The spray, Dr. Meinwald reported, is about 84 percent acetic acid.
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Acetic acid, lactic acid and alcohol are the active ingredients in Veles.
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It is an ester of choline and acetic acid, not a protein.
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Harsh flavor compounds, like acetic acid, evaporate during conching, mellowing the cacao.
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Then, acetic acid bacteria like Acetobacter and Gluconacetobacter convert the alcohol into vinegar.
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M. thermoacetica normally creates acetic acid from carbon dioxide through its own respiratory process.
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"Basically, what acetic acid is doing is blocking the absorption of starch," Johnston says.
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It's the acetic acid in the vinegar, not the type, that produces the result.
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She lets the vinegars sour naturally, without a starter, and develop acetic acid over time.
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I've tried letting it sit and cool Saturday nights, but then the acetic acid still develops.
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Raymond and his three co-founders at Solace started with acetic acid, which is essentially concentrated vinegar.
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"You want the acetic acid in stomach before the meal to do the most good," she said.
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Common household vinegar, which boasts the active ingredient acetic acid, isn't just dirt cheap; it's also wickedly potent.
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Even worse, the microbes in the industrial starter were pumping out acetic acid, the key ingredient in vinegar.
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Normally, this bacteria uses carbon dioxide to produce acetic acid, which can eventually be turned into fuels and plastics.
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You might also try apple cider vinegar—it tastes a little better, but still delivers the acetic acid payload.
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He often draws out the process over several months, until the bacteria start to metabolize the acetic acid itself.
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Oh, and just to be clear: Acetic acid does not give you permission to binge freely on cupcakes and doughnuts.
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For instance, acetic acid, the odor molecule present in the highest levels in the chocolates, smells like vinegar by itself.
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This produces a more refined opiate, morphine base, which is then boiled with acetic anhydride and sodium carbonate to create heroin.
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Pasteurised foods, with and without the addition of acetic acid, do stay fresh longer; that which is not pasteurised is still, sometimes, unsafe.
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Studies show that acetic acid, the main component of apple cider vinegar, can suppress body fat accumulation and metabolic disorders in obese rats.
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"So if acetic acid is interfering with the breakdown of starch, what that means is that starch is not being digested," she explained.
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I really liked the effervescence, refreshing flavor, and the fact that it has great health properties from the acetic acids and probiotics produced.
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But the cadmium sulfide they made in the experiment allowed them to supercharge the acetic acid production process using energy harvested from the sunlight.
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The nanoparticles acted like solar panels, so the new hybrid organism produced acetic acid not only from carbon dioxide, but also water and light.
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Dietitian Carol Johnston has been studying the effects of the main component of any vinegar, acetic acid, on diabetic blood glucose levels since 2004.
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The researchers believe the findings support the notion that acetic acid turns on genes that trigger enzymes to break down fat and prevent weight gain.
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"At mealtime, acetic acid partially blocks the digestion of starch," says Carol Johnston, associate director of nutrition and health sciences programs at Arizona State University.
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And in addition to preventing infection, there's anecdotal evidence that acetic acid treatment can also speed wound healing—though it hasn't been thoroughly studied, Webber says.
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When the two mix, the carbonate takes up the hydrogen ions from the acetic acid and becomes carbonic acid, which breaks down into carbon dioxide and water.
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If you leave an egg in white vinegar for a day-plus, the acetic acid starts breaking down the calcium carbonate in the eggshell until it dissolves completely.
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"Basically, what acetic acid is doing is blocking the absorption of starch," said Johnston, who is associate director of the Arizona State University's School of Nutrition and Health.
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Let's toast to our good health with a probiotic fungus and oxidize a little yeast to make some of that old sweet sweet alcohols, acetic and other acids.
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Our kitchen is a little cold, and René's microbes might just be working slowly to turn the sugar in our sweetened coffee into alcohol, and the alcohol into acetic acid.
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A 2015 study review found that acetic acid in concentrations up to 5 percent—the amount in most household vinegars—effectively put and end to 85 percent of infections from pseudomonas.
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Oxygen in the froth causes the very outsides of droplets to form a thin metal oxide shell, further strengthened through a reaction with acetic acid to form a tougher oxide-acetate shell.
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Each doubling of another PFA known as N-ethyl-perflourooctane sulfonamide acetic acid (EtFOSAA) was associated with a 17% increased risk of developing diabetes complications like impaired vision and loss of sensation in the extremities.
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In a study published in the Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, mice fed a high-fat diet along with acetic acid -- vinegar's key component -- developed up to 10% less body fat than control rodents.
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The researchers found that when acetic acid was added to their drinking water, they had higher levels of good bacteria in their guts, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria, and reduced symptoms of the gastrointestinal disease.
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The planned production site for acetic acid, which is used in chemical products such as paints and adhesives, would be part of ZPCC's refining and petrochemical plant in Zhoushan in eastern China, BP said in a statement.
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"What's interesting, though, is that subsequent studies have shown this effect is not specific to ACV, but instead is related to acetic acid, which is the dominant acid in all types of vinegar, even kombucha," Bulsiewicz says.
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At Noma, he experiments with cutting down on the acetic acid in the bread—which is responsible for the sharp taste you recognize in rye bread—while increasing the lactic acid, which imparts a softer, almost creamy taste.
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So Mr. Connell's task was to figure out a way to create a dried form of acetic acid, as vinegar is known to chemists, that would stick to freshly fried chips/crisps and remain stable on store shelves.
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LONDON (Reuters) - BP is increasing its Asian presence with an initial agreement, or memorandum of understanding, with China's Zhejiang Petroleum and Chemical Corporation (ZPCC) to build a 1 million tonne a year acetic acid plant, BP said on Friday.
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The AMNH team tested various chemical preservatives on North American freshwater leeches, and found that the best option was to first fix the leech in a mixture of alcohol, formalin, and acetic acid, and then refix it using osmium tetroxide.
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Ingredients: water, hot sauce (aged cayenne red peppers, distilled vinegar, water, salt, garlic powder) distilled vinegar, tomato paste, salt, contains 2% or less of: jalapeno peppers, dried peppers, corn oil, xanthan gum, spice, onion powder, citric acid, natural flavor, acetic acid.
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And what is a fresh salad but a May-December marriage, the bright young greens doused in vinegar that has been bred for months, sometimes years, in darkness, on yeast and bacteria, its sugars turned to alcohol and then acetic acid?
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Takiff and a team of researchers poured vinegar on the drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, and their findings, published in 2014 in the journal mBio, found that 6 percent acetic acid (commonly called "cleaning strength") could destroy the bacteria in 30 minutes.
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Ingredients: water, concentrated tomatoes, onions, jalapeño peppers, Contains 2% or less of: green bell peppers, distilled vinegar, salt, dehydrated onions, soybean oil, high fructose corn syrup, xanthan gum, sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate (preservatives) spices, garlic, citric acid, natural flavor (plant source) acetic acid.
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"The vinegar is taking the starch and making a portion of it fiberlike, so some of the starch will escape digestion," she explained, adding that test tube studies have shown that the acetic acid in vinegar inhibits enzymes that help in the digestion of starch.
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This can mean silk-screening the individual pages of a book and folding them together to create an accordion — as in the case of Daido Moriyama's Accident — or it can mean screen-printing a book's images onto a layer of brass and then having the artist apply acetic acid to produce a chemical reaction — in the case of Daisuke Yokota's Untitled.
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Ingredients: water, jalapeño pepper, tomato paste, vinegar, food starch-modified, salt, less than 2% of minced onion, chili pepper, spices, onion juice, natural flavors, acetic acid, yeast extract, potassium chloride, maltodextrin, garlic powder, extractives of paprika, lactic acid, soy sauce (water, wheat, soybeans, salt, sodium benzoate (preservative)) sugar, potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate This is Taco Bell's second-hottest sauce—the mere existence of which makes their hot sauce selection significantly more sophisticated than all the other chains I visited.
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For example, acetic acid has a higher molar conductivity in dilute aqueous acetic acid than in concentrated acetic acid.
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The product of the condensation of two molecules of acetic acid is acetic anhydride. The worldwide production of acetic anhydride is a major application, and uses approximately 25% to 30% of the global production of acetic acid. The main process involves dehydration of acetic acid to give ketene at 700–750 °C. Ketene is thereafter reacted with acetic acid to obtain the anhydride: :CH3CO2H → CH2=C=O + H2O :CH3CO2H + CH2=C=O → (CH3CO)2O Acetic anhydride is an acetylation agent.
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Etidronic acid can be prepared by reaction of Phosphorus trichloride with acetic acid in a tertiary amine, or by reaction of an acetic acid/acetic anhydride mixture with phosphorous acid.
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Acetic oxalic anhydride is an unstable colorless crystalline solid, soluble in diethyl ether, that decomposes at about −3 °C into acetic anhydride (-(C=O)-)2O, carbon dioxide () and carbon monoxide (CO). It is hydrolyzed by water into acetic and oxalic acids. Acetic oxalic anhydride was conjectured to be an intermediate in the decomposition of anhydrous oxalic acid by acetic anhydride.
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Reduction of acetic acid gives ethanol. The OH group is the main site of reaction, as illustrated by the conversion of acetic acid to acetyl chloride. Other substitution derivatives include acetic anhydride; this anhydride is produced by loss of water from two molecules of acetic acid. Esters of acetic acid can likewise be formed via Fischer esterification, and amides can be formed.
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Acetic acid is a chemical reagent for the production of chemical compounds. The largest single use of acetic acid is in the production of vinyl acetate monomer, closely followed by acetic anhydride and ester production. The volume of acetic acid used in vinegar is comparatively small.
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Aceturic acid can be prepared by warming glycine either with a slight excess of acetic anhydride in benzene, or with an equal molar amount of acetic anhydride in glacial (concentrated) acetic acid.
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The BP acetyl plants at Salt End produce about of acetic acid and acetic anhydride per year, making BP the largest producer of these chemicals in Europe. Acetic acid is used in VAM, PTA esters and other intermediates and acetic anhydride is used in cellulose acetate and chemical derivatives.
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Acetic acid is used rather than acetic anhydride, as acetic acid is not strong enough to acetylate the phenolic 3-hydroxy group but is able to acetylate the 6-hydroxy group, thus selectively producing 6-MAM rather than heroin. Acetic acid is a convenient way to produce 6-MAM, as acetic acid also is not a watched chemical as it is the main component of vinegar.
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Acetic acid , systematically named ethanoic acid , is a colourless liquid organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH (also written as CH3CO2H, C2H4O2, or HC2H3O2). When undiluted, it is sometimes called glacial acetic acid. Vinegar is no less than 4% acetic acid by volume, making acetic acid the main component of vinegar apart from water. Acetic acid has a distinctive sour taste and pungent smell.
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Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are a group of Gram-negative bacteria which oxidize sugars or ethanol and produce acetic acid during fermentation. The acetic acid bacteria consist of 10 genera in the family Acetobacteraceae. Several species of acetic acid bacteria are used in industry for production of certain foods and chemicals.
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They are obligately fermentative, producing either a mixture of acetic and lactic acids or an equimolar molar mixture of acetic acid and CO2. For example, G. haemolysans ferments glucose forming a mixture of acetic and lactic acids in the absence of oxygen, whereas when oxygen is present, it forms acetic acid and CO2.
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Acetic anhydride is mainly produced by the carbonylation of methyl acetate. Acetic anhydride is used industrially for preparing acetate esters.
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Rhodium chloride in the presence of lithium iodide is employed as catalysts. Because acetic anhydride is not stable in water, the conversion is conducted under anhydrous conditions. To a decreasing extent, acetic anhydride is also prepared by the reaction of ketene (ethenone) with acetic acid at 45–55 °C and low pressure (0.05–0.2 bar).. :H2C=C=O + CH3COOH → (CH3CO)2O (ΔH = −63 kJ/mol) The route from acetic acid to acetic anhydride via ketene was developed by Wacker Chemie in 1922,. when the demand for acetic anhydride increased due to the production of cellulose acetate.
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A variety of flavored vinegars, for culinary use, on sale in France Vinegar is an aqueous solution of acetic acid and trace chemicals that may include flavorings. Vinegar typically contains 5–8% acetic acid by volume. Usually the acetic acid is produced by the fermentation of ethanol or sugars by acetic acid bacteria. There are many types of vinegar, depending on source materials.
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Cadmium acetate is prepared by treating cadmium oxide with acetic acid. The compound may also be prepared by treating cadmium nitrate with acetic anhydride.
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Acetic acid has 349 kcal per 100 g. Vinegar is typically no less than 4% acetic acid by mass. Legal limits on acetic acid content vary by jurisdiction. Vinegar is used directly as a condiment, and in the pickling of vegetables and other foods.
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Two widely employed applications of migratory insertion of carbonyl groups are hydroformylation and the production of acetic acid by carbonylation of methanol. The former converts alkenes, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide into aldehydes. The production of acetic acid by carbonylation proceeds via two similar industrial processes. More traditional is the Monsanto acetic acid process, which relies on a rhodium-iodine catalyst to transform methanol into acetic acid.
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In 1845 German chemist Hermann Kolbe synthesised acetic acid from inorganic compounds for the first time. This reaction sequence consisted of chlorination of carbon disulfide to carbon tetrachloride, followed by pyrolysis to tetrachloroethylene and aqueous chlorination to trichloroacetic acid, and concluded with electrolytic reduction to acetic acid. By 1910, most glacial acetic acid was obtained from the pyroligneous liquor, a product of the distillation of wood. The acetic acid was isolated by treatment with milk of lime, and the resulting calcium acetate was then acidified with sulfuric acid to recover acetic acid.
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The trivial name acetic acid is the most commonly used and preferred IUPAC name. The systematic name ethanoic acid, a valid IUPAC name, is constructed according to the substitutive nomenclature.IUPAC Provisional Recommendations 2004 Chapter P-12.1; page 4 The name acetic acid derives from acetum, the Latin word for vinegar, and is related to the word acid itself. Glacial acetic acid is a name for water-free (anhydrous) acetic acid.
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Acetic anhydride is a versatile reagent for acetylations, the introduction of acetyl groups to organic substrates.. In these conversions, acetic anhydride is viewed as a source of CH3CO+.
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Thiamine and its acid metabolites (2-methyl-4-amino-5-pyrimidine carboxylic acid, 4-methyl-thiazole-5-acetic acid, and thiamine acetic acid) are excreted principally in the urine.
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CMA can be produced from a reaction of a magnesium/calcium compound with glacial acetic acid. If it is reacted with dolomite or dolomitic lime, acetic acid does not need to be concentrated to produce CMA. Acetic acid production requires the fermentation of organic material which must be carried out at a pH around 6.0. Separating agents used to recover acetic acid must therefore maintain a high capacity while within this pH range.
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They are dissociated to a slight extent. The dissociation of acetic acid, which is frequently used as a solvent for titration of basic substances, is shown in the equation below: :CH3COOH ⇌ H+ \+ CH3COO− Here the acetic acid is functioning as an acid. If a very strong acid such as perchloric acid is dissolved in acetic acid, the latter can function as a base and combine with protons donated by the perchloric acid to form protonated acetic acid, an onium ion: :HClO4 ⇌ H+ \+ ClO4− :CH3COOH + H+ ⇌ Since the CH3COOH2+ ion readily donates its proton to a base, a solution of perchloric acid in glacial acetic acid functions as a strongly acidic solution. When a weak base, such as pyridine, is dissolved in acetic acid, the acetic acid exerts its levelling effect and enhances the basic properties of the pyridine.
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Acetic anhydride is an irritant and combustible liquid. Because of its reactivity toward water, alcohol foam or carbon dioxide are preferred for fire suppression. The vapour of acetic anhydride is harmful.
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Chemicals produced at Salt End include acetic acid, acetic anhydride, ammonia, bio- butanol, bio-ethanol, ethyl acetate (ETAC) and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) with animal feed also being produced on site.
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The following figure shows the reaction mechanism: Reaktionsmechanismus Albright-Goldman-Oxidation First, dimethyl sulfoxide (1) reacts with acetic anhydride to form a sulfonium ion. It reacts with the primary alcohol in an addition reaction. Furthermore, acetic acid is cleaved, so that intermediate 2 is formed. The latter reacts upon elimination of acetic acid and dimethyl sulphide to the aldehyde.
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Because acetic acid bacteria require oxygen to grow, eliminating any air in wine containers as well as addition of sulfur dioxide (SO2) will limit their growth. Rejecting moldy grapes also prevents possible problems associated with acetic acid bacteria. Use of sulfur dioxide and inoculation with a low-V.A. producing strain of Saccharomyces may deter acetic acid producing yeast.
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At physiological pHs, acetic acid is usually fully ionised to acetate. The acetyl group, formally derived from acetic acid, is fundamental to all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats. Unlike longer-chain carboxylic acids (the fatty acids), acetic acid does not occur in natural triglycerides.
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Glacial acetic acid is an excellent polar protic solvent, as noted above. It is frequently used as a solvent for recrystallization to purify organic compounds. Acetic acid is used as a solvent in the production of terephthalic acid (TPA), the raw material for polyethylene terephthalate (PET). In 2006, about 20% of acetic acid was used for TPA production.
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NADH balance is achieved by acetic and formic acid production. Pyruvate oxidation via the formate lyase route. Figure 2: Metabolic pathway for producing succinic acid. NADH balance is achieved by acetic acid production.
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Large-scale applications of carbonylation are the Monsanto and Cativa processes, which convert methanol to acetic acid. In another major industrial process, Acetic anhydride is prepared by a related carbonylation of methyl acetate.
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Ammonium acetate is produced by the neutralization of acetic acid with ammonium carbonate or by saturating glacial acetic acid with ammonia. Obtaining crystalline ammonium acetate is difficult on account of its hygroscopic nature.
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Ten genera from Acetobacteraceae make up the acetic acid bacteria.
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Formic, acetic, propionic and butyric acid contribute to the aroma.
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Acetic acid in wine, often referred to as volatile acidity (VA) or vinegar taint, can be contributed by many wine spoilage yeasts and bacteria. This can be from either a by-product of fermentation, or due to the spoilage of finished wine. Acetic acid bacteria, such as those from the genera Acetobacter and Gluconobacter produce high levels of acetic acid. The sensory threshold for acetic acid in wine is >700 mg/L, with concentrations greater than 1.2-1.3 g/L becoming unpleasant.
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The pH of the solvent significantly affects the reaction course, and reactions of the catalyst are often enhanced by conducting the reduction in neat acetic acid, or solutions of acetic acid in other solvents.
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Examples of photoresponsive switches include cinnamic acid and cinnamylidene acetic acid.
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Despite these concerns, diluted acetic acid is still the recommended treatment.
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Lithium acetate (CH3COOLi) is a salt of lithium and acetic acid.
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However, the artificial triglyceride triacetin (glycerine triacetate) is a common food additive and is found in cosmetics and topical medicines. Acetic acid is produced and excreted by acetic acid bacteria, notably the genus Acetobacter and Clostridium acetobutylicum. These bacteria are found universally in foodstuffs, water, and soil, and acetic acid is produced naturally as fruits and other foods spoil. Acetic acid is also a component of the vaginal lubrication of humans and other primates, where it appears to serve as a mild antibacterial agent.
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Sherry vinegar The term spirit vinegar is sometimes reserved for the stronger variety (5% to 21% acetic acid) made from sugar cane or from chemically produced acetic acid. To be called "Spirit Vinegar", the product must come from an agricultural source and must be made by "double fermentation". The first fermentation is sugar to alcohol and the second alcohol to acetic acid. Product made from synthetically produced acetic acid cannot be called "vinegar" in the UK, where the term allowed is "non- brewed condiment".
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The hydrogen centre in the carboxyl group (−COOH) in carboxylic acids such as acetic acid can separate from the molecule by ionization: :CH3COOH CH3CO2− \+ H+ Because of this release of the proton (H+), acetic acid has acidic character. Acetic acid is a weak monoprotic acid. In aqueous solution, it has a pKa value of 4.76. Its conjugate base is acetate (CH3COO−).
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Acetic formic anhydride is an organic compound with the chemical formula and a structural formula of -(C=O)-O-(C=O)H. It can be viewed as the mixed anhydride of acetic acid and formic acid.
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In TBV, the oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid in fermented cooked must is carried out by indigenous acetic acid bacteria naturally occurred in the environment. However, the application of selected acetic acid bacteria strains in TBV production has been recently proposed, and a procedure has been developed for the scale-up of the fermentation process at the vinegar factory scale.Gullo, M., De Vero, L., and Giudici, P. (2009) Succession of Selected Strains of Acetobacter pasteurianus and other acetic acid bacteria in traditional balsamic vinegar. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75, 2585–2589 Bacteria involved in alcoholic dehydrogenation produce a wide range of compounds other than acetic acid, such as sugar acids and many volatile compounds.
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The combination of bromine and acetic acid is highly corrosive, requiring specialized reactors, such as those lined with titanium. A mixture of p-xylene, acetic acid, the catalyst system, and compressed air is fed to a reactor.
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The product is yellowish and acidulous, from the presence of acetic acid.
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Eugene's chemical report includes acetic acid, methyl ethyl ketone, sodium metasilicate, etc.
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In enzymology, an acetylesterase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :an acetic ester + H2O \rightleftharpoons an alcohol + acetate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetic ester and H2O, whereas its two products are alcohol and acetate. This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetic-ester acetylhydrolase. Other names in common use include C-esterase (in animal tissues), acetic ester hydrolase, chloroesterase, p-nitrophenyl acetate esterase, and Citrus acetylesterase.
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While volatile acidity (VA) is usually measured in terms of acetic acid content, its sensory perception is a combination of acetic (vinegary aromas) and ethyl acetate (nail polish remover and model airplane glue aromas). High levels of VA can inhibit wine yeast and may lead to a sluggish or stuck fermentation. Several microbes can be a source for VA, including Acetobacter, Brettanomyces, and film yeast such as Candida, as well as LAB. However, while LAB usually only produce acetic acid, these other microbes often produce ethyl acetate, as well as acetic acid.
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According to the DEA, Mexico remains the only heroin source route to heroin laboratories in Afghanistan. Authorities in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan routinely seize ton- quantity shipments of diverted acetic anhydride. The lack of acetic anhydride has caused clandestine chemists in some countries to substitute it for lower quality precursors such as acetic acid and results in the formation of impure black tar heroin that contains a mixture of drugs not found in heroin made with pure chemicals. DEA's Operation Topaz is a coordinated international strategy targeting acetic anhydride.
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Periana's group was also able to convert methane into acetic acid using similar conditions to the Catalytica system. Palladium(II) salts were used in this process, and the products formed were a mixture of methanol and acetic acid, along with side products of carbon monoxide and possibly carbon dioxide due to over-oxidation. The mechanism of reaction involves another electrophilic activation of methane, and when carbon monoxide is incorporated, the acetic acid derivative is generated through its activation to an acyl intermediate (). Another example of acetic acid synthesis was demonstrated by Pombeiro et al.
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Acetic acid is often used as a solvent for reactions involving carbocations, such as Friedel-Crafts alkylation. For example, one stage in the commercial manufacture of synthetic camphor involves a Wagner- Meerwein rearrangement of camphene to isobornyl acetate; here acetic acid acts both as a solvent and as a nucleophile to trap the rearranged carbocation. Glacial acetic acid is used in analytical chemistry for the estimation of weakly alkaline substances such as organic amides. Glacial acetic acid is a much weaker base than water, so the amide behaves as a strong base in this medium.
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Thioacetic acid is prepared by the reaction of acetic anhydride with hydrogen sulfide: (CH3C(O))2O + H2S → CH3C(O)SH + CH3CO2H It has also been produced by the action of phosphorus pentasulfide on glacial acetic acid, followed by distillation. CH3COOH + P2S5 -> CH3COSH + P2OS4 Thioacetic acid is typically contaminated by acetic acid. The compound exists exclusively as the thiol tautomer, consistent with the strength of the C=O double bond. Reflecting the influence of hydrogen-bonding, the boiling point (93 °C) and melting points are 20 and 75 K lower than those for acetic acid.
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When heated, a mixture of dichloroacetyl chloride and acetic acid gives acetyl chloride. It can also be synthesized from the catalytic carbonylation of methyl chloride. It also arises from the reaction of acetic acid, acetonitrile, and hydrogen chloride.
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Acetic formic anhydride can be produced by reacting sodium formate with acetyl chloride in anhydrous diethyl ether between 23–27 °C. It can also be prepared by the reaction of acetic anhydride and formic acid at 0 °C.
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The principal components of pyroligneous acid are acetic acid, acetone and methanol. It was once used as a commercial source for acetic acid. In addition, the vinegar often contains 80-90% water along with some 200 organic compounds.
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Combinations of solvents that do not form an azeotrope when mixed in any proportion are said to be zeotropic. Azeotropes are useful in separating zeotropic mixtures. An example is acetic acid and water, which do not form an azeotrope. Despite this, it is very difficult to separate pure acetic acid (boiling point: 118.1 °C) from a solution of acetic acid and water by distillation alone.
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In the 16th-century German alchemist Andreas Libavius described the production of acetone from the dry distillation of lead acetate, ketonic decarboxylation. The presence of water in vinegar has such a profound effect on acetic acid's properties that for centuries chemists believed that glacial acetic acid and the acid found in vinegar were two different substances. French chemist Pierre Adet proved them identical. Crystallised acetic acid.
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SAIB can be prepared by esterification of sucrose with acetic and isobutyric anhydride.
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A major use of methyl acetate is as a volatile low toxicity solvent in glues, paints, and nail polish removers. Acetic anhydride is produced by carbonylation of methyl acetate in a process that was inspired by the Monsanto acetic acid synthesis.
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Mixtures with acetic acid or acetic anhydride can explode if not kept cold. Explosions can occur when mixtures of calcium permanganate and sulfuric acid come into contact with benzene, carbon disulfide, diethyl ether, ethyl alcohol, petroleum, or other organic matter.
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Acetobacter is a genus of acetic acid bacteria. Acetic acid bacteria are characterized by the ability to convert ethanol to acetic acid in the presence of oxygen. Of these, the genus Acetobacter is distinguished by the ability to oxidize lactate and acetate into carbon dioxide and water. Bacteria of the genus Acetobacter have been isolated from industrial vinegar fermentation processes and are frequently used as fermentation starter cultures.
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Barium acetate (Ba(C2H3O2)2) is the salt of barium(II) and acetic acid.
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It is soluble in water and possesses an odor like that of acetic acid.
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Acetic anhydride was first synthesized in 1852 by the French chemist Charles Frédéric Gerhardt (1816-1856) by heating potassium acetate with benzoyl chloride.Charles Gerhardt (1852) “Recherches sur les acides organiques anhydres” (Investigations into the anhydrides of organic acids), Comptes rendus … , 34 : 755-758. Acetic anhydride is produced by carbonylation of methyl acetate: : CH3CO2CH3 \+ CO → (CH3CO)2O The Tennessee Eastman acetic anhydride process involves the conversion of methyl acetate to methyl iodide and an acetate salt. Carbonylation of the methyl iodide in turn affords acetyl iodide, which reacts with acetate salts or acetic acid to give the product.
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Purification and concentration plant for acetic acid in 1884 Acetic acid is produced industrially both synthetically and by bacterial fermentation. About 75% of acetic acid made for use in the chemical industry is made by the carbonylation of methanol, explained below. The biological route accounts for only about 10% of world production, but it remains important for the production of vinegar because many food purity laws require vinegar used in foods to be of biological origin. Other processes are methyl formate isomerization, conversion of syngas to acetic acid, and gas phase oxidation of ethylene and ethanol.
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Acetic acid/hydrocortisone is a commonly used combination drug to treat infections of the outer ear and ear canal. Branded as Vosol HC and Acetasol HC, it combines the antibacterial and antifungal action of acetic acid with the anti-inflammatory functions of hydrocortisone.
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The compound is prepared by hydrogenation of 2-cyclopentene-1,4-dione using zinc/acetic acid.
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Fischer's procedure involves treating defribrinated blood with a solution of sodium chloride in acetic acid.
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The Monsanto process is an industrial method for the manufacture of acetic acid by catalytic carbonylation of methanol,Hosea Cheung, Robin S. Tanke, G. Paul Torrence "Acetic Acid" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. although it has largely been supplanted by the iridium-based Cativa process. The catalytic cycle of the Monsanto process for production of acetic acid. The catalytically active species is the anion cis-[Rh(CO)2I2]−.
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Methyl acetate is produced industrially via the carbonylation of methanol as a byproduct of the production of acetic acid.Hosea Cheung, Robin S. Tanke, G. Paul Torrence “Acetic Acid” in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. Methyl acetate also arises by esterification of acetic acid with methanol in the presence of strong acids such as sulfuric acid; this production process is famous because of Eastman Kodak's intensified process using a reactive distillation.
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Acetic acid is a weak acid, so it only ionizes slightly. According to Le Chatelier's principle, the addition of acetate ions from sodium acetate will suppress the ionization of acetic acid and shift its equilibrium to the left. Thus the percent dissociation of the acetic acid will decrease, and the pH of the solution will increase. The ionization of an acid or a base is limited by the presence of its conjugate base or acid.
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The production of ethylenediamine dihydroiodide, provided as a nutritional supplement for livestock, consumes a large portion of available iodine. Another significant use is a catalyst for the production of acetic acid by the Monsanto and Cativa processes. In these technologies, which support the world's demand for acetic acid, hydroiodic acid converts the methanol feedstock into methyl iodide, which undergoes carbonylation. Hydrolysis of the resulting acetyl iodide regenerates hydroiodic acid and gives acetic acid.
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The approach will be based on utilizing a novel selective photocatalytic oxidation technology for the selective oxidation of ethylene and ethane to acetic acid. Unlike traditional oxidation catalysts, the selective oxidation process will use UV light to produce acetic acid at ambient temperatures and pressure.
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Acetic acid may be applied to the cervix to help detect cervical cancer during screening in many areas in the developing world. Acetic acid is applied to the cervix and if an area of white appears after about a minute the test is positive.
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2-Cyanoacetamide is an organic compound. It is an acetic amide with a nitrile functional group.
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In 1858, the French chemist Auguste Cahours determined that glycine was an amine of acetic acid.
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Diacetyl peroxide forms upon combining hydrogen peroxide and excess acetic anhydride. Peracetic acid is an intermediate.
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Acetyl nitrate is a nitrate anhydride, being derived from the condensation of nitric and acetic acids.
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A dilute acetic solution of veratrine is turned to a superb red by strong sulphuric acid.
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Ethyl (and other) acetoacetates nitrosate readily with equimolar sodium nitrite in acetic acid, to afford the corresponding oximinoacetoacetate esters. A dissolving-zinc reduction of these in acetic acid in the presence of ketoesters or beta-diketones constitute the Knorr synthesis of pyrroles, useful for porphyrin synthesis.
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Diagnosis is based on the signs and symptoms. Culturing the ear canal may be useful in chronic or severe cases. Acetic acid ear drops may be used as a preventive measure. Treatment of acute cases is typically with antibiotic drops, such as ofloxacin or acetic acid.
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Aldehydes react with acetic anhydride in the presence of an acidic catalyst to give geminal diacetates.R. T. Bertz "Furfuryl Diacetate" Org. Synth. 1953, 33, 39. A former industrial route to vinyl acetate involved the intermediate ethylidene diacetate, the geminal diacetate obtained from acetaldehyde and acetic anhydride:G.
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Alcohol dehydrogenase (quinone) (, type III ADH, membrane associated quinohaemoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase) is an enzyme with systematic name alcohol:quinone oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : ethanol + ubiquinone \rightleftharpoons acetaldehyde + ubiquinol This enzyme is present in acetic acid bacteria where it is involved in acetic acid production.
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This results in excellent nuclear and cytoplasmic H&E; staining. The tissue hardening effect of formalin is balanced by the soft tissue fixation of picric and acetic acids. The tissue swelling effect of acetic acid is balanced by the tissue shrinking effect of picric acid.Baker, J.R. 1958.
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Acetic acid has been used medically since the time of Ancient Egypt. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Acetic acid is available as a generic medication. In the United States a course of treatment with the ear preparation costs less than .
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A solution of sodium acetate (a basic salt of acetic acid) and acetic acid can act as a buffer to keep a relatively constant pH level. This is useful especially in biochemical applications where reactions are pH- dependent in a mildly acidic range (pH 4–6).
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Similarly, heroin- producing countries depend on supplies of acetic anhydride (AA) from the international market. This heroin precursor continues to account for the largest volume of internationally seized chemicals, according to the International Narcotics Control Board. Since July 1999, there have been several notable seizures of acetic anhydride in Turkey (amounting to nearly seventeen metric tons) and Turkmenistan (totaling seventy-three metric tons). Acetic anhydride, the most commonly used chemical agent in heroin processing, is virtually irreplaceable.
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For acetic acid, the hydrogen (δ+) on the alcohol moiety of the carboxylic acid hydrogen bonds with other the carbonyl moiety (δ-) of the carboxylic on the adjacent molecule. This hydrogen bond leads a string of acetic acid molecules hydrogen bonding to minimize free energy. These strings of acetic acid molecules then stack together to build solids. The halogen bonding between the bromine and 1,4-dioxane molecules partially guides the organization of the crystal lattice structure.
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DMA is prepared commercially by the reaction of dimethylamine with acetic anhydride or acetic acid. Dehydration of the salt of dimethylamine and acetic acid also furnishes this compound: : CH3CO2H·HN(CH3)2 → H2O + CH3CON(CH3)2 Dimethylacetamide can also be produced by the reaction of dimethylamine with methyl acetate. : One route to dimethylacetamide The separation and purification of the product is carried out by multistage distillation in rectification columns. DMA is obtained with 99% yield referred to methyl acetate.
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It is an important chemical reagent and industrial chemical, used primarily in the production of cellulose acetate for photographic film, polyvinyl acetate for wood glue, and synthetic fibres and fabrics. In households, diluted acetic acid is often used in descaling agents. In the food industry, acetic acid is controlled by the food additive code E260 as an acidity regulator and as a condiment. In biochemistry, the acetyl group, derived from acetic acid, is fundamental to all forms of life.
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Acetic acid is often a side product of different reactions, i.e. during heterogeneous catalytic acrylic acid synthesis or fermentative lactic acid production. As of 2003–2005, total worldwide production of virgin acetic acidAcetic acid that is manufactured by intent, rather than recovered from processing (such as the production of cellulose acetates, polyvinyl alcohol operations, and numerous acetic anhydride acylations). was estimated at 5 Mt/a (million tonnes per year), approximately half of which was produced in the United States.
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Acetic acid injection into a tumor has been used to treat cancer since the 1800s. Acetic acid is used as part of cervical cancer screening in many areas in the developing world. The acid is applied to the cervix and if an area of white appears after about a minute the test is positive. Acetic acid is an effective antiseptic when used as a 1% solution, with broad spectrum of activity against streptococci, staphylococci, pseudomonas, enterococci and others.
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The acetic acid gives this spray a vinegar-like smell, giving rise to the common name vinegaroon.
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This is the actual chemical formula for formaldehyde, but acetic acid has double the number of atoms.
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Due to its low cost, acetic anhydride is usually purchased, not prepared, for use in research laboratories.
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The hypotonic solution is then removed by centrifugation and resuspended in a methanol/glacial acetic acid fixative.
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1931, volume 11, pp. 58. It can also be hydrolyzed with acetic acid to give back cyclohexanone.
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Acetic acid is more commonly used for external ear infections in the developing world than the developed.
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By neutralising concentrated acetic acid with manganous carbonate, and evaporating the solution so that crystals may form.
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Table vinegar tends to be more diluted (4% to 8% acetic acid), while commercial food pickling employs solutions that are more concentrated. The proportion of acetic acid used worldwide as vinegar is not as large as commercial uses, but is by far the oldest and best-known application.
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With exposure to heat, moisture, or acids, the acetyl groups are broken from their molecular bonds to the cellulose. The now free acetic acid is released into the air. Acetic acid is vinegar, and thus the characteristic smell of vinegar is detected. This is known as vinegar syndrome.
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Acetic anhydride in a glass bottle Acetic anhydride, like most acid anhydrides, is a flexible molecule with a nonplanar structure. The pi system linkage through the central oxygen offers very weak resonance stabilization compared to the dipole-dipole repulsion between the two carbonyl oxygens. The energy barriers to bond rotation between each of the optimal aplanar conformations are quite low. Like most acid anhydrides, the carbonyl carbon atom of acetic anhydride has electrophilic character, as the leaving group is carboxylate.
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These side-products are also commercially valuable, and the reaction conditions may be altered to produce more of them where needed. However, the separation of acetic acid from these by-products adds to the cost of the process. Under similar conditions and using similar catalysts as are used for butane oxidation, the oxygen in air to produce acetic acid can oxidize acetaldehyde. : 2 CH3CHO + O2 → 2 CH3CO2H Using modern catalysts, this reaction can have an acetic acid yield greater than 95%.
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The primary use of acetic acid is the production of vinyl acetate monomer (VAM). In 2008, this application was estimated to consume a third of the world's production of acetic acid. The reaction consists of ethylene and acetic acid with oxygen over a palladium catalyst, conducted in the gas phase. : 2 H3C−COOH + 2 C2H4 \+ O2 → 2 H3C−CO−O−CH=CH2 \+ 2 H2O Vinyl acetate can be polymerised to polyvinyl acetate or other polymers, which are components in paints and adhesives.
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Trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA) is the acid anhydride of trifluoroacetic acid. It is the perfluorinated derivative of acetic anhydride.
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The commonly used 302 stainless steel alone is resistant to acetic acid, acetone and boric acid, among others.
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4-Chloroindole-3-acetic acid (4-Cl-IAA) is an organic compound that functions as a plant hormone.
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Potassium acetate (CH3COOK) is the potassium salt of acetic acid. It is a hygrophobic solid under room temperature.
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Making process of the TBV starts from freshly squeezed grape juice and finishes with sensory evaluation of the aged vinegar. From a technological perspective, basic steps are required, including cooking of the grape must, alcoholic fermentation by yeasts, acetic oxidation by acetic acid bacteria, and slow aging within a barrel set.
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Phenylacetone self condenses to form dibenzyl ketone. One method is where phenylacetic acid is reacted with acetic anhydride and anhydrous potassium acetate and refluxed for two hours at 140−150 °C. The mixture is distilled slowly so that the distillate is mostly acetic acid. Carbon dioxide is released in this reaction.
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Medicine Net. "Acetic Acid/Aluminum Acetate - OTIC (Domeboro) Side Effects, Medical Uses, and Drug Interactions." MedicineNet. N.p., n.d. Web.
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Thiocarbanilide reacts with phosphorus pentachloride or hydrochloric acid, dilute sulfuric acid, acetic anhydride or iodine to produce phenyl isothiocyanate.
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The törköly from red grapes is less precious because its acetic fermentation starts soon after the grapes are pressed.
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Palladium-on-carbon and hydrogen, stannous chloride, sodium hydrosulfite, or iron in acetic acid are also effective reducing agents.
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Copper(II) acetate is prepared industrially by heating copper(II) hydroxide or basic copper(II) carbonate with acetic acid.
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Glycerol and acetic acid are examples of retained semisystematic names; furan and anisole are examples of retained trivial names.
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Acetic acid is a two-carbon organic acid produced in wine during or after the fermentation period. It is the most volatile of the primary acids associated with wine and is responsible for the sour taste of vinegar. During fermentation, activity by yeast cells naturally produces a small amount of acetic acid. If the wine is exposed to oxygen, Acetobacter bacteria will convert the ethanol into acetic acid. This process is known as the “acetification” of wine and is the primary process behind wine degradation into vinegar.
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Methanol is primarily converted to formaldehyde, which is widely used in many areas, especially polymers. The conversion entails oxidation: :2 CH3OH + O2 → 2 CH2O + 2 H2O Acetic acid can be produced from methanol. The Cativa process converts methanol into acetic acid. Methanol and isobutene are combined to give methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE).
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The resulting sodium salt of 1-(nitromethyl)cyclohexanol is added to acetic acid and shaken with hydrogen gas in the presence of W-4 Raney nickel catalyst. Sodium nitrite and acetic acid are then added to give cycloheptanone. Cycloheptanone is also prepared by ring expansion of cyclohexanone with diazomethane as the methylene source.
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Aluminium triacetate is a chemical compound that is prepared by heating aluminium chloride (AlCl3) or Al powder with a mixture of acetic acid (CH3COOH) and acetic anhydride (C4H6O3). It is referred as the normal salt and is only made in the absence of water at a relatively high temperature like 180 °C.
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Amfenac, also known as 2-amino-3-benzoylbenzeneacetic acid, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with acetic acid moiety.
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Acetic acid, which at low concentrations is known as vinegar, is an acid used to treat a number of conditions.
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Acetic acid is mildly corrosive to metals including iron, magnesium, and zinc, forming hydrogen gas and salts called acetates: : Mg + 2 CH3COOH → (CH3COO)2Mg + H2 Because aluminium forms a passivating acid- resistant film of aluminium oxide, aluminium tanks are used to transport acetic acid. Metal acetates can also be prepared from acetic acid and an appropriate base, as in the popular "baking soda + vinegar" reaction: : NaHCO3 \+ CH3COOH → CH3COONa + CO2 \+ H2O A colour reaction for salts of acetic acid is iron(III) chloride solution, which results in a deeply red colour that disappears after acidification. A more sensitive test uses lanthanum nitrate with iodine and ammonia to give a blue solution. Acetates when heated with arsenic trioxide form cacodyl oxide, which can be detected by its malodorous vapours.
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It is usually used as the dihydrate, although the anhydrous form is also used in some situations. The dihydrate is prepared by combining potassium permanganate and manganese(II) acetate in acetic acid. Addition of acetic anhydride to the reaction produces the anhydrous form. It is also synthesized by electrochemical method starting from Mn(OAc)2.
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Sodium benzoate is a preservative, with the E number E211. It is most widely used in acidic foods such as salad dressings (i.e. acetic acid in vinegar), carbonated drinks (carbonic acid), jams and fruit juices (citric acid), pickles (acetic acid), condiments, and frogurt toppings. It is also used as a preservative in medicines and cosmetics.
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Peracetic acid (also known as peroxyacetic acid, or PAA), is an organic compound with the formula CH3CO3H. This organic peroxide is a colorless liquid with a characteristic acrid odor reminiscent of acetic acid. It can be highly corrosive. Peracetic acid is a weaker acid than the parent acetic acid, with a pKa of 8.2.
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In the context of acid-base reactions, the abbreviation HAc is sometimes used, where Ac in this case is a symbol for acetate (rather than acetyl). Acetate is the ion resulting from loss of from acetic acid. The name acetate can also refer to a salt containing this anion, or an ester of acetic acid.
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L. buchneri are sensitive to low heat and are slow growing. Lactic acid is converted to two most common products which are acetic acid and 1,2-propanediol. Higher concentrations of acetic acid are produced rather than 1,2-propanediol. They both are more effective at reducing the growth of mold and yeast than lactic acid.
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Liquid acetic acid is a hydrophilic (polar) protic solvent, similar to ethanol and water. With a moderate relative static permittivity (dielectric constant) of 6.2, it dissolves not only polar compounds such as inorganic salts and sugars, but also non-polar compounds such as oils as well as polar solutes. It is miscible with polar and non-polar solvents such as water, chloroform, and hexane. With higher alkanes (starting with octane), acetic acid is not miscible at all compositions, and solubility of acetic acid in alkanes declines with longer n-alkanes.
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Commercial preparations of uranyl acetate are usually made from depleted uranium and are prepared by reacting metallic uranium with acetic acid.
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It then can be titrated using a solution in glacial acetic acid of a very strong acid, such as perchloric acid.
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The oxidation by chromium trioxide in acetic acid leads to a symmetrically substituted 4-pyridone, decarboxylation yields the 3,5-unsubstituted derivative.
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The undissociated forms of the acetic and lactic acids at low pH exhibit inhibitory activities against a wide range of pathogens.
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The first preparation of a münchnone derivative was reported in 1958 by Lawson & Miles by cyclodehydration of 2-pyridone-N-acetic acid with acetic anhydride.Lawson, A.; Miles, D. H. Chem. Ind. (London) 1958, 461. The azomethine ylide reactivity of münchnones, and their reaction with alkynes in the synthesis of pyrroles, was first published by Huisgen et al.
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P. damnosus also produces acetic acid and biogenic amines. In alcohol fermentation the presence of acetic acid inhibits the fermentation of ethanol. Increased levels of biogenic amines are correlated to compounds in wine that are indicative of wine spoilage. At increased concentrations, biogenic amines have an enhanced level of toxicity, affecting the hygienic quality of wine.
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In solution, it can ionize, producing the lactate ion . Compared to acetic acid, its pKa is 1 unit less, meaning lactic acid is ten times more acidic than acetic acid. This higher acidity is the consequence of the intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the α-hydroxyl and the carboxylate group. Lactic acid is chiral, consisting of two enantiomers.
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In the TCX process, natural gas or other hydrocarbons are first converted to acetic acid. Thereafter, acetic acid is hydrogenated (presumably obtained by methane reforming) to give ethanol; a supported platinum-tin catalyst for this purpose was patented by Celanese. Starting from coal, it is gasified. Impurities such as mercury and cadmium are removed, before further reaction.
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Acetyl chloride is not expected to exist in nature, because contact with water would hydrolyze it into acetic acid and hydrogen chloride. In fact, if handled in open air it releases white "smoke" resulting from hydrolysis due to the moisture in the air. The smoke is actually small droplets of hydrochloric acid and acetic acid formed by hydrolysis.
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Acetic anhydride, or ethanoic anhydride, is the chemical compound with the formula (CH3CO)2O. Commonly abbreviated Ac2O, it is the simplest isolable anhydride of a carboxylic acid and is widely used as a reagent in organic synthesis. It is a colorless liquid that smells strongly of acetic acid, which is formed by its reaction with moisture in the air.
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In 1932, organisms were discovered that could convert hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide into acetic acid. The first acetogenic bacterium species, Clostridium aceticum, was discovered in 1936 by Klaas Tammo Wieringa. A second species, Moorella thermoacetica, attracted wide interest when it was first isolated because of its ability to convert glucose into three moles of acetic acid.
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Therefore, wines with high acetic acid levels are more likely to see ethyl acetate formation, but the compound does not contribute to the volatile acidity. It is a common microbial fault produced by wine spoilage yeasts, particularly Pichia anomala or Kloeckera apiculata. High levels of ethyl acetate are also produced by lactic acid bacteria and acetic acid bacteria.
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An excessive amount of acetic acid is also considered a wine fault. A taster's sensitivity to acetic acid will vary, but most people can detect excessive amounts at around 600 mg/l. Ascorbic acid, also known as vitamin C, is found in young wine grapes prior to veraison, but is rapidly lost throughout the ripening process.
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The British Government patented Henri Drefus's process for producing acetic acid anhydride. By 1918, Henri Dreyfus was managing a workforce of 14,000.
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Methylene cyclopropyl acetic acid (MCPA) is found in lychee seeds and also a toxic metabolite in mammalian digestion after ingestion of hypoglycin.
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Aluminium acetotartrate (or ALSOL) is an organic acid, astringent, and disinfectant. It is the aluminium salt of acetic acid and tartaric acid.
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For example, hydrogen chloride is a strong acid in aqueous solution, but is a weak acid when dissolved in glacial acetic acid.
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In analytical chemistry, the hydroxyl value is defined as the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the acetic acid taken up on acetylation of one gram of a chemical substance that contains free hydroxyl groups. Hydroxyl value is a measure of the content of free hydroxyl groups in a chemical substance, usually expressed in units of the mass of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in milligrams equivalent to the hydroxyl content of one gram of the chemical substance. The analytical method used to determine hydroxyl value traditionally involves acetylation of the free hydroxyl groups of the substance with acetic anhydride in pyridine solvent. After completion of the reaction, water is added, and the remaining unreacted acetic anhydride is converted to acetic acid and measured by titration with potassium hydroxide.
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Acetobacter cerevisiae is a species of Gram negative acetic acid bacteria. Its type strain is LMG 1625T (= DSM 14362T = NCIB 8894T = ATCC 23765T).
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Sodium acetate, NaCH3COO, also abbreviated NaOAc, is the sodium salt of acetic acid. This colorless deliquescent salt has a wide range of uses.
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The original Knorr synthesis employed two equivalents of ethyl acetoacetate, one of which was converted to ethyl 2-oximinoacetoacetate by dissolving it in glacial acetic acid, and slowly adding one equivalent of saturated aqueous sodium nitrite, under external cooling. Zinc dust was then stirred in, reducing the oxime group to the amine. This reduction consumes two equivalents of zinc and four equivalents of acetic acid. Knorr 1886 synthesis Modern practice is to add the oxime solution resulting from the nitrosation and the zinc dust gradually to a well-stirred solution of ethyl acetoacetate in glacial acetic acid.
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The natural esterification that takes place in wines and other alcoholic beverages during the aging process is an example of acid-catalysed esterification. Over time, the acidity of the acetic acid and tannins in an aging wine will catalytically protonate other organic acids (including acetic acid itself), encouraging ethanol to react as a nucleophile. As a result, ethyl acetate—the ester of ethanol and acetic acid—is the most abundant ester in wines. Other combinations of organic alcohols (such as phenol-containing compounds) and organic acids lead to a variety of different esters in wines, contributing to their different flavours, smells and tastes.
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They soaked the gel in a dye solution containing methanol, acetic acid and water. As the dye stained the polyacrylamide gel as well as the protein, in order to visualise the protein bands they needed to destain the gel which they did electrophoretically. Subsequent publications reported that polyacrylamide gels could be successfully destained using an acetic acid solution. The first report of the use of the "G" form of the dye to visualise protein bands in polyacrylamide gels came in 1967, where the dye was dissolved in an acetic acid solution containing methanol.. Page 184 personal communication from W. J. Saphonov.
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An effect of World War I was a scarcity in raw materials such as photographic paper, optical glass, gelatin and many chemicals, including methanol, acetic acid and acetone. After the war ended, Eastman Kodak founder George Eastman began working to have an independent supply of chemicals for his photographic processes. His search for suitable quantities of methanol and acetone led him to the southern United States. In 1920, Tennessee Eastman was founded with two major platforms – organic chemicals and acetyls. Products such as calcium acetate, sodium acetate, acetic acid, and acetic anhydride became the basis for the company’s platforms.
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A significant amount of formic acid is produced as a byproduct in the manufacture of other chemicals. At one time, acetic acid was produced on a large scale by oxidation of alkanes, by a process that cogenerates significant formic acid. This oxidative route to acetic acid is declining in importance, so that the aforementioned dedicated routes to formic acid have become more important.
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Acetic oxalic anhydride is an organic compound with a chemical formula of and a structural formula of (H3C-(C=O)-O-(C=O)-)2. It can be viewed as a mixed anhydride, formally derived from acetic acid (H3C-(C=O)OH) and oxalic acid ((-(C=O)OH)2), in 2:1 molecular ratio, by the loss of two water molecules.
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During biomethanation process, insoluble organic material and higher molecular mass compounds will first be transformed into simple carbon compounds. These break-down products will then be fermented to acetic acid, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Eventually, the acetic acids can be fermented by different methanogenic bacteria to produce methane. The product of Methanobacteria in human body can be used to test diseases.
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The reverse reaction, the de-insertion of CO and alkenes, are of fundamental significance in many catalytic cycles as well. Widely employed applications of migratory insertion of carbonyl groups are hydroformylation and the carbonylative production of acetic acid. The former converts alkenes, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide into aldehydes. The production of acetic acid by carbonylation proceeds via two similar industrial processes.
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The following three-step synthesis of lacosamide was proposed in 1996. 500pm (R)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid is treated with acetic anhydride and acetic acid. The product is treated first with N-methylmorpholine, isobutyl chloroformate, and benzylamine, next with methyl iodide and silver oxide, forming lacosamide. More efficient routes to synthesis have been proposed in recent years, including the following.
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The monomer, vinyl acetate, was first produced on an industrial scale by the addition of acetic acid to acetylene with a mercury(I) saltRutherford John Gettens and George Leslie Stout, Painting Materials: A Short Encyclopaedia (Princeton, New Jersey: D. Van Nostrand, 1942),page 74. but it is now primarily made by palladium catalyzed oxidative addition of acetic acid to ethylene.
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Products include acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid. These materials can be used by host cells, providing a major source of energy and nutrients. Gases (which cause flatulence) and organic acids, such as lactic acid, are also produced by fermentation. Acetic acid is used by muscle, propionic acid facilitates liver production of ATP, and butyric acid provides energy to gut cells.
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Organic acid anhydrides are prepared in industry by diverse means. Acetic anhydride is mainly produced by the carbonylation of methyl acetate.Zoeller, J. R.; Agreda, V. H.; Cook, S. L.; Lafferty, N. L.; Polichnowski, S. W.; Pond, D. M. "Eastman Chemical Company Acetic Anhydride Process" Catalysis Today (1992), volume 13, pp.73-91. Maleic anhydride is produced by the oxidation of benzene or butane.
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When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats. The global demand for acetic acid is about 6.5 million metric tons per year (Mt/a), of which approximately 1.5 Mt/a is met by recycling; the remainder is manufactured from methanol. Vinegar is mostly dilute acetic acid, often produced by fermentation and subsequent oxidation of ethanol.
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Because of its cumulative double bonds, ethenone is highly reactive and reacts in an addition reaction H-acidic compounds to the corresponding acetic acid derivatives. It does for example react with water to acetic acid or with primary or secondary amines to the corresponding acetamides. Ethenone is highly poisonous; its toxicity is about eight times that of phosgene. Ethenone tends to spontaneously polymerize.
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The intermediate naphtyl methyl radical was formed during the reaction of sulfate radical anion with NAA.Naduvilpurakkal B. Shibin, Radhakrishnan Sreekanth, Usha K. Aravind, Kadavilpparampu M. Afsal Mohammed, Narayana V. Chandrashekhar, Jayan Joseph, Sisir K. Sarkar, Devidas B. Naik and Charuvila T. Aravindakumar. Radical chemistry of glucosamine naphthalene acetic acid and naphthalene acetic acid: a pulse radiolysis study. J. Phys. Org. Chem.
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The Rhodospirillales are an order of Proteobacteria, with two families: the Acetobacteraceae and the Rhodospirillaceae.LPSN The Acetobacteraceae comprise the acetic acid bacteria, which are heterotrophic and produce acetic acid during their respiration.Garrity, George M.; Brenner, Don J.; Krieg, Noel R.; Staley, James T. (eds.) (2005). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Volume Two: The Proteobacteria, Part C: The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria.
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Acetyl bromide is an acyl bromide compound. As is expected, it may be prepared by reaction between phosphorus tribromide and acetic acid: : 3 CH3COOH + PBr3 → 3 CH3COBr + H3PO3 As usual for an acid halide, acetyl bromide hydrolyzes rapidly in water, forming acetic acid and hydrobromic acid. It also reacts with alcohols and amines to produce acetate esters and acetamides, respectively.
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The high yields of the crop assures the factory adequate supply of raw material. Due to increased demand, the price is attractive and rising. Some of the associated bio-products include animal feed, chicken feed and acetaldehyde, which is used in making acetic acid. The by-products of acetic acid are used in printing processes, wood furniture and the treatment of bacterial infections.
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Reaction of scrap iron with acetic acid affords a brown mixture of various iron(II) and iron(III) acetates that are used in dyeing.
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Before injection onto the chromatographic column, the alcohol substituent on tetrahymanol is acetylated with acetic anhydride, allowing it to volatilize and enter the GC.
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Carvonic acid, or α-methylene-4-methyl-5-oxo-3-cyclohexene-1-acetic acid, is a terpenoid formed by metabolism of carvone in humans.
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By warming oxyfurazan acetic acid with excess of potassium permanganate, oxyfurazancarboxylic acid is obtained. It crystallizes as prisms (m.p. 175 °C). Furazancarboxylic acid (m.p.
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Species of anaerobic bacteria, including members of the genus Clostridium or Acetobacterium can convert sugars to acetic acid directly without creating ethanol as an intermediate. The overall chemical reaction conducted by these bacteria may be represented as: : C6H12O6 → 3 CH3COOH These acetogenic bacteria produce acetic acid from one-carbon compounds, including methanol, carbon monoxide, or a mixture of carbon dioxide and hydrogen: : 2 CO2 \+ 4 H2 → CH3COOH + 2 H2O This ability of Clostridium to metabolize sugars directly, or to produce acetic acid from less costly inputs, suggests that these bacteria could produce acetic acid more efficiently than ethanol-oxidizers like Acetobacter. However, Clostridium bacteria are less acid-tolerant than Acetobacter. Even the most acid-tolerant Clostridium strains can produce vinegar in concentrations of only a few per cent, compared to Acetobacter strains that can produce vinegar in concentrations up to 20%.
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An efficient conversion of tryptophan to indole-3-acetic acid and/or tryptophol can be achieved by some species of fungi in the genus Rhizoctonia.
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Heating with potassium carbonate and glycerol actonide displaced the activating group to produce ester 3, which was deblocked in acetic acid to produce clonixeril (4).
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The drug disulfiram (Antabuse) prevents the oxidation of acetaldehyde to acetic acid. Antabuse is sometimes used as a deterrent for alcoholics wishing to stay sober.
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It is also soluble in ethanol, acetone, acetic acid, glycerine, pyridine, aldehydes; slightly soluble in diethyl ether; and insoluble in oil, fat and most hydrocarbons.
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The solvent and miscibility properties of acetic acid make it a useful industrial chemical, for example, as a solvent in the production of dimethyl terephthalate.
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Streptomyces atrovirens is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which was isolated from soil in Egypt.UniProt Streptomyces atrovirens produces indole-3-acetic acid.
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Burow's solution is a preparation of aluminium subacetate and glacial acetic acid. It has astringent and antiseptic properties and is used for various skin conditions.
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In the Cativa process, carbon monoxide and methanol react in the presence of a homogeneous Iridium catalyst and hydroiodic acid to give acetic acid. This process is responsible for most of the industrial production of acetic acid. An industrial scale use for pure carbon monoxide is purifying nickel in the Mond process. Carbon monoxide can also be used in the water-gas shift reaction to produce hydrogen.
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A. aceti is used for the mass production of acetic acid, the main component in vinegar. During the fermentation process of vinegar production, it is used to act on wines and ciders resulting in vinegar with acetic acid. It can be converted by a silicone tube reactor, which aids the fermentation process with oxidation. A. aceti has not been reported as a human pathogen.
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Phenyl acetate is the ester of phenol and acetic acid. It can be produced by decarboxylation of aspirin or by reacting phenol with acetic anhydride or acetyl chloride. Phenyl acetate can be separated into phenol and an acetate salt, via saponification: heating the phenyl acetate with a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide, will produce phenol and an acetate salt (sodium acetate, if sodium hydroxide were used).
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Lactobacillus acetotolerans (New Latin 'vinegar-tolerating milk-bacillus') is a species of gram positive bacteria in the genus Lactobacillus. Discovered in rice wine vinegar, it has a very high tolerance for acetic acid. It can tolerate an acetic acid concentration of over 9% and a pH as low as 3.3. It is known to produce sour flavors in beer it invades, by producing lactic acid.
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In addition to household vinegar, it is mainly produced as a precursor to polyvinyl acetate and cellulose acetate. It is classified as a weak acid since it only partially dissociates in solution, but concentrated acetic acid is corrosive and can attack the skin. Acetic acid is the second simplest carboxylic acid (after formic acid). It consists of a methyl group attached to a carboxyl group.
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Cane vinegars from Ilocos are made in two different ways. One way is to simply place sugar cane juice in large jars; it becomes sour by the direct action of bacteria on the sugar. The other way is through fermentation to produce a local wine known as basi. Low-quality basi is then allowed to undergo acetic acid fermentation that converts alcohol into acetic acid.
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It is prepared from acetic anhydride and dinitrogen pentoxide or with nitric acid: :(CH3CO)2O + HNO3 → CH3C(O)ONO2 \+ CH3CO2H It hydrolyzes in air to acetic and nitric acid, the reverse of the above reaction. Alternatively, nitric acid adds to ketene. It is used for some nitrations and nitrolysis reactions.Louw, Robert "Acetyl nitrate" e-EROS Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis 2001, 1-2.
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Billions of kilograms are generated annually in the production of acetic acid.Hosea Cheung, Robin S. Tanke, G. Paul Torrence "Acetic Acid" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley- VCH, Weinheim. The hydroxyl group of a sulfonic acid may also be replaced by a halogen to produce the corresponding sulfonyl halide. In practical terms this is almost always chloride to give the sulfonyl chloride.
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It has been demonstrated that Z. bailii is able to consume acetic acid in the presence of fermentable sugars,Sousa, M.J., Rodrigues, F., Corte-Real, M., Leao, C., 1998. Mechanisms underlying the transport and intracellular metabolism of acetic acid in the presence of glucose in the yeast Zygosaccharomyces bailii. Microbiology 144, 665-670. whereas the acetate uptake and utilization systems of S. cerevisiae are all glucose- repressed.
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Acetic formic anhydride is a formylation agent for amines, amino acids, and alcohols. It is also a starting material for other compounds such as formyl fluoride.
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The name Acetothermus derives from: Latin noun acetum, vinegar; Greek adjective thermos (θερμός), hot; New Latin masculine gender noun Acetothermus, a thermophilic microorganism producing acetic acid.
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Protection: Acetic anhydride, pyridine, 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine, and dichloromethane Deprotection: Potassium carbonate in methanol and water solvent Protection prevented mesylation of the primary oxygen in 5.8.
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Acetic acid is added to remove lithium and liberate the free alcohol. Scheme 1. Reaction of ethyl propiolate with n-butyllithium to form the lithium acetylide.
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Aluminium monoacetate, also known as dibasic aluminium acetate, forms from Al(OH)3 and dilute aqueous acetic acid. More concentrated acid leads to the di- and triacetate.
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Dicarboxylic acids are converted to the anhydrides upon treatment with acetic anhydride.B. H. Nicolet and J. A. Bender "3-Nitrophthalic Anhydride" Org. Synth. 1927, vol. 7, 74.
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Dodecyl acetate or lauryl acetate, CH3COO(CH2)11CH3, is the dodecyl ester of acetic acid. It has a floral odor and is useful as a perfume additive.
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The major side- products are ethyl acetate, formic acid, and formaldehyde, all of which have lower boiling points than acetic acid and are readily separated by distillation.
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Calclacite is formed on samples of rocks, fossils, and on fragments of ceramics, by the action of acetic acid produced from the oak of the storage cabinets.
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Caprolactam is the feedstock in the production of Nylon 6. The Beckmann solution consists of acetic acid, hydrochloric acid and acetic anhydride, and was widely used to catalyze the rearrangement. Other acids, such as sulfuric acid, polyphosphoric acid, and hydrogen fluoride have all been used. Sulfuric acid is the most commonly used acid for commercial lactam production due to its formation of an ammonium sulfate by-product when neutralized with ammonia.
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Pectin is most stable at a pH of 3.5, so the more basic pH within ketchup will protonate the hydroxyl side chains and therefore create a less viscous gel. Acetic acid within vinegar also has hydroxyl groups that will have a dispersed amount of negative and neutral charges along each molecule. The acetic acid and pectin will display repulsive interactions between the negatively charged oxygens on each molecule.
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So, the chemical composition of TBV, relating to the AAB oxidation products, is highly variable and depends on several factors such as the type of grape must, cooking modality, oxidation temperature, and others. The acetification process and the growth of relevant bacteria are mainly affected by the alcohol, sugar, and acetic acid content.Gullo, M. and Giudici, P. (2006). Isolation and selection of acetic acid bacteria strains for traditional balsamic vinegar.
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Iron powder reacts with hot acetic acid to give the product: :Fe + 2 CH3CO2H → Fe(CH3CO2)2 \+ H2 It can also be made from the insoluble, olive green, Iron(II) carbonate. It adopts a polymeric structure with octahedral Fe(II) centers bridged by acetate ligands. It is not an ionic compound. The hydrate can be made by the reaction of ferrous oxide or ferrous hydroxide with acetic acid.
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Notable descaling agents include acetic acid, citric acid, glycolic acid, formic acid, lactic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfamic acid and hydrochloric acid. The calcium salts are soluble and thus washed away during dissolution or Solvation. The speed of the descaling action depends on the concentration and acidity or pH of the solution provided. Hydrochloric acid is much stronger than acetic acid for example, so tends to remove scale faster.
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Chloroacetic acid is prepared industrially via two routes. The predominant method involves chlorination of acetic acid, with acetic anhydride as a catalyst. This route suffers from the production of dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid as impurities, which are difficult to separate by distillation. The second method entails hydrolysis of trichloroethylene: : + 2 → + 2 The hydrolysis is conducted at 130–140 °C in a concentrated (75%+) solution of sulfuric acid.
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High ambient temperatures can increase the rapidity of the decay. Generally, in cabinets or display cases that are entirely or partially made of wood, the hydrolysis of acetyl groups in the wood hemicelluloses creates acetic acid. The rate at which the acetic acid is produced is proportional to the concentration of esters in the wood, the humidity, the temperature, and the overall acidity of the environment.Berndt, H. (1987).
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The compound can be prepared by treating nickel or nickel(II) carbonate with acetic acid: :NiCO3 \+ 2 CH3CO2H + 3 H2O → Ni(CH3CO2)2·4 H2O + CO2 The green tetrahydrate has been shown by X-ray crystallography to adopt an octahedral structure, the central nickel centre being coordinated by four water molecules and two acetate ligands. It may be dehydrated in vacuo, by reaction with acetic anhydride, or by heat.
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As progressive distillations produce solutions with less and less water, each further distillation becomes less effective at removing the remaining water. Distilling the solution to dry acetic acid is therefore economically impractical. But ethyl acetate forms an azeotrope with water that boils at 70.4 °C. By adding ethyl acetate as an entrainer, it is possible to distill away the azeotrope and leave nearly pure acetic acid as the residue.
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The Rathburn Company of Toronto began to produce distillates including, wood alcohol and calcium acetate, used to make acetic acid or acetone, in 1897. The Standard Chemical Company of Toronto established in 1897, initiated the production of acetic acid in 1899 and formaldehyde, from the oxidation of wood alcohol, in 1909. This later product was an essential element in the production of the fully synthetic, phenol-formaldehyde plastic (Bakelite).
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Pierre-Auguste Adet (May 17, 1763 Nevers – March 19, 1834 Paris) was a French scientist, politician, and diplomat. He worked with Lavoisier on a new chemical notation system, and was secretary to the scientific periodical Annales de chimie, founded in 1789. He proved that glacial acetic acid and vinegar acetic acid were the same substance. He was secretary to the Minister of the Navy and the Colonies, Jean Dalbarade.
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The acetic acid in this fixative lyses red blood cells and dissolves small iron and calcium deposits in tissue. A variant in which the acetic acid is replaced with formic acid can be used for both fixation of tissue and decalcification. The effects of the three chemicals in Bouin solution balance each other. Formalin causes cytoplasm to become basophilic but this effect is balanced by the effect of the picric acid.
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The synthesis of aspirin is classified as an esterification reaction. Salicylic acid is treated with acetic anhydride, an acid derivative, causing a chemical reaction that turns salicylic acid's hydroxyl group into an ester group (R-OH → R-OCOCH3). This process yields aspirin and acetic acid, which is considered a byproduct of this reaction. Small amounts of sulfuric acid (and occasionally phosphoric acid) are almost always used as a catalyst.
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Vinegar is produced when acetic acid bacteria act on alcoholic beverages such as wine. They are used to perform specific oxidation reactions through processes called “oxidative fermentations”, that creates vinegar as a byproduct. In the biotechnological industry, these bacteria's oxidation mechanism is exploited to produce a number of compounds such as l-ascorbic acid, dihydroxyacetone, gluconic acid, and cellulose.Mamlouk, D. & Gullo, M. Acetic Acid Bacteria: Physiology and Carbon Sources Oxidation.
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Gluconacetobacter azotocaptans is a species of acetic acid bacteria first isolated from rhizospheres and rhizoplanes of coffee plants. Its type strain is CFN-Ca54T (= ATCC 70098ST = DSM 13594T).
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Gluconacetobacter johannae is a species of acetic acid bacteria first isolated from rhizospheres and rhizoplanes of coffee plants. Its type strain is CFN- Cf55T (= ATCC 700987T = DSM 13595T).
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Quadricyclane readily reacts with acetic acid to give a mixture of nortricyclyl acetate and exo-norbornyl acetate. Quadricyclane also reacts with many dienophiles to form 1:1 adducts.
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The liquid containing eugenol has up to 2% of acetic acid added as an accelerator. A well-known product utilised in this powder-liquid form is Kalzinol™.
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Asaia krungthepensis is a species of acetic acid bacterium first isolated from a Heliconia flower. Its type strain is AA08T (=BCC 12978T =TISTR 1524T =NBRC 100057T =NRIC 0535T).
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In the writhing test, the peripheral nociceptive activity of a test compound is determined by the number of abdominal writhes induced by the intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid.
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SRI Consulting. The two biggest producers of virgin acetic acid are Celanese and BP Chemicals. Other major producers include Millennium Chemicals, Sterling Chemicals, Samsung, Eastman, and Svensk Etanolkemi.
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The dominant application of organoiridium complexes is as catalyst in the Cativa process for carbonylation of methanol to produce acetic acid. The catalytic cycle of the Cativa process.
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Classified as a heterocyclic ester, it is made by reacting tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol with acetic anhydride. Related flavouring compounds are tetrahydrofurfuryl butyrate, tetrahydrofurfuryl cinnamate, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, and tetrahydrofurfuryl propionate.
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This is an example of an esterification reaction where one molecule acetic acid (also called ethanoic acid) reacts with one molecule ethanol, yielding one molecule ethyl acetate (a bimolecular second- order reaction of the type A + B -> C): : 120 g acetic acid (60 g/mol, 2.0 mol) was reacted with 230 g ethanol (46 g/mol, 5.0 mol), yielding 132 g ethyl acetate (88 g/mol, 1.5 mol). The yield was 75%. # The molar amount of the reactants is calculated from the weights (acetic acid: 120 g ÷ 60 g/mol = 2.0 mol; ethanol: 230 g ÷ 46 g/mol = 5.0 mol). # Ethanol is used in a 2.5-fold excess (5.0 mol ÷ 2.0 mol).
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Over time, the acidity of the acetic acid and tannins in an aging wine will catalytically protonate other organic acids (including acetic acid itself), encouraging ethanol to react as a nucleophile. As a result, ethyl acetate – the ester of ethanol and acetic acid – is the most abundant ester in wines. Other combinations of organic alcohols (such as phenol-containing compounds) and organic acids lead to a variety of different esters in wines, contributing to their different flavours, smells and tastes. Of course, when compared to sulfuric acid conditions, the acid conditions in a wine are mild, so yield is low (often in tenths or hundredths of a percentage point by volume) and take years for ester to accumulate.
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This is seen for example in the oxidation of acetaldehyde to acetic acid by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, a step in the metabolism of ethanol and in the production of vinegar.
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Sodium diacetate is a compound with formula . It is a salt of acetic acid. It is a colorless solid that is used in seasonings and as an antimicrobial agent.
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Acetyl chloride (CH3COCl) is an acyl chloride derived from acetic acid. It belongs to the class of organic compounds called acyl halides. It is a colorless, corrosive, volatile liquid.
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Acetic anhydride is commonly used as an acetylating agent reacting with free hydroxyl groups. For example, it is used in the synthesis of aspirin, heroin, and THC-O-acetate.
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Other products were PVC and basic chemicals such as trichlorethylene, formaldehyde, tetrahydrofuran, acetic acid, and acetone. Another factory, Hüls-Werke in Marl started production of Buna rubber in 1939.
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2-Ethoxyethyl acetate is an organic compound with the formula CH3CH2OCH2CH2O2CCH3. It is the ester of ethoxyethanol and acetic acid. A colorless liquid, it is partially soluble in water.
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Unlike some other anhydrides, Acetic oxalic anhydride cannot be obtained directly from the acids. It was synthesized in 1953 by W. Edwards and W. M. Henley, by reacting silver oxalate () suspended in diethyl ether with acetyl chloride at temperatures below −5 °C and distilling off the solvent under low pressure. It can also be obtained by reacting anhydrous oxalic acid with ketene (=C=O).W. R. Edwards and Walter M. Henley (1953), Acetic Oxalic Anhydride.
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Therefore, it is believed that the Cu (NO3)2 affects the localized differential oxidation rate at the defect site. The addition of the acetic acid gave the background surface of the etched silicon a smooth finish. It is theorized that this effect is attributed to the wetting action of the acetic acid which prevents the formation of bubbles during etching. All experimental preferential etching to show defects was done on cleaned and oxidized wafers.
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Males have specific scent organs called hair-pencils that contain benzyl alcohol in young males as well as benzaldehyde and acetic acid. Female antennae can detect benzaldehyde and acetic acid. It has been shown that females are more likely to choose males with intact hair-pencils than males with hair-pencils removed. However, these scent organs are not necessary for copulation as a significant portion of females will still mate with males with no hairpencils.
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Ethanol can be oxidized to acetaldehyde and further oxidized to acetic acid, depending on the reagents and conditions. This oxidation is of no importance industrially, but in the human body, these oxidation reactions are catalyzed by the enzyme liver alcohol dehydrogenase. The oxidation product of ethanol, acetic acid, is a nutrient for humans, being a precursor to acetyl CoA, where the acetyl group can be spent as energy or used for biosynthesis.
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The Ivanov reaction is the chemical reaction of the dianions (endiolates) of aryl acetic acids (Ivanov reagents) with electrophiles, primarily carbonyl compounds or isocyanates. The reaction was named after the Bulgarian organic chemist, Academician Dimitar Ivanov, who discovered it. The Ivanov reaction Ivanov reagents (dianions of aryl acetic acids) react with many electrophiles, including aldehydes, ketones, isocyanates, and alkyl halides. The product does not usually spontaneously decarboxylate, but it is possible with some reagents.
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The triglyceride 1,2,3-triacetoxypropane is more generally known as triacetin, glycerin triacetate or 1,2,3-triacetylglycerol. It is the triester of glycerol and acetylating agents, such as acetic acid and acetic anhydride. It is a colorless, viscous and odorless liquid at standard temperature and pressure (STP) with a high boiling point and a low melting point. It has a mild, sweet taste in concentrations lower than 500 ppm, but may appear bitter at higher concentrations.
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Twenty percent acetic acid vinegar can be used as a herbicide, but acetic acid is not absorbed into root systems so the vinegar will only kill the top growth and perennial plants may reshoot. Applying vinegar to common jellyfish stings deactivates the nematocysts, although not as effectively as hot water. This also applies to the Portuguese man o' war, which, although generally considered to be a jellyfish, is not. Vinegar is not effective against lice.
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File:Catalystmechanism.PNG The above figure illustrates the proposed mechanism for oxidation by the White–Chen catalyst. The reaction proceeds in conjunction with hydrogen peroxide oxidant and acetic acid. The catalyst quickly reacts with hydrogen peroxide, believed to be catalyzed by the acetic acid, and forms and iron-oxo intermediate. The iron-oxo intermediate is then thought to abstract a hydrogen on the carbon to be oxidized to generate a short-lived carbon centered radical.
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Many DCCC solvent systems contain both chloroform and water. The solvent system used in the seminal publication was made from chloroform, acetic acid, and aqueous 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. Many subsequent solvents systems were made with chloroform, methanol, and water which is sometimes represented as a ChMWat solvent system. Solvent systems formulated with n-butanol, water and a modifier such as acetic acid, pyridine or n-propanol have also enjoyed some success in DCCC.
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The synthesis of gambierol consists of two tetracyclic precursor molecules, one alcohol and one acetic acid, that fuse together. The whole synthesis of gambierol is depicted in the figure below. After obtaining the octacyclic backbone, the tail is added via Stille coupling. The acetic acid (compound 1) and alcohol (compound 2) are converted to compound 3. The reaction of compound 3 with the titanium alkylidene from dibromide 1,1-dibromoethane, provides cyclic enol ether (compound 4).
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Vinegar test is a cervical cancer testing method that uses acetic acid, a major component of vinegar. It has been found to be useful as an effective and inexpensive screening test. It has the potential, say researchers from the University of Zimbabwe and Johns Hopkins University, to improve the chances of preventing cancer in developing world. The technique, termed VIA (Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid)/Cryo, was endorsed by the World Health Organization in 2010.
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Other things being equal, compounds that readily donate hydrons (Brønsted acids, see below) are generally polar, hydrophilic solutes and are often soluble in solvents with high relative static permittivity (dielectric constants). Examples include organic acids like acetic acid (CH3COOH) or methanesulfonic acid (CH3SO3H). However, large nonpolar portions of the molecule may attenuate these properties. Thus, as a result of its alkyl chain, octanoic acid (C7H15COOH) is considerably less hydrophilic compared to acetic acid.
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3-Thiophene acetic acid is an organosulfur compound with the formula HO2CCH2C4H3S. It is a white solid. The compound has attracted attention as a precursor to functionalized derivatives of polythiophene.
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It is prepared by the reaction of chlorine with acetic acid in the presence of a suitable catalyst. : + 3 → +3 Another route to trichloroacetic acid is the oxidation of trichloroacetaldehyde.
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Ethanol is an important industrial ingredient. It has widespread use as a precursor for other organic compounds such as ethyl halides, ethyl esters, diethyl ether, acetic acid, and ethyl amines.
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It has a refractive index of 1.4950–1.4972 at 20 °C. α-Tocopherol acetate is hydrolyzed to α-tocopherol and acetic acid under suitable conditions or when ingested by people.
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The industrial synthesis uses the reaction between cyanamide and hydrazine in aqueous solution. :File:Aminoguanidine_synthesis01.svg The compound can also be obtained from the reduction of nitroguanidine with zinc in acetic acid.
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Sterling Chemicals is a chemicals producer, located in Houston, Texas. Product include acetic acid (16% of the North American market) and plasticizers. In 2011 it was acquired by Eastman Chemical Company.
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Potassium acetate is used as a catalyst in the production of polyurethanes.Hosea Cheung, Robin S. Tanke, G. Paul Torrence "Acetic Acid" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. .
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It will produce acetic acid if maintained in aerobic conditions. Because some of its fermentative products are electrochemically active, A. xylanus is being researched for use in self-recycling voltaic cells.
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M.S. thesis The other method for making ketones consists on converting the vaporized carboxylic acids on a catalytic bed of zirconium oxide.Ingram, D. 2002. Ketonization of acetic acid. B.S. student report.
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Hemin can be produced from haemoglobin by the so-called Teichmann test, when haemoglobin is heated with glacial acetic acid (saturated with saline). This can be used to detect blood traces.
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As such, its major application is for cellulose acetate, a synthetic textile also used for photographic film. Acetic anhydride is also a reagent for the production of heroin and other compounds.
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Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is an organofluorine compound with the chemical formula CF3CO2H. It is a structural analogue of acetic acid with all three of the acetyl group’s hydrogen atoms replaced by fluorine atoms and is a colorless liquid with a vinegar like odor. TFA is a stronger acid than acetic acid, having an acid ionisation constant that is approximately 34,000 times higher,Note: Calculated from the ratio of the Ka values for TFA (pKa = 0.23) and acetic acid (pKa = 4.76) as the highly electronegative fluorine atoms and consequent electron-withdrawing nature of the trifluoromethyl group weakens the oxygen-hydrogen bond (allowing for greater acidity) and stabilises the anionic conjugate base. TFA is widely used in organic chemistry for various purposes.
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Negative visual inspection with acetic acid of the cervix Positive visual inspection with acetic acid of the cervix for CIN-1 In areas where Pap smear screening is not available or affordable, other methods of testing have been evaluated. Visual inspection of the cervix, using acetic acid (white vinegar; VIA) or Lugol’s iodine (VILI) to highlight precancerous lesions so they can be viewed with the "naked eye", shifts the identification of precancer from the laboratory to the clinic. Such procedures eliminate the need for laboratories and transport of specimens, require very little equipment and provide women with immediate test results. A range of medical professionals—doctors, nurses, or professional midwives—can effectively perform the procedure, provided they receive adequate training and supervision.
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Reaction of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and methanethiol CH3SH in the presence of nickel sulfide and iron sulfide generates the methyl thioester of acetic acid [CH3-CO-SCH3] and presumably thioacetic acid (CH3-CO-SH) as the simplest activated acetic acid analogues of acetyl-CoA. These activated acetic acid derivatives serve as starting materials for subsequent exergonic synthetic steps. They also serve for energy coupling with endergonic reactions, notably the formation of (phospho)anhydride compounds. However, Huber and Wächtershäuser reported low 0.5% acetate yields based on the input of CH3SH (Methanethiol) (8 mM) in the presence of 350 mM CO. This is about 500 times and 3700 times the highest CH3SH and CO concentrations respectively measured to date in a natural hydrothermal vent fluid.
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One computational study has established the mechanism accounting for solvent molecules and substituents. The rearrangement of acetone oxime in the Beckmann solution involved three acetic acid molecules and one proton (present as an oxonium ion). In the transition state leading to the iminium ion (σ-complex), the methyl group migrates to the nitrogen atom in a concerted reaction as the hydroxyl group is expelled. The oxygen atom in the hydroxyl group is stabilized by three acetic acid molecules.
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These can combine with intact molecules or each other to form other ketones. When heating 2,3,4-pentanetrione with oxygen, the oxidation products are diacetyl, acetic acid, water and carbon dioxide. Alkalis convert it into acetic acid and formaldehyde. 2,3,4-Pentanetrione does a condensation reaction with o-phenylenediamine to yield methyl-quinoxaline-2-methylketone, a heterocyclic dicycle. In this the carbon number 2 and 3 react with the amine groups, leaving the CO on number 5 alone.
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Acetic acid solution and iodine solution (Lugol's or Schiller's) are applied to the surface to improve visualization of abnormal areas. Colposcopy is performed with the woman lying back, legs in stirrups, and buttocks at the lower edge of the table (a position known as the dorsal lithotomy position). A speculum is placed in the vagina after the vulva is examined for any suspicious lesions. 1% or 3% dilute acetic acid is applied to the cervix using cotton swabs.
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More recently (2014) a "one-pot" synthesis from hydroquinone has been described before the Royal Society of Chemistry. The process may be summarized as follows: : Hydroquinone, ammonium acetate, and acetic acid were mixed in an argon atmosphere and heated slowly to 230 °C. The mixture was stirred at this temperature for 15 hours. After cooling the acetic acid was evaporated and the precipitate was filtered, washed with water and dried to give paracetamol as a white solid.
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It grows best in temperatures that range from 25 to 30 degrees Celsius and in pH that ranges from 5.4 to 6.3. For a long time it has been used in the fermentation industry to produce acetic acid from alcohol. Acetobacter aceti is an obligate aerobe, which means that it requires oxygen to grow. Acetobacter aceti is economically important because it is used in the production of vinegar by converting the ethanol in wine into acetic acid.
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"Dancing the cocoa", El Cidros, Trinidad, c. 1957 Cacao pods are harvested by cutting them from the tree using a machete, or by knocking them off the tree using a stick. The beans with their surrounding pulp are removed from the pods and placed in piles or bins, allowing access to micro- organisms so fermentation of the pectin-containing material can begin. Yeasts produce ethanol, lactic acid bacteria produce lactic acid, and acetic acid bacteria produce acetic acid.
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The Wohl degradation in carbohydrate chemistry is a chain contraction method for aldoses.. The classic example is the conversion of glucose to arabinose as shown below. The reaction is named after the German chemist Alfred Wohl (1863–1939). The Wohl degradation In one modification,.. d-glucose is converted to the glucose oxime by reaction with hydroxylamine and sodium methoxide. In the second step the pentaacetyl glycononitrile is formed by reaction with acetic anhydride in acetic acid with sodium acetate.
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In the case of esterification with acetic anhydrides the currently accepted mechanism involves three steps. First, DMAP and acetic anhydride react in a pre-equilibrium reaction to form an ion pair of acetate and the acetylpyridinium ion. In the second step the alcohol adds to the acetylpyridinium, and elimination of pyridine forms an ester. Here the acetate acts as a base to remove the proton from the alcohol as it nucleophilically adds to the activated acylpyridinium.
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Fish show different responses to different noxious stimuli, even when these are apparently similar. This indicates the response is flexible and not simply a nociceptive reflex. Atlantic cod injected in the lip with acetic acid, capsaicin, or piercing the lip with a commercial fishing hook, showed different responses to these three types of noxious stimulation. Those cod treated with acetic acid and capsaicin displayed increased hovering close to the bottom of the tank and reduced use of shelter.
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In solid acetic acid, the molecules form chains, individual molecules being interconnected by hydrogen bonds. In the vapour at , dimers can be detected. Dimers also occur in the liquid phase in dilute solutions in non-hydrogen-bonding solvents, and a certain extent in pure acetic acid, but are disrupted by hydrogen-bonding solvents. The dissociation enthalpy of the dimer is estimated at 65.0–66.0 kJ/mol, and the dissociation entropy at 154–157 J mol−1 K−1.
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Most acetic acid is produced by methanol carbonylation. In this process, methanol and carbon monoxide react to produce acetic acid according to the equation: :250px The process involves iodomethane as an intermediate, and occurs in three steps. A catalyst, metal carbonyl, is needed for the carbonylation (step 2). #CH3OH + HI → CH3I + H2O #CH3I + CO → CH3COI #CH3COI + H2O → CH3COOH + HI Two related processes for the carbonylation of methanol: the rhodium-catalyzed Monsanto process, and the iridium-catalyzed Cativa process.
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A weak electrolyte is a substance whose solute exists in solution mostly in the form of molecules (which are said to be "undissociated"), with only a small fraction in the form of ions. Simply because a substance does not readily dissolve does not make it a weak electrolyte. Acetic acid (CH3COOH) and ammonium (NH4+) are good examples. Acetic acid is extremely soluble in water, but most of the compound dissolves into molecules, rendering it a weak electrolyte.
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Triacetate is derived from cellulose by acetylating cellulose with acetic acid and/or acetic anhydride. Acetylation converts hydroxyl groups in cellulose to acetyl groups, which renders the cellulose polymer much more soluble in organic solvents. The cellulose acetate is dissolved in a mixture of dichloromethane and methanol for spinning. As the filaments emerge from a spinneret, the solvent is evaporated in warm air, in a process known as dry spinning, leaving a fibre of almost pure triacetate.
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For example, hydrochloric acid is a weak acid in solution in pure acetic acid, HO2CCH3, which is more acidic than water. :HO2CCH3 \+ HCl (HO)2CCH3+ \+ Cl− The extent of ionization of the hydrohalic acids decreases in the order HI > HBr > HCl. Acetic acid is said to be a differentiating solvent for the three acids, while water is not. An important example of a solvent which is more basic than water is dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO, (CH3)2SO.
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However, purification of the sulfone intermediate 2 leads to higher yield and purity. Most often R3 is acetyl or benzoyl, with acetic anhydride or benzoyl chloride used in the preparation of 2.
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Clostridium tyrobutyricum is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacterium that grows under anaerobic conditions and produces butyric acid, acetic acid and hydrogen gas as the major fermentation products from glucose and xylose.
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Guanosine is a white, crystalline powder with no odor and mild saline taste. It is very soluble in acetic acid, slightly soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol, diethyl ether, benzene and chloroform.
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The acetic acid ester of 4-HO-DET is known as 4-AcO- DET. The phosphoric acid ester of 4-HO-DET is known as 4-phosphoryloxy-DET, CEY-19, or ethocybin.
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Asaia siamensis is a species of acetic acid bacterium. It was first isolated from a flower of Calotropis gigantea collected in Bangkok. Its type strain is NRIC 0323T (= JCM 10715T = IFO 16457T).
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There are additional secondary bile acids, such as ursodeoxycholic acid. Deoxycholic acid is soluble in alcohol and acetic acid. When pure, it comes in a white to off-white crystalline powder form.
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When heated tetraketopiperazine does not melt, but turns black at 250°C. Tetraketopiperazine is slightly soluble in water. Tetraketopiperazine is soluble in boiling acetic acid. The solid form has monoclinic prismatic crystals.
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Trenbolone acetate contains trenbolone modified with the addition of a carboxylic acid ester (acetic acid) at the 17β-hydroxyl group. This facilitates the slow release of the AAS from the area of injection.
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2-Acetylfuran was prepared by Ashina in 1914 via the reaction of the methyl Grignard reagent on 2-furonitrile. Modern industrial synthesis generally involves the Friedel–Crafts acylation of furan with acetic anhydride.
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The synthesis of the compound is carried out by a radical addition of cyclopentanone to (+)-limonene under oxygen in acetic acid. As a catalyst, manganese(II) acetate and cobalt(II) acetate are used.
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Hydrocortisone aceponate is a corticosteroid that is used in form of creams for the treatment of various dermatoses (skin conditions). It is an ester of hydrocortisone (cortisol) with acetic acid and propionic acid.
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In these liquids, they grow as a surface film due to their aerobic nature and active motility. Fruit flies or vinegar eels are considered common vectors in the propagation of acetic acid bacteria.
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Sprouting can be inhibited by preharvest spraying with maleic hydrazide, treatment of tubers with methyl ester of naphthalene acetic acid (MENA) in acetone on paper spread between tubers and 0.5-4.0% thiourea solution.
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The uneven reactivity of cellulose presents a common problem affecting the quality of the cellulose acetate product. The cellulose is reacted with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid. It is subjected to a controlled, partial hydrolysis to remove the sulfate and a sufficient number of acetate groups to give the product the desired properties. The anhydroglucose unit is the fundamental repeating structure of cellulose and has three hydroxyl groups which can react to form acetate esters.
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The colour is due to the hydroxyl group (-OH) of cholesterol reacting with the reagents and increasing the conjugation of the un-saturation in the adjacent fused ring. Since this test uses acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid as reagents, caution must be exercised so as not to receive severe burns. Method: Dissolve one or two crystals of cholesterol in dry chloroform in a dry test tube. Add several drops of acetic anhydride and then 2 drops of concentrated H2SO4 and mix carefully.
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Strongly acidic ion exchange resin is then added. The resin is filtered and the opiates are recovered with the addition of ammonia water. The resulting liquid is evaporated using a chemical condenser, then when dry (it is then called glazura - glaze) it is acetylated using acetic anhydride in an anhydrous environment of a non-polar solvent, for example toluene, diethyl ether, chloroform, or most commonly acetone. After acetylation, the solvent is evaporated to remove the acetic anhydride, and finally water is added.
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The peroxide value is determined by measuring the amount of iodine which is formed by the reaction of peroxides (formed in fat or oil) with iodide ion. 2 I− \+ H2O + HOOH -> HOH + 2OH− \+ I2 The base produced in this reaction is taken up by the excess of acetic acid present. The iodine liberated is titrated with sodium thiosulphate. 2S2O32− \+ I2 -> S4O62− \+ 2 I− The acidic conditions (excess acetic acid) prevents formation of hypoiodite (analogous to hypochlorite), which would interfere with the reaction.
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There are different opinions as to what level of volatile acidity is appropriate for higher quality wine. Although too high a concentration is sure to leave an undesirable, 'vinegar' tasting wine, some wine's acetic acid levels are developed to create a more 'complex', desirable taste.Volatile Acidity - great article from Wine & Spirit mag The renowned 1947 Cheval Blanc is widely recognized to contain high levels of volatile acidity. Ethyl acetate is formed in wine by the esterification of ethanol and acetic acid.
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The acetic acid can then be scrubbed (removed) from the organic phase by shaking the organic extract with sodium bicarbonate. The acetic acid reacts with the sodium bicarbonate to form sodium acetate, carbon dioxide, and water. Caffeine can also be extracted from coffee beans and tea leaves using a direct organic extraction. The beans or leaves can be soaked in ethyl acetate which favorably dissolves the caffeine, leaving a majority of the coffee or tea flavor remaining in the initial sample.
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Toronto became the home of the first plastics produced in Canada. The Rathburn Company of Toronto began to produce wood distillates including wood alcohol and calcium acetate, used to make acetic acid or acetone, in 1897. The Standard Chemical Company of Toronto, established in 1897, initiated the production of acetic acid in 1899 and formaldehyde, from the oxidation of wood alcohol, in 1909. This latter product was an essential element in the production of the fully synthetic, phenol-formaldehyde plastic (Bakelite).
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In 1937, Hans Adolf Krebs, who discovered the citric acid cycle bearing his name, confirmed the anaerobic dismutation of pyruvic acid into lactic acid, acetic acid and CO2 by certain bacteria according to the global reaction: :2 pyruvic acid + H2O → lactic acid + acetic acid + CO2 The dismutation of pyruvic acid in other small organic molecules (ethanol + CO2, or lactate and acetate, depending on the environmental conditions) is also an important step in fermentation reactions. Fermentation reactions can also be considered as disproportionation or dismutation biochemical reactions. Indeed, the donor and acceptor of electrons in the redox reactions supplying the chemical energy in these complex biochemical systems are the same organic molecules simultaneously acting as reductant or oxidant. Another example of biochemical dismutation reaction is the disproportionation of acetaldehyde into ethanol and acetic acid.
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Noxiously stimulated common carp show anomalous rocking behaviour and rub their lips against the tank walls Noxiously stimulated zebrafish reduce their frequency of swimming and increase their ventilation rate Noxiously stimulated Atlantic cod display increased hovering close to the bottom of the tank and reduced use of shelter Studies show that fish exhibit protective behavioural responses to putatively painful stimuli. When acetic acid or bee venom is injected into the lips of rainbow trout, they exhibit an anomalous side-to-side rocking behaviour on their pectoral fins, rub their lips along the sides and floors of the tanks and increase their ventilation rate. When acetic acid is injected into the lips of zebrafish, they respond by decreasing their activity. The magnitude of this behavioural response depends on the concentration of the acetic acid.
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The compound can be prepared by the exothermic reaction of sucrose with acetic anhydride at about 145 °C, with sodium acetate as catalyst. The product can be purified by dissolution in ethanol and recrystallization.
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Even in the gas phase, some compounds like acetic acid will exist mostly in the form of dimers or larger groups of molecules, whose configurations may be different from those of the isolated molecule.
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Magnesium acetate appears as white hygroscopic crystals. It smells like acetic acid and is soluble in water. When it is in an aqueous solution its pH will be on the alkaline side of neutral.
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2011 which are produced by esterifying either the ammonium carboxylate salts (e.g., ammonium acetate, propionate, butyrate) or the carboxylic acids (e.g., acetic, propionic, butyric acid) with a high-molecular-weight alcohol (e.g., hexanol, heptanol).
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Her later work included improved distillation column design and plants for the production of ethylene glycol and glacial acetic acid. Hutchinson retired in 1961, and later became an overseer of the Boston Symphony Orchestra.
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In particular, it is used to prepare collagen sponges: collagen is dissolved into acidic solutions of acetic acid or hydrochloric acid that are cast into a mold, frozen with liquid nitrogen and then lyophilized.
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Otomycosis is treated by debridement followed with topical azole antifungals, and symptomatically managed with oral antihistamines. Per a study in Iran 10cc acetic acid 2% plus 90 cc of isopropyl alcohol 70% was effective.
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Both of these acids were used primarily to remove rust. Other rust removal acids are oxalic acid. See also Borax or Boric Acid, Vinegar ( or acetic acid ) which can also help bring out stains.
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Cobalt(II) acetate is the cobalt salt of acetic acid. It is commonly found as the tetrahydrate Co(CH3CO2)2·4 H2O, abbreviated Co(OAc)2·4 H2O. It is used as a catalyst.
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The unicellular alga Euglena gracilis converts exogenous tryptophol to two major metabolites: tryptophol galactoside and an unknown compound (a tryptophol ester), and to minor amounts of indole-3-acetic acid, tryptophol acetate, and tryptophol glucoside.
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The Perkin reaction The above mechanism is not universally accepted, as several other versions exist, including decarboxylation without acetic group transfer.Bansal, Raj K. (1998) Organic Reaction Mechanisms, Tata McGraw Hill, 3rd Edition , pp. 199–201, .
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Acetyl nitrate is the organic compound with the formula CH3C(O)ONO2. It is classified as the mixed anhydride of nitric and acetic acids. It is a colorless explosive liquid that fumes in moist air.
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Aniline attacks acetic anhydride followed by deprotonation of the ammonium ion: center Acetate then acts as a leaving group: center The acetanilide product is insoluble in water and can therefore be filtered off as crystals.
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Mother of vinegar in a bottle Mother of vinegar is a substance composed of a form of cellulose and acetic acid bacteria that develops on fermenting alcoholic liquids, which turns alcohol into acetic acid with the help of oxygen from the air. It is added to wine, cider, or other alcoholic liquids to produce vinegar. Mother of vinegar is also known as Mycoderma aceti, a New Latin expression, from the Greek μύκης ("fungus") plus δέρμα ("skin"), and the Latin aceti ("of the acid").Fuchs, G. [Ed.
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Usually a red dye in dilute acetic acid is applied first to overstain all components. Then a polyacid is applied to remove the red dye from collagen and some other components by displacement. A second acid dye (blue or green) in dilute acetic acid is applied which, in turn, displaces the polyacid, resulting in collagen stained in a contrasting colour to the initial dye used. If erythrocytes are to be stained, a small molecular weight yellow or orange dye is applied before staining with the red dye.
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Krieger, S., Triolo, G., and Dulau, L. "Bacteria and Wine Quality" Lallemand. (2000) Accessed: 14 May 2013 Several species of Pediococcus can also produce acetic acid through other pathways. Wines starting out with a high pH levels (above 3.5) stand the greatest risk of excessive acetic acid production due to the more favorable conditions for Lactobacillus and Pediococcus species.Wibowo, D., Eschenbruch, R., Davis, C.R., Fleet, G.H., and Lee, T.H. "Occurrence and Growth of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Wine" American Journal for Enology and Viticulture. Vol.
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Formaldehyde can be oxidized by the oxygen in air to create formic acid, which then has basically the same effects as acetic acid, reacting with calcium carbonate to produce a salt. The salts (calcium acetate and calcium formate) crystallize through the specimen's outer surface, destroying its fine detail and exposing more areas for further reaction. As the condition progresses, the salt crystals build up over the specimen's surface, which becomes increasingly eroded. The calcium carbonate and acetic acid chemical reaction occurs as follows:Brokerhof, A. (1999).
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The most common way to prepare cellulose acetate phthalate consists of the reaction of a partially substituted cellulose acetate (CA) with phthalic anhydride in the presence of an organic solvent and a basic catalyst. The organic solvents widely used as reaction media for the phthaloylation of cellulose acetate are acetic acid, acetone, or pyridine. The basic catalysts employed are anhydrous sodium acetate when using acetic acid, amines when using acetone, and the organic solvent itself when using pyridine as reaction medium. Malm et al.
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This method can be performed on a multi-kilogram scale. ;Vishal Y Joshi's method Joshi et al. (2006) propose the Koenigs-Knorr method in the stereoselective synthesis of alkyl D-glucopyranosides via glycosylation, with the exception of using lithium carbonate which is less expensive and toxic than the conventional method of using silver or mercury salts. D-glucose is first protected by forming the peracetate by addition of acetic anhydride in acetic acid, and then addition of hydrogen bromide which brominates at the 5-position.
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A vigorous reaction ensued, and the resulting melt soon solidified. and Since no structural theory existed at that time Gerhardt called the compound he obtained "salicylic- acetic anhydride" (wasserfreie Salicylsäure-Essigsäure). When Gerhardt tried to dissolve the solid in a diluted solution of sodium carbonate it immediately decomposed to sodium salts of salicylic and acetic acids. In 1859 an Austrian chemist, Hugo von Gilm, obtained analytically pure acetylsalicylic acid (which he called acetylierte Salicylsäure, acetylated salicylic acid) by a reaction of salicylic acid and acetyl chloride.
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"Countermeasures For Lead Release From On-Glaze Decorating Of Porcelain Products". A. Fukunaga. Ceram. Jap. 37, no. 8. pp. 628. 2002. Test methods are specified according to national and international standards, although testing usually involves: the ware being immersed or filled with a 4% acetic acid solution; covered and left for 24 hours at room temperature, although if cooking ware is being tested higher temperatures are needed; the acetic acid solution decanted from the ware and the concentration of leached metal measured by Atomic absorption spectroscopy.
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For most of human history, acetic acid bacteria of the genus Acetobacter have made acetic acid, in the form of vinegar. Given sufficient oxygen, these bacteria can produce vinegar from a variety of alcoholic foodstuffs. Commonly used feeds include apple cider, wine, and fermented grain, malt, rice, or potato mashes. The overall chemical reaction facilitated by these bacteria is: : C2H5OH + O2 → CH3COOH + H2O A dilute alcohol solution inoculated with Acetobacter and kept in a warm, airy place will become vinegar over the course of a few months.
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The major esters of acetic acid are commonly used as solvents for inks, paints and coatings. The esters include ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, and propyl acetate. They are typically produced by catalyzed reaction from acetic acid and the corresponding alcohol: : H3C−COOH + HO−R → H3C−CO−O−R + H2O, (R = a general alkyl group) Most acetate esters, however, are produced from acetaldehyde using the Tishchenko reaction. In addition, ether acetates are used as solvents for nitrocellulose, acrylic lacquers, varnish removers, and wood stains.
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First, glycol monoethers are produced from ethylene oxide or propylene oxide with alcohol, which are then esterified with acetic acid. The three major products are ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate (EEA), ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate (EBA), and propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PMA, more commonly known as PGMEA in semiconductor manufacturing processes, where it is used as a resist solvent). This application consumes about 15% to 20% of worldwide acetic acid. Ether acetates, for example EEA, have been shown to be harmful to human reproduction.
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At that time, Germany was producing 10,000 tons of glacial acetic acid, around 30% of which was used for the manufacture of indigo dye. Because both methanol and carbon monoxide are commodity raw materials, methanol carbonylation long appeared to be attractive precursors to acetic acid. Henri Dreyfus at British Celanese developed a methanol carbonylation pilot plant as early as 1925. However, a lack of practical materials that could contain the corrosive reaction mixture at the high pressures needed (200 atm or more) discouraged commercialization of these routes.
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Since Bouin solution contains formaldehyde, picric acid and acetic acid, appropriate safety precautions for these substances should be taken and regulations followed. In particular, noting that picric acid can be explosive, sensitive to friction and shock when dry and in contact with some metals can form unstable metal picrates. Under the name "Bouin's fluid" this fixative is also widely used for marine invertebrates. It is prepared as follows: picric acid, saturated aqueous solution – 75 ml; formalin, 40% aqueous solution – 25 ml; acetic acid, glacial – 5 ml.
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Among organic acids, acetic acid, pyridinium trifluoroacetate or pyridinium tosylate can be added, the first one being most efficient and easiest to remove. The achieved acceleration is remarkable, but the reaction inevitably turns from neutral (pH) to acidic. Comparable acceleration is achieved with acetic anhydride, which is used in sugar and nucleoside chemistry. Reaction acceleration depends not only on the additives but also on their form, so all reagents are preferred dry and freshly prepared, and PDC and molecular sieves should be finely ground.
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In the latter case, it significantly increases the acidity of a molecule: the anion formed after giving the proton off becomes stable as a result. Consider acetic acid and its mono-, di-, and trifluoroacetic derivatives and their pKa values (4.74, 2.66, 1.24, and 0.23); in other words, the trifluoro derative is 33,800 times stronger an acid than acetic. Fluorine is a principal component of the strongest known charge-neutral acid, . There is evidence for an even stronger acid, , but it has not proved isolable.
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Caesium acetate or cesium acetate is an ionic caesium compound with the molecular formula CH3CO2Cs. It is a white solid that may be formed by the reaction of caesium hydroxide or caesium carbonate with acetic acid.
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As indicated by its organic chemistry, acetic anhydride is mainly used for acetylations leading to commercially significant materials. Its largest application is for the conversion of cellulose to cellulose acetate, which is a component of photographic film and other coated materials, and is used in the manufacture of cigarette filters. Similarly it is used in the production of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), which is prepared by the acetylation of salicylic acid.. It is also used as a wood preservative via autoclave impregnation to make a longer-lasting timber. In starch industry, acetic anhydride is a common acetylation compound, used for the production of modified starches (E1414, E1420, E1422) Because of its use for the synthesis of heroin by the diacetylation of morphine, acetic anhydride is listed as a U.S. DEA List II precursor, and restricted in many other countries..
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Manganese(III) acetate describes a family of materials with the approximate formula Mn(O2CCH3)3. These materials are brown solids that are soluble in acetic acid and water. They are used in organic synthesis as oxidizing agents.
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Sydnone was first prepared in 1935 by Earl & Mackney by cyclodehydration of N-Nitroso-N-phenylglycine with acetic anhydride. Later work showed that this could be applied fairly generally to the nitrosamines of N-substituted amino acids.
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Forestal is a solvent used in chromatography, composed of acetic acid, water, and hydrochloric acid in a 30:10:3 ratio by volume. It is useful for isolating anthocyanins in room-temperature chromatography using standard filter paper.
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This pKa value is close to that of acetic acid. Below a pH of 4.7, the protonated hydroperoxyl radical will dominate in solution while at pH above 4.7 the superoxide radical anion will be the main species.
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The Martinet dioxindole synthesis proceeds with an alkoxyaniline, 3,4,5-trimethoxyaniline, which reacts with an oxomalonic ester in glacial acetic acid to synthesize 2-carbethoxy-4,5,6-trimethoxyindoxyl, 2-carbethoxy-3,4,5,6-tetramethoxyindole and 4,5,6-trimethoxy-3-hydroxy-3-carbethoxyindole.
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Barfoed's reagent consists of a 0.33 molar solution of copper (II) acetate in 1% acetic acid solution. The reagent does not keep well and it is therefore advisable to make it up when it is actually required.
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To balance this, a bromide ion forms to make up a salt. Similarly iodine in acetic acid reacts to make 4-iodo-1,4-oxathianium iodide. Heating 1,4-oxathiane with ethyl iodide yields 4-ethyl-1,4-oxathianium iodide.
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Sulfacetamide is synthesized either by direct alkylation of acetamide with 4-aminobenzenesulfonyl chloride, or by reacting 4-aminobenzenesulfonamide with acetic anhydride and subsequent selective, reductive deacylation of the resultant acetamide using a system of zinc-sodium hydroxide.
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This method is commonly employed in undergraduate teaching labs. 490px ;Reaction mechanism 800px Formulations containing high concentrations of aspirin often smell like vinegar because aspirin can decompose through hydrolysis in moist conditions, yielding salicylic and acetic acids.
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Bacillus subtilis can biosynthesize silver nanoparticles. Bacillus badius can be used to cleaves penicillin G to 6-amino penicillanic acid (6-APA) and phenyl acetic acid (PAA). Certain Bacillus have mycorrhiza-like activity and potential bioremediation applications.
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The mechanism of the Pummerer rearrangement begins with the acylation of the sulfoxide (resonance structures 1 and 2) by acetic anhydride to give 3, with acetate as byproduct. The acetate then acts as a catalyst to induce an elimination reaction to produce the cationic-thial structure 4, with acetic acid as byproduct. Finally, acetate attacks the thial to give the final product 5. The mechanism of the Pummerer rearrangement The activated thial electrophile can be trapped by various intramolecular and intermolecular nucleophiles to form carbon–carbon bonds and carbon–heteroatom bonds.
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Similarly, the glucofuranose ring may assume several shapes, analogous to the "envelope" conformations of cyclopentane. In the solid state, only the glucopyranose forms are observed, forming colorless crystalline solids that are highly soluble in water and acetic acid but poorly soluble in methanol and ethanol. They melt at (α) and (β), and decompose starting at 188 °C with release of various volatile products, ultimately leaving a residue of carbon.Wenyue Kang and Zhijun Zhang (2020): "Selective Production of Acetic Acid via Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Hexoses over Potassium Salts", Catalysts, volume 10, pages 502-515.
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Acetic acid, a weak acid, donates a proton (hydrogen ion, highlighted in green) to water in an equilibrium reaction to give the acetate ion and the hydronium ion. Red: oxygen, black: carbon, white: hydrogen. Consider the following acid–base reaction: :CH3 COOH + H2O <=> CH3 COO ^{-} + H3O+ Acetic acid, CH3COOH, is an acid because it donates a proton to water (H2O) and becomes its conjugate base, the acetate ion (CH3COO−). H2O is a base because it accepts a proton from CH3COOH and becomes its conjugate acid, the hydronium ion, (H3O+).
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A variety of hydroxylic compounds can add as nucleophiles, forming either enol or ester products. As examples, a water molecule easily adds to ketene to give 1,1-dihydroxyethene and acetic anhydride is produced by the reaction of acetic acid with ketene. Reactions between diols (HO−R−OH) and bis-ketenes (O=C=CH−R′−CH=C=O) yield polyesters with a repeat unit of (−O−R−O−CO−R′−CO). Ethyl acetoacetate, an important starting material in organic synthesis, can be prepared using a diketene in reaction with ethanol.
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Amphibians exhibit classic wiping and withdrawal protective motor responses to noxious chemical, heat and mechanical stimuli. Acetic acid (a strong irritant) applied to the hindlimb of frogs elicits vigorous wiping of the exposed skin; both pH and osmolarity may contribute to the nociception produced. This response is used in a standard test for analgesic effects in frogs, commonly termed the "acetic acid test". In this procedure, dilutions of the acid are placed drop-wise on the dorsum of the frog's thigh until the frog wipes the affected area.
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It is also believed that the digestion of wood by enzymes initiates at the free hydroxyl sites, which is one of the principal reasons why wood is prone to decay.Roger M. Rowell, Bert Kattenbroek, Peter Ratering, Ferry Bongers, Francesco Leicher, and Hal Stebbins, "Production of Dimensionally Stable and Decay Resistant Wood Components Based on Acetylation", presented at International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components. Istanbul, Turkey, 2008 Acetylation effectively changes the free hydroxyls within wood into acetyl groups. This is done by reacting the wood with acetic anhydride, which comes from acetic acid.
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When the user exhales into a breath analyzer, any ethanol present in their breath is oxidized to acetic acid at the anode: CH3CH2OH(g) + H2O(l) → CH3CO2H(l) + 4H+(aq) + 4e− At the cathode, atmospheric oxygen is reduced: O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e− → 2H2O(l) The overall reaction is the oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid and water. CH3CH2OH(l) + O2(g) → CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) The electric current produced by this reaction is measured by a microcontroller, and displayed as an approximation of overall blood alcohol content (BAC) by the Alcosensor.
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TNM is a pale yellow liquid that can be prepared in the laboratory by the nitration of acetic anhydride with anhydrous nitric acid (Chattaway's method). This method was attempted on an industrial scale in the 1950s by Nitroform Products Company in Newark, USA, but the entire plant was destroyed by an explosion in 1953. The first industrial scale production was started in Germany during World War II in an effort to improve the cetane number of diesel fuel. This process improved the original method, which started with acetic acid and nitric acid.
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The production of black tar heroin results in significant amounts of 6-MAM in the final product. 6-MAM is approximately 30 percent more active than diacetylmorphine itself, This is why despite lower heroin content, black tar heroin may be more potent than some other forms of heroin. 6-MAM can be synthesized from morphine using glacial acetic acid with an organic base as a catalyst. The acetic acid must be of a high purity (97–99 per cent) for the acid to properly acetylate the morphine at the 6th position effectively creating 6-MAM.
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Hydrolase is a class of enzyme that commonly perform as biochemical catalysts that use water to break a chemical bond, which typically results in dividing a larger molecule to smaller molecules. Some common examples of hydrolase enzymes are esterases including lipases, phosphatases, glycosidases, peptidases, and nucleosidases. Esterases cleave ester bonds in lipids and phosphatases cleave phosphate groups off molecules. An example of crucial esterase is the acetylcholine esterase, which assists in transforming the neuron impulse into acetic acid after it the hydrolase breaks the acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid.
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In enzymology, a thiamine oxidase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ::thiamine + 2 O2 \+ H2O \rightleftharpoons thiamine acetic acid + 2 H2O2 The 3 substrates of this enzyme are thiamine, O2, and H2O, whereas its two products are thiamine acetic acid and H2O2. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with oxygen as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is thiamine:oxygen 5-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include thiamin dehydrogenase, thiamine dehydrogenase, and thiamin:oxygen 5-oxidoreductase.
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Peracetic acid is produced industrially by the autoxidation of acetaldehyde: :O2 \+ CH3CHO → CH3CO3H It forms upon treatment of acetic acid with hydrogen peroxide with a strong acid catalyst: :H2O2 \+ CH3CO2H CH3CO3H + H2O As an alternative, acetyl chloride and acetic anhydride can be used to generate a solution of the acid with lower water content. Peracetic acid is generated in situ by some laundry detergents. This route involves the reaction of tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED) in the presence of an alkaline hydrogen peroxide solution. The peracetic acid is a more effective bleaching agent than hydrogen peroxide itself.
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This is done by reacting the wood with acetic anhydride, which comes from acetic acid (known as vinegar when in its dilute form). When the free hydroxyl group is transformed to an acetyl group, the ability of the wood to absorb water is greatly reduced, rendering the wood more dimensionally stable and, because it is no longer digestible, extremely durable. In 2007, Titan Wood, a London- based company, with production facilities in The Netherlands, achieved cost- effective commercialization and began large-scale production of acetylated wood under the trade name "Accoya".
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On an industrial scale, the reaction of acetic anhydride with hydrogen chloride produces a mixture of acetyl chloride and acetic acid: :(CH3CO)2O + HCl → CH3COCl + CH3CO2H A key industrial route to propionic anhydride involves thermal dehydration: :2 CH3CH2CO2H -> (CH3CH2CO)2O + H2O Another routes is the Reppe carbonylation of ethylene with propionic acid and nickel carbonyl as the catalyst: :CH2=CH2 \+ CH3CH2CO2H + CO -> (CH3CH2CO)2O Common syntheses of acyl chlorides also entail the reaction of carboxylic acids with phosgene, thionyl chloride, and phosphorus trichloride Phosphorus pentabromide is used for acyl bromides, which are rarely of value.
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To make the wax hard, sodium carbonate was added. Even so, a few batches of records still had some problems and became fogged. The fog problem arose from acetic acid left in the wax; this problem was solved when higher temperatures were used to make sure all the acetic acid was boiled out of the wax. As such, the records from 1889 to 1894 are a reddish-brown color due to the long cooking time. By 1896, Edison started using hydrated alumina in place of acetate of alumina.
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Imbibition printing was initially in monochrome. The basic underlying principle is that bichromate development of a silver gelatine photographic emulsion (not strictly a real chemical emulsion) results in the gelatine being differentially tanned or hardened in proportion to the exposure received, and blackening obtained. When washed in hot water a relief gelatine image is obtained which is then immersed in a dye bath, washed off in a 3% acetic acid solution (one liter for a 16 x 20 inch print to remove excess dye) then to the 1% acetic acid holding bath.
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Acidity is increased by fermentation, marination or by directly adding acids (acetic, citric, lactic) to fish products. Lactic acid bacteria produce the antimicrobial nisin which further enhances preservation. Other preservatives include nitrites, sulphites, sorbates, benzoates and essential oils.
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Formulas of acetic acid given by August Kekulé in 1861. The Karlsruhe Congress was an international meeting of chemists held in Karlsruhe, Germany from 3 to 5 September 1860. It was the first international conference of chemistry worldwide.
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Aromatic rings are acetylated by acetic anhydride. Usually acid catalysts are used to accelerate the reaction. Illustrative are the conversions of benzene to acetophenoneRoger Adams and C. R. Noller "p-Bromoacetophenone" Org. Synth. 1925, vol. 5, p. 17.
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Acidity is increased by fermentation, marination or by directly adding acids (acetic, citric, lactic) to fish products. Lactic acid bacteria produce the antimicrobial nisin which further enhances preservation. Other preservatives include nitrites, sulphites, sorbates, benzoates and essential oils.
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45 Hani Al-Kindi, an early Muslim scholar and acetic, was buried in Al-Safiriyya. The Umayyad caliph Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (717– 720) had offered him the Governorship of Palestine, but Al-Kindi had declined it.
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According to EU and US trade code definitions, tsukemono are classified as 'preserved vegetables' rather than 'pickles' because they are not primarily preserved in acetic acid or distilled vinegar. They have a different tax rate than western pickles.
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Homogeneous catalysis is established technology that continues to evolve.P. W. N. M. van Leeuwen and J. C. Chadwick "Homogeneous Catalysts: Activity - Stability - Deactivation" Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2011. Online . An illustrative major application is the production of acetic acid.
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Acetic acid undergoes the typical chemical reactions of a carboxylic acid. Upon treatment with a standard base, it converts to metal acetate and water. With strong bases (e.g., organolithium reagents), it can be doubly deprotonated to give LiCH2CO2Li.
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It also decomposes in boiling water. In contact with fire, it readily explodes, producing large amounts of black smoke. It is prepared by reacting sodium nitrite with an aminoguanidine salt dissolved in acetic acid at 30–40 °C.
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Using dashed lines (green) to show hydrogen bonding in acetic acid. Hydrogen bonds are generally denoted by dotted or dashed lines. In other contexts, dashed lines may also represent partially formed or broken bonds in a transition state.
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Land was also an accomplished inventor. He created formalin-aceto-alcohol and formalic- acetic-waterfixing agents for his laboratory studies. He also invented a telescopic sight mount for sniper rifles used by the U.S. Army and U.S. Navy.
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36 No. 4 302-313 (1985) L. Kunkeei, one of the so-called "ferocious Lactobacillus" species, has been known to produce 3 to 5 g/l of acetic acid in wines—levels which can easily lead to stuck fermentations.
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Acetobacteraceae is a family of Gram-negative bacteria, belonging to the order Rhodospirillales, class Alphaproteobacteria. Two distinct clades are recognized. The acetic acid bacteria and a more heterogeneous group including acidophilic and phototrophic bacteria. The type genus is Acetobacter.
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The acetic acid that is released in cellulose acetate negatives can trigger the retrieval of the color dyes in the backing layer, known as the anti-halation layer, giving the negative a blue or pink appearance. This is irreversible.
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Saccharibacter floricola is an osmophilic acetic acid bacterium first isolated from pollen. It is Gram-negative, aerobic and rod-shaped, with type strain S-877T (=AJ 13480T =JCM 12116T =DSM 15669T). It is the type species of its genus.
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Glyoxylic acid or oxoacetic acid is an organic compound. Together with acetic acid, glycolic acid, and oxalic acid, glyoxylic acid is one of the C2 carboxylic acids. It is a colourless solid that occurs naturally and is useful industrially.
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Aluminium diacetate, also known as basic aluminium acetate, is a white powder with the chemical formula C4H7AlO5. It is one of a number of aluminium acetates and can be prepared in a reaction of sodium aluminate (NaAlO2) with acetic acid.
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The complex is generally prepared from vanadium(IV), e.g. vanadyl sulfate: :VOSO4 \+ 2 Hacac → VO(acac)2 \+ H2SO4 It can also be prepared by a redox reaction starting with vanadium pentoxide. In this reaction, some acetylacetone is oxidized to acetic anhydride.
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Praseodymium(III) hydroxide can react with acid and produce praseodymium salts: : Pr(OH)3 \+ 3 H+ → Pr3+ \+ 3 H2O,for example; Pr(OH)3+3CH3COOH forms Pr(CH3CO2)3+3H2O; Praesodymium(III)hydroxide+Acetic acid forms Praesodymium(III)acetate and water.
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Water mixed with acetic acid can be used instead. An alternative type of klenäter is smördegsklenätter (English: puff pastry klenäter). Klenäter should be kept in a dry place. The non-fried dough can be preserved in a refrigerator for a week.
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Fruit flies in general are considered as a common vector in propagating acetic acid bacteriaVinegars of the World. Chapter 5. in nature. This often ruins the alcohol fermentation process and can ruin beer or wine by turning it into vinegar.
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Trichloroacetic acid (TCA; TCAA; also known as trichloroethanoic acid) is an analogue of acetic acid in which the three hydrogen atoms of the methyl group have all been replaced by chlorine atoms. Salts and esters of trichloroacetic acid are called trichloroacetates.
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Amberlite LA-2 in 1-octanol diluent maintains nearly full capacity up to a pH value of 6.0 and is readily regenerated by aqueous, slaked dolomitic lime to form CMA, making it a good acetic acid separating agent for CMA production.
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It is soluble in acetic acid, acetone, concentrated hydrochloric acid, most non-polar solvents and is slightly soluble in water.Tadeusz Urbański with Marian Jurecki and Sylvia Laverton, trans., Chemistry and Technology of Explosives (Oxford, England: Permagon Press, 1967), vol. 3, pp.
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The name Acetomicrobium derives from: Latin noun acetum, vinegar; New Latin neuter gender noun microbium (from Greek adjective mikros (μικρός), small and Greek noun bios (βίος), life), a microbe; New Latin neuter gender noun Aacetomicrobium, a microorganism producing acetic acid.
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Calcium acetate is a chemical compound which is a calcium salt of acetic acid. It has the formula Ca(C2H3O2)2. Its standard name is calcium acetate, while calcium ethanoate is the systematic name. An older name is acetate of lime.
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Diglycolic acid is an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid, its acidity is between the one of acetic acid and oxalic acid. It is formed in the oxidation of diethylene glycol in the body and can lead to severe complications with fatal outcome.
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Ammonium acetate, also known as spirit of Mindererus in aqueous solution, is a chemical compound with the formula NH4CH3CO2. It is a white, hygroscopic solid and can be derived from the reaction of ammonia and acetic acid. It is available commercially.
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Asaia bogorensis is a species of acetic acid bacterium. It is Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and peritrichously flagellated. It was first isolated from specimens of Bauhinia purpurea and Plumbago auriculata. Its type strain is 71T (= NRIC 0311T = JCM 10569T).
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Because of the specificity of its uptake by the human body, radioactive isotopes of iodine can also be used to treat thyroid cancer. Iodine is also used as a catalyst in the industrial production of acetic acid and some polymers.
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Aside from acetic anhydride, trifluoroacetic anhydride and trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride have been employed as activators. Common nucleophiles besides acetates are arenes, alkenes, amides, and phenols. The usage of α-acyl sulfoxides and Lewis acids, such as TiCl4 and SnCl4, allow the reaction to proceed at lower temperatures (0 °C). Thionyl chloride can be used in place of acetic anhydride to trigger the elimination for forming the electrophilic intermediate and supplying chloride as the nucleophile to give an α-chloro-thioether: Example of the Pummerer rearrangement using thionyl chloride Other anhydrides and acyl halides can give similar products.
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Kombucha is now homebrewed globally, and also bottled and sold commercially by various companies. Kombucha is produced by fermenting sugared tea using a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY) commonly called a "mother" or "mushroom". The microbial populations in a SCOBY vary; the yeast component generally includes Saccharomyces cerevisiae, along with other species; the bacterial component almost always includes Gluconacetobacter xylinus to oxidize yeast-produced alcohols to acetic acid (and other acids). Although the SCOBY is commonly called "tea fungus" or "mushroom", it is actually "a symbiotic growth of acetic acid bacteria and osmophilic yeast species in a zoogleal mat ".
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The hydroformylation is a reaction with high atom economy, especially if the reaction proceeds with high regioselectivity. :Hydroformulation mechanism Another important reaction catalyzed by metal carbonyls is the hydrocarboxylation. The example below is for the synthesis of acrylic acid and acrylic acid esters: :Hydrocarboxylation of acetylene :Hydrocarboxylation of acetylene with an alcohol Also the cyclization of acetylene to cyclooctatetraene uses metal carbonyl catalysts: In the Monsanto and Cativa processes, acetic acid is produced from methanol, carbon monoxide, and water using hydrogen iodide as well as rhodium and iridium carbonyl catalysts, respectively. Related carbonylation reactions afford acetic anhydride.
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Verdigris is the common name for a green pigment obtained through the application of acetic acid to copper plates"Verdigris" Oxford English Dictionary or the natural patina formed when copper, brass or bronze is weathered and exposed to air or seawater over time. It is usually a basic copper carbonate (()2), but near the sea will be a basic copper chloride (Cu2(OH)3Cl).Sharp, D. W. A: "Penguin Dictionary of Chemistry", page 419. Penguin Books, 1990 (2nd edition) If acetic acid is present at the time of weathering, it may consist of copper(II) acetate.
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Acetone is also used and has been shown to produce better histological preservation than frozen sections when employed in the Acetone Methylbenzoate Xylene (AMEX) technique. Protein-denaturing methanol, ethanol and acetone are rarely used alone for fixing blocks unless studying nucleic acids. Acetic acid is a denaturant that is sometimes used in combination with the other precipitating fixatives, such as Davidson's AFA. The alcohols, by themselves, are known to cause considerable shrinkage and hardening of tissue during fixation while acetic acid alone is associated with tissue swelling; combining the two may result in better preservation of tissue morphology.
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Chlorine had been used to whiten the candles, and Dumas concluded that it must have combined during the candle-making process. This led Dumas to investigate the behavior of chlorine substitution in other chemical compounds. One of the most important research projects of Dumas was that on the action of chlorine on acetic acid to form trichloroacetic acid – a derivative of essentially the same character as the acetic acid itself. Dumas extended this to a theory (sometimes considered a law) which states that in an organic compound, a hydrogen atom may be substituted for any halogen.
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Microorganisms are used to produce many commercial and industrial chemicals, enzymes and other bioactive molecules. Organic acids produced on a large industrial scale by microbial fermentation include acetic acid produced by acetic acid bacteria such as Acetobacter aceti, butyric acid made by the bacterium Clostridium butyricum, lactic acid made by Lactobacillus and other lactic acid bacteria, and citric acid produced by the mould fungus Aspergillus niger. Microorganisms are used to prepare bioactive molecules such as Streptokinase from the bacterium Streptococcus, Cyclosporin A from the ascomycete fungus Tolypocladium inflatum, and statins produced by the yeast Monascus purpureus.
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Cervical screening test vehicle in Taiwan Negative visual inspection with acetic acid of the cervix Positive visual inspection with acetic acid of the cervix for CIN-1 Checking cervical cells with the Papanicolaou test (Pap test) for cervical pre-cancer has dramatically reduced the number of cases of, and mortality from, cervical cancer. Liquid-based cytology may reduced the number of inadequate samples. Pap test screening every three to five years with appropriate follow-up can reduce cervical cancer incidence up to 80%. Abnormal results may suggest the presence of precancerous changes, allowing examination and possible preventive treatment, known as colposcopy.
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Rhizoctonia solani causes a wide range of commercially significant plant diseases. It is one of the fungi responsible for Brown patch (a turfgrass disease), damping off in seedlings, as well as black scurf of potatoes, bare patch of cereals, root rot of sugar beet, belly rot of cucumber, sheath blight of rice, and many other pathogenic conditions. An efficient conversion of tryptophan to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and/or tryptophol can be achieved by some species in the genus Rhizoctonia.Efficient Conversion of L-Tryptophan to Indole-3-Acetic Acid and/or Tryptophol by Some Species of Rhizoctonia.
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Crustaceans are known to respond to acids in ways that indicate nociception and/or pain. The prawn Palaemon elegans shows protective motor reactions when their antennae are treated with the irritants acetic acid or sodium hydroxide. The prawns specifically groom the treated antennae and rub them against the tank, showing they are aware of the location of the noxious stimulus on their body rather than exhibiting a generalised response to stimulation. In _Carcinus maenas_ , the common shore crab, acetic acid induces a number of behavioral changes, including movement of the mouthparts, rubbing with the claws, and increased attempts to escape from an enclosure.
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Like other microorganisms, Z. bailii has the ability to adapt to sub-inhibitory levels of a preservative, which enables the yeast to survive and grow in much higher concentrations of the preservative than before adaptation. In addition, it seems that Z. bailii resistance to acetic, benzoic and propionic acid is strongly correlated, as the cells which were adapted to benzoic acid also showed enhanced tolerances to other the preservatives.Warth, A.D., 1989. Relationships between the resistance of yeasts to acetic, propanoic and benzoic acids and to methyl paraben and pH. International Journal of Food Microbiology 8, 343-349.
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When water is absent, the cationic intermediate loses a proton to give an allylic alcohol. With an excess of formaldehyde and a low reaction temperature the reaction product is a dioxane. When water is replaced by acetic acid the corresponding esters are formed.
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Vapors of formic acid and acetic acid are the most commonly used. Carbon monoxide and halogen gases (e.g. carbon tetrafluoride, sulfur hexafluoride, or dichlorodifluoromethane) require fairly high temperatures for several minutes to be effective. Atomic hydrogen is much more reactive than molecular hydrogen.
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For indicator stop bath, which changes color to indicate when the bath is exhausted and no longer effective, a pH indicator dye like bromocresol purple is used. Low-odor stop baths use citric acid or sodium bisulfite in place of acetic acid.
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It can be prepared by treating basic beryllium carbonate with hot acetic acid. : 2 + 6 AcOH → + 5 + 2 Basic beryllium acetate is insoluble in water but soluble in chloroform, consistent with it being nonpolar. It melts and sublimes in a vacuum without decomposition.
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Ethyl acetate is only weakly Lewis basic. It forms 1:1 adducts with I2, phenol, and bis(hexafloroacetylacetonato)copper(II). Ethyl acetate hydrolyses to give acetic acid and ethanol. Bases accelerate the hydrolysis, which is subject to the Fischer equilibrium mentioned above.
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Clostridium aerotolerans is an anaerobic, motile, gram-positive bacterium. Cl. aerotolerans is xylanolytic, which means that these bacteria can digest the polysaccharides collectively known as xylan. Among this species' products are formic acid, acetic acid, lactic acids, ethanol, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen.
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3( Gerday C, Glansdorff N, Eds.).:231-255., Oxford: Eolss Publishers Co Ltd It has an anaerobic metabolism, nitrogen-fixing metabolism, and is methanogenic. The electron acceptors consist of carbon dioxide, acetic acid, and nitrate. The electron donors are glutamine and carboxylic groups.
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Lithium derivatives of 12-hydroxystearate and other fatty acids are important constituents of lubricating greases. In lithium-based greases, lithium carboxylates are thickeners. "Complex soaps" are also common, these being combinations of more than one acid salt, such as azelaic or acetic acid.
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After a rearrangement the intermediate compound (5) is built. This reacts with a hydroxydion of the caustic potash 6. In the next step the molecule dissociates into two pieces 7 and 8. (8) is protonated and builds the acetic acid derivative (9).
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Industri-plex manufacturing plants contributed to the area's extensive contamination with chemicals used by the local paper, textile and leather industries, including lead-arsenic insecticides, acetic acid, benzene and toluene, and sulfuric acid. Industri- plex is now a "superfund" site, although substantially remediated.
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Van Gehuchten is especially known for his contributions to the theory of neurons. In anatomy, the van Gehuchten method is the fixing of a histologic tissue in a mixture of glacial acetic acid 10 parts, chloroform 30 parts, and alcohol 60 parts.
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To a lesser extent, ME-3 has also been observed to be able to suppress Enterococci and Staphylococcus aureus. This would serve a beneficial purpose to the host. ME-3 has several antimicrobial characteristics. These include acetic, lactic and succinic acids, and putrescine.
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After a sequence of cleavage and rearrangement, an organic ozonide is formed. With reductive workup (e.g. zinc in acetic acid or dimethyl sulfide), ketones and aldehydes will be formed, with oxidative workup (e.g. aqueous or alcoholic hydrogen peroxide), carboxylic acids will be formed.
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The mechanism requires zinc and acetic acid as catalysts. It will proceed at room temperature. Because α-amino-ketones self-condense very easily, they must be prepared in situ. The usual way of doing this is from the relevant oxime, via the Neber rearrangement.
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It is prepared by gas-phase oxidation of 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene (or related tetrasubstituted benzene derivatives). An idealized equation is: :C6H2(CH3)4 \+ 6 O2 → C6H2(C2O3)2 \+ 6 H2O In the laboratory, it can be prepared by dehydration of pyromellitic acid using acetic anhydride.
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Two enzymes are associated with the conversion of acetic acid to acetyl-CoA. The first is acyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 2 ACSS2 (EC 6.2.1.1). The second enzyme is acetyl-CoA synthase 2 (confusingly also called ACSS1) which is localized in mitochondria.
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The original genus Acetogenium was named because this organism principally produces acetic acid from substrates.J. A. Leigh, F. Mayer and R. S. Wolfe. Acetogenium kivui, a new thermophilic hydrogen-oxidizing acetogenic bacterium. Archives of Microbiology. Volume 129, Number 4 (1981), 275-280, DOI: 10.1007/BF00414697.
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Acidulants are chemical compounds that confer a tart, sour, or acidic flavor to foods. They differ from acidity regulators, which are food additives intended to modify the stability of food or enzymes within it. Typical acidulants are acetic acid (e.g. in pickles) and citric acid.
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Tomatoes, lemons, gooseberries or unripe green mangoes are the usual souring agents used. One can also prepare a vegetarian do pyaza without adding meat. The acetic flavor of the unripe sour green mangoes in the current recipe adds a distinct kick to the curry.
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Euxanthone is a naturally occurring xanthonoid, an organic compound with the molecular formula C13H8O4. It can be synthesized from gentisic acid, β-resorcylic acid, and acetic anhydride. It occurs naturally in many plant species. Commercial production is from purified root extract of Polygala tenuifolia.
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Phenethyl acetate is the ester resulting from the condensation of acetic acid and phenethyl alcohol. Like many esters, it is found in a range of fruits and biological products. It is a colorless liquid with a rose and honey scent and a raspberry-like taste.
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It is then decarboxylated to indole acetaldehyde by indolepyruvate decarboxylase. This latter compound is transformed to tryptophol by alcohol dehydrogenase.Pathway: tryptophan degradation VIII (to tryptophol) at BioCyc.org It is formed from tryptophan, along with indole-3-acetic acid in rats infected by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense.
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In IUPAC nomenclature, acetyl is called ethanoyl, although this term is rarely heard. The acetyl moiety is a component of many organic compounds, including acetic acid, the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, acetyl-CoA, acetylcysteine, acetaminophen (also known as paracetamol), and acetylsalicylic acid (better known as aspirin).
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Experimental visualization techniques use broad-band light (e.g., direct visualization, speculoscopy, cervicography, visual inspection with acetic acid or with Lugol's, and colposcopy) and electronic detection methods (e.g., Polarprobe and in-vivo Spectroscopy). These techniques are less expensive and can be performed with significantly less training.
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In the past, the idea of a commensalistic interaction between yeasts and acetic acid bacteria existed, but recently the scalar fermentation has been suggested. The alcoholic fermentation is widely accepted to affect the end quality of TBV due to the several yeasts' metabolisms involved.
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Dulcin can be produced by the addition of potassium cyanate to p-phenetidine hydrochloride in an aqueous solution at room temperature. An alternate way to make dulcin is by mixing urea and p-phenetidine hydrochloride to a mixture of hydrochloric acid and glacial acetic acid.
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Whereas at 20 °C, diethyl ether will dissolve 1% by weight water, DIPE only dissolves 0.88%. It is used as a specialized solvent to remove or extract polar organic compounds from aqueous solutions, e.g. phenols, ethanol, acetic acid. DIPE was used as an antiknock agent.
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Other antimicrobials in wood smoke include formaldehyde, acetic acid, and other organic acids, which give wood smoke a low pH—about 2.5. Some of these compounds are toxic to people as well, and may have health effects in the quantities found in cooking applications.
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HMX is more complicated to manufacture than most explosives, and this confines it to specialist applications. It may be produced by nitration of hexamine in the presence of acetic anhydride, paraformaldehyde and ammonium nitrate. RDX produced using the Bachmann Process usually contains 8–10% HMX.
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The Lumière–Barbier method is a method of acetylating aromatic amines in aqueous solutions. Illustrative is the acetylation of aniline. First aniline is dissolved in water using one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. This solution is subsequently treated, sequentially, wiith acetic anhydride and aqueous sodium acetate.
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So for example, sodium methoxide can produce the 6,6-dimethoxy-1,3-dinitro-1,3-cyclohexadiene anion. When heated under pressure with water and ammonia DNAN is converted to 2,4-dinitroaniline. With iron and acetic acid DNAN nitro groups can be reduced to amines forming 2,4-diaminoanisole.
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Indoline 9 was acetylated to N-acetyl compound 10 (acetic anhydride, pyridine) and then the veratryl group was then ring-opened with ozone in aquaeous acetic acid to muconic ester 11 (made possible by the two electron-donating methoxide groups). This is an example of bioinspired synthesis already proposed by Woodward in 1948. Cleavage of the acetyl group and ester hydrolysis with HCl in methanol resulted in formation of pyridone ester 12 with additional isomerization of the exocyclic double bond to an endocyclic double bond (destroying one asymmetric center). Subsequent treatment with hydrogen iodide and red phosphorus removed the tosyl group and hydrolysed both remaining ester groups to form diacid 13.
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Lead(II) acetate paper is used to detect the poisonous gas hydrogen sulfide. The gas reacts with lead(II) acetate on the moistened test paper to form a grey precipitate of lead(II) sulfide. An aqueous solution of lead(II) acetate is the byproduct of a 1:1 ratio of hydrogen peroxide and white vinegar (acetic acid) used in the cleaning and maintenance of stainless steel firearm suppressors (silencers) and compensators. The solution is agitated by the bubbling action of the hydrogen peroxide, and the main reaction is the dissolution of lead deposits within the suppressor by the acetic acid, which forms lead acetate.
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Used as a mordant in Gram's staining, iodine enhances the entrance of the dye through the pores present in the cell wall/membrane. Lugol's solution or Lugol's iodine (IKI) is a brown solution that turns black in the presence of starches and can be used as a cell stain, making the cell nuclei more visible. Used with common vinegar (acetic acid), Lugol's solution is used to identify pre-cancerous and cancerous changes in cervical and vaginal tissues during "Pap smear" follow up examinations in preparation for biopsy. The acetic acid causes the abnormal cells to blanch white, while the normal tissues stain a mahogany brown from the iodine.
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What > has been scraped off they then beat to powder and boil for a long time, and > what at last subsides to the bottom of the vessel is ceruse. Later descriptions of the Dutch process involved casting metallic lead as thin buckles and corroded with acetic acid in the presence of carbon dioxide. This was done by placing them over pots with a little vinegar (which contains acetic acid). These were stacked up and covered with a mixture of decaying dung and spent tanner's bark, which supplied the CO2, and left for six to fourteen weeks, by which time the blue-grey lead had corroded to white lead.
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More traditional is the rhodium-based Monsanto acetic acid process, but this process has been superseded by the iridium-based Cativa process. By 2002, worldwide annual production of acetic acid stood at 6 million tons, of which approximately 60% is produced by the Cativa process. :The catalytic cycle of the Cativa process The Cativa process catalytic cycle, shown above, includes both insertion and de-insertion steps. The oxidative addition reaction of methyl iodide with (1) involves the formal insertion of the iridium(I) centre into the carbon-iodine bond, whereas step (3) to (4) is an example of migratory insertion of carbon monoxide into the iridium-carbon bond.
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China is a major source of precursor chemicals necessary for the production of cocaine, heroin, MDMA and crystal methamphetamine, which are used by many Southeast Asian and Pacific Rim nations. China produces over 100,000 metric tons of acetic anhydride each year, and imports an additional 20,000 metric tons from the United States and Singapore. Reports indicate that acetic anhydride is diverted from China to morphine and heroin refineries in the Golden Triangle. China is also a leading exporter of bulk ephedrine and has been a source country for much of the ephedrine and pseudoephedrine imported into Mexico; these precursor chemicals are subsequently used to manufacture methamphetamine destined for the United States.
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Raxacoricofallapatorians are vulnerable to acetic acid, which reacts explosively--and fatally--with their bodies, making Slitheen allergic to vinegar, ketchup and Coca-Cola. One of the Raxacoricofallapatorian methods of execution is the lowering of the condemned into a cauldron of acetic acid, which is then heated to boiling. The acidity of the solution is formulated to dissolve the skin, allowing the internal organs to drop into the liquid while the condemned is still alive, reducing them to "soup" in a slow and painful death. In "World War Three", when a single Slitheen was electrocuted, the effects were transmitted to other Slitheen, even those across the city.
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Similar to the German name Eisessig (ice vinegar), the name comes from the ice-like crystals that form slightly below room temperature at (the presence of 0.1% water lowers its melting point by 0.2 °C). A common symbol for acetic acid is AcOH, where Ac is the pseudoelement symbol representing the acetyl group −C(=O)−; the conjugate base, acetate (−), is thus represented as AcO−. (The Ac is not to be confused with the symbol for the element actinium; the context prevents confusion among organic chemists). To better reflect its structure, acetic acid is often written as –C(O)OH, −C(=O)OH, COOH, and .
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Prior to the commercialization of the Monsanto process, most acetic acid was produced by oxidation of acetaldehyde. This remains the second-most-important manufacturing method, although it is usually not competitive with the carbonylation of methanol. The acetaldehyde can be produced by hydration of acetylene. This was the dominant technology in the early 1900s. Light naphtha components are readily oxidized by oxygen or even air to give peroxides, which decompose to produce acetic acid according to the chemical equation, illustrated with butane: : 2 C4H10 \+ 5 O2 → 4 CH3CO2H + 2 H2O Such oxidations require metal catalyst, such as the naphthenate salts of manganese, cobalt, and chromium.
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Interstellar acetic acid was discovered in 1996 by a team led by David Mehringer using the former Berkeley- Illinois-Maryland Association array at the Hat Creek Radio Observatory and the former Millimeter Array located at the Owens Valley Radio Observatory. It was first detected in the Sagittarius B2 North molecular cloud (also known as the Sgr B2 Large Molecule Heimat source). Acetic acid has the distinction of being the first molecule discovered in the interstellar medium using solely radio interferometers; in all previous ISM molecular discoveries made in the millimetre and centimetre wavelength regimes, single dish radio telescopes were at least partly responsible for the detections.
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A third example is illustrated by the chemical reaction of dissociation of a weak acid HA (such as acetic acid, A = CH3COO−): :HA H+ \+ A− Vinegar contains acetic acid. When acid molecules dissociate, the concentration of the undissociated acid molecules (HA) decreases and the concentrations of the product ions (H+ and A−) increase. Thus the chemical potential of HA decreases and the sum of the chemical potentials of H+ and A− increases. When the sums of chemical potential of reactants and products are equal the system is at equilibrium and there is no tendency for the reaction to proceed in either the forward or backward direction.
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The drug is most commonly taken orally as an elixir, tablet, or capsule, although rectal and subcutaneous administration has the same advantages with hydrocodone as would taking a tablet or powder or a liquid concentrate buccally or sublingually. Thebacon is generated by the esterification product of the enol tautomer of hydrocodone (dihydrocodeineone) with acetic anhydride. Although modification of thebaine is the most common way of making thebacon, it is not uncommonly prepared by refluxing hydrocodone with acetic anhydride, generally similar to how diacetylmorphine is produced. It is also a product of the metabolism of hydrocodone by Pseudomonas putida M10, the bacterium used for oil spill remediation.
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A crystal of sodium acetate trihydrate (length 1.7 centimetres) For laboratory use, sodium acetate is inexpensive and usually purchased instead of being synthesized. It is sometimes produced in a laboratory experiment by the reaction of acetic acid, commonly in the 5–8% solution known as vinegar, with sodium carbonate ("washing soda"), sodium bicarbonate ("baking soda"), or sodium hydroxide ("lye", or "caustic soda"). Any of these reactions produce sodium acetate and water. When a sodium and carbonate ion-containing compound is used as the reactant, the carbonate anion from sodium bicarbonate or carbonate, reacts with hydrogen from the carboxyl group (-COOH) in acetic acid, forming carbonic acid.
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Zomepirac is the sodium salt of 5-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-1,4 dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-2-acetate dihydrate. It is a pyrrole-acetic acid which is structurally related to tolmetin. The chemical structure differs from other NSAIDs in that the central benzene ring has been replaced by a pyrrole.
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Methanol consists of a methyl group linked to a hydroxyl group. With more than 20 million tons produced annually, it is used as a precursor to other commodity chemicals, including formaldehyde, acetic acid, methyl tert-butyl ether, as well as a host of more specialised chemicals.
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The description of that case appears to indicate the convicted manufacturer was using D. Gold's book Cannabis Alchemy as a guide. THC acetate was also reported to have been found by New Zealand police in 1995, again made by acetylation of purified cannabis extracts with acetic anhydride.
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Along with indomethacin, diclofenac and others, bromfenac belongs to the acetic acid group of NSAIDs. It is used in form of bromfenac sodium · 1.5 H2O (CAS number: ), which is soluble in water, methanol and aqueous bases, insoluble in chloroform and aqueous acids, and melts at under decomposition.
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In the process called oxidative addition, low-valent metals often react with alkylating agents to give metal alkyls. This reaction is one step in the Cativa process for the synthesis of acetic acid from methyl iodide. Many cross coupling reactions proceed via oxidative addition as well.
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Lead metal resists sulfuric and phosphoric acid but not hydrochloric or nitric acid; the outcome depends on insolubility and subsequent passivation of the product salt. Organic acids, such as acetic acid, dissolve lead in the presence of oxygen. Concentrated alkalis will dissolve lead and form plumbites.
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Oxalic acid is an organic compound with the formula C2H2O4. It is a white crystalline solid that forms a colorless solution in water. Its condensed formula is HOOCCOOH, reflecting its classification as the simplest dicarboxylic acid. Its acid strength is much greater than that of acetic acid.
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Alcohols and amines are readily acetylated.. For example, the reaction of acetic anhydride with ethanol yields ethyl acetate: : (CH3CO)2O + CH3CH2OH → CH3CO2CH2CH3 \+ CH3COOH Often a base such as pyridine is added to function as catalyst. In specialized applications, Lewis acidic scandium salts have also proven effective catalysts.
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Fluorosulfuric acid is a free-flowing colorless liquid. It is soluble in polar organic solvents (e.g. nitrobenzene, acetic acid, and ethyl acetate), but poorly soluble in nonpolar solvents such as alkanes. Reflecting its strong acidity, it dissolves almost all organic compounds that are even weak proton acceptors.
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Uranyl acetate (UO2(CH3COO)2·2H2O) is the acetate salt of uranium; it is a yellow-green crystalline solid made up of rhombic crystals and has a slight acetic odor. This compound is a nuclear fuel derivative, and its use and possession are sanctioned by international law.
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1-Octen-3-yl acetate is a chemical compound with molecular formula C10H18O2. It is an ester of acetic acid and oct-1-en-3-ol. It exists as two enantiomers and can be obtained as a racemic mixture. It is a component of lavender oil.
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Coumarin can be prepared by a number of name reactions, with the Perkin reaction between salicylaldehyde and acetic anhydride being a popular example. The Pechmann condensation provides another route to coumarin and its derivatives, as does the Kostanecki acylation, which can also be used to produce chromones.
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U of Santa Barbara, 2008. Abstract. (2008): n. pag. Print. Thermal degradation of EVA is temperature-dependent and occurs in two stages; in the first stage acetic acid is lost, followed by the degradation of the unsaturated polyethylene polymer. Thermal degradation of EVA by allylic scission.
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1,9-Pyrazoloanthrone can be synthesized by the condensation of 2-chloroanthraquinone with anhydrous hydrazine in pyridine at 100 °C. Purification is achieved via conversion to the N-acetyl derivative which is crystallized from acetic acid, followed by hydrolysis of the acetyl group with ammonium hydroxide in methanol.
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The technique is applied to conversions that proceed via unimolecular pathways. 2-Acetoxydioxane, when heated at 425 °C converts to the highly reactive dioxene, via loss of acetic acid. Matthew M. Kreilein, James C. Eppich, Leo A. Paquette "1,4-Dioxene" Org. Synth. 2005, volume 82, pp. 99.
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Gossypol has a yellow pigment and is found in cotton plants. It occurs mainly in the root and/or seeds of different species of cotton plants. Gossypol can have various chemical structures. It can exist in three forms: gossypol, gossypol acetic acid, and gossypol formic acid.
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Also, eolian sedimentation can produce high rates of sediment accumulation. Nonetheless, lichen can certainly withstand harsher conditions than most vascular plants and although they have slower colonization rates, do form the dominant group in alpine regions. Acids released from plant roots include acetic and citric acids.
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The molecular formula of cetylpyridinium chloride is C21H38NCl. In its pure form it is a solid at room temperature. It has a melting point of 77 °C when anhydrous or 80–83 °C as a monohydrate . It is soluble in water but insoluble in acetone, acetic acid, or ethanol.
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The result of the acetic acid released is a strong odor of vinegar, which is why the decay process in the archival community is known as "vinegar syndrome". Modern polyester-based stocks are far more stable by comparison and are rated to last hundreds of years if stored properly.
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The name furfural comes from the Latin word , meaning bran, referring to its usual source. Furfural is only derived from lignocellulosic biomass, i.e. its origin is non-food or non-coal/oil based. Aside from ethanol, acetic acid and sugar it is one of the oldest renewable chemicals.
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Methanol is prepared from carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide. Bulk polymers derived from ethylene and propylene are often prepared via Ziegler-Natta catalysis. Polyesters, polyamides, and isocyanates are derived via acid-base catalysis. Most carbonylation processes require metal catalysts, examples include the Monsanto acetic acid process and hydroformylation.
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While studying pollination in orchids, he was the first scientist to use the term "hormone" (Pollenhormon) in connection with plants, and in doing so, suggested that plants produced hormones.Micropropagation of Orchids by Joseph Arditti This growth-promoting substance would later become identified as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).
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A test tube is filled with distilled water and acetic acid is added. To this mixture one drop of the effusion to be tested is added. If the drop dissipates, the test is negative, indicating a transudate. If the drop precipitates, the test is positive, indicating an exudate.
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The final step requires oxygen and involves the action of the enzyme ACC-oxidase (ACO), formerly known as the ethylene forming enzyme (EFE). Ethylene biosynthesis can be induced by endogenous or exogenous ethylene. ACC synthesis increases with high levels of auxins, especially indole acetic acid (IAA) and cytokinins.
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Scientific studies are mostly conducted by a group of palaeontologists from the University of New South Wales. Mike Archer is a paleontologist who has been working at Riversleigh since 1983. He and his co- workers discovered that diluted acetic acid was the most effective method of extracting fossils.
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The internal asymmetry may contribute to acetic anhydride's potent electrophilicity as the asymmetric geometry makes one side of a carbonyl carbon atom more reactive than the other, and in doing so tends to consolidate the electropositivity of a carbonyl carbon atom to one side (see electron density diagram).
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Solvolysis in the presence of a nucleophile such as acetic acid reverses the cyclopropylcarbinyl transformation to afford homoallylic acetate. Removal of the sapogenin side chain leads to the desired product (5). Melengesterol synthesis: Substitution at the 16 position was found to lead to further potentiation of progestational activity.
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A patina can be produced on copper by the application of vinegar (acetic acid). This patina is water-soluble and will not last on the outside of a building like a "true" patina. It is usually used as pigment. Patina is also found on slip rings and commutators.
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Anhydrous magnesium acetate has the chemical formula Mg(C2H3O2)2 and in its hydrated form, magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, it has the chemical formula Mg(CH3COO)2 • 4H2O. In this compound magnesium has an oxidation state of 2+. Magnesium acetate is the magnesium salt of acetic acid.Magnesium Acetate. Hazard.com.
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Diphenylcarbazide is a white solid that is scarcely soluble in water, but readily soluble in organic solvents like acetone, hot ethanol and acetic acid. It forms colored complex compounds with certain metal ions. Diphenylcarbazide oxidizes to Diphenylcarbazone when exposed to light and air, turning pink in the process.
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Further, Edmund Davy discovered that even at room temperature, finely divided platinum would light up from heat in the presence of a mixture of coal gas and air. In another such experiment, in 1820, he found that with the platinum, alcohol vapours were converted to acetic acid.Edmund Davy.
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Bouin solution, or Bouin's solution, is a compound fixative used in histology. It was invented by French biologist Pol Bouin and is composed of picric acid, acetic acid and formaldehyde in an aqueous solution. Culling, C.F.A. 1974. Handbook of Histopathological and Histochemical Techniques (including museum techniques), 3rd ed.
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Some monosaccharides have a sweet taste. But all the compounds which fit into this general formula may not be classified as carbohydrates. For example, Acetic Acid which fits in the formula is not a carbohydrate.NCERT TEXT BOOK CLaSS-12 Examples of monosaccharides include glucose (dextrose), fructose (levulose), and galactose.
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In: Bourgeois, C.M. and Leveau, J.Y. (Eds), Microbiological control for Foods and Agricultural products. VCH Publishers, New York, pp. 249-275. For the detection of acid- resistant yeasts like Z. bailii, acidified media are recommended, such as MEA or TGY with 0.5% (v/v) acetic acid added.Deak, T., 2003.
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Casal, M., Cardoso, H., Leao, C., 1996. Mechanisms regulating the transport of acetic acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiology 142, 1385-1390. In addition, Z. bailii can also oxidatively degrade sorbate and benzoate (and use these compounds as a sole carbon source), while S. cerevisiae does not have this capability.
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Aluminium monoacetate, also known as dibasic aluminium acetate, and formally named dihydroxy aluminium acetate, is a salt of aluminium with acetic acid. It has the formula Al(OH)2(CH3COO), with aluminium in an oxidation state of +3, and appears under standard conditions as a white solid powder.
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Carbon monoxide and methanol are important chemical feedstocks. CO is utilized by myriad carbonylation reactions. Together with hydrogen, it is the feed for the Fischer–Tropsch process, which affords liquid fuels. Methanol is the precursor to acetic acid, dimethyl ether, formaldehyde, and many methyl compounds (esters, amines, halides).
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A variety of environmental factors can cause the conjugated backbone to twist, reducing the conjugation length and causing an absorption band shift, including solvent, temperature, application of an electric field, and dissolved ions. The absorption band of poly (3-thiophene acetic acid) in aqueous solutions of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) shifts from 480 nm at pH 7 to 415 nm at pH 4. This is attributed to formation of a compact coil structure, which can form hydrogen bonds with PVA upon partial deprotonation of the acetic acid group. Shifts in PT absorption bands due to changes in temperature result from a conformational transition from a coplanar, rodlike structure at lower temperatures to a nonplanar, coiled structure at elevated temperatures.
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Silicotungstic acid is used to manufacture ethyl acetate by the alkylation of acetic acid by ethylene: :C2H4 \+ CH3CO2H → CH3CO2C2H5 It has also been commercialized for the oxidation of ethylene to acetic acid: :C2H4 \+ O2 → CH3CO2H This route is claimed as a "greener" than methanol carbonylation. The heteropoly acid is dispersed on silica gel at 20-30 wt% to maximize catalytic ability. It has also recently been proposed as a mediator in production of hydrogen through electrolysis of water by a process that would reduce the danger of explosion while allowing efficient hydrogen production at low current densities, conducive to hydrogen production using renewable energy. Silicotungstic acid is also used for detecting nicotine and measuring its concentration.
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Vinegar was known early in civilization as the natural result of exposure of beer and wine to air, because acetic acid-producing bacteria are present globally. The use of acetic acid in alchemy extends into the 3rd century BC, when the Greek philosopher Theophrastus described how vinegar acted on metals to produce pigments useful in art, including white lead (lead carbonate) and verdigris, a green mixture of copper salts including copper(II) acetate. Ancient Romans boiled soured wine to produce a highly sweet syrup called sapa. Sapa that was produced in lead pots was rich in lead acetate, a sweet substance also called sugar of lead or sugar of Saturn, which contributed to lead poisoning among the Roman aristocracy.
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The cause of this contamination in Minamata bay was then traced back to Chisso Corporation’s dumping of methylmercury into Minamata Bay. Chisso Corporation produced acetaldehyde using water, acetylene, mercury(II) sulfate as a catalyst and manganese dioxide or since August 1951, ferric sulfide as a co-catalyst. Acetaldehyde reacts with acetic anhydride in order to produce ethylidene diacetate, which is heated to produce vinyl acetate. Acetaldehyde was also used to produce acetic acid by oxidizing acetaldehyde and vinyl chloride, which is polymerized to make PVC; however, the use of ferric sulfide had a downside: methylmercury (or organic mercury) was a by-product in the making of these chemicals due to its use.
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It was already known that ethanol was mostly metabolized in the liver, with it being converted first to acetaldehyde and then acetaldehyde to acetic acid and carbon dioxide, but the enzymes involved were not known. By 1950 the work led to the knowledge that ethanol is oxidized to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde is oxidized to acetic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), and that disulfiram works by inhibiting ALDH, leading to a buildup of acetaldehyde, which is what causes the negative effects in the body. The drug was first marketed in Denmark and as of 2008 Denmark was the country where it was most widely prescribed. It was approved by the FDA in 1951.
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Ethyl bromoacetate is the chemical compound with the formula CH2BrCO2C2H5. It is the ethyl ester of bromoacetic acid and is prepared in two steps from acetic acid. It is a lachrymator and has a fruity, pungent odor. It is also a highly toxic alkylating agent and may be fatal if inhaled.
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Hydroxylated lecithin is chemically modified lecithin. It is made by treating lecithin with hydrogen peroxide and an organic acid such as acetic or lactic acid. In the process, some of the organic acid becomes peroxy acid. The peroxy acid reacts with olefins in the fatty acid side chains creating intermediate epoxides.
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Provides sources for each specific use. It is sold in gel form under the name TriCalm. Acetic acid/aluminium acetate solution can be used medicinally to treat infections in the outer ear canal. This medication stops the growth of the bacteria and fungus and beneficially dries out the ear canal.
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The trichloromethyl group has a significant electronegativity. For this reason, trichloromethyl-substituted acids are often stronger than the original. For example, the acidity constant (pKa) of trichloroacetic acid – is 0.77, whereas that of acetic acid is 4.76. By the same principle, the trichloromethyl group generally lowers the basicity of organic compounds.
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Some non-aqueous solvents can behave as acids. An acidic solvent will increase basicity of substances dissolved in it. For example, the compound CH3COOH is known as acetic acid because of its acidic behaviour in water. However it behaves as a base in liquid hydrogen chloride, a much more acidic solvent.
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Hymecromone (4-methylumbelliferone) is a drug used in bile therapy. It is used as choleretic and antispasmodic drugs and as a standard for the fluorometric determination of enzyme activity. Hymecromone is a crystalline solid with a melting point of 194–195 °C. It is soluble in methanol and glacial acetic acid.
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Human skin does not provide the bacteria with the optimum conditions for it to grow, which makes it safe to handle in factories that use the species to produce acetic acid. However, some evidence indicates it can be harmful to plants and other flora, though it exists naturally in the world.
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Special workup procedures are needed for reactions of imines, acid chlorides, and acid cyanides. Generally however, methods employing organoaluminums should involve a very careful basic workup (to avoid hydrolysis or epimerization of products). Chromatography should be carried out under acidic conditions to avoid nitrile hydrolysis (10% acetic acid is sometimes added).
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Many plants contain small amounts of tryptamine. It is a feedstock for the metabolic pathways which influence plant growth and microbiome. For example, it is found as a possible intermediate in one biosynthetic pathway to the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid. Higher concentrations can be found in many Acacia species.
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TAE buffer is a buffer solution containing a mixture of Tris base, acetic acid and EDTA. In molecular biology it is used in agarose electrophoresis typically for the separation of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA.Ogden, R.C., and Adams, D.A., (1987) Electrophoresis in agarose and acrylamide gels. Methods Enzymol.
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Yellowish-red crystalline flakes of azobenzene were obtained in 1856. Its original preparation is similar to the modern one. According to the 1856 method, nitrobenzene is reduced by iron filings in the presence of acetic acid. In the modern synthesis, zinc is the reductant in the presence of a base.
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It can be prepared by treating a potassium-containing base such as potassium hydroxide or potassium carbonate with acetic acid: :CH3COOH + KOH → CH3COOK + H2O This sort of reaction is known as an acid-base neutralization reaction. The sesquihydrate in water solution (CH3COOK·1½H2O) begins to form semihydrate at 41.3 °C.
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Other methods of control focus on luring and trapping adults. A Hungarian study found that both male and female red-belted clearwings are attracted to a combination of pear ester and acetic acid. Because many pheromone-based traps attract more males than females, this method is suggested as female-targeted trapping.
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However, the stability of McMurry's in-bycyclo[4.4.4]-tetradecyl cation allows the alkene to be protonated with much weaker acids as well. Even in pure acetic acid, the alkene is protonated to about 50% as determined with NMR. Hydrogen-bridged cations have been implicated in the transannular migration of hydrogens.
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Approximately 5% of the acetic acid solvent is lost by decomposition or "burning". Product loss by decarboxylation to benzoic acid is common. The high temperature diminishes oxygen solubility in an already oxygen-starved system. Pure oxygen cannot be used in the traditional system due to hazards of flammable organic–O2 mixtures.
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Both acetic acid bacteria Acetobacter aceti and Gluconobacter oxydans use glycerol as a carbon source to form dihydroxyacetone. DHA is formed by ketogenesis of glycerol. It can affect the sensory quality of the wine with sweet/etherish properties. DHA can also react with proline to produce a "crust-like" aroma.
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Acetamide (systematic name: ethanamide) is an organic compound with the formula CH3CONH2. It is the simplest amide derived from acetic acid. It finds some use as a plasticizer and as an industrial solvent. The related compound N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) is more widely used, but it is not prepared from acetamide.
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Gastrointestinal Bacteroidetes species produce succinic acid, acetic acid, and in some cases propionic acid, as the major end-products. Species belonging to the genera Alistipes, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Prevotella, Paraprevotella, Alloprevotella, Barnesiella, and Tannerella are saccharolytic, while species belonging to Odoribacter and Porphyromonas are predominantly asaccharolytic. Some Bacteroides spp. and Prevotella spp.
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Gypsum and calcium carbonate are relatively soft minerals, and rapidly grind to ultra-fine particles. Grinding aids are typically chemicals added at a rate of 0.01-0.03% that coat the newly formed surfaces of broken mineral particles and prevent re-agglomeration. They include 1,2-propanediol, acetic acid, triethanolamine and lignosulfonates.
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In the laboratory, it can be easily synthesized from anthranilic acid and acetic anhydride. N-Acetylanthranilic acid exhibits triboluminescence when crushed. The fractured crystals have large electrical potentials between areas of high and low charge. When the electrons suddenly migrate to neutralize these potentials, flashes of deep blue light are created.
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Solutions of ceric sulfate have a strong yellow color. The tetrahydrate loses water when heated to 180-200 °C. It is insoluble in glacial acetic acid and pure (96%) ethanol. It was historically produced by direct reaction of fine, calcined cerium (IV) oxide and concentrated sulfuric acid, yielding the tetrahydrate.
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Common additives are glycerol and sucrose. Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 (CBB)(; mW: 825.97) is the most popular protein stain. It is an anionic dye, which non- specifically binds to proteins. The structure of CBB is predominantly non- polar, and it is usually used in methanolic solution acidified with acetic acid.
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PAA is also formed naturally in the environment through a series of photochemical reactions involving formaldehyde and photo-oxidant radicals. Peracetic acid is always sold in solution as a mixture with acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide to maintain its stability. The concentration of the acid as the active ingredient can vary.
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The most popular protein stain is Coomassie Brilliant Blue. It is an anionic dye, which non-specifically binds to proteins. Proteins in the gel are fixed by acetic acid and simultaneously stained. The excess dye incorporated into the gel can be removed by destaining with the same solution without the dye.
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Many microorganisms affect anaerobic digestion, including acetic acid-forming bacteria (acetogens) and methane- forming archaea (methanogens). These organisms promote a number of chemical processes in converting the biomass to biogas. Gaseous oxygen is excluded from the reactions by physical containment. Anaerobes utilize electron acceptors from sources other than oxygen gas.
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4-Nitrobenzaldehyde is an organic aromatic compound containing a nitro group para-substituted to an aldehyde. Nitrobenzyldiacetate is obtained by the reaction of 4-nitrotoluene and chromium(VI) oxide in acetic anhydride. 4-Nitrobenzaldehyde is obtained by hydrolysis by sulfuric acid in ethanol.4-Nitrobenzaldehyd, Versuchsvorschrift aus: Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol.
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At room temperature, α-tocopheryl acetate is a fat-soluble liquid. It has 3 chiral centers and thus 8 stereoisomers. It is made by esterifying α-tocopherol with acetic acid. 2R,4R,8R-isomer, also known as RRR-α-tocopheryl acetate, is the most common isomer used for various purposes.
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Diethyl ether peroxides can be detected with a potassium iodide (KI) solution in acetic acid or potassium iodide / starch paper. A positive test results in the formation of iodine (I2) that causes a yellow or brown color of the ether phase or a dark bluish spot on the paper strip.
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A. clavatus has the properties to oxidize tryptamine to indole acetic acid. It can absorb and collect hydrocarbons from fuel oil, incorporate metaphosphate and synthesize ethylene, clavatol and kojic acid. It is also responsible for the production of mycotoxins Patulin and sterigmatocystin. And has extremely high capacity for alcohol fermentation.
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Biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid by the gall-inducing fungus Ustilago esculenta. Journal of Biological Sciences 4(6) 744–50. (also, gau sun and kah peh sung)Terrell, E. E. and L. R. Batra. (1982). Zizania latifolia and Ustilago esculenta, a grass-fungus association. Economic Botany 36(3) 274–85.
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Aminoacylase 1 (ACY1: EC 3.5.14) is a zinc binding enzyme which hydrolyzes N-acetyl amino acids into the free amino acid and acetic acid. Of the N-acetyl amino hydrolyzing enzymes, aminoacylase 1 is the most common. The ACY1 gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 3 (3p21.2).
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While an attempt at Fischer esterification would lead to elimination of tert-butyl alcohol to isobutylene, it may also be synthesized in the laboratory by the Steglich esterification of acetic acid and tert-butyl alcohol. Butyl acetate has four isomers: tert-butyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, and sec-butyl acetate.
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Support for the reaction mechanism is based on isotope labeling.The ruthenium catalyst, [CpRu(CH3CN)3]PF6, has a cyclopentadienyl ligand, three acetonitrile ligands and a phosphorus hexafluoride counterion; the acidic proton in the solvent (acetic acid) is replaced by deuterium for isotopic labeling. Reaction conditions: 90°C, 24 hrs. 80% chemical yield.
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Carboxylic acid dimers The term supermolecule (or supramolecule) was introduced by Karl Lothar Wolf et al. (Übermoleküle) in 1937 to describe hydrogen-bonded acetic acid dimers.Historical Remarks on Supramolecular Chemistry – PDF (16 pg. paper) The study of non-covalent association of complexes of molecules has since developed into the field of supramolecular chemistry.
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In Barfoed's test, a solution of dissolved copper acetate, sodium acetate and acetic acid is added to the solution of the sugar to be tested and subsequently heated in a water bath for a few minutes. Glucose and other monosaccharides rapidly produce a reddish color and reddish brown copper(I) oxide (Cu2O).
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Acetic acid and malic acid combine to give vinegar its sour taste. Apple cider vinegar has no medicinal or nutritional value. There is no high-quality clinical evidence that regular consumption of apple cider vinegar helps to maintain or lose body weight, or is effective to manage blood glucose and lipid levels.
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In the US, 404 people became ill and nine died in a New York City hospital due to hospital-prepared mayonnaise. In all salmonellosis cases, the major reason was inadequate acidification of the mayonnaise, with a pH higher than the recommended upper limit of 4.1, with acetic acid as the main acidifying agent.
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Copper(II) acetate is soluble in alcohol and water and slightly soluble in ether and glycerol. It melts at and decomposes at . It can be prepared by reacting copper(II) oxide, CuO, or copper(II) carbonate, CuCO3, with acetic acid, CH3COOH. Verdigris is a variable chemical mixture of compounds, complexes and water.
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Smoke contains ethylene, and once this was realized the smoke was replaced with ethephon or naphthalene acetic acid, which induce ethylene production.Annual Plant Reviews, Plant Hormone Signaling. Peter Hedden, Stephen G. Thomas. John Wiley & Sons, Apr 15, 2008 In 1901, a Russian scientist named Dimitry Neljubow showed that the active component was ethylene.
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Once it is done and has cooled, it should be mixed with 0.3 L methanol. A precipitate should form and be vacuum filtered to obtain a solid. It should then be washed with water and dried, yielding a yellow product. It should then be recrystallized from glacial acetic acid to yield yellow needles.
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This process is almost exclusively conducted with soluble rhodium- and cobalt-containing complexes. A related carbonylation is the conversion of alcohols to carboxylic acids. MeOH and CO react in the presence of homogeneous catalysts to give acetic acid, as practiced in the Monsanto process and Cativa processes. Related reactions include hydrocarboxylation and hydroesterifications.
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If the glacial acetic acid is replaced by 5 ml of formalin (37–40% formaldehyde), the resulting solution is Helly's fixative, also sometimes called "formol-Zenker". Helly is stable for only a few hours because the formaldehyde and dichromate components react, producing formic acid and chromium(III) ions; the orange solution becomes greenish.
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Several syntheses of platinum(II) acetate have been reported. For example, G. Wilkