993 Sentences With "alga" | Random Sentence Generator

"For its part, the alga undergoes drastic changes," said Burns.

Pizza con alga wakame, polpo affumicato e vinaigrette alla soia!

And indeed, the intracellular alga do appear relatively starved for sulfur.

This suggests that the alga is in a relatively low oxygen environment.

Previously, the oldest known fossilized green alga was 800 million years old.

You wouldn't spot an alga in the birdbath, but you know when you have algae.

Some of these symbiotic arrangements between alga and animal are, however, more heat-sensitive than others.

It happens to look a whole lot like Bangia, a fresh water red alga that still exists today.

Here, there's soy protein and alga oil for nutrition, with actual coffee and L-theanine to reduce the jitters.

They gathered lichens and looked for genetic differences in the symbiotic fungus and alga known to be shared by both species.

I asked if he was related to an Alga Mae and he said he didn't think so, but I still wonder.

Such is the case with an ancient alga, Bangiomorpha pubescens, which might be our great (great great great great..., etc.) grandparent—maybe.

The prevailing definition of a lichen is that it arises from a symbiosis between a fungus and a photosynthesizing alga or bacteria.

Instead of studying only one fungus and one alga, they looked for genetic differences in all fungi between the two lichen species.

Although the blooms -- of the alga Karenia brevis -- occur naturally, many people, including Brand, blame agricultural runoff and septic tanks in the area.

The spring runways were all about fruit prints, and this sweet bikini from the Greek swimwear label Alga hits all the right notes.

At Central, chaco clay forms part of the "Green Highlands" plate with cushuro (a freshwater alga sometimes known as "Andean caviar") and cacao.

Dr. Spribille was curious about two species of lichens that are known to consist of the same fungus and alga, but appear wildly different.

You've probably heard of lichens, complex organisms consisting of a fungus and an alga (and sometimes a bacterium) that break down rocks to create soil.

I doubt I was the only one with "gab" for GAS, and a few other clues mildly misdirected me — ALGA, TISSUE and IN DEBT, for example.

The various specimens of green-alga strain CCCryo 101-99 grew new populations after gliding in low-Earth orbit for 450 days on the outside of the ISS.

"Also, though photosynthesis seems to be tuned down, it is still active and may be aiding the alga to use some energy from the sun through modified pathways," said Burns.

"A red tide, or harmful algal bloom, is a higher-than-normal concentration of a microscopic alga (plantlike organism)," explains the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, in a statement .

Upper: Algae colony (Asterionella), lower: 2 Volvox colonies, 1952 Alga-Freshwater (Alge Spirogyra setiformis), 1928 Square Form of a Diatom, 1929 Anchor's Composition (Synapta), 1952 Carl Strüwe took only two kinds of photographs.

Under a microscope, that green liquid is full of Mallomonas, an alga that has become common in recent layers of Walden sediments and in the sediments of many other lakes around the world.

One of Mr Nazarbayev's opponents in the presidential election of 2011 admitted that he was not planning to vote for himself, but for the "Leader of the Nation", as Mr Nazarbayev is known. Alga!

Cuando el alga comenzó a teñir de marrón las playas caribeñas, Chuanmin Hu, investigador de la Universidad del Sur de Florida, y un grupo de colegas utilizaron imágenes satelitales para saber de dónde provenía.

They then inserted into their bacterium a gene (made from the four standard bases) that encodes a transport protein (found in Phaeodactylum tricornutum, an alga), which allows the bacterium to ship the new bases across its cell wall.

"I thought it would create an amazing abstract aerial photo, with the white of the salt contrasting against the bright pink colors, thanks to the proliferation of a red alga, the Dunaliella salina," Chesnel said in a statement.

Click here to view original GIFMeet the Lichen Katydid, an insect that has such impressive camouflage skills that it can hide in plain sight when walking on a lichen (a plant-like composite organism of an alga and a fungus).

"The fossil red alga Bangiomorpha pubescens is the only recognized crown-group eukaryote older than [~800 million years ago] and marks the earliest known expression of extant forms of multicellularity and eukaryotic photosynthesis," the study authors write in a new paper published in Geology.

Nuevos hallazgos publicados el 22 de enero en la revista Geology revelaron que la cianobacteria —el alga verdeazulada responsable de proliferaciones tóxicas dañinas— se movió al interior del cráter unos años después del impacto (en términos biológicos sucedió en un abrir y cerrar de ojos).

For example: letdown birdie carbine mandrake alga gag (don't use this one though, we just burned it.) Once you have that you can use unique passwords made of a lot of characters for everything else, as long as you create them with a password manager and never reuse them.

The team of scientists, who published their findings in Nature Communications, developed their new technique by merging their knowledge on bioluminescence (based on their previous research of green alga Chlamydomonas, a single cell organism found in water and on damp soil) with a new biological technique called optogenetics—a method that uses light, mostly fluorescence, to control cells in living tissue.

Thalassocystis is a genus of alga known from the Silurian of Michigan. It is possibly a red alga or a brown alga.

This small parasitic alga grows on the red alga Polysiphonia lanosa. It grows as an irregular sphere on the fronds of the alga, reaching no more than 1 mm in extent.Irvine, L.M.1983. Seaweeds of the British Isles Volume 1 Rhodophyta Part 2A Cryptonemiales (sensu stricto) Palmariales, Rhodymeniales.

Paramecia is a non-mineralized Ediacaran alga with a differentiated, compartmentalized thallus. This alga probably had multiple phases in its lifecycle, as possible reproductive structures have been identified.

Like all lichens, this species involves a mutual relationship between an alga and a fungus; in this instance the alga is a green alga, but not Trentepohlia. Reproduction in this species is mainly by fragmentation of the thallus, with an apparent absence of spore production limiting its ability to recolonise parts of its range where it has been extirpated.

The alga genus Rosenvingea Børgesen is named in his honour.

Chondria is a red alga genus in the family Rhodomelaceae.

Gymnothamnion is a red alga genus in the family Wrangeliaceae.

Rhodokrambe laingioides is a species of Antarctic marine red alga.

Leniea lubrica is a species of Antarctic marine red alga.

Varimenia macropustulosa is a species of Antarctic marine red alga.

Nereoginkgo populifolia is a species of Antarctic marine red alga.

Bryopsidella ostreobiformis is a species of green alga from Croatia.

Claudea is a marine red alga genus in the family Delesseriaceae.

Polysiphonia nigra is species of marine alga in the division Rhodophyta.

Ceramium echionotum is a small marine alga in the division Rhodophyta.

Myriogramme is a genus of red alga comprising approximately 34 species.

Polysiphonia simulans is a small marine alga in the division Rhodophyta.

Nemalion helminthoides is a small marine alga in the division Rhodophyta.

Diphlorethol is a phlorotannin found in the brown alga Cystophora retroflexa.

Chara elegans is a green alga species in the genus Chara.

Pseudogrinnellia is a genus of red alga in the family Delesseriaceae.

Acrochaetium efflorescens is a small marine red alga. It is a small alga with erect filaments and spiral shaped plastids. The base is multicellular. The species shows an alternation of generations with both tetrasporic and gametophytic stages.

Similar structures have been discovered in the brown alga Laminaria sinclairii, with 18 or 20 carbons and 4, 5 or 6 double bonds, and in the red alga Polyneura latissima, with 20 carbons and 5 double bonds.

Cystoseira foeniculacea is a species of brown alga in the genus Cystoseira.

Ceramium virgatum, or the red hornweed, is a small red marine alga.

Phyllophora pseudoceranoides, the stalked leaf bearer, is a small marine red alga.

Choreocolax polysiphoniae is a minute marine parasitic alga in the division Rhodophyta.

Phyllophora sicula, the hand leaf bearer, is a small red marine alga.

The other photobiont of L. pulmonaria is the green alga Dictyochloropsis reticulata.

This microscopic alga can be spread in a single drop of water.

Thallophycoides is an undifferentiated, globular, non-mineralized alga from the Ediacaran period.

After taking samples of this red alga it turned out that they contained two toxins which were identical with aplysiatoxin and debromoaplysiatoxin. Moreover, they observed parasitism of a blue-green alga on the surface of G. coronopifolia. In view of the fact that some blue-green alga like L. majuscula produce aplysiatoxin and debromoaplysiatoxin, it’s probable that they are the true origin of this food poisoning case.

Gigantea is a genus of brown alga with a single species Gigantea bulbosa.

Gastroclonium reflexum is a small red alga (Rhodophyta) reported from Ireland and Britain.

Polysiphonia furcellata (C.Agardh) Harvey is small marine red alga in the Division Rhodophyta.

The Delessericaeae is a family of about 100 genera of marine red alga.

Petrophyton is a genus of alga that falls in the coralline stem group.

Wahpia is a genus of alga known from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale.

Phycodrys rubens is a red marine alga of up to 30 cm long.

Second edition Wild Nature Press, Plymouth. UK is a small red marine alga.

Brongniartella is a genus of red alga, named after French naturalist Adolphe Brongniart.

Minium is a genus of thalloid alga. The thalli take a crustose form.

Diploria labyrinthiformis hosts Zooxanthella, a symbiotic dinoflagellate alga. The alga benefits from being in a protective environment in an elevated position. The coral benefits from the nutrients produced photosynthetically by the alga which provides part of its needs for growth and calcification. The coral also has a relationship with Diadema antillarum, the long-spined urchin, whose grazing helps to reduce the effects of shading, as well as the overgrowth of macroalgae.

Chara vulgaris, the common stonewort, is a green alga species in the genus Chara.

Polyides rotunda is a species of small red marine alga in the family Polyidaceae.

The habit of algal attachment to its burrow facilitates the colonization of the alga.

Polysiphonia fibrillosa (Dillwyn) Sprengel is a species of marine red alga in the Rhodophyta.

The overall primary sex ratio of this alga is about 1:1 which is likely to reflect Fisherian selection.Bast, F., Hiraoka, M., & Okuda, K. 2009. Spatiotemporal Sex Ratios of a Dioecious Marine Green Alga: Monostroma latissimum (Kützing) Wittrock. International Journal on Algae.

Debromoaplysiatoxin is a toxic agent produced by the blue-green alga Lyngbya majuscula. This alga lives in marine waters and causes seaweed dermatitis. Furthermore, it is a tumor promoter which has an anti-proliferative activity against various cancer cell lines in mice.

Wrangelia penicillata at 2m depth. Wrangeliaceae is a red alga family in the order Ceramiales.

The alga can also reproduce vegetatively, with cup-shaped new growths developing on old fronds.

Alga is a village in Batken Region of Kyrgyzstan. Its population was 2,542 in 2009.

Carrageenan, from the red alga Chondrus crispus, is used as a stabilizer in milk products.

When a eukaryote engulfs a red or a green alga and retains the algal plastid, that plastid is typically surrounded by more than two membranes. In some cases these plastids may be reduced in their metabolic and/or photosynthetic capacity. Algae with complex plastids derived by secondary endosymbiosis of a red alga include the heterokonts, haptophytes, cryptomonads, and most dinoflagellates (= rhodoplasts). Those that endosymbiosed a green alga include the euglenids and chlorarachniophytes (= chloroplasts).

Chlorarachnion reptans is a chlorarachniophyte. Chlorarachniophytes replaced their original red algal endosymbiont with a green alga.

Polysiphonia opaca (C.Agardh) Moris et De Notaris is a small marine alga in the division Rhodophyta.

He made his professional debut in the Soviet Second League in 1977 for FC Alga Frunze.

Illustration of Odonthalia dentata (formerly Fucus dentatus) Odonthalia dentata is a medium sized marine red alga.

Palmoclathrus is a monotypic genus of alga. The only species in the genus is Palmoclathrus stipitatus.

In 1969, he began his professional career for the Lokomotiv Moscow. Since 1970 until 1975 he played for the Alga Frunze as a forward or midfielder. In 1984, he started his coaching career in Alga Frunze. Later he coached MC Oran, FC Zhetysu, Astana and Dordoi-Dynamo.

Padina boergesenii, commonly known as the leafy rolled-blade alga, is a species of small brown alga found in the tropical and subtropical western Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Pacific Ocean. This seaweed was named in honour of the Danish botanist and phycologist Frederik Børgesen.

The majority of species contain just a cyanobacterium, a smaller number have both a cyanobacterium and a green alga while only a few species have just a green alga. The thallus of the lichen may be foliose (leafy), subfruticose (somewhat shrubby) or granular-squamulose (scaly). The thallus attaches to a surface by means of small root-like rhizines. In some species, the thallus may vary in appearance depending on whether it contains a cyanobacterium or a green alga.

Austropugetia is a genus of marine red alga. It is monotypic, containing only the species Austropugetia crassa.

Other coral dwelling fish like Paragobiodon echinocephalus actively trim the alga even though they don't eat it.

Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, known as under tongue weed, is a small red marine alga in the family Delesseriaceae.

Ulva linza is a green alga in the family Ulvaceae that can be found in British Isles.

The storm damaged or destroyed numerous boats in Charlo, New Brunswick. Oceanic currents produced by the storm washed cells of the harmful alga Alexandrium fundyense south and west into the coastal waters of New England. The alga releases toxins that cause shellfish poisoning and is native to the Bay of Fundy. Several weeks after the storm, a massive bloom of the alga occurred offshore the northeastern United States for the first time, and the species bloomed every year post-Carrie.

The orange/pink colour of salt lakes across the world is caused by the green alga Dunaliella salina and the archaea Halobacterium cutirubrum. Dunaliella salina is the most salt tolerant alga known and can grow in salinity as high as 35% NaCl (in comparison to seawater, which contains approximately 3% NaCl). At high salinity, temperature and light, this alga accumulates the red carotenoid pigment, beta-carotene. This is the same pigment that gives carrots, which contain 0.3% of beta-carotene, their colour.

Raphidonema is a genus of filamentous green alga comprising five species. It is a member of the Trebouxiophyceae.

Monostroma kuroshiense, an edible green alga cultivated worldwide and most expensive among green algae, belongs to this group.

Sargachromanols are bio-active isolates of the brown alga Sargassum siliquastrum. Sargachromanol G (SG) has anti-inflammatory effect.

The alga bears its own scientific name, which bears no relationship to that of the lichen or fungi.

The zygote then undergoes meiosis and reproduces asexually to form the filamentous green alga which is haploid (1n).

Centrin was first isolated and characterized from the flagellar roots of the green alga Tetraselmis striata in 1984.

Gymnocoidum is a genus of calcareous alga known from Permian strata. For details of its classification, see Gymnocodiaceae.

Pseudoalteromonas ulvae is a marine bacterium isolated from the alga Ulva lactuca at the intertidal zone near Sydney.

About 90% of all known lichens have a green alga as a symbiont. Among these, Trebouxia is the most common genus, occurring in about 20% of all lichens. The second most commonly represented green alga genus is Trentepohlia. Overall, about 100 species are known to occur as autotrophs in lichens.

H. arenicola is a protist with one rounded cell having two flagella for locomotion. It feeds on algae using a complex feeding tube when it leads an independent life. The feeding tube, however, is replaced by an endosymbiotic alga. The algal endosymbiont is a green alga from the genus Nephroselmis.

Alga is a village in the Chuy District of Chuy Region of Kyrgyzstan. Its population was 585 in 2009.

Structural colours have also been found in several algae, such as in the red alga Chondrus crispus (Irish Moss).

The alga Colpomenia sinuosa Derb. et Sol. in Ireland. Ir. Nat. J.: 6:196 - 197 It is now abundant.

Head coach: Rivgat Bibayev, assistant: Anatoliy Kolmykov Whole squad was based on the senior team of FC Alga Frunze.

The alga Stichococcus bacillaris has been seen to colonize silicone resins used at archaeological sites; biodegrading the synthetic substance.

Pseudoalteromonas issachenkonii is a marine bacterium which was isolated from the brown alga Fucus evanescens near the Kurile Islands.

The mollusc benefits from the metabolites produced and the alga benefits from a safe environment in which to live.

The green alga Botryococcus braunii is the subject of research into the natural production of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), an antioxidant, food additive and industrial chemical. Phenolic acids such as protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic, chlorogenic, vanillic, caffeic, p-coumaric and salicylic acid, cinnamic acid and hydroxybenzaldehydes such as p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin have been isolated from in vitro culture of the freshwater green alga Spongiochloris spongiosa. Phlorotannins, for instance eckol, are found in brown algae. Vidalenolone can be found in the tropical red alga Vidalia sp.

The name lamina refers to that portion of a structurally differentiated alga that is flattened. It may be a single or a divided structure, and may be spread over a substantial portion of the alga. In rockweeds, for example, the lamina is a broad wing of tissue that runs continuously along both sides of a branched midrib. The midrib and lamina together constitute almost all of a rockweed, so that the lamina is spread throughout the alga rather than existing as a localized portion of it.

Berzin was named one the 100 most influential people in politics, business and science in 2008 by the Time Magazine for his work in alga-culture. Dr. Berzin's work in alga-culture has won awards, including the Frost and Sullivan Award, Platts Global Energy Award and American Society of Competitiveness (ASC) Awards.

British psychological Bulletin 2: 23–25 At the international level there are well over 3,000 species of alga in Australia.

The cyanobacterium Hyella balani can bore through limestone; as can the green alga Eugamantia sacculata and the fungus Ostracolaba implexa.

Green alga-related spores and cysts are generally differently or un- ornamented, and an order of magnitude smaller in diameter.

Alga is a village in Batken Region of Kyrgyzstan. Its population was 1,022 in 2009. It is northwest of Isfana.

Melobesia membranacea is a small marine alga encrusting on the surface of other algae. In the division of the Rhodophyta.

Ferrimonas marina is a bacterium from the genus of Ferrimonas which has been isolated from alga from Okinawa in Japan.

Elysia rufescens grazes on Bryopsis sp., an alga that defends itself from predators by using peptide toxins with fatty acids, called kahalalides. A bacterial obligate symbiont produces many defensive molecules, including kahalalides, in order to protect the alga. This bacteria is able to use substrates derived from the host in order to synthesize the toxins.

The Aphelidium plasmodium then proceeds to divide into uninucleate cells which develop into zoospores, using the cell wall of the host alga as a sporangium. Finally, the uniflagellate zoospores erupt the husk of the host cell via the same puncture made by the infection tube of the parent Aphelidium to seek new green alga hosts.

Although not all brown algae are structurally complex, those that are typically possess one or more characteristic parts. A holdfast is a rootlike structure present at the base of the alga. Like a root system in plants, a holdfast serves to anchor the alga in place on the substrate where it grows, and thus prevents the alga from being carried away by the current. Unlike a root system, the holdfast generally does not serve as the primary organ for water uptake, nor does it take in nutrients from the substrate.

Alga () is a rural locality (a village) in Chuyunchinsky Selsoviet, Davlekanovsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 88 as of 2010.

S. Boussiba, and A. Vonshak, 1991. Astaxanthin Accumulation in the Green Alga Haematococcus pluvialis. Plant and Cell Physiology. 32: No. 7.

Polysiphonia fibrata is a species of Polysiphonia that grows as small dense tufted and finely branched marine alga in the Rhodophyta.

At a larger time and space scale, the random mouvement of the alga can be described as an active diffusion phenomenon.

Notes: Nairi Yerevan was called Burevestnik. Alga Frunze was called Spartak. Metallurg Chimkent was called Yenbek. Temp Sumgait was called Metallurg.

PGU ŞS4-FC Alga Tiraspol is a women's football club from Tiraspol, Moldova. It plays in the country's top level league.

Gametogenesis in this alga occurs in discontinuous patches along the frontal apex and the gametes release synchronously in a posterior faced linear fashion by the dehiscence of gametangial sheath, leading to the thallic disintegration.Bast, F., & Okuda, K. 2010. Gametangial Ontogeny in Intertidal Green Alga: Monostroma latissimum (Kützing) Wittrock. International Journal of Plant Reproductive Biology, 2: 11-15.

Scytothamnus australis is a brown alga species in the genus Scytothamnus found in New Zealand. It is a sulphated polysaccharide and the type species in the genus. The species contains the phlorotannins trifucol, tetrafucol A, tetrafucol B, cis-pentafucol A, diphlorethol A and triphlorethol A.Fucols and Phlorethols from the Brown Alga Scytothamnus australis Hook. et Harv. (Chnoosporaceae).

Due to AlGa extreme lack of structural integrity and ability to form a protective oxide layer, Gallium metal is considered to be corrosive. If AlGa were to form on an aluminum structure, the aforementioned structure could weaken or collapse. Gallium is illegal to transport on aircraft as it could compromise the integrity of the aluminium hull.

Bostrychia is a genus of filamentous red alga. Species may grow as epiphytes on other plants in salt marsh and mangrove habitats.

Asparagopsis taxiformis, (limu kohu) formerly A. sanfordiana, is a species of red alga, with cosmopolitan distribution in tropical to warm temperate waters.

This Chlorochytrium sp. was found growing endophytically in the green alga Enteromorpha flexuosa.Morton, O. 1978. Some interesting records of algae from Ireland.

Arenigiphyllum is a genus of alga from the Ordovician that falls in the coralline stem group. Only its vegetative anatomy is known.

Alga-Fulbé is a village in the Bourzanga Department of Bam Province in northern Burkina Faso. It has a population of 237.

Chlorococcum is a genus of green algae, in the family Chlorococcaceae. The alga may be useful in the flocculation of lipids from wastewater.

Chunkur-Kyshtak is a village in Batken Region of Kyrgyzstan. Its population was 1,851 in 2009. Nearby villages include Alga () and Chimyan (Uzbekistan, ).

Clymene coleana, formerly known as Porphyra cinnamomea, is a red alga species in the genus Clymene. This species is endemic to New Zealand.

In late summer a red pigment, carotene, is secreted from the alga Dunaliella salina and gives a distinct pink colour to the lakes.

Hexachara is a genus of fossil charophyte (aquatic green alga) that is likely to have formed meadows within sheltered oligohaline reaches of lakes.

The name Algicola derives from Latin alga, a seaweed, and cola or incola, an inhabitant or dweller; Algicola, then, means inhabitant of algae.

Akmatov spent the 2017 & 2018 seasons on loan at Alga Bishkek, returning to Dordoi Bishkek prior to the start of the 2019 season.

Nearly one in five species in the fungal kingdom forms a composite with an alga, which is from the protist, or protoctist, kingdom.

On the surface grows a glairy Alga, which was once all green but now festers in yellow patches and causes a horrible stench.

However, while symbiotic, the relationship is probably not mutualistic, since the algae give up a disproportionate amount of their sugars (see below). Both partners gain water and mineral nutrients mainly from the atmosphere, through rain and dust. The fungal partner protects the alga by retaining water, serving as a larger capture area for mineral nutrients and, in some cases, provides minerals obtained from the substrate. If a cyanobacterium is present, as a primary partner or another symbiont in addition to a green alga as in certain tripartite lichens, they can fix atmospheric nitrogen, complementing the activities of the green alga.

Both partners gain water and mineral nutrients mainly from the atmosphere, through rain and dust. The fungal partner protects the alga by retaining water, serving as a larger capture area for mineral nutrients and, in some cases, provides minerals obtained from the substrate. If a cyanobacterium is present, as a primary partner or another symbiont in addition to green alga as in certain tripartite lichens, they can fix atmospheric nitrogen, complementing the activities of the green alga. Although strains of cyanobacteria found in various cyanolichens are often closely related to one another, they differ from the most closely related free-living strains.Sciencemag.

The Association of Local Governments Auditors (ALGA) represents the central professional organization for local government audit organizations in the United States and Canada. ALGA was formed in 1989 and has over 300 organizational members and more than 2,000 individual members of ALGA. The International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions(INTOSAI) operates as an umbrella organisation for the external government audit community. For more than 50 years it has provided an institutionalised framework for supreme audit institutions to promote development and transfer of knowledge, improve government auditing worldwide and enhance professional capacities, standing and influence of member SAIs in their respective countries.

Concentrations as high as 14% of the dry weight can occur in Dunaliella salina, which is the highest in any organism. The beta-carotene protects the alga against damage from high light, coating the green chlorophyll and giving the alga an orange/red colour. Dunaliella salina is found in salt lakes around the world including Antarctica, Chile, US, China, Tibet, France, South Africa, and in Western Australia off the coast of Cape Arid, and Lake Hillier. The alga was named after Michel Félix Dunal who first recognised the red colour of certain salt lakes in France was due to an organism.

Adults only stay in the water for a few days, then the eggs hatch in one to two months. Eggs of A. maculatum can have a symbiotic relationship with the green alga Oophila amblystomatis. Jelly coating prevents the eggs from drying out, but it inhibits oxygen diffusion (required for embryo development). The Oophila alga photosynthesizes and produces oxygen in the jelly.

The overall physical appearance of the holdfast differs among various brown algae and among various substrates. It may be heavily branched, or it may be cup-like in appearance. A single alga typically has just one holdfast, although some species have more than one stipe growing from their holdfast. A stipe is a stalk or stemlike structure present in an alga.

Sargassum siliquastrum is a brown alga species in the genus Sargassum. Sargachromanols are bio-active isolates of S. siliquastrum. It has anti- inflammatory effect.

The successful spread of this alga is due in part to its ability to asexually reproduce from fragments created by "biotic and abiotic disturbances".

Ahnfeltia plicata, the landlady's wig, is a species of red alga in the family Ahnfeltiaceae. It grows in northern parts of the Atlantic Ocean.

Alga () is a rural locality (a village) and the administrative center of Alginsky Selsoviet, Davlekanovsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 295 as of 2010.

Seaweeds of the British Isles Volume 1 Rhodophyta Part 3A Ceramiales. The Natural History Museunm, London is rather small marine alga in the division Rhodophyta.

Ulva californica is a species of seaweed, a green alga in the family Ulvaceae, the sea lettuces. This species is found from Alaska to California.

Schmitzia hiscockiana is a small, rare, red seaweed or marine alga of the phylum Rhodophyta or red algae. It was discovered and named in 1985.

FC Alga-2 Bishkek is a Kyrgyzstani football club based in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan that played in the first division in Kyrgyzstan, the Kyrgyzstan First League.

Alga () is a rural locality (a village) in Maximovksky Selsoviet, Sterlitamaksky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 206 as of 2010. There are 2 streets.

Alga () is a rural locality (a village) in Nizhnebaltachevsky Selsoviet, Tatyshlinsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 60 as of 2010. There is 1 street.

Siderin is a bio-active coumarin derivative produced by Aspergillus versicolor, an endophytic fungus found in the green alga Halimeda opuntia in the Red Sea.

Vanvoorstia bennetiana was a small red alga. Like other members of its genus, V. bennettiana did not have significant differences in morphology throughout any phase of its life cycle. It can be distinguished from other members of its genus by its small size and by the structure of its reproductive organs. The overall structure of the alga is that of a blade with fine meshing.

For much of the time it was extant, the alga was common. The alga has only been found in two localities; both in or near Sydney Harbour. One was near the eastern part of Spectacle Island, where it was discovered between May 1 and May 15, 1855. The other was in a channel between Point Piper and Shark Island, where numerous specimens were collected in 1886.

Alga Bishkek were established in Frunze during 1947, as FC Zenith Frunze. At the end of the 2005 season, the club, now called FC SKA- Shoro Bishkek, folded. In 2007 the club was reformed as FC Aviator AAL Bishkek, but last only half a season before ceasing operations. In 2010 the club was again reformed, this time under their previous name FC Alga Bishkek.

Bangiomorpha pubescens is a red alga. It is the first known sexually reproducing organism. A multicellular fossil of Bangiomorpha pubescens was recovered from the Hunting Formation in Somerset Island, Canada that strongly resembles the modern red alga Bangia despite occurring in rocks dating to . This fossil of a type of red algae is the oldest example of an organism belonging to an extant phylum.

The yeast cells are responsible for the formation of the characteristic cortex of the lichen thallus, and could also be important for its shape.Basidiomycete yeasts in the cortex of ascomycete macrolichens – Science The lichen combination of alga or cyanobacterium with a fungus has a very different form (morphology), physiology, and biochemistry than the component fungus, alga, or cyanobacterium growing by itself, naturally or in culture. The body (thallus) of most lichens is different from those of either the fungus or alga growing separately. When grown in the laboratory in the absence of its photobiont, a lichen fungus develops as a structureless, undifferentiated mass of fungal filaments (hyphae).

Torbanite found in Bathgate may have formations of bathvillite found within it. Other major deposits of torbanite are found in Pennsylvania and Illinois, USA, in Mpumalanga in South Africa, in the Sydney Basin of New South Wales, Australia, the largest deposit of which is located at Glen Davis, and in Nova Scotia, Canada. Organic matter (telalginite) in torbanite is derived from lipid-rich microscopic plant remains similar in appearance to the fresh-water colonial green alga Botryococcus braunii. This evidence and extracellular hydrocarbons produced by the alga have led scientists to examine the alga as a source of Permian torbanites and a possible producer of biofuels.

Adamsiella is a genus of red alga closely related to the genus Lenormandia. The holotype species for the genus is Adamsiella melchiori L.E. Phillips & W.A. Nelson.

In July 2006, the alga had been declared eradicated from the two Southern California locations (Agua Hedionda Lagoon in Carlsbad and Seagate Lagoon in Huntington Beach).

Elysia chlorotica is one of these "solar-powered sea slugs". It lives in a subcellular endosymbiotic relationship with chloroplasts of the marine heterokont alga Vaucheria litorea.

Brik-Alga () is a rural locality (a village) in Malinovsky Selsoviet, Belebeyevsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 50 as of 2010. There is 1 street.

Roseitalea porphyridii is a Gram-negative and strictly aerobic bacterium from the genus of Roseitalea which has been isolated from the alga Porphyridium marinum in Korea.

It is commonly seen growing in beds of the seagrass Thalassia, and in rocky coral rubble habitats. Studies reported their symbiosis with calcareous alga Jania adhaerens.

The more common type of thallus, a heteromerous thallus, has four distinct layers, three of which are formed by the fungus and one by the alga.

It eats green alga Microdictyon japonicum.Kawaguti S. & Yamasu T. (1962). "Julia japonica Found Living as a Bivalved Gastropod". Proceedings of the Japan Academy 38(6): 284-287.

Bosworthia is a genus of branching photosynthetic alga known from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale. One of its two original species has since been reassigned to Walcottophycus.

Caulerpa serrulata, commonly known as cactus tree alga or serrated green seaweed, is a species of seaweed in the Caulerpaceae family found in warm marine water environments.

K. alvarezii is affected by ice-ice, a disease that severely reduces its yield. This alga is an introduced species and a noxious aquatic weed in Hawaii.

Laminaria ochroleuca is a large kelp, an alga in the order Laminariales.Bunker, F.StP,D., Brodie, J.A., Maggs, C.A. and Bunker, A.R. 2017. Seaweeds of Britain and Ireland.

The aquarium strain reproduces asexually, that is, vegetatively: the viscous, elastic white fluid inside the stem was found under the microscope to contain only male gametes. Rate of growth can be as fast as a centimeter per day. If any small part is severed from the rest of the alga, this small part will regrow into another alga. Anchors of ships and fishing nets can serve as carriers for Caulerpa.

In 1933, Marjory Stephenson and her student Stickland reported that cell suspensions catalysed the reduction of methylene blue with H2. Six years later, Hans Gaffron observed that the green photosynthetic alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, would sometimes produce hydrogen.Algae: Power Plant of the Future? In the late 1990s Anastasios Melis discovered that deprivation of sulfur induces the alga to switch from the production of oxygen (normal photosynthesis) to the production of hydrogen.

The Maine native was a longtime member of the Mayflower Society. Leavitt and his wife, the former Alga Webber, long lived at 718 East Franklin Street in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, where they built a New England-style white clapboard home.Leavitt- Davies House, The Preservation Society of Chapel Hill, chapelhillpreservation.com Leavitt died on March 3, 1976, at North Carolina Memorial Hospital; his wife Alga had died a decade earlier.

Although the photobionts are almost always green algae (chlorophyta), sometimes the lichen contains a blue-green alga instead (cyanobacteria, not really an alga), and sometimes both types of photobionts are found in the same lichen. A cyanolichen is a lichen with a cyanobacterium as its main photosynthetic component (photobiont). Many cyanolichens are small and black, and have limestone as the substrate. Another cyanolichen group, the jelly lichens ( e.g.

It consists of a central, viscous granular proteinaceous core surrounded by tightly packed minute plates of starch. There is substantial diversity in pyrenoid morphology and ultrastructure between algal species. In the unicellular red alga Porphyridium purpureum and in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, there is a single highly conspicuous pyrenoid in a single chloroplast, visible using light microscopy. By contrast, in diatoms and dinoflagellates, there can be multiple pyrenoids.

However, in brown alga Pelvetia, the egg pronucleus starts in the center of the egg before fertilization and remain in the center after fertilization. This is because the egg cells of brown alga Pelvetia, the egg pronucleus is anchored down by microtubules so only the male pronucleus migrates towards the female pronucleus.Swope, Richard E., and Darryl L. Kropf. “Pronuclear Positioning and Migration during Fertilization in Pelvetia.” Developmental Biology, vol.

Hence, the mother protist gives rise to green-coloured and white-coloured daughter cells. The latter behaves like a predator until it ingests a Nephroselmis green alga. The alga then loses its flagella and cytoskeleton, while the Hatena, now a host, switches to photosynthetic nutrition, gains the ability to move towards light and loses its feeding apparatus. Thus, the protist exhibits an unusual life cycle of alternating autotrophy and heterotrophy.

Diacronema is a genus of haptophytes. It includes the species D. vlkianum. The Diacronema genus also includes the marine alga Diacronema lutheri. D.lutheri is a flagellated mobile microalga.

Phaeodactylibacter luteus is a Gram-negative, aerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Rubidimonas which has been isolated from the alga Picochlorum from the India Ocean.

The presence of floridean starch-like storage in some apicomplexan parasites is one piece of evidence supporting a red alga ancestry for the apicoplast, a non-photosynthetic organelle.

Ceramium botryocarpum is a small red marine alga in the Division Rhodophyta.Maggs, C.A. and Hommersand, M.H. 1993. Seaweeds of the British Isles Volume 1 Rhodophyta Part 3A Ceramiales.

Amylibacter ulvae is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped and non- motile bacterium from the genus of Amylibacter which has been isolated from the alga Ulva fenestrata.

Arenibacter certesii is a heterotrophic and aerobic bacterium from the genus of Arenibacter which has been isolated from the green alga Ulva fenestrata from the Sea of Japan.

Arenibacter palladensis is a heterotrophic and aerobic bacterium from the genus of Arenibacter which has been isolated from the green alga Ulva fenestrata in the Sea of Japan.

The single celled green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, while not an embryophyte itself, contains a green-pigmented chloroplast related to that of land plants, making it useful for study.

These beds of decaying algae have a substantial effect on the communities living on and under the seabed. Although the alga contains secondary metabolites which make it distasteful to herbivores, research has shown that polychaete worms and amphipods consume it to some extent, and the beds of drifting seaweed may help provide continuity of food supply for them during the dark Antarctic winter. P. antarctica provides a large surface area on which other organisms can grow, and it has a rich and diverse associated fauna. In some circumstances, particularly when the Antarctic sea urchin (Sterechinus neumayeri) is restricting the algal growth, the biomass of the organisms living on the alga may exceed that of the alga itself.

The species is herbivorous, grazing on marine algae. It mostly feeds on the red leafy alga Acrosorium polyneurum between December and March at the times of year when it is abundant, and migrating to areas of crustose coralline algae at other times of year when the red alga is scarce. As is the case with other sea urchins, H. pulcherrus liberates eggs and sperm into the water column and the echinopluteus larvae spend several months drifting with the plankton. They are stimulated to settle on the seabed by the attachment of diatoms and by the presence in the water of particles of an alga such as Hizikia fusiformis which grows around the coasts of Japan.

Cellulophaga is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic and rod-shaped bacterial genus from the family of Flavobacteriaceae which occur in marine alga and beach mud. Cellulophaga species produce zeaxanthin.

Spraying with copper based fungicides up to three times throughout the summer, especially as the alga sporulates, will control the disease. Pruning infected branches can also help plants recover.

In lagoons in southern Sakhalin, Russia, Japanese spiky sea cucumber are found on solid substrates among growth of the red alga Ahnfeltia tobuchiensis and in oyster beds (Crassostrea gigas).

Artem Muladjanov, born 4 February 1988, is a retired Kyrgyzstani footballer who is a Midfielder, last played for Alga Bishkek. His brother Artur, also played for the same club.

Aureococcus anophagefferens is a species of heterokont alga. Its cells have a single chloroplast, nucleus, and mitochondrion and an unusual exocellular polysaccharide-like layer. It causes harmful algal blooms.

Gosaukammerella is a genus of strophomenid brachiopods, with one species Gosaukammerella eomesozoica. It was originally thought to be a problematic calcareous alga, and described under the name Pycnoporidium eomesozoicum.

Pycnoporidium is thought to be a genus of red or green alga; one species has been synonymized with the brachiopod Gosaukammerella, leaving the interpretation of the other species uncertain.

Ecklonia stolonifera (Japanese: ツルアラメ, turuarame) is a brown alga species in the genus Ecklonia found in the Sea of Japan. It is an edible species traditionally eaten in Japan.

Juliidae feed on green algae of the genus Caulerpa. Some species of Juliidae feed only on one species of Caulerpa; others feed on multiple species of this green alga.

FC Alga Bishkek is a Kyrgyz football club based in Bishkek, that plays in the top division, Kyrgyz Premier League. The club plays its home games at Dynamo Stadion.

Rhopalodia gibba, a diatom alga, is a eukaryote with cyanobacterial -fixing endosymbiont organelles. The spheroid bodies reside in the cytoplasm of the diatoms and are inseparable from their hosts.

Seaweeds of the British Isles of the British Isles Volume 1 Rhodophyta Part 3A Ceramiales The Natural History Museum, London. is a small marine alga in the Division Rhodophyta.

Acrochaetium is a genus of marine red alga. ; Names brought to synonymy Acrochaetium elegans (K.M.Drew) Papenfuss 1945Papenfuss, G.F. (1945). Review of the Acrochaetium-Rhodochorton complex of the red algae.

Aequorivita capsosiphonis is a Gram-negative and aerobic bacterium from the genus of Aequorivita which has been isolated from the alga Capsosiphon fulvescens from the South Sea in Korea.

Epibacterium ulvae is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and motile bacterium from the genus of Epibacterium. It has been isolated from the alga Ulva australis from Clovelly in Australia.

The waters around the Rosais Islets and Baixa da Ponta dos Rosais are biodiverse. They are home to various fish including anchovy, Atlantic bonito, Atlantic goliath grouper, bluefish, European hake, frigate tuna, longfin yellowtail, needlefish, red scorpionfish, sawfish, skipjack tuna, vadigo, and yellowmouth barracuda. Common bottlenose dolphins and loggerhead sea turtles also habitate the area. Aquatic plants growing around the Baixa include the brown alga Stypopodium zonale and the red alga Asparagopsis armata.

A herbivore, P. incurvaria feeds exclusively on the flat-bladed brown alga Dictyota bartayresiana. This seaweed contains a diterpene alcohol that is distasteful to fish but not to the amphipod. The amphipod also uses pieces of the alga to build itself a home. Fish have been observed spitting out these casings after they have been ingested, but if the amphipod gets dislodged from the casing in the process, it is readily consumed.

Theodoxus fluviatilis feeds mainly on diatoms living on stones, scraping biofilms and also consuming detritus. It can also consume Cyanobacteria and green algae as a poor-quality food supply. Cyanobacteria contain toxins and indigestible mucopolysaccharides, and green algae have cellulose in their cell walls (Theodoxus species have no cellulase enzymes to digest cellulose). They also graze on zygotes and germlings of brown alga Fucus vesiculosus, when the alga is small up to 1 mm.

The majority of the lichens contain eukaryotic autotrophs belonging to the Chlorophyta (green algae) or to the Xanthophyta (yellow-green algae). About 90% of all known lichens have a green alga as a symbiont, and among these, Trebouxia is the most common genus, occurring in about 40% of all lichens. The second most commonly represented green alga genus is Trentepohlia. Overall, about 100 species are known to occur as autotrophs in lichens.

After Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan was declared illegal, Kozlov co-founded the Alga! (Forward!) Party in 2005, and has been its leader since 2007. Under his leadership, the party expanded significantly, and is now the largest opposition party in Kazakhstan, although Kazakh authorities have refused to allow it to register as an official party. Alga! has joined with the Civil Society Movement Khalyk Maidany (People's Front) in criticizing the government of Nursultan Nazarbayev.

Gymnothamnion elegans (syn. Callithamnion elegans Schousboe ex C.Agardh 1828) is a red alga species in the genus Gymnothamnion found in South Africa from Bakoven on Cape Peninsula to KwaZulu-Natal.

Laminaria digitata is a large brown alga in the family Laminariaceae, also known by the common name oarweed. It is found in the sublittoral zone of the northern Atlantic Ocean.

The highest natural concentration of 1-methylnicotinamide found so far is in the alga Undaria pinnatifida. 1-Methylnicotinamide is also present in the Judas Ear fungus and in green tea.

Vertebrata simulans (Polysiphonia simulans) HarveySeaweeds of the British Isles. Volume 1V Rhodophyta, part 3A Ceramiales. The Natural History Museum, London. is a small densely branched alga in the Division Rhodophyta.

The alga has invaded the area from the warmer waters of the Red Sea. C. cylindracea, which is native to Australia, has also become an invasive species in the Mediterranean.

This is a small tufted brown alga. The fronds are rarely more than 4 mm wideBunker, F.StP.D., Maggs, C.A., Brodie, J.A. and Bunker, A.R. 2017. Seaweeds of Britain and Ireland.

Thallophyca is a non-mineralized Ediacarian alga that probably dwelt on the sea floor. Its thallus is differentiated into a cortex and a medulla. Possible reproductive structures have been identified.

Martensia elegans is a red alga species in the genus Martensia. It is a common South African south coast species, extending into KwaZulu-Natal at least as far as Sodwana Bay.

Phaeovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Phycodnaviridae. Alga serve as natural hosts. There are currently nine species in this genus including the type species Ectocarpus siliculosus virus 1.

Calliarthron is a genus containing two species of thalloid intertidal alga. Specimens can reach around 30 cm in size. The thalli take a crustose form. The organisms lack secondary pit connections.

Catenovulum maritimum is a Gram-negative, heterotrophic and facultatively anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Catenovulum which has been isolated from surface of the alga Porphyra yezoensis from Weihai in China.

Ruslan Jamshidov (born 22 August 1979) is a retired Kyrgyzstani footballer who is a striker. He last played for Alga Bishkek. He was a member of the Kyrgyzstan national football team.

Author of an unpublished history of his times, he died at Padua, but his remains were transferred to Venice where he was buried in the church of San Giorgio in Alga.

Ceramium shuttleworthianum is a small alga fundamentally monosiphonousJones, W.E. 1962 A key to the genera of British seaweeds. Field Studies Vol.1 No. 4, pp. 1 - 32 with densely interwoven branches.

Later in the season, he signed a two-year contract with his former side, Alga Bishkek. He scored 22 goals in 30 appearances in his two- year stint at the club.

Later in 2016, he moved back to Kyrgyzstan and more accurately to his former club, Alga Bishkek for whom he scored 5 goals in 6 games in the 2016 Kyrgyzstan League.

Aybek Orozaliyev (born 12 April 1984) is a retired Kyrgyzstani footballer who is a midfield. He last played for Alga Bishkek. He was a member of the Kyrgyzstan national football team.

Many other organisms obtained chloroplasts from the primary chloroplast lineages through secondary endosymbiosis—engulfing a red or green alga that contained a chloroplast. These chloroplasts are known as secondary plastids. While primary chloroplasts have a double membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor, secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two, as a result of the secondary endosymbiotic event, when a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it—much like the cyanobacterium at the beginning of this story. The engulfed alga was broken down, leaving only its chloroplast, and sometimes its cell membrane and nucleus, forming a chloroplast with three or four membranes—the two cyanobacterial membranes, sometimes the eaten alga's cell membrane, and the phagosomal vacuole from the host's cell membrane.

From this information it appears that the larger boulder would have the greatest diversity, however Sousa found that this hypothesis was incorrect. Large boulders usually have less biota than intermediate sized boulders, because they are inundated with one species of red algae, it is only after winter that the algae defoliates when other organisms can inhabit the boulder. Sousa discovered barnacles and Ulva, a fast succession species of green alga, inhabit the small boulders; these species essentially “took over” the resources of the boulder before any other organism had an opportunity. Intermediate boulders have the most varied communities, consisting numerous types of organisms; this study found barnacles, Ulva, quick succeeding red alga, and sometimes the late accumulating red alga, Gigartina canaliculata was also present.

In heterosporous plants, sporophylls (whether they are microphylls or megaphylls) bear either megasporangia and thus are called megasporophylls, or microsporangia and are called microsporophylls. The overlap of the prefixes and roots makes these terms a particularly confusing subset of botanical nomenclature. Sporophylls vary greatly in appearance and structure, and may or may not look similar to sterile leaves. Plants that produce sporophylls include: Alaria esculenta a brown alga shows sporophylls attached near the base of the alga.

Dynamic evolution of inverted repeats in Euglenophyta plastid genomesSecondary EndosymbiosesAlgaebase :: Subclass: Euglenophycidae This group is known to contain the carbohydrate paramylon. Euglenids split from other Euglenozoa more than a billion years ago, and are assumed to descend from an ancestor that took up a red alga by secondary endosymbiosis, which was since lost. The plastids in all extant photosynthetic species is the result from secondary endosymbiosis between a phagotrophic eukaryovorous euglenid and a Pyramimonas-related green alga.

Efforts have been undertaken to genetically modify cyanobacterial hydrogenases to efficiently synthesize H2 gas even in the presence of oxygen. Efforts have also been undertaken with genetically modified alga in a bioreactor.

This large alga is dark red, flattened and somewhat leathery. It may be 30 cm or more long and 15 cm wide. It is usually not branched but may split.Newton, L. 1931.

Phaeodactylibacter xiamenensis is a Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, chemoheterotrophic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Rubidimonas which has been isolated from the alga Phaeodactylum tricornutum from Xiamen in China.

Seaweeds of the British Isles. Volume 2 Chlorophyta. Natural History Museum, London It has a velvety texture and is dark green in colour. The alga is attached by a holdfast of filaments.

Claudea elegans is a marine red alga species in the genus Claudea. It occurs in tropical waters in Australia, India, Pakistan and Brazil and may reach 40 centimeters in length. C. elegans tetrasporangia.

Palmophyllum is a genus of alga. This genus is known to grow in low light conditions and at depth. The known distribution of this genus is being extended as deeper waters are explored.

Roseivirga ehrenbergii is a Gram-negative, heterotrophic, strictly aerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Roseivirga which has been isolated from the green alga Ulva fenestrata from the Sea of Japan.

Ettlia terrestris is a species of green algae, in the family Chlorococcaceae. It is a fresh-water alga which grows on rocks or in soil, and has been identified in Europe and Jamaica.

This is a small green alga growing to about 6 cm long. The frond is round in shape, flattened. Generally one cell thick, the cells arranged in rows or in groups of four.

The oospore apical cell divides to produce the protonemal initial, from which the primary protonema arises, and the rhizoidal initial, from which the primary rhizoid descends. From these the alga continues its development.

The Canons Regular of San Giorgio in Alga were a congregation of canons regular which was influential in the reform movement of monastic life in northern Italy during the 15th and 16th centuries.

This large green alga may grow to 25 cm, it is tubular and similar to E. prolifera. It is very variable with branches showing cells in longitudinal and sometimes also in transverse rows.

Gremiphyca is a lobed, non-mineralized alga with a pseudoparenchymatous thallus, dating to the Ediacaran period. The genus was reinvestigated by Xiao et al. and was interpreted to be a stem-group florideophyte.

Aquicoccus is a Gram-negative and aerobic genus of bacteria from the family of Rhodobacteraceae with one known species (Aquicoccus porphyridii). Aquicoccus porphyridii has been isolated from the alga Porphyridium marinum from Korea.

Scutellastra cochlear is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Patellidae, one of the families of true limpets. It is commonly known as the snail patella, the pear limpet or the spoon limpet and is native to South Africa. It often grows in association with the crustose coralline alga Spongites yendoi and a filamentous red alga which it cultivates in a garden. It was first described by the malacologist Ignaz von Born in 1778 as Patella cochlear.

The tufts are of erect branches each consisting a series of axial cells surrounded by about 20 periaxial cells all of the same forming a "collar" around the axis. There is no cortication and the plant is attached by rhizoids which attach the plant to a surface. This alga may be confused with Lophosiphonia reptabunda, this alga has however a turf-like habit and is less than 3 cm high unlike P. opaca which grows to over 5 cm high.

File:Turtle weed, Chlorodesmis fastigiata, with zooidangia Chlorodesmis is a genus of green algae in the family Udoteaceae. Algae in this genus produce the toxic diterpene chlorodesmin to defend themselves against generalist herbivoresAnnu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 2009. 1:193-212. Marine Chemical Ecology: Chemical Signals and Cues Structure Marine Populations, Communities, and Ecosystems This toxin also kills certain corals that touch the alga. Certain fish like the green coral goby that live in the corals eat the alga to enhance their own toxicity.

Facilitation may act by reducing the negative impacts of a stressful environment. As described above, nurse plants facilitate seed germination and survival by alleviating stressful environmental conditions. A similar interaction occurs between the red alga Chondrus crispus and the canopy- forming seaweed Fucus in intertidal sites of southern New England, USA. The alga survives higher in the intertidal zone—where temperature and desiccation stresses are greater—only when the seaweed is present because the canopy of the seaweed offers protection from those stresses.

In 1980 there was a new outbreak of seaweed dermatitis on Oahu island Hawaii. Samples of L. majuscula revealed that this blue-green alga contained a mixture of aplysiatoxin, debromoaplysiatoxin and lyngbyatoxin A. These three substances appeared to be the causative toxins of seaweed dermatitis. Years later, in 1994, local people of Hawaii, Maui and Oahu island in Hawaii were poisoned by food. The local residents of these islands often eat various types of algae including the red alga Gracilaria coronopifolia.

Ahead of the 2018 general election, the Election Commission altered the boundaries of the constituency by removing all portions of Chilmari Upazila, and adding the only missing union parishad of Ulipur Upazila: Saheber Alga.

Rubripirellula is a genus of bacteria from the family of Planctomycetaceae with one known species (Rubripirellula obstinata). Rubripirellula obstinata has been isolated from the alga Laminaria from the northern coast from Porto in Portugal.

The 1993 Kyrgyzstan League is the 2nd season of Kyrgyzstan League, the Football Federation of Kyrgyz Republic's top division of association football. Alga RIIF Bishkek won the league in which seventeen teams participated in.

Finlay, J. A., Callow, M. E., Schultz, M. P., Swain, G. W., & Callow, J. A. (2002). Adhesion strength of settled spores of the green alga enteromorpha. Biofouling, 18(4), 251-256. doi:10.1080/08927010290029010.

San Giorgio in Alga (English: "St. George in the seaweed") is an island of the Venetian lagoon, northern Italy, lying between the Giudecca and Fusina (a frazione of Venice on the coast, near Marghera).

Cyclobacterium xiamenense is a horseshoe-shaped, Gram-negative and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Cyclobacterium which has been isolated from the alga Chlorella autotrophica from the coastal sea of Xiamen in China.

It was originally believed to be a new green alga. However, it was discovered that the chlorophyll-bearing plastids were independent of the cell division, indicating that they were separate but temporary endosymbiotic organisms.

"Biosynthesis of isoprenoids (carotenoids, sterols, prenyl side-chains of chlorophylls and plastoquinone) via a novel pyruvate/glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate non-mevalonate pathway in the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus." Biochemical Journal 316.Pt 1 (1996): 73.

Paraliobacillus ryukyuensis is a Gram-positive, extremely halotolerant, alkaliphilic, endospore-forming, slightly halophilic and facultatively anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Paraliobacillus which has been isolated from a decomposing marine alga from Okinawa in Japan.

Raphidovirus (likely misspelled Rhaphidovirus) is a genus of viruses, in the family Phycodnaviridae. Alga serve as natural hosts. There is currently only one species in this genus: the type species Heterosigma akashiwo virus 01 (HaV01).

The unicellular alga Euglena gracilis converts exogenous tryptophol to two major metabolites: tryptophol galactoside and an unknown compound (a tryptophol ester), and to minor amounts of indole-3-acetic acid, tryptophol acetate, and tryptophol glucoside.

Aquimarina agarilytica is a Gram-negative, aerobic, and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Aquimarina which has been isolated from the alga Porphyra haitanensis near the Nan'ao County from the China sea near China.

It has an omnivorous diet, including alga, insect larvae, zooplankton and organic detritus. It is sold in Vietnam for human consumption, where it valued as a food fish, and it is also used in aquaculture.

Canteria is a fungal genus in the family Endochytriaceae. A monotypic genus, it contain the single species Canteria apophysata, a parasite of the alga Mougeotia. The genus was circumscribed by John S. Karling in 1971.

Rhodochorton is a genus of filamentous red alga adapted to low light levels. It may form tufts or a thin purple "turf" up to 5 millimetres high. The filaments branch infrequently, usually at the tips.

The food source for this species has not been definitely identified, however this species has been found on coralline alga, which may prove to be part of its diet.Noumea norba food source, Sea Slug Forum.

Stypopodium zonale is a species of thalloid brown alga in the family Dictyotaceae. It is found in shallow waters in the Caribbean Sea and in various other tropical and sub-tropical seas around the world.

Halidrys siliquosa is a large brown alga growing to a length of . The fronds are somewhat flattened, tough and leathery. They and less than 1 cm broad. The branches occur alternately arranged in one plane.

Ulva (Enteromorpha) linza (Linnaeus)LM Granhag , JA Finlay , PR Jonsson , JA Callow & ME Callow (2004) Roughness-dependent Removal of Settled Spores of the Green Alga Ulva (syn. Enteromorpha) Exposed to Hydrodynamic Forces from a Water Jet, Biofouling, 20:2, 117-122, DOI: 10.1080/08927010410001715482 is a (sometimes ) long green alga that grows in bright green clusters of tubes or flat strips. It has unbranched thalli that often have a frilled margin. The thallus middle is greater than its base and can be as wide as .

Members grow in 3–5 cm or more radiating lobes (placoidioid). The photobiont is green alga from the genus Trebouxia. The genus is represented in Eurasia, Asia, North Africa, Central America, western North America, and Australia.

Further distributiona; records of the adventive marine brown alga Colpomenia peregrina (Phaeophyta) in Ireland. Ir. Nat. J. 23:380 - 381 It was first recorded in Britain in 1908 and in Ireland in 1934.Morton, O. 2003.

There is a well-developed sedimentary structure with a variety of fossils. The site is also important for the red fossil alga (Solenopora jurassica). This is called Beetroot Stone. Areas of hardened sea floor also occur.

Kalmar Z., Babos M. and F. Gyurko G. (1990): Gombák.1. – Búvár zsebkönyvek, Móra Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 64 pp.Babos M. and Rimoczi I. (2003):Bazídiumos nagygombák. – In: SIMON T. (ed.): Baktérium-, alga-, gomba-, zuzmó- és mohahatározó. 2.

Abundant microfossils of planktonic alga of Bavlinella faveolata.Knoll, A.H., Blick, N., and Awramik, S.M., 1981, Stratigraphic and ecologic implications of late Precambrian microfossils from Utah: American Journal of Science, v. 281, no. 3, p. 247-263.

Arthrocardia corymbosa (Lamarck) Decaisne 1842, syn. Cheilosporum corymbosum (Lamarck) Decaisne 1842, is a red alga of South Africa (Southern Cape Peninsula eastward).Stegenga, H., Bolton, J.J., & Anderson, R.J. 1997. Seaweeds of the South African West Coast.

Volume 64, 2:170-178. Gupta, V.K. and Rastogi, A. 2009: Biosorption of hexavalent chromium by raw and acid-treated green alga Oedogonium hatei from aqueous solutions. Journal of Hazardous Materials. Volume 163, 1:396-402.

In some groups of mixotrophic protists, like some dinoflagellates (e.g. Dinophysis), chloroplasts are separated from a captured alga and used temporarily. These klepto chloroplasts may only have a lifetime of a few days and are then replaced.

Peyssonnelia is a genus of thalloid red alga comprising approximately 63 species. It includes the algae commonly known as rumoi-iwanokawa, mayoi- iwanokawa and akase-iwanokawa. Specimens can reach around 20 cm in size. Peyssonnelia produces tetraspores.

Polysiphonia stricta is a small red marine alga in the Division Rhodophyta. Polysiphonia stricta forms dense clumps of branching axes. The plants grow to 25 cm high.Seaweeds of the British Isles Volume 1 Rhodophyta Part 3A Ceramiales.

Cricotopus elegans is a species of non-biting midges in the subfamily Orthocladiinae of the bloodworm family Chironomidae. It is found in Europe. It mines in the aquatic Potamogeton.Mutualism between the midge Cricotopus and the alga Nostoc.

Dalyia is a pterobranch known from the middle Cambrian Burgess shale. It was previously interpreted as a red alga. It has smooth or faintly lineated stems, which branch into up to four equal branches at branching points.

Penicillium dravuni is a monoverticillate and sclerotium forming species of the genus of Penicillium which was isolated from the alga Dictyosphaeria versluyii in Dravuni on Fiji.UniProt Penicillium dravuni produces dictyosphaeric acids A, dictyosphaeric acids B and carviolin.

Fucus virsoides is a species of brown alga endemic to the Adriatic Sea. The Bay of Kotor was defined as one of the southernmost limits of Fucus virsoides."Distribution of Seaweed Fucus Virsodes." Universita Del Litorale. N.p.

Status and conservation of eelgrass (Zostera marina) in eastern Canada. Canadian Wildlife Service Technical Report Series #412. The blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) attaches to its leaves. The green alga Entocladia perforans, an endophyte, depends on this eelgrass.

In 2010, a gray whale was found in the Mediterranean Sea, even though the species had not been seen in the North Atlantic Ocean since the 18th century. The whale is thought to have migrated from the Pacific Ocean via the Arctic. Climate Change & European Marine Ecosystem Research (CLAMER) has also reported that the Neodenticula seminae alga has been found in the North Atlantic, where it had gone extinct nearly 800,000 years ago. The alga has drifted from the Pacific Ocean through the Arctic, following the reduction in polar ice.

The limpet gets 85% of its nutritional needs by grazing on the coralline alga and leaves it in thin sheets with a damaged surface. The limpet is not present in the north of the alga's range and in these areas the algal sheets are much thicker and flabbier, and develop protuberances. It has been observed that the thin form of the alga grows laterally five times as fast as the thick form and is less likely to be attacked by burrowing organisms, so the association between the two organisms may be mutually beneficial.

The organism's genome was the first full algal genome to be sequenced in 2004; its plastid was sequenced in 2000 and 2003, and its mitochondrion in 1998. The organism has been considered the simplest of eukaryotic cells for its minimalist cellular organization. Growing the red alga C. merolae in flasks and a 10-liter carboy. Although classified as a red alga, C. merolae is blue-green: it makes little if any of the red pigment phycoerythrin, and hence only displays the second red-algal pigment, phycocyanin, and the green pigment chlorophyll.

Sandy deposits from pyroclastic surges around the Baixa da Ponta dos Rosais create small areas favourable to congregating sea mammals and other marine species. Within a radius of around Ponta dos Rosais there is an elevated number of animal and aquatic plant species. The area is a habitat for the brown alga Stypopodium zonale and the red alga Asparagopsis armata. Fish observed in the Baixa include anchovy, Atlantic bonito, Atlantic goliath grouper, bluefish, European hake, frigate tuna, longfin yellowtail, needlefish, red scorpionfish, sawfish, skipjack tuna, vadigo, and yellowmouth barracuda, among others.

This alga has remarkable characteristics, including four flagella, a theca (polysaccharide envelope) and a vacuole (stigma or "eyespot") that contains photo-receptor molecules. T. convolutae lives in the free living state in the water column but is mainly benthics. Thus, in hospite, the alga does not have the same phenotype as in the free living state: it no longer has its flagella, its theca and stigma. These phenotypical differences did not allow Geddes, Delage and Haberlandt to deduce that the green cells in the tissues could have been micro-algae.

Leavitt's teaching career at UNC spanned 43 years (1917-60), and until his death he worked each day at his desk in the University's Dey Hall, center of the language programs he helped nurture. Leavitt's wife was an editor and writer who was the author of Stories and Poems from the Old South: Edited by Mrs. Sturgis Elleno Leavitt (Alga Leavitt) published by the Seeman Printery at Durham, North Carolina in 1923. An amateur actress, Alga Leavitt had earlier worked with author Thomas Wolfe at the Carolina Playmakers, an amateur theatrical group.

On the rocky coasts of South Africa, Spongites yendoi is the main algal component of a community of organisms commonly found in the low intertidal zone. A thin layer of this alga tends to cover rock surfaces and seaweeds grow as epiphytes on top. Both the coralline alga and the seaweeds are grazed by the pear limpet and other herbivores. Twice a year, Spongites yendoi sloughs off its upper layers but nevertheless seaweeds soon grow again on the exposed surface which is usually kept clean by the feeding activities of the herbivores.

Algae (; singular alga ) is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping, including species from multiple distinct clades. Included organisms range from unicellular microalgae, such as Chlorella and the diatoms, to multicellular forms, such as the giant kelp, a large brown alga which may grow up to 50 m in length. Most are aquatic and autotrophic and lack many of the distinct cell and tissue types, such as stomata, xylem and phloem, which are found in land plants.

It has been proposed that Elysia subornata could be used as a biological control agent against an invasive strain of the alga Caulerpa taxifolia in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. The high toxicity levels of that alga discourage most of the native herbivorous fauna from consuming it. Elysia subornata, however, preferentially feeds on Caulerpa taxifolia, using the secondary metabolite, Caulerpenyne, for its own defence. It doesn't survive the cool temperature of winter Mediterranean waters, and would therefore need to be raised on a large scale to have any significant effect.

In April 2013, the European Parliament officially condemned Kazakhstan for its violating of political, media, and religious freedoms, criticized a court ban on Alga!, and called for Kozlov's release. A month later, a court suspended the activities of Alga! This action came in response to a request by the prosecutor's office in the city of Almaty to designate the party, along with several opposition news organizations, as “extremist.” When British Prime Minister David Cameron traveled to Kazakhstan in June 2013 to discuss economic issues, there was widespread desire for him to raise Kozlov's case.

The single celled green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, while not an embryophyte itself, contains a green-pigmented chloroplast related to that of land plants, making it useful for study. A red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae has also been used to study some basic chloroplast functions. Spinach, peas, soybeans and a moss Physcomitrella patens are commonly used to study plant cell biology. Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a soil rhizosphere bacterium, can attach to plant cells and infect them with a callus-inducing Ti plasmid by horizontal gene transfer, causing a callus infection called crown gall disease.

Prymnesium is a genus of haptophytes, including the species Prymnesium parvum. The genus is a unicellular motile alga. It is ellipsoidal in shape one flagellum is straight and there are two longer ones which enable movement.Fritsch, F.E. 1965.

Pelagomonas is a genus of heterokont algae. It is a monotypic genus and includes a single species, Pelagomonas calceolata which is a unicellular flagellate organism, an ubiquitous constituent of marine picoplankton. It is an ultra-planktonic marine alga.

Babos published several books and identification guides and gave hundreds of lectures and seminars on fungal biology in Hungarian.Babos M. (1991): Bazidiumos nagygombák. – In: SIMON T. (szerk.): Baktérium-, alga-, gomba-, zuzmó- és mohahatározó. Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, pp. 403–574.

Didymo Identified in Chile.. United States Geological Survey (USGS). Retrieved on 2010-05-17.Se Identifica Presencia de Alga Invasora Didymo en Rio Futaleufu.. Centro de Investigacion en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP). Retrieved on 2010-05-31.

The "bubble" alga is attached by rhizoids to the substrate fibers. Reproduction occurs by segregative cell division, where the multinucleate parent cell makes child cells, and individual rhizoids form new bubbles, which become separate from the parent cell.

Arthrothamnus is a genus of brown alga comprising approximately 2 species. It includes the algae commonly known as nekoashi-kombu, oarweed and chishima- nekoashi-kombu. Bifurcariopsis reproduces by means of conceptacles; it produces tetraspores and dispores and carpospores.

Asexual: binary fission from a partitioned parent cell. Sexual: Conjugation to form a hypnozygote. The Closterium peracerosum-strigosum-littorale (C. psl) complex is a unicellular, isogamous charophycean alga group that is the closest unicellular relative to land plants.

This includes, but is not limited to snow, rock surfaces, soil, meltwater, and cryoconite holes.Gorton, H. L.; Vogelmann, T. C. (2003). “Ultraviolet radiation and the snow alga Chlamydomonas nivalis(Bauer) Wille”. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 77 (6): 608-615.

This family of alga is known from Permian to Cretaceous strata. It has been aligned with the chlorophytes and rhodophytes; whilst the latter is the most widely held opinion, some authors still consider a green algal affinity possible.

Morphological Plasticity of Caulerpa prolifera (Caulerpales, Chlorophyta) in Relation to Growth Form in a Coral Reef Lagoon Retrieved August 18, 2011. Two distinct forms of the alga are recognised, Caulerpa prolifera f. obovata (J.Agardh) and Caulerpa prolifera f.

Several Bishkek- based football teams play on this pitch, including six-time Kyrgyzstan League champions, Dordoi Bishkek. Others include Alga Bishkek, Ilbirs Bishkek, and RUOR-Guardia Bishkek. Bishkek hosted the 2014 IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia – Division I.

Polysiphonia devoniensis is a species of marine algae. It is a small red alga in the Division Rhodophyta. It is a species new to science only described recently and first published in 1993.Maggs, C.A. and Hommersand, M.H. 1993.

Most described species are parasites of Oomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Blastocladiomycota. Rozella itersoniliae is a parasite of the basidiomycete Itersonilia perplexans, though some authors doubt its placement in the genus. Rozella coleochatis parasitizes a species of the green alga Coleochaete.

Rustam Zakirov (; 19 December 1989 – 15 April 2020) was a Kyrgyzstani footballer who was a midfielder. He was well known for playing for Abdish-Ata Kant and Alga Bishkek. He was a member of the Kyrgyzstan national football team.

Shewanella algicola is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic and motile bacterium from the genus of Shewanella with a single polar flagella which has been isolated from the alga Sargassum thunbergii from the coast of Jeju Island on Korea.

Polysiphonia foetidissima Cocks ex Bornet (also known as Vertebrata foetidissima) is small red marine alga in the Rhodophyta.Maggs, C.A. and Hommersand, M.H. 1993. Seaweeds of the British Isles Volume 1 Rhodophyta Part 3A Ceramilaes. The Natural History Museum, London.

Algae are single-celled eukaryotes that are generally non-pathogenic although pathogenic varieties do exist. Protothecosis is a disease found in dogs, cats, cattle, and humans caused by a type of green alga known as prototheca that lacks chlorophyll.

This siphonous green alga is of two subspecies in Great Britain and Ireland. They are similar, both are dark green in color. It forms long erect finger-like fronds. These grow to 40 cm or more long branching dichotomously.

He performed research on many kinds of cells including those of an alga,Webster-Smith, N. K., P. Sze, and G. B. Chapman. 1983. The ultrastructure of Helicodictyon planctonium (Chlorophyceae). Phycologia 22: 295–301. bacteria,Chapman, G. B. 1953.

These areas are the best in terms of species survival. The large, infrequently moving boulders are covered with the Gigartina canaliculata; once this alga dominates the boulder other species get “kicked out” or cannot find space to live there.

The name Algibacter derives from: Latin feminine gender noun alga, seaweed; New Latin masculine gender noun, a rodbacter, nominally meaning "a rod", but in effect meaning a bacterium, rod; New Latin masculine gender noun Algibacter, rod isolated from seaweed.

The coral has symbiotic dinoflagellate alga called zooxanthella in its tissues and it is these which give the coral its colour of yellowish or greenish brown, or occasionally blue-grey. The valleys are often a paler or contrasting colour.

Bigelowiella natans is a species of Chlorarachniophyte alga that is a model organism for the Rhizaria. Chlorarachniophyte are unicellular marine algae with plastids of secondary endosymbiotic region. Bigelowiella natans are a key resource for studying the supergroup of mostly unicellular eukaryotes.

Lessonia trabeculata is a species of kelp, a brown alga in the genus Lessonia. It grows subtidally off the coasts of Peru and northern and central Chile, with the closely related Lessonia nigrescens tending to form a separate zone intertidally.

Botryococcus squalene synthase (, SSL-2 (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name squalene:NADP+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : squalene + diphosphate + NADP+ \rightleftharpoons presqualene diphosphate + NADPH + H+ This enzyme is isolated from the green alga Botryococcus braunii BOT22.

Botryococcene synthase (, SSL-3 (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name C30 botryococcene:NADP+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : C30 botryococcene + NADP+ \+ diphosphate \rightleftharpoons presqualene diphosphate + NADPH + H+ This enzyme is isolated from the green alga Botryococcus braunii BOT22.

This alga grows in freshwater to a depth of over , on soft substrates such as silt, sand and accumulations of detritus. It tends to grow in deep, slow moving water where other plants are scarce, typically near docks and marinas.

This small alga grows erect with cylindrical filamentous axes.Hardy, F.G. and Guiry, M.D. 2003. A Checklist and Atlas of the Seaweeds of Britain and Ireland. The British Phycological Society It is repeatedly branched, corticate and grow to 30 cm long.

The fish eat the alga and this enhances their toxicity. G. histrio can change sex in either direction. When a pair of gobies of the same sex colonize a new coral patch, one of them changes to the opposite sex.

Marine Algae of Northern Ireland. Ulster Museum, Belfast. Donegal, Kerry, Galway, Clare and Cork. Apparently this alga was first recorded in Ireland by M.J.Lynn from Strangford Lough in March 1934, and from Lough Larne near Ballycarry and Magheramorne in 1935.

Melanothamnus harveyi (Polysiphonia harveyi), Harvey's siphon weed,Bunker, F.StP. D., Brodie, J.A., Maggs, C. and Bunker, A.R. 2017. Seaweeds of Britain and Ireland. Second Edition, Wild Nature Press, Plymouth, UK is a small marine red alga in the division of Rhodophyta.

Ecklonia kurome (Japanese : 黒布, kurome, Chinese : 昆布, Kūn Bù) is a brown alga species in the genus Ecklonia found in the Sea of Japan. The phlorotannins eckol, phlorofucofuroeckol A and 8,8'-bieckol can be found in Ecklonia kurome.

Actinastrum is a genus of mostly freshwater single-celled Eukaryotes, first described by Gustaf Lagerheim in 1882. Studies since 2002 have placed Actinastrum as either sister to or a subgrouping within Chlorella, a Charophyte green alga genus in the family Chlorellaceae.

Chlorogonium is a genus of green algae in the family Haematococcaceae.See the NCBI webpage on Chlorogonium. Data extracted from the This alga has a notable mutualistic relationship with the American toad, allowing the tadpoles to develop faster when covered with Chlorogonium.

In certain algae, there is an extensive rhizoidal system that allows the alga to anchor itself to a sandy substrate from which it can absorb nutrients. Microscopic free-floating species, however, do not have rhizoids at all.Smith, G.M.1955. Cryptogamic Botany.

Motomura, T. and Nagasato, C. (2003) The first spindle formation in brown algal zygotes. Hydrobiologia (in press). Nagasato, C. and Motomura, T. (2002) New pyrenoid formation in the brown alga, Scytosiphon lomentaria (Scytosiphonales, Phaeophyceae). Journal of Phycology 38: 800-806.

Vertebrata fruticulosa is a small branched alga growing to 15 cm long. The erect axes are surrounded by 11 to 12 pericentral cells all of the same length. Cortication of small cells cover these branches. They are attached by rhizoids.

Anteaters, for example, feed lightly and for a short time at any one ant nest, allowing the colony to regrow easily. Also, sloths' fur is home to many insects, as well as a type of alga that helps camouflage the sloths.

Ectocarpus siliculosus is a filamentous brown alga. Its genome was the first brown macroalgal genome to be sequenced, with the expectation that E. siliculosus will serve as a genetic and genomic model for brown macroalgae.Genoscope - Ectocarpus genome project at genoscope The alga is unbranched and filamentous; it forms soft beards on larger plants or other firm substrata and grows up to 2 feet long.Gosner, Kenneth L., Atlantic Seashore: A field guide to sponges, jellyfish, sea urchins, and more; Houghton Mifflin Co. Plants tufted, often only one to a few cm tall, but in exceptional cases up to 20 cm.

BL-induced responses may include phototropism and chloroplast photo-relocation movement (Christie 2007). Various BL receptors have been discovered in green plants. Takahashi et.al isolated BL receptors from the Xanthophyceae alga, Vaucheria in 2007 and named it Aureochrome (Latin meaning: aureus = gold).

Prymnesiovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Phycodnaviridae. Alga serve as natural hosts. There is currently only one species in this genus: the type species Chrysochromulina brevifilum virus PW1 (CbV-PW1). It infects Haptolina brevifila, basionym: Chrysochromulina brevifilum (Edvardsen et al.

Howard graduated from Box Hill High School in Melbourne, Australia and later studied Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of Melbourne, culminating in a PhD in 1975 where he studied the carbohydrate and central metabolism of Caulerpa simpliciuscula, a marine green alga.

Lipsiae (FA Brockhaus): Leipzig. In 1915, Von Wettstein characterized Geosiphon pyriforme as a multinucleate alga containing endosymbiotic cyanobacteria, although he also noted the presence of chitin, a component of fungal cell walls.Wettstein F von. (1915). Geosiphon Fr Wettst, eine neue, interessante Siphonee.

This alga is to be found all around the British Isles as far north as Shetland.Hardy, F.G. and Guiry, M.D.2003. A Check-list and Atlas of the Seaweeds of Britain and Ireland British Phycological SocietyFurther south it is recorded to Portugal.

Colpomenia peregrina (syn. Colpomenia sinuosa (Mertens ex Roth) Derbès et Solier var. peregrina Sauvageau) is a small brown alga, bladder-like, hollow and membranous, up to 9 cm across. The surface is thin and smooth but often collapsed or torn when older.

Baeomyces rufus, commonly known as the brown beret lichen, is a fruticose lichen belonging to the cap lichen family, Baeomycetaceae. The species was first described by J.F Rebentisch in 1804. Like other lichens, it is a symbiosis between a fungus and an alga.

This alga grows to no more than 1 centimeter long, is fan shaped with a distinct stipe. The vegetative frond is monostromatic. The cells in the blade are arranged in packets of 4 or more. In colour the fronds are dark green.

Fucus distichus L. subsp. edentatus (Bach.Pyl.) Powell, isotype herbarium specimen, 1910 Fucus distichus or rockweed is a species of brown alga in the family Fucaceae to be found in the intertidal zones of rocky seashores in the Northern Hemisphere, mostly in rock pools.

Alternatively, both of the gametes may be non-flagellated. The latter situation occurs in some algae and plants. In the red alga Polysiphonia, non- motile eggs are fertilized by non-motile sperm. In flowering plants, the gametes are non-motile cells within gametophytes.

The unknown bacteria were not detected in control samples that did not contain C. nivalis which strongly suggests that it must be associated with the algae.Weiss, R. L. (1983). “Fine structure of the snow alga (Chlamydomonas nivalis) and associated bacteria”. J. Phycol.

The ancestral green alga was a unicellular flagellate. The Viridiplantae diverged into two clades. The Chlorophyta include the early diverging prasinophyte lineages and the core Chlorophyta, which contain the majority of described species of green algae. The Streptophyta include charophytes and land plants.

Ulva lactuca, also known by the common name sea lettuce, is an edible green alga in the family Ulvaceae. It is the type species of the genus Ulva. It is sometimes known as U. fenestrata, referring to its "windowed" or "holed" appearance.

This alga is strictly a freshwater algae and known as cold water algae, because it always grow in high altitude stream where the water temperature is always low. Temperate and tropical Countries. From India Maharashtra, KarnatakaBalakrishnan, M.S., and Chaugule, B.B. 1980. Indian Batrachospermaceae.

Stypopodium is a genus of thalloid brown alga in the family Dictyotaceae. Members of the genus are found in shallow tropical and subtropical seas around Africa, Pakistan, India, Japan, Indonesia, Australia, Micronesia, the Caribbean, Venezuela, and Brazil.Stypopodium AlgaeBase. Retrieved 2012-06-29.

This small alga grows to 5 cm long from a small disc. The fronds are erect, stiff and branch dichotomously in 1 plane, the tips a little flattened. In colour it is dark purplish brown. The structure is muliaxial with elongated cells surrounded cortical cells.

When red rain fell in Kerala, dust was the suspected cause. Alternative theories, later dismissed, included dust from a meteorite and extraterrestrial cells in the water. The particles causing the red colour in Kerala were later determined to be spores of the alga Trentepohlia annulata.

The dikaryon is a nuclear feature which is unique to certain fungi. The green alga Derbesia has been long considered an exception,van den Hoek, C., D.G. Mann, and H.M. Jahns 1995. Algae: an introduction to phycology, p. 430. Cambridge University Press (623 pp).

Coelopids are found in the wrack zone of temperate seashores where the larvae feed on rotting seaweed. They are sometimes very abundant in this habitat. They go through several generations a year. The females lay their eggs in small batches into fresh alga banks.

Pleuromastigaceae is an obsolete family of cryptomonads, which included genera Monomastix, Pleuromastix, and Xanthodiscus. Today, Monomastix is regarded as a green alga, and since 1987 Xanthodiscus is regarded as a synonym of Prorocentrum.Pleuromastix remains unclassified as a part of any larger taxon as of 2019.

This small alga is no more than 8 cm long. It appears as a tuft of irregularly branched erect axes. The branches show 10 periaxial cells forming a collar around a central axis without cortication. The pericentral cells are all of the same length.

This red alga grows to a length of . The frond is generally flattened and fan shaped, growing from a discoid holdfast forming a terete stipe with flattened branches dividing dichotomously as a blade with rounded apices.Bunker, F.StP.D, Brodie, J.A., Maggs, C.A. and Bunker, A.R. 2017.

Archaeolithophyllum is a genus of conceptacle-bearing red alga that falls in the coralline stem group. It somewhat resembles Lithophyllum. As of today, Archaeolithophyllum is the only Palaeozoic coralline to bear clear conceptacles, although the earlier Graticula does bear reproductive structures. It mineralized using aragonite.

Dictyota bartayresiana, commonly known as a forded sea tumbleweed, is a species of brown alga found in the tropical western Indo-Pacific region and the Gulf of Mexico. It contains chemicals that are being researched for possible use as antimicrobials, as larvicides and as cytotoxins.

The ecological roots of Aspergillus ochraceus lay in the soil. This fungus was first isolated from varied soils. Evolutionary development has now well adapted Aspergillus ochraceus to occupy a great variety of environmental niches. It has been isolated from the marine alga Sargassum miyabei.

This species lives in a subcellular endosymbiotic relationship with chloroplasts derived from the alga Codium fragile. These chloroplasts provide the Elysia host with the products of photosynthesis. Elysia viridis feeds on Codium, and absorbs its chloroplasts. The term for such an activity is kleptoplasty.

Symbiodinium trenchi is an endosymbiotic dinoflagellate, a unicellular alga which commonly resides in the tissues of tropical corals. It has a greater tolerance to fluctuations in water temperatures than do other species in the genus. It was named for the marine biologist R. K. Trench.

Endosymbiontic green algae live close to the surface of some sponges, for example, breadcrumb sponges (Halichondria panicea). The alga is thus protected from predators; the sponge is provided with oxygen and sugars which can account for 50 to 80% of sponge growth in some species.

The species found attached or associated with the alga include the limpet Iothia emarginuloides, the amphipod Paramoera walkeri, various polychaete worms, and the Antarctic sea urchin. Other epiphytes include bryozoans, serpulid worms and hydroids, the latter being preyed on by the nudibranch Tenellia georgiana.

Cocconeis is a genus of diatoms. Members of the genus are elliptically shaped diatoms. The green alga Cladophora is frequently covered with Cocconeis, as are individuals of Antarctic minke whales, often found with orange-brown to yellowish patches of Cocconeis ceticola on their bodies.

Parka decipiens is a Devonian fossil believed to be an early land plant, and is the only species described in the genus Parka. It bears at least a passing resemblance to the alga Coleochaete, but the significance of this similarity is yet to be established.

Physella wrighti requires an aquatic environment with year-round water temperature between . They live on substrates both above and below the water level. They prefer habitats of Chara mats, but can also be found on mats of green alga, woody debris, and stream beds.

This small filamentous alga grows attached, or unattached, in masses reaching 20 cm across. The branches grow pseudochotomously the tips are strongly coiled in. It is corticated only at the nodes between the axial cells and form clear cortical bands. The rhizoids are multicellular.

Similar mass spawnings take place in the Mediterranean Sea causing a cloud of green gametes to be released in the water approximately 14 minutes before sunrise.Sexual reproduction of the invasive green alga Caulerpa racemosa var. occidentalis in the Mediterranean Sea. Retrieved 2011-08-22.

He was given the Order of the Dannebrog shortly before he - as the first Dane \- completed his circumnavigation. The marine green alga Urospora wormskioldii (Mart in Honem.) Rosenv., the flowering plant genus Wormskioldia Thonn. (Turneraceae) and several other species are named for him, e.g.

The Mesotaeniaceae are a small family of unicellular green algae known as the "saccoderm desmids". The Mesotaeniaceae appear to be sister or ancestral to the Zygnemataceae. The desmids are a deep branching group of Zygnemataceae. Spirotaenia was found to be a basal green alga.

The samples were sent to Robert Brown and Francis Bauer for examination. Both men came to different conclusions on how to classify the specimens. Brown believed the specimen to be a unicellular alga while Bauer declared it a new species of fungus, Uredo nivalis.

Ecklonia cava is a perennial brown alga and exists mainly in subtidal areas off the coast of Japan and Korea, especially in kelp forests along the central Pacific coast in Honshu, the southern coast along the Sea of Japan, and the coast in Kyushu. It usually creates marine forests in water 2 to 25m deep, and can grow to be over 130 cm. As a brown alga, it plays an important role in the ecosystem and habitat of where it lives, providing a source of food and shelter for many marine organisms. They are the primary producers of their ecosystem, and many animals use them as locations for reproducing.

Researchers at the University of Nice in France have been studying a tiny aquatic slug which is a natural predator of C. taxifolia.Thibaut, T. 2001. "Elysia subornata a potential control agent of the alga Caulerpa taxifolia in the Mediterranean Sea" , Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom Called Elysia subornata, it was found off the coast of Florida, in waters warmer than those in the Mediterranean. This slug is believed to feed exclusively on C. taxifolia, by sticking its proboscis into the stem and sucking out the white viscous liquid inside the stem: this causes the alga to become limp, discolored, and dead.

The research confirmed the likelihood that the introduction happened through clouds over the ocean, a phenomenon of intercontinental species dispersal previously reported for bacteria and fungi but not for an alga. Clouds over ocean dispersal is analogous to the intercontinental flights; spores of this alga from Europe are transported to India via clouds that drift across the Arabian Sea. Spores might have been carried first to the clouds for its dispersal. How exactly these lower stratospheric clouds containing algal spores got in Kerala remain unknown but it might be related to the monsoon as well, as Kerala is the first state that the southwest monsoon strikes together with Sri Lanka.

Scutellastra longicosta is a territorial limpet occupying a permanent position and cultivating the brown alga Ralfsia verrucosa in a "garden" which it defends from other herbivores. The productivity of the cultivated algae is about 30% higher than it is when the algae grow elsewhere. It has been shown that Scutellastra cochlear, a closely related limpet, fertilises its algal garden with urea that accumulates round the rim of its shell when the limpet is exposed to the air at low tide and this may also be the case with Scutellastra longicosta. The cultivation of the garden is a form of mutualism as both limpet and alga derive benefit from the arrangement.

Echinoderms sometimes have large population swings which can cause marked consequences for ecosystems. An example is the change from a coral-dominated reef system to an alga-dominated one that resulted from the mass mortality of the tropical sea urchin Diadema antillarum in the Caribbean in 1983. Sea urchins are among the main herbivores on reefs and there is usually a fine balance between the urchins and the kelp and other algae on which they graze. A diminution of the numbers of predators (otters, lobsters and fish) can result in an increase in urchin numbers causing overgrazing of kelp forests with the result that an alga-denuded "urchin barren" forms.

In 2002, the first insights into the properties of the Phaeodactylum tricornutum gene repertoire were described using 1,000 expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Subsequently, the number of ESTs was extended to 12,000 and the diatom EST database was constructed for functional analyses. These sequences have been used to make a comparative analysis between P. tricornutum and the putative complete proteomes from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae, and the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. The diatom EST database now consists of over 200,000 ESTs from P. tricornutum (16 libraries) and T. pseudonana (7 libraries) cells grown in a range of different conditions, many of which correspond to different abiotic stresses.

Costasiella kuroshimae, a Sacoglossan sea slug which uses kleptoplasty to create complex patterns on its body Elysia pusilla feeds on the green alga Halimeda and incorporates chloroplasts into its body. One of the only known animals that practice kleptoplasty are sea slugs in the clade Sacoglossa. Several species of Sacoglossan sea slugs capture intact, functional chloroplasts from algal food sources, retaining them within specialized cells lining the mollusc's digestive diverticula. The longest known kleptoplastic association, which can last up to ten months, is found in Elysia chlorotica, which acquires chloroplasts by eating the alga Vaucheria litorea, storing the chloroplasts in the cells that line its gut.

The distinctive colour of the water changes as a result of green alga Dunaliella salina, halobacterium Halobacterium cutirubrum, and/or high concentration of brine prawn. Once the lake water reaches a salinity level greater than that of sea water, the temperature is high enough and adequate light conditions are provided, the alga begins to accumulate the red pigment beta carotene. The pink halobacterium grow in the salt crust at the bottom of the lake. It is believed that the construction of a highway and a rail line altered the flow of water into the lake reducing its salinity which is why (as of 2017) it no longer appears pink.

Many species of Pseudocyphellaria are cyanolichens and contain the cyanobacterium Nostoc as a photobiont, which allows nitrogen fixation. In some species of Pseudocyphellaria the cyanobacterium is the sole photobiont, while other species also contain the green alga Dictyochloropsis and restrict the cyanobacterium to warty cephalodia on the lower surface of the lichen. Some species of Pseudocyphellaria appear to be able to use either a cyanobacterium or a green algae as their photobiont. DNA tests have shown that the fungal symbionts in P. murrayi (which is in a symbiosis with a cyanobacterium) and P. rufovirescens (which is in a symbiosis with a green alga) are actually the same species.

About 90% of all known lichens have a green alga as a symbiont. “Clorococcoid” means a green alga (Chlorophyta) that has single cells that are globose, which is common in lichens. This was once classified in the order Chlorococcales, which one may find stated in older literature, but new DNA data shows many independent lines of evolution exist among this formerly large taxonomic group. Chlorococcales is now a relatively small order and may no longer include any lichen photobionts. The term “Trebouxioid” refers to members of the Trebouxia algae or other algae that resemble them: a clorococcoid green algae photobiont in the genus Trebouxia.

University has best research contribution among all the newly established Central Universities with the SCOPUS (h-index:13 citation index: 575), RG Score (1387.56) and Research Gate Impact Point (400.9). Researchers from this university had contributed in a number of peer- reviewed scientific research. Among these are discovery of new species of marine alga Ulva paschima and Cladophora goensis, first report of endophytic algae from Indian Ocean, discovery of the geographical origin of Holy Basil as North-Central India, Molecular assessment of Hypnea valentiae-a red alga from West and East coast of India and multitargetted molecular docking analysis of plant-derived natural compounds against PI3K Pathway.

It has declined significantly over time and only 3 colonies were found in a 2000 survey. The main threats to M. dilatata include: 1) vulnerability to coral bleaching due to high temperatures (it was the first species to bleach during the 1996 event in Kaneohe Bay); 2) fresh water kills and exposure at extreme low tide; 3) habitat degradation and modification as a result of sedimentation, pollution, alien alga species (Gracilaria salicornia, Kappaphycus and Eucheuma spp. algae) and invasive green alga (Dictyosphaeria cavernosa) in Kaneohe Bay; 4) a limited distribution; and 5) damage by anchors, fish pots, swimmers and divers. Two other species, M. turgescens at Kure Atoll and M. cf.

Analipus japonicus, or sea fir, is a brown alga species in the genus Analipus. This species contains the phlorotannins difucol, trifucol, tetrafucol A and B, two pentafucols, four hexafucols, a heptafucol mixture and halogenated compounds such as bromo- and chlorotrifucol, 5'-bromo- and 5'-chlorotetrafucol-A as well as 5'-bromo- and 5'-chloropentafucol-A. This brown alga species is a Pacific subtropical-boreal plant species that populates the stone coast from the Sea of Japan to the Bering Sea and from Alaska to California. The Analipus thallus is an abiding lobed basal crust ("tar spot"), from which a short lived vertical axis with a number of branches develop.

Chlamydomonas nivalis is a green alga that owes its red color to a bright red carotenoid pigment, which protects the chloroplast from intense visible and also ultraviolet radiation, as well as absorbing heat, which provides the alga with liquid water as the snow melts around it. Algal blooms may extend to a depth of 25 cm (10 inches), with each cell measuring about 20 to 30 micrometers in diameter, about four times the diameter of a human red blood cell. It has been calculated that a teaspoon of melted snow contains a million or more cells. The algae sometimes accumulate in "sun cups", which are shallow depressions in the snow.

380px Supper in the House of Simon the Pharisee is a 1544 oil on canvas painting by Moretto da Brescia, now in the Chiesa della Pietà in Venice, Italy. It is Moretto's largest work, inspired by the Venetian school and also held by art historians to be one of the inspirations for the style of Paolo Veronese. He also included more minor details than usual in his work, probably at the request of the commissioner, the Canons Regular of San Giorgio in Alga. It was intended to hang in the refectory of their monastery of San Giacomo Maggiore on San Giorgio in Alga in the Venetian lagoonBegni Redona, pag. 395.

"Lesbian and gay archive emerges for anniversary" The Age, 23 August 2008. Accessed: 7 December 2009. ALGA has also built up extensive collections relating to key aspects of LGBTI life in Australia, including: pride festivals such as Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras, Midsumma and Feast Festival; HIV/AIDS education and activism; faith-based organisations in particular Christian groups and support groups; sporting organisations and events in particular Gay Games; leather, kink and BDSM. ALGA also holds the largest collection of non-Australian LGBTI material in Australia, including material from the United States, England, Japan, China, Thailand, Indonesia, Vanuatu, Denmark, Sweden and New Zealand.

One of the oldest fossils identified as a red alga is also the oldest fossil eukaryote that belongs to a specific modern taxon. Bangiomorpha pubescens, a multicellular fossil from arctic Canada, strongly resembles the modern red alga Bangia and occurs in rocks dating to 1.05 billion years ago. Two kinds of fossils resembling red algae were found sometime between 2006 and 2011 in well-preserved sedimentary rocks in Chitrakoot, central India. The presumed red algae lie embedded in fossil mats of cyanobacteria, called stromatolites, in 1.6 billion-year-old Indian phosphorite – making them the oldest plant-like fossils ever found by about 400 million years.

The brown alga Soranthera ulvoidea is commonly found as an epiphyte on Neorhodomela species, especially N. larixPostels, A. & Ruprecht, F. (1840). pp. [i-vi ], [i]- iv, 1-28 [1-2, index], [Latin:] [-iv], [1]-22, [1-2, index], 40 pls. Petropoli [St. Petersburg]: Typis Eduardi Pratz.

This alga grows in tufts to a length of no more than 12 cm long. It is densely branched but not completely corticate appearing to have a banded or collar-like appearance. The apices of the axes are strongly inrolled. The branches do not have spines.

The alga is monoecious, that is both male and female parts to be found on the same plant. The spermatangia, the male gametes, and carposporophytes, the diploid phase, grouped together in sori. Tetrasporangia occur scattered towards the tips of the filaments of separate plants.Newton, L. 1931.

L. albus is mostly found on rocky coasts associated with the kelp Macrocystis pyrifera. It is more numerous in exposed locations. It is a herbivore and seems to feed on whatever species of alga grow nearby. Juveniles feed on crustose coralline algae, diatoms and algal detritus.

The photosynthetic partner in a lichen is called a photobiont. The photobionts in lichens come from a variety of simple prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. In the majority of lichens the photobiont is a green alga (Chlorophyta) or a cyanobacterium. In some lichens both types are present.

This is a small branched alga no more than 15 cm long.Maggs, C.A. and Hommersand, M.H. 1993. Seaweeds of the British Isles Volume 1 Rhodophyta Part 3A Ceramiales The Natural History Museum, London. It consists of large cells forming erect cylindrical filaments which are basically monosiphonous.

Ercolania kencolesi is a species of sacoglossan sea slug, a shell-less marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusk in the family Limapontiidae. This sea slug lives on the alga Boergesenia forbesii and also within its tubes.Ercolania kencolesi Grzymbowski, Stemmer & Wagele, 2007. Sea Slug Forum, accessed 10 February 2010.

Chloroplast FtsZ was first discovered by Osteryoung, and it is now known that all chloroplasts use FtsZ for division. Mitochondrial FtsZ was discovered by Beech in an alga; FtsZ is used for mitochondrial division in some eukaryotes, while others have replaced it with a dynamin-based machinery.

Prymnesium parvum of Haptophyta is sometimes termed a golden alga or a golden brown algae as is Chrysophyceae of Heterokontophyta but the taxonomy of algae is under complex revision leading to contradictions in terms especially in non scholarly texts such as those from state wildlife departments.

Species of the Desmarestiaceae can grow large, with the thallus, the plantlike main part of the alga, reaching maximum lengths around 10 meters. They can be flattened or cylindrical, and narrow or many-branched. They are oogamous, with microscopic gametophytes.Womersley, H. B. S. Family Desmarestiaceae (Thuret) Kjellman.

The Hawaiian Sea Slug grazes on the alga in order to accumulate kahalalide. This uptake of the toxin, which the slug is immune to, allows it to also become toxic to predators. This shared ability, both originating from the bacteria, provide protection within the marine ecosystems.

Dictyophycus is a putative red alga of the middle Cambrian Burgess shale. While alive, it formed leaf-like lobes about 25mm across. The fossils do not preserve the leaf-like membrane, so only the sturdier "skeleton" is known; these are usually broken and detached from their holdfast.

Tagir Fasakhov () (16 January 1964 – 29 March 1996) was a Kyrgyzstani footballer who was a striker for Alga Frunze, Alay Osh, Nyva Ternopil, Prykarpattya Ivano-Frankivsk and DAG-Liepaya. He was killed in road accident in Kazakhstan together with Kyrgyzstani players Ashilbek Momunov and Kanatbek Ishenbaev.

Kilka nowych dla Polski i interesujących gatunków z rodzaju Oedogonium. Fragm. Flor. Geobot. Volume 4, 1,2: 247-259. Mrozińska-Webb T. 1976. A study on epiphytic alga of the order Oedogoniales on the basis of materials from Southern Poland. Fragm. Flor. Geobot. Volume 22, 1,2:147-227.

Both of these properties are proposed to be adaptations for the organism's polyextremophilic environment. By comparison to Cyanidioschyzon merolae – a unicellular thermoacidophilic red alga that is obligately photoautotrophic – the G. sulphuraria genome contains a large number of genes associated with carbohydrate metabolism and cross-membrane transport.

10: 754-759. doi: 10.1038/NGEO3027 C. nivalis spends the majority of its life in the cyst stage surrounded by snow at a depth that can range from .Mosser, J. L.; Mosser, A. G.; Brock. T. D. (1977). “Photosynthesis in the snow: the alga Chlamydomonas nivalis (Chlorophyceae)”.

Ceramium botryocarpum is a small filamentous branched alga growing as tufts to a height of 12 cm. The axial branches consist of large barrel shaped cells,Jones, W.E. 1962. A key to the genera of British Seaweeds. Field Studies Volume 1 No 4 which branch irregularly dichotomously.

Fucus serratus is a robust alga, olive-brown in colour and similar to Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus spiralis. It grows from a discoid holdfast up to long. The fronds are flat, about wide, bifurcating, and up to long including a short stipe. It branches irregularly and dichotomously.

Prymnesin-1 is a chemical with the molecular formula . It is a member of the prymnesins, a class of hemolytic phycotoxins made by the alga Prymnesium parvum. It is known to be toxic to fish, causing mass fish deaths around the world, including in Texas and England.

The Australian Local Government Association (ALGA) is the principal organisation representing all 537 Local Government councils in Australia, and acts as the independent interest body for Australian local mayors, councillors and local government employees. The association is the federation of local government associations in each state and territory.

The Dolen Omurzakov Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 23,000 and is currently the home ground of the Kyrgyzstan national football team, Dordoi Bishkek and Alga Bishkek. It has previously been known as Spartak Stadium.

Typical host is brown alga Elachista fucicola, growing itself on Ascophyllum nodosum, although other primary and secondary hosts occur too. Typically, a single larva occupies one Elachista fucicola thallus. In the Baltic, adults emerge between mid-May and late June. Densities of emerging adults as high as 328 indiv.

This is a fairly large erect alga which grows to no more than 0.4 m long. The frond is erect with a solid axis. It is very mucilaginous and with few branches which are elongate growing from a discoid base. The central strand is composed of filaments intricately entangled.

The diterpenes contained in this alga are distasteful to fish, which avoid eating the seaweed. Pseudamphithoides incurvaria, a species of amphipod, feeds on the seaweed and builds a "domicile" from fragments of the fronds, and lives inside this. This casing deters potential fish predators from eating the amphipod.

The word is derived from Kleptes (κλέπτης) which is Greek for thief. The alga is eaten normally and partially digested, leaving the plastid intact. The plastids are maintained within the host, temporarily continuing photosynthesis and benefiting the predator. The term was coined in 1990 to describe chloroplast symbiosis.

The dinoflagellate labeled above is the microscopic alga Karenia brevis. It is the cause of red tide in the Gulf of Mexico. The algae propel themselves using a longitudinal flagellum (A) and a transverse flagellum (B). The longitudinal flagellum lies in a groove-like structure called the cingulum (F).

N. Z. J. Bot. 6 (2): 243-244. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1968.10429063 Unfortunately, due to the lack of sequencing techniques, reliance on visually examining similarly looking snow alga, and complicated life cycle of this species, errors continued to be made in classifying this and other species of snow algae.

Emir Kenzhegazyuly Baigazin (; born July 19, 1984) is a Kazakh actor and film director, active in the genres of auteur cinema and art-house.Рисковый Эмир 2008. Не Кустурица, но тоже Эмир – Байгазин. Baigazin was born in Tamdy village, Alga District in the Aktobe Province of Kazakh SSR (USSR).

Spores of Riccia sorocarpa still associated in tetrads following meiosis. The tetrad is the four spores produced after meiosis of a yeast or other Ascomycota, Chlamydomonas or other alga, or a plant. After parent haploids mate, they produce diploids. Under appropriate environmental conditions, diploids sporulate and undergo meiosis.

Florin, Lore, Anestis Tsokoglou, and Thomas Happe. "A Novel Type of Iron Hydrogenase in the Green Alga Scenedesmus obliquus is Linked to the Photosynthetic Electron Transport Chain." Journal of Biological Chemistry276.9 (2001): 6125-6132. Hydrogenase enzyme activity in Scenedesmus species is reported to be lower than that of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

Lichenology is the branch of mycology that studies the lichens, symbiotic organisms made up of an intimate symbiotic association of a microscopic alga (or a cyanobacterium) with a filamentous fungus. Study of lichens draws knowledge from several disciplines: mycology, phycology, microbiology and botany. Scholars of lichenology are known as lichenologists.

Heterosigma akashiwo is a species of microscopic algae of the class Raphidophyceae. It is a swimming marine alga that episodically forms toxic surface aggregations known as harmful algal bloom. The species name akashiwo is from the Japanese for "red tide". Synonyms include Olisthodiscus luteus (Hulburt 1965), and Entomosigma akashiwo (Hada 1967).

Lithothamnion is a genus of thalloid red alga comprising 103 species. Its members are known by a number of common names.Recorded common names are griuán, maërl, punalevä-suku, stenhinna and maerl. The monomerous, crustose thalli are composed of a single system of filaments which grow close to the underlying surface.

Presqualene diphosphate synthase (, SSL-1 (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate:(2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase (presqualene diphosphate forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : 2 (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate \rightleftharpoons presqualene diphosphate + diphosphate This enzyme is isolated from the green alga Botryococcus braunii BOT22.

Gastroclonium ovatum is a small alga which grows to 15 cm long. The branches are cylindrical, grow from a branched holdfast and branch irregularly. It shows short branches which are hollow with bladder-like or vesicle-like branches - rather elongate with a single joint. In colour it is dark purplish red.

A blue-shifted channelrhodopsin has been discovered in the alga Scherffelia dubia. After some engineering to improve membrane trafficking and speed, the resulting tool (CheRiff) produced large photocurrents at 460 nm excitation. It has been combined with the Genetically Encoded Calcium Indicator jRCaMP1b in an all- optical system called the OptoCaMP.

Alaria marginata, the winged kelp, is a brown alga species in the genus Alaria. It can grow up to 13 feet. Fronds are long and narrow with raised midrib and wavy edges. Each frond has two rows of several smooth, oblong, 5 inch spore-bearing blades at the base in winter.

Chaetosphaeridium globosum is a one-celled alga which is thought to represent an ancient lineage of the green plants. This organism exists in a filamentous form with one flagella per cell. It is a freshwater species. The flagellum is covered in scales in a 3-prong irregular shape called ‘maple leafs’.

This small red alga grows to no more than 18 cm high. It is basically monosiponous with distinct main branches which are cylindrical and corticated at the nodes. These incompletely corticate internodes appear collar-like around the branches. The tips of the branches are curled inwards and do not bear spines.

Graticula, formerly incorrectly named Craticula, is a genus of Palaeozoic coralline alga. They form the framework of reef rocks in the Silurian of Gotland, from the Högklint, Slite and Halla groups. The Graticulaceae closely resemble the Cretaceous Solenoporaceae, and are only really differentiated by their stratigraphic position. Graticula mineralized with calcite.

Boris Nikolayevich Streltsov () was a Soviet football forward from Kyrgyzstan, later Russian coach. He is a Master of Sports of the Soviet Union and Merited Coach of Russia. Over his playing and coaching career spent sometime in Ukraine. Streltsov started out his playing career in 1961 in FC Alga Bishkek.

The effect of an alginate oligosaccharide mixture (AOM) on N. oculata was studied. The growth rate of this alga was significantly increased by AOM. Moreover, AOM appeared to alleviate the algicidal effect of Cu2+ significantly. These results suggests that AOM can be used a growth promoting supplement for N. oculata culture.

Kurt Michel with his phase-contrast microscope A cell division under microscope was first discovered by German botanist Hugo von Mohl in 1835 as he worked over the green alga Cladophora glomerata. In 1943, cell division was filmed for the first time by Kurt Michel using a phase-contrast microscope.

Caulerpa prolifera is a species of green alga, a seaweed in the family Caulerpaceae. It is the type species of the genus Caulerpa, the type location being Alexandria, Egypt.AlgaeBase Retrieved August 18, 2011. It grows rapidly and forms a dense mass of vegetation on shallow sandy areas of the sea.

Dynamo Stadion is a multi-use stadium in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. It is currently used mostly for association football matches and serves as the home stadium for FC Alga Bishkek of the Kyrgyzstan League. It used to host Sher-Ak-Dan Bishkek as well. The stadium has a capacity of 10,000 people.

This finely branched alga grows to a length of 15 cm. Grows with erect axes and with many lateral branches. The branches are completely corticated and not in-rolled at the apices. Very small spines occur near the tips on the outer sides are parse and usually three cells long.

On January 23, 2012, after returning to Kazakhstan from his meetings with EP and EC officials, Kozlov was arrested by members of Kazakhstan's National Security Committee. His home, the Alga! party offices in Almaty, and the homes of other party members were searched. His arrest was protested by Freedom House.

Gnavi, G.; Garzoli, L.; Poli, A.; Prigione, V.; Burgaud, G.; Varese, G.C. The culturable mycobiota of Flabellia petiolata: First survey of marine fungi associated to a Mediterranean green alga. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0175941.Kohlmeyer, J.; Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, B. Illustrated key to the filamentous higher marine fungi. Bot. Mar. 1991, 34, 1–61.

It obtains nutrients from the host alga and produces swimming zoospores that must survive in open water, a low nutrient environment, until a new host is encountered. Another fungus, Ascochyta salicorniae, found growing on seaweed is being investigated for its action against malaria, a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals.

This small red alga is filamentous, cylindrical with branched axes. It has 10 periaxial cells, that is a ring of cells forming a ring around the axis. It is not completely corticated and does not bear spines.Maggs, C.A. and Hommersand, M.H.1993 Seaweeds of the British Isles Volume 1 Rhodophyta Part 3A Ceramiales.

A similar genus, Nematasketum, also consists of banded and branching tubes in axial bundles; this seems to be a fungus. Alternative views have suggested that Prototaxites was a vascular plant superficially like yew trees (hence the generic name), a kelp-like alga, or enrolled liverwort mats with associated cyanobacteria and fungal tubular elements.

Thorea is a genus of freshwater algae in the Phylum Rhodophyta (red algae). Thorea is a small alga with filaments up to 200 cm long, dark green in colour and not red as are marine Rhodophyta. The filaments have only as few secondary branches. Thorea is distributed throughout temperate and tropical regions.

Lichens are classified by the fungal component. Lichen species are given the same scientific name (binomial name) as the fungus species in the lichen. Lichens are being integrated into the classification schemes for fungi. The alga bears its own scientific name, which bears no relationship to that of the lichen or fungus.

Scutellastra cochlear is territorial and defends its garden against other limpets. A marine lichen Pyrenocollema spp. often grows on this limpet's shell, and Spongites yendoi frequently grows on top of this and on the surrounding rocks. The relationship between the limpet and this coralline alga could be considered a form of mutualism.

Allose is an aldohexose sugar. It is a rare monosaccharide that occurs as a 6-O-cinnamyl glycoside in the leaves of the African shrub Protea rubropilosa. Extracts from the fresh-water alga Ochromas malhamensis contain this sugar but of unknown absolute configuration. It is soluble in water and practically insoluble in methanol.

Mastophora is a genus of thalloid alga comprising four species. The dimerous, crustose thalli comprise two groups of filaments. The bulk of the thallus is made of erect filaments, which may be one or many cells long. These grow approximately perpendicular to the filaments of a basal layer, usually one cell thick.

Melanothamnus harveyi is a small marine alga which grows in tufts no more than high. The erect branches are formed by a central axis surrounded by four perecentral cells of the same length. A cortex may develop by cells growing downwards in the grooves between the perecentrals. Latteral branches are usually dense.

About two days later it undergoes metamorphosis. It prefers to settle on the coralline alga Lithothamnion in which it can easily cut a groove with its radula. This helps it to attach itself firmly to the substrate and avoid being swept away by the waves. This worm snail is a suspension feeder.

This alga consists of branched thalli growing to a length of 20 cm. It grows as tufts of very branched axes attached by rhizoids. A main branched is absent. In section the main branches can be seen to be composed of a central axis with 12 pericentral cells all of equal length.

Pyropia is a genus of red alga [seaweed] in the family Bangiaceae. It is found around the world in intertidal zones and shallow water. The genus has folding frond-like blades which are either red, brown or green. Some Pyropia species are used to create nori, and are thus important subjects for aquaculture.

The chlorophyll (Chl) antenna size in green algae is minimized, or truncated, to maximize photobiological solar conversion efficiency and H2 production. The truncated Chl antenna size minimizes absorption and wasteful dissipation of sunlight by individual cells, resulting in better light utilization efficiency and greater photosynthetic productivity by the green alga mass culture.

The triangle crab is a scavenger feeder. It feeds mostly on coralline alga, which is thought to cause the bright red pigmentation on its shell. It also feeds on red and green algae, as well as amphipods, isopods and decapods. It is a cryptic species that defends itself from predation with camouflage.

Lemanea is a stiff bristle-like branched or unbranched alga similar to a coarse horsehair. Close inspection show it to have small swellings at more or less regular intervals along its length. It grows to 40 cm in length, in bunches in freshwater. It is blue-green to olive in colour when young.

Hypoglossum hypoglossoides is a small red alga growing as monostromatic blades in tufts to a length of 30 cm and 0.8 cm wide. The lateral branches grow as blades which, like the primary blade, has a midrib. All the blades have a lanceolate or acute apices. All the blades lack lateral veins.

Sovetskiy is a village2012 Law on the transformation of individual urban settlements of the Kyrgyz Republic and relating them to the category of village or city in Kadamjay District of Batken Region of Kyrgyzstan. Its population was 1,280 in 2009. Nearby towns and villages include Alga (), Kyrgyz-Kyshtak (6 miles) and Oruk-Zar ().

In 1993 a new type of complex twintron composed of four individual group III introns has been characterized. The external intron was interrupted by an internal intron containing two additional introns. In 1995 scientists discovered the first non-Euglena twintron in cryptomonad alga Pyrenomonas salina. In 2004, several twintrons were discovered in Drosophila.

Phyllophora antarctica is a species of red alga in the family Phyllophoraceae. It is native to Antarctica where it grows in dim light on the underside of sea ice. Some of it becomes detached and accumulates in drifts on the seabed. Many different organisms live attached to the fronds or among them.

Microscopic observations were easily misleading as a starch sheath often encloses pyrenoids. The discovery of pyrenoid deficient mutants with normal starch grains in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii,Goodenough, U.W. and Levine, R.P. (1970). Chloroplast structure and function in AC-20, a mutant strain of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. III. Chloroplast ribosomes and membrane organization.

These two groups may have a common ancestry, and possibly also a common phylogenetic history with cryptomonads, being grouped by some authors in the Chromista. This may be interpreted as suggesting that the ancestral heterokont was an alga, and all colorless groups arose through loss of the secondary endosymbiont and its chloroplast.

AlGa (Aluminum-Gallium) is a degenerate alloy that results from liquid gallium infiltrating the crystal structure of aluminium metal. The resulting alloy is very weak and brittle, being broken under the most minute pressure. The alloy is also chemically weaker, as the gallium inhibits the aluminium from forming a protective oxide layer.

This large brown alga can grow to a length of 2 m. It has large leathery blades or fronds which grow from a stipe. The blade is without a midrib and divided into smooth linear sections. The stipe is stalk-like, stiff, smooth and attached to rocks by a claw-like holdfast.

Aleksandr Beldinov (Russian: Александр Бельдинов), born 31 October 1981, is a retired Kyrgyzstani footballer who was a midfield, and a football manager. He is known as former player and manager of Alga Bishkek. He was a member of the Kyrgyzstan national football team, and played four matches in the period 2003–2004.

Submerged vegetation includes tasselweed, beaked tasselweed, and the uncommon freshwater green alga Chara canescens. There are also some uncommon invertebrates among the 48 taxa recorded in the lough. Fish species in Durnesh Lough include sand goby, flounder, rudd, three-spined stickleback, sea trout and the critically endangered European eel. Otters are also present.

The genome sequence of another organism, the chlorarachniophyte Bigelowiella natans indicates that its nucleomorph is probably the vestigal nucleus of a green alga, whereas the nucleomorph in G. theta probably came from a red alga. The B. natans genome is smaller than that of G. theta, with about 373 Kbp and contains 293 protein- coding genes as compared to the 465 genes in G. theta. B. natans also only has 17 genes that code for plastid proteins, again fewer than G. theta. Comparisons between the two organisms have shown that B. natans contains significantly more introns (852) than G. theta (17). B. natans also had smaller introns, ranging from 18-21 bp, whereas G. theta’s introns ranged from 42-52 bp.

So far, only two monophyletic groups of organisms are known to contain plastids with a vestigal nucleus or nucleomorph: the cryptomonads of the supergroup Chromista and the chlorarachniophytes of the supergroup Rhizaria, both of which have examples of sequenced nucleomorph genomes. Studies of the genomic organization and of the molecular phylogeny have shown that the nucleomorph of the cryptomonads used to be the nucleus of a red alga, whereas the nucleomorph of the chlorarchniophytes was the nucleus of a green alga. In both groups of organisms the plastids originate from engulfed photoautotrophic eukaryotes. Of the two known plastids that contain nucleomorphs, both have four membranes, the nucleomorph residing in the periplastidial compartment, evidence of being engulfed by a eukaryote through phagocytosis.

When Swiss botanist Simon Schwendener discovered in the 1860s that lichens were a symbiotic partnership between a fungus and an alga, his finding at first met with resistance from the scientific community. After his discovery that the fungus—which cannot make its own food—provides the lichen's structure, while the alga's contribution is its photosynthetic production of food, it was found that in some lichens a cyanobacterium provides the food—and a handful of lichen species contain both an alga and a cyanobacterium, along with the fungus.Erica Gies, "The Meaning of Lichen: How a self-taught naturalist unearthed hidden symbioses in the wilds of British Columbia—and helped to overturn 150 years of accepted scientific wisdom", Scientific American, vol. 316, no. 6 (June 2017), p. 56.

Thongweed at Rossnowlagh, Ireland. Himanthalia elongata is a common brown alga of the lower shore. The thallus is at first a small flattened or saucer-shaped disc up to three centimetres wide with a short stalk. In the autumn or winter, long thongs grows from the centre of this, branching dichotomously a number of times.

This small alga grows to 20 mm high from a discoid holdfast and dark brown in colour. Very irregularly branched, creeping moss-like and terete. Branches easily seen to be constricted at intervals. Medulla, the inner cells, formed of thick- walled filaments and with a cortex of rows of elongated cells radially arranged compact cells.

Algal photobionts are called phycobionts.Lichen Photobionts, University of Nebraska Omaha Cyanobacteria photobionts are called cyanobionts. The part of a lichen that is not involved in reproduction, the "body" or "vegetative tissue" of a lichen, is called the thallus. The thallus form is very different from any form where the fungus or alga are growing separately.

After he retired from playing, Zakirov became a football coach. He led Kyrgyzstan from 2003 to 2005, and again in 2007. Zakirov managed Kyrgyzstan League side FC Abdysh-Ata Kant, and its second division farm team FC Zhivoye Pivo before becoming the manager of Alga Bishkek in February 2013. He resigned in February 2014.

The developing salamander thus metabolizes the oxygen, producing carbon dioxide (which then the alga consumes). Photosynthetic algae are present within the somatic and possibly the germ cells of the salamander. When the eggs hatch depends on the water temperatures. Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) Larva As larvae, they are usually light brown or greenish-yellow.

The axial cell is large and occupies about one third of the diameter of each branch, best seen in transverse section. It is deep brownish red in colour. Choreocolax polysiphoniae is a small parasitic alga which grows in a cushion- like manner to 1 mm in diameter on the branches of P. lanosa.Irvine, L.M.1983.

Most common Cyanobacteria are filamentous blue-green algae (Oscillatoria princeps, O. tenuis, O. jasoruensis, O. chlorina, Spirulina major). Half of the blue species are thermophile, stenoterm ones. There are two thermophile blue green alga species (Pseudanabaena papillaterminata, Pseudanabaena crassa) of which Lake Hévíz is the only Hungarian habitat. Bacterial tektons are typical of the lake.

Halysis is a genus of red alga thought to fall in the coralline stem group. It has only been recovered in thin sections, and thus is only known in two dimensions; however, an interpretation as a sheet of cells rather than a sheet of tubes or a single row of cells is the most plausible.

The oral (under) surface of the arms have four longitudinal rows of tube feet with suckers. The colour of this starfish may be pale purple, pink or green, with pale coloured tips to the arms. Green individuals have a symbiotic green alga living in the tissues and are normally found living in shallow water.

This small alga is dark green and grows to no more than 2 mm long. The frond is membranous, one cell thick, and fan shaped. It is attached by a short stipe, which may be absent, or rhizoids on some cells at the base. The cells are often arranged in lines across the blade.

Periodic acid-Schiff(PAS) stain. Prototheca has been thought to be a mutant of Chlorella, a type of single-celled green alga. However, while Chlorella contains galactose and galactosamine in the cell wall, Prototheca lacks these. Also, Chlorella obtains its energy through photosynthesis, while Prototheca is saprotrophic, feeding on dead and decaying organic matter.

Aleksandr Shumeyko during his long football life has worked as coach of Kyrgyzstan national under-21 football team, led the Alga-PVO Bishkek and SKA-PVO Bishkek and many others football clubs. In recent years, Shumeyko worked as an inspector at the Top League matches and he was Deputy Chairman of the Disciplinary Committee FFKR.

Roseobacter clade can establish symbiotic and pathogenic relationships. Roseobacter strains can form symbiotic relationships with varies eukaryotic marine organisms. Roseobacter phylotypes has been identified in the species of the marine red alga Prionitis. In addition, Roseobacters can develop close relationship with Pfiesteria, where they are found to be within or attached to these dinoflagellates.

With each dive, haenyeo plunge up to 30 meters deep and can hold their breath for over three minutes. Their harvests consist of abalone, conch, octopus, sea urchins, sea squirt, brown alga, top shell, a variety of sargassum, oysters, sea slugs etc. The divers must contend with dangers such as jellyfish, poor weather and sharks.

Retrieved on 2008-10-13. Seneca Creek in eastern West Virginia West Virginia: In 2008, didymo was found in West Virginia in the Elk River in Webster County near Webster Springs and in Glady Fork and Gandy Creek, both in Randolph County. The alga was found in Seneca Creek in Pendleton County in 2009.

Ascoseira is a monotypic genus of seaweed in the brown algae (class Phaeophyceae). The single and type species, Ascoseira mirabilis Skottsberg, is a large parenchymatous macroalgae, and is endemic to the Antarctic Ocean. Ascoseira is assigned to its own order. The alga grows in subtidal waters at depths of from 3 to 15 meters.

This alga is mainly associated with wet areas and places with high organic contents. It can be found in tanks, well water, teat-dip containers, and milking machines.Osumi, T., Kishimoto, Y., Kano, R., Maruyama, H., Onozaki, M., Makimura, K., Ito, T., Matsubara, K. and Hasegawa, A (2008). Vet. Microbiol., 131(3-4):419-423.

Stirtoniella is a lichen genus in the family Ramalinaceae. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Stirtoniella kelica, a crustose and corticolous lichen originally described from New Zealand in 1873 as a species of Lecidea. The photobiont is an alga of the family Chlorococcaceae. The lichen is named after Scottish mycologist James Stirton.

Regardless of size or form, two visible features set the Phaeophyceae apart from all other algae. First, members of the group possess a characteristic color that ranges from an olive green to various shades of brown. The particular shade depends upon the amount of fucoxanthin present in the alga. Second, all brown algae are multicellular.

Fucus vesiculosus is a common large alga on the shores of the British Isles. It has been recorded from the Atlantic shores of Europe, Northern Russia, the Baltic Sea, Greenland, Azores, Canary Islands, Morocco and Madeira. It is also found on the Atlantic coast of North America from Ellesmere Island, Hudson Bay to North Carolina.

Embedded in the tissues of the thallus are chambers in which spores (200 micrometre diameter) were produced by meiosis. Microscope slide mount of Protosalvinia sp. showing bifurcating thallus. Because Protosalvinia is usually preserved as a compression fossil, it can be difficult to determine whether its anatomy is more like a plant or an alga.

040 C. nivalis could also potentially be a source for pharmaceuticals, supplements, or beauty products if the algae could be mass produced for its astaxanthin.Duval, B.; Shetty, K.; Thomas, W. H. (1999). “Phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties in the snow alga Chlamydomonas nivalis after exposure to UV light”. J. Appl. Phycol. 11: 559-566.

The Closterium peracerosum-strigosum- littorale (C. psl) complex is a unicellular, isogamous charophycean alga group that is the closest unicellular relative to land plants. Heterothallic strains of different mating type can conjugate to form zygospores. Sex pheromones termed protoplast-release inducing proteins (glycopolypeptides) produced by mating-type (-) and mating-type (+) cells facilitate this process.

Codium bursa is a marine alga growing to 30 cm across. It generally appears as a spongy sphere of utricles which at the surface form a cortex. It is composed of loosely packed filaments which at the surface form a cortex of utricles which are single celled bladder-like or club-shaped structures.Burrows, E.M. 1991.

The Biology of Hypogean Fishes, p. 17. Developments in Environmental Biology of Fishes. Garras are omnivorous, eating alga, plankton and small invertebrates that they suck off substrate like rocks or logs. The food is scraped off with the sharp keratinized borders of the jaws and ingested via suction, created by contracting and relaxing the buccopharynx.

In December of the same year, Kozlov and Alga! initiated an effort to supply water and tents to striking oil workers in the remote western town of Zhanaozen. The workers occupied the town's central square for seven months. Kozlov personally organized seminars for the strikers to instruct them in the ways of peaceful protest.

The only plant matter found was a freshwater alga. Males reach sexual maturity around 3–4 years and females reach it around 7–8 years. Females have a clutch size of roughly five eggs and can lay three or four clutches in a year. Nesting occurs from May to August, and occurs nocturnally on a sandbank.

Some of this furniture is highly sought after by collectors as it comprises miniature replicas of items by Danish designer Arne Jacobsen. Pieces include the 'egg' chair, the 'series 7' chair, and the 'swan' couch. Additionally, the Alga subsidiary was one of five companies who at one time produced the physical skill game Crossbows and Catapults.

Thus, this alga has been found to jump from the coast of one port city to the coast of another port city. The natural strain has both male and female individuals and additionally reproduces sexually. Gametes are expelled from each sex and meet to form a zygote which then goes through two larval stages before becoming an adult.

A.Desvaux) J.Groves (Charophycese, Characeae) in Ireland (H9, H10) Irish Naturalists' Journal 35:(2):105 - 109 This alga grows to a length of over , is bright translucent green and has branches growing in whorls from the main axis the plants easily break up. It is easily distinguished from other charophytes by star-shaped bulbils which permit vegetative reproduction.

At the base of the main stems, there may be creamy-white bulbils. The rhizoids are star-shaped. Plants are either male or female. The oogonia (female reproductive structures) form at the base of upper branchlets and orange to red oocytes can occur, which help distinguish this alga from the rather similar musk-grass and brittlewort.

This small alga grows to about 6 cm long: the fronds grow from a branched holdfast are reflexed and form haptera where they meet the rock. The branches are hollow, terete to 6 cm long and constricted by septa giving a beaded appearance. The secondary branching is dichotomous, distichous. In colour they are dark purplish red.

Pelvetia canaliculata, the channelled wrack, is a very common brown alga (Phaeophyceae) found on the rocks of the upper shores of Europe. It is the only species remaining in the monotypic genus Pelvetia. In 1999, the other members of this genus were reclassified as Silvetia due to differences of oogonium structure and of nucleic acid sequences of the rDNA.

It is highly susceptible to grazing by sea urchins, among other species. It has low and high light limitation values of about 5 and 70 W per square meter respectively. Its distribution is also limited by salinity, wave exposure, temperature, desiccation and general stress. These and other attributes of the alga are summarized in the publications listed below.

Sant'Angelo della Polvere (originally called Sant'Angelo di Concordia, later Sant'Angelo di Contorta and Sant'Angelo di Caotorta) is an island in the Venetian Lagoon, in the Contorta channel, not far from the Giudecca and the island of San Giorgio in Alga. An Italian state property, it has a surface of 0.53 ha and is home to four buildings.

Its sporangia may contain one or many cavities, and emerge directly from the surface cells; they may form a ring around the main nema. Dedicated photosynthetic machinery may be entirely absent. Its life history consists of alternation of phases; it has isogamous gametes, and dioecious gametophytes. At warm temperatures , the alga reproduces sexually, forming single chambered "meiosporangia".

Genes homologous to FAM98A are predicted to occur in many taxa within Animalia, but there are other taxa outside of Animalia that may have homologous FAM98 genes in their genomes. Eukaryotes such as the opisthokonts Monosiga brevicollis (XP_00174505.1) and Capraspora owczarzaki (XP_004346371.1), and even the protist Chlorella variabilis (XP_005845167.1), a green alga, may contain FAM98 in their genomes.

Heterosigma akashiwo is a mixotrophic alga, supplementing nutrient uptake and photosynthesis with ingestion of bacteria. Each cell may contain 18-27 chloroplasts. These cells have been observed to glide and twirl under microscopic examination, but nonmotile cells have been associated with toxic blooms. Blooms are clearly visible by air, appearing as a red area in otherwise blue water.

This red alga is a branched algae growing to 10 cm. The erect branches are ecorticate composed of a central axis of cells surrounded by 7 or 8 paraxial cells, all of the same length in a ring around the axial cells. The rhizoids are numerous growing from the pericentral cells. Gametangial and tetrasporangial plants are not known.

Tetraselmis suecica is a marine green alga. It grows as single, motile cells visible under light microscope up to concentrations over one million cells per milliliter. It can be grown as a foodstock in aquaculture, being amenable to species such as rotifers of the genus Brachionus. It is a motile chlorophyte and contains a high lipid content.

Prymnesium parvum is a species of haptophytes (=Prymnesiophyta). The species is of concern because of its ability to produce a toxin, prymnesin. It is a flagellated alga that is normally found suspended in the water column. It was first identified in North America in 1985 and it is not known if it was introduced artificially (e.g.

P. parvum can use a wide range of nitrogen sources, including ammonium, nitrate, amino acids (which ones apparently depends of pH), creatine, but is unable to use urea. New evidence has shown that the toxins produced by this alga are induced by physiological stresses, such as nitrogen and phosphorus depletion due to competition with the environment.

Meristotheca papulosa (synonyms: M. japonica and Eucheuma papulosa) is a red alga, popular as a sea vegetable in Taiwan, where it is known as jiguancai (, literally "cockscomb vegetable"), and in Japan, where it is known as tosaka- nori (), which can be prefixed with aka (red) so as to distinguish it from the ao (green) and shiro (white) varieties.

Prototheca wickerhamii is a ubiquitous green alga that does not have chlorophyll. It is widely present in the environment but is a rare cause of infection in humans (protothecosis) and most commonly presents as nodules of the skin. Most cases reported have a suppressed immune system (from drugs or disease). Infection usually results by direct traumatic inoculation.

Raya Azebo () is one of the woredas in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia. Located in the Debubawi Zone at the eastern edge of the Ethiopian highlands, Raya Azebo is part of the Southern Tigray Region. The administrative center of this woreda is Mekoni. Other towns in Raya Azebo include Weyra Wuha, Chercher, Adi Abdera, Kukufto, Bala and Hade Alga.

This means that P. murrayi-P. rufovirescens is actually one species of fungus that is capable of forming two very different lichens, one with a cyanobacterium and one with a green alga. Two other possible pairs of Pseudocellaria species that may be capable of choosing their photobiont are P. knightii-P. lividofusca, and P. kookeri-P. durietzii.

The production of aplanospores (autospores) in the second way leads to the development of 16-32 spores in the sporangium. For many years, no sexual structures or observation of sexual reproduction in Trebouxia were observed.Friedl, T., & Rokitta, C. (1997). Species relationships in the lichen alga Trebouxia (Chlorophyta, Trebouxiophyceae): molecular phylogenetic analyses of nuclear-encoded large subunit rRNA gene sequences.

This mechanism is a common source of new genes in prokaryotes, sometimes thought to contribute more to genetic variation than gene duplication. It is a common means of spreading antibiotic resistance, virulence, and adaptive metabolic functions. Although horizontal gene transfer is rare in eukaryotes, likely examples have been identified of protist and alga genomes containing genes of bacterial origin.

Brodo et al. (2001), p. 8. Trentepohlia is an example of a common green alga genus worldwide that can grow on its own or be lichenised. Lichen thus share some of the habitat and often similar appearance with specialized species of algae (aerophytes) growing on exposed surfaces such as tree trunks and rocks and sometimes discoloring them.

Oedogonium nuclear genomes are rather unexceptional, and genome size and organisation remain largely unstudied within its phylum. Brouard, J.S., Otis, C., Lemieux, C. and Turmel, M. 2008: Chloroplast DNA sequence of the green alga Oedogonium cardiacum (Chlorophyceae): Unique genome architecture, derived characters shared with the Chaetophorales and novel genes acquired through horizontal transfer. BMC Genomics. Volume 1, 9:290.

Numerous descriptions of cell division were made during 18th and 19th centuries, with various degrees of accuracy. In 1835, the German botanist Hugo von Mohl, described cell division in the green alga Cladophora glomerata, stating that multiplication of cells occurs through cell division."Notes and memoranda: The late professor von Mohl". Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, v.

It lives, feeds and lays its eggs primarily on the bryozoan Zoobotryon verticillatum. Occasionally the egg masses and adults are found on the bryozoan Scrupocellaria regularis and the red alga Gracilaria sp. growing in tangled clumps with Zoobotryon verticillatum and adults have occasionally been found on the bryozoan Bowerbankia maxima. Minimum recorded depth is 1 m.

Kappaphycus alvarezii, the elkhorn sea moss, is a species of red algae. It is one of the most important commercial sources of carrageenans, a family of gel- forming, viscosifying polysaccharides. Farming methods affect the character of the carrageenan that can be extracted from the seaweed. This alga grows to two meters long and is green or yellow in color.

The Alga Kyrgyzstan (Forward Kyrgyzstan) Party is a political party in Kyrgyzstan. The party was founded on September 7, 2003. The current Chairman of the party is Bolot Begaliev but one of its notable founders was Bermet Akayeva, eldest daughter of former President Askar Akayev. However, Bermet did not run as a candidate of the party.

Some biochemical evidence favors interpretation as an alga. Lignin and cutin have been found in the thalli, and sporopollenin in the spore walls. The grouping of the spores found in the thallus favors interpretation as a plant. The absence of any stomata on the surface is inconclusive, as all bryophytes lack stomata on the main body of the plant.

A group of researchers from Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University conducting DNA research decoded S-strain genome for Cladosiphon okamuranus and found that its size was roughly 140 Mbp and smaller relative to other brown alga. They also made a rough estimate on the number of genes C. okamuranus has and found 13,640 genes.

Dictyochloropsis reticulata is a species of green algae in the Trebouxiales. It is a known as a photobiont (photosynthetic symbiont) with several lichen species, like Lobaria pulmonaria, but also as a free-living soil alga as well.Tschermak-Woess E. (1951). Myrmecia reticulata as a phycobiont and free- living―free-living Trebouxia―the problem of Stenocybe septata.

These chloroplasts are surrounded by three membranes and contain chlorophylls A and B, along with other pigments, so are probably derived from a captured green alga. Reproduction occurs exclusively through cell division. During mitosis, the nuclear membrane remains intact, and the spindle microtubules form inside of it. The group is characterized by the ultrastructure of the flagella.

P. boergesenii has a wide but scattered presence in shallow water in tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate oceans. In Australia, it is known only from Lord Howe Island. Other locations where this alga occurs include Mauritius, India, and Brazil. The type locality is the United States Virgin Islands, and the maximum depth at which it grows is .

Typically they feed on small crustaceans, insects and annelids. Hydra viridissima is often known as the green hydra, the species appears green because of the symbiotic relationship with Chlorella vulgaris, which is a green alga that lives within the organism. Hydra are normally sessile and live on aquatic vegetation. They secrete mucous to attach using their basal disc.

Born in Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russian SSR, Soviet Union, he started playing in the football academy of RSDYUSHOR Frunze.Andrei Guzienko at footballfacts.ru He then started playing as senior in early 1980s in Frunze clubs Semetey, Alga and TSOR in the Soviet third league. In 1984, he moved to PFC CSKA Moscow and played in the Soviet First League.

In a recent study, Scenedesmus abundans was isolated from Dal Lake, Kashmir and proved to be a suitable raw material for biodiesel production. The alga increased significantly in biomass and lipid content with the nitrogen concentration of 0.32g/L of nitrogen. A two-step transesterification was found to be best suited for transesterification, while Folch extraction was best for lipid extraction.

As the slug does so, it absorbs the alga's poison. The slug has an enzyme which neutralizes the noxious effect of the poison, and at the same time, the poison protects the slug from being eaten by fish. However, this slug cannot survive in the cooler waters of the Mediterranean and, therefore, is unable to control the invasive alga there.

Tasmanite is a sedimentary rock type almost entirely consisting of the prasinophyte alga Tasmanites. It is commonly associated with high-latitude, nutrient-rich, marginal marine settings find in Tasmania.Peters, K.E., C.C. Walters & P.J. Mankiewicz, 2006, Evaluation of kinetic uncertainty in numerical models of petroleum generation, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 90, 387–403. It is classified as marine type oil shale.

Prymnesin-B1 is a chemical with the molecular formula . It is a member of the prymnesins, a class of ladder-frame polyether phycotoxins made by the alga Prymnesium parvum. It is known to be toxic to fish. It is a so called "Type-B" prymnesin, which differ in the number of backbone cycles when compared to Type-A prymnesins like prymnesin-2.

Another important group placed here are the chlorarachniophytes, strange amoebae that form a reticulating net. They are set apart by the presence of chloroplasts, which apparently developed from an ingested green alga. They are bound by four membranes and still possess a vestigial nucleus, called a nucleomorph. As such, they have been of great interest to researchers studying the endosymbiotic origins of organelles.

Osmundea pinnatifida is a species of red alga known by the common name pepper dulse. It is a small seaweed widely found with the tidal zone of moderately sheltered rocky shores around Britain and Europe. Although technically a red seaweed, it can show a wide range of colouring from yellow-buff to a red so dark as to be almost black.

Acute pfiesteriosis in tilapia. Top row: unaffected fish; bottom row: fish preyed upon by the carnivorous alga Pfiesteria shumwayae. Predatory dinoflagellates are predatory heterotrophic or mixotrophic alveolates that derive some or most of their nutrients from digesting other organisms. About one half of dinoflagellates lack photosynthetic pigments and specialize in consuming other eukaryotic cells, and even photosynthetic forms are often predatory.

Born in Kochkor-Ata, Zakirov began playing football with local side Alga Frunze in the Soviet leagues. In 1992, he moved to Bulgaria for a spell with Pirin Blagoevgrad in the A PFG. After 1.5 seasons with Pirin, Zakirov joined second division side Velbazhd Kyustendil. Following his stint in Bulgaria, Zakirov went to Kazakhstan where he played for Astana and Zhetysu.

The fossil coccolithophore Braarudosphaera bigelowii (see figure), a unicellular coastal phytoplanktonic alga, has a calcium carbonate shell with a regular dodecahedral structure about 10 micrometers across.Hagino, K., Onuma, R., Kawachi, M. and Horiguchi, T. (2013) "Discovery of an endosymbiotic nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium UCYN-A in Braarudosphaera bigelowii (Prymnesiophyceae)". PLoS One, 8(12): e81749. . Some quasicrystals have dodecahedral shape (see figure).

Osmundea hybrida is small branched alga which grows from a holdfast to 15 mm long. The axes show a main axis with branches which may be spiral or irregular. The main axis may be slightly compressed with a medulla of cells surrounded by a cortex deep purplish-brown in colour. A small circular pit occurs at the apex of the branches.

Two other, smaller brown algae, of the family Ectocarpaceae, Ectocarpus commensalis and Pylaiella gardneri, as well as the two red algae Microcladia borealis and Porphyra gardneri, are epiphytic on Postelsia. Pylaiella gardneri is an obligate epiphyte to Postelsia. As with all epiphytes, these algae are not harmful to Postelsia, and merely use the larger alga as a substrate to grow upon.

The differences in structure suggest that the holotype is not an alga at all, but rather is a chaetetid sponge. Post-Palaeozoic specimens therefore require re- classification. However, some algal taxa are still classified within the genus. Some specimens of algal Solenopora retain an original pink colouration, which is banded with growth stages of the fossil; this is produced by boron- containing hydrocarbons.

O. angulata occurs in the western Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. Its range extends from North Carolina southwards to Brazil and its depth range from subtidal to . Its typical habitat is on reef rubble, where it lives among bivalve molluscs, sponges and algae. Young individuals are found particularly in association with the calcified green alga Halimeda.

The genus Spirogyra is a filamentous streptophyte alga familiar to many, as it is often used in teaching and is one of the organisms responsible for the algal "scum" on ponds. The freshwater stoneworts strongly resemble land plants and are believed to be their closest relatives. Growing immersed in fresh water, they consist of a central stalk with whorls of branchlets.

Lobophora is a genus of thalloid brown alga comprising approximately ten species. The thalli are flattened against the substrate or erect and grow from a matted, rhizoidal holdfast. The fronds are up to long and are broadly fan- shaped or have irregularly arranged lateral branches. The sporangial sori are scattered on both surfaces of the thalli or are arranged in concentric bands.

Pyropia was originally erected by Jacob Georg Agardh, a botanist and professor at Lund University. Before this, and sometimes after, many species of Pyropia were placed in Porphyra, a different genus of red alga. New species of Pyropia are still being discovered, for example in 2013 research done on New Zealand plants was able to move Pyropia plicata from Porphyra.

This small red alga grows to a length of , erect from a disc shaped holdfast. It has a short, erect, terete stipe which expands as a flattened blade branching once or twice. The blades have a cartilaginous texture with a medulla of large cells within a cortex of one or two layers of small cells.Dixon, P.S. and Irvine, L.M. 1977.

Zonaria is a genus of thalloid brown alga comprising approximately 12 species. Specimens can reach around 25 cm in size, all of which exhibit a characteristic semi-circular growth pattern which produces distinct alternating patterns of darker and lighter tissue akin to tree rings. Zonaria produces tetraspores. Zonaria is widespread with some species being locally abundant upon shallow subtidal of rock reefs.

The diet of the yucca moths is restricted to the developing fruits of species of yucca while the sea hare, Aplysia juliana (Quoy & Gaimard), is found on and feeds only on a single alga, Ulva lactuca (Linnaeus) in east Australian waters.Rogers et al (1995). These are both narrow oligophages. Conversely the migratory locust may be said to be broadly oligophagous or even polyphagous.

The alga is parasitic on some important economic plants of the tropics and subtropics such as tea, coffee, mango and guava causing damage limited to the area of algal growth on leaves (algal leaf spot), or killing new shoots, or disfiguring fruit. Members of the genera may also grow with a fungus to form a lichen that does not damage the plants.

Dictyochloropsis is a genus of unicellular green alga of the phylum Chlorophyta. This genus consists of free-living algae which have a reticulate (net-like) chloroplast that varies slightly in morphology between species, and that when mature always lacks a pyrenoid. Dictyochloropsis is asexual and reproduces using autospores. Previously, many species of the morphologically similar genus Symbiochloris were incorrectly classified to this taxon.

Brongniartella byssoides is a small brownish-red marine alga which grows to a length of about 30 cm. It consists of tufts of erect axes. The erect axes are polysiphonous, that is each axes is composed of axial cells each covered with periaxial cells without cortication. All the branches produce secondary lateral branches which produce the ultimate final monosiphonous ramuli.

Species within Cryptomonas contain four genomes: the nuclear, the nucleomorph, the plastid, and mitochondrial genomes. The plastid genome contains 118 kilobase pairs and is a result of one endosymbiosis event of ancient red alga. The study of genome structures of the genus has contributed to the life-history dependent dimorphism of Cryptomonas, which is discussed in details later in the section Dimorphism.

Waputikia is a possible red alga of the middle Cambrian Burgess shale. It comprises a main stem about 1 cm across, with the longest recovered fossil 6 cm in length. Branches of a similar diameter emerge from the side of the main branch, then rapidly bifurcate to much finer widths. The fossils are smooth and shiny; no internal structure can be recognised.

Yuknessia is an early pterobranch, known from the Burgess shale, the Chengjiang and the Wheeler shale. Long, unbranched fronds emerge from a central holdfast-like body covered in small conical plates. The genus contains two species: the type species Y. simplex and Y. stephenensis. It was originally interpreted as a green alga, and has since been reinterpreted it as a colonial pterobranch.

6–7 and its Fischer Assay oil yield is 30 to 47%. Fossils in northern Estonian kukersite The principal organic component of kukersite is telalginite, which originated from the fossil green alga Gloeocapsomorpha prisca, deposited in a shallow marine basin. Kukersite lies at depths of . The most significant kukersite deposits in Estonia – the Estonian and the Tapa – cover about , Francu et al.

Until the mid-20th century, these creatures were still considered to be bivalves. Then, in 1959, living individuals of one species were collected on the green alga, Caulerpa, in Japan. It was immediately clear that these animals were, in fact, unusual gastropods with a two-part shell. The first-discovered live species of bivalved gastropod was Tamanovalva limax, described by Kawaguti & Baba (1959).

If detached from a giant kelp or other stipitate alga, Norrisia norrisii will quickly crawl towards another kelp upon reaching the bottom. Mortality on the bottom of the reef is much higher than on the giant kelp.Schmitt, R.J., C.W. Osenberg and M.G. Bercovitch. 1983. Mechanisms and consequences of shell fouling in the kelp snail, Norrisisa norrisii (Sowerby) (Trochidae): indirect effects of octopus drilling.

In plants, clonal colonies are created through the propagation of genetically identical trees by stolons or rhizomes. Colonial organisms are clonal colonies composed of many physically connected, interdependent individuals. The subunits of colonial organisms can be unicellular, as in the alga Volvox (a coenobium), or multicellular, as in the phylum Bryozoa. The former type may have been the first step toward multicellular organisms.

Micrasterias is a unicellular green alga of the order Desmidiales. Its species vary in size reaching up to hundreds of microns. Micrasterias displays a bilateral symmetry, with two mirror image semi-cells joined by a narrow isthmus containing the nucleus of the organism. This dual semi-cell structure is unique to the group of green algae to which Micrasterias belongs.

Hildenbrandiales is an order of crustose forms red alga which bear conceptacles and produce secondary pit-connections. They reproduce by vegetative gemmae as well as tetrasporangia, which are produced inside the conceptacles. The way in which the tetraspores are produced is unusual enough to justify the formation of this distinct order. Some members of the order are known from freshwater rivers as well .

A trend in the early 21st century was to fortify food with omega−3 fatty acids. The microalgae Crypthecodinium cohnii and Schizochytrium are rich sources of DHA, but not EPA, and can be produced commercially in bioreactors for use as food additives. Oil from brown algae (kelp) is a source of EPA. The alga Nannochloropsis also has high levels of EPA.

Tumebacillus algifaecis is a species of Gram positive, facultatively anaerobic, bacterium. The cells are rod-shaped and form spores. It was first isolated from an algal bloom in Taihu Lake, China. The species was first described in 2015, and the name is derived from Latin alga (algae) and faex (faecis sediment, scum) and refers to its original isolation from the algal bloom.

Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), is an organosulfur compound with the formula (CH3)2S+CH2CH2COO−. This zwitterionic metabolite can be found in marine phytoplankton, seaweeds, and some species of terrestrial and aquatic vascular plants. It functions as an osmolyte as well as several other physiological and environmental roles have also been identified. DMSP was first identified in the marine red alga Polysiphonia fastigiata.

Atractophora hypnoides is the gametangial, that is the sexual reproductive, phase of this alga, tetransporangia are unknown. The gametangial thallus is erect, red and grows to a length of about 10 cm. In the life cycle the adult, gametangial phase of the plant, produces spermatangia in clusters and carposporophytes which produce carpospores. On release these germinate and develop into the gametangial phase.

Sarocladium kiliense is a saprobic fungus that is occasionally encountered as a opportunistic pathogen of humans, particularly immunocompromised and individuals. The fungus is frequently found in soil and has been linked with skin and systemic infections. This species is also known to cause disease in the green alga, Cladophora glomerata as well as various fruit and vegetable crops grown in warmer climates.

Unbending served in the Royal Navy's Tenth Flotilla under the command of Lieutenant E.T. Stanley.Compton-Hall, p.84. The ship spent most of her wartime career in the Mediterranean, where she sank the Italian merchant ships Alga, Citta di Bergamo, Cosenza and Beppe, the Italian auxiliary minelayer Eritrea and the Italian destroyer . She also sank the Italian ship Lupa II with gunfire.

Oil yield from Kukersite is 30 to 47%. Most of the organic matter is derived from the fossil green alga, Gloeocapsomorpha prisca, which has affinities to the modern cyanobacterium, Entophysalis major, an extant species that forms algal mats in inter-tidal to very shallow subtidal waters. Matrix minerals include low-magnesium calcite, dolomite, and siliciclastic minerals. It is not enriched in heavy metals.

In addition to impacting predator-prey interactions, the production of ROS may also help an alga get an advantage in the competition for resources against other algae, be a way to prevent fouling bacteria, and act as a signaling mechanism between cells. ROS can inhibit photosynthesis in algae Thus an alga that is more tolerant of ROS than another may produce and release it as a means of decreasing the other species competitive ability. In addition, Chattonella marina, the most well studied raphydophyte for ROS production, may produce a boundary of ROS that deters other marine microalgae from using nutrients in its vicinity. Similarly, this boundary could also be a way to discourage bacteria fouling, since the production of ROS is known to inhibit growth and bioluminescent ability in the bacteria Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio fischeri, respectively.

Bule Hora (formerly Hagere Mariam, older, alternative names were Alga, Kuku) is a town in southern Ethiopia. Located on the paved Addis Ababa-Moyale highway, in the West Guji Zone of the Oromia Region. It is the largest town in this zone mainly inhabited by the Guji Oromo. It has a latitude and longitude of and an altitude of 1716 meters above sea level.

Since the V. bennettiana discovery, Sydney Harbour has been massively altered by human activities. These activities substantially increased the siltation level in Sydney Harbour. Fine-meshed alga species are especially vulnerable to this type of disturbance because the particulate matter can often clog the blade and prevent light necessary for photosynthesis from reaching the organism. A search by Arthur Lucas in 1916 failed to find the species.

Lichens are mutualistic associations between fungi, usually an ascomycete with a basidiomycete, and an alga or a cyanobacterium. Several lichens, including Arthopyrenia halodytes, Pharcidia laminariicola, Pharcidia rhachiana and Turgidosculum ulvae, are found in marine environments. Many more occur in the splash zone, where they occupy different vertical zones depending on how tolerant they are to submersion.Freshwater and marine lichen-forming fungi Retrieved 2012-02-06.

F.Heydrich also described 84 taxa and was a bitter foe of Foslie. This left a legacy of complicated and still unresolved problems. It was in the 19th Century that the true nature of lichens, as organisms consisting of an alga and a fungus in specific association, was demonstrated by Schwendener in 1867. This removed a source of confusion in morphology and classification (Morton, 1981 p. 432).

Himanthalia elongata is a brown alga in the order Fucales, also known by the common names thongweed, sea thong and sea spaghetti. It is found in the north east Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea. According to the World Register of Marine Species, Himanthalia elongata is the only member of its genus, Himanthalia Lyngbye, 1819 Himanthalia World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-09-23.

Chrysochromulina, as one genus of haptophytes, holds an essential role in global carbon sequestration and toxic bloom formation in world’s ocean. Most haptophytes are photosynthetic micro-alga while some of them are mixotrophic. Haptophytes can live in both fresh and marine water systems. This combined lifestyle makes haptophytes efficient organisms in global carbon fixation, and they occupy 30% to 50% photosynthetic biomass in the ocean.

The earliest known fungus dates to 1.01–0.89 Gya from Northern Canada. Multicellular eukaryotes, thought to be the descendants of colonial unicellular aggregates, had probably evolved about 2–1.4 Gya. Likewise, early multicellular eukaryotes likely mainly aggregated into stromatolite mats. The 1.2 Ga red alga Bangiomorpha is the earliest known sexually reproducing and meiotic lifeform, and, based on this, these adaptations evolved 2–1.4 Gya.

Elysia pusilla is a species of small sea slug, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Plakobranchidae. It is a sacoglossan. Elysia pusilla feeds on the calcified green alga Halimeda and incorporates functioning chloroplasts into its body, thus it is known as a solar-powered sea slug. It is found in shallow water in tropical regions of the Indo-Pacific wherever its host species grows.

In 1965, the lake and its vicinity was declared as a protected national park under Republic Act 4190 that covers an area of about . Plants growing in the lake includes hydrilla (Hydrilla spp) and the filamentous alga (Clodophora spp). The lake is also rich in fish that includes dalág (Ophicephalus striatus), Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), goby (Glossogobius giurus) and catfish (Clarias spp).

It is the chlorophylls a and b together that make most plant and green algal chloroplasts green. Chlorophyll c is mainly found in secondary endosymbiotic chloroplasts that originated from a red alga, although it is not found in chloroplasts of red algae themselves. Chlorophyll c is also found in some green algae and cyanobacteria. Chlorophylls d and f are pigments found only in some cyanobacteria.

Some groups, such as the Trentepohliales are exclusively found on land. Several species of Chlorophyta live in symbiosis with a diverse range of eukaryotes, including fungi (to form lichens), ciliates, forams, cnidarians and molluscs. Some species of Chlorophyta are heterotrophic, either free- living or parasitic. Two common species of the heterotrophic green alga Prototheca are pathogenic and can cause the disease protothecosis in humans and animals.

I. emarginuloides is known from Antarctica (the Weddell Sea) and southern Chile. Its distribution is probably circum-Antarctic, with its known range extending from the Kerguelen Islands to the Strait of Magellan area. All records are from water shallower than . It is the commonest animal found living on the red alga Phyllophora antarctica under the sea ice in the vicinity of the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica.

Although he is remembered for his books, his research was mainly in tissue culture. Ralph and Mildred Buchsbaum were the first to create chimeras between the green alga Chlorella and chick fibroblast cells (Science 80: 408-409, 1934). He worked closely with Harold Urey to find a way to use the ratio of oxygen isotopes to determine temperatures in previous eras (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer.

The Archostemata have an exposed plate called the metatrochantin in front of the basal segment or coxa of the hind leg. Myxophaga contains about 65 described species in four families, mostly very small, including Hydroscaphidae and the genus Sphaerius. The myxophagan beetles are small and mostly alga-feeders. Their mouthparts are characteristic in lacking galeae and having a mobile tooth on their left mandible.

Ambystoma maculatum clear egg mass with green color from Oophila algae Oophila amblystomatis, commonly known as chlamydomonad algae or salamander algae, is a species of single-celled green algae. The Latin specific name means "loves salamander eggs". It does not occur anywhere in nature other than in the eggs of the spotted salamander, Ambystoma maculatum. The alga can invade and grow in the amphibian's egg capsule.

Gelidiella calcicola is a small creeping alga that forms prostrate low-growing tufts on the surface of calcareous substrata. The narrow compressed axes form peg-like rhizoidal attachment organs, and the axes branch laterally to form irregular pinnate branches. There are no true erect axes since all branches are in an horizontal plane. The axes which grow up at first always curve down and re-attach.

Robertson was born in Glasgow, the seventh of 12 children of Elizabeth Ritter and her husband, engineer Robert Andrew Robertson. She was educated privately and then attended the University of Glasgow where she obtained a Master of Arts in 1905. She worked for two years in Glasgow after graduating. An early project was a study of Pseudospora volvocis, a protozoan parasite of the alga Volvox.

Riella plants are small, usually or less, and thalloid, with an appearance like an immature alga. The plant consists of an erect central axis ("stem") that is commonly forked, but only sparingly, and the plants are bright green. The stem bears a thin dorsal lamina or "wing", which being on only one side gives the plant an asymmetrical appearance. This lamina is ruffled or undulate.

Ustinova, I, Krienitz, L., and Huss, V. A. R. 2000. Hyaloraphidium curvatum is not a green alga, but a lower fungus; Amoebidium parasiticum is not a fungus, but a member of the DRIPS. Protist 151: 253-262. showed that it clearly was not related to fungi, but instead belonged with a group of protists in the Mesomycetozoea (at the time referred to as the DRIP clade).

It is found in plants of the genus Vitex such as V. agnus-castus or V. negundo, and in Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort). It is also found in Spongiochloris spongiosa, a freshwater green alga. The compound is also found in Ganoderma lucidum, a medicinal mushroom with the longest record of use. Cryptanaerobacter phenolicus is a bacterium species that produces benzoate from phenol via 4-hydroxybenzoate.

Acetabularia crenulata, one of the many species known as mermaid's wineglass, is a form of green alga generally found in shallow tropical seas. It can be found growing in great abundance along stretches of the overseas highway to Key West, Florida bordering on Florida Bay. It has been used in some important research on nuclear and cytoplasmic relationships. During its life cycle it has one large nucleus.

A geniculate habit, with reference to the red algae, is one in which the alga branches, tree-like, forming "fronds" that attach to the substrate with a holdfast. Non-calcified "genicula" serve as "knees" or hinges between the calcified intergenicula. The geniculate or non-geniculate form of algae was used to classify them; however either form has been convergently derived many times. The genuculae sometimes contain lignin.

TRadial spoke head protein 4 homolog A appears to be a component the radial spoke head, as determined by homology to similar proteins in the biflagellate alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and other ciliates. Radial spokes, which are regularly spaced along cilia, sperm, and flagella axonemes, consist of a thin 'stalk' and a bulbous 'head' that form a signal transduction scaffold between the central pair of microtubules and dynein.

The first coralline alga recognized as a living organism was probably Corallina in the 1st century AD. In 1837, Rodolfo Amando Philippi recognized coralline algae were not animals, and he proposed the two generic names Lithophyllum and Lithothamnion as Lithothamnium. For many years, they were included in the order Cryptonemiales as the family Corallinaceae until, in 1986, they were raised to the order Corallinales.

Tetraselmis species have proven to be useful for both research and industry. Tetraselmis species have been studied for understanding plankton growth rates, and recently a colonial colony species is being used to gain an understanding of multicellularity evolution.Arora, M., Anil, A.C., Burgess, K., Delany, J. and Mesbahi, E. 2015: Asymmetric cell division and its role in cell fate determination in the green alga Tetraselmis indica. J. Biosci.

Marl as lacustrine sediment is common in post-glacial lake-bed sediments.Parker (2005) Chara, a macroalga also known as stonewort, thrives in shallow lakes with high pH and alkalinity, where its stems and fruiting bodies become calcified. After the alga dies, the calcified stems and fruiting bodies break down into fine carbonate particles that mingle with silt and clay to produce marl.Leeder (2011), p.

Bermet Akayeva ran for Parliament during the 2005 legislative election. Roza Otunbayeva, a leading opposition figure, was deregistered from the same district where Akayeva was running. The 'Alga, Kyrgyzstan' Party led by Akayeva was accused of numerous machinations and falsifications during the elections. After fleeing during the Tulip Revolution, Bermet Akayeva returned to the Parliament on April 14, 2005, meeting a protest of around 100 people.

When contaminated animals are consumed, they cause severe diarrhoea. D. acuminata blooms are constant threat to and indication of diarrhoeatic shellfish poisoning outbreaks. Dinophysis acuminata is a photosynthesising Dinophysis species by acquiring secondary plastids from consuming the ciliate Myrionecta rubra, which in turn had ingested them from the alga Teleaulax amphioxeia. Thus, D. acuminata is a mixotroph, primarily a heterotroph, but autotroph once it acquires plastids.

Bonnemaisonia hamifera is a species of red alga in the family Bonnemaisoniaceae. Originally from the Pacific Ocean, it has been introduced into the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is considered invasive on European coasts. It exists in two phases which, at one time, were thought to be different species; a medium-sized feathery form attached to other seaweeds, and a small tufted form known as Trailliella.

Microbial biofilms have been found degrading sandstone at Angkor Wat, Preah Khan, and the Bayon and West Prasat in Angkor. The dehydration and radiation resistant filamentous cyanobacteria can produce organic acids that degrade the stone. A dark filamentous fungus was found in internal and external Preah Khan samples, while the alga Trentepohlia was found only in samples taken from external, pink-stained stone at Preah Khan.

Polysiphonia fibrillose is a fine red alga which grows to 25 cm long. The erect cylindrical branches are themselves branched and are attached by a discoid holdfast. The branches consist of a central axis of cells each surrounded by 4 (or 5) pericentral cells of equal length and all elongate and of the same length. Corticating filaments grow down in the grooves between the pericentral cells.

Chattonella is a genus of marine raphidophytes associated with red tides. A technique using monoclonal antibodies can be used to identify the genus, while the RAPD reaction can be used to distinguish between different species within the genus. It includes the species Chattonella antiqua, a bloom forming alga responsible for large scale fish deaths due to the synthesis of toxic compounds related to brevetoxin.

A number of peer-reviewed scientific literature exists on the ecophysiology of this algal genus.Bast, F. 2011. Monostroma: the Jeweled Seaweed for Future. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing GmbH & Co. KG, 66121 Saarbrücken, Germany: Natural and cultivated sexually reproducing environmental samples, as well as sexually reproducing and serendipitously discovered asexually reproducing ecotypes of monostromatic green alga from Tosa Bay, Japan are conspecific (belong to the same species).

Kiss received his Bachelor of Science degree in biology from Georgetown University. He received his Ph.D. in botany and plant physiology from Rutgers University in 1987. His doctoral work focused on biosynthesis of the storage carbohydrate paramylon in the alga Euglena. Kiss did post-doctoral work (1987–90) on gravitropism in plants at Ohio State University, where he was first introduced to NASA-related research.

The thallus is different from those of either the fungus or alga growing separately. The fungus surrounds the algal cells, often enclosing them within complex fungal tissues unique to lichen associations. In many species the fungus penetrates the algal cell wall, forming penetration pegs or haustoria similar to those produced by pathogenic fungi.F.S. Dobson (2000) Lichens, an illustrated guide to the British and Irish species.

Condulmer was born in Venice to a rich merchant family. He entered a community of Canons Regular of San Giorgio in Alga in his native city. At the age of twenty-four he was appointed by his maternal uncle, Pope Gregory XII, as Bishop of Siena. In Siena, the political leaders objected to a bishop who was not only 24, but also a foreigner.

An inventory of the bird population, made in 2000 in cooperation with BirdLife International, identified 6 threatened species and others that are near-threatened. Among these are the Andean flamingo and the Andean condor. A total of 17 higher plants and 3 species of alga were identified in and around Lake Poopó. Due to the constant drought and flooding, the littoral zone experiences great disturbances.

Nucleomorphs represent some of the smallest genomes ever sequenced. After the red or green alga was engulfed by a cryptomonad or chlorarachniophyte, respectively, its genome was reduced. The nucleomorph genomes of both cryptomonads and chlorarachniophytes converged upon a similar size from larger genomes. They retained only three chromosomes and many genes were transferred to the nucleus of the host cell, while others were lost entirely.

The 1992 Kyrgyzstan League was the 1st season of Kyrgyzstan League, after independence from the Soviet Union, the Football Federation of Kyrgyz Republic's top division of association football. Alga Bishkek were the inaugural champions. Twelve teams participated in the inaugural season. After the season, Ala Too Naryn, who finished in 12th place and Namys APK Talas, who finished in 9th place, were removed from the league.

A euryhaline species, A. modesta is able to tolerate a wide range of salinities. It is nearly always associated with the yellow-green alga Vaucheria litorea on which it feeds in saltmarshes. Its eyesight is poor and in order to breed, individuals probably locate each other by smell and touch. Having found a partner, they push against each other and probe each other with their oral tentacles.

The Predation Hypothesis suggests that in order to avoid being eaten by predators, simple single-celled organisms evolved multicellularity to make it harder to be consumed as prey. Herron et al performed laboratory evolution experiments on the single-celled green alga, C. reinhardtii, using paramecium as a predator. They found that in the presence of this predator, C. reinhardtii does indeed evolve simple multicellular features.

Aplysia morio feeds on algae. In Bermuda juveniles seem to feed almost exclusively on species of the red alga Laurencia, even though there is a wide range of algae to choose from. Adults widen their diet slightly to include Palmaria palmata. The animal either crawls over the seaweed or rears up to grasp the fronds with its radula and the odontophore (cartilage) that supports it.

This is the fundamental basis of the protoplasmic theory of life. De Bary was the first to demonstrate sexuality in fungi. In 1858, he had observed conjugation in the alga Spirogyra, and in 1861, he described sexual reproduction in the fungus Peronospora sp. He saw the necessity of observing the whole life cycle of pathogens and attempted to follow it in the living host plants.

For the first time in 1985, the state of Texas documented the presence of the p. parvum (golden alga) bloom along the Pecos River. This phenomenon has affected 33 reservoirs in Texas along major river systems, including the Brazos, Canadian, Rio Grande, Colorado, and Red River, and has resulted in the death of more than 27 million fish and caused tens of millions of dollars in damage.

Brown algae exist in a wide range of sizes and forms. The smallest members of the group grow as tiny, feathery tufts of threadlike cells no more than a few centimeters (a few inches) long. Some species have a stage in their life cycle that consists of only a few cells, making the entire alga microscopic. Other groups of brown algae grow to much larger sizes.

Originally described as an alga, 19th century palaeontologists lumped Siphonostomites into wastebasket 'worm' taxa such as Nereites or Eunicites. Roverto (1904) formally established the separate genus, without illustration; a full description was not provided until Alessandrello's 1990 work. It was considered in the 1962 Treatise to belong to the Flabelligeridae (the current name for Chloraemidae), though this designation is treated with some scepticism by modern experts.

An agarophyte is a seaweed, typically a red alga, that produces the hydrocolloid agar in its cell walls. This agar can be harvested commercially for use in biological experiments and culturing. In some countries (especially in the developing world), the harvesting of agarophytes, either as natural stocks or a cultivated crop, is of considerable economic importance. Notable genera of commercially exploited agarophytes include Gracilaria and Gelidium.

Both species grow at the same rate at 20-25 °C. The growth of C. nivalis is suppressed when temperatures rise above 30 °C. It is a true snow alga because it performs better in low temperatures than warm temperatures. Due to C. nivalis’ ability to perform photosynthesis well from cold to moderate temperatures, this species is considered a cryotolerant mesophile rather than a cryophile.

Marine organisms are the main source of organobromine compounds, and it is in these organisms that bromine is more firmly shown to be essential. More than 1600 such organobromine compounds were identified by 1999. The most abundant is methyl bromide (CH3Br), of which an estimated 56,000 tonnes is produced by marine algae each year. The essential oil of the Hawaiian alga Asparagopsis taxiformis consists of 80% bromoform.

Later in 2011, Filatov moved to Bishkek where he signed a two-year contract with another Kyrgyzstan League side, FC Alga Bishkek. He scored 27 goals in 40 appearances for the Bishkek-based side. In 2013, he moved back to Kant where he signed a short-term contract with his former side, Abdysh-Ata Kant. He scored 7 goals in 12 appearances in the 2013 Kyrgyzstan League.

An apicoplast is a derived non-photosynthetic plastid found in most Apicomplexa, including Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium falciparum and other Plasmodium spp. (parasites causing malaria), but not in others such as Cryptosporidium. It originated from algae (there is debate as to whether this was a green or red alga) through secondary endosymbiosis. The apicoplast is surrounded by four membranes within the outermost part of the endomembrane system.

Over the next century, many researchers disputed over whether these organisms were lichen, plants, alga, or animal. It was not until the early 20th century when researchers finally began to agree on the algal nature of the organism and gave its currently known name, Chlamydomonas nivalis. In 1968 C. nivalis was officially recognized as a collective taxon.Kol, E. (1968). “A note on red snow from New Zealand”.

On July 5, 1933 Klyuchevoy District (currently Alga District) was established, and Kandyagach became a part of this district. In 1936, the republic was transformed into Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic. By 1958, Kandagach already have the status of urban-type settlement. In 1963, in the course of abortive Khrushchev's administrative reform, a number of districts were merged into Kandagach Industrial District, with the administrative center in Kandyagash.

Marine nematocides: tetrahydrofurans from a southern Australian brown alga, Notheia anomala. Tetrahedron, 54(10), 2227-2242. highlighted for the first time that tetrahydrofurans from Notheia act as potent and selective inhibitors of the larval development of parasitic nematodes, which may be a positive factor that Hormosira receives from this symbiotic relationship. A small, branching Notheia epiphyte living on its host, Hormosira banksii, in a Kaikoura tide pool.

And in all of Alaska, as of January 1, 2012, the same law applies.Preventing invasive species Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Retrieved 5 December 2012. In New Zealand, the use of felt-soled waders and boots for sports fishing was banned in 2008 as part of the containment measures put in place following the discovery of the invasive alga, didymo, in South Island rivers in 2004.

They are littoral and sublittoral species which grow in muddy estuaries attached to pebbles or docks. They also can be found on rocks or in rock pools. Ulva linza can be found in the upper intertidal zone of seashoresFinlay, J. A., Callow, M. E., Schultz, M. P., Swain, G. W., & Callow, J. A. (2002). Adhesion strength of settled spores of the green alga enteromorpha. Biofouling, 18(4), 251-256. doi:10.1080/08927010290029010. Ulva linza has been found in Wembury beach, UKLM Granhag , JA Finlay , PR Jonsson , JA Callow & ME Callow (2004) Roughness-dependent Removal of Settled Spores of the Green Alga Ulva (syn. Enteromorpha) Exposed to Hydrodynamic Forces from a Water Jet, Biofouling, 20:2, 117-122, DOI: 10.1080/08927010410001715482, Narragansett Bay, Rhode IslandGuidone, M., Thornber, C., Wysor, B., & O'Kelly, C. J. (2013). Molecular and morphological diversity of narragansett bay (RI, USA) ulva (ulvales, chlorophyta) populations.

The V. carteri genome consists of 138 million base pairs and contains ~14,520 protein-coding genes. Like many other multicellular organisms, this alga has a genome rich in introns; approximately 82% of the genome is non-coding. The V. carteri genome has a GC content of approximately 55.3%. Over 99% of the volume of a V. carteri colony is made up of a glycoprotein-rich extracellular matrix (ECM).

Laverbread () is a food product, made from an edible seaweed (littoral alga), consumed mainly in Wales as part of local traditional cuisine. The seaweed is commonly found around the west coast of Great Britain and east coast of Ireland along the Irish Sea, where it is known as slake. It is smooth in texture and forms delicate, sheetlike thalli, often clinging to rocks. The principal variety is Porphyra umbilicalis.

Trebouxia is the most common genus of green algae in lichens, occurring in about 40% of all lichens. "Trebouxioid" means either a photobiont that is in the genus Trebouxia, or resembles a member of that genus, and is therefore presumably a member of the class Trebouxiophyceae. The second most commonly represented green alga genus is Trentepohlia. Overall, about 100 species of eukaryotes are known to occur as photobionts in lichens.

Research was undertaken to study the doliolids' rate of growth and the quantity of food consumed. The study also aimed to assess their importance in relation to the ecology of planktonic organisms. It sought to quantify grazing, ingestion rates and growth rates of the gonozooid stage of Dolioletta gegenbauri at various concentrations of the diatom, Thalassiosira weissflogii, and the red alga, Rhodomonas sp., and at a range of temperatures.

Aktobe is a large industrial center, closely connected with chromite deposits east of the city. It houses plants of ferroalloys, chromium compounds, agricultural machinery, X-ray equipment, etc. The chemical, light, and food industries are developed. In 1930, south of the city, the construction of one of the first and largest chemical industry enterprises in Kazakhstan, the Aktobe Chemical Plant, near which the city of Alga later grew, began.

It grows a branching stipe from a thick holdfast. It bears long, flat, straplike fronds lined with small blades each a few centimeters long. There are pneumatocysts at intervals along the fronds which provide buoyancy. The alga varies in morphology; the rachis, or central strip, of the frond may be smooth or corrugated, and the blades along the edge of the rachis may be a variety of shapes.

This brown alga is loosely secured to the rock by the felted rhizoids on the underside. Young individuals are circular and have a smooth surface and a double fringe of short hairs round the margin. Older individuals may be up to across and be fan-shaped or have broad blades with irregular margins. The consistency of the thallus is cartilaginous or leathery, and the colour is yellowish-brown or olive brown.

Trentepohlia aurea is a species of filamentous terrestrial green alga with a worldwide distribution. It grows on rocks, old walls and the trunks and branches of trees such as oaks and the Monterey cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa) where the tree occurs in coastal central California. The orange coloration results from carotenoid pigments in the algal cells. It is probably the most widespread and abundant species of Trentepohlia in the Britain and Ireland.

Heterosigma forms massive golden tides that impact the survival of organisms at every trophic level. This alga has been shown to kill finfish, compromise fish and sea urchin egg development, and impact copepods, as well as oyster survival. Further ecological impacts to plankton, invertebrates, and wild fish are likely, but unknown. The 1997 H. akashiwo bloom in British Columbia, for example, coincided with a dramatic increase in mortality of captive salmon.

Chromalveolata was a eukaryote supergroup present in a major classification of 2005, then regarded as one of the six major groups within the eukaryotes. It was a refinement of the kingdom Chromista, first proposed by Thomas Cavalier- Smith in 1981. Chromalveolata was proposed to represent the organisms descended from a single secondary endosymbiosis involving a red alga and a bikont. The plastids in these organisms are those that contain chlorophyll c.

Joel Rosenbaum (born October 4, 1933) is a professor of cell biology at Yale University. Rosenbaum received his bachelor's degree from Syracuse University in 1955, and later his M.Sc. Ed. from St. Lawrence University in 1957. He returned later to Syracuse for his Masters in 1959 and Ph.D. in 1963. His lab at Yale studies cilia and flagella, small tail-like organelles, using the model species Chlamydomonas, a single-cell alga.

Lobophora variegata is a species of small thalloid brown alga which grows intertidally or in shallow water in tropical and warm temperate seas. It has three basic forms, being sometimes ruffled, sometimes reclining and sometimes encrusting, and each form is typically found in a different habitat. This seaweed occurs worldwide. It is the type species of the genus Lobophora, the type locality being the Antilles in the West Indies.

Bangia is a red alga that arises from a discoid holdfast and short stipe consisting of the extensions of rhizoidal cells. Bangia has unbranched, erect thalli forming initially uniseriate filaments becoming multiseriate at maturity. The plant is composed of filiform, unbranched cylinders of cells embedded in a firm gelatinous matrix. The cell contains a stellate chloroplast with prominent pyrenoid, as well as single thylakoids (characteristic of division Rhodophyta).

Phyllophora traillii is a small alga no more than 35 mm long. It grows from a small holdfast and a short stipe up to 3 mm long which spreads to a small flat blade which is oblong or with parallel sides. It branches once or twice. The fronds are formed with a compact medulla of large cells with a cortex of small cells in 2 or 3 layers.

The game was launched in Sweden in the 1970s by Alga, under the name "Den försvunna diamanten" ("The lost diamond"). In Denmark a variant of the game is marketed by BRIO. In Norway the game has been sold under the name "Den forsvunne diamanten" ("The lost diamond") for a few decades, and is currently marketed by Egmont. All publishing rights are directly copyrighted to Kari Mannerla's five daughters.

Protothecosis is a disease found in dogs, cats, cattle, and humans caused by a type of green alga known as Prototheca that lacks chlorophyll. It and its close relative Helicosporidium are unusual in that they are actually green algae that have become parasites. The two most common species are Prototheca wickerhamii and Prototheca zopfii. Both are known to cause disease in dogs, while most human cases are caused by P. wickerhami.

Across all organisms, there are six main genome types found in mitochondrial genomes, classified by their structure (e.g. circular versus linear), size, presence of introns or plasmid like structures, and whether the genetic material is a singular molecule or collection of homogeneous or heterogeneous molecules. In many unicellular organisms (e.g., the ciliate Tetrahymena and the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii), and in rare cases also in multicellular organisms (e.g.

Allophycocyanin dodekamer, Gloeobacter violaceus (). Allophycocyanin ("other algal blue protein"; from Greek: (allos) meaning "other", (phykos) meaning “alga”, and (kyanos) meaning "blue") is a protein from the light-harvesting phycobiliprotein family, along with phycocyanin, phycoerythrin and phycoerythrocyanin. It is an accessory pigment to chlorophyll. All phycobiliproteins are water-soluble and therefore cannot exist within the membrane like carotenoids, but aggregate, forming clusters that adhere to the membrane called phycobilisomes.

Most lichens are a symbiosis between an ascomycete fungus and a photosynthetic green alga. However, a small percentage of lichens (approximately 10%) are cyanolichens and contain a photosynthetic cyanobacterium instead of green algae,Hawksworth, DL, PM Kirk, BC Sutton, and DN Pegler. 1995. Dictionary of the fungi. CAB, Wallingford and an even smaller number (less than 1%) are basidiolichens and contain a basidiomycete fungus instead of an ascomycete.

Most species grow either on mossy ground or rocks, or on trees. All species of Nephroma contain cyanobacteria (in the genus Nostoc) as a photobiont, which allows the organism to fix nitrogen. In some species the cyanobacteria is the sole photobiont, while other species also contain a green alga photobiont (Coccomyxa) and the cyanobacteria is restricted to warty cephalodia on the upper or lower surface of the lichen.

Two boat-shaped plastids are observed in the cells. In a secondary endosymbiosis event, the phagotrophic ancestor of the Cryptomonas presumably captured a red alga and reduced it to a complex plastid with four envelope membranes. The phycobilisomes of the former red algae were reduced until only phycoerythrin remained. Phycoerythrobilin, a type of red phycobilin pigment, is a chromophore discovered in cyanobacteria, chloroplasts of red algae and some Cryptomonads.

Commercial production of kelp harvested from its natural habitat has taken place in Japan for over a century. Many countries today produce and consume laminaria products; the largest producer is China. Laminaria japonica, the important commercial seaweed, was first introduced into China in the late 1920s from Hokkaido, Japan. Yet mariculture of this alga on a very large commercial scale was realized in China only in the 1950s.

In 1967, Larkum developed the first modern interpretation of the distribution of algae in relation to their pigmentation. His early work was concerned with the giant- celled red alga, Griffithsia, resulting in several significant papers. Later work has broadened to include a range of phytoplankton algae, of various groups, and to Prochloron. In addition to the major discoveries involving Prochloron, Larkum discovered four other cyanobacterial symbionts in certain deep-water sponges.

The Klebsormidiaceae are a family containing three genera of charophyte green alga forming multicellular, non-branching filaments. A fourth genus Chlorokybus is sometimes included as well, but this problematic and poorly known genus is sometimes placed in a separate class Chlorokybophyceae. Klebsormidiacea may be sister to Phragmoplastophyta, together forming the Streptophyte clade. The genera Koliella and Raphidonema were formerly classified as close relatives of Klebsormidium, based on similarities in cell division.

Birds include the rare Audouin's gull, cormorants, peregrine falcons and the Barbary partridge. Asinara is the only place in Sardinia where the magpie is present. The marine setting is rocky in the eastern side, with steep slopes and ravines, but mainly sandy in the western area. The shallowest part of the coast is colonized by two rare species, the red alga Lithophyllum lichenoides and the endangered giant limpet Patella ferruginea.

Because of drought, the fish population in Lake Wichita has been damaged by golden alga blooms and periods of low dissolved oxygen. Therefore, the lake is not recommended in 2013 as a destination for fishing. When available, the fish population consists mostly of white bass, hybrid striped bass, channel catfish, and white crappie. Camping facilities are planned in the Lake Wichita Revitalization Master Plan but are not currently available.

However, modern research favors reinterpretation of this fossil as a terrestrial fungus or fungal-like organism. Likewise, the fossil Protosalvinia was once considered a possible brown alga, but is now thought to be an early land plant. A number of Paleozoic fossils have been tentatively classified with the brown algae, although most have also been compared to known red algae species. Phascolophyllaphycus possesses numerous elongate, inflated blades attached to a stipe.

Juveniles, until reaching about 0.8 cm in diameter, when they are about 7 to 8 months old, feed purely on M. insigne. The starfish will remain at the M. insigne nursery for about a year. This coralline alga is rich in calcium which is beneficial for the young starfish and its skeletal growth. After this stage, the diet of S. australis shifts to include, but is not limited to, P. canaliculus.

Diagram of oogenesis in a digenean (Platyhelminthes) Some algae and the oomycetes produce eggs in oogonia. In the brown alga Fucus, all four egg cells survive oogenesis, which is an exception to the rule that generally only one product of female meiosis survives to maturity. In plants, oogenesis occurs inside the female gametophyte via mitosis. In many plants such as bryophytes, ferns, and gymnosperms, egg cells are formed in archegonia.

Reliance Industries in collaboration with Algenol, USA commissioned a pilot project to produce algal bio-oil in the year 2014. Spirulina which is an alga rich in proteins content has been commercially cultivated in India. Algae is used in India for treating the sewage in open/natural oxidation ponds This reduces the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) of the sewage and also provides algal biomass which can be converted to fuel.

Palmaria palmata, also called dulse, dillisk or dilsk (from Irish/Scottish Gaelic '/'), red dulse, sea lettuce flakes, or creathnach, is a red alga (Rhodophyta) previously referred to as Rhodymenia palmata. It grows on the northern coasts of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It is a well-known snack food. In Iceland, where it is known as ', it has been an important source of dietary fiber throughout the centuries.

Alaria is a genus of brown alga (Phaeophyceae) comprising approximately 17 species. Members of the genus are dried and eaten as a food in Western Europe, China, Korea, Japan (called sarumen), and South America. Distribution of the genus is a marker for climate change, as it relates to oceanic temperatures. The most common species, Alaria esculenta is a large brown seaweed common on the shores of the British Isles.

Caulerpa racemosa is a species of edible green alga, a seaweed in the family Caulerpaceae. It is commonly known as sea grapes (along with the related Caulerpa lentillifera) and is found in many areas of shallow sea around the world. There are a number of different forms and varieties, and one that appeared in the Mediterranean Sea in 1990, which is giving cause for concern as an invasive species.

Much-branched form of C. racemosa. C. racemosa is widely distributed in shallow temperate and tropical seas. In 1926 a new form of the alga was reported off Tunisia, possibly an immigrant from the Red Sea, and this later spread to much of the eastern Mediterranean Sea. In 1990, a new, larger form with two vertical rows of branches on opposite sides of the stem was found off Libya.

It may take approximately five years before becoming fertile. Phlorotannins in A. nodosum act as chemical defenses against the marine herbivorous snail, Littorina littorea. Polysiphonia lanosa (L.) T.A. Christensen is a small red alga, commonly found growing in dense tufts on Ascophyllum whose rhizoids penetrate the host. It is considered by some as parasitic; however, as it only receives structural support from knotted wrack (not parasitically), it acts as an epiphyte.

Pleurophycus gardneri is a species of brown alga. It is a deciduous kelp, primarily found in lower, rocky inter-tidal and shallow, rocky sub-tidal locations and is one of the most abundant kelps found within the Pleurophycus Zone (roughly 30-45m depth). It is not commonly present deeper in the ocean than 30m and is considered a stipitate kelp. P. gardneri forms aggregates of densities up to 10m−2 .

Alga (, Alǵa) is a town in the Aktobe Region of western Kazakhstan. It is situated on the western bank of the Ilek (Jelek) River, and on the railway line from Aktobe to Aralsk. Population: It used to have a chemical phosphate plant which is now a ruin, but caused a lasting environmental damage as large quantities of chemical waste was collected in ponds without insulation to the aquifer.

On 23 August, Muhaarar, ridden by Paul Hanagan, started at odds of 7/1 for the Group Two Gimcrack Stakes over six furlongs at York. The Norfolk Stakes winner Baitha Alga started favourite ahead of Jungle Cat, Beacon (Dragon Stakes) and the Irish challenger Accepted. Hanagan tracked the leaders before moving up to challenge inside the final furlong. Muhaarar caught Jungle Cat in the final strides and won by a nose.

In 1934 she was the first to record the alga C. peregrina in Ireland; she also studied the scarcity of Zostera marina in Strangford Lough. James Small thanked her for help in reading the proofs of his A Textbook of Botany (1937). In 1947, she gave a lecture on seaweeds to the Belfast Naturalists Field Club. In 1949, she described "a rare form of Ascophyllum nodosum" she found at Larne Lough.

Padina boergesenii is a distinctive small brown alga with rounded fronds growing to a length and diameter of . Fronds are thin, leafy, and flat, with narrow or wide lobes, and grow on short stems from a fibrous, bulbous holdfast. They are moderately calcified on the underside and are usually pale brown or tan. The fronds are either two or three cells thick, but the bases are usually three cells thick.

The spotted jelly (Mastigias papua), lagoon jelly, golden medusa, or Papuan jellyfish, is a species of jellyfish from the Indo-Pacific oceans. Like corals, sea anemones, and other sea jellies, it belongs to the phylum Cnidaria. Mastigias papua is one of the numerous marine animals living in symbiosis with zooxanthellae, a photosynthetic alga. They have a lifespan of approximately 4 months and are active primarily in mid-summer to early autumn.

Stypopodium zonale is found in shallow areas of the sea around the coasts of Africa, the Canary Islands, Madeira, Florida, Bermuda, The Bahamas, the Caribbean Islands, South America, the Galápagos Islands, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Singapore, Vietnam, Indonesia, New Zealand and Queensland.Stypopodium zonale AlgaeBase. Retrieved 2012-06-28. In the Caribbean Sea it grows to depths of and it is the dominant benthic alga around Bermuda at depths of .

Two illustrations (Fig 1 . 4-5) of C. taxifolia displaying its "leaf" and rhizome structures (Fig 1 . 1-3 are illustrations of C. sertularioides) Unlike most aquarium macro algae, C. taxifolia (Killer Algae) has the appearance of a vascular plant with "leaves" arranged neatly up stalks, like a fern. Behind this appearance, the plant is a typical macro alga, without the vascular system to transmit nutrients and cells that plants originally evolved on land have.

Elysia pusilla is a cryptic sea slug which grows to about long. Its colour and shape both match that of the alga on which it is feeding; on older foliage it is flattened and a mottled pale green, on fresh new growth it is a brighter shade of green and on the cylindrical shoots that sometimes develop, it adopts a more circular cross section.Elysiella pusilla The Sea Slug Forum. Retrieved 2012-01-22.

Osmundea pinnatifida is a small marine alga which grows in tufts with branches to a length of 8 cm from a discoid holdfast which produces of stolons for further support. The fronds are flattened with a medulla of thick cells covered by a cortex of 2 layers. The branches are alternate, flattened and branching in one plane from the sides one or two times. The axes show a small terminal groove at the apex.

This enzyme participates in glycerolipid metabolism. Among the organisms that have been shown to express this enzymatic activity are A. thaliana (plant) via the AtSgpp and AtGpp gene products; D. salina (alga); S. cerevisiae (fungus) via the GPP1/RHR2/YIL053W and GPP2/HOR2/YER062C gene products; C. albicans (fungus) via the GPP1 gene product; M. tuberculosis (bacteria) via the rv1692 gene product; and C57BL/6N mice and Wistar rats (mammals) via the PGP gene product.

Photoinhibition of Photosystem II (PSII) leads to loss of PSII electron transfer activity. PSII is continuously repaired via degradation and synthesis of the D1 protein. Lincomycin can be used to block protein synthesis Photoinhibition is light-induced reduction in the photosynthetic capacity of a plant, alga, or cyanobacterium. Photosystem II (PSII) is more sensitive to light than the rest of the photosynthetic machinery, and most researchers define the term as light-induced damage to PSII.

Chondrus crispus is a relatively small sea alga, reaching up to a little more than 20 cm in length. It grows from a discoid holdfast and branches four or five times in a dichotomous, fan-like manner. The morphology is highly variable, especially the broadness of the thalli. The branches are 2–15 mm broad and firm in texture, and the color ranges from light to dark green, dark red, purple, brown, yellowish, and white.

Blooms are known to be lethal once concentrations of cells reach 3x105 to 7 x 105 cells/L. Viruses may act as a natural control on bloom populations, as H. akashiwo viruses (HaV) have been shown to only leave resistant alga alive. Similarly, certain bacteria may also reduce H. akashiwo populations. The exact mode of bloom toxicity is currently unknown, but gill damage leading to hypoxia is the proposed cause for fish death.

Culcita schmideliana feeds mainly on the epibenthic film of organic detritus and micro-organisms growing on algae and sea grasses. It also browses on the sponge Gellius cymiformis, which is usually associated with the symbiotic alga Ceratodictyon spongiosum, and the living tissues and polyps of the stony corals Galaxea and Goniopora and the soft coral Xenia. In grazing in this way on corals it resembles the better known cushion star Culcita novaeguineae.

Except for Chilomonas, which has leucoplasts, cryptophytes have one or two chloroplasts. These contain chlorophylls a and c, together with phycobiliproteins and other pigments, and vary in color (brown, red to blueish-green). Each is surrounded by four membranes, and there is a reduced cell nucleus called a nucleomorph between the middle two. This indicates that the plastid was derived from a eukaryotic symbiont, shown by genetic studies to have been a red alga.

In captivity, it can usually be coaxed into eating a combination of mysis shrimp, sheets of dried seaweed, and marine flake food containing algae. It is popular with aquarists due to its appetite for feather caulerpas (Caulerpa crassifolia, C. mexicana, C. sertularoides), macroalgae that commonly overgrow the rockwork in home aquaria. S. vulpinus is highly skilled at removing this alga and will generally clear an aquarium of it within a matter of days.

Natural phenols can be involved in allelopathic interactions, for example in soil or in water. Juglone is an example of such a molecule inhibiting the growth of other plant species around walnut trees. The aquatic vascular plant Myriophyllum spicatum produces ellagic, gallic and pyrogallic acids and (+)-catechin, allelopathic phenolic compounds inhibiting the growth of blue- green alga Microcystis aeruginosa. Phenolics, and in particular flavonoids and isoflavonoids, may be involved in endomycorrhizae formation.

Within the thylakoid membranes, β-carotenoids can accumulate, especially in high salinity and light intensity conditions, in oil globules. The pigments are made of neutral lipids and give the green alga its orange to red to brown colouration. The accumulation of β-carotenoids serves to protect the cells in high light intensity environments by absorbing and dissipating excess light better than chlorophyll can. In milder conditions, chlorophyll pigments make the cells look yellow to green.

The reduction of phosphorus inputs are required to mitigate blooms that contain cyanobacteria. When phosphates are introduced into water systems, higher concentrations cause increased growth of algae and plants. Algae tend to grow very quickly under high nutrient availability, but each alga is short-lived, and the result is a high concentration of dead organic matter which starts to decay. The decay process consumes dissolved oxygen in the water, resulting in hypoxic conditions.

Bryopsis is a filamentous green alga that can forms dense tufts between 2 – 40 cm tall (Fong et al., 2019; Guiry, G, 2011). Organisms are single tubular cells that are siphonous, which is a term used to describe algae in which the thallus is not compartmentalized and typically contains a large vacuole surrounded by an outer later of protoplasm. The nuclei and chloroplasts reside in the thallus and line the cell wall.

Both the lichen and the fungus partner bear the same scientific name, and the lichens are being integrated into the classification schemes for fungi. Depending on context, the taxonomic name can be meant to refer to the entire lichen, or just the fungus that is part of the lichen. The alga or cyanobacterim bears its own scientific name, which bears no relationship to either the name of the lichen or the fungus.

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. known as laver, (Vietnamese), nori (Japanese:), amanori (Japanese), zakai, gim (Korean:), zǐcài (Chinese:), karengo, sloke or slukos. The marine red alga Porphyra has been cultivated extensively in many Asian countries as an edible seaweed used to wrap the rice and fish that compose the Japanese food sushi and the Korean food gimbap. In Japan, the annual production of Porphyra species is valued at 100 billion yen (US$1 billion).

The species is edible and therefore can be used as food and in cosmetic products. Ulva linza is used as a model organism for biofouling in marine environmentsFinlay, J. A., Callow, M. E., Schultz, M. P., Swain, G. W., & Callow, J. A. (2002). Adhesion strength of settled spores of the green alga enteromorpha. Biofouling, 18(4), 251-256. doi:10.1080/08927010290029010. It has been found on a variety of man-made structures including ships’ hulls6\.

Delesseria sanguinea is a common and bright red perennial alga with flat leaf-like red blades rising from a discoid holdfast. The blades are monostromatic, that is composed of a layers of single cells, and can grow to 25 cm long. Each blade rises from a cylindrical stipe, the stalk-like part, which branches only at near the base. Each blade may 8 cm wide and show a clear midrib with lateral veins.

During this process, acetyl-CoA and water are used as substrates. As a result, the cell does not lose 2 molecules of carbon dioxide as it does in the Krebs cycle. The glyoxylate cycle, facilitated by malate synthase and isocitrate lyase, allows plants and bacteria to subsist on acetyl-CoA or other two carbon compounds. For example, Euglena gracilis, a single-celled eukaryotic alga, consumes ethanol to form acetyl-CoA and subsequently, carbohydrates.

However, in its unattached state, it is noted that polysaccharide yields are lower and some consider this to be the result of narrower thallus filaments giving way to a smaller amount of galactan present. Also, phycobiliproteins can be extracted from F. lumbricalis, from which the R-phycoerythrin yield is ~0.1% by dry weight.M. Saluri, M. Kaldmäe and R. Tuvikene, "Extraction and quantification of phycobiliproteins from the red alga," Algal Research, vol. 37, pp.

Schnepf, E., Hegewald, E., Soeder, J.. 1971: Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen an Parasiten aus Scenedesmus- Massenkulturen. Archiv für Mikrobiologie. 75(3): 209-299 As the parasite expands within the host cell, it develops into a multinucleate plasmodium which grows to eventually replace the entirety of the host cytoplasm. Now all that remains of the green alga is its cell wall and the residual body, a clump consisting of host cell fragments indigestible to the parasite.

Codium duthiae is a species of seaweed in the Codiaceae family. The epilithic green marine alga typically grows to a height of . It has a discoid holdfast with spongy erect fronds on terete branches. It is found on coastal area with light to moderate water movement from the low tide mark to a depth of In Western Australia is found along the coast near Shark Bay extending down around the south coast.

Caulerpa was first observed in the Mediterranean Sea in 1984, off the coast of Monaco. By 1997, it had covered some 50 km2. It has a strong potential to overgrow natural biotopes, and represents a major risk for sublittoral ecosystems. The origin of the alga in the Mediterranean was thought to be either as a migration through the Suez Canal from the Red Sea, or as an accidental introduction from an aquarium.

The endosymbiont not only acts as feeding apparatus, but also as an eye spot, by which it probably helps the protist for directional movements towards light (phototaxis). H. arenicola cannot divide without containing the endosymbiont. But, unlike a fully integrated organelle, the Nephroselmis alga does not divide along with the host cell. When the host cell divides, one of the daughter cells receives the Nephroselmis cell and the other daughter returns to a heterotrophic lifestyle.

Polysiphonia elongata is a small red alga which, unlike some other species of Polysiphonia, does not grow as tufts. It has erect cylindrical main branches and is densely branched growing to a height of 30 cm. The main branches bear lateral branches, each branch consists of a central axes of cells with four periaxial cells. These periaxial cells are arranged in an elongated manner all of the same length around the central axial cells.

Bull kelp is a common name for the brown alga Nereocystis luetkeana which is a true kelp in the family Laminariaceae. Species in the genus Durvillaea are also sometimes called 'bull kelp', but this is just a shortening of the common name southern bull kelp. Durvillaea is a genus in the order Fucales and, though superficially similar in appearance, is not a true kelp (all of which are in the order Laminariales).

Sirodotia Kylin (1912) is a genus of freshwater red alga which was described by Kylin in 1912. The family Batrachospermaceae belongs to the order Batrachospermales and has six well known genera namely Batrachospermum, Kumanoa, Sirodotia, Nothocladus, Tuomeya, and Sheathia. The morphology of the gametophyte of Batrachospermum, Sirodotia, Tuomeya, and Nothocladus are more are less similar to each other. Necchi and Entwisle (1990) proposed to delimit them from generic level to section level of genus Batrachospermum.

Padina pavonica is a distinctive small brown alga growing to a diameter of up to . Young fronds are thin, leafy and flat, with entire margins. Older fronds are thicker, concave, fan-shaped or funnel-shaped, with lobed margins. The outer (under) surface has concentric rows of small, fine hairs and is banded with zones of olive green, pale and dark brown, while the inner (upper) surface is covered with a thin layer of slime.

Françoise Ardré (1931–2010) was a French phycologist and marine scientist, honoured as the namesake of the red alga known as Pterosiphonia ardreana.Christine A. Maggs & Max H. Hommersand (1993) Seaweeds of the British Isles: a collaborative project of the British Phycological Society and the Natural History Museum; Vol. 1, Part 3A Rhodophyta. Ceramiales. London: HMSO After gaining a Doctorate in Sciences, Ardré was in charge of the phycology department of the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle in Paris.

The salinity in the lake increases as the salt crust dissolves over a period of six months of a major flood, resulting in a massive fish kill. When over deep, the lake is no more salty than the sea, but salinity increases as the water evaporates, with saturation occurring at about a depth. The lake takes on a pink hue when saturated, due to the presence of beta- carotene pigment caused by the alga Dunaliella salina.

Caras e Bocas ("faces and mouths") is an album by Brazilian singer Gal Costa released in 1977.Poesia concreta brasileira: as vanguardas na encruzilhada modernista 8531407796 - Gonzalo Moisés Aguilar - 2005 1977 A cantora Gal Costa grava duas canções do repertório de Billie Holiday ("Crazy He Calls Me" e "Solitude"), em seu disco Caras & Bocas, em versões de Augusto de Campos. "Antílope/alga/melicanora/Gal" escreveu Haroldo em um poema sáfico (incluído em A Educação dos Cinco Sentidos).

The cyanobacterium Hyella caespitosa with fungal hyphae in the lichen Pyrenocollema halodytes A lichen consists of a simple photosynthesizing organism, usually a green alga or cyanobacterium, surrounded by filaments of a fungus. Generally, most of a lichen's bulk is made of interwoven fungal filaments,Lichens: More on Morphology, University of California Museum of Paleontology, although in filamentous and gelatinous lichens this is not the case. The fungus is called a mycobiont. The photosynthesizing organism is called a photobiont.

Euglenophytes are a group of common flagellated protists that contain chloroplasts derived from a green alga. Euglenophyte chloroplasts have three membranes—it is thought that the membrane of the primary endosymbiont was lost, leaving the cyanobacterial membranes, and the secondary host's phagosomal membrane. Euglenophyte chloroplasts have a pyrenoid and thylakoids stacked in groups of three. Photosynthetic product is stored in the form of paramylon, which is contained in membrane-bound granules in the cytoplasm of the euglenophyte.

Their thylakoids are arranged in loose stacks of three. Chlorarachniophytes have a form of polysaccharide called chrysolaminarin, which they store in the cytoplasm, often collected around the chloroplast pyrenoid, which bulges into the cytoplasm. Chlorarachniophyte chloroplasts are notable because the green alga they are derived from has not been completely broken down—its nucleus still persists as a nucleomorph found between the second and third chloroplast membranes—the periplastid space, which corresponds to the green alga's cytoplasm.

These machines were often driven by the rotation of old turntables. By the 1990s, Mecanium consisted of up to 80 machine 'musicians', and toured various art and music festivals, including events in Norway, Australia, Japan, Canada, Poland, and the United States. Bastien has collaborated with artists such as Robert Wyatt, Jac Berrocal, Emmanuelle Parrenin, Jaki Liebezeit, Pierrick Sorin, Lukas Simonis and Issey Miyake. He has released material on record labels such as Lowlands, Rephlex, Tigersushi, and Alga Marghen.

Floating kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) with many pneumatocysts In phycology, a pneumatocyst is a floating structure that contains gas found on brown seaweed. A seaweed's thallus may have more than one. They provide buoyancy to lift the blades toward the surface, allowing them to receive more sunlight for photosynthesis. The proportion of gases in the pneumatocysts varies depending on the physiological status of the alga and the partial pressure of gases in the surrounding air or water.

The sperm of the male reaches the female egg and fertilizes, resulting in a diploid zygote, which develops into a new sporophyte. Postelsia are green in color as juveniles, and change to a golden brown as they age, reaching a height of . As a Postelsia alga grows, its stipe thickens in the same manner as a tree's trunk. The cells beneath the epidermis, called the meristoderm, divide rapidly to form rings of growth, again, like a tree.

The presence of isolichenan in the cell walls is a defining characteristic in several genera of the lichen family Parmeliaceae. Although most prevalent in that family, it has also been isolated from members of the families Ramalinaceae, Stereocaulaceae, Roccellaceae, and Lobariaceae. Experimental studies have shown that isolichenan is produced only when the two lichen components – fungus and alga – are growing together, not when grown separately. The biological function of isolichenan in the lichen thallus is unknown.

Avasthi uses Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a unicellular green alga, to investigate the assembly of cilia. She was particularly interested in the cellular machinery needed to maintain cilia, and used small molecule chemical inhibitors to identify important features in ciliary transport. Avasthi found that actin, a cytoskeleton protein, was required for intraflagellar transport (IFT) regulation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The actin is recruits IFT to basal bodies during the elongation of flagella; and without actin the flagellar length is lost.

One strand of the mass was estimated to be 12 to 15 miles long. It was frequently described by those who saw it as 'hairy' or 'stringy', with scientific analysis explaining it as a type of filamentous alga. It was also reported to have a distinct odor. Though toxicity tests on the organism have yet to be conducted, concern is minimal as the area is not host to commercial seafood production, though locals do fish and hunt there.

The generative tissue is pigmented black-brown, with the color being most intense below the paraphyses, becoming less so towards the stalk region. Pilophorus acicularis is a tripartite lichen—containing a fungus, a green alga, and a cyanobacterium. Cephalodia (lichenized aggregations of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria) are present on the primary thallus; smaller cephalodia are also on the pseudopodetia. Hemispherical to irregularly shaped, and light to dark brown in color, they contain species from the genus Nostoc.

Red Tarn, a classic corrie tarn, is a high-elevation tarn with low nutrient levels and poor in the number of species it supports. Characteristic vegetation zones include a water-starwort (Callitriche) in shallower areas and the alga Nitella flexilis in deeper water and around the inlet. Other species include a pondweed (Potamogeton) which grows in of water and the rush Juncus bulbosus. Brown trout and schelly, a species of whitefish, are found in the tarn.

The sex organs are developed in pairs from the adaxial nodal cell at the upper nodes of the primary lateral branches, the oogonium being formed above the antheridium. They are sufficiently large to be easily seen with the naked eye, especially the bright orange or red antheridium. Many species are dioecious. In others the monoecious condition is complicated by the development of the antheridium before the formation of the oogonium, thus preventing fertilization by antherozoids of the same alga.

Zygnema is a genus of freshwater filamentous thalloid alga comprising about 100 species. A terrestrial species, Z. terrestre, is known from India. Zygnema grows as a free-floating mass of filaments, although young plants may be found anchored to streambeds with a holdfast. The filaments form a yellow-green to bright green colored tangled mat, and are composed of elongate barrel-shaped cells, each with two star-shaped (stellate) chloroplasts arrayed along the axis of the cell.

Tomato stoma observed through immersion oil There is little evidence of the evolution of stomata in the fossil record, but they had appeared in land plants by the middle of the Silurian period. They may have evolved by the modification of conceptacles from plants' alga-like ancestors. However, the evolution of stomata must have happened at the same time as the waxy cuticle was evolving – these two traits together constituted a major advantage for early terrestrial plants.

With more than 100 alga species, the Loire has the highest phytoplankton diversity among French rivers. The most abundant are diatoms and green algae (about 15% by mass) which mostly occur in the lower reaches. Their total mass is low when the river flow exceeds and become significant at flows of or lower which occur in summer. With decreasing flow, first species which appear are single-celled diatoms such as Cyclostephanos invisitatus, C. meneghiniana, S. Hantzschii and Thalassiosira pseudonana.

Larkum and his colleagues have intensively investigated Prochloron, in areas of gene sequencing and molecular phylogeny. In the 1990s, he and team of scientists cloned the genes of Prochloron to understand the affinities of this alga to chloroplasts of green algae and higher plants. He conducted considerable research in the evolution of Prochloron and cyanobacteria and was also involved in phylogenetic studies of cab genes in a variety of eukaryotic algae, Pavlova lutheri, diatoms and Amphidinium.

Originally from Japan, it is thought to have gained worldwide distribution through being transported with Japanese oysters (Crassostrea gigas). Sargassum muticum was introduced to the Californian coast in the 1940s and in Europe in the 1970s (The species was first found in the British Isles in the Isle of Wight in 1973). Currently, the alga is widespreaded from Norway to Portugal along Atlantic's coasts. Sargassum muticum has a range stretching from Campbell river, British Columbia to Baja in California.

The brown algae (singular: alga), comprising the class Phaeophyceae, are a large group of multicellular algae, including many seaweeds located in colder waters within the Northern Hemisphere. Most brown algae live in marine environments, where they play an important role both as food and as a potential habitat. For instance, Macrocystis, a kelp of the order Laminariales, may reach in length and forms prominent underwater kelp forests. Kelp forests like these contain a high level of biodiversity.

The surface of the lamina or blade may be smooth or wrinkled; its tissues may be thin and flexible or thick and leathery. In species like Egregia menziesii, this characteristic may change depending upon the turbulence of the waters in which it grows. In other species, the surface of the blade is coated with slime to discourage the attachment of epiphytes or to deter herbivores. Blades are also often the parts of the alga that bear the reproductive structures.

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a single-cell green alga about 10 micrometres in diameter that swims with two flagella. It has a cell wall made of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins, a large cup-shaped chloroplast, a large pyrenoid, and an eyespot that senses light. Chlamydomonas species are widely distributed worldwide in soil and fresh water. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is an especially well studied biological model organism, partly due to its ease of culturing and the ability to manipulate its genetics.

In most coralline algae, a cluster of reproductive cells forms in the middle layer of the alga, and is engulfed by the surrounding tissue, which grows up and over the reproductive cells to form a roof and a uniporate conceptacle. Caps may subsequently develop to protect the opening. However the conceptacle may originate at any depth within the thallus, at the surface layer or at the basal perithallus. Four different modes of asexual conceptacle formation exist.

Pyrenoids are found in algal lineages, irrespective of whether the chloroplast was inherited from a single endosymbiotic event (e.g. green and red algae, but not in glaucophytes) or multiple endosymbiotic events (diatoms, dinoflagellates, coccolithophores, cryptophytes, chlorarachniophytes, and euglenozoa. Some algal groups, however, lack pyrenoids altogether: "higher" red algae and extremophile red algae, the green alga genus Chloromonas, and "golden algae". Pyrenoids are usually considered to be poor taxonomic markers and may have evolved independently many times.

In Raphidovirus (likely misspelled Rhaphidovirus), there is only one species, Heterosigma akashiwo virus (HaV), which infects the unicellular alga, Heterosigma akashiwo. H. akashiwo is a member of the class Raphidophyceae, a bloom forming species and is widely distributed in temperate and neritic waters. Several other types of viruses infecting H. akashiwo have been isolated and are not to be confused with HaV, such as the H. akashiwo RNA virus (HaRNAV). and H. akashiwo nuclear inclusion virus (HaNIV).

Phycobilins (from Greek: (phykos) meaning "alga", and from Latin: bilis meaning "bile") are light-capturing bilins found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of red algae, glaucophytes and some cryptomonads (though not in green algae and plants). Most of their molecules consist of a chromophore which makes them coloured. They are unique among the photosynthetic pigments in that they are bonded to certain water-soluble proteins, known as phycobiliproteins. Phycobiliproteins then pass the light energy to chlorophylls for photosynthesis.

It is an important bacteriostatic agent that is commonly used in human and veterinary medicine. Therefore it can accumulate in the environment (mostly surface water). It has a long lifetime in the environment so different degradation reactions are researched: The photocatalytic degradation of sulfacetamide in water solutions during illumination of UV radiation with TiO2 was examined. It was found that sulfacetamide is resistant to biodegradation and that it is toxic to the green alga Chlorella vulgaris.

11: 2611-2632. doi: 10.5194/tc-11-2611-2017 Due to the absorption of solar energy by the alga, albedo would be reduced and the darker areas on the snow where the blooms form would melt more rapidly. As a result, populations of C. nivalis would increase, creating a feedback loop that amplifies melting and reduces sunlight absorbance which contributes to glacier retreat and lowering albedo, as shown experimentally. This is concerning to environmentalists and climate scientists.

The green algae (singular: green alga) are a large, informal grouping of algae consisting of the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta, which are now placed in separate divisions, together with the more basal Mesostigmatophyceae, Chlorokybophyceae and Spirotaenia. The land plants, or embryophytes, are thought to have emerged from the charophytes. Therefore, cladistically, embryophytes belong to green algae as well. However, because the embryophytes are traditionally classified as neither algae nor green algae, green algae are a paraphyletic group.

The bacterium attaches to the surface of green algae of the genus Chlorella. V. chlorellavorus is an extracellular parasite and remains attached to the cell wall. Once attached to its host, V. chlorellavorus divides by binary fission, destroying its host in the process by “sucking out” all of the cellular contents via peripheral vacuolesGromov, BV. "Electron Microscope Study of Parasitism by Bdellovibrio Chorellavorus Bacteria on Cells of the Green Alga Chorella Vulgaris." Tsitologiya 14.2 (1972): 256-60. Print.

In the subtidal zone (below low tide) are Palmaria palmata a red alga, along with two algae, Laminaria (kelp) and Chorda. Kelp can often be found washed up on the beach, and individual specimens are not uncommonly a yard or two long. Deeper in the subtidal zone are red algae such as Spermothamnion, Antithamnion and Callithamnion, which also often float freely. In tidal pools can be found red or pink colored Phymatolithon, which can often encrust rocks and mollusk shells.

A particularly common α-substitution reaction in the laboratory is the halogenation of aldehydes and ketones at their α positions by reaction Cl2, Br2 or I2 in acidic solution. Bromine in acetic acid solvent is often used. Remarkably, ketone halogenation also occurs in biological systems, particularly in marine alga, where dibromoacetaldehyde, bromoacetone, 1, l,l -tribromoacetone, and other related compounds have been found. The halogenation is a typical α-substitution reaction that proceeds by acid catalyzed formation of an enol intermediate.

The chloroplasts were presumably acquired by ingesting some green alga. They are surrounded by four membranes, the outermost of which is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum, and contain a small nucleomorph between the middle two, which is a remnant of the alga's nucleus. This contains a small amount of DNA and divides without forming a mitotic spindle. The origin of the chloroplasts from green algae is supported by their pigmentation, which includes chlorophylls a and b, and by genetic similarities.

Cavicularia densa is the only species in the liverwort genus Cavicularia. The species was first described in 1897 by Franz Stephani, and is endemic to Japan, where it grows on fine moist soil. Plants are thalloid and flattened, with distinct upper and lower surfaces and a faint central strand. Thin scales grow from the underside in two rows, and in the region between the scales and the central strand are small ear-shaped domatia which harbor colonies of the blue-green alga Nostoc.

QDT became split in the spring of 2002, as a group of moderate members, including Oraz Zhandosov, Bulat Abilov, and Alikhan Baimenov, established the center-right Ak Zhol Party. Later, Ak Zhol also gave birth to another party, Naghyz Ak Zhol, led by Bulat Abilov, Altynbek Sarsenbaev, and Oraz Zhandosov. QDT leaders have been trying to reregister the party with a new name: Alga! Kazakhstan.Cengiz Surucu, 4 Aralık 2005 Kazakistan Başkanlık Seçimleri Üzerine Gözlemler, OAKA, vol: 1, No: 1, 2006, pp.

In 1982 the International Association for Lichenology convened a meeting to adopt a single definition of lichen drawing on the proposals of a committee. The chairman of this committee was the renowned researcher Vernon Ahmadjian. The definition finally adopted was that lichen could be considered as the association between a fungus and a photosynthetic symbiont resulting in a thallus of specific structure.David L. Hawksworth (1989) "Interactions Fungus and Alga in Lichen Symbiosis liquenoides" Annals of the Botanical Garden of Madrid (46).

Chlorophyll a is found in all chloroplasts, as well as their cyanobacterial ancestors. Chlorophyll a is a blue-green pigment partially responsible for giving most cyanobacteria and chloroplasts their color. Other forms of chlorophyll exist, such as the accessory pigments chlorophyll b, chlorophyll c, chlorophyll d, and chlorophyll f. Chlorophyll b is an olive green pigment found only in the chloroplasts of plants, green algae, any secondary chloroplasts obtained through the secondary endosymbiosis of a green alga, and a few cyanobacteria.

Much of what we know about chloroplast division comes from studying organisms like Arabidopsis and the red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolæ. The division process starts when the proteins FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 assemble into filaments, and with the help of a protein ARC6, form a structure called a Z-ring within the chloroplast's stroma. The Min system manages the placement of the Z-ring, ensuring that the chloroplast is cleaved more or less evenly. The protein MinD prevents FtsZ from linking up and forming filaments.

Therefore multicellularity was selectively favoured over unicellularity. This can be seen in a simple experiment conducted by Boraas et al. (1998). When a predatory protist, Ochromonas valencia, was introduced to a prey population of Chlorella vulgaris, it was seen that within less than 100 generations of the prey species a multicellular growth form of the alga became dominant. This is interesting because before the predator was introduced, the population of Chlorella vulgaris retained its unicellular growth form for thousands of generations.

The D66 strain of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a single-celled green alga, is a cell-wall-deficient strain of algae that exhibits normal photosynthetic characteristics, but requires ammonia as a source of nitrogen for growth. This strain of Green Algae is becoming an increasingly popular research organism due to its potential to be used as a source of biofuels. The D66 strain's potential to produce clean and renewable biofuel has also made it an increasingly important topic in the field of Conservation Biology.

The algal photobiont (technically a phycobiont, as it is a green algal photosynthetic partner) is from the genus Trentepohlia. Normally, the algae is long and filamentous; when in the lichen state, it is divided into shorter filaments. The alga has a large chloroplast that contains droplets of beta-carotene. The lichen is heteromerous, meaning that the mycobiont and photobiont components are in well-defined layers, with the photobiont in a more or less distinct zone between the upper cortex and the medulla.

Chlorovirus, also known as Chlorella virus, is a genus of giant double- stranded DNA viruses, in the family Phycodnaviridae. This genus is found globally in freshwater environments where freshwater microscopic algae serve as natural hosts. There are currently 19 species in this genus including the type species Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus 1. Chlorovirus was initially discovered in 1981 by Russel H. Meints, James L. Van Etten, Daniel Kuczmarski, Kit Lee, and Barbara Ang while attempting to culture Chlorella-like alga.

Overfishing is a problem where anglers fail to identify and return mature female fish into the lake or stream. Each large female removed can result in thousands fewer eggs released back into the system when the remaining fish spawn. Another threat is other introduced organisms. For example, in Canada's Bow River, a non-native alga Didymosphenia geminata—common name rock snot (due to appearance)—has resulted in reduced circulation of water amongst the substrate of the river bed in affected areas.

Peramphithoe femorata is a tubicolous (tube- forming) amphipod that feeds and makes its home on the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera. This brown alga is found in shallow water and can grow to a length of in a single season. It is attached to the substrate by a holdfast from which grow several long slender stems. These are clad in numerous small leaf- like blades growing from pneumatocysts (gas-filled bladders) and it is on these blades that the amphipod lives.

Leafy sea dragon avoids recognition by predators, with alga-like coloration, protuberances and behaviour Underwater camouflage is the set of methods of achieving crypsis—avoidance of observation—that allows otherwise visible aquatic organisms to remain unnoticed by other organisms such as predators or prey. Camouflage in large bodies of water differs markedly from camouflage on land. The environment is essentially the same on all sides. Light always falls from above, and there is generally no variable background to compare with trees and bushes.

Narrow areas along rivers and lines of communication are full of wild growing vegetation: wild poppy, corn cockle, spurge, horse basil, meadow buttercup, red clover, yarrow, foxglove, burdock, nettle, chamomile, mustard, etc. Around and in riverbeds you can find plenty of cane, cattail, water lily and alga. There are no bigger forest areas, but around farms (“salaš”) smaller forests of black locust and poplar with few mulberry trees can be seen. Around motels near Sirig and Temerin pine trees have been planted.

Tang & Gobler also found that cell density was inversely related to ROS production for the alga Cochlodinium polykrikoides. They found, in addition, that increases of ROS production were also related to the growth phase of algae. In particular, algae in exponential growth were more toxic than those in the stationary or late exponential phase. Many other algal species (Heterosigma akashiwo, Chattonella marina, and Chattonella antiqua) have also been shown to produce the highest amounts of ROS during the exponential phase of growth.

Goldman majored in zoology at the University of Vermont where he pursued an interest in how organisms interact with their environment. He subsequently also received his Masters from the University of Vermont in Freshwater Biology and graduated in 1963. The title of his master thesis was "An investigation of growth-inhibiting substances produced by Kirchnerielle subsolitaria, a green alga." Goldman pursued doctoral studies at Princeton University where he did research with Lionel I. Rebhun on understanding the sea urchin mitotic apparatus.

Food webs provide a framework within which a complex network of predator–prey interactions can be organised. A food web model is a network of food chains. Each food chain starts with a primary producer or autotroph, an organism, such as an alga or a plant, which is able to manufacture its own food. Next in the chain is an organism that feeds on the primary producer, and the chain continues in this way as a string of successive predators.

Jellyella is unusual in being a pseudoplanktonic bryozoan found encrusting floating objects, both natural and artificial. Jellyella eburnea is common on shells of the squid Spirula (which become detached from the soft body of the squid after death) and on the shells of the planktonic gastropod Janthina. Jellyella tuberculata grows on the floating alga Sargassum, and on flat-bladed kelp and other seaweeds around the Cape Peninsula of South Africa. In Cape waters it is preyed upon by the crazed nudibranch, Corambe sp.

Peltigerales is an order of lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. The taxonomy of the group has seen numerous changes; it was formerly often treated as a suborder of the order Lecanorales. It currently contains two suborders, seven families and about 45 genera such as Lobaria and Peltigera. The fungi form lichens in a symbiotic relationship with one or two photosynthetic partners which may be a cyanobacterium such as Nostoc or a green alga such as Coccomyxa.

Polytomella is a genus of green algae in the family Dunaliellaceae. Polytomella is a free-living, flagellated, nonphotosynthetic green alga with a highly reduced, linear fragmented mitochondrial genome. Polytomella, as it exists today, bears evidence of once having a functional photosynthetic plastid which has over evolutionary time changed such that it would appear now to have no genome or gene expressing mechanisms remaining to it. Having transitioned completely to heterotrophy, Polytomella uses organic acids, alcohols and monosaccharides as its carbon source.

Margaretia is a frondose organism known from the middle Cambrian Burgess shale. Its fronds reached about 10 cm in length and are peppered with a range of length-parallel oval holes. It was originally interpreted as an alcyonarian coral. It was later reclassified as a green alga closely resembling modern Caulerpa by D.F. Satterthwait in her Ph.D. thesis in 1976,Donna Fields Satterthwait, Paleobiology and Paleoecology of Middle Cambrian Algae from Western North America, Ph.D. Thesis University of California at Los Angeles, 1976.

It has been observed that the thin form of the alga grows laterally five times as fast as the thick form and is less likely to be attacked by burrowing organisms, so the association between the two organisms may be mutually beneficial. The pear limpet tends to be covered with a marine lichen Pyrenocollema spp., and Spongites yendoi often grows on top of this. It also grows on the shells of Scutellastra argenvillei, Patella granatina, Oxystele sinensis and Turbo spp.

Sporopollenin has found uses in the field of paleoclimatology as well. Sporopollenin is also found in the cell walls of several taxa of green alga, including Phycopeltis (an ulvophycean) and Chlorella. Spores are dispersed by many different environmental factors, such as wind, water or animals. If the conditions are suitable the sporopollenin-impregnated walls of pollen grains and spores can persist in the fossil record for hundreds of millions of years, since sporopollenin is resistant to chemical degradation by organic and inorganic chemicals.

Algae constitute a polyphyletic group since they do not include a common ancestor, and although their plastids seem to have a single origin, from cyanobacteria, they were acquired in different ways. Green algae are examples of algae that have primary chloroplasts derived from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. Diatoms and brown algae are examples of algae with secondary chloroplasts derived from an endosymbiotic red alga. Algae exhibit a wide range of reproductive strategies, from simple asexual cell division to complex forms of sexual reproduction.

Monostroma kuroshiense, a green alga in the division Chlorophyta, is a green seaweed endemic to Kuroshio Coast of Japan. This high-value seaweed is called Hitoegusa or Hirohano hitoegusa (ヒロハノヒトエグサ) in Japanese. Previously this algae was known in binomen Monostroma latissimum, but the latest scientific research based on multilocal phylogeny discovered that this is a new species. This algae is commercially cultivated in East Asia and South America for the edible product "hitoegusa-nori" or "hirohano-hitoegusa nori", popular sushi wraps.

De Bary also studied the formation of lichens which are the result of an association between a fungus and an alga. He traced the stages through which they grew and reproduced and the adaptations that enabled them to survive drought and winter. He coined the word "symbiosis" in 1879 in his monograph "Die Erscheinung der Symbiose" (Strasbourg, 1879) as "the living together of unlike organisms". He carefully studied the morphology of molds, yeasts, and fungi and basically established mycology as an independent science.

Terrestrial plants present on the islets include endemic Azorean flowering plants such as Spergularia azorica and vidália (Azorina vidalii). Aquatic plants growing in the waters around the islets include the brown alga Sphacelaria plumula, and the red algae Lithophyllum incrustans and Pterocladiophila capilacea. Various marine birds shelter on the islets, including common tern, Cory's shearwater, Eurasian whimbrel, grey heron, Kentish plover, roseate tern, ruddy turnstone, and sanderling. The waters surrounding the islets are home to common bottlenose dolphins, Atlantic bonito, groupers, and needlefish.

Botany and biology are two of the highly sought-after research topics in the Philippines, given its rich biodiversity in flora and fauna.alt='Eucheuma denticulatum is a species of red alga that naturally exists in the country. Several Filipino scientist have pioneered in the field of biology. Eduardo Quisumbing, a biologist who graduated MS in Botany at the University of the Philippines Los Baños in 1921, and Ph.D. in Plant Taxonomy, Systematics and Morphology at the University of Chicago in 1923.

They are very large cells. They are able to attain these sizes without numerous internal cell wells because they build calcium carbonate shells around themselves. They contain only one nucleus in their vegetative stage, which remains in the bottom of the cell in the holdfast at the substrate. Only when they are ready to produce gametes does the nucleus undergo meiosis and then numerous mitoses into many nuclei which then migrate into the gametangia at the top of the alga.

Nannochloropsis is considered a promising alga for industrial applications because of its ability to accumulate high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Moreover, it shows promising features that can allow genetic manipulation aimed at the genetic improvement of the current oleaginous strains. Various species of Nannochloropsis indeed are transfectable and there has been evidence that some strains are able to perform homologous recombination. At the moment it is mainly used as an energy-rich food source for fish larvae and rotifers.

Evidence suggests that the apicoplast is a product of secondary endosymbiosis, and that the apicoplast may be homologous to the secondary plastid of the closely related dinoflagellate algae. An ancient cyanobacterium was first engulfed by a eukaryotic cell but was not digested. The bacterium escaped being digested because it formed a symbiotic relationship with the host eukaryotic cell; both the eukaryote and the bacterium mutually benefited from their novel shared existence. The result of the primary endosymbiosis was a photosynthetic eukaryotic alga.

Several naturally occurring chlorosulfolipids. Chlorosulfolipids are a class of naturally occurring molecules that are characterized as being stereochemically complex. These polychlorinated structures have been isolated from the freshwater alga Ochromonas danica, and are proposed to serve a structural role within the membranes of this species.Chen, L. L.; Pousada, M.; Haines, T. H. J. Biol. Chem. 1976, 251, 1835–1842 The high extent of chlorination in these natural products is suspected to be influenced by the concentration of chlorine ion in the surrounding environment.

This marine alga grows as small cylindrical thalli branching to about 10 cm long. It grows as an erect axis attached by a disk-like holdfast. The main axis is unbranched towards the base but bears lateral branches higher up. Each erect axes is composed of a polysiphonous axis with a central row of cells surroundedJones, E. 1962 A key to the genera of British seaweeds reprinted from Field Studies Volume 1 (4) p23 4 perixial cells all of the same length.

Ostreococcus tauri is a unicellular species of marine green alga about 0.8 micrometres (μm) in diameter, the smallest free-living (non-symbiotic) eukaryote yet described. It has a very simple ultrastructure, and a compact genome. As a common member of global oceanic picoplankton populations, this organism has a major role in the carbon cycle in many areas. Recently, O. tauri has been the subject of studies using comparative genomics and functional genomics, as it is of interest to researchers because of its compact genome and green lineage.

However the blocking up of the harbour of Punta Alga, decreed by Emperor Charles V so as to stop Saracen forays, brought an end to this period of prosperity. The development of Marsala wine at the end of the 18th century, headed by English merchants settled in Sicily, considerably improved local trade. This triggered an economic expansion in Marsala, including the funding of infrastructure projects such as the current harbour of Margitello. On 11 May 1860 Giuseppe Garibaldi landed at Marsala, beginning the process of Italian unification.

The development of plastids among the alveolates is intriguing. Cavalier-Smith proposed the alveolates developed from a chloroplast-containing ancestor, which also gave rise to the Chromista (the chromalveolate hypothesis). Other researchers have speculated that the alveolates originally lacked plastids and possibly the dinoflagellates and Apicomplexa acquired them separately. However, it now appears that the alveolates, the dinoflagellates, the Chromerida and the heterokont algae acquired their plastids from a red alga with evidence of a common origin of this organelle in all these four clades.

The lichen association is a close symbiosis. It extends the ecological range of both partners but is not always obligatory for their growth and reproduction in natural environments, since many of the algal symbionts can live independently. A prominent example is the alga Trentepohlia, which forms orange-coloured populations on tree trunks and suitable rock faces. Lichen propagules (diaspores) typically contain cells from both partners, although the fungal components of so-called "fringe species" rely instead on algal cells dispersed by the "core species".

Lichens are given the same scientific name (binomial name) as the fungus in them, which may cause some confusion. The alga bears its own scientific name, which has no relationship to the name of the lichen or fungus. Depending on context, "lichenized fungus" may refer to the entire lichen, or to the fungus when it is in the lichen, which can be grown in culture in isolation from the algae or cyanobacteria. Some algae and cyanobacteria are found naturally living outside of the lichen.

During the media coverage in the 1990s, Pfiesteria has been referred to as "super villain" and subsequently has been used as such in several fictional works. A Pfiesteria subspecies killing humans featured in James Powlik's 1999 environmental thriller Sea Change. In Frank Schätzing's 2004 science fiction novel The Swarm, lobsters and crabs spread the killer alga Pfiesteria homicida to humans. In Yann Martel's 2001 novel Life of Pi, the protagonist encounters a floating island of carnivorous algae inhabited by meerkats while shipwrecked in the Pacific Ocean.

A Hawaiian legend relates how in a rock pool in the Hana district on the island of Maui there was to be found an alga known to the locals as "limu-make-o-Hana" ('seaweed of death from Hana'). The exact location of the pool was known to only a few individuals and visiting it was taboo. In 1961, intrigued by this, researchers searched for the location and discovered the zoanthid. Although advised by local people not to do so, they took some specimens away with them.

This is one of several species of crustose coralline red algae that form rhodoliths on the seabed in the southwestern Atlantic. Rhodoliths are clumps of calcareous material that resemble corals but are not attached to the substrate. They do not feed on plankton as corals do, but obtain their energy solely through photosynthesis. Six or more species of the algae can be found forming rhodoliths in a relatively small area, and some of these rhodoliths are composed of several species of coralline alga overgrowing each other.

Cyanidioschyzon merolae is a small (2μm), club-shaped, unicellular haploid red alga adapted to high sulfur acidic hot spring environments (pH 1.5, 45 °C). The cellular architecture of C. merolae is extremely simple, containing only a single chloroplast and a single mitochondrion and lacking a vacuole and cell wall. In addition, the cellular and organelle divisions can be synchronized. For these reasons, C. merolae is considered an excellent model system for study of cellular and organelle division processes, as well as biochemistry and structural biology.

Melaleuca halmaturorum that are found in the lake basin The lake is part of the Dumbleyung Vegetation System, which belongs in the South-west Botanical Province. The lake contains a dense aquatic layer of vegetation over the channel draining into the lake containing Ruppia polycarpa and species of Chara alga. The littoral vegetation surrounding the lake is composed of low shrubland with many samphire species, dominated by Halosarcia pergranulata, Halosarcia lepidosperma and Sarcocornia quinqueflora. This is surrounded by remnant low open forest and closed scrub.

Epithallial shedding in most corallines is probably simply a means of getting rid of damaged cells whose metabolic function has become impaired. Morton and his students studied sloughing in the South African intertidal coralline alga, Spongites yendoi, a species which sloughs up to 50% of its thickness twice a year. This deep-layer sloughing, which is energetically costly, does not affect seaweed recruitment when herbivores are removed. The surface of these plants is usually kept clean by herbivores, particularly the pear limpet, Patella cochlear.

In hyperosmotic environments, less water will be expelled and the contraction cycle will be longer. The best understood contractile vacuoles belong to the protists Paramecium, Amoeba, Dictyostelium and Trypanosoma, and to a lesser extent the green alga Chlamydomonas. Not all species that possess a contractile vacuole are freshwater organisms; some marine, soil microorganisms and parasites also have a contractile vacuole. The contractile vacuole is predominant in species that do not have a cell wall, but there are exceptions (notably Chlamydomonas) which do possess a cell wall.

Phacus are photosynthetic unicellular organisms, meaning that they are capable of producing their own food. Although the genus primarily receives their nutrients through photosynthesis, they are also capable of feeding on certain kinds of alga and bacteria using a feeding apparatus located on their underside. Many species of Phacus are known to be prey for a variety of marine and freshwater genera. The best known predators of the genus are planktonic Crustaceans, such as species of Diaptomus, Tropocyclops, Epischura, Daphnia, Daphnia, Diaphanosoma, and Holopedium.

A coccolithophore (or coccolithophorid, from the adjective International Nanoplankton Association) is a unicellular, eukaryotic phytoplankton (alga). They belong either to the kingdom Protista, according to Robert Whittaker's Five kingdom classification, or clade Hacrobia, according to the newer biological classification system. Within the Hacrobia, the coccolithophorids are in the phylum or division Haptophyta, class Prymnesiophyceae (or Coccolithophyceae).. Coccolithophorids are distinguished by special calcium carbonate plates (or scales) of uncertain function called coccoliths, which are also important microfossils. However, there are Prymnesiophyceae species lacking coccoliths (e.g.

VChR1 from the colonial alga Volvox carteri absorbs maximally at 535 nm and had been used to stimulate cells with yellow light (580 nm), although photocurrents generated by VChR1 are typically very small. However, VChR1-ChR2 hybrids have been developed using directed evolution that display maximal excitation at 560 nm, and 50% of peak absorbance at wavelengths over 600 nm. Using fluorescently labeled ChR2, light-stimulated axons and synapses can be identified. This is useful to study the molecular events during the induction of synaptic plasticity.

Other records in the late 20th century include one off Galicia at in September 1977 reported by a whaling company and another one seen off the Iberian Peninsula. The best areas to see the larger cetaceans are in the deep waters beyond the continental shelf, particularly over the Santander Canyon and Torrelavega Canyon in the south of the Bay. The alga Colpomenia peregrina was introduced and first noticed in 1906 by oyster fishermen in the Bay of Biscay. Grammatostomias flagellibarba (scaleless dragonfish) are native to these waters.

The freshwater alga Spirogyra Spirogyra can reproduce both sexually and asexually. In vegetative reproduction, fragmentation takes place, and Spirogyra simply undergoes intercalary cell division to extend the length of the new filaments. Sexual reproduction is of two types: # Scalariform conjugation requires association of two or more different filaments lined side by side, either partially or throughout their length. One cell each from opposite lined filaments emits tubular protuberances known as conjugation tubes, which elongate and fuse to make a passage called the conjugation canal.

The female gametes while still on the thallus are fertilized by the released male gametes, which are non-motile. The fertilized, now diploid, carposporangia after mitosis produce spores (carpospores) which settle, then bore into shells, germinate and form a filamentous stage. This stage was originally thought to be a different species of alga, and was referred to as Conchocelis rosea. That Conchocelis was the diploid stage of Porphyra was discovered by the British phycologist Kathleen Mary Drew-Baker in 1949 for the European species Porphyra umbilicalis.

P. hartmanii feeds on algal species by engulfment after anchoring a prey using a nematocyst-taeniocyst complex (later referred to as NTC). Tang et al. observed P. hartmannii bloom that caused 100% mortality in juvenile sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegates) within 24 hours suggesting P. hartmannii is an ichthyotoxic, harmful alga. P.hartmannii feeds on chain- forming dinoflagellates Cochlodinium polykrikoides and Gymnodinium catenatum that are also known to cause fish mortality, and therefore P. hartmannii is thought to have enzymes that detoxify toxins produced by these prey dinoflagellates.

Determining where Ediacaran organisms fit in the tree of life has proven challenging; it is not even established that they were animals, with suggestions that they were lichens (fungus-alga symbionts), algae, protists known as foraminifera, fungi or microbial colonies, or hypothetical intermediates between plants and animals. The morphology and habit of some taxa (e.g. Funisia dorothea) suggest relationships to Porifera or Cnidaria. Kimberella may show a similarity to molluscs, and other organisms have been thought to possess bilateral symmetry, although this is controversial.

Fonoti played high school football at Mayfair High School in Lakewood, California. He was invited to play in two postseason all-star games after his senior season and was named to the Long Beach Press-Telegram Dream Team. He was also a second-team all-state selection and garnered Suburban League Offensive Lineman of the Year accolades his senior season in 2008. Fonoti earned All-CIF and first-team all-league honors while being recognized on the Alga Foundation All-Star Team his junior year.

The Syvash may appear red in color due to the salt-tolerant micro- alga Dunaliella salina. The eastern parts of the Syvash contain less salt and are home to reeds and other wetland vegetation. The large islands in the Central Syvash are mainly covered with steppes consisting of feather grass, tulips, tauric wormwood (Artemisia taurica), sage, crested wheat grass, fescue. The shores of the Syvash contains a large number of salt-tolerant vegetation, including glasswort, Tripolium, plantains, sea lavender (Limonium caspium), saltbush (Atriplex aucheri).

Pyropia virididentata, formerly known as Porphyra virididentata, is a red alga species in the genus Pyropia. It is endemic to New Zealand. It is monostromatic, monoecious, and grows in the intertidal zone, predominantly on rock substrata. With Porphyra cinnamomea, Pyropia rakiura and Clymene coleana, they can be distinguished by morphology (such as the microscopic arrangement of cells along their thallus margin, their thallus shape, size and colour), as well as geographical, ecological and seasonal distribution patterns, and importantly, chromosome numbers, which in this species n = 3.

Researchers from Hebrew University of Jerusalem found the Dead Sea to be teeming with a type of alga called Dunaliella. Dunaliella in turn nourished carotenoid-containing (red-pigmented) halobacteria, whose presence caused the color change. Since 1980, the Dead Sea basin has been dry and the algae and the bacteria have not returned in measurable numbers. In 2011 a group of scientists from Be'er Sheva, Israel and Germany discovered fissures in the floor of the Dead Sea by scuba diving and observing the surface.

It was founded on grounds that had been expropriated by the Ghislieri family from the Bentivoglio. It was constructed by the canons of San Giorgio in Alga, an island in the lagoon of Venice; the architects were Tibaldo Tibaldi (Tibaldo Cristoforo di Tibaldi) and Giovanni Antonio, both from Milan. In 1676, it passed to the order of Clerics Regular ministering to the sick (Chierici Regolari Ministri degli Infermi). The earthquake of 1780 damaged the church, and it was rebuilt by the architect Angelo Venturoli.

After a Benedictine monastery was founded about 1000 AD, more monasteries followed. In 1404, Ludovico Barbo, the commendatory prior of a monastery of Augustinian friars on the island which was almost abandoned, gave the monastery to a small community of canons leading a contemplative life. The canons of the monastery instituted reforms to the canonical life which were quickly adopted in other communities of canons throughout the region. Soon they became the head of a congregation known as the Canons Regular of San Giorgio in Alga.

A descendant of this eukaryotic alga was then itself engulfed by a heterotrophic eukaryote with which it formed its own symbiotic relationship and was preserved as a plastid. The apicoplast evolved in its new role to preserve only those functions and genes necessary to beneficially contribute to the host-organelle relationship. The ancestral genome of more than 150 kb was reduced through deletions and rearrangements to its present 35 kb size. During the reorganization of the plastid the apicoplast lost its ability to photosynthesize.

These include the brown alga, Dictyota menstrualis and the sun sponge (Hymeniacidon heliophila). Along the East Coast of the US, where Dictyota menstrualis is present, these crabs recognize and preferentially select this chemically noxious algae. However, in places where the D. menstrualis is absent, L. dubia has an alternative camouflage method and does not appear to recognize the D. menstrualis. As it grows larger it no longer needs to disguise itself in this way because its shell is too large for the predators to ingest.

Durvillaea antarctica, also known as ''''' and ''''', is a large, robust species of southern bull kelp found on the coasts of Chile, southern New Zealand, and Macquarie Island.Smith, J.M.B. and Bayliss-Smith, T.P. (1998). Kelp-plucking: coastal erosion facilitated by bull-kelp Durvillaea antarctica at subantarctic Macquarie Island, Antarctic Science 10 (4), 431–438. . D. antarctica, an alga, does not have air bladders, but floats due to a unique honeycomb structure within the alga's blades, which also helps the kelp avoid being damaged by the strong waves.

Atractophora hypnoides is a rare red alga (Rhodophyta) found in the British Isles, France and some Atlantic Islands and is the only species of the genus found in the British Isles. It is attached to the rock or other algae by a small basal disc and is much branched with downgrowing filaments which enclose the main branch or axis forming a cortex. Short filaments of limited growth radiate in whorls from the axis and frequently convert into hairs. The spreading filaments grow irregularly in a diffuse manner.

In this photography of an horizontal cutting of the lower part of the blade (under an optic microscope) we can distinguish very well the medulla, the cortex and the meristoderm of F.Spiralis. We can also see, by the disposition of the cells, some speciallization and formation of proto-tissues. Fucus spiralis is a species of seaweed, a brown alga (Heterokontophyta, Phaeophyceae), living on the littoral shore of the Atlantic coasts of Europe and North America. It has the common names of spiral wrack and flat wrack.

When structures in different species are believed to exist and develop as a result of common adaptive responses to environmental pressure, those structures are termed convergent. For example, the fronds of Bryopsis plumosa and stems of Asparagus setaceus both have the same feathery branching appearance, even though one is an alga and one is a flowering plant. The similarity in overall structure occurs independently as a result of convergence. The growth form of many cacti and species of Euphorbia is very similar, even though they belong to widely distant families.

Wood small-reed Calamagrostis epigejos is locally dominant in the ground flora here. In some areas periodic flooding occurs and species such as water-pepper Persicaria hydropiper, plicate sweet-grass Glyceria plicata and celery-leaved water-crowfoot Ranunculus sceleratus occur. Shore-weed Littorella uniflora, a rare plant in Cheshire, is also present. The more saline flashes are fed by natural brine springs and contain a range of species tolerant of brackish water, for example, spiked water-milfoil Myriophyllum spicatum, fennel-leaved pondweed Potamogeton pectinatus and horned pondweed Zannichellia palustris and the green alga Enteromorpha intestinalis.

In 2000, the strain was found on the coast of California (U.S.), near San Diego, and also on the coast of New South Wales, Australia. The California colonization was small enough to be considered controllable: it was covered with tarpaulin which was held down with sandbags at the edges of the infestation. Then chlorine was poured in through tubes which fed into certain openings in the tarpaulin: the interior of the tarpaulin filled up with chlorine and killed living organisms inside it, not only the unwanted alga but also fish, invertebrates and other seaweeds.

Red algae are not only key members of marine and freshwater aquatic environments but they are sources for important human foods such as dulse and sushi wrap, and have a multitude of pharmaceutical and industrial uses (e.g., agarose and carrageenans). Perhaps most important is the role red algae played in symbiogenesis. A red alga was the ancient (>1 billion years ago) donor of the plastid in chlorophyll c-containing algae (heterokonta or stramenophiles) that rose to prominence in marine ecosystems after the end of Permian with groups such as diatoms currently providing ca.

Primary endosymbiosis involves the engulfment of a cell by another free living organism. Secondary endosymbiosis occurs when the product of primary endosymbiosis is itself engulfed and retained by another free living eukaryote. Secondary endosymbiosis has occurred several times and has given rise to extremely diverse groups of algae and other eukaryotes. Some organisms can take opportunistic advantage of a similar process, where they engulf an alga and use the products of its photosynthesis, but once the prey item dies (or is lost) the host returns to a free living state.

The process of secondary endosymbiosis left its evolutionary signature within the unique topography of plastid membranes. Secondary plastids are surrounded by three (in euglenophytes and some dinoflagellates) or four membranes (in haptophytes, heterokonts, cryptophytes, and chlorarachniophytes). The two additional membranes are thought to correspond to the plasma membrane of the engulfed alga and the phagosomal membrane of the host cell. The endosymbiotic acquisition of a eukaryote cell is represented in the cryptophytes; where the remnant nucleus of the red algal symbiont (the nucleomorph) is present between the two inner and two outer plastid membranes.

Alternation of generations is defined as the alternation of multicellular diploid and haploid forms in the organism's life cycle, regardless of whether or not these forms are free- living. In some species, such as the alga Ulva lactuca, the diploid and haploid forms are indeed both free-living independent organisms, essentially identical in appearance and therefore said to be isomorphic. The free- swimming, haploid gametes form a diploid zygote which germinates into a multicellular diploid sporophyte. The sporophyte produces free-swimming haploid spores by meiosis that germinate into haploid gametophytes.

Soleirolia soleirolii (,Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607 syn. Helxine soleirolii) is a plant in the nettle family. It has a number of common names, including baby's tears, angel's tears, bits and pieces, bread and cheese, Corsican creeper, Corsican curse, friendship plant, mind-your-own-business, mother of thousands, Paddy's wig, and pollyanna vine. It has also been called Irish moss; however, it is not a moss, nor should it be confused with Sagina subulata or Chondrus crispus (an alga), which are also known as "Irish moss".

Chlorarachniophytes are a rare group of organisms that also contain chloroplasts derived from green algae, though their story is more complicated than that of the euglenophytes. The ancestor of chlorarachniophytes is thought to have been a eukaryote with a red algal derived chloroplast. It is then thought to have lost its first red algal chloroplast, and later engulfed a green alga, giving it its second, green algal derived chloroplast. Chlorarachniophyte chloroplasts are bounded by four membranes, except near the cell membrane, where the chloroplast membranes fuse into a double membrane.

Arrhenia is a genus of fungi in the family Hygrophoraceae. Arrhenia also includes species formerly placed in the genera Leptoglossum and Phaeotellus and the lectotype species itself has an unusual growth form that would not normally be called agaricoid. All of the species grow in association with photosynthetic cryptogams such as mosses, including peat moss, and alga scums on decaying wood, and soil crusts consisting of mixes of such organisms. Typically the fruitbodies of Arrhenia species are grey to black or blackish brown, being pigmented by incrusting melanized pigments on the hyphae.

Larvae of Scutellastra longicosta tend to settle on the shells of larger limpets and the juveniles graze the encrusting alga that grows there. When they are large enough they move onto the rocks and graze on coralline algae before eventually setting up their own gardens. These are established by grazing hard to remove any algae growing on a rock surface and allowing settlement of R. verrucosa, this limpet's favoured food. The algal growth is then regularly grazed and maintained as turf, being fertilised by the limpet's faeces and by mucus.

In the Permian–Triassic extinction event at the end of the Permian, some 30% of all insect species became extinct, so the fossil record of insects only includes beetles from the Lower Triassic . Around this time, during the Late Triassic, fungus-feeding species such as Cupedidae appear in the fossil record. In the stages of the Upper Triassic, alga-feeding insects such as Triaplidae and Hydrophilidae begin to appear, alongside predatory water beetles. The first weevils, including the Obrienidae, appear alongside the first rove beetles (Staphylinidae), which closely resemble recent species.

Climacostomum is a genus of unicellular ciliates, belonging to the class Heterotrichea. The genus has one well-described species, Climacostomum virens, which usually carries a symbiotic alga, a variety of Chlorella that can be cultivated outside its host. Algae-free (aposymbiotic) individuals are known, and a species that lacks algal symbionts, Climacostomum gigas Meunier 1907, has been identified, but not confirmed in recent literature. In its cortex, Climacostomum virens has colorless granules structurally similar to the defensive pigmentocysts found in its fellow Heterotrichs, Stentor coreuleus and Blepharisma japonicum.

Borboni made her stage debut in 1916, beginning to take minor film roles soon afterwards. She entered film in 1916 in the silent picture Jacobo Ortis directed by Giuseppe Sterni, and made over 80 film appearances between then and 1990. Appearing in several silent films before 1921 she was absent from cinema for some 14 years during which time she made numerous stage appearances. She gained notoriety in 1925 when she appeared topless in a stage performance of Carlo Veneziani’s Alga Marina as a mermaid, exposing her breasts.

Grypania is an early, tube-shaped fossil from the Proterozoic eon. The organism, with a size over one centimeter and consistent form, could have been a giant bacterium, a bacterial colony, or a eukaryotic alga. The oldest probable Grypania fossils date to about 2300 million years ago (redated from the previous 1870 million)Schneider, D. A., Bickford, M. E., Cannon, W. F., Schulz, K. J., & Hamilton, M. A. (2002). Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup: implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region.

Result of Bunting's efforts: flooded peat and drainage works are now a nature reserve at Thorne Moors He was born in Barnsley on 7 March 1916, and between 1936 and 1939 was involved with Spanish Civil War anarchists, working as a courier and smuggler. He was later employed as an engineer's fitter. He was an auto-didactic naturalist and after 1950 on Thorne Moors he discovered an alga living on the antennae of water fleas. He contributed to the discovery of a Bronze Age trackway constructed of wood, buried on the same moors.

P. parvum grows in a salinity range of 0.5 - 30 psu (Practical Salinity Unit) with an optimum at 15 psu although strains collected in different places appear to have different salinity tolerances. A strain called LB 2797 (isolated from Colorado River in Texas) shows a biphasic growth pattern namely, maximum cell densities increased as salinity increased from 5 to 15 psu but decreased at higher levels in laboratory culture. The alga produces dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and other unknown polyols, likely as an adaptation to osmoregulation. The environment must be between and for P. parvum to live.

Euglena gracilis is a freshwater species of single-celled alga in the genus Euglena. It has secondary chloroplasts, and is a mixotroph able to feed by photosynthesis or phagocytosis. It has a highly flexible cell surface, allowing it to change shape from a thin cell up to 100 µm long, to a sphere of approximately 20 µm. Each cell has two flagella, only one of which emerges from the flagellar pocket (reservoir) in the anterior of the cell, and can move by swimming, or by so-called "euglenoid" movement across surfaces.

The oldest part of the blade becomes senescent and sloughs off. The amphipod does not occupy the nest continuously but sometimes moves elsewhere on the host kelp, leaving a small grazing scar to show where it has foraged. Sometimes the nest is abandoned and a new nest may be built in a different location. Researchers studying this amphipod (Cerda, Hinojosa & Thiel, 2012) hypothesised that the position chosen for the nest might be a location where the maximum nutritional value of the tissue coincided with a decrease in production of defensive chemicals by the alga.

It is thought that Caulerpa species have such invasive properties in these regions due to their capability to thrive in temperate waters, along with their freedom from natural predators. Most Caulerpa species evolved in tropical waters, where herbivores have immunity to toxic compounds within the alga. Temperate water herbivores have no natural immunity to these toxins, allowing Caulerpa to grow unchecked if introduced to temperate waters. C. racemosa has recently been found in waters around Crete, where it is thought to have contributed to a significant reduction in fisheries.

Goodenough and colleagues have studied the molecular basis and evolution of life-cycle transitions in the flagellated green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. They have identified genes in the mating-type (mt) locus and genes regulated by mt that control the transition between vegetative growth and gametic differentiation and zygote development. These include genes responsible for mate recognition, uniparental inheritance of chloroplast DNA, and gametic differentiation, allowing analysis of their function and their evolution during speciation. They have also explored the potential for producing algal biodiesel as a transportation fuel.

They are mostly marine, however there are few freshwater species of Dunaliella that have even less information on them in terms of ecology. It is known, however, that in hypersaline ecosystems, Dunaliella is a critical primary producer that organisms, such as filter feeders and a variety of planktonic organisms, sustain themselves. The organisms can depend almost completely or wholly on the carbon that the photosynthetic alga fixes. Notably, it is important food for the brine plankton Artemia, so much so that increases in Artemia populations often correlate with decreases in Dunaliella populations.

Early attempts to interpret the fossil as the body of an alga or siphonophore are easily falsified. Climactichnites is now thought to represent the trail of an organism moving on top of or through the sediment. The animal apparently had a muscular foot and moved by extending either side of its body alternately (sometimes both sides may have been extended in unison) to produce the v-shaped transverse bars. Certainly the animal lacked any appendages, as is evidenced by cross-cutting relationships of the trail with sedimentary structures such as ripple marks.

The legume benefits from a new supply of usable nitrogen from the rhizobia, and the rhizobia benefits from organic acid energy sources from the plant as well as the protection provided by the root nodule. Since the rhizobia live within the legume, this is an example of endosymbiosis, and since both the bacteria and the plant can survive independently, it is also an example of facultative symbiosis. Lichens are another example of mutualism. Lichens consist of a fungus (the mycobiont) and a photosynthetic partner (the photobiont), which is usually a green alga or a cyanobacteria.

He was born in Verona, and began studying at Alga in 1546 in the congregation of secular canons. While in Verona he most likely studied with Vincenzo Ruffo. In 1569 he became a secular parish priest, and in 1577 became maestro di cappella at Treviso Cathedral; however, in 1578 he went to Vicenza Cathedral to take the equivalent job there, where the pay and musical opportunities were greater. He only stayed there four years, going to Venice in 1582,His pupil, Leone Leoni took his place as maestro di cappella.

In 1982 he and Michael Sheetz started to work on the alga Nitella, which has long oriented actin fibers, and observed myosin coated beads moving along actin filaments. This provided strong clues about the molecular transport of intracellular cargo, later refined to observing a single step of a single myosin molecule. His research and its place in the overal development of the motility field has been described in a number of well-cited review articles. He started at UCSF and then came to Stanford as a professor of Structural biology in 1977.

Vainio also discussed the general theory of lichens, supporting Simon Schwendener's then-controversial theory that lichens were the result of a symbiotic union between fungus and alga. Vainio advocated including the lichens in the general classification of the fungi. He argued that lichens are a polyphyletic group, with only one uniting characteristic—the symbiosis—distinguishing them from the ascomycetes and other fungi. Vainio's work was intended to be a thesis submission for the post of Associate Professor at the University of Helsinki, a position he applied for in writing in Autumn of 1888.

His principal research was in marine zoology however and at the Leeds meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1858, he, with Joseph Reay Greene, gave a report on the marine fauna of the south and west coasts of Ireland. He was one of the earliest workers in deep water dredging at (800–900 m) at Setubal Bay, Portugal. He also described a species of copepod Pennella in 1870, published on Irish sponges in 1869 and on algae. The alga Cocconeopsis wrightii (O'Meara, 1867) was named in his honour.

Based on a 1988 study of a population near Rancho Nuevo in Tamaulipas, Mexico, the males of K. herrerai attain a larger size than females, with a proportionally smaller plastron, and narrower and shallower carapace. Symbionts reported include a balanomorph barnacle, leeches of the genus Phcobdelta, and the filamentous green alga Basichdia. The food items identified indicate an omnivorous diet, with wild figs the major plant component, and several insect orders and millipedes represented. Courtship in K. herrerai agrees in most respects with courtship of other kinosternid species.

Sloughing is probably a means of eliminating old reproductive structures and damaged surface cells, and reducing the risk of surface penetration by burrowing organisms. The relationship between the pear limpet and Spongites yendoi could be considered a form of mutualism. The limpet gets 85% of its nutritional needs by grazing on the coralline alga and leaves it in thin sheets with a damaged surface. The limpet is not present in the north of its range and in these areas the algal sheets are much thicker and flabbier, and develop protuberances.

Endocladia muricata, commonly known as nailbrush seaweed or turfweed, is a marine alga that is widely distributed along the shores of the North Pacific Ocean, from Alaska to Punto Santo Tomas, Baja California. E. muricata is common north of Point Conception, and is one of the most common algae in the high intertidal zone of the central California, coast. It commonly forms the top-most conspicuous band of seaweed along that coast. E. muricata often grows with Pelvetiopsis limitata (dwarf rockweed) and Mastocarpus papillatus (Turkish washcloth), on rocks in the high intertidal.

However it is achieved, kleptoplasty is an important strategy for many genera of Placobranchacea. One species of Elysia feeds on a seasonally-calcifying alga. Because it is unable to penetrate the calcified cell walls, the animal can only feed for part of the year, relying on the ingested chloroplasts to survive whilst the foodstuff is calcified, until later in the season when the calcification is lost and the grazing can continue. Sacoglossans can also use anti-herbivory compounds produced by their algal foodstuffs to deter their own would-be predators, in a process termed kleptochemistry.

The timing of this series of events is hard to determine; Knoll (2006) suggests they developed approximately 1.6–2.1 billion years ago. Some acritarchs are known from at least 1.65 billion years ago, and the possible alga Grypania has been found as far back as 2.1 billion years ago. The Geosiphon-like fossil fungus Diskagma has been found in paleosols 2.2 billion years old. Organized living structures have been found in the black shales of the Palaeoproterozoic Francevillian B Formation in Gabon, dated at 2.1 billion years old.

The coccoid cell of Symbiodinium is spherical and ranges in average diameter from 6 to 13 µm, depending on the species (Blank et al. 1989). This stage is often wrongly interpreted as a dinocyst; hence, in published literature, the alga in hospite is often referred to as a vegetative cyst. The term cyst usually refers to a dormant, metabolically quiescent stage in the life history of other dinoflagellates, initiated by several factors, including nutrient availability, temperature, and day length. Such cysts permit extended resistance to unfavourable environmental conditions.

The apical complex, which is actually a combination of organelles, is an important structure. It contains secretory organelles called rhoptries and micronemes, which are vital for mobility, adhesion, host cell invasion, and parasitophorous vacuole formation. As an apicomplexan, it harbours a plastid, an apicoplast, similar to plant chloroplasts, which they probably acquired by engulfing (or being invaded by) a eukaryotic alga and retaining the algal plastid as a distinctive organelle encased within four membranes. The apicoplast is involved in the synthesis of lipids and several other compounds and provides an attractive drug target.

Porphyra cinnamomea is a red alga species in the genus Porphyra, known from New Zealand. It is monostromatic, monoecious, and grows in the intertidal zone, predominantly on rock substrata. With P. coleana, P. rakiura and P. virididentata, they can be distinguished by morphology (such as the microscopic arrangement of cells along their thallus margin, their thallus shape, size and colour), as well as geographical, ecological and seasonal distribution patterns, and importantly, chromosome numbers, which in this species n = 3. Finally, these four species are distinguished by a particular nucleotide sequence at the 18S rDNA locus.

The zone around Fradinhos is biodiverse, with more than 100 identified species. Its waters are home to Azores chromis (Chromis limbata), barred hogfish, black corals, groupers, Mediterranean parrotfish (Sparisoma cretense), red scorpionfish (Scorpaena scrofa), oysters, slipper lobsters (family Scyllaridae), and European spider crab (Maja squinado). The area also supports pelagic fish such as barracuda, bluefish, longfin yellowtail, and Chilean devil ray. Though the exposed surfaces of the Fradinhos are not vegetated by terrestrial plants, the underwater surfaces are home to various algae including the red alga Asparagopsis armata.

P. Kersen, Red Seaweeds Furcellaria lumbricalis and Coccotylus truncatus: Community Structure, Dynamics and Growth in the Northern Baltic Sea, Tallinn: Tallinn University, 2013. R. Tuvikene, K. Truus, M. Robal, O. Volobujeva, E. Melikov, T. Pehk, A. Kollist, T. Kailas and M. Vaher, "The extraction, structure, and gelling properties of hybrid galactan from the red alga Furcellaria lumbricalis (Baltic Sea, Estonia)," Journal of Applied Phycology, pp. 51-63, 2010. The attached form grows typically as an epilith on stable hard substrates such as stony bottoms, boulder fields and rocks.

541-554 and participated in the sequencing of the unicellular alga Ostreococcus tauri.E. Derelle et al., « Genome analysis of the smallest free-living eukaryote Ostreococcus tauri unveils many unique features », Proc Natl Acad Sc USA, (2006), 103, p. 11647-11652 Among the genes characterized and discovered in his laboratory are the genes of radish reserve proteins since 1985, the genes of LEA (Late Embryogenesis Abundant) proteins and their regulation, proteins omnipresent in seeds, whose function is undoubtedly to facilitate the survival of the seed during its dehydration,F.

Lawrence Justinian was a member of the well-known Giustiniani family, which includes several saints. The piety of his mother seems to have served as an inspiration for his own spirituality, as he chose of a life of prayer and service. In 1404, after he had been ordained a deacon, at the suggestion of an uncle who was a priest, he joined a community of canons regular following a monastic form of life on the island of San Giorgio in Alga. He was admired by his fellows for his poverty, mortification, and fervency of prayer.

Ascophyllum nodosum is a large, common cold water seaweed or brown alga (Phaeophyceae) in the family Fucaceae, being the only species in the genus Ascophyllum. It is a seaweed that only grows in the northern Atlantic Ocean, also known in localities as feamainn bhuí, rockweed, Norwegian kelp, knotted kelp, knotted wrack or egg wrack. It is common on the north-western coast of Europe (from Svalbard to Portugal) including east Greenland and the north- eastern coast of North America, its range further south of these latitudes being limited by warmer ocean waters.

Nagai H, Yasumoto T, Hokama Y. Aplysiatoxin and debromoaplysiatoxin as the causative agents of a red alga Gracilaria coronopifolia poisoning in Hawaii. Toxicon. 1996 Jul;34(7):753-61. While this action has a tumour-promoting effect, protein kinase C activation can be medically beneficial for some other applications, and synthetic analogues of aplysiatoxin have been researched for anti-cancer effects.Watanabe M, Kawase Y, Tanabe J, Min KR, Mue S, Ohuchi K. Suppression of interleukin-1 alpha production by protein kinase C activators in human vascular endothelial cells.

Started his career in futsal. Best futsal player of Turkmenistan 2010 with Hereket.Определился чемпион Туркменистана по футзалу Played in the Championship of Uzbekistan for FK Dinamo Samarqand.Заявочный список команд высшей лиги-2013“Динамо”: “Гулистон” га қарши ўйин олдидан He won the 2013 Turkmenistan Cup with FC Ahal, scoring the winning goal at the final.Kubogyň eýesi — “Ahal” In 2014, he won the Turkmenistan Super Cup.Ахал» – обладатель Суперкубка Туркменистана He spent the season of 2018 for the FC Alga Bishkek in the championship of Kyrgyzstan«Алга» подписала контракты с рядом игроков .

Glimne was born on 27 April 1947. After studying at Lund University of Technology, Glimne became the product development manager at Alga in 1980–1989 and subsequently worked as his own entrepreneur and consultant. He has edited and constructed a very large number of games, and has periodically been Sweden's only professional game designer. He has also written several books about games, participated as a game expert in encyclopaedias, such as Bra Böckers Lexikon (Good Books Lexicon), the Nationalencyklopedin (Swedish National Encyclopedia) and Myggans nöjeslexikon (Myggan's Entertainment Lexicon), and commented on poker on television.

The fact that the pattern of C. nodosa growth changes as sand is deposited provides a means of measuring the travel of subaqueous dunes. In the Alfacs Bay in the northwest Mediterranean Sea, it was found that the rate of dune advance averaged 13 metres per year, and that the seagrasses could be used to monitor movement rates ranging from 0.15 metres to 980 metres per year. The invasive alga Caulerpa taxifolia is often associated with C. nodosa. It has an extensive rhizoidal system that anchors it to a sandy substrate.

After graduating from high school in Alga from 2002 to 2004 he studied at the acting school of the T. Akhtanov Aktobe Drama Theater, and in 2004 he entered the Kazakh National Academy of Arts, with the specialty of film direction and cinema. In September 2007, he participated in the Busan International Film Festival, the Asian Film Academy (AFA). In February 2008, he was a member of the Berlin camp of young talent at the 58th Berlin International Film Festival in Germany.Channel 1 Казахстанский фильм с актерами-непрофессионалами произвел фурор на «Берлинале» 15.02.

This species is found in the tropical and subtropical Indo- Pacific region, the Mediterranean Sea and the western Atlantic Ocean. It grows on rocky reefs from the shallow subtidal zone down to depths of about . In the Mediterranean Sea it occurs in two separate habitat types; shallow, warm lagoons and sheltered places in the central Mediterranean and deep water () rocky habitats in the northwest Mediterranean. Similarly, in the Florida Keys, it is the dominant green alga in shallow back reef locations and in much deeper, less well lit, reef slope habitats.

The thallus of this seaweed is often overgrown by epiphytes which are at their maximum abundance in summer. The segments are sometimes damaged by storms, but are replaced by new growth which occurs with rising temperatures and increasing amounts of irradiation and dissolved nutrients. In the deepwater habitats in the Mediterranean, it is the dominant species and is often found in association with the encrusting red alga Mesophyllum lichenoides. In this habitat it tends to grow on vertical walls, under overhangs and in positions where it receives little sunlight.

Studies were also been done on Nelliecarteria, Gloeodendron, the rare filamentous alga Chaetonemopsis, cytology of Rhizoclonium and Cladophora algae of polluted waters, aerial algae, algae associated with Bryophytes etc. His review of papers on the conducting systems in fossil brown and red algae, and recent trends and developments in Phycology were significant not only to the research students but also to the teachers of Phycology. Busy as he was, he found time to attend many symposia and conventions. His papers revealed an analytical and critical approach as well as the depth of his knowledge.

Yelovichnus is an "enigmatic" genus known from fossils of the Ediacaran period. Yelovichnus was originally believed to be an ichnotaxon: its fossils, because of their "meandering nature", were initially thought to be feeding trails left by other life forms, such as annelids or mollusks. Better- preserved specimens later demonstrated that the fossils were not true feeding trails, as there was no evidence of turning by the life form that supposedly left them. The fossils are now recognized as belonging to an organism taking the form of "collapsed, segmented tubes", possibly an alga or a protist.

An autospore is a non-motile (non-flagellated) spore that is produced within a parent cell, and has the same shape as the parent cell, before release. Autospores, in addition to zoospore and aplanospore, are one of the three types of spores that algae use to reproduce and spread asexually. Autospores occur in several groups of algae, including Eustigmatophyceae, Dinoflagellates and green algae. For example, the colonial alga Dichotomococcus produces two autospores per reproducing cell; the autospores escape through a slit in the cell wall and remain attached to the mother cell.

Ostreococcus tauri is the dominant algal species, by cell abundance, in the Thau Lagoon in the south of France. The conditions that are thought to lead to this dominance are firstly that the Lagoon is used for intensive mollusc cultivation, and secondly that copper levels in the Lagoon are high. The first consideration selects for smaller cells (picoplankton); larger eukaryotic species of alga and many predators of smaller algae are preferentially consumed by the molluscs, which are filter feeders. The second consideration selects against cyanobacteria, as O. tauri is thought to cope better with "adverse conditions".

This pattern of development is normally found in liverworts from xeric environments, rather than the those growing in moist habitats like Cavicularia. Once the young gametophyte germinates and ruptures the spore coat, it produces a multi- layered mass from which the adult plant will develop. Cavicularia is classified in the family Blasiaceae along with the genus Blasia, from which it is distinguished by the absence of a collar around the base of the sporophyte capsule, and a clustered arrangement of sperm-producing antheridia. Like Blasia, plants of Cavicularia possess domatia containing colonies of the blue- green alga Nostoc.

Obligate secondary endosymbionts become dependent on their organelles and are unable to survive in their absence. RedToL, the Red Algal Tree of Life Initiative funded by the National Science Foundation highlights the role red algae or Rhodophyta played in the evolution of our planet through secondary endosymbiosis. One possible secondary endosymbiosis in process has been observed by Okamoto & Inouye (2005). The heterotrophic protist Hatena behaves like a predator until it ingests a green alga, which loses its flagella and cytoskeleton, while Hatena, now a host, switches to photosynthetic nutrition, gains the ability to move towards light and loses its feeding apparatus.

Gunnar Öquist (left) at the press conference announcing the winners of the 2008 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. (Right Nobel Committee member Måns Ehrenberg.) Gunnar Öquist (born 1941) is a Swedish biologist and professor of plant physiology at Umeå University, and served as the permanent secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences from 2003 to 2010. He graduated from Uppsala University in 1967 and enrolled in postgraduate studies in Umeå in 1968. He earned his Ph.D. at Umeå University in 1972 with the Thesis Some effects of light intensity and iron deficiency on pigmentation and photosynthesis in the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans.

Except for the class Goniomonadea, which lacks plastids entirely,Nuclear genome sequence of the plastid-lacking cryptomonad Goniomonas avonlea provides insights into the evolution of secondary plastids and the Chilomonas (class Cryptophyceae), which has leucoplasts, cryptomonads have one or two chloroplasts. These contain chlorophylls a and c, together with phycobiliproteins and other pigments, and vary in color (brown, red to blueish-green). Each is surrounded by four membranes, and there is a reduced cell nucleus called a nucleomorph between the middle two. This indicates that the plastid was derived from a eukaryotic symbiont, shown by genetic studies to have been a red alga.

Crossbows and Catapults, also known as Battlegrounds, is a game of physical skill first released in 1983. It has since been published by several different game publishers including Lakeside, Alga (Brio), Base Toys, Tomy and currently Moose Toys (under the name Battlegrounds Crossbows and Catapults). In the game, two sides, originally Vikings and Barbarians but later other names were used, build fortifications from plastic bricks and then attempt to destroy the other's castle with rubber-band powered crossbows (similar to ballistae) and catapults firing plastic disks. In the most recent version, launched in 2007, the two sides were Orcs and Knights.

It is the most widely used organism in molecular genetics, and is an important species in the fields of biotechnology and microbiology, where it has served as the host organism for the majority of work with recombinant DNA. Simple model eukaryotes include baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe), both of which share many characters with higher cells, including those of humans. For instance, many cell division genes that are critical for the development of cancer have been discovered in yeast. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a unicellular green alga with well-studied genetics, is used to study photosynthesis and motility.

Abundant evidence indicates that facultative sexual eukaryotes tend to undergo sexual reproduction under stressful conditions. For instance, the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (a single-celled fungus) reproduces mitotically (asexually) as diploid cells when nutrients are abundant, but switches to meiosis (sexual reproduction) under starvation conditions. The unicellular green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii grows as vegetative cells in nutrient rich growth medium, but depletion of a source of nitrogen in the medium leads to gamete fusion, zygote formation and meiosis. The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, treated with H2O2 to cause oxidative stress, substantially increases the proportion of cells which undergo meiosis.

There is also debate as to the appropriateness of giving the same binomial name to the fungus, and to the lichen that combines that fungus with an alga or cyanobacterium (synecdoche). This is especially the case when combining the same fungus with different algae or cyanobacteria produces dramatically different lichen organisms, which would be considered different species by any measure other than the DNA of the fungal component. If the whole lichen produced by the same fungus growing in association with different algae or cyanobacteria, were to be classified as different "species", the number of "lichen species" would be greater.

Lepidodinium viride and its close relatives are dinophytes (see below) that lost their original peridinin chloroplast and replaced it with a green algal derived chloroplast (more specifically, a prasinophyte). Lepidodinium is the only dinophyte that has a chloroplast that's not from the rhodoplast lineage. The chloroplast is surrounded by two membranes and has no nucleomorph—all the nucleomorph genes have been transferred to the dinophyte nucleus. The endosymbiotic event that led to this chloroplast was serial secondary endosymbiosis rather than tertiary endosymbiosis—the endosymbiont was a green alga containing a primary chloroplast (making a secondary chloroplast).

The garden is defended from other herbivores which the limpet pries off the surface with its spines. A limpet can "farm" an area of about , occupies a scar near the centre, and seldom moves out of this area. Gardens seldom overlap and even though the limpet is encouraging the growth of a single species of alga, there may be greater algal diversity in the area than might otherwise occur. This is because, while defending their gardens, the limpets drive off herbivores from the patches of rock between their gardens, giving algae settling there a greater chance of flourishing.

Postelsia palmaeformis, also known as the sea palm (not to be confused with the southern sea palm) or palm seaweed, is a species of kelp and classified within brown algae. The sea palm is found along the western coast of North America, on rocky shores with constant waves. It is one of the few algae that can survive and remain erect out of the water; in fact, it spends most of its life cycle exposed to the air. It is an annual, and edible, though harvesting of the alga is discouraged due to the species' sensitivity to overharvesting.

As in other members of the order Bryopsidales, individual organisms are made up of single multi-nucleate cells. Whole meadows may consist of a single individual alga connected by fine threads running through the substrate.The Cell Biology of the Bryopsidales Halimeda is responsible for distinctive circular deposits in various parts of the Great Barrier Reef on the north-east coast of Queensland, Australia. Halimeda beds form in the western or lee side of outer shield reefs where flow of nutrient-rich water from the open sea allows them to flourish, and are the most extensive, actively accumulating Halimeda beds in the world.

The mass was first discovered by a civilian boat from Wainwright, and was reported to the U.S. Coast Guard for concerns that it could've been an oil spill. Analysis of samples taken by the North Slope Borough government and sent to a lab in Anchorage determined that it was a type of marine alga. The mass was discovered floating in the Chukchi Sea, a shallow stretch of the Arctic Ocean that spans the distance between western Alaska and the northeastern coasts of Russia. Typical algae blooms are common in similar areas, shallow waters where light can penetrate to the sea bed.

Similar observations were made in a marine alga and subsequently in mouse red blood cells. More importantly, redox oscillations as demonstrated by peroxiredoxin rhythms have now been seen in multiple distant kingdoms of life (eukaryotes, bacteria and archaea), covering the evolutionary tree. Therefore, redox clocks look to be the grandfather clock, and genetic feedback circuits the major output mechanisms to control cell and tissue physiology and behavior. Therefore, the model of the clock has to be considered as a product of an interaction between both transcriptional circuits and non-transcriptional elements such as redox oscillations and protein phosphorylation cycles.

This, in turn, can greatly reduce the number of trout eggs that survive to hatch. Over time, this leads to reduction of the population of adult fish in the areas affected by the algae, forming a circle of decline. Rock snot is believed to have spread accidentally on the soles of the footwear of visitors from areas where the alga is native. The wide variety of issues that adversely affect brown trout throughout its range do not exclusively affect brown trout, but affect many or all species within a water body, thus altering the ecosystem in which the trout reside.

Remarkably 80% of these putative genes have no database homologs to date. Those that could be assigned a function due to sequence similarity or protein domain matches include DNA and RNA polymerase subunits, eight proteases as well as at least four genes that encode proteins involved in sphingolipid biosynthesis. These were shown to have been acquired from the host via horizontal gene transfer.Monier A, Pagarete A, De Vargas C, Allen MJ, Read B, Claverie J, Ogata H, De Vargas C. (2009) Horizontal gene transfer of an entire metabolic pathway between a eukaryotic alga and its DNA virus. Genome Research 19:1441–1449.

Polystichum setiferum, a fern Grimmia pulvinata, a moss Pelvetia canaliculata, a brown alga Hypholoma fasciculare, a fungus A cryptogam (scientific name Cryptogamae) is a plant (in the wide sense of the word) that reproduces by spores, without flowers or seeds. "Cryptogamae" (Greek ', "hidden" + , ', "to marry") means "hidden reproduction", referring to the fact that no seed is produced, thus cryptogams represent the non-seed bearing plants. Other names, such as "thallophytes", "lower plants", and "spore plants" are also occasionally used. As a group, Cryptogamae are the opposite of the Phanerogamae (Greek , = "visible") or Spermatophyta (Greek , = "seed" and , = "plant"), the seed plants.

Apletodon dentatus occurs in the tidal and subtidal zones where it is associated with submerged vegetation such as the sea grass Posidonia oceanica off France, with beds of the large brown algae of the genus Cystoseira off Sicily, and with rocky areas with brown algae. This species has also been recorded among turf-like growths of the alga Gelidium latifolium, it associates with the sea urchins Paracentrotus lividus and Sphaerechinus granularis, and then among boulders. As it goes through its different life stages it moves through these habitats. It has also been found in the hollow bulbs of the seaweed Saccorhiza polyschides.

In 1408 Pope Gregory appointed Barbo to be the abbot of the Benedictine Abbey of Santa Giustina in Padua, which he reformed with help of two monks, two Camaldolese novices and three canons of San Giorgio in Alga. At that point Barbo became a Benedictine monk. Through his leadership, the life of the abbey was dramatically revived and eventually became the center of the Congregation of Santa Giustina, which became an important center of reform of Benedictine monasteries in Italy. In 1424 the canons elected their first Superior General to oversee the houses of their burgeoning congregation.

Squalene methyltransferase (, TMT-1, TMT-2) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:squalene C-methyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + squalene \rightleftharpoons 2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 3,22-dimethyl-1,2,23,24-tetradehydro-2,3,22,23-tetrahydrosqualene (overall reaction) :(1a) S-adenosyl-L-methionine + squalene \rightleftharpoons S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 3-methyl-1,2-didehydro-2,3-dihydrosqualene :(1b) S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 3-methyl-1,2-didehydro-2,3-dihydrosqualene \rightleftharpoons S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 3,22-dimethyl-1,2,23,24-tetradehydro-2,3,22,23-tetrahydrosqualene There are two isoforms in the green alga Botryococcus braunii BOT22 that differ in their specificity .

Phacus, like all photosynthetic Euglenoids, obtained their plastids through secondary endosymbiosis, where the ancestral phagocytic Euglenoid engulfed a green alga, and the resulting organism became the plastid. Most of these organisms also possess a semi-rectangular eyespot, often reddish in color, and a single flagellum, although some species have two, which emerges anteriorly. The flagellum is responsible for cell movement by gyrating in the direction of travel allowing the cell to glide and swim in the water. Furthermore, some flagella vary in length from short all the way to the length of the cell in other species.

Dendriscocaulon is a taxonomic name that has been used for a genus of fruticose lichen (shrubby form lichen) with a cyanobacteria as the photobiont partner of the fungus. Dendriscocaulon is considered a taxonomic synonym of the genus Sticta, a foliose lichen (leafy form lichen), which generally has a green alga as the photobiont partner.Form and structure - Sticta and 'Dendriscocaulon', Australian Botanic Garden website, Lichens that have been called Dendriscocaulon or Sticta involve the same fungal species. They show dramatically different morphology, may grow side-by-side, and mixed forms exist where different algae are growing within different portions of the same fungal thallus.

Also calcification removes carbon dioxide, but chemistry behind it leads to the opposite pH reaction; it makes the water more acidic. The combination of photosynthesis and calcification therefore even out each other regarding pH changes.Microscopic marine plants bioengineer their environment to enhance their own growth - The Conversation In addition, these exoskeletons may confer an advantage in energy production, as coccolithogenesis seems highly coupled with photosynthesis. Organic precipitation of calcium carbonate from bicarbonate solution produces free carbon dioxide directly within the cellular body of the alga, this additional source of gas is then available to the Coccolithophore for photosynthesis.

Born in Barnaul, Karavajevs' first club was Alga Frunze in Kyrgyzstan (at that time still within the Soviet Union) with which Karavajevs played 18 matches in 1979. Karavajevs stayed with Frunze until 1984, except for a brief time with Pakhtakor Tashkent in 1981. Then came a season with Kairat Almaty but Karavajevs became a real Soviet First League goalkeeper in 1985 when he transferred to SKA Khabarovsk. With SKA he played 88 matches over two seasons and was invited to transfer to Daugava Rīga where he took over the number one goalkeeper position from Aleksandrs Kulakovs.

Nucleomorphs are small, vestigial eukaryotic nuclei found between the inner and outer pairs of membranes in certain plastids. They are thought to be vestiges of primitive red and green algal nuclei that were engulfed by a larger eukaryote. Because the nucleomorph lies between two sets of membranes, nucleomorphs support the endosymbiotic theory and are evidence that the plastids containing them are complex plastids. Having two sets of membranes indicate that the plastid, a prokaryote, was engulfed by a eukaryote, an alga, which was then engulfed by another eukaryote, the host cell, making the plastid an example of secondary endosymbiosis.

The study of Symbiodinium biology is driven largely by a desire to understand global coral reef decline. A chief mechanism for widespread reef degradation has been stress-induced coral bleaching caused by unusually high seawater temperature. Bleaching is the disassociation of the coral and the symbiont and/or loss of chlorophyll within the alga, resulting in a precipitous loss in the animal's pigmentation. Many Symbiodinium-cnidarian associations are affected by sustained elevation of sea surface temperatures, but may also result from exposure to high irradiance levels (including UVR), extreme low temperatures, low salinity and other factors.

The company leads the development of the ’Clear Plate’ project climate protection project in cooperation with the Gold Standard Foundation since 2012. This project aims to reduce agricultural [greenhouse gas] emissions. Spanning around 150 000 hectares of farmland in Northern Hungary and the Transdanubian region the farmers use alga and bacteria based fertilisers in conjunction with climate smart soil cultivation methods to increase the soil carbon content which in turn results in a reduction of atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration. The sale of the carbon credits generated are used to fund the biological nutrients and the technological innovations for the farmers involved.

Pyropia rakiura, formerly known as Porphyra rakiura, is a red alga species in the genus Pyropia, known from New Zealand. It is monostromatic, monoecious, and grows in the intertidal zone, predominantly on rock substrata. With P. cinnamomea, P. coleana and P. virididentata, they can be distinguished by morphology (such as the microscopic arrangement of cells along their thallus margin, their thallus shape, size and colour), as well as geographical, ecological and seasonal distribution patterns, and importantly, chromosome numbers, which in this species n = 2. Finally, these four species are distinguished by a particular nucleotide sequence at the 18S rDNA locus.

While many carbonaceous fossils have been described from the Precambrian, they are typically preserved as flattened outlines or fragments measuring only millimeters long. Because these fossils lack features diagnostic for identification at even the highest level, they are assigned to fossil form taxa according to their shape and other gross morphological features. A number of Devonian fossils termed fucoids, from their resemblance in outline to species in the genus Fucus, have proven to be inorganic rather than true fossils. The Devonian megafossil Prototaxites, which consists of masses of filaments grouped into trunk-like axes, has been considered a possible brown alga.

Sometimes a special whitish deposit with the appearance of sheets of paper is found in the turloughs when they dry up. This "algal paper" is made up of filaments of an alga that grows abundantly in warm weather and is then left to dry out in sheets when the turlough empties. In drainage ditches in a turlough, or in holes made with a soil auger, one may find a white- or cream-coloured deposit beneath the vegetation cover, or beneath a layer of peat. This is often called "white marl"; again, it is made of calcium carbonate.

The most likely interpretation of Protosalvinia is that it represents either a fossil liverwort or brown alga, although no definitive brown algae have been identified from before the Tertiary period, and examination of the spore structure shows no features in common with living groups of brown algae. The living plant was a thallus with short dichotomous branching. The branches in the largest species were as much as one centimeter across. In some fossils, the branching lobes lie flat, but in others the tips of the branches are curled up over the fossil, giving it a round outline.

The species was first described in 1867 from the hairs of a wig by Friedrich Küchenmeister and Rabenhorst. They thought that the organism was an alga and placed it in the genus Pleurococcus. The French mycologist Vuillemin later realized it was a yeast and transferred it to the genus Trichosporon, considering it to be synonymous with Trichosporon ovoides. Trichosporon beigelii was widely assumed to be the causative agent of white piedra in humans and other animals until the advent of DNA sequencing, when it became clear that more than one Trichosporon species could cause the infection.

It has also been detected in several bacteria and a chloroplast form is observed in alga and higher plants. Inositol phosphates play an important role in signal transduction. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker's yeast), the transcriptional regulation of the INO1 gene encoding inositol-3-phosphate synthase has been studied in detail and its expression is sensitive to the availability of phospholipid precursors as well as growth phase. The regulation of the structural gene encoding 1L-myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase has also been analyzed at the transcriptional level in the aquatic angiosperm, Spirodela polyrrhiza (Giant duckweed) and the halophyte, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum (Common ice plant).

Cystophora retroflexa is a brown alga species in the genus Cystophora. It found is found off the coasts of New Zealand and Australia. It is the type species of the genus. This species contains phlorotannins of the classes of phlorethols and fucophlorethols (phloroglucinol, difucol, tetraphlorethol-E, pentaphlorethol-B, hexaphlorethol-A, fucotriphlorethol-G, fucotriphlorethol-H, fucotetraphlorethol-J, fucotetraphlorethol-K, fucopentaphlorethol-E, bisfucoheptaphlorethol-A, difucofucotriphlorethol-A, difucofucotetraphlorethol-B, terfucohexaphlorethol-B, terfucoheptaphlorethol-A, diphlorethol, triphlorethol-A, tetraphlorethol-C, fucophlorethol-B, fucodiphlorethol-D, fucotriphlorethol-B, fucotetra- phlorethol-B, bisfucotriphlorethol-A, bisfucotetraphlorethol-A, bisfucopentaphlorethol-A, bisfucopentaphlorethol-B, difucophlorethol-A, difucofucotetraphlorethol-A, terfucopentaphlorethol-A and terfucohexaphlorethol-A).

Selenoproteins exist in all major domains of life, eukaryotes, bacteria and archaea. Among eukaryotes, selenoproteins appear to be common in animals, but rare or absent in other phyla -one has been identified in the green alga Chlamydomonas, but almost none in other plants or in fungi. The American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) is the only land plant known to possess sequence-level machinery for producing selenocysteine in its mitochondrial genome, although its level of functionality is not yet determined. Among bacteria and archaea, selenoproteins are only present in some lineages, while they are completely absent in many other phylogenetic groups.

Simon Schwendener is remembered for his investigations of plant anatomy and physiology, being interested in the inter- relationship between a plant's construction and its functionality. He took a mechanistic approach to his botanical studies, believing that a plant's anatomical structure conformed to principles of mechanics. He conducted extensive research on the mechanics of sap ascent, the construction of a leaf's pulvinus, the positioning of a plants' leaves, and the inner-workings between stomata and its guard cells. In 1867 Schwendener announced to the scientific world his hypothesis that lichen was formed by two separate organisms, a fungus and an alga.

He wrote: > This may be translated as: "I propose the expression Genom for the haploid > chromosome set, which, together with the pertinent protoplasm, specifies the > material foundations of the species ..." Among his experiments was the > discovery of chimeras (also chimaeras) by grafting a Deadly Nightshade and > tomato plant and observing a shoot which displayed characteristics of both > plants. Winkler also worked at the University of Naples, in Italy, where he > researched the physiology of the alga Bryopsis. He joined the NSDAP in > 1937.Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich: Wer war was vor und > nach 1945.

Acidocalcisomes are rounded electron-dense acidic organelles, rich in calcium and polyphosphate and between 100 nm and 200 nm in diameter. Acidocalcisomes were originally discovered in Trypanosomes (the causing agents of sleeping sickness and Chagas disease) but have since been found in Toxoplasma gondii (causes toxoplasmosis), Plasmodium (malaria), Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (a green alga), Dictyostelium discoideum (a slime mould), bacteria and human platelets. Their membranes are 6 nm thick and contain a number of protein pumps and antiporters, including aquaporins, ATPases and Ca2+/H+ and Na+/H+ antiporters. They may be the only cellular organelle that has been conserved between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.

While a given pair of inverted repeats are rarely completely identical, they are always very similar to each other, apparently resulting from concerted evolution. The inverted repeat regions are highly conserved among land plants, and accumulate few mutations. Similar inverted repeats exist in the genomes of cyanobacteria and the other two chloroplast lineages (glaucophyta and rhodophyceæ), suggesting that they predate the chloroplast, though some chloroplast DNAs like those of peas and a few red algae have since lost the inverted repeats. Others, like the red alga Porphyra flipped one of its inverted repeats (making them direct repeats).

The people of Amde Werq get their drinking water from a fountain located immediately south west of the township. The name of this vital fountain is Geredalga, which literally means "a throne of the domestic maids". As the only source of water close to the township, the girls or women used to sit there for several hours waiting for their turn to draw water; and thus the name implies going to Gered-Alga is like going to a vacation from the usual back breaking work. The main rivers around Amde Werq are: the Sebeha, Arri, Ebbi, Zentekerna and Merri.

The halophiles, named after the Greek word for "salt-loving", are extremophiles that thrive in high salt concentrations. While most halophiles are classified into the domain Archaea, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryotic species, such as the alga Dunaliella salina and fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga. Some well-known species give off a red color from carotenoid compounds, notably bacteriorhodopsin. Halophiles can be found in water bodies with salt concentration more than five times greater than that of the ocean, such as the Great Salt Lake in Utah, Owens Lake in California, the Dead Sea, and in evaporation ponds.

At times, the alga Dunaliella salina can also proliferate in this environment. A comparatively wide range of taxa has been isolated from saltern crystalliser ponds, including members of these genera: Haloferax, Halogeometricum, Halococcus, Haloterrigena, Halorubrum, Haloarcula, and Halobacterium. However, the viable counts in these cultivation studies have been small when compared to total counts, and the numerical significance of these isolates has been unclear. Only recently has it become possible to determine the identities and relative abundances of organisms in natural populations, typically using PCR-based strategies that target 16S small subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid (16S rRNA) genes.

Colony of cells forming a ', of an alga in the genus Pediastrum Asclepias syriaca seeds, showing the ' of hairs in its Curcuma pseudomontana with red coma bracts Pfaffia gnaphalioides flowers with basal coma hairs Coma atop Muscari armeniacum, bearing sterile flowers The conical ' inflorescence of Aeonium arboreum is a compound composed of minor panicles, some of which are compound in their turn. California buckeye (Aesculus californica) has a ' leaf, the leaflets radiating from a central point. gamopetalous of Nicotiana flowers are ' in the bud. Casuarina equisetifolia male and female flowers and s Gamopetalous Watsonia flower split open between two petals to show the ' formation of the tube.

Gloiopeltis furcata, commonly known as glueweed, jelly moss and fukuro-funori (Japan), is a marine alga that is widely distributed in the North Pacific Ocean, along the shorelines of China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, and the Pacific shores of Russia; and from the Aleutian Islands south to Baja California. G. furcata has long been utilized as a food source in Asia, where it is also used as a sizing material in silk and other textiles. G. furcata is also a raw material for textile binders. Studies show that extracts of G. furcata inhibit the growth of several human cancer cell lines, and can significantly lower blood glucose levels.

A lack of dissolved nitrogen would have favored prokaryotes over eukaryotes, as the former can metabolize gaseous nitrogen. 1.6 Ga Ramathallus fossil, the earliest known red alga Nonetheless, the diversification of crown group eukaryotic macroorganisms seems to have started about 1.6–1 Gya, seemingly coinciding with an increase in key nutrient concentrations. According to phylogenetic analysis, plants diverged from animals and fungi about 1.6 Gya; animals and fungi about 1.5 Gya; Bilaterians and cnidarians (animals respectively with and without bilateral symmetry) about 1.3 Gya; sponges 1.35 Gya; and Ascomycota and Basidiomycota (the two divisions of the fungus subkingdom Dikarya) 0.97 Gya. The earliest known red algae mats date to 1.6 Gya.

Rhodoplasts have chlorophyll a and phycobilins for photosynthetic pigments; the phycobilin phycoerythrin is responsible for giving many red algae their distinctive red color. However, since they also contain the blue-green chlorophyll a and other pigments, many are reddish to purple from the combination. The red phycoerytherin pigment is an adaptation to help red algae catch more sunlight in deep water—as such, some red algae that live in shallow water have less phycoerythrin in their rhodoplasts, and can appear more greenish. Rhodoplasts synthesize a form of starch called floridean starch, which collects into granules outside the rhodoplast, in the cytoplasm of the red alga.

Panulirus echinatus is a nocturnal generalist feeder and opportunistic browser. Examination of the stomach contents of animals caught on the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago show that the largest dietary item is fish, although it is not clear whether this is caught by the animal as prey or is the result of scavenging activity. Crustaceans formed part of the diet as did the green alga Caulerpa racemosa which is common in the study area. Another item consumed was calcareous algae scraped off the rock surface and this is likely to be an important source of calcium for the formation of the hard shell.

The large macro-alga Durvillaea antarctica supports a diverse array of invertebrate taxa and may play an important role in transporting some of this fauna to Heard Island. The rocky shores of Heard Island exhibit a clear demarcation between fauna of the lower kelp holdfast zone and the upper shore zone community, probably due to effects of desiccation, predation and freezing in the higher areas. The limpet Nacella kerguelensis is abundant in the lower part of the shore, being found on rock surfaces and on kelp holdfasts. Other common but less abundant species in this habitat include the chiton Hemiarthrum setulosum and the starfish Anasterias mawsoni.

Hegemann, together with Georg Nagel, is credited with the discovery of channelrhodopsins, a family of directly light-gated ion channels. This discovery has opened the new field of optogenetics, manipulating the activity of neurons and other cells with light. Since the original discovery of channelrhodopsin in the green alga Chlamydomonas, Hegemann and his group have improved its properties by molecular engineering, resulting in a wide variety of designer opsins which are faster, more sensitive, responsive to different colors of light, or conduct different ions than natural channelrhodopsins. These molecular tools have enabled neuroscientists around the world to stimulate genetically defined populations of neurons non-invasively and with great precision.

The constituency was created in 1984 from the Rangpur-16 constituency when the former Rangpur District was split into five districts: Nilphamari, Lalmonirhat, Rangpur, Kurigram, and Gaibandha. Ahead of the 2008 general election, the Election Commission redrew constituency boundaries to reflect population changes revealed by the 2001 Bangladesh census. The 2008 redistricting altered the boundaries of the constituency. Ahead of the 2014 general election, the Election Commission altered the boundaries of the constituency by removing one union parishad of Ulipur Upazila: Saheber Alga, and four union parishads of Rajarhat Upazila: Bidyananda, Gharialdanga, Nazimkhan, and Omar Majid, and adding all but two union parishads of Chilmari Upazila: Ashtamir Char and Nayerhat.

Growth in this species is "trichothallic", meaning that it occurs at the base of the marginal hairs. The edge of the thallus is two cells thick, and in the growth zone, the cells divide several times to form a thickened area with an upper cortex with about five rows of cells, a central parenchyma composed of long, thick-walled cells, and a lower cortex, with one or two rows of cells from which the rhizoids emerge. There is an alternation of generations in this brown alga into sporophytes and gametophytes, although these are similar in appearance. The reproductive organs differentiate on the upper surface of the thallus.

Lobaria is a genus of lichens commonly known as "lung wort" or "lungmoss" as their physical shape somewhat resembles a lung, and their ecological niche is similar to that of moss. Lobaria are unusual in that they have a three-part symbiosis, containing a fungus, and an alga (as other lichens do), but also a cyanobacterium which fixes nitrogen. Under the doctrine of signatures, Lobaria pulmonaria is sometimes used to treat respiratory infections, although there is no peer-reviewed data to support the efficacy of this treatment. Lobaria pulmonaria has been found to have moderate anti-inflammatory effects, and strong anti-ulcerative effects in rats.

In 1998, encouraged by Alga Marghen label head Emanuele Carcano, who offered him a label of his own, Maurizio Bianchi resumed making music. The label was EEs'T Records, through which he released new editions of old MB albums and many new recordings. Bianchi then proceeded to work on over a hundred new projects both solo or in collaboration with other Italian and international artists including Atrax Morgue, Aube, Francisco López, Mauthausen Orchestra, Merzbow, Ryan Martin and Philip Julian/Cheapmachines. Bianchi has worked with record labels including Dais Records, the Carrboro, North Carolina based Hot Releases and the Italian Menstrual Recordings to re-release some of his out-of-print material.

Young sporophytes of the common moss Tortula muralis. In mosses, the gametophyte is the dominant generation, while the sporophytes consist of sporangium-bearing stalks growing from the tips of the gametophytes Sporophytes of moss during spring A sporophyte () is the diploid multicellular stage in the life cycle of a plant or alga. It develops from the zygote produced when a haploid egg cell is fertilized by a haploid sperm and each sporophyte cell therefore has a double set of chromosomes, one set from each parent. All land plants, and most multicellular algae, have life cycles in which a multicellular diploid sporophyte phase alternates with a multicellular haploid gametophyte phase.

Long before the connection was made between the nonlichenized agaric fruitbodies and the lichenized thalli, botanists and lichenologists named the asexual lichen thalli of Lichenomphalia species several times in a number of genera. Linnaeus in 1753 described the lichen thallus of L. umbellifera as an 'alga' named Byssus botryoides while simultaneously including the fruitbodies of L. umbellifera within his concept of Agaricus umbelliferus, the basionym for the name L. umbellifera. Byssus botryoides is the type species of the now officially rejected generic names Phytoconis and Botrydina. Acharius in 1810 described the thalli of L. hudsoniana as a lichen, Endocarpon viride, which is the type of another officially rejected name, Coriscium.

They lived in a house lent to them by a relative. One of the first men to join them there was Lawrence Giustiniani, who was a deacon at the time, the first cleric of the small community. In 1404 they were given the use of a monastery of Augustinian friars on the isolated island of St. George in Alga, which was almost empty, by its commendatory prior, a young nobleman, Ludovico Barbo, who soon himself joined the community. The new monastery quickly grew to have 17 members, all members of the clergy by then, and received the approval of Pope Boniface IX on 30 November of that year.

As mentioned above, the origin of the plastids in Durinskia is different from the origin of the secondary plastid present in other typical dinoflagellates. In multiple secondary endosymbiotic events, an alga with a primary plastid was integrated into a eukaryotic host as a secondary plastid. The common red plastid found in dinoflagellates is a red secondary plastid that is different as it is bound by three rather than four membrane. These red plastids also contain peridinin, a major carotenoid pigment specific to dinoflagellates. In Durinskia, the function of the secondary red plastid is replaced by incorporating a diatom and its diatom’s plastid as a tertiary endosymbiont.

The exact causes are not well understood but may be related to a combination of processes including loss of early atmosphere, or impact erosion, or both. Alga crater is thought to have deposits of impact glass that may have preserved ancient biosignatures, if present during the impact. The loss of the Martian magnetic field strongly affected surface environments through atmospheric loss and increased radiation; this change significantly degraded surface habitability. When there was a magnetic field, the atmosphere would have been protected from erosion by the solar wind, which would ensure the maintenance of a dense atmosphere, necessary for liquid water to exist on the surface of Mars.

Perhaps the most ancient remains of Archaeplastida are putative red algae (Rafatazmia) within stromatolites in 1600 Ma (million years ago) rocks in India. Somewhat more recent are microfossils from the Roper group in northern Australia. The structure of these single-celled fossils resembles that of modern green algae. They date to the Mesoproterozoic Era, about 1500 to 1300 Ma. These fossils are consistent with a molecular clock study that calculated that this clade diverged about 1500 Ma. The oldest fossil that can be assigned to a specific modern group is the red alga Bangiomorpha, from 1200 Ma. In the late Neoproterozoic Era, algal fossils became more numerous and diverse.

The outward or anterograde movement is powered by kinesin-2 while the inward or retrograde movement is powered by cytoplasmic dynein 2/1b. The IFT particles are composed of about 20 proteins organized in two subcomplexes called complex A and B. IFT was first reported in 1993 by graduate student Keith Kozminski while working in the lab of Dr. Joel Rosenbaum at Yale University. The process of IFT has been best characterized in the biflagellate alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as well as the sensory cilia of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. It has been suggested based on localization studies that IFT proteins also function outside of cilia.

It may grow as a short structure near the base of the alga (as in Laminaria), or it may develop into a large, complex structure running throughout the algal body (as in Sargassum or Macrocystis). In the most structurally differentiated brown algae (such as Fucus), the tissues within the stipe are divided into three distinct layers or regions. These regions include a central pith, a surrounding cortex, and an outer epidermis, each of which has an analog in the stem of a vascular plant. In some brown algae, the pith region includes a core of elongated cells that resemble the phloem of vascular plants both in structure and function.

This could be a result of the depth in the water column that a specific alga typically resides and a consequent need for greater or less efficiency of the accessory pigments. With advances in imaging and detection technology which can avoid rapid photobleaching, protein fluorophores have become a viable and powerful tool for researchers in fields such as microscopy, microarray analysis and Western blotting. In light of this, it may be beneficial for researchers to screen these variable R-phycoerythrins to determine which one is most appropriate for their particular application. Even a small increase in fluorescent efficiency could reduce background noise and lower the rate of false-negative results.

The first host to be noticed in ancient times was human: human parasites such as hookworm are recorded from ancient Egypt from 3000 BC onwards, while in ancient Greece, the Hippocratic Corpus describes human bladder worm. The medieval Persian physician Avicenna recorded human and animal parasites including roundworms, threadworms, the Guinea worm and tapeworms. In Early Modern times, Francesco Redi recorded animal parasites, while the microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek observed and illustrated the protozoan Giardia lamblia from "his own loose stools". Hosts to mutualistic symbionts were recognised more recently, when in 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank described the mutualistic relationship between a fungus and an alga in lichens.

The attached zoospore first encysts then inserts an infection tube into the host cell, priming the ingress of the Aphelidium. The cyst forms a posterior vacuole, which expands and raises the internal pressure of the cyst. Ultimately the pressure pushing against the chitin wall of the cyst punctures the cell wall of the host green alga at the point of insertion of the infection tube, and the Aphelidium enters its host abruptly, leaving the cyst cell wall behind. Once within the host, Aphelidium becomes an amoeboid that proceeds to consume the host from the inside out by phagocytizing host cytoplasm before digesting it internally in a central digestive vacuole.

D. salina preserves a high concentration of glycerol by maintaining a cell membrane with low permeability to glycerol and synthesizing large quantities of glycerol from starch as a response to high extracellular salt concentration, which is why it tends to thrive in highly salinic environments. Attempts have been made to exploit the high concentrations of glycerol accumulated by D. salina as the basis for the commercial production of this compound. Although technically the production of glycerol from D. salina was shown to be possible, economic feasibility is low and no biotechnological operation exists to exploit the alga for glycerol production.Chen BJ, Chi CH. Process development and evaluation for algal glycerol production.

Investigations into reactive oxygen species (ROS) in biological systems have, until recently, focused on characterization of phagocytic cell processes. It is now well accepted that production of such species is not restricted to phagocytic cells and can occur in eukaryotic non-phagocytic cell types via NADPH oxidase (NOX) or dual oxidase (DUOX). This new family of proteins, termed the NOX/DUOX family or NOX family of NADPH oxidases, consists of homologs to the catalytic moiety of phagocytic NADPH-oxidase, gp91phox. Members of the NOX/DUOX family have been found throughout eukaryotic species, including invertebrates, insects, nematodes, fungi, amoeba, alga, and plants (not found in prokaryotes).

Investigations into reactive oxygen species (ROS) in biological systems have, until recently, focused on characterization of phagocytic cell processes. It is now well accepted that production of such species is not restricted to phagocytic cells and can occur in eukaryotic, non-phagocytic cell types via NADPH oxidase (NOX) or dual oxidase (DUOX). This new family of proteins, termed the NOX/DUOX family or NOX family of NADPH oxidases, consists of homologs to the catalytic moiety of phagocytic NADPH-oxidase, gp91phox. Members of the NOX/DUOX family have been found throughout eukaryotic species, including invertebrates, insects, nematodes, fungi, amoeba, alga, and plants (not found in prokaryotes).

Hatena arenicola is a species of single-celled eukaryotes discovered in 2000, and first reported in 2005, It was discovered by Japanese biologists Noriko Okamoto and Isao Inouye at the University of Tsukuba, and they gave the scientific description and formal name in 2006. The species is a flagellate, and can resemble a plant at one stage of its life, in which it carries a photosynthesizing alga inside itself, or an animal, acting as predator in another stage of its life. Researchers believe that this organism is in the process of secondary endosymbiosis, in which one organism is incorporated into another, resulting in a completely new life form.

The Portuguese Boni Homines, or Secular Canons of St. John the Evangelist, were a Catholic religious institute. They were founded by John Vicente, afterwards Bishop of Lamego, in the fifteenth century.Boni Homines - Catholic Encyclopedia article Living at first independently in a monastery granted to them by the Archbishop of Braga at Villar de Frades, they afterwards embraced the institute of Secular Canons of St. George in Alga (in Venice), and the Portuguese order was confirmed by Pope Martin V under the title of "Boni Homines". They had fourteen houses in Portugal, and King João III gave them charge of all the royal hospitals in the kingdom, while many of the canons went out as missionaries to India and Ethiopia.

PlantGDB The Cycad Genomics Project,Cycad Genomics Project home for example, aims to understand the differences in structure and function of genes between gymnosperms and angiosperms through sampling in the order Cycadales. In the process, it intends to make available information for the study of evolution of seeds, cones and evolution of life cycle patterns. Presently the most important sequenced genomes from an evo-devo point of view include those of A. thaliana (a flowering plant), poplar (a woody plant), Physcomitrella patens (a bryophyte), Maize (extensive genetic information), and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (a green alga). The impact of such a vast amount of information on understanding common underlying developmental mechanisms can easily be realised.

Sixteen years later, in 1944, the Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment identified DNA as the molecule responsible for transformation. Reprint: The role of the nucleus as the repository of genetic information in eukaryotes had been established by Hämmerling in 1943 in his work on the single celled alga Acetabularia. The Hershey–Chase experiment in 1952 confirmed that DNA (rather than protein) is the genetic material of the viruses that infect bacteria, providing further evidence that DNA is the molecule responsible for inheritance. James Watson and Francis Crick determined the structure of DNA in 1953, using the X-ray crystallography work of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins that indicated DNA has a helical structure (i.e.

Photomicrograph of particles from a sample of red rain from Kerala A 2015 studyBAST, F, BHUSHAN, S., JOHN A.A., ACHANKUNJU, J., PANIKKAR N.M.V., HEMETNER, C., AND STOCKER- WÖRGÖTTE, E. 2015 European Species of Subaerial Green Alga Trentepohlia annulata (Trentepohliales, Ulvophyceae) Caused Blood Rain in Kerala, India. J Phylogen Evolution Biol 3: 144 URL has unambiguously established that the cause of blood rain in Kerala was the aerial spores of green microalgae Trentepohlia. The study used molecular phylogenetics to compare the evolution of DNA sequence of T. annulata isolated from blood rain sample with that of T. annulata from Austria. Results suggest that the isolate from Kerala is, in fact, a recently introduced species from Austria.

This limpet has a strong influence on the structure of the community as it excludes most species of algae and limits the biodiversity in its vicinity to the coralline alga Spongites yendoi and the strips of filamentous red algae gardens that fringe each limpet. The limpets do not need to move out of their scars to feed as they can reach enough edible material by rotating themselves in their scar. At low tide, when the limpet is exposed to the air, urea accumulates on the underside of the rim of its shell and diffuses out into the surrounding algae. Here it boosts the supply of nitrogen available to the algae and this increases the algal productivity.

A series of experiments have shown, however, that it is not produced by either individual symbiont when cultivated apart from each other. Its absence in this circumstance suggests that it may not have an importance as a structural part of the fungal cell wall; this contrasts with lichenan, where the (1→3)(1→4)-β-glucan has been shown to be involved in cell wall structure. Isolichenan is synthesized by the mycobiont only in the presence of its symbiotic partner (the green alga Trebouxia) in a special microenvironment – the lichen thallus. The triggering of this phenomenon and the biological function of isolichenan in the symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae is still unknown.

The southeast quadrant (ZIP code 92009) is located east of El Camino Real and south of Palomar Airport Road and features several newer expensive master-planned communities set among hillsides, golf courses, Alga Norte Community Park and permanent open spaces. It includes Bressi Ranch and the La Costa neighborhoods of Rancho La Costa, La Costa Ridge, La Costa Oaks, La Costa Greens, La Costa Valley, and Rancho Carillo. In 1965, La Costa gave its name to the Gold Medal Golf Resort, La Costa Resort and Spa, now known as the Omni La Costa Resort and Spa. Residents here are served by the Carlsbad Unified School District, San Marcos Unified School District and the Encinitas Union School District.

Natural lakes include the Gorghi Tondi and Preola, in the comune of Mazara del Vallo, and the Lago di Venere in Pantelleria. There are also three man-made lakes, Lago Rubino, created by a dam across the Cuddia River, which is part of the catchment area of the Birgi, at Lago Trinità in Castelvetrano, and the lake of the same name at the resort of Paceco. However, there is also a coastal lagoon, the Stagnone Lagoon, within a 2000 hectare reserve on the stretch of coast between Punta Alga and Cape San Teodoro, near Marsala, in an area which was once an important naval base and commercial for the Phoenicians. The waters are shallow and very salty, with marshland.

In the crustose coralline algae Phymatolithon calcareum, temperature and salinity showed an additive effect, as both of these factors increased the overall calcification rate of this encrusting alga. The gross effect of salinity on calcification is largely a positive one, as evidenced by the positive impact of salinity on calcification rates in diverse groups of species. This is likely a result of the increased alkalinity and calcium carbonate saturation states with salinity, which combine to decrease free hydrogen ions and increase free carbonate ions in the water. Higher alkalinity in marine waters is especially important since carbon dioxide produced via respiration in estuaries can lower pH, which decreases saturation states of calcite and aragonite and can cause CaCO3 dissolution.

Skeletal structure of an (Z)-aurone with numbering scheme used for nomenclature of derivatives Aurone forms the core for a family of derivatives which are known collectively as aurones. Aurones are plant flavonoids that provide yellow color to the flowers of some popular ornamental plants, such as snapdragon and cosmos. Aurones including 4'-chloro-2-hydroxyaurone (C15H11O3Cl) and 4'-chloroaurone (C15H9O2Cl) can also be found in the brown alga Spatoglossum variabile. Most aurones are in a (Z)-configuration, which is the more stable configuration according to Austin Model 1 computation, but there are also some in the (E)-configurations such as (E)-3'-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-4,5,6,4'-tetrahydroxy-7,2'-dimethoxyaurone, found in Gomphrena agrestis.

Like most in this genus the animal has a large muscular mantle, folds of which can completely cover the whitish shell, giving it a slug-like appearance. In S. breviculus the colour is a glossy dark almost jet black, as are the thick tentacles and snout. These inhabitants of the sub- littoral fringe shun light, clinging to the undersides of large rocks and boulders in a wide range of habitats, usually down to a depth of 20 metres.Cook, Steve De C., “New Zealand Coastal Marine Invertebrates Vol 1”, Canterbury University Press, NZ 2010, IBSN 978-1877257-60-5 At night they move around to feed, usually browsing on various alga such as Hormosira, or Ulva sp.

Some cyanobacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen in anaerobic conditions by means of specialized cells called heterocysts. Heterocysts may also form under the appropriate environmental conditions (anoxic) when fixed nitrogen is scarce. Heterocyst-forming species are specialized for nitrogen fixation and are able to fix nitrogen gas into ammonia (), nitrites () or nitrates (), which can be absorbed by plants and converted to protein and nucleic acids (atmospheric nitrogen is not bioavailable to plants, except for those having endosymbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, especially the family Fabaceae, among others). Free-living cyanobacteria are present in the water of rice paddies, and cyanobacteria can be found growing as epiphytes on the surfaces of the green alga, Chara, where they may fix nitrogen.

In others (such as Nereocystis), the center of the stipe is hollow and filled with gas that serves to keep that part of the alga buoyant. The stipe may be relatively flexible and elastic in species like Macrocystis pyrifera that grow in strong currents, or may be more rigid in species like Postelsia palmaeformis that are exposed to the atmosphere at low tide. Many algae have a flattened portion that may resemble a leaf, and this is termed a blade, lamina, or frond. The name blade is most often applied to a single undivided structure, while frond may be applied to all or most of an algal body that is flattened, but this distinction is not universally applied.

The Apicomplexa, a phylum of obligate parasitic protozoa including the causative agents of malaria (Plasmodium spp.), toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii), and many other human or animal diseases also harbor a complex plastid (although this organelle has been lost in some apicomplexans, such as Cryptosporidium parvum, which causes cryptosporidiosis). The 'apicoplast' is no longer capable of photosynthesis, but is an essential organelle, and a promising target for antiparasitic drug development. Some dinoflagellates and sea slugs, in particular of the genus Elysia, take up algae as food and keep the plastid of the digested alga to profit from the photosynthesis; after a while, the plastids are also digested. This process is known as kleptoplasty, from the Greek, kleptes, thief.

According to this hypothesis, the rhodophytes and glaucophytes retained the ancestral eukaryote's cytosolic starch deposition. Starch synthesis and degradation in green algae and plants is much more complex – but significantly, many of the enzymes that perform these metabolic functions in the interior of modern plastids are identifiably of eukaryotic rather than bacterial origin. In a few cases, red algae have been found to use cytosolic glycogen rather than floridean starch as a storage polymer; examples such as Galdieria sulphuraria are found in the Cyanidiales, which are unicellular extremophiles. Other organisms whose evolutionary history suggests secondary endosymbiosis of a red alga also use storage polymers similar to floridean starch, for example, dinoflagellates and cryptophytes.

A lichen is not a single organism, but the result of a partnership (symbiosis) between a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium. The report also stated that there was no meteoric, volcanic or desert dust origin present in the rainwater and that its colour was not due to any dissolved gases or pollutants. The report concluded that heavy rains in Kerala – in the weeks preceding the red rains – could have caused the widespread growth of lichens, which had given rise to a large quantity of spores into the atmosphere. However, for these lichen to release their spores simultaneously, it is necessary for them to enter their reproductive phase at about the same time.

The ions exchanged during an action potential, therefore, make a negligible change in the interior and exterior ionic concentrations. The few ions that do cross are pumped out again by the continuous action of the sodium–potassium pump, which, with other ion transporters, maintains the normal ratio of ion concentrations across the membrane. Calcium cations and chloride anions are involved in a few types of action potentials, such as the cardiac action potential and the action potential in the single-cell alga Acetabularia, respectively. Although action potentials are generated locally on patches of excitable membrane, the resulting currents can trigger action potentials on neighboring stretches of membrane, precipitating a domino-like propagation.

Some species of green algae, particularly of genera Trebouxia of the class Trebouxiophyceae and Trentepohlia (class Ulvophyceae), can be found in symbiotic associations with fungi to form lichens. In general the fungal species that partner in lichens cannot live on their own, while the algal species is often found living in nature without the fungus. Trentepohlia is a filamentous green alga that can live independently on humid soil, rocks or tree bark or form the photosymbiont in lichens of the family Graphidaceae. Also the macroalga Prasiola calophylla (Trebouxiophyceae) is terrestrial, and Prasiola crispa, which live in the supralittoral zone, is terrestrial and can in the Antarctic form large carpets on humid soil, especially near bird colonies.

Personal Honours: 2008 Kyrgyzstan League Runners-Up with FC Abdysh-Ata Kant 2009 Kyrgyzstan League Runners-Up and Cup with FC Abdysh-Ata Kant 2010 Kyrgyzstan League 2nd Runners-Up with FC Abdysh-Ata Kant 2011 Kyrgyzstan League 2nd Runners-Up and Cup with FC Abdysh-Ata Kant 2012 Kyrgyzstan League Runners-Up and Cup Runners-Up with FC Alga Bishek 2013 Kyrgyzstan League and Cup Double with FC Alay Osh 2015 Kyrgyzstan League 2nd Runners-Up and Cup with FC Abdysh-Ata Kant 2017/18 I-League Man-of-the-Match Award vs Shillong Lajong FC Named one of I-League's defensive giants Signed for UiTM F.C from the Malaysia Premier League on 30 May 2018.

Sager was awarded a Merck Fellowship from the National Research Council in 1949, and worked as a postdoctoral fellow at the Rockefeller Institute on the chloroplast from 1949 to 1951 in the laboratory of Sam Granick. She was promoted to a staff position (assistant in the biochemistry division) in 1951, working in this capacity until 1955, using the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a model organism. She performed breeding experiments with the algae, mating strains that were resistant to the chloroplast inhibiting agent streptomycin with strains that were stretomycin- sensitive. Unlike what would be expected if the trait were passed down following traditional Mendelian inheritance, she found that the offspring only showed the streptomycin sensitivity/resistance trait of one of their parents.

The Correr or Corraro family was a major patrician family in the history of the Republic of Venice. Said to have originated in Torcello, the family moved to Venice in the 9th century and entered its Great Council during the Serrata of 1297. It is particularly notable for its clergymen, such as Pietro (Latin Patriarch of Constantinople), Angelo (elected pope Gregory XII in 1406), Angelo's nephew Antonio (a cardinal and one of the founders of the Canons Regular of San Giorgio in Alga), Francesco Antonio and Gregorio. It is also notable for producing the diplomat Pietro Correr and the art collector Teodoro Correr - the latter left his family palazzo and collection to the city in 1830, forming the Museo Correr.

Two species in two genera of green algae are found in over 35% of all lichens, but can only rarely be found living on their own outside of a lichen. In a case where one fungal partner simultaneously had two green algae partners that outperform each other in different climates, this might indicate having more than one photosynthetic partner at the same time might enable the lichen to exist in a wider range of habitats and geographic locations. At least one form of lichen, the North American beard-like lichens, are constituted of not two but three symbiotic partners: an ascomycetous fungus, a photosynthetic alga, and, unexpectedly, a basidiomycetous yeast. Phycobionts can have a net output of sugars with only water vapor.

The use of the term Turkish by Europeans is most likely due to both the fact that many first encountered the art in Istanbul, as well as essentialist references to all Muslims as Turks, much as Europeans were referred to as Firengi in Turkish and Persian, which literally means Frankish. Historic forms of marbling used both organic and inorganic pigments mixed with water for colors, and sizes were traditionally made from gum tragacanth (Astragalus spp.), gum karaya, guar gum, fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- graecum), fleabane, linseed, and psyllium. Since the late 19th century, a boiled extract of the carrageenan-rich alga known as Irish moss (Chondrus crispus), has been employed for sizing. Today, many marblers use powdered carrageenan extracted from various seaweeds.

Christian spirituality in the Catholic tradition by Jordan Aumann 1985 Ignatius Press page 180The Study of spirituality by Cheslyn Jones, Geoffrey Wainwright, Edward Yarnold 1986 , Oxford UP page 337 Ignatius used both of these techniques in his Spiritual exercises: a methodical format, as well as self-projection into a Biblical scene, e.g. starting a conversation with Christ in Calvary. Also influenced by the Devotio Moderna were Ludovico Barbo, Lawrence Giustiniani and the Canons Regular of San Giorgio in Alga. However, the methods of "methodical prayer" taught by the Devotio Moderna and the techniques used for "self projection" into the imagery of a Biblical scene (to participate in the life of Jesus), significantly influenced the approaches to Christian meditation in the 16th century and thereafter.

Nematothallus was first described by Lang in 1937, who envisioned it being an early thallose land plant with tubular features and sporophytes, covered by a cuticle which preserved impressions of the underlying cells. He had found abundant disaggregated remains of all three features, none of which were connected to another, leaving his reconstruction of the phytodebris as parts of a single organism highly conjectural. Even so, it was picked up by Jonker (1973), who proposed that Nematothallus represented leaves of Prototaxites, which he interpreted as a red alga. Further work failed to draw together all aspects of the organism: Edwards (1982) and Edwards and Rose (1984) both provided thorough descriptions of the cuticular aspects of the plants, while Pratt et al.

It has been reported that in the winter months, when temperatures reach 0 °C, there is a large accumulation of round cyst-like cells that deposit themselves on the bottom of the Great Salt Lake. This encysting property of Dunaliella must have been critical for its survival in the Dead Sea, where salt concentrations have risen to intolerable amounts, such that the organism cannot be found in the water column today. In remote sensing, however, they found that when they diluted the upper waters, Dunaliella showed up; perhaps emerging from the shallow sediments where they had encysted. Back when the alga was found in the water column, however, population rate monitoring revealed that Dunaliella growth was inhibited by high concentrations of magnesium and calcium ions.

Douglas has formally shown that endogenous uric acid from the worm (derived from its metabolism) is a source of nitrogen for micro-algae and that non-symbiotic juveniles contain uric acid crystals that disappear 15 to 20 days after the establishment of symbiosis. However, the author proposes that if exogenous uric acid is not used by the worm and that if its concentration in the medium culture decreases over time it is because of a bacterial activity associated with the animals. Near resurgences rich in nitrate, in intertidal areas where live S. roscoffensis, worms are able to assimilate significant amounts of nitrate depending on the exposure and intensity of light. This quantity is ten times greater than that absorbed by the alga in the free living state.

Fossils (various bryozoans) in Ordovician period kukersite oil shale, northern Estonia Estonian kukersite deposits are one of the world's highest-grade deposits with organic content varying from 15% to 55% with average more than 40%, and it has 65–67% conversion ratio into shale oil and oil shale gas. Fischer Assay oil yield is 30 to 47%. Its organic matter has an atomic ratio of hydrogen to carbon of 1.51 and the mean calorific value of kukersite is 3600 kcal/kg. The principal organic component of kukersite is telalginite, derived from the fossil green alga, Gloeocapsomorpha prisca, which has affinities with the modern cyanobacterium, Entophysalis major, an extant species that forms algal mats in inter-tidal to very shallow subtidal waters.

Qachu QutaCharasani Municipality: population data and map (Aymara qachu female, quta lake, "female lake", hispanicized spelling Cacho Kkota) or Llachu QutaDetailed map of the area showing "Laguna Llacho Kkota" (Llachu Quta) (Aymara llachu seaweed,Aymara-Spanish dictionary : Llachu (s.) - Alga, plana acuática que se emplea como alimento del ganado. "seaweed lake", hispanicized Llacho Kkota) is a Bolivian lake on the west side of the Apolobamba mountain range. It is situated in the La Paz Department, Bautista Saavedra Province, Charasani Municipality, Charasani Canton, northwest of Charasani, southeast of the Janq'u Qala Lake and east of the small lake named Ch'uxña Quta. Qachu Quta is about 0.9 km long and 0.5 km at its widest point and situated at a height of about 4,466 metres (14,652 ft).

According to linkage type, phlorotannins can be classified into four subclasses, i.e., phlorotannins with an ether linkage (fuhalols and phlorethols, fuhalols are constructed of phloroglucinol units that are connected with para- and ortho-arranged ether bridges containing one additional OH-group in every third ring), with a phenyl linkage (fucols), with an ether and a phenyl linkage (fucophlorethols) and with a dibenzodioxin linkage in eckols and carmalols (derivatives of phlorethols containing a dibenzodioxin moiety), most of which have halogenated representatives in brown algae. Examples of phlorotannins are fucodiphlorethol G from the seaweed Ecklonia cava,Young Min Ham, Jong Seok Baik, Jin Won Hyun and Nam Ho Lee, Bull. 2007. Isolation of a new phlorotannin, fucodiphlorethol G, from a brown alga Ecklonia cava .

Elisabeth Gantt (1994) For her pioneering work in elucidating the supramolecular structure of the light-harvesting complexes and energy transfer in the photosynthetic apparatus of red and blue-green algae. Jean-David Rochaix (1991) For his elegant, inventive studies in Chlamydomonas using genetics along with cell and molecular biology to explain molecular mechanisms of chloroplast biogenesis, photosynthesis, and nuclear-chloroplast interactions. Ruth Sager (1988) For her key role in the developing our understanding of genetic systems in organelles though her studies of chloroplast inheritance in the green alga Chlamydomonas Richard C. Starr (1985) For his important work, which explained the sexuality of desmids and green algae. This was the first time the details of meiosis had been set forth for these groups.

Gorton as a toddler in 1913 Gorton as a child and his mother Alice in 1915 John Grey Gorton was the second child of Alice Sinn and John Rose Gorton; his older sister Ruth was born in 1909. He had no birth certificate, but on official forms recorded his date of birth as 9 September 1911 and his place of birth as Wellington, New Zealand. His birth was registered in the state of Victoria as occurring on that date, but in the inner Melbourne suburb of Prahran. However, that document contained a number of inaccuracies – his name was given as "John Alga Gordon", his parents were recorded as husband and wife, his father's name was incorrect, and his sister was recorded as deceased.

The Fertabacteria phylum was first proposed in 2017 following the recovery and analysis of a genome from the mouth of a bottlenose dolphin. Members of this phylum are predicted to have been widely under-detected in 16S rRNA gene-based surveys of community composition due to mismatches between commonly used primers and the corresponding primer site, as has been observed for many other members of the Candidate Phyla Radiation. The name "Fertabacteria" was proposed in recognition of this characteristic, as "ferta" is Latin for "tricky". Members of the Fertabacteria have been detected (retroactively) in a variety of environments, including the Caribbean coral Montastrea faveolata (FJ403053.1), the Guerrero Negro hypersaline microbial mat (JN443099.1), and the surface of marine macro-alga Ulva australis (DQ269036).

Researchers at Midreshet Ben-Gurion have made breakthroughs in agriculture and biotechnology relevant to drylands and sustainable agriculture. The STRS1 and STRS2 genes, master controller genes in stress responses, discovered by Dr. Simon Barak and his students in 2006, helped to elucidate some of the more important genes involved with abiotic stress responses Helicases That Attenuate Arabidopsis Responses to Multiple Abiotic Stresses Director of the institutes, Avigad Vonshak, made headlines for his discovery, together with Prof. Sammy Boussiba (also of the institutes) of astaxanthin accumulation in green algae.Astaxanthin Accumulation in the Green Alga Haematococcus pluvialis Astaxanthin is an extremely valuable poly-unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) which is valued for its use as a pigment, nutritional value, and possible use in bio-diesel.

Maggs worked as a postdoc at the Atlantic Research Laboratory, Nova Scotia, Canada and Queen's University Belfast (the latter on an Advanced Natural Environment Research Council Fellowship), before taking up a post as a lecturer at Queen's University Belfast in 1995. Her main research interests are molecular systematics of seaweeds with particular interests in alien marine algae and plants, biological conservation, and sustainable seaweed exploitation. The majority of her publications focus on red algae (Rhodophyta), although she has also published on brown algae and green algae, notably showing that Linnaeus was correct in his assertion that the genera Ulva and Enteromorpha were not distinct. She has described two new orders (Ahnfeltiales and Atractophorales) of alga, and three new families (Ahnfeltiaceae, Atractophoraceae, and Haemeschariaceae).

Finally, Cl− can activate at low concentrations (up to 50mM), but at high concentrations, chloride ions will act as competitive inhibitors with respect to phosphoglycolate. The enzyme localizes to the chloroplast, and plant studies, involving C14O2 fixation in the light, identified labeled glycolate outside of the chloroplast, suggesting that the activity of phosphoglycolate phosphatase allows the movement of glycolate out of the chloroplast. When a photorespiratory mutant of the eukaryotic green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was studied, the mutant strain was identified with a conditional lethal growth phenotype that required elevated concentrations of CO2 for growth. The observation of large phosphoglycolate accumulation and the absence of glycolate accumulation ruled out the possible cause of the absence or mutation of the CO2-concentrating mechanism and indicated that phosphoglycolate phosphatase was most likely absent or deficient.

As part of this program, in 1408 Pope Gregory XII appointed him the abbot of the Benedictine Abbey of Santa Giustina in Padua, where he became a Benedictine monk, and with the help of three canons from San Giorgio di Alga worked to reform the life of the monastic community. Despite his relatively young age of 27, Barbo was successful in his efforts, and the abbey flourished to such a degree that it too became the center of a congregation of monasteries following its form of life. One of Barbo's reforms was to allow his monks to sleep in separate cells, a reform that is regarded as an important step towards enhancing spirituality by providing them with more solitude. Many of the reforms which Barbo instituted were quickly adopted in other monasteries.

A later study also reported antibiotic activity for PXA against the alga Chlorella fusca, the fungus Ustilago violacea, and the bacterium Bacillus megaterium. This broad range of activity disqualified it as a specific antibiotic that could be used in the treatment of infectious diseases, however the hope that it could be used as an anti-cancer drug remained. Preliminary results from a study in human cancer cells and non- cancer cells suggested that PXA might be more toxic to the former than to the latter, although results from in vivo studies have not yet been presented. Aside from a potential medical use, recent findings indicate that PXA might have an application as a research tool in the study of mitochondrial membrane dynamics, particularly non-canonical mitochondrial fission and remodelling of the mitochondrial matrix.

The ancestor of the Sacoglossa is presumed to have fed on a now-extinct calcifying green alga in the Udoteaceae. The first fossil evidence of the group comes from bivalved shells dating to the Eocene, and further bivalved shells are known from later geological periods, although the thin nature of the shells and their high- erosion habitat usually make for poor preservation. The corresponding fossil record of algae points to an origin of the group deeper in time, perhaps as early as the Jurassic or Cretaceous. The loss of the shell, which was apparently a single evolutionary event, opened up a new ecological avenue for the clade, as the chloroplasts of the green algae on which they fed could now be retained and used as functioning chloroplasts, which could generate energy by photosynthesis.

Church of the Santissima Annunziata The church of the Santissima Annunziata, in a dominant position over Piazza Sturla was built between 1434 and 1435 and is now the home of the parish church of the Deanery of Albaro in the Archdiocese of Genoa. The church was built at the behest of two priests, Pietro Micichero and Domenico Verrucca, who had founded a congregation of secular canons. From 1441 it was officiated by the Canonici di San Giorgio in Alga, popularly called "Celestini", who remained there until 1668 when the congregation was dissolved by Pope Clement IX. It then passed on to the Order of Saint Augustine, who had to leave in 1797 due to Napoleonic laws which suppressed religious orders.Wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Suppression of Monasteries in Continental Europe It was then entrusted to secular clergy, becoming a branch of San Martino d'Albaro.

Hudymenko is a product of the main Bishkek sports school and later was accepted to the main republican club of Kyrgyzia, FC Alga Bishkek. In 1990 he made his debut in the Soviet Top League playing for FC Dnepr Dnepropetrovsk, but failed to score any goals in domestic competitions, but did score a goal against Heart of Midlothian F.C. in the 1990-91 UEFA Cup. Next year Hudymenko joined recently relegated FC Rotor Volgograd that was competing in the Soviet First League and gained promotion for the next year, but the Soviet Union fell apart and its football competitions were discontinued. Upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union, in 1992 he joined the Ukrainian Premier League playing for the Crimean Tavriya Simferopol becoming the Ukrainian Premier League top goalscorer with 12 goals as the Crimean club took the inaugural league title.

Dunaliella is a single-celled, photosynthetic green alga, that is characteristic for its ability to outcompete other organisms and thrive in hypersaline environments. It is mostly a marine organism, though there are a few freshwater species that tend to be more rare. It is a genus where certain species can accumulate relatively large amounts of β-carotenoids and glycerol in very harsh growth conditions consisting of high light intensities, high salt concentrations, and limited oxygen and nitrogen levels, yet is still very abundant in lakes and lagoons all around the world . It becomes very complicated to distinguish and interpret species of this genus on simply a morphological and physiological level due to the organism’s lack of cell wall that allows it to have malleability and change shape and its different pigments that allows it to change colours depending on the environmental conditions.

Botryococcene C-methyltransferase (, TMT-3) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:botryococcene C-methyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + C30 botryococcene \rightleftharpoons 2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 3,20-dimethyl-1,2,21,22-tetradehydro-2,3,20,21-tetrahydrobotryococcene (overall reaction) :(1a) S-adenosyl-L-methionine + C30 botryococcene \rightleftharpoons S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 3-methyl-1,2-didehydro-2,3-dihydrobotryococcene :(1b) S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 3-methyl-1,2-didehydro-2,3-dihydrobotryococcene \rightleftharpoons S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 3,20-dimethyl-1,2,21,22-tetradehydro-2,3,20,21-tetrahydrobotryococcene :(2a) S-adenosyl-L-methionine + C30 botryococcene \rightleftharpoons S-adenosyl-L- homocysteine + 20-methyl-21,22-didehydro-20,21-dihydrobotryococcene :(2b) S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 20-methyl-21,22-didehydro-20,21-dihydrobotryococcene \rightleftharpoons S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 3,20-dimethyl-1,2,21,22-tetradehydro-2,3,20,21-tetrahydrobotryococcene This enzyme is isolated from the green alga Botryococcus braunii BOT22.

Nucleating on an empty gastropod shell, the bryozoan colonies form multilamellar skeletal crusts that produce spherical encrustations and extend the living chamber of the hermit crab through helicospiral tubular growth. Some phylactolaemate species are intermediate hosts for a group of myxozoa that have also been found to cause proliferative kidney disease, which is often fatal in salmonid fish, and has severely reduced wild fish populations in Europe and North America. Membranipora membranacea, whose colonies feed and grow exceptionally fast in a wide range of current speeds, was first noticed in the Gulf of Maine in 1987 and quickly became the most abundant organism living on kelps. This invasion reduced the kelp population by breaking their fronds, so that its place as the dominant "vegetation" in some areas was taken by another invader, the large alga Codium fragile tomentosoides.

Recent evidence has suggested that any water on the Martian surface may have been too salty and acidic to support regular terrestrial life. impact glass deposits (green spots) at Alga crater, a possible site for preserved ancient life The lack of a magnetosphere and the extremely thin atmosphere of Mars are a challenge: the planet has little heat transfer across its surface, poor insulation against bombardment of the solar wind and insufficient atmospheric pressure to retain water in a liquid form (water instead sublimes to a gaseous state). Mars is nearly, or perhaps totally, geologically dead; the end of volcanic activity has apparently stopped the recycling of chemicals and minerals between the surface and interior of the planet. In situ investigations have been performed on Mars by the Viking landers, Spirit and Opportunity rovers, Phoenix lander, and Curiosity rover.

The church was erected by the now-defunct religious order the "Humiliati" in the mid-14th century, under the direction of Tiberio da Parma, who is buried in the interior. It was initially dedicated to St. Christopher, patron saint of travellers, but its popular name suggesting consecration to Holy Virgin comes from the following century, when an allegedly miraculous statue of the Madonna, commissioned for the Church of S. Maria Formosa but rejected, was brought to the Church from the nearby orchard (orto in Italian) where it had languished. The church lay on weak foundations and in 1399 a restoration project was financed by the city's Maggior Consiglio. The Humiliati, due to their "depraved customs", were ousted in 1462 and the Madonna dell'Orto was assigned to the congregation of Canons Regular of San Giorgio in Alga.

First collected in 1843,A fossil specimen collected by Charles Darwin's friend Joseph Dalton Hooker, was mislaid for 163 years at the British Geological Survey offices in London ("Scientists find lost Darwin fossils in gloomy corner of British Geological Survey", Christian Science Monitor, 17 January 2012; identifying Hooker as "John Hooker"). it was not until 14 years later that John William Dawson, a Canadian scientist, studied Prototaxites fossils, which he described as partially rotten giant conifers, containing the remains of the fungi which had been decomposing them. This concept was not disputed until 1872, when the rival scientist William Carruthers poured ridicule on the idea. Such was his fervour that he rebuked the name Prototaxites (loosely translated as "first yew"The "Taxinaea" (Taxaceae) are the grouping of conifers to which Dawson drew analogy) and insisted that the name Nematophycus ("stringy alga") be adopted, a move strongly against scientific convention.

Dawson fought adamantly to defend his original interpretation until studies of the microstructure made it clear that his position was untenable, whence he promptly attempted to rename the genus himself (to Nematophyton, "stringy plant"), denying with great vehemence that he'd ever considered it to be a tree. Despite these political attempts to rename the genus, the rules of botanical nomenclature mean that the name "Prototaxites", however inappropriate in meaning, remains in use today. Despite the overwhelming evidence that the organism grew on land, Carruthers' interpretation that it was a giant marine alga was challenged just the once, in 1919, when Church suggested that Carruthers had been too quick to rule out the possibility of the fungi. The lack of any characters diagnostic of any extant group made the presentation of a firm hypothesis difficult, and so the fossil remained an enigmatic mystery and subject of debate.

The port and the old part of town View of the port of Menton Menton, nicknamed the Pearl of France, is located on the Mediterranean Sea at the Franco-Italian border, just across from the Ligurian town of Ventimiglia. The fishing industry was devastated in the 1980s and 1990s due to a combination of overfishing and hypoxia in the bay. At the time, the devastation was erroneously attributed to the dubiously nicknamed "killer algae" Caulerpa taxifolia (a non-native Asian tropical green alga first discovered in the Mediterranean Sea adjacent to the Oceanographic Museum of Monaco in 1984) spread throughout the coastal sea floor. Later, sound scientific findings revealed that the seaweed was adept at absorbing pollutants and excess nutrients, actually aiding the recovery of native Posidonia sea grassJaubert, J. M., J. R. M. Chisholm, G. Passeron-Seitre, D. Ducrot, H. T. Ripley, and L. Roy. 1999.

Although Drew-Baker never travelled to Japan, her academic research made a lasting contribution to the development of commercial nori production in the country. Drew-Baker studied the life cycle of the red algae Porphyra umbilicalis and in an academic paper published in Nature in 1949, Drew-Baker detailed her research showing that the microscopic Conchocelis — hitherto thought of as an independent alga — was the diploid stage of the organism of which Porphyra is the macroscopic, haploid stage. Her critical discovery was that at the microscopic conchocelis stage, bivalves and bivalve shells provided an essential host environment for the development of the red algae. Nori cultivation Mie Prefecture, JapanDrew-Baker's investigations were soon read and replicated by the Japanese phycologist Sokichi Segawa, who applied Drew-Baker's findings to the Japanese nori seaweed, widely known for its use in sushi and other staples of Japanese cuisine.

Today in the Aktobe region there are 75 sacred objects, including 27 objects of national and 48 local significance. The most popular among them are sacred objects of national significance: the «Eset Batyr» mausoleum complex, the «Kobylandy Batyr» memorial complex, the «Abat Baitak» mausoleum, the «Khan molasy» necropolis, the «Keruen Saray» complex and the «Kotibar Batyr Basenuly» mausoleum. Kargaly district) Currently, in addition to visiting sacred and cultural and historical sites, the following types of tourism are popular in the Aktobe region: \- ecological tourism: Kargaly reservoir (sturgeon ponds, Aschelisay(«wolf») waterfall), chalk mountains «Aktolagay» (Baiganin district), Irgiz-Turgay nature reserve (Irgiz district); \- therapeutic- sanative (medical) tourism: the sanatorium-pantoleonta «Zaru» (Martuk district), sanatorium dispensary «Shipager» (Alga district), sands «Barkyn (Uil district); \- entertainment tourism: aqua park «Tree of life Aktobe», recreation and entertainment park «Green land», recreation park «Yurta park». There is also a tourist portal dedicated to the region www.visitaktobe.

The church of the Santissima Annunziata in Sturla () is a Roman Catholic church of the neighbourhood of Sturla, in the city of Genoa, in the Province of Genoa and the region of Liguria, Italy. The church, in a dominant position over Piazza Sturla, was built between 1434 and 1435 and is now the home of the parish church of the Deanery of Albaro in the Archdiocese of Genoa. The church was built at the behest of two priests, Pietro Micichero and Domenico Verrucca, who had founded a congregation of secular canons. From 1441 it was officiated by the Canonici di San Giorgio in Alga, popularly called "Celestini", who remained there until 1668 when the congregation was dissolved by Pope Clement IX. It then passed on to the Order of Saint Augustine, who had to leave in 1797 due to Napoleonic laws which suppressed religious orders.

For a while this "fungal spike" was used by some paleontologists to identify the Permian–Triassic boundary in rocks that are unsuitable for radiometric dating or lack suitable index fossils, but even the proposers of the fungal spike hypothesis pointed out that "fungal spikes" may have been a repeating phenomenon created by the post-extinction ecosystem in the earliest Triassic. The very idea of a fungal spike has been criticized on several grounds, including: Reduviasporonites, the most common supposed fungal spore, may be a fossilized alga; the spike did not appear worldwide; and in many places it did not fall on the Permian–Triassic boundary. The reduviasporonites may even represent a transition to a lake-dominated Triassic world rather than an earliest Triassic zone of death and decay in some terrestrial fossil beds. Newer chemical evidence agrees better with a fungal origin for Reduviasporonites, diluting these critiques.

Regionally, the upper part of the Vinini is composed largely of shale rich in graptolites, commonly overlain by a black, bedded chert unit, and topped by the conspicuously white Cherry Spring chert. Dark, very fine–grained limestone beds composed largely of the alga Nuia are locally present interbedded with the shale, as are quartz sandstone beds. The quartz sandstone beds are approximately correlative with the Eureka Quartzite in the eastern assemblage to the east of the Vinini and are thought to be genetically related to the Eureka (Finney and Perry, 1991). The chert units are notable for their very thick beds. Except for bedding thickness, the black chert unit is like other Paleozoic bedded cherts in appearance, and is brittle, breaking into “cubes.” The Cherry Spring chert is thick-bedded and is white or nearly so, and unlike ordinary dark chert, it is tough and breaks conchoidally.

Prehistoric mystery organism verified as giant fungus Press release from University of Chicago, April 23, 2007. The presence of bio-molecules often associated with the algae may suggest that the organism was covered by symbiotic (or parasitic) algae (making it in essence a huge lichen), or even that it was an alga itself. Prototaxites mycelia (strands) have been fossilised invading the tissue of vascular plants; in turn, there is evidence of animals inhabiting Prototaxites: mazes of tubes have been found within some specimens, with the fungus re-growing into the voids, leading to speculation that the organisms' extinction may have been caused by such activity; however, evidence of arthropod borings in Prototaxites has been found from the early and late Devonian, suggesting the organism survived the duress of boring for many millions of years. Intriguingly, Prototaxites is bored long before plants developed a structurally equivalent woody stem, and it is possible that the borers transferred to plants when these evolved.

Tracks made by terrestrial gastropods with their radulas, scraping green algae from a surface inside a greenhouse The radula is used in two main ways: either as a rake, generally to comb up microscopic, filamentous algae from a surface; or as a rasp, to feed directly on a plant. The rhipidoglossan (see below) and, to a lesser extent, the taenigloissan radular types are suited to less strenuous modes of feeding, brushing up smaller algae or feeding on soft forms; molluscs with such radulae are rarely able to feed on leathery or coralline algae. On the other hand, the docoglossan gastropod radula allows a very similar diet to the polyplacophora, feeding primarily on these resistant algae, although microalgae are also consumed by species with these radular types. The sacoglossans (sea slugs) form an interesting anomaly in that their radula comprises a single row; they feed by sucking on cell contents, rather than rasping at tissue, and most species feed on a single genus or species of alga.

A young nobleman (born into the Barbo family) of the Republic of Venice, in 1397 Barbo received as a benefice the position of commendatory prior of a monastery of Augustinian friars on the isolated island of San Giorgio in Alga. During that period he was influenced by the preaching of an itinerant canon regular, Bernardo of Rome, who was promoting the new form of spirituality known as the Devotio Moderna, which had developed in the Low Countries. Through his brother, Francesco, he was made aware of two cousins, Antonio Correr and Gabriele Condulmer (later to become Pope Eugene IV), also disciples of Bartolomeo, who were following a way of life patterned on that of the Brothers of the Common Life. Inspired by their manner of life, in 1404 he gave the nearly derelict monastery to them, and soon both he and his brother joined the community, which also counted the later saint, Lawrence Giustiniani.

Most of the fossil record of molluscs consists of their shells, since the shell is often the only mineralised part of a mollusc (however also see Aptychus and operculum). The shells are usually preserved as calcium carbonate – usually any aragonite is pseudomorphed with calcite. Aragonite can be protected from recrystalization if water is kept away by carbonaceous material, but this did not accumulate in sufficient quantity until the Carboniferous; consequently aragonite older than the Carboniferous is practically unknown: but the original crystal structure can sometimes be deduced in fortunate circumstances, such as if an alga closely encrusts the surface of a shell, or if a phosphatic mould quickly forms during diagenesis. The shell-less aplacophora have a chitinous cuticle that has been likened to the shell framework; it has been suggested that tanning of this cuticle, in conjunction with the expression of additional proteins, could have set the evolutionary stage for the secretion of a calcareous shell in an aplacophoran-like ancestral mollusc.

Homologues include putative fungal chaperone proteins, a retinal-containing rhodopsin from Neurospora crassa, a H+-pumping rhodopsin from Leptosphaeria maculans, retinal-containing proton pumps isolated from marine bacteria, a green light- activated photoreceptor in cyanobacteria that does not pump ions and interacts with a small (14 kDa) soluble transducer protein and light-gated H+ channels from the green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The N. crassa NOP-1 protein exhibits a photocycle and conserved H+ translocation residues that suggest that this putative photoreceptor is a slow H+ pump. Most of the MR family homologues in yeast and fungi are of about the same size and topology as the archaeal proteins (283-344 amino acyl residues; 7 putative transmembrane α-helical segments), but they are heat shock- and toxic solvent-induced proteins of unknown biochemical function. They have been suggested to function as pmf-driven chaperones that fold extracellular proteins, but only indirect evidence supports this postulate.

Cilia are found on most eukaryotic cells and on most cells in the human body, and defects in a cell's ability to form or maintain its cilia can cause diseases known as ciliopathies, that may include symptoms such as cystic kidney disease, blindness, and obesity. Through her research using the single- celled ciliated green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a model organism, Quarmby identified members of the NIMA-related family of serine/threonine kinases that function in deflagellation as well as in the assembly and maintenance of cilia. Her group went on to show that NEK8 localizes to cilia, and that mutations in NEK8 interfere with its ciliary localization and cause a severe juvenile cystic kidney disease known as nephronophthisis, underscoring the important link between cilia and cystic kidney disease. Quarmby's work has been funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), the Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CIHR), and the Kidney Foundation of Canada (KFoC).

Correr was one of the founders of the Congregation of the Canons Regular of San Giorgio in Alga in his native city of Venice. In 1405, he was named bishop of Modon and 26 Feb 1407, he was consecrated bishop by Pope Gregory XII with Agostino da Lanzano, Bishop of Spoleto, Guglielmo della Vigna, Bishop of Todi, Giacomo Ciera, Bishop of Chiron, and Antonio Correr, Bishop of Asolo, serving as co-consecrators. Two years later his uncle, Pope Gregory XII, transferred him to the see of Bologna. He could not take possession of the latter see due to opposition of Cardinal Baldassare Cossa (later Antipope John XXIII), who did not recognized his nomination, because he considered Gregory XII an antipope. On May 9, 1408 Antonio was created Cardinal Priest of San Pietro in Vincoli by his uncle and a few months later was promoted to Cardinal Bishop of Porto. He was also administrator of the see of Fiesole (1408–10) and Latin Patriarch of Constantinople (1408–09).

Chloroplast rotation and morphological plasticity of the unicellular alga Rhodosorus (Rhodophyta, Stylonematales). Phycological research, 50(3), 183-191. In Chlamydomonas, a high-molecular weight complex of two proteins (LCIB/LCIC) forms an additional concentric layer around the pyrenoid, outside the starch sheath, and this is currently hypothesised to act as a barrier to CO2-leakage or to recapture CO2 that escapes from the pyrenoid.Yamano, T., Tsujikawa, T., Hatano, K., Ozawa, S. I., Takahashi, Y., & Fukuzawa, H. (2010). Light and low-CO2-dependent LCIB–LCIC complex localization in the chloroplast supports the carbon-concentrating mechanism in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant and Cell Physiology, 51(9), 1453-1468. The entire protein diversity and composition of the pyrenoid has yet to be fully elucidated, but thus far, a number of proteins other than RuBisCO have been shown to localise to the pyrenoid; namely, rubisco activase,McKay, R. M. L., Gibbs, S. P., & Vaughn, K. C. (1991). RuBisCo activase is present in the pyrenoid of green algae. Protoplasma, 162(1), 38-45.

Characteristic habitat types of the Italian Mediterranean coastal zone are the Cystoseira biocenosis and the Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds, Lithophyllum lichenoides communities form coralligenous reefs which are a spectacular sight the coralline alga is covered with large gorgonian fans, coral, and a diverse array of often colorful invertebrate organisms and hundreds of species of fish. Paramuricea clavata reef These communities host sponges (Porifera), sea anemones and jellyfish (Cnidaria), sea mats and hornwrack (Bryozoa), segmented worms (Annelida), snails, bivalves, squids and octopuses (Mollusca), starfish and sea urchins (Echinodermata), crabs, lobsters and shrimps (Crustacea), and little known groups such as Echiura, Priapulida, Sipuncula, Brachiopoda, Pogonophora, Phoronida, and Hemichordata. Amongst the thousand or so species of invertebrates found in the Italian marine environment are Squilla mantis, Mediterranean slipper lobsters, common octopus, common cuttlefish, scribbled nudibranch, Hypselodoris picta, tasselled nudibranch, Flabellina affinis, precious coral, zigzag coral, purple sail, Mediterranean jellyfish, spiny spider crab, circular crab, broad-clawed porcelain crab, noble pen shell, pilgrim’s scallop, ragged sea hare, violet sea hare, Portuguese man o' war, black sea-urchin, purple sea urchin, Mediterranean starfish, sea mouse, and Parazoanthus axinellae.

Vermilacinia cephalota is classified in the subgenus Cylindricaria in which it is distinguished from related species by the thallus divided into tubular inflated or somewhat compressed fan-shaped branches that arise from a central point of attachment and produce soredia, powdery masses of green alga and white fungal cells that erupt through the cortex, which in V. cephalota form pincushion-like heads (capitate) called soralia (soralium singular) because of their regular shape. The cortex is relatively thin, 10–60 µm thick, and the soralia often have a bluish tint. Additionally, the cortex of a specimen of Vermilacinia cephalota—that is kept in a herbarium—gradually deteriorates, cracking irregularly; the hyphae and crystalline deposits within the medulla then seem to flow out through the cracks like a stuffed animal toy losing its cotton after being torn. This chemical change or efflorescence of the dried thallus eventually makes it difficult to distinguish the original shape of a soralium. This has been attributed to the diterpene (-)-16 α-hydroxykaurane, G., J. Santesson & C. W. Wachtmeister. 1965. Studies on the chemistry of lichens. 20.

The inoculated Petri dishes and conical flasks were incubated for three to seven days and the cultures were observed under a microscope. In November 2001, commissioned by the Government of India's Department of Science & Technology, the Centre for Earth Science Studies (CESS) and the Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute (TBGRI) issued a joint report, which concluded: Trentepohlia on Cryptomeria japonica bark The site was again visited on 16 August 2001 and it was found that almost all the trees, rocks and even lamp posts in the region were covered with Trentepohlia estimated to be in sufficient amounts to generate the quantity of spores seen in the rainwater. Although red or orange, Trentepohlia is a chlorophyte green alga which can grow abundantly on tree bark or damp soil and rocks, but is also the photosynthetic symbiont or photobiont of many lichens, including some of those abundant on the trees in Changanassery area. The strong orange colour of the algae, which masks the green of the chlorophyll, is caused by the presence of large quantities of orange carotenoid pigments.

149-160Raynaud C, Loiselay C, Wostrikoff K, Kuras R, Girard-Bascou J, Wollman F-A., Choquet Y., « Evidence for regulatory function of nucleus-encoded factors on mRNA stabilization and translation in the chloroplast », Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, (2007) 104, p. 9093-9098Boulouis A, Drapier D, Razafimanantsoa H, Wostrikoff K, Tourasse N J, Pascal K, Girard-Bascou J, Vallon O, Wollman F-A and Choquet Y, « Spontaneous Dominant Mutations in Chlamydomonas Highlight Ongoing Evolution by Gene Diversification », The Plant Cell, (2015), 27(4), p. 984-1001 He discovered, in the chloroplast, an original mechanism of self- regulation of translation for certain photosynthesis proteins that are only produced if they can be assembled in a functional protein complex (CES process).Kuras R and Wollman F-A, « The assembly of cytochrome b6f complexes: an approach using genetic transformation of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii », EMBO J., (1994), 13(5), p. 1019-27Choquet Y, Zito F, Wostrikoff K and Wollman F-A, « Cytochrome f translation in Chlamydomonas chloroplast is autoregulated by its carboxyl-terminal domain », Plant Cell, (2003), 15(6), p.

Paramuricea clavata reef Characteristic habitat types of the Rhodes Mediterranean/Aegean coastal zone, are the Cystoseira biocenosis and the Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds, Lithophyllum lichenoides communities form coralligenous reefs which are a spectacular sight; the coralline alga is covered with large gorgonian fans, coral, and a diverse array of often colourful invertebrate organisms and hundreds of species of fish. These communities host sponges (Porifera), sea anemones, jellyfish (Cnidaria), sea mats and hornwrack (Bryozoa), segmented worms (Annelida) snails, bivalves, squids and octopuses (Mollusca), starfishes and sea urchins (Echinodermata), crabs, lobsters and shrimps (Arthropoda) and little known groups such as Echiura, Priapulida, Sipuncula, Brachiopoda, Pogonophora, Phoronida and Hemichordata. Amongst the thousand or so species of invertebrates found in the Rhodes Mediterranean/Aegean coastal zone marine environment are mantis shrimps, Mediterranean slipper lobsters, octopus, cuttlefish, scribbled nudibranch, Hypselodoris picta, tasselled nudibranch, precious coral, zigzag coral, purple sail, Mediterranean jellyfish, spiny spider crab, circular crab, broad-clawed porcelain crab, noble pen shell, pilgrim’s scallop, ragged sea hare, violet sea hare, Portuguese man o' war, black sea urchin, purple sea- urchin, long-spine slate pen sea urchin, Mediterranean starfish, sea mouse, Barbatia barbata and Parazoanthus axinellae.

Granite outcrops in the state are ecologically complex and insular, often providing niches for ancient lineages of organisms that are relics of a wetter climate. These niches include unfractured rock surface that is covered in biofilm, composed of cyanobacteria that give massive rockfaces a characteristic colour. Crusts of lichens also appear, visible mats constructed by blue-green alga and fungal associations that may be up to a billion years old. Mats composed primarily of moss and spike-moss are also found when adequate moisture is available, which in turns provides opportunies for other organisms. At least 1300 plant species occur on granite outcrops in Western Australia, many of which are endemic to these sites. Hopper, S.D., Brown, A.P. and Marchant, N.G. (1997) Plants of Western Australian granite outcrops, Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, vol.80:141–158 Some of these plant species gain a purchase a clefts and fissures in the rock face, and trees or large shrubs may appear in a bonsai-form. Slabs of rock, split by exfoliation or cracked and pushed up to an A profile, form habitat that is cooler, damper, and secure for plant and animal species that are often specially adapted to the narrow environ.