid with calcium carbide. Alternatively calcium cyanide may be prepared by reacting hydrocyanic acid gas with quicklime (CaO) at high temperatures around 400 °C. At higher temperatures around 600 °C calcium cyanimide is formed instead.. "Production of Hydrocyanic Acid" United States Patent Office. 1933.
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Proposed by H. P. Kaufmann in 1935, it consists in the bromination of the double bonds using an excess of bromine and anhydrous sodium bromide dissolved in methanol. The reaction involves the formation of a bromonium intermediate as follows : Bromination of unsaturated fats Then the unused bromine is reduced to bromide with iodide (I-). : Now, the amount of iodine formed is determined by back-titration with sodium thiosulfate solution. The reactions must be carried out in the dark, since the formation of bromine radicals is stimulated by light.
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The coupling of 2'-deoxynucleoside phosphoramidites is very rapid and requires, on small scale, about 20 s for its completion. In contrast, sterically hindered 2'-O-protected ribonucleoside phosphoramidites require 5-15 min to be coupled in high yields. The reaction is also highly sensitive to the presence of water, particularly when dilute solutions of phosphoramidites are used, and is commonly carried out in anhydrous acetonitrile. Generally, the larger the scale of the synthesis, the lower the excess and the higher the concentration of the phosphoramidites is used.
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Disodium borate in its anhydrous disodium octaborate and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate forms is classified as "reproductive toxicity category 1B (presumed human reproductive toxicant)" under the EU Classification, Labelling and Packaging Regulation (CLP Regulation). The CLP hazard code and statement are "H360FD: May damage fertility. May damage the unborn child." On 22 February 2018, the Swedish Chemicals Agency (KEMI) submitted a proposal to the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) to list disodium borate as a Substance of Very High Concern (SVHC) under the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) Regulation.
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This heat flow is what one would expect in a house in Boston in the summer. This definition has since been replaced by less archaic units: one ton HVAC capacity is equal to 12,000 BTU per hour. A small storage facility can hold enough ice to cool a large building from one day to one week, whether that ice is produced by anhydrous ammonia chillers or hauled in by horse-drawn carts. Ground freezing can also be utilized; this may be done in ice form where the ground is saturated.
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NOx is either reduced by catalytic reduction with ammonia in a catalytic converter (selective catalytic reduction, SCR) or by a high-temperature reaction with ammonia in the furnace (selective non-catalytic reduction, SNCR). Urea may be substituted for ammonia as the reducing reagent but must be supplied earlier in the process so that it can hydrolyze into ammonia. Substitution of urea can reduce costs and potential hazards associated with storage of anhydrous ammonia. Heavy metals are often adsorbed on injected active carbon powder, which is collected by particle filtration.
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After the production of the Twaron polymer in Delfzijl, the polymer is brought to Emmen, where fibres are produced by spinning the dissolved polymer into a solid fibre from a liquid chemical blend. Polymer solvent for spinning PPTA is generally 100% anhydrous (water free) sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The polymer is dissolved by mixing frozen sulfuric acid in powder form with the polymer in powder form and gently heating the mixture. This process, which differs from the more difficult DuPont process, was invented by Henri Lammers and patented by AKZO.
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The rate of disproportionation of UV which results UIV and UVI is reported to be slow in an aqueous medium with pH 2-4 hence UV is obtained via electrochemical reduction. In these compounds tetradentate Schiff-base phenoxide (salophen) and β-diketonate ligands are bound along the equatorial plane, which stabilizes the UV species obtained by the single electron reduction of UVI species. Anhydrous uranyl triflate compounds (Figure 2, compound 4) contains discrete cation-anion pairs and it is synthesized by the crystallization of [UO2(OPPh3)4][OTf]2.
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The deep water cycle, or geologic water cycle, involves exchange of water with the mantle, with water carried down by subducting oceanic plates and returning through volcanic activity, distinct from the water cycle process that occurs above and on the surface of Earth. Some of the water makes it all the way to the lower mantle and may even reach the outer core. Mineral physics experiments show that hydrous minerals can carry water deep into the mantle in colder slabs and even "nominally anhydrous minerals" can store several oceans' worth of water.
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The anhydrous forms decompose when heated above 450-500 °C by decomposition of the hydroxide and chloride anions, releasing water and hydrogen chloride and leaving a magnesium oxide residue, by the reactions: : 2 → + : + 2 → + 2 Extended exposure of magnesium oxychlorides to water leaches out the soluble , leaving hydrated brucite .Amal Brichni, Halim Hammi, Salima Aggoun, and M'nif Adel (2016): "Optimization of magnesium oxychloride cement properties by silica glass". Advances in Cement Research (Springer conference proceedings). On exposure to the atmosphere, the oxychlorides will slowly react with carbon dioxide from the air to form magnesium chlorocarbonates.
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The compound was first prepared in low yield by the reduction of manganese iodide with magnesium under CO.Brimm, E. O.; Lynch, M. A.; Sesny, W. J. "Preparation and Properties of Manganese Carbonyl" Journal of the American Chemical Society 1954, volume 76, page 3831 - 3835. A more efficient preparation entails reduction of anhydrous MnCl2 with sodium benzophenone ketyl under 200 atmospheres of CO.King, R. B. Organometallic Syntheses. Volume 1 Transition-Metal Compounds; Academic Press: New York, 1965. The availability of inexpensive methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl ("MMT") has led to a low pressure route to Mn2(CO)10.
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Synthetic ikaite was discovered in the nineteenth century in a study by Pelouze. Ikaite is only thermodynamically stable at moderate pressures, so when found near the Earth's surface is always metastable. Nevertheless, as it appears to be at least moderately common in Nature, it is clear that the conditions for metastable nucleation and growth cannot be too restrictive. Cold water is certainly required for formation, and nucleation inhibitors like phosphate ions for the growth of anhydrous calcium carbonate phases, such as calcite, aragonite, and vaterite probably aid its formation and preservation.
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Tetramethylammonium pentafluoroxenate is the chemical compound with the formula N(CH3)4XeF5. The ion it contains was the first example of a planar pentagonal AX5E2 species. It was prepared by the reaction of N(CH3)4F with xenon tetrafluoride, N(CH3)4F being chosen because it can be prepared in anhydrous form and is readily soluble in organic solvents. The anion is planar, with the fluorine atoms in a slightly distorted pentagonal coordination (Xe–F bond lengths 197.9–203.4 pm, and F–X–F bond angles 71.5°–72.3°).
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Cerium(III) chloride (CeCl3), also known as cerous chloride or cerium trichloride, is a compound of cerium and chlorine. It is a white hygroscopic salt; it rapidly absorbs water on exposure to moist air to form a hydrate, which appears to be of variable composition,Several great producers such as Alfa and Strem list their products simply as a "hydrate" with "H2O" in the formula, but Aldrich sells a heptahydrate. though the heptahydrate CeCl3·7H2O is known. It is highly soluble in water, and (when anhydrous) it is soluble in ethanol and acetone.
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With one molar equivalent of anhydrous HCl, the simple addition product 6a can be formed at low temperature in the presence of diethyl ether, but it is very unstable. At normal temperatures, or if no ether is present, the major product is bornyl chloride 6b, along with a small amount of fenchyl chloride 6c. For many years 6b (also called "artificial camphor") was referred to as "pinene hydrochloride", until it was confirmed as identical with bornyl chloride made from camphene. If more HCl is used, achiral 7 (dipentene hydrochloride) is the major product along with some 6b.
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The imino ether, 2-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)-acetimidic acid ethyl ester hydrochloride, is prepared by dissolving the 4-substituted benzyl cyanide in a mixture of anhydrous ethanol and chloroform and then saturating this solution with dry hydrogen chloride gas. The reaction between the 2-(β-dialkylaminoalkylamine)-5-nitroaniline and the HCl salt of the imino ethyl ether results in the formation of etonitazene. This procedure is particularly useful in the preparation of the 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-nitrobenzimidazoles. Varying the choice of the substituted phenylacetic acid imino ether affords compounds with a diversity of substituents on the benzene ring at the 2- position.
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A simple dry box can consist of nothing more than a sealed, airtight box containing a desiccant, such as silica gel or anhydrous calcium chloride. These can be easily built at relatively low cost. However, the humidity level in such boxes cannot be controlled or regulated, owing to the difficulty of gauging the quantity of desiccant required to achieve a certain humidity level. Repeated opening of such boxes, allowing humid ambient air to enter, can saturate the desiccant, and some desiccants can have corrosive or other harmful effects on the contents of the box if they collect enough water to dissolve.
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Among the anhydrous rare-earth phosphates, it is the tetragonal mineral xenotime that incorporates yttrium and the HREE, whereas the monoclinic monazite phase incorporates cerium and the LREE preferentially. The smaller size of the HREE allows greater solid solubility in the rock-forming minerals that make up Earth's mantle, and thus yttrium and the HREE show less enrichment in Earth's crust relative to chondritic abundance than does cerium and the LREE. This has economic consequences: large ore bodies of LREE are known around the world and are being exploited. Ore bodies for HREE are more rare, smaller, and less concentrated.
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A 1966 US patent claims that stable solid sodium hypochlorite dihydrate ·2 can be obtained by carefully excluding chloride ions (), which are present in the output of common manufacturing processes and are said to catalyze the decomposition of hypochlorite into chlorate () and chloride. In one test, the dihydrate was claimed to show only 6% decomposition after 13.5 months storage at −25 °C. The patent also claims that the dihydrate can be reduced to the anhydrous form by vacuum drying at about 50 °C, yielding a solid that showed no decomposition after 64 hours at −25 °C.
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Chromyl chloride can be prepared by the reaction of potassium chromate or potassium dichromate with hydrogen chloride in the presence of sulfuric acid, followed by gentle distillation. :K2Cr2O7 \+ 6 HCl → 2 CrO2Cl2 \+ 2 KCl + 3 H2O The sulfuric acid serves as the dehydration agent. It can also be prepared directly by exposing chromium trioxide to anhydrous hydrogen chloride gas. :CrO3 \+ 2 HCl ⇌ CrO2Cl2 \+ H2O The method used to prepare chromyl chloride is the basis for a qualitative test for chloride: a sample suspected of containing chloride is heated with a mixture of potassium dichromate and concentrated sulfuric acid.
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In 1837 by C. J. Fritzsche described what he interpreted as magnesium sulfate dodecahydrate, based on the weight loss during dehydration to the anhydrous salt. The substance was referred to as "Frizsche's salt" and not formally given a mineral name or designation. The crystal structure was later resolved by Peterson and Wang in 2006, revealing that it belonged to the triclinic crystal system, and each formula unit included 11 molecules of water, not 12. The name "meridianite" is derived from Meridiani Planum, the locality on Mars where it is believed to have existed in the past.
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Monoammonium phosphate is soluble in water and crystallizes from it as the anhydrous salt in the tetragonal system, as elongated prisms or needles. It is practically insoluble in ethanol.Dejun Xu, Xing Xiong, Lin Yang, Zhiye Zhang, and Xinlong Wang (2016): "Determination of the Solubility of Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate in Water-Ethanol System at Different Temperatures from 283.2 to 343.2 K". Journal of Chemincal Engineering Data, volume 61, issue 1, pages 78–82. Solid monoammonium phosphate can be considered stable in practice for temperatures up to 200 °C, when it decomposes into gaseous ammonia and molten phosphoric acid .
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The choice of pressure medium used in the sample assembly depends on the ultimate goal of the experiment. Boron epoxy is a self gasketing material in the D-DIA, which means it can produce a seal between all the anvils during deformation, but it has been shown to impart a significant amount of water to the sample during the experiment. This added water to the sample makes it impossible to conduct rheology experiments under anhydrous conditions. The other pressure medium material, mullite, leaves the sample very dry, but does not have the ability to self-gasket in the D-DIA.
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MeAN can undergo electropolymerization, if it is submitted to electroreduction at metallic cathodes in an organic anhydrous medium, for example; acetonitrile. There are two types of polymers that can be obtained at the end of the synthesis; a physisorbed polymer and a grafted polymer. The mechanism accounting for the non-grafted polymer is pretty well understood: it proceeds via the formation of a radical anion (the product of reduction of the vinylic monomer), which dimerizes in solution because of a radical–radical coupling mechanism (RRC) to deliver a di-anion acting as the initiator of a polymerization reaction in solution.
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Despite attempts to rationalise it as the dimer of ClO3, it reacts more as though it were chloryl perchlorate, [ClO2]+[ClO4]−, which has been confirmed to be the correct structure of the solid. It hydrolyses in water to give a mixture of chloric and perchloric acids: the analogous reaction with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride does not proceed to completion. Dichlorine heptoxide (Cl2O7) is the anhydride of perchloric acid (HClO4) and can readily be obtained from it by dehydrating it with phosphoric acid at −10 °C and then distilling the product at −35 °C and 1 mmHg. It is a shock-sensitive, colourless oily liquid.
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As a disinfectant in water, chlorine is more than three times as effective against Escherichia coli as bromine, and more than six times as effective as iodine. Increasingly, monochloramine itself is being directly added to drinking water for purposes of disinfection, a process known as chloramination. It is often impractical to store and use poisonous chlorine gas for water treatment, so alternative methods of adding chlorine are used. These include hypochlorite solutions, which gradually release chlorine into the water, and compounds like sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione (dihydrate or anhydrous), sometimes referred to as "dichlor", and trichloro-s- triazinetrione, sometimes referred to as "trichlor".
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In the laboratory, anhydrous sodium sulfate is widely used as an inert drying agent, for removing traces of water from organic solutions. It is more efficient, but slower-acting, than the similar agent magnesium sulfate. It is only effective below about 30 °C, but it can be used with a variety of materials since it is chemically fairly inert. Sodium sulfate is added to the solution until the crystals no longer clump together; the two video clips (see above) demonstrate how the crystals clump when still wet, but some crystals flow freely once a sample is dry.
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Thus, several countries have been importing hydrated ethanol from Brazil, processing it at local distilleries to dehydrate it, and then re-exporting it as anhydrous ethanol. American farmers have complained about this loophole to legally bypass the tariff. Originally published by the WSJ page A1 The 2005 Dominican Republic – Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) maintained the benefits granted by the CBI, and CAFTA provisions established country-specific shares for Costa Rica and El Salvador within the overall quota. An initial annual allowance was established for each country, with gradually increasing annual levels of access to the US market.
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Rhodium chloride in the presence of lithium iodide is employed as catalysts. Because acetic anhydride is not stable in water, the conversion is conducted under anhydrous conditions. To a decreasing extent, acetic anhydride is also prepared by the reaction of ketene (ethenone) with acetic acid at 45–55 °C and low pressure (0.05–0.2 bar).. :H2C=C=O + CH3COOH → (CH3CO)2O (ΔH = −63 kJ/mol) The route from acetic acid to acetic anhydride via ketene was developed by Wacker Chemie in 1922,. when the demand for acetic anhydride increased due to the production of cellulose acetate.
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The parent compound can be prepared by heating urea above the melting point at which temperature ammonia is expelled: : 2 CO(NH2)2 → H2N-CO-NH-CO-NH2 \+ NH3 Under related conditions, pyrolysis of urea affords triuret ((H2N-CO-NH)2CO). In general, organic biurets (those with alkyl or aryl groups in place of one or more H atoms) are prepared by trimerization of isocyanates. For example, the trimer of 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate is also known as HDI-biuret. In the anhydrous material, the molecule is planar and unsymmetrical in the solid state owing to intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
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The main application of manganese tetrafluoride is in the purification of elemental fluorine. Fluorine gas is produced by electrolysis of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (with a small amount of potassium fluoride added as a support electrolyte) in a Moissan cell. The technical product is contaminated with HF, much of which can be removed by passing the gas over solid KF, but also with oxygen (from traces of water) and possibly heavy-metal fluorides such as arsenic pentafluoride (from contamination of the HF). These contaminants are particularly problematic for the semiconductor industry, which uses high-purity fluorine for etching silicon wafers.
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Other forms are also attested, including O2GeF5 and (O2)2SnF6. The tetrafluoroborate and hexafluorophosphate salts may be prepared by the reaction of dioxygen difluoride with boron trifluoride or phosphorus pentafluoride at −126 °C: :2 O2F2 \+ 2 BF3 → 2 O2BF4 \+ F2 :2 O2F2 \+ 2 PF5 → 2 O2PF6 \+ F2 These compounds rapidly decompose at room temperature: :2 O2BF4 → 2 O2 \+ F2 \+ 2 BF3 :2 O2PF6 → 2 O2 \+ F2 \+ 2 PF5 Some compounds including O2Sn2F9, O2Sn2F9·0.9HF, O2GeF5·HF, and O2[Hg(HF)]4(SbF6)9 can be made by ultraviolet irradiation of oxygen and fluorine dissolved in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride with a metal oxide.
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The lower compartment of the desiccator contains lumps of silica gel, freshly calcined quicklime, Drierite or (not as effective) anhydrous calcium chloride to absorb water vapor. The substance needing desiccation is put in the upper compartment, usually on a glazed, perforated ceramic plate. The ground-glass rim of the desiccator lid must be greased with a thin layer of vacuum grease, petroleum jelly or other lubricant to ensure an airtight seal. In order to prevent damage to a desiccator the lid should be carefully slid on and off instead of being directly placed onto the base.
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The anhydrous compound can be prepared by heating the hydrates.John Dallas Donaldson, Detmar Beyersmann, "Cobalt and Cobalt Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005. On rapid heating or in a closed container, each of the 6-, 2-, and 1- hydrates partially melts into a mixture of the next lower hydrate and a saturated solution -- at 51.25 °C, 206 °C, and 335 °C, respectively. On slow heating in an open container, water evaporates out of each of the solid 6-, 2-, and 1- hydrates, leaving the next lower hydrate -- at about 40 °C, 89 °C, and 126 °C, respectively.
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Located on River Street Columbus, OH, the Organic manufacturing facility as a location is a relatively new facility. GFS has always performed organic chemistries, however after the acquisition period more space was needed to further develop the business and to explore the future scientific opportunities which could be advanced. These newer developments have at times crossed over with the Inorganic side with anhydrous Lithium Perchlorate in the form of Lithium Perchlorate-Diethyl Ether to promote synthetic organic chemical synthesis in bulk, as an example. They added a Kilo lab and a Distillation lab as well in the proceeding years.
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Copper(II) glycinate (IUPAC suggested name: bis(glycinato)copper(II)) refers to the coordination complex of copper(II) with two equivalents of glycinate, with the formula [Cu(glycinate)2(H2O)x] where x = 1 (monohydrate) or 0 (anhydrous form). The complex was first reported in 1841, and its chemistry has been revisited many times, particularly in relation to the isomerisation reaction between the cis and trans forms which was first reported in 1890. All forms are blue solids, with varying degrees of water solubility. A practical application of the compound is as a source of dietary copper in animal feeds.
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It can be produced by heating K2SO4 with carbon (coke): :K2SO4 \+ 4 C → K2S + 4 CO In the laboratory, pure K2S may be prepared by the reaction of potassium and sulfur in anhydrous ammonia. Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. Vol. 1. p. 360. Sulfide is highly basic, consequently K2S completely and irreversibly hydrolyzes in water according to the following equation: :K2S + H2O → KOH + KSH For many purposes, this reaction is inconsequential since the mixture of SH− and OH− behaves as a source of S2−. Other alkali metal sulfides behave similarly.
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Some coolants are used in both liquid and gas form in the same circuit, taking advantage of the high specific latent heat of boiling/condensing phase change, the enthalpy of vaporization, in addition to the fluid's non-phase-change heat capacity. Refrigerants are coolants used for reaching low temperatures by undergoing phase change between liquid and gas. Halomethanes were frequently used, most often R-12 and R-22, often with liquified propane or other haloalkanes like R-134a. Anhydrous ammonia is frequently used in large commercial systems, and sulfur dioxide was used in early mechanical refrigerators.
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Catalytic variants of the Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi reaction present another related method for carbonyl allylation, but they still rely on the use of stoichiometric metallic reductants to turn over the catalytic cycle. In addition to the previously stated drawbacks of these allylation methods, many of them also require stoichiometric chiral starting materials (i.e. pinene, tartrates, etc.), anhydrous reaction conditions, and/or pre-formation of reagents that are not trivial to make or to work with. Polyketide synthesis based on first- generation technologies described above often end up being too long for large scale application due to the need for added redox manipulations (i.e.
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Unlike molecular H2O that is found on the surface, water in the interior exists primarily in hydrated minerals or as trace amounts of hydrogen bonded to oxygen atoms in anhydrous minerals. Hydrated silicates on the surface transport water into the mantle at convergent plate boundaries, where oceanic crust is subducted underneath continental crust. While it is difficult to estimate the total water content of the mantle due to limited samples, approximately three times the mass of the Earth's oceans could be stored there. Similarly, the Earth's core could contain four to five oceans' worth of hydrogen.
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Currently, Borax Argentina's operations produce a variety of boron chemical products, including boric acid, borax decahydrate, borax pentahydrate, anhydrous borax and boroglas from concentrates and ulexite minerals carted from the mines and concentrators. In addition, the mine and concentrator at Sijes produce mineral concentrates for direct sale. On 1 July 2013 Orocobre announced the relocation of the borax chemical plant from its location in Campo Quijano (close to the city of Salta) to the Tincalayu mine site. The relocation of the borax chemical plant is said to have significant financial benefits for the company through a reduction of both operating and logistics cost.
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Tests on the remnants of the steel tank revealed microscopic stress cracks consistent with corrosion caused by previous loads of improperly overpressurized anhydrous ammonia. Combined with whether the tanker suffered an impact that caused additional structural damage, these factors likely led to the almost instantaneous rupture of the tank when the flames flashed back into the tanker. Even without safety valves, a structurally sound and properly filled tanker should have been able to maintain structural integrity in a fire long enough to at least allow nearby people to escape. The inquiry also revealed that overloading of tankers was common practice at Enpetrol refineries.
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The incident was one of the more major chemical spills in the country.CBC News, Minot train derailment kills one, injures dozens In early 2006, court cases were heard in Minneapolis, Minnesota, against Canadian Pacific Railway, the owner and operator of the derailed train. The anhydrous ammonia spill was the largest such spill in U.S. history. This incident was used by Eric Klinenberg in his book Fighting for Air: The Battle to Control America's Media as an example of the failure of mass media, specifically local radio stations, to disseminate information to the public in an emergency.
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Unlike nominally anhydrous olivine, these high-pressure olivine polymorphs have a large capacity to store water in their crystal structure. This has led to the hypothesis that the transition zone may host a large quantity of water. In Earth's interior, olivine occurs in the upper mantle at depths less than about 410 km, and ringwoodite is inferred to be present within the transition zone from about 520 to 670 km depth. Seismic activity discontinuities at about 410 km, 520 km, and at 670 km depth have been attributed to phase changes involving olivine and its polymorphs.
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Nitrification inhibitors are chemical compounds that slow the nitrification of ammonia, ammonium-containing, or urea-containing fertilizers, which are applied to soil as fertilizers. These inhibitors can help reduce losses of nitrogen in soil that would otherwise be used by crops. Nitrification inhibitors are used widely, being added to approximately 50% of the fall-applied anhydrous ammonia in states in the U.S., like Illinois. They are usually effective in increasing recovery of nitrogen fertilizer in row crops, but the level of effectiveness depends on external conditions and their benefits are most likely to be seen at less than optimal nitrogen rates.
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The industrial production of ammonium nitrate entails the acid-base reaction of ammonia with nitric acid: :HNO3 \+ NH3 → NH4NO3 Ammonia is used in its anhydrous form (a gas) and the nitric acid is concentrated. The reaction is violent owing to its highly exothermic nature. After the solution is formed, typically at about 83% concentration, the excess water is evaporated off to leave an ammonium nitrate (AN) content of 95% to 99.9% concentration (AN melt), depending on grade. The AN melt is then made into "prills" or small beads in a spray tower, or into granules by spraying and tumbling in a rotating drum.
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However, using chlorine or bromine as the oxidising agent also produces hydrochloric or hydrobromic acid as a side-product, which needs to be removed from the solution since they can reduce the selenic acid to selenous acid. Another method of preparing selenic acid is by the oxidation of elemental selenium in a water suspension by chlorine: :Se + 4 + 3 → + 6 HCl To obtain the anhydrous acid as a crystalline solid, the resulting solution is evaporated at temperatures below in a vacuum.Seppelt, K. “Selenoyl difluoride” Inorganic Syntheses, 1980, volume XX, pp. 36-38. . The report describes the synthesis of selenic acid.
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Guanidine can be obtained from natural sources, being first isolated by Adolph Strecker via the degradation of guanine. It was first synthesized in 1861 by the oxidative degradation of an aromatic natural product, guanine, isolated from Peruvian guano. A laboratory method of producing guanidine is gentle (180-190 °C) thermal decomposition of dry ammonium thiocyanate in anhydrous conditions: :3 NH4SCN = 2 CH5N3 + H2S + CS2 The commercial route involves a two step process starting with the reaction of dicyandiamide with ammonium salts. Via the intermediacy of biguanidine, this ammonolysis step affords salts of the guanidinium cation (see below).
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For Canadian markets, orange juice must be the fruit juice obtained from clean, sound, and mature oranges. The juice must also contain a minimum of 1.20 milliequivalents of free amino acids per 100 millilitres, contain a minimum of 115 milligrams of potassium per 10 milliliters, and possess a minimum absorbance value for total polyphenolics of 0.380. Sweeteners such as sugar, invert sugar, dextrose or glucose solids may be added. The orange juice must have a Brix reading of at least 9.7, excluding the sweetening ingredients, and contain between 0.5 and 1.8 percent of acid by weight calculated as anhydrous citric acid.
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In addition to the head bolt issues, General Motors also decided not to install a water separator in order to cut costs. Low quality diesel fuel was a common problem at the time and most diesels were thus equipped to keep the injector pumps from corroding. Many owners tried to solve this by adding anhydrous alcohol, a common trick to deal with water in fuel, but this instead dissolved fuel pump seals and other parts. The stretchy fuel-pump timing chain was a minor problem in light of the other issues, but poor dealer service training only made all the problems worse.
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The National Alcohol Program -Pró-Álcool- (Portuguese: 'Programa Nacional do Álcool'), launched in 1975, was a nationwide program financed by the government to phase out automobile fuels derived from fossil fuels, such as gasoline, in favor of ethanol produced from sugar cane. This large-scale shift to ethanol initially focused on the amount of ethanol mixed with gasoline. The percent of ethanol in gasoline fluctuated greatly from 10% to 22% between 1976 and 1992 until a federal law established a mandatory blend of 22% anhydrous ethanol for the entire country.Julieta Andrea Puerto Rico (2008-05-08).
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It is situated at the Black Sea beach line on the road from Hurzuf to Sudak, as well as on the Crimean Trolleybus line. Population: The area is notable for its arid, rocky terrain due to its proximity to Crimean mountains. During Byzantine times the town was called Alouston (Ἄλουστον) meaning "Unwashed".Variants are Ἄλουστος (masc.), Ἀλοῦστον (neu.), Ἀλούστα (fem.) The feminine form, Alusta, is consistent with it application to a city rather than a fortress. The anhydrous climate likely gave rise to a satirical, anthropomorphic appellation of “unwashed” to the place from a resident(s).
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Akaganeite, also written as the deprecated Akaganéite,Ernst A.J. Burke (2008): "Tidying up Mineral Names: an IMA-CNMNC Scheme for Suffixes, Hyphens and Diacritical marks". Mineralogical Record, volume 39, issue 2. is a chloride- containing iron(III) oxide-hydroxide mineral, formed by the weathering of pyrrhotite (Fe1−xS). Akaganeite is often described as the β phase of anhydrous ferric oxyhydroxide , but some chloride (or fluoride) ions are normally included in the structure,Jongsik Kim and Clare P. Grey (2010), "Li Solid- State MAS NMR Study of Local Environments and Lithium Adsorption on the Iron(III) Oxyhydroxide, Akaganeite (β-FeOOH)".
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In this low temperature regime that is dependent on degree of hydration, it has also been shown that proton conductivity is heavily dependent on humidity levels. A high temperature anhydrous example is PCMOF2, which consists of sodium ions coordinated to a trisulfonated benzene derivative. To improve performance and allow for higher operating temperatures, water can be replaced as the proton carrier by less volatile imidazole or triazole molecules within the pores. The maximum temperature achieved was 150 °C with an optimum conductivity of 5 × 10−4 S/cm, which is lower than other current electrolyte membranes.
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Flame test of CaCl2 Calcium chloride dissolves in water, producing chloride and the aquo complex [Ca(H2O)6]2+. In this way, these solutions are sources of "free" calcium and free chloride ions. This description is illustrated by the fact that these solutions react with phosphate sources to give a solid precipitate of calcium phosphate: : 3 CaCl2 \+ 2 PO → Ca3(PO4)2 \+ 6 Cl− Calcium chloride has a very high enthalpy change of solution, indicated by considerable temperature rise accompanying dissolution of the anhydrous salt in water. This property is the basis for its largest-scale application.
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Boron trioxide is produced by treating borax with sulfuric acid in a fusion furnace. At temperatures above 750 °C, the molten boron oxide layer separates out from sodium sulfate. It is then decanted, cooled and obtained in 96–97% purity. Another method is heating boric acid above ~300 °C. Boric acid will initially decompose into steam, (H2O(g)) and metaboric acid (HBO2) at around 170 °C, and further heating above 300 °C will produce more steam and diboron trioxide. The reactions are: :H3BO3 → HBO2 \+ H2O :2 HBO2 → B2O3 \+ H2O Boric acid goes to anhydrous microcrystalline B2O3 in a heated fluidized bed.
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Erbium(III) chloride hydrate photographed under a fluorescent lamp It is also found as a pink crystalline hexahydrate, CAS number [10025-75-9]. It has the interesting property that the pink colour is much more intense under light from a fluorescent lamp, as may be seen from the picture. Anhydrous erbium(III) chloride is formed from the hexahydrate by heating under a strongly chlorinating atmosphere, such as chlorine or hydrogen chloride; otherwise erbium oxide chloride, ErOCl, is formed. An alternative preparation is to react the readily available Er2O3 with excess NH4Cl to make the intermediate salt (NH4)3ErCl6 plus both ammonia and water.
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Crystals of the tetrahydrate can be prepared by reacting sodium pyrophosphate, Na4P2O7 with calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2, at carefully controlled pH and temperature: :Na4P2O7(aq)+2 Ca(NO3)2(aq)→ Ca2P2O7·4 H2O + 4 NaNO3 The dihydrate, sometimes termed CPPD, can be formed by the reaction of pyrophosphoric acid with calcium chloride: :CaCl2 \+ H4P2O7(aq) → Ca2P2O7·2 H2O + HCl. The anhydrous forms can be prepared by heating dicalcium phosphate: :2 CaHPO4 → Ca2P2O7 \+ H2O At 240-500 °C an amorphous phase is formed, heating to 750 °C forms β-Ca2P2O7, heating to 1140 - 1350 °C forms the α-Ca2P2O7.
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When the complete solution has taken place, 92 lbs of anhydrous sodium carbonate are added and the necessary amount of water to bring the bulk up to 60 gallons. In both cases solution is affected by means of pressure steam in the jacketed portion of the kettle. When the solution is substantially clear it is slowly added, a pail at a time (3 gallons) by means of a 2-quart dipper, to the heated stearic acid as prepared in 1. The oil burner is kept on during this operation in order to keep the temperature of the mixture fairly constant at .
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Neodymium(III) fluoride is an inorganic chemical compound of neodymium and fluorine with the formula NdF3. It is a purplish pink colored solid with a high melting point. Like other lanthanide fluorides it is highly insoluble in water which allows it to be synthesised from aqueous neodymium nitrate via a reaction with hydrofluoric acid, from which it precipitates as a hydrate: : Nd(NO3)3(aq) \+ 3 HF → NdF3•½H2O + 3 HNO3 Anhydrous material may be obtained by the simple drying of the hydrate, in contrast to the hydrates of other neodymium halides, which form mixed oxyhalides if heated.
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Just 20% of imported fuels are used for road transportation, the rest being used by the bauxite industry, electricity generation, and aviation. 30,000 barrels/day of crude imports are processed into various motor fuels and asphalt by the Petrojam Refinery in Kingston. Jamaica produces enormous quantities of drinking alcohol (at least 5% water content), most of which appears to be consumed as beverages, and none used as motor fuel. Facilities exist to refine hydrous ethanol feedstock into anhydrous ethanol (0% water content), but as of 2007, the process appeared to be uneconomic and the production plant was idle.
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Simple rapid heating of the hydrate alone may cause small amounts of hydrolysis. A useful form of anhydrous CeCl3 can be prepared if care is taken to heat the heptahydrate gradually to over many hours under vacuum. This may or may not contain a little CeOCl from hydrolysis, but it is suitable for use with organolithium and Grignard reagents. Pure waterless CeCl3 can be made by dehydration of the hydrate either by slowly heating to with 4–6 equivalents of ammonium chloride under high vacuum, or by heating with an excess of thionyl chloride for three hours.
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A diagram of this particular synthesis as it applies to the preparation of etonitazene is shown below. 500px A particularly novel, high-yielding synthesis of etonitazene was developed by FI Carroll and MC Coleman in the mid-1970s The authors were tasked with the preparation of large quantities of etonitazene, but found the conventional synthesis to be inadequate. The problem with the conventional synthesis was the lability of the imino ether reactant, 2-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)-acetimidic acid ethyl ester (prepared by reacting 4-ethoxyphenylacetonitrile with ethanolic HCl). The imino ether necessitated the use of anhydrous reaction conditions and was inconvenient to prepare in large quantities.
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Heated humidification of respiratory gases during surgery has been demonstrated to reduce the fall in core body temperature, especially in surgeries lasting longer than one hour. The lungs can be insufflated with respiratory gases that are heated to near body temperature and humidified to 90 to 100% relative humidity(RH). Normally, air in the lungs is at core body temperature and at close to 100% RH. Especially when cold dry gases (such as anhydrous compressed gas from oxygen tanks) are used, it cool and can dry the airway. The body then utilizes energy to evaporate sufficient water from the lungs to maintain lung gas temperature and humidity.
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Titration of hypochlorite solutions is often done by adding a measured sample to an excess amount of acidified solution of potassium iodide () and then titrating the liberated iodine () with a standard solution of sodium thiosulfate or phenyl arsine oxide, using starch as indicator, until the blue color disappears. According to one US patent, the stability of sodium hypochlorite content of solids or solutions can be determined by monitoring the infrared absorption due to the O–Cl bond. The characteristic wavelength is given as 140.25 μm for water solutions, 140.05 μm for the solid dihydrate NaOCl·2, and 139.08 μm for the anhydrous mixed salt .
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The combined organic layers are washed with 2N hydrochloric acid, saturated sodium bicarbonate and brine. The organic phase is dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent evaporated under reduced pressure to yield a residue that is purified by vacuum distillation to give 3 (58%). is typical for this type of reaction. In the process, in addition to water, an equivalent of ethanol and carbon dioxide are lost in decarboxylation. Aldol condensation of Ethyl 2-methylacetoacetate and campholenic aldehyde Ethyl glyoxylate 2 and glutaconate (diethyl-2-methylpent-2-enedioate) 1 react to isoprenetricarboxylic acid 3 (isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) skeleton) with sodium ethoxide.
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Upon contact, H2O and HCl combine to form hydronium cations H3O+ and chloride anions Cl− through a reversible chemical reaction: :HCl + H2O → H3O+ \+ Cl− The resulting solution is called hydrochloric acid and is a strong acid. The acid dissociation or ionization constant, Ka, is large, which means HCl dissociates or ionizes practically completely in water. Even in the absence of water, hydrogen chloride can still act as an acid. For example, hydrogen chloride can dissolve in certain other solvents such as methanol and protonate molecules or ions, and can also serve as an acid-catalyst for chemical reactions where anhydrous (water-free) conditions are desired.
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Small amounts of hydrogen chloride for laboratory use can be generated in an HCl generator by dehydrating hydrochloric acid with either sulfuric acid or anhydrous calcium chloride. Alternatively, HCl can be generated by the reaction of sulfuric acid with sodium chloride: : NaCl + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 \+ HCl This reaction occurs at room temperature. Provided there is NaCl remaining in the generator and it is heated above 200 °C, the reaction proceeds further: : NaCl + NaHSO4 → HCl + Na2SO4 For such generators to function, the reagents should be dry. Hydrogen chloride can also be prepared by the hydrolysis of certain reactive chloride compounds such as phosphorus chlorides, thionyl chloride (SOCl2), and acyl chlorides.
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In 1946, Huang Minlon reported a modified procedure for the Wolff–Kishner reduction of ketones in which excess hydrazine and water were removed by distillation after hydrazone formation. The temperature-lowering effect of water that was produced in hydrazone formation usually resulted in long reaction times and harsh reaction conditions even if anhydrous hydrazine was used in the formation of the hydrazone. The modified procedure consists of refluxing the carbonyl compound in 85% hydrazine hydrate with three equivalents of sodium hydroxide followed by distillation of water and excess hydrazine and elevation of the temperature to 200 °C. Significantly reduced reaction times and improved yields can be obtained using this modification.
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Borax was added to the Substance of Very High Concern (SVHC) candidate list on December 16, 2010. The SVHC candidate list is part of the EU Regulations on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals 2006 (REACH), and the addition was based on the revised classification of borax as toxic for reproduction category 1B under the CLP Regulations. Substances and mixtures imported into the EU which contain borax are now required to be labelled with the warnings "May damage fertility" and "May damage the unborn child".Member state committee draft support document for identification of disodium tetraborate, anhydrous as a substance of very high concern because of its CMR properties.
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The facility is Australia's largest milk processing plant in terms of milk volume with an annual milk processing capacity of 800 million litres. From a three- hectare site on Commercial Road, the company runs a fleet of tankers collecting milk from suppliers throughout Western Victoria and South Australia. The site produces cream, buttermilk, anhydrous milk fat (AMF) and a wide variety of milk powders, for both local and international markets. The former Tower Hill Lake National School in High Street near the Koroit Oval is the least altered of three surviving substantially intact examples of schools of the National School era existing in Victoria.
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In acidic solutions the acid tends to form a 5-membered ring (lactone) by forming an ester between the carboxylic acid group and one of the alcohols. When treated under anhydrous conditions with acetone, an acid and a dehydration agent two of the alcohol groups can be protected as a cyclic acetone acetal thus leaving behind only one alcohol, prolonged treatment with 2,2-dimethoxypropane forms a protected form of ISA where all four of the alcohol groups are protected as acetone acetals and the carboxylic acid is in the form of the methyl ester. These protected forms of ISA have been used as a starting material for chiral organic compounds anthracyclines.
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HC(O)F decomposes autocatalytically near room temperature to carbon monoxide and hydrogen fluoride: :HC(O)F -> HF + CO Because of the compound’s sensitivity, reactions are conducted at low temperatures and samples are often stored over anhydrous alkali metal fluorides, e.g. potassium fluoride which absorbs HF. Benzene (and other arenes) react with formyl fluoride in the presence of boron trifluoride to give benzaldehyde. In a related reaction, formyl chloride is implicated in Gattermann-Koch formylation reaction. The reaction of formyl fluoride/BF3 with perdeuteriobenzene (C6D6) exhibits a kinetic isotope effect of 2.68, similar to the isotope effect observed in Friedel-Crafts acetylation of benzene.
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On March 23, 2008, Easter Sunday, a series of explosions destroyed the Cargill Meat Solutions plant, which employed about 800 people, making it by far the town's largest employer. The plant exploded when 88,000 pounds of anhydrous ammonia reacted with 100,000 pounds of carbon dioxide, ignited by sparks from a welder, causing the evacuation of at least 1,000 of Booneville's roughly 4,000 residents, and leaving nearly 800 people without a job. Because of this tragic event, the town's population drastically dropped in size and went into what many people began calling the "small-town recession". On May 2, 2008, Cargill announced that the plant would not be rebuilt.
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A solution of 13.0 g (0.1 mol) of 1-octanol in 25 mL of dichloromethane was added dropwise to a solution of 16.1 g (0.1 mol) of diethylaminosulfur trifluoride in 60 mL of dichloromethane cooled to –70° to –65°. The reaction mixture was warmed to 25°, 50 mL of water was added, and the lower organic layer was separated and dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate and distilled to give 12.0 g (90%) of 1-fluorooctane as a colorless liquid, bp 42–43° (20 mm). 19F NMR (CCl3F): -218.8 ppm (tt, 2J = 49 Hz, 3J = 25 Hz).Middleton, W. J. U.S. Patent 3914265 (1975) [C.
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For scuba equipment, the industry standard is that breathing apparatus which will be exposed to concentrations in excess of 40% oxygen by volume should be oxygen cleaned before being put into such service. Surface supplied equipment may be subject to more stringent requirements, as the diver may not be able to remove the equipment in an accident. Oxygen cleaning may be required for concentrations as low as 23% Other common specifications for oxygen cleaning include ASTM G93 and CGA G-4.1. Cleaning agents used range from heavy-duty industrial solvents and detergents such as liquid freon, trichlorethylene and anhydrous trisodium phosphate, followed by rinsing in deionised water.
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Kelso's next financing innovation, the Consumer Stock Ownership Plan (CSOP), in 1958 enabled a consortium of farmers in the Central Valley to finance and start up an anhydrous ammonia fertilizer plant. Despite fierce opposition from the major oil companies who dominated the industry, Valley Nitrogen Producers was a resounding success. Substantial dividends first paid for the stock and then drastically reduced fertilizer costs for the farmer-shareholders. Kelso regarded the ESOP and CSOP as pragmatic proof that his revolutionary revision of classical economic theory, and the financial techniques he derived from this new perspective, were sound and workable in the economic and business world.
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N-Methylmorpholine N-oxide (more correctly 4-methylmorpholine 4-oxide), NMO or NMMO is an organic compound. This heterocyclic amine oxide and morpholine derivative is used in organic chemistry as a co-oxidant and sacrificial catalyst in oxidation reactions for instance in osmium tetroxide oxidations and the Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation or oxidations with TPAP.Mark R. Sivik and Scott D. Edmondson "N-Methylmorpholine N-Oxide" E-EROS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF REAGENTS FOR ORGANIC SYNTHESIS, 2008 NMO is commercially supplied both as a monohydrate C5H11NO2·H2O and as the anhydrous compound. The monohydrate is used as a solvent for cellulose in the Lyocell process to produce cellulose fibers.
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The anhydrous solid has the triclinic crystal structure, with space group (a = 5.8007(8) Å, b = 11.5811(15) Å, c = 23.157(3) Å, α = 89.709(10)°, β = 88.915(11)°, γ = 89.004(11)°, V = 1555.1(4) Å3, Z = 8, Dx = 2.615 g·cm−3, μ(Mo‐Kα) = 7.94 cm−1). The anions are arranged in layers parallel to the (100) plane, with the sodium cations distributed in 24 distinct crystallographic positions, coordinated by 4 to 6 near oxygen atoms. Some of the 4-coordinated sodium atoms can be interpreted as parallel columns of edge-sharing tetrahedra. The columnar arrangement forms tunnels that house the remaining sodium cations.
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Hydrolyse von Polyvinylencarbonat zu Polyhydroxymethylen For example, polyhydroxymethylene films obtained by alkaline hydrolysis of polyvinylene carbonate films via sodium methoxide in methanol are crystalline and exhibit high tensile strengths. Analogous to cellulose, polyhydroxymethylene can be dissolved in hot sodium hydroxide solution and converted by crosslinking into a highly swellable polymer which can take up to 10,000 times its weight in water. Polyhydroxymethylene is soluble in anhydrous hydrazine and can be converted into cellulose-like fibers by spinning in water. Similar to cellulose, polyhydroxymethylene reacts with carbon disulfide in the alkaline state to form a xanthate, from which water- insoluble polyhydroxymethylene is again obtained by precipitation in dilute sulfuric acid.
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The American petrochemical industry took off, first making such as styrene, ethylene, propylene and butadiene. After the war, it formed a subsidiary, Phillips Chemical Co., which entered the fertilizer business by producing anhydrous ammonia from natural gas.Encyclopedia.com "Phillips Petroleum Co." Retrieved February 5, 2013 The company then built a complex on the Houston Ship Channel devoted to making petrochemicals and polymers. During the 1960s, Phillips expanded its international operations, particularly with exploration in Canada, Venezuela, and Colombia. It discovered the Ekofisk gas field in the North Sea in 1969. In 1966, Phillips Petroleum bought Tidewater Oil Co.'s West Coast operations and rebranded its "Flying A" outlets to Phillips 66.
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One man died and many of Minot's citizens were sickened and severely injured by the noxious gas, causing one of the worst major chemical accidents of the country.CBC News, Minot train derailment kills one, injures dozens In early 2006, court cases were heard in Minneapolis, Minnesota, against Canadian Pacific Railway, the owner of the derailed train. The anhydrous ammonia spill was the largest such spill in U.S. history. This incident was used by Eric Klinenberg in his book Fighting for Air: The Battle to Control America's Media as an example of the failure of mass-media, specifically local radio stations, to disseminate information to the public in an emergency.
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The exact composition of the Dead Sea water varies mainly with season, depth and temperature. In the early 1980s, the concentration of ionic species (in g/kg) of Dead Sea surface water was Cl− (181.4), Br− (4.2), SO42− (0.4), HCO3− (0.2), Ca2+ (14.1), Na+ (32.5), K+ (6.2) and Mg2+ (35.2). The total salinity was 276 g/kg.I. Steinhorn, In Situ Salt Precipitation at the Dead Sea, Limnol. Oceanogr. 28(3),1983, 580-583 These results show that the composition of the salt, as anhydrous chlorides on a weight percentage basis, was calcium chloride (CaCl2) 14.4%, potassium chloride (KCl) 4.4%, magnesium chloride (MgCl2) 50.8% and sodium chloride (NaCl) 30.4%.
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Chromium(III) fluoride is produced from the reaction of chromium(III) oxide and hydrofluoric acid:Gerd Anger, Jost Halstenberg, Klaus Hochgeschwender, Christoph Scherhag, Ulrich Korallus, Herbert Knopf, Peter Schmidt, Manfred Ohlinger, "Chromium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005. :Cr2O3 \+ 6 HF + 9 H2O → 2 [Cr(H2O)6]F3 The anhydrous form is produced from hydrogen fluoride and chromic chloride:Greenwood, N. N.; & Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd Edn.), Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. . :CrCl3 \+ 3 HF → CrF3 \+ 3 HCl Another method of synthesis of CrF3 involves thermal decomposition of (NH3)CrF6: (NH4)3CrF6 → CrF3 \+ 3NH3 \+ 3HF A mixed valence Cr2F5 is also known.Sturm.
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The practical implementation of H-phosphonate method resulted in a very short and simple synthetic cycle consisting of only two steps, detritylation and coupling (Scheme 2). Oxidation of internucleosidic H-phosphonate diester linkages in 8 to phosphodiester linkages in 9 with a solution of iodine in aqueous pyridine is carried out at the end of the chain assembly rather than as a step in the synthetic cycle. If desired, the oxidation may be carried out under anhydrous conditions. Alternatively, 8 can be converted to phosphorothioate 10 or phosphoroselenoate 11 (X = Se), or oxidized by CCl4 in the presence of primary or secondary amines to phosphoramidate analogs 12.
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The newly formed tricoordinated phosphite triester linkage is not natural and is of limited stability under the conditions of oligonucleotide synthesis. The treatment of the support-bound material with iodine and water in the presence of a weak base (pyridine, lutidine, or collidine) oxidizes the phosphite triester into a tetracoordinated phosphate triester, a protected precursor of the naturally occurring phosphate diester internucleosidic linkage. Oxidation may be carried out under anhydrous conditions using tert-Butyl hydroperoxide or, more efficiently, (1S)-(+)-(10-camphorsulfonyl)-oxaziridine (CSO). The step of oxidation may be substituted with a sulfurization step to obtain oligonucleotide phosphorothioates (see Oligonucleotide phosphorothioates and their synthesis below).
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Like first-generation Glycoazodyes, second-generation Glycoazodyes are synthesized using a glucose, galactose, or lactose sugar group. The point of the ether bond is controlled by selectively protecting alcohol groups on the sugar, or by choosing an azo dye with a different alcohol group position. An unprotected alcohol group of either the sugar or the dye is reacted with an n-carbon, terminal dibromoalkane in a solution of potassium hydroxide and 18-crown-6 ether, using non-anhydrous tetrahydrofuran as the solvent. The potassium hydroxide is used to produce an alkoxide ion from the alcohol while the 18-crown-6 ether acts as a phase-transfer agent.
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It is prepared by the reaction of hydrogen peroxide and lithium hydroxide. This reaction initially produces lithium hydroperoxide:E. Dönges "Lithium and Sodium Peroxides" in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. Vol. 1. p. 979. :LiOH + H2O2 → LiOOH + 2 H2O This lithium hydroperoxide has also been described as lithium peroxide monoperoxohydrate trihydrate (Li2O2·H2O2·3H2O). Dehydration of this material gives the anhydrous peroxide salt: :2 LiOOH → Li2O2 \+ H2O2 \+ 2 H2O Li2O2 decomposes at about 450 °C to give lithium oxide: :2 Li2O2 → 2 Li2O + O2 The structure of solid Li2O2 has been determined by X-ray crystallography and density functional theory.
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Biocides can be added to other materials (typically liquids) to protect them against biological infestation and growth. For example, certain types of quaternary ammonium compounds (quats) are added to pool water or industrial water systems to act as an algicide, protecting the water from infestation and growth of algae. It is often impractical to store and use poisonous chlorine gas for water treatment, so alternative methods of adding chlorine are used. These include hypochlorite solutions, which gradually release chlorine into the water, and compounds like sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione (dihydrate or anhydrous), sometimes referred to as "dichlor", and trichloro-s- triazinetrione, sometimes referred to as "trichlor".
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Although TMG supplementation decreases the amount of adipose tissue in pigs, research on human subjects has shown no effect on body weight, body composition, or resting energy expenditure when used in conjunction with a low calorie diet. The Food and Drug Administration of the United States approved anhydrous trimethylglycine (also known by the brand name Cystadane) for the treatment of homocystinuria, a disease caused by abnormally high homocysteine levels at birth. TMG is also used as the hydrochloride salt (marketed as betaine hydrochloride or betaine HCl). Betaine hydrochloride was once permitted in over-the-counter (OTC) drugs as a gastric aid in the United States.
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The XLR99 used anhydrous ammonia and liquid oxygen as propellant, and hydrogen peroxide to drive the high-speed turbopump that delivered propellants to the engine. It could burn of propellant in 80 seconds; Jules Bergman titled his book on the program Ninety Seconds to Space to describe the total powered flight time of the aircraft. The X-15 reaction control system (RCS), for maneuvering in the low-pressure/density environment, used high-test peroxide (HTP), which decomposes into water and oxygen in the presence of a catalyst and could provide a specific impulse of 140 seconds. The HTP also fueled a turbopump for the main engines and auxiliary power units (APUs).
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Nitrogen triiodide was first characterized by Raman spectroscopy in 1990 when it was prepared by an ammonia-free route. Boron nitride reacts with iodine monofluoride in trichlorofluoromethane at −30 °C to produce pure NI3 in low yield: :BN + 3 IF → NI3 \+ BF3 NI3 is pyramidal (C3v molecular symmetry), as are the other nitrogen trihalides and ammonia. The material that is usually called "nitrogen triiodide" is prepared by the reaction of iodine with ammonia. When this reaction is conducted at low temperatures in anhydrous ammonia, the initial product is NI3 · (NH3)5, but this material loses some ammonia upon warming to give the 1:1 adduct NI3 · NH3.
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On June 26, 1886, Ferdinand Frederick Henri Moissan finally felt comfortable performing electrolysis on anhydrous hydrogen fluoride to create a gaseous fluorine pure element. Before he used hydrogen fluoride, Henri Moissan used fluoride salts with electrolysis. Thus on June 28, 1886 he performed his experiment in front of the Academie des Science to show his discovery of the new element fluorine. In the cost of trying to find elemental fluorine through electrolysis of fluoride salts, many chemists perished including Pauline Louyet and Jerome Nickels. In 1886 Charles Martin Hall from America and Paul Héroult from France both filed for American patents, with Héroult submitting his in May and Hall’s in July.
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Communications consisted of a 3-watt transmitter capable of continuous telemetry operation, the large high gain directional dish antenna, a cylindrical omnidirectional antenna at the top of the instrument mast, and two command antennas, one on the end of either solar panel, which received instructions for midcourse maneuvers and other functions. Propulsion for midcourse maneuvers was supplied by a monopropellant (anhydrous hydrazine) 225 N retro-rocket. The hydrazine was ignited using nitrogen tetroxide and aluminum oxide pellets, and thrust direction was controlled by four jet vanes situated below the thrust chamber. Attitude control with a 1 degree pointing error was maintained by a system of nitrogen gas jets.
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Communications consisted of a 3-watt transmitter capable of continuous telemetry operation, the large high-gain directional dish antenna, a cylindrical omnidirectional antenna at the top of the instrument mast, and two command antennas, one on the end of either solar panel, which received instructions for midcourse maneuvers and other functions. Propulsion for midcourse maneuvers was supplied by a monopropellant (anhydrous hydrazine) 225 N retro-rocket. The hydrazine was ignited using nitrogen tetroxide and aluminium oxide pellets, and thrust direction was controlled by four jet vanes situated below the thrust chamber. Attitude control with a 1° pointing error was maintained by a system of nitrogen gas jets.
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The mineral as normally encountered is a solid solution series with end-members Ca12Al14O33 and Ca6Al7O16(OH). The latter composition loses water only at high temperature, and has lost most of it by the melting point (around 1400 °C). If material heated to this temperature is rapidly cooled to room temperature, the anhydrous composition is obtained. The rate of re-absorption of water to form the hydrous composition is negligible below 930 °C. C12A7 has a cubic crystal symmetry; Ca12Al14O33 has a lattice constant of 1.1989 nm and a density of 2.680 g·cm−3 while Ca6Al7O16(OH) has 1.1976 nm and 2.716 g·cm−3.
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The metallothermic reduction of anhydrous rare-earth fluorides to rare-earth metals is also referred to as the Ames process. The study of rare earths was also advanced during World War II: Synthetic plutonium was believed to be rare-earth-like, it was assumed that knowledge of rare earths would assist in planning for and the study of transuranic elements; ion-exchange methods developed for actinide processing were forerunners to processing methods for rare-earth oxides; methods used for uranium were modified for plutonium, which were subsequently the basis for rare-earth metal preparation.A. H. Danne, Chapter 8: Metallothermic Preparation of Rare Earth Metals, The Rare Earths, F. H. Spedding & A. H. Daane (ed), John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1961.
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DyCl3 is often prepared by the "ammonium chloride route", starting from either Dy2O3 or the hydrated chloride DyCl3·6H2O. These methods produce (NH4)2[DyCl5]: :10 NH4Cl + Dy2O3 → 2 (NH4)2[DyCl5] + 6 NH3 \+ 3 H2O :DyCl3·6H2O + 2 NH4Cl → (NH4)2[DyCl5] + 6 H2O The pentachloride decomposes thermally according to the following equation: :(NH4)2[DyCl5] → 2 NH4Cl + DyCl3 The thermolysis reaction proceeds via the intermediacy of (NH4)[Dy2Cl7]. Treating Dy2O3 with aqueous HCl produces the hydrated chloride DyCl3·6H2O, which cannot be rendered anhydrous by heating. Instead one obtains an oxychloride: :DyCl3 \+ H2O → DyOCl + 2 HCl Dysprosium(III) chloride is a moderately strong Lewis acid, which ranks as "hard" according to the HSAB concept.
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Governments have adopted a strategy of chemical control as part of their overall drug control and enforcement plans. Chemical control offers a means of attacking illicit drug production and disrupting the process before the drugs have entered the market. Because many legitimate industrial chemicals such as anhydrous ammonia and iodine are also necessary in the processing and synthesis of most illicitly produced drugs, preventing the diversion of these chemicals from legitimate commerce to illicit drug manufacturing is a difficult job. Governments often place restrictions on the purchase of large quantities of chemicals that can be used in the production of illicit drugs, usually requiring licenses or permits to ensure that the purchaser has a legitimate need for them.
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As described above, the use of N-terminal and side chain protecting groups is essential during peptide synthesis to avoid undesirable side reactions, such as self-coupling of the activated amino acid leading to (polymerization). This would compete with the intended peptide coupling reaction, resulting in low yield or even complete failure to synthesize the desired peptide. Two principle orthogonal protecting group schemes exist for use in solid-phase peptide synthesis: so-called Boc/Bzl and Fmoc/tBu approaches. The Boc/Bzl strategy utilizes TFA-labile N-terminal Boc protection alongside side chain protection that is removed using anhydrous hydrogen fluoride during the final cleavage step (with simultaneous cleavage of the peptide from the solid support).
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High-temperature PEMFCs operate between 100 °C and 200 °C, potentially offering benefits in electrode kinetics and heat management, and better tolerance to fuel impurities, particularly CO in reformate. These improvements potentially could lead to higher overall system efficiencies. However, these gains have yet to be realized, as the gold-standard perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes lose function rapidly at 100 °C and above if hydration drops below ~100%, and begin to creep in this temperature range, resulting in localized thinning and overall lower system lifetimes. As a result, new anhydrous proton conductors, such as protic organic ionic plastic crystals (POIPCs) and protic ionic liquids, are actively studied for the development of suitable PEMs.
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In 1849 he discovered anhydrous nitric acid (nitrogen pentoxide), a substance interesting as the first obtained of the so-called "anhydrides" of the monobasic acids. In 1854, he succeeded in obtaining metallic aluminium, and ultimately he devised a method by which the metal could be prepared on a large scale by the aid of sodium, the manufacture of which he also developed. Together with Friedrich Wöhler, he discovered silicon nitride in 1857. With Jules Henri Debray (1827–1888) he worked at the platinum metals, his object being on the one hand to prepare them pure, and on the other to find a suitable metal for the standard metre for the International Metric Commission then sitting at Paris.
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S1 truss P1 truss The P1 and S1 trusses (also called the Port and Starboard Side Thermal Radiator Trusses) are attached to the S0 truss, and contain carts to transport the Canadarm2 and astronauts to worksites along the space station. They each flow 290 kg (637 lb) of anhydrous ammonia through three heat rejection radiators. The S1 truss was launched on STS-112 in October 2002 and the P1 truss was launched on STS-113 in November 2002. Detailed design, test and construction of the S1 and P1 structures was conducted by McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing) in Huntington Beach, CA. First parts were cut for the structure in 1996, and delivery of the first truss occurred in 1999.
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The association is one of the largest agricultural trade associations on the West Coast of the United States. WPHA members support a variety of educational and research programs to ensure that all fertilizer and crop protection products are used in an environmentally sound way. WPHA-sponsored stewardship programs include: the California Department of Food and Agriculture's Fertilizer Research and Education program; the Coalition for Urban Renewal and Stewardship (CURES); the Anhydrous Ammonia Transportation Safety Program; and several worker protection projects as well as educational training and certification programs offered via the Internet and through trade media. WPHA also conducts recruiting events to persuade students to consider careers in agriculture by offering annual student dinners at campuses throughout California.
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J. Chem. 49(22),(1971), 3733 The unpaired electron in the radical can be detected with electron paramagnetic resonance and barium dithionate has been proposed as the basis for a radiation dosimeter.Barium dithionate as an EPR dosemeter Baran M.P., Bugay O.A., Kolesnik S. P., Maksimenko V. M., Teslenko V. V., Petrenko T. L. Desrosiers M. F. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 2006 120, 202; The dithionate ion can act as a bidentate ligand.Structures of Some Copper (II) Complexes Containing Ion Ishii M. Bulletin of the Yamagata University 5, 1,(2001), 7 The structure of the dithionate ion in the solid state is staggered in Na2S2O6·2H2O, whereas in the anhydrous potassium salt it is nearly eclipsed.
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Under controlled conditions, however, all the alkali metals, with the exception of francium, are known to form their oxides, peroxides, and superoxides. The alkali metal peroxides and superoxides are powerful oxidising agents. Sodium peroxide and potassium superoxide react with carbon dioxide to form the alkali metal carbonate and oxygen gas, which allows them to be used in submarine air purifiers; the presence of water vapour, naturally present in breath, makes the removal of carbon dioxide by potassium superoxide even more efficient. All the stable alkali metals except lithium can form red ozonides (MO3) through low-temperature reaction of the powdered anhydrous hydroxide with ozone: the ozonides may be then extracted using liquid ammonia.
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Nasal cannulae used for medical gas delivery are usually limited to delivery of 1–6 liters of flow per minute. The percent oxygen inhaled by the patient (FiO2), usually ranges roughly 24–35% as the pure oxygen delivered from the cannula is diluted by entrainment of ambient air (21% oxygen). Flow rates for delivery of oxygen using typical nasal cannula are limited because medical oxygen is anhydrous, and when delivered from a pressurized source the gas cools as it expands with the drop to atmospheric pressure. Delivery of cold dry gas is irritating to the respiratory mucosa, can cause drying and bleeding of the nasal mucosa and can increase metabolic demand by cooling the body.
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Crystal cell sizes are a=21.387 b=7.9328 c=15.184 β=90.657 V=2576 formulas per cell Z=8. The way the components are arranged in the crystal is that there are six nitrates around each cerium atom, however to get to the average of five per cerium, two nitrate groups on each, link the atoms into a chain along the an axis. There are anhydrous double nitrates such as Ce2Rb3(NO3)9 and Ce2K3(NO3)9. The potassium salt, Ce2K3(NO3)9 can be made by using the water solution of potassium nitrate and cerous nitrate in 3:2 molar ratio, evaporated at 40 °C. The crystals are colourless cubic from space group P4132\.
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Three anhydrous neptunium oxides have been reported, NpO2, Np2O5, and Np5O8, though some studies have stated that only the first two of these exist, suggesting that claims of Np5O8 are actually the result of mistaken analysis of Np2O5. However, as the full extent of the reactions that occur between neptunium and oxygen has yet to be researched, it is not certain which of these claims is accurate. Although neptunium oxides have not been produced with neptunium in oxidation states as high as those possible with the adjacent actinide uranium, neptunium oxides are more stable at lower oxidation states. This behavior is illustrated by the fact that NpO2 can be produced by simply burning neptunium salts of oxyacids in air.
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NpF6 or neptunium hexafluoride is extremely volatile, as are its adjacent actinide compounds uranium hexafluoride (UF6) and plutonium hexafluoride (PuF6). This volatility has attracted a large amount of interest to the compound in an attempt to devise a simple method for extracting neptunium from spent nuclear power station fuel rods. NpF6 was first prepared in 1943 by reacting NpF3 and gaseous fluorine at very high temperatures and the first bulk quantities were obtained in 1958 by heating NpF4 and dripping pure fluorine on it in a specially prepared apparatus. Additional methods that have successfully produced neptunium hexafluoride include reacting BrF3 and BrF5 with NpF4 and by reacting several different neptunium oxide and fluoride compounds with anhydrous hydrogen fluorides.
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Phosphorimidazolide reagents have been synthesized from phosphate mono-esters. In one method, a phosphate mono-ester is dissolved in anhydrous pyridine or N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and activated using triphenylphosphine (PPh3) and 2,2’-Dithiodipyridine (2,2’-DTDP) in the presence of triethylamine (TEA) base and excess imidazole. In another method using fewer reagents, a phosphate mono-ester is dissolved in DMF and carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) is used to both remove an oxygen atom from the phosphate group and supply the imidazole substituent. The product of either reaction may be collected by precipitation using acetonitrile or acetone as antisolvent with sodium or lithium perchlorate to supply the sodium or lithium salt of the phosphorimidazolide respectively.
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The population grew from 250 in 1820, to 22,271 in 1850. The first Solvay Process Company plant in the United States was erected on the southeastern shore of Onondaga lake in 1884 and the village was given the name Solvay, New York, to commemorate its inventor, Ernest Solvay. In 1861, he developed the ammonia-soda process for the manufacture of soda ash (anhydrous sodium carbonate—a rare chemical called natrite, to distinguish it from natural natron of antiquity) The process used sodium chloride (from brine wells dug in the southern end of the Tully valley) and limestone (as a source of calcium carbonate). The process was an improvement on the earlier Leblanc process.
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The intention here is to obtain a well-defined seat between two narrow mating surfaces, giving firm shutoff of the flow from only a light float pressure. Needle valves are also commonly used to provide shut off for the pressure gauge or on applicators to shut off the supply of NH3 to the knives in Anhydrous Ammonia (NH3) applications. Since flow rates are low and many turns of the valve stem are required to completely open or close, needle valves are not used for simple shutoff applications. Since the orifice is small and the force advantage of the fine-threaded stem is high, needle valves are usually easy to shut off completely, with merely "finger-tight" pressure.
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Structure of monohydrate at 346 K. Sodium carbonate is soluble in water, and can occur naturally in arid regions, especially in mineral deposits (evaporites) formed when seasonal lakes evaporate. Deposits of the mineral natron have been mined from dry lake bottoms in Egypt since ancient times, when natron was used in the preparation of mummies and in the early manufacture of glass. The anhydrous mineral form of sodium carbonate is quite rare and called natrite. Sodium carbonate also erupts from Ol Doinyo Lengai, Tanzania's unique volcano, and it is presumed to have erupted from other volcanoes in the past, but due to these minerals' instability at the earth's surface, are likely to be eroded.
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Strong bases attack aluminium. Sodium hydroxide reacts with aluminium and water to release hydrogen gas. The aluminium takes the oxygen atom from sodium hydroxide, which in turn takes the oxygen atom from the water, and releases the two hydrogen atoms, The reaction thus produces hydrogen gas and sodium aluminate. In this reaction, sodium hydroxide acts as an agent to make the solution alkaline, which aluminium can dissolve in. 2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O -> 2NaAlO2 + 3H Sodium aluminate is an inorganic chemical that is used as an effective source of aluminium hydroxide for many industrial and technical applications. Pure sodium aluminate (anhydrous) is a white crystalline solid having a formula variously given as NaAlO2, NaAl(OH)4(hydrated), Na2O.
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Nevertheless, opals can be roughly divided into those that show no signs of crystalline order (amorphous opal) and those that show signs of the beginning of crystalline order, commonly termed cryptocrystalline or microcrystalline opal. Dehydration experiments and infrared spectroscopy have shown that most of the H2O in the formula of SiO2·nH2O of opals is present in the familiar form of clusters of molecular water. Isolated water molecules, and silanols, structures such as SiOH, generally form a lesser proportion of the total and can reside near the surface or in defects inside the opal. The structure of low-pressure polymorphs of anhydrous silica consist of frameworks of fully corner bonded tetrahedra of SiO4.
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Instant coffee is one of the ingredients in Caffenol,Comparison of different Caffenol formulas a home-made, non-toxic black-and-white photographic developer. The other ingredients in the basic formula are ascorbic acid and anhydrous sodium carbonate; some recipes also include potassium bromide as a fog-reducing agent. The active ingredient appears to be caffeic acid. Initial experiments on Caffenol were performed in 1995 at the Rochester Institute of Technology;A Use for that Last Cup of Coffee: Film and Paper Development Darkroom and Creative Camera Techniques, September/October 1995 addition of ascorbic acid began around 2000, yielding the improved Caffenol-C, which is less likely to stain negatives than the original formulation.
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At the lower phase transition, birefringence steps down as the temperature drops; for the upper phase transition, it is continuous but not constant. At the upper phase transition, −4 °C, latent heat is released, and the heat capacity changes. This transition has a fair bit of hysteresis. At the lower phase transition, heat capacity stays the same, but latent heat is released. Leonite starts to lose water at 130 °C, but only really breaks down at 200 °C: :K2Mg(SO4)2·4H2O(s) → K2Mg(SO4)2·2H2O(s) + 2H2O(g). At even higher temperatures, langbeinite and arcanite (anhydrous potassium sulfate) and steam are all that remain: :2K2Mg(SO4)2·4H2O(s) → K2Mg2(SO4)3(s) + K2SO4(s) + 8H2O(g).
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Calcium chloride is used in concrete mixes to accelerate the initial setting, but chloride ions lead to corrosion of steel rebar, so it should not be used in reinforced concrete. The anhydrous form of calcium chloride may also be used for this purpose and can provide a measure of the moisture in concrete. Calcium chloride is included as an additive in plastics and in fire extinguishers, in CAA as a drainage aid, in blast furnaces as an additive to control scaffolding (clumping and adhesion of materials that prevent the furnace charge from descending), and in fabric softener as a thinner. The exothermic dissolution of calcium chloride is used in self- heating cans and heating pads.
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Sodium aluminium phosphate (SAlP) describes the inorganic compounds consisting of sodium salts of aluminium phosphates. The most common SAlP has the formulas NaH14Al3(PO4)8·4H2O and Na3H15Al2(PO4)8.Klaus Schrödter, Gerhard Bettermann, Thomas Staffel, Friedrich Wahl, Thomas Klein, Thomas Hofmann "Phosphoric Acid and Phosphates" in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2008, Wiley- VCH, Weinheim. These materials are prepared by combining alumina, phosphoric acid, and sodium hydroxide."Phosphoric Acids and Phosphates" David R. Gard, 2005, Wiley-VCH. In addition to the usual hydrate, an anhydrous SAlP is also known, Na3H15Al2(PO4)8 (CAS#10279-59-1), referred to as 8:2:3, reflecting the ratio of phosphate to aluminium to sodium.
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In the liquid exfoliation method first reported by Brent et al. in 2014 and modified by others, bulk black phosphorus is first ground in a mortar and pestle and then sonicated in deoxygenated, anhydrous organic liquids such as NMP under an inert atmosphere using low-power bath sonication. Suspensions are then centrifuged for 30 minutes to filter out the unexfoliated black phosphorus. Resulting 2D monolayer and few-layer phosphorene unoxidized and crystalline structure, while exposure to air oxidizes the phosphorene and produces acid. Another variation of liquid exfoliation is “basic N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) liquid exfoliation”. Bulk black phosphorene is added to a saturated NaOH/NMP solution, which is further sonicated for 4 hours to conduct liquid exfoliation.
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Due to this fact it has an affinity for water which can be present in the atmosphere, but since environmental concerns have caused fuel systems to be closed, it works effectively on the moisture inside the tank which was already present. The water that has been "absorbed" then reduces issues with freezing fuel lines. The action of adding dry gas (anhydrous methanol or azeotropic iso-propyl alcohol) is suggested to mix with absorbed water lowering the freezing point of the now water and alcohol solution, lower than it would mixed with ethanol, allowing the fuel lines to better resist freezing, while non-frozen water will be removed when either solution is used by the engine.
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97-105 Ethanol, methanol and natural gas CNG were the three alternative fuels that received more attention for research and development, and government support. VW Gol 1.6 Total Flex was the first full flexible-fuel vehicle produced and sold in Brazil, capable of running on any blend of gasoline (E20 to E25) and ethanol up to E100. Since 1975, and as a response to the shock caused by the first oil crisis, the Brazilian government implemented the National Alcohol Program -Pró-Álcool- (), a nationwide program financed by the government to phase out automotive fuels derived from fossil fuels in favor of ethanol made from sugar cane. It began with a low blend of anhydrous alcohol with regular gasoline in 1976, Ph.D. Dissertation Thesis, pp.
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Journal of Molecular Structure, Volume 783, Issues 1–3, Pages 52–60 The mixed salts of potassium and of certain trivalent lanthanides cations (lanthanum, neodymium, gadolinium, and holmium) exhibit some degree of π-stacking interactions; namely, the π electrons of the croconate rings in one layer form weak bonds with those in the adjacent layers. Luiz Felipe O. Faria, Antônio L. Soares Jr., Renata Diniz, Maria I. Yoshida, Howell G.M. Edwards and Luiz Fernando C. de Oliveira (2010), "Mixed salts containing croconate violet, lanthanide and potassium ions: Crystal structures and spectroscopic characterization of supramolecular compounds". Inorganica Chimica Acta, Volume 363, Issue 1, Pages 49-56 In the anhydrous tetrabutylammonium salt the anions are separated by more than 12 Å and no π-stacking occurs.
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For laboratory use, RbOH is usually used in place of the oxide. RbOH can be purchased for ca. US$5/g (2006). The hydroxide is more useful, less reactive toward atmospheric moisture, and less expensive than the oxide. As for most alkali metal oxides, the best synthesis of Rb2O does not entail oxidation of the metal but reduction of the anhydrous nitrate: :10 Rb + 2 RbNO3 → 6 Rb2O + N2 Typical for alkali metal hydroxides, RbOH cannot be dehydrated to the oxide. Instead, the hydroxide can be decomposed to the oxide (by reduction of the hydrogen ion) using Rb metal: :2 Rb + 2 RbOH → 2 Rb2O + H2 Metallic Rb reacts with O2, as indicated by its tendency to rapidly tarnish in air.
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According to Nikumbh et al, CrC2O4·2H2O can be prepared from chromium(II) sulfate pentahydrate by reaction with a mixture of sodium oxalate and oxalic acid in degassed aqueous solution, forming a light green crystalline product, which has been characterized by combustion elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and powder X-ray diffraction. The measured magnetic moment of 4.65 B.M. suggests that the chromium ion does not form a Cr-Cr bond and has a high-spin octahedral coordination geometry. This would be consistent with the structure of other linear polymeric metal(II) oxalates of general formula MC2O4·2H2O (M = Mg, Fe, etc.). The dihydrate loses water to form anhydrous CrC2O4 when heated above 140 °C in an inert atmosphere.
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Some jurisdictions limit the sale of lithium batteries, which are the most readily available source of lithium for ordinary consumers. Lithium can be used to reduce pseudoephedrine and ephedrine to methamphetamine in the Birch reduction method, which employs solutions of alkali metals dissolved in anhydrous ammonia. Carriage and shipment of some kinds of lithium batteries may be prohibited aboard certain types of transportation (particularly aircraft) because of the ability of most types of lithium batteries to fully discharge very rapidly when short-circuited, leading to overheating and possible explosion in a process called thermal runaway. Most consumer lithium batteries have built-in thermal overload protection to prevent this type of incident, or are otherwise designed to limit short- circuit currents.
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Canadian regulations on commercially produced and sold grapefruit juice are that it must be made from clean, mature grapefruit and may contain sugar, invert sugar, dextrose, glucose solids, class II preservative such as benzoic acid, amylase, cellulase and pectinase. According to Canadian standards, Grapefruit juice should contain more than 1.15 milliequivalents of free amino acid per 100 milliliters; more than 70 milligrams of potassium per 100 milliliters; and have an absorbance value for total polyphenolics of no less than 0.310. During the production process, the sugar content in the juice, before the addition of sugar, invert sugar, dextrose or glucose solids, should have a Brix reading of no less than 9.3. It must contain 0.7% to 2.1% of acid by weight as anhydrous citric acid.
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In November 2008, Hershey Creamery Company became the first company in the nation to be prosecuted and fined for failing to implement a Risk Management Program (RMP) as required by the Clean Air Act. The charges were brought by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which stated that the company failed to develop the required plans with regard to its storage and use of anhydrous ammonia, which is a regulated substance. In the charges, the EPA noted that the creamery twice certified that it had developed the RMP plan, once in 1999 and again in 2004. Later inspection showed that the certifications were false and on December 7, 2006, the EPA issued a civil compliance order against the company, ordering the company to come into compliance.
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Edward Meredith Burgess was born in Birmingham, Alabama in 1934. He attended Shades Valley High School in that city and was awarded the school's science award upon graduation in 1951. During the summers of his junior and senior high school years he obtained a job performing routine chores at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) Department of Biochemistry. It was during this period at UAB that Burgess began his career in chemical research. Under the guidance of the noted carbohydrate chemist, William Ward Pigman, he was given his own research project, the “Anhydrous Reaction of Nitrogen Dioxide with some Selected Sugars.” In 1952 Burgess was awarded an NROTC scholarship and entered Auburn University with a dual major in chemistry and physics.
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Models using its known characteristics showed that continued magmatism from conductive heat through the plume caused gravitational collapse. The weight of collapse caused the spreading of the surrounding crust outwards and subsequent subduction around the margins. The anhydrous nature of the crust on Venus prevents it from sliding past each other, whereas through the study of oxygen isotopes, the presence of water on Earth can be confirmed from 4.3 Ga. Thus, this model helps provide a mechanism for how plate tectonics could have been triggered on Earth, although it does not demonstrate that subduction was initiated at the earliest confirmed presence of water on Earth. Based on these models, the onset of subduction and plate tectonics is dated at 3.6 Ga.
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In the industry, ethanolamines (mono-, di- and triethanolamines) are produced by reacting ammonia and ethylene oxide in anhydrous medium at a temperature of and pressure of MPa: : (CH2CH2)O + NH3 → HOCH2CH2NH2 :2 (CH2CH2)O + NH3 → (HOCH2CH2)2NH :3 (CH2CH2)O + NH3 → (HOCH2CH2)3N All three ethanolamines are produced in the process, while ammonia and part of methylamine are recycled. The final products are separated by vacuum distillation. Hydroxyalkylamines are produced in a similar process: : (CH2CH2)O + RNH2 → HOCH2CH2NHR :2 (CH2CH2)O + RNH2 → (HOCH2CH2)2NR Monosubstituted products are formed by reacting a large excess of amine with ethylene oxide in presence of water and at a temperature below . Disubstituted products are obtained with a small excess of ethylene oxide, at a temperature of and a pressure of .
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"Zuschendorf, a small village of 16 households at the Leinleiter between Burggrub and Heiligenstadt, the Baron Stauffenberg therein v to Burggrub village Lord, the Bishopric is the Office Ebermannstadt from high court, Mr.." "From dasigen subjects 2 man belonging to the Bishopric of the box office Ebermannstadt, 4 man the Princely House of Brandenburg-Culmbach, Office Streitberg, 2 man the Count v Giech into the castle Wiesentfels and 8 man the Lord Baron v. Stauffenberg shut Burggrub which stand 10 when the latter knight Canton Gebürg. " "The community has a piece of fish anhydrous, is committed to the Protestant religion and pfarrt to Heiligenstadt. Ehehin belonged this Zochendorf the Lord v Streitberg, after their death, there has been only smashed so "Dieter Zoberlein:.
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Production of nitric acid is via the Ostwald process, named after German chemist Wilhelm Ostwald. In this process, anhydrous ammonia is oxidized to nitric oxide, in the presence of platinum or rhodium gauze catalyst at a high temperature of about 500 K and a pressure of 9 atm. :4 NH3 (g) + 5 O2 (g) → 4 NO (g) + 6 H2O (g) (ΔH = −905.2 kJ/mol) Nitric oxide is then reacted with oxygen in air to form nitrogen dioxide. :2 NO (g) + O2 (g) → 2 NO2 (g) (ΔH = −114 kJ/mol) This is subsequently absorbed in water to form nitric acid and nitric oxide. :3 NO2 (g) + H2O (l) → 2 HNO3 (aq) + NO (g) (ΔH = −117 kJ/mol) The nitric oxide is cycled back for reoxidation.
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X-ray crystallography shows that CdSO4·H2O is a typical coordination polymer. Each Cd2+ center has octahedral coordination geometry, being surrounded by four oxygen centers provided by four sulfate ligands and two oxygen centers from the bridging water ligands.Theppitak, C/; Chainok, K. "Crystal structure of CdSO4(H2O): A Redetermination" Acta Crystallographica, Section E. Structure Reports Online 2015, volume 71, pi8-pi9. Cadmium sulfate octohydrate can be prepared by the reaction of cadmium metal or its oxide or hydroxide with dilute sulfuric acid: : CdO + H2SO4 → CdSO4 \+ H2O : Cd + H2SO4 → CdSO4 \+ H2 The anhydrous material is prepared using sodium persulfate: : Cd + Na2S2O8 → CdSO4 \+ Na2SO4 Pure cadmium sulfate occurs as very rare minerals drobecite (CdSO4·4H2O), voudourisite (monohydrate), and lazaridisite (the 8/3-hydrate).
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In the upper mantle, heat and pressure dehydrates these minerals, releasing much of it to the overlying mantle wedge, triggering the melting of rock that rises to form volcanic arcs. However, some of the "nominally anhydrous minerals" that are stable deeper in the mantle can store small concentrations of water in the form of hydroxyl (OH−), and because they occupy large volumes of the Earth, they are capable of storing at least as much as the world's oceans. The conventional view of the ocean's origin is that it was filled by outgassing from the mantle in the early Archean and the mantle has remained dehydrated ever since. However, subduction carries water down at a rate that would empty the ocean in 1–2 billion years.
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Neosporol is a natural product that includes a 1,3-dioxolane moiety, and is an isomer of sporol which has a 1,3-dioxane ring. The total synthesis of both compounds has been reported, and each includes a step in which a dioxolane system is formed using trifluoroperacetic acid (TFPAA), prepared by the hydrogen peroxide - urea method. This method involves no water, so it gives a completely anhydrous peracid, necessary in this case as the presence of water would lead to unwanted side reactions. : \+ -> \+ \+ In the case of neosporol, a Prilezhaev reaction with trifluoroperacetic acid is used to convert a suitable allyl alcohol precursor to an epoxide, which then undergoes a ring-expansion reaction with a proximate carbonyl functional group to form the dioxolane ring.
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Though technology exists to allow ethanol FFVs to run on any mixture of gasoline and ethanol, from pure gasoline up to 100% ethanol (E100), North American and European flex-fuel vehicles are optimized to run on E85, a blend of 85% anhydrous ethanol fuel with 15% gasoline. This upper limit in the ethanol content is set to reduce ethanol emissions at low temperatures and to avoid cold starting problems during cold weather, at temperatures lower than . The alcohol content is reduced during the winter in regions where temperatures fall below to a winter blend of E70 in the U.S. or to E75 in Sweden from November until March. Brazilian flex fuel vehicles are optimized to run on any mix of E20-E25 gasoline and up to 100% hydrous ethanol fuel (E100).
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Acetonitrile, propionitrile and benzonitrile are also popular solvents. Because nitrile solvents have high dielectric constants, cationic complexes containing a nitrile ligand are often soluble in a solution of that nitrile. Some complexes can be prepared by dissolving an anhydrous metal salt in the nitrile. In other cases, a suspension of the metal is oxidized with a solution of NOBF4 in the nitrile: :Ni + 6 MeCN + 2 NOBF4 → [Ni(MeCN)6](BF4)2 \+ 2 NO Heteroleptic complexes of molybdenum and tungsten can by synthesized from their respective hexacarbonyl complexes. :M(CO)6 \+ 4 MeCN + 2 NOBF4 → [M(NO)2(MeCN)4](BF4)2 Portion of the structure of the tetrachlorozincate (ZnCl42−) salt of [Ni(MeCN)6]2+ For the synthesis of some acetonitrile complexes, the nitrile serves as a reductant.
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Because they are rapidly cooled, they represent the liquid composition of the komatiites, and thus record an anhydrous MgO content of up to 32% MgO. Some of the highest magnesian komatiites with clear textural preservation are those of the Barberton belt in South Africa, where liquids with up to 34% MgO can be inferred using bulk rock and olivine compositions. The mineralogy of a komatiite varies systematically through the typical stratigraphic section of a komatiite flow and reflects magmatic processes which komatiites are susceptible to during their eruption and cooling. The typical mineralogical variation is from a flow base composed of olivine cumulate, to a spinifex textured zone composed of bladed olivine and ideally a pyroxene spinifex zone and olivine-rich chill zone on the upper eruptive rind of the flow unit.
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An improved method for generating thiocyanogen entails oxidation of plumbous thiocyanate, which precipitates when aqueous solutions of lead(II) nitrate and sodium thiocyanate are combined. A suspension of anhydrous Pb(SCN)2 is treated with bromine in glacial acetic acid to afford a 0.1M solution of thiocyanogen that is stable for days. Alternatively, a solution of bromine in methylene chloride is added dropwise to a suspension of Pb(SCN)2 in methylene chloride at 0 °C followed by filtration under argon to give a solution of thiocyanogen that should be used immediately. :Pb(SCN)2 \+ Br2 → (SCN)2 \+ PbBr2 Thiocyanogen adds to alkenes to give 1,2-bis(thiocyanato) compounds and reacts with titanacyclopentadienes giving (Z,Z)-1,4-bis(thiocyanato)-1,3-butadienes, which in turn can be converted to 1,2-dithiins.
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Zinc iodide is a chemical compound of zinc and iodine, ZnI2. The anhydrous form is white and readily absorbs water from the atmosphere. It can be prepared by the direct reaction of zinc and iodine in refluxing ether. or by reacting zinc with iodine in aqueous solution: : Zn + I2→ ZnI2 At 1150 °C, zinc iodide vapour dissociates into zinc and iodine. In aqueous solution the following have been detected, octahedral Zn(H2O)62+, [ZnI(H2O)5]+ and tetrahedral ZnI2(H2O)2, ZnI3(H2O)− and ZnI42−. The structure of crystalline ZnI2 is unusual, and while zinc atoms are tetrahedrally coordinated, as in ZnCl2, groups of four of these tetrahedra share three vertices to form “super-tetrahedra” of composition {Zn4I10}, which are linked by their vertices to form a three-dimensional structure.
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Addition of chlorine to water gives both hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl): :Cl2 \+ H2O HClO + HCl :Cl2 \+ 4 OH− 2 ClO− \+ 2 H2O + 2 e− :Cl2 \+ 2 e− 2 Cl− When acids are added to aqueous salts of hypochlorous acid (such as sodium hypochlorite in commercial bleach solution), the resultant reaction is driven to the left, and chlorine gas is formed. Thus, the formation of stable hypochlorite bleaches is facilitated by dissolving chlorine gas into basic water solutions, such as sodium hydroxide. The acid can also be prepared by dissolving dichlorine monoxide in water; under standard aqueous conditions, anhydrous hypochlorous acid is currently impossible to prepare due to the readily reversible equilibrium between it and its anhydride:Inorganic chemistry, Egon Wiberg, Nils Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman, "Hypochlorous acid" p.442, section 4.3.
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The main reactivity associated with chromocene follow from it being highly reducing and the lability of the Cp ligands. The complex exhibits diverse reactions, usually involving displacement of one cyclopentadienyl ring. Carbonylation has been examined in detail, leads ultimately to chromium hexacarbonyl. An intermediate is cyclopentadienylchromium tricarbonyl dimer: :2 Cr(C5H5)2 \+ 6 CO → [Cr(C5H5)(CO)3]2 \+ "(C5H5)2" Chromocene provides a convenient route for preparing the anhydrous form of chromium(II) acetate, a useful precursor to other chromium(II) compounds. The reaction involves the displacement of cyclopentadienyl ligands by the formation of cyclopentadiene: : 4 CH3CO2H + 2 Cr(C5H5)2 → Cr2(O2CCH3)4 \+ 4 C5H6 Chromocene decomposes on contact with silica gel to give the Union Carbide catalyst for ethylene polymerization, although other synthetic routes exist for the formation of this important catalyst.
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In March 2006, Kellestine asked the Winnipeg chapter for help. Kellestine, who frequently consumed the drugs he was supposed to sell and who was deeply in debt with the bank frequently threatening to foreclose on his farm he brought in 1982, had discovered that selling methamphetamine was a lucrative business, and was greatly annoyed when Muscedere had ordered him to stop selling methamphetamine, on the grounds that it was wrong. Muscedere was addicted to cocaine, but he felt that selling methamphetamine was wrong and forbade all Bandidos from selling "crystal meth". Stratford, Ontario is regarded as the "meth-making capital" of Canada, as methamphetamine is usually manufactured in rural areas since it emits an unpleasant smell and needs anhydrous ammonia as an ingredient, a fertilizer commonly sold in rural stores.
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Kellestine, who frequently consumed the drugs he was supposed to sell and who was deeply in debt, with the bank frequently threatening to foreclose on the farm he bought in 1982, had discovered that selling methamphetamine was a lucrative business, and was greatly annoyed when Muscedere had ordered him to stop selling methamphetamine, on the grounds that it was wrong. Muscedere was addicted to cocaine, but he felt that selling methamphetamine was wrong and forbade all Bandidos from selling "crystal meth". Stratford, Ontario, is regarded as the "meth-making capital" of Canada, as methamphetamine is usually manufactured in rural areas since it emits an unpleasant smell and needs anhydrous ammonia as an ingredient, a fertilizer commonly sold in rural stores. There was a huge demand for methamphetamine in Winnipeg.
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However, this model holds promise for its temperature regime, anhydrous conditions, and ability to control the quantity of guest molecules within the pores, all of which allowed for the tunability of proton conductivity. Additionally, the triazole-loaded PCMOF2 was incorporated into a H2/air membrane-electrode assembly and achieved an open circuit voltage of 1.18 V at 100 °C that was stable for 72 hours and managed to remain gas tight throughout testing. This was the first instance that proved MOFs could actually be implemented into functioning fuel cells, and the moderate potential difference showed that fuel crossover due to porosity was not an issue. To date, the highest proton conductivity achieved for a MOF electrolyte is 4.2 × 10−2 S/cm at 25 °C under humid conditions (98% RH), which is competitive with Nafion.
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The industrial synthesis of alkylated ketenedimers (at that time still called ketoethenones) was patented in 1945 from long-chain carboxylic acid chlorides in inert solvents (such as diethyl ether or benzene) with triethylamine as tertiary amine under anhydrous conditions. After filtration of the insoluble triethylamine hydrochloride and evaporation of the solvent, long-chain alkyl chain dimers are obtained in yields of more than 90%. Synthese von C18-AKD aus Stearoylchlorid The use of other solvents, such as carboxylic acid esters or ketones for easier separation of trialkylamine hydrochlorides or other amines, such as N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-hexane-1,6-diamine does not provide any significant advantages. Also processes without the solvent use are described, in which the resulting amine hydrochloride is either filtered off or extracted with diluted aqueous acids.
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The rubidium salt and the mixed rubidium-potassium salt crystallize as deep blue dihydrates in the triclinic space group, with the same structure. In these solids the croconate violet anion is almost planar, with the dicyanomethylene groups slightly twisted out of the mean plane. The aromatic character of the croconate core is retained or even enhanced, with strongly delocalized π electrons. The tetra-n-butylammonium salt (N()4)2 is an anhydrous metallic green solid, stable to 225 °C, that is highly soluble in organic solvents (in contrast to the dipotassium salt). Wagner M. Teles, Regis de A. Farani, Daniel S. Maia, Nivaldo L. Speziali, Maria Irene Yoshida, Luiz Fernando C. de Oliveira and Flávia C. Machado (2006), "Crystal structure, thermal analysis and spectroscopic properties of Tetrabutylammonium 3,5-bis(dicyanomethylene)-cyclopentane-1,2,4-trionate: An intriguing pseudo-oxocarbon and its zinc(II) complex".
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In this regard, the episodic formation of HT to UHT granulite-facies metamorphic rocks is temporally and spatially coupled with the breakup or attempting rupture of supercontinents in the plate tectonics context. Because UHT rocks are generally characterized by low water contents, this led to an illusion for the involvement of CO2-rich fluids in generating diagnostic UHT assemblages according to the finding of abundant pure CO2 fluid inclusions in these rocks. However, the extraction of liquid phases such as aqueous solutions and hydrous melts from anatectic systems during UHT metamorphism is so efficient that the common occurrence of pure CO2 fluid inclusions looks as if the incoming CO2 could have buffered the water activity and stabilized the anhydrous mineralogy of UHT rocks. Anatectic melts were variably extracted from anatectic systems, leading to granulite-migmatite-granite associations in accretionary and collisional orogens.
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Diagram showing a possible internal structure of Ceres Ceres's oblateness is consistent with a differentiated body, a rocky core overlain with an icy mantle. This 100-kilometer-thick mantle (23%–28% of Ceres by mass; 50% by volume)0.72–0.77 anhydrous rock by mass, per William B. McKinnon (2008) "On The Possibility Of Large KBOs Being Injected Into The Outer Asteroid Belt". American Astronomical Society, DPS meeting No. 40, #38.03 contains up to 200 million cubic kilometers of water, which would be more than the amount of fresh water on Earth. Also, some characteristics of its surface and history (such as its distance from the Sun, which weakened solar radiation enough to allow some fairly low-freezing-point components to be incorporated during its formation), point to the presence of volatile materials in the interior of Ceres.
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Beyond a 1:1 mixture of HCl and H2O, the system separates completely into two separate liquid phases. Hydrochloric acid forms an azeotrope with boiling point 108.58 °C at 20.22 g HCl per 100 g solution; thus hydrochloric acid cannot be concentrated beyond this point by distillation.Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 812–16 Unlike hydrogen fluoride, anhydrous liquid hydrogen chloride is difficult to work with as a solvent, because its boiling point is low, it has a small liquid range, its dielectric constant is low and it does not dissociate appreciably into H2Cl+ and ions – the latter, in any case, are much less stable than the bifluoride ions () due to the very weak hydrogen bonding between hydrogen and chlorine, though its salts with very large and weakly polarising cations such as Cs+ and (R = Me, Et, Bun) may still be isolated.
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821–44 Chlorination of metals with Cl2 usually leads to a higher oxidation state than bromination with Br2 when multiple oxidation states are available, such as in MoCl5 and MoBr3. Chlorides can be made by reaction of an element or its oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate with hydrochloric acid, and then dehydrated by mildly high temperatures combined with either low pressure or anhydrous hydrogen chloride gas. These methods work best when the chloride product is stable to hydrolysis; otherwise, the possibilities include high-temperature oxidative chlorination of the element with chlorine or hydrogen chloride, high- temperature chlorination of a metal oxide or other halide by chlorine, a volatile metal chloride, carbon tetrachloride, or an organic chloride. For instance, zirconium dioxide reacts with chlorine at standard conditions to produce zirconium tetrachloride, and uranium trioxide reacts with hexachloropropene when heated under reflux to give uranium tetrachloride.
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Anhydrous nitric acid may be made by distilling concentrated nitric acid with phosphorus pentoxide at low pressure in glass apparatus in the dark. It can only be made in the solid state, because upon melting it spontaneously decomposes to nitrogen dioxide, and liquid nitric acid undergoes self-ionisation to a larger extent than any other covalent liquid as follows: :2 HNO3 \+ H2O + [NO2]+ \+ [NO3]− Two hydrates, HNO3·H2O and HNO3·3H2O, are known that can be crystallised. It is a strong acid and concentrated solutions are strong oxidising agents, though gold, platinum, rhodium, and iridium are immune to attack. A 3:1 mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid and nitric acid, called aqua regia, is still stronger and successfully dissolves gold and platinum, because free chlorine and nitrosyl chloride are formed and chloride anions can form strong complexes.
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OSHA also cited the plant for violations of respiratory protection standards, but did not impose a fine. OSHA officials said the facility was not on their "National Emphasis Plan" for inspections, because it was not a manufacturer, had no record of a major accident, and the Environmental Protection Agency did not consider it a major risk. Map of West, Texas After a complaint in 2006 about an ammonia smell coming from the facility, the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality investigated and cited the operator for not having a permit for two storage tanks that contained anhydrous ammonia. A permit was issued once the operators brought the facility into accord with agency regulations and recommendations. Also in 2006, the EPA fined the owners $2,300 for problems that included not filing a risk management program plan on time.
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A hemihydrate form of estradiol, estradiol hemihydrate, is widely used medically under a large number of brand names similarly to estradiol. In terms of activity and bioequivalence, estradiol and its hemihydrate are identical, with the only disparities being an approximate 3% difference in potency by weight (due to the presence of water molecules in the hemihydrate form of the substance) and a slower rate of release with certain formulations of the hemihydrate. This is because estradiol hemihydrate is more hydrated than anhydrous estradiol, and for this reason, is more insoluble in water in comparison, which results in slower absorption rates with specific formulations of the drug such as vaginal tablets. Estradiol hemihydrate has also been shown to result in less systemic absorption as a vaginal tablet formulation relative to other topical estradiol formulations such as vaginal creams.
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NpOF3 and NpOF4 can be produced by reacting neptunium oxides with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride at various temperatures. Neptunium also forms a wide variety of fluoride compounds with various elements. Some of these that have been characterized include CsNpF6, Rb2NpF7, Na3NpF8, and K3NpO2F5. Two neptunium chlorides, NpCl3 and NpCl4, have been characterized. Although several attempts to create NpCl5 have been made, they have not been successful. NpCl3 is created by reducing neptunium dioxide with hydrogen and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and NpCl4 by reacting a neptunium oxide with CCl4 at around 500 °C. Other neptunium chloride compounds have also been reported, including NpOCl2, Cs2NpCl6, Cs3NpO2Cl4, and Cs2NaNpCl6. Neptunium bromides NpBr3 and NpBr4 have also been created; the latter by reacting aluminium bromide with NpO2 at 350 °C and the former in an almost identical procedure but with zinc present.
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Hypophosphoric acid can be prepared by the reaction of red phosphorus with sodium chlorite at room temperature.Phosphorus: Chemistry, Biochemistry and Technology, Sixth Edition, 2013, D.E.C. Corbridge, CRC Pres, Taylor Francis Group, :2 P + 2 NaClO2 \+ 2 H2O → Na2H2P2O6 \+ 2 HCl A mixture of hypophosphoric acid, phosphorous acid (H3PO3) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is produced when white phosphorus oxidises in air when partially immersed in water. The tetrasodium salt Na4P2O6·10H2O crystallises at pH 10 and the disodium salt, Na2H2PO6·6H2O at pH 5.2. The disodium salt can be passed through an ion exchange column to form the acid dihydrate, H4P2O6·2H2O. The anhydrous acid can be formed by vacuum dehydration over P4O10 or by the reaction of H2S on lead hypophosphate, Pb2P2O6. Hypophosphoric acid is tetraprotic with dissociation constants pKa1 = 2.2, pKa2 = 2.8, pKa3 = 7.3 and pKa4 = 10.0.
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Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1107–8 Lanthanum fluoride is insoluble in water and can be used as a qualitative test for the presence of La3+. The heavier halides are all very soluble deliquescent compounds. The anhydrous halides are produced by direct reaction of their elements, as heating the hydrates causes hydrolysis: for example, heating hydrated LaCl3 produces LaOCl. Lanthanum reacts exothermically with hydrogen to produce the dihydride LaH2, a black, pyrophoric, brittle, conducting compound with the calcium fluoride structure. This is a non-stoichiometric compound, and further absorption of hydrogen is possible, with a concomitant loss of electrical conductivity, until the more salt-like LaH3 is reached. Like LaI2 and LaI, LaH2 is probably an electride compound. Due to the large ionic radius and great electropositivity of La3+, there is not much covalent contribution to its bonding and hence it has a limited coordination chemistry, like yttrium and the other lanthanides.
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Frémy's work included investigations of osmic acid, the ferrates, stannates, plumbates, and other oxometallates, as well as ozone; attempts to obtain free fluorine by the electrolysis of fused fluorides; and the discovery of anhydrous hydrofluoric acid and a series of acides sulphazotés, the precise nature of which long remained a matter of discussion. He also studied the coloring of leaves and flowers, the composition of bone, cerebral matter, and other animal substances, and the processes of fermentation, in which he was an opponent of Pasteur's views. Keenly alive to the importance of the technical applications of chemistry, Frémy devoted special attention as a teacher to the training of industrial chemists. In this field he contributed to our knowledge of the manufacture of iron and steel, sulfuric acid, glass, and paper, and in particular worked at the saponification of fats with sulfuric acid and the utilization of palmitic acid for candle-making.
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Alkali metal cations do not usually form coordination complexes with simple Lewis bases due to their low charge of just +1 and their relatively large size; thus the Li+ ion forms most complexes and the heavier alkali metal ions form less and less (though exceptions occur for weak complexes). Lithium in particular has a very rich coordination chemistry in which it exhibits coordination numbers from 1 to 12, although octahedral hexacoordination is its preferred mode. In aqueous solution, the alkali metal ions exist as octahedral hexahydrate complexes ([M(H2O)6)]+), with the exception of the lithium ion, which due to its small size forms tetrahedral tetrahydrate complexes ([Li(H2O)4)]+); the alkali metals form these complexes because their ions are attracted by electrostatic forces of attraction to the polar water molecules. Because of this, anhydrous salts containing alkali metal cations are often used as desiccants.
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Next, the acidic solution is neutralized with hydroxides to pH = 5.8 that results in precipitation of thorium hydroxide (Th(OH)4) contaminated with ~3% of rare- earth hydroxides; the rest of rare-earth hydroxides remains in solution. Thorium hydroxide is dissolved in an inorganic acid and then purified from the rare earth elements. An efficient method is the dissolution of thorium hydroxide in nitric acid, because the resulting solution can be purified by extraction with organic solvents: Separation of uranium and plutonium from nuclear fuelGreenwood, pp. 1255, 1261 :Th(OH)4 \+ 4 HNO3 → Th(NO3)4 \+ 4 H2O Metallic thorium is separated from the anhydrous oxide, chloride or fluoride by reacting it with calcium in an inert atmosphere: :ThO2 \+ 2 Ca → 2 CaO + Th Sometimes thorium is extracted by electrolysis of a fluoride in a mixture of sodium and potassium chloride at 700–800 °C in a graphite crucible.
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Trifluoroperacetic acid can be easily prepared by an Organic Syntheses process of treating trifluoroacetic anhydride with a concentrated (90%) aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide: : \+ -> \+ As the anhydride will form trifluoroacetic acid in contact with water, an excess of the anhydride also serves to remove the solvent from the peroxide reactant: : \+ -> 2 A more dilute hydrogen peroxide solution (30%) can be used to form trifluoroperacetic acid for some reactions from trifluoroacetic acid. : \+ -> \+ In order to avoid the danger of handling pure or highly concentrated solutions of hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen peroxide – urea can be used to give the peracid. This method involves no water, so it gives a completely anhydrous peracid, which is an advantage when the presence of water leads to side reactions during certain oxidation reactions. : \+ -> \+ \+ In cases where a pH buffering agent is needed for a synthesis and where the presence of water is tolerated, another approach has been developed.
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Furthermore, the volumes were both a scientific and a political enterprise for Priestley, in which he argues that science could destroy "undue and usurped authority" and that government has "reason to tremble even at an air pump or an electrical machine".Qtd. in Kramnick, 11–12; see also Schofield (2004), 121–24. Volume I of Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air outlined several discoveries: "nitrous air" (nitric oxide, NO); "vapor of spirit of salt", later called "acid air" or "marine acid air" (anhydrous hydrochloric acid, HCl); "alkaline air" (ammonia, NH3); "diminished" or "dephlogisticated nitrous air" (nitrous oxide, N2O); and, most famously, "dephlogisticated air" (oxygen, O2) as well as experimental findings that showed plants revitalised enclosed volumes of air, a discovery that would eventually lead to the discovery of photosynthesis. Priestley also developed a "nitrous air test" to determine the "goodness of air".
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Advertisement for Bayer Heroin The opium poppy was cultivated in lower Mesopotamia as long ago as 3400 BC. The chemical analysis of opium in the 19th century revealed that most of its activity could be ascribed to the alkaloids codeine and morphine. Diamorphine was first synthesized in 1874 by C. R. Alder Wright, an English chemist working at St. Mary's Hospital Medical School in London who had been experimenting combining morphine with various acids. He boiled anhydrous morphine alkaloid with acetic anhydride for several hours and produced a more potent, acetylated form of morphine which is now called diacetylmorphine or morphine diacetate. He sent the compound to F. M. Pierce of Owens College in Manchester for analysis. Pierce told Wright: Bayer Heroin bottle Wright's invention did not lead to any further developments, and diamorphine became popular only after it was independently re-synthesized 23 years later by chemist Felix Hoffmann.
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More dependable and scalable procedures have been developed, two examples being the syntheses of McCarry and Varasi. McCarry’s synthesis is a three step synthesis involving a lithium acetylide produced from propargyl chloride. The acetylide (3), was dissolved in ether, cooled to -40°C, and treated with excess propargyl chloride to afford ethyl 4-chlorotetrolate (4) in a 70% yield. (4) was then added to a solution of water, methanol and hydroxylamine at -35°C . At a pH of between 8.5 and 9, the isoxazole (5) was recovered in a 41% yield. Muscimol was formed in a 65% yield when (5) was dissolved in a saturated solution of methanol and anhydrous ammonia and heated from 0°C to 50°C. The total yield was 18.7%. 750px Varasi’s synthesis is notable for its inexpensive starting materials and mild conditions. It begins with the combination of 2,3-Dichloro-1-propene (6), potassium bicarbonate, water, and dibromoformaldoxime (7), all dissolved in ethyl acetate.
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A number of chemical reactions have water as a product. If the reactions take place at temperatures higher than the dew point of the surrounding air the water will be formed as vapor and increase the local humidity, if below the dew point local condensation will occur. Typical reactions that result in water formation are the burning of hydrogen or hydrocarbons in air or other oxygen containing gas mixtures, or as a result of reactions with oxidizers. In a similar fashion other chemical or physical reactions can take place in the presence of water vapor resulting in new chemicals forming such as rust on iron or steel, polymerization occurring (certain polyurethane foams and cyanoacrylate glues cure with exposure to atmospheric humidity) or forms changing such as where anhydrous chemicals may absorb enough vapor to form a crystalline structure or alter an existing one, sometimes resulting in characteristic color changes that can be used for measurement.
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The colorants, stylistic elements, and material components allow a better understanding of certain differences, as well as technical relationships between the codices, which contribute to the overall knowledge of the codex- making tradition in Mesoamerica. Infrared spectroscopy allowed for analysis of the white layer covering on each side of the Codex Cospi and Codex Ferjérváry- Mayer to be identified as a composition of gypsum and calcium carbonate. The white layer on the Codex Ferjérváry-Mayer is “composed of a mixture of two different hydration forms of calcium sulfate: gypsum and anhydrite (anhydrous calcium sulfate)”. In all the codices that were analyzed, the white layer on the back and front of each codex were identical in composition which provides evidence that the white background was “prepared in a single moment, independently from the painting sessions”. Analysis between the codices have indicated “clear-cut division between the Borgia group and Mixtec codices,” which have gypsum-based paint covering an animal skin support, in contrast with the Maya codices which have a calcium carbonate-base covering a paper support.
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Solution-phase reaction has historically been the method that has been most studied, and a general consensus that has evolved with regards to the conditions required for the formation of smooth aminosilane films includes the following: (1) an anhydrous solvent such as toluene is required, with a rigidly controlled trace amount of water to regulate the degree of polymerization of aminosilanes at the surface and in solution; (2) formation of oligomers and polymers is favored at higher silane concentrations (>10%); (3) moderate temperatures (60–90 °C) can disrupt non- covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonds, leading to fewer silane molecules that are weakly tethered to the surface. Additionally, condition (3) favors desorption of water from the substrate into the toluene phase20; (4) Rinsing with solvents such as toluene, ethanol and water following the silanization reaction favors the removal of weakly bonded silane molecules and the hydrolysis of residual alkoxy linkages in the layer; (5) drying and curing at high temperature (110 °C) favors the formation of siloxane linkages and also converts ammonium ions to the neutral amine, which is more reactive.
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The crystal structure of phase 3 is triclinic with space group P\bar 1 and z = 2. The solid consists polymeric aquohydroxo cations, in the form of double chains of magnesium atoms surrounded and bridged by the oxygen atoms in hydroxy groups and complexed water molecules. These linear cations are interleaved and neutralized by chloride anions and some unbound water molecules, yielding the general formula []n+ ·n · n. The structure of phase 5 is believed to be similar, with generic formula []n+·n · n(4-x). The anhydrous forms of phase 3 and phase 5 have the same structure as : namely, layers of magnesium cations, each sandwiched between two layers of hydroxy or chloride anions. Phase 5 crystals form as long needles consisting of rolled-up sheets.B. Tooper and L. Cartz (1966): "Structure and Formation of Magnesium Oxychloride Sorel Cements". Nature, volume 211, pages 64–66. The Raman spectrum of phase 3 has peaks at 3639 and 3657 cm−1, whereas phase 5 has peaks at 3608 and 3691 cm−1, and brucite has a peak at 3650 cm−1.
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Nearly all elements in the periodic table form binary iodides. The exceptions are decidedly in the minority and stem in each case from one of three causes: extreme inertness and reluctance to participate in chemical reactions (the noble gases); extreme nuclear instability hampering chemical investigation before decay and transmutation (many of the heaviest elements beyond bismuth); and having an electronegativity higher than iodine's (oxygen, nitrogen, and the first three halogens), so that the resultant binary compounds are formally not iodides but rather oxides, nitrides, or halides of iodine. (Nonetheless, nitrogen triiodide is named as an iodide as it is analogous to the other nitrogen trihalides.) Given the large size of the iodide anion and iodine's weak oxidising power, high oxidation states are difficult to achieve in binary iodides, the maximum known being in the pentaiodides of niobium, tantalum, and protactinium. Iodides can be made by reaction of an element or its oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate with hydroiodic acid, and then dehydrated by mildly high temperatures combined with either low pressure or anhydrous hydrogen iodide gas.
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Tin(II) bis(trimethylsilyl)amide is prepared from anhydrous tin(II) chloride and is commercially available. It is used to prepare other metal bis(trimethylsilylamide)s via transmetallation. The group 13 and bismuth(III) bis(trimethylsilyl)amides are prepared in the same manner; the aluminium complex may also be prepared by treating strongly basic lithium aluminium hydride with the parent amine: : LiAlH4 \+ 4 HN(SiMe3)2 → Li(hmds) + Al(hmds)3 \+ 4 H2 An alternative synthesis of tetrasulfur tetranitride entails the use of a metal bis(trimethylsilyl)amide [(Me3Si)2N]2S as a precursor with pre- formed S-N bonds. [(Me3Si)2N]2S is prepared by the reaction of lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide and sulfur dichloride (SCl2). :2 [(CH3)3Si]2NLi + SCl2 → [((CH3)3Si)2N]2S + 2 LiCl The metal bis(trimethylsilyl)amide ' reacts with the combination of SCl2 and sulfuryl chloride (SO2Cl2) to form S4N4, trimethylsilyl chloride, and sulfur dioxide: :2[((CH3)3Si)2N]2S + 2SCl2 \+ 2SO2Cl2 → S4N4 \+ 8 (CH3)3SiCl + 2SO2 Tetraselenium tetranitride, Se4N4, is a compound analogous to tetrasulfur tetranitride and can be synthesized by the reaction of selenium tetrachloride with '.
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With polyols containing cis-vicinal diols, such as glycerol and mannitol, the acidity of the boric acid solution is increased. With different mannitol concentrations, the pK of B(OH)3 extends on five orders of magnitude (from 9 to 4): this exacerbed acidity of boric acid in the presence of mannitol is also sometimes referred as "mannitoboric acid". Greenwood and Earnshawn (1997) refer to a pK value of 5.15 while a pK value of 3.80 is also reported in Vogel's book. This is due to the formation of a boron-mannitol chelate, [B(C6H8O2(OH)4)2]−, also known as mannitoborate complex, according to the following complexation reaction releasing a proton: : ⇌ + 3 H2O + H+ :(pKa ranging from 4 to 9, depending on the mannitol concentration) This feature is used in analytical chemistry to determine the boron content in aqueous solution by potentiometric titration with a strong base, such as NaOH. Boric acid also dissolves in anhydrous sulfuric acid: :B(OH)3 \+ 6 H2SO4 → B(HSO4)4− \+ 2 HSO4− \+ 3 H3O+ Boric acid reacts with alcohols to form borate esters, B(OR)3 where R is alkyl or aryl.
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AgF2 is a strong fluorinating and oxidising agent. It is formed as an intermediate in the catalysis of gaseous reactions with fluorine by silver. With fluoride ions, it forms complex ions such as , the blue-violet , and . It is used in the fluorination and preparation of organic perfluorocompounds. This type of reaction can occur in three different ways (here Z refers to any element or group attached to carbon, X is a halogen): # CZ3H + 2 AgF2 → CZ3F + HF + 2 AgF # CZ3X + 2AgF2 → CZ3F + X2 \+ 2 AgF # Z2C=CZ2 \+ 2 AgF2 → Z2CFCFZ2 \+ 2 AgF Similar transformations can also be effected using other high valence metallic fluorides such as CoF3, MnF3, CeF4, and PbF4. is also used in the fluorination of aromatic compounds, although selective monofluorinations are more difficult: :C6H6 \+ 2 AgF2 → C6H5F + 2 AgF + HF oxidises xenon to xenon difluoride in anhydrous HF solutions. :2 AgF2 \+ Xe → 2 AgF + XeF2 It also oxidises carbon monoxide to carbonyl fluoride. :2 AgF2 \+ CO → 2 AgF + COF2 It reacts with water to form oxygen gas: :4 AgF2 \+ 4 H2O → 2 Ag2O + 8 HF + O2 can be used to selectively fluorinate pyridine at the ortho position under mild conditions.
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Diborane also reacts readily with alkynes to form substituted alkene products which will readily undergo further addition reactions. As a pyrophoric substance, diborane reacts exothermically with oxygen to form boron trioxide and water, so much that it was considered as a possible rocket or ramjet propellant but discarded because back then it was too expensive and dangerous to handle: : 2 B2H6 \+ 6 O2 → 2 B2O3 \+ 6 H2O (ΔHr = –2035 kJ/mol = –73.47 kJ/g) Diborane also reacts violently with water to form hydrogen and boric acid: : B2H6 \+ 6 H2O → 2 B(OH)3 \+ 6 H2 (ΔHr = –466 kJ/mol = –16.82 kJ/g) Diborane also reacts with methanol to give hydrogen and trimethoxyborate ester: : B2H6 \+ 6 MeOH → 2 B(OMe)3 \+ 6 H2 Treating diborane with sodium amalgam gives NaBH4 and Na[B3H8] When diborane is treated with lithium hydride in diethyl ether, Lithium borohydride is formed: : B2H6 \+ 2 LiH → 2 LiBH4 Diborane reacts with anhydrous hydrogen chloride or hydrogen bromide gas to give a boron halohydride: : B2H6 \+ HX → B2H5X + H2 (X = Cl, Br) Treating diborane with carbon monoxide at 470 K and 20 bar gives H3BCO.
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Hunt, V, D, The Gasohol Handbook, Industrial Press Inc., 1981, pp 9, 420,421, 442 At that time, other car manufacturers also provided engines for ethanol fuel use. Thereafter, and as a response to the 1973 and 1979 energy crises, the first modern vehicle capable of running with pure hydrous ethanol (E100) was launched in the Brazilian market, the Fiat 147, after testing with several prototypes developed by the Brazilian subsidiaries of Fiat, Volkswagen, General Motors and Ford. , there were 1.1 million neat ethanol vehicles still in use in Brazil. Since 2003, Brazilian newer flex-fuel vehicles are capable of running on pure hydrous ethanol (E100) or blended with any combination of E20 to E27.5 gasoline Print edition No. 1941 (a mixture made with anhydrous ethanol), the national mandatory blend. , there were 17.1 million flexible-fuel vehicles running on Brazilian roads. E100 imposes a limitation on normal vehicle operation, as ethanol's lower evaporative pressure (as compared to gasoline) causes problems when cold starting the engine at temperatures below . For this reason, both pure ethanol and E100 flex-fuel vehicles are built with an additional small gasoline reservoir inside the engine compartment to help in starting the engine when cold by initially injecting gasoline.
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By 1917, the Hercules plant had become the largest producer of TNT in the country. During both World Wars Hercules Powder Company, along with Giant Powder Works in neighboring Pinole, supplied the U.S. Navy with explosives through the Port Chicago Magazine (location of the infamous Port Chicago disaster in 1944) which became the now closed Concord Naval Weapons Station. By the 1940s, Hercules organized its own law enforcement department and longtime Hercules Powder Company employee William Darke was named sheriff, becoming its first officer. After World War II the company began to diversify its production line and build an anhydrous ammonia plant, a base for fertilizer. Explosive manufacturing was discontinued in Hercules in 1964 (neighboring Giant Powder stopped its operations in 1960). In 1974, the cessation of explosives production allowed hundreds of acres of protective “buffer” land (separated by large stands of eucalyptus trees, many of which still stand) to be reused for other purposes. Starting in 1974, real estate development companies began to develop the land and Hercules began to transform into the bedroom community it is known as today. Eventually, the ammonia plant began to be outcompeted by foreign manufacturers, and this combined with labor issues, resulted in its permanent closure in 1976.
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The medieval Muslims used the distillation process extensively, and applied it to the distillation of alcohol. The Arab chemist Al-Kindi unambiguously described the distillation of wine in the 9th century. The Persian physician, alchemist, polymath and philosopher Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (854 CE – 925 CE) is credited with the discovery of ethanol. The process later spread from the Middle East to Italy. Production of alcohol from distilled wine was later recorded by the School of Salerno alchemists in the 12th century. Mention of absolute alcohol, in contrast with alcohol-water mixtures, was later made by Raymond Lull in the 14th century. In China, archaeological evidence indicates that the true distillation of alcohol began during the 12th century Jin or Southern Song dynasties. A still has been found at an archaeological site in Qinglong, Hebei, dating to the 12th century. In India, the true distillation of alcohol was introduced from the Middle East, and was in wide use in the Delhi Sultanate by the 14th century. In 1796, German-Russian chemist Johann Tobias Lowitz obtained pure ethanol by mixing partially purified ethanol (the alcohol-water azeotrope) with an excess of anhydrous alkali and then distilling the mixture over low heat.
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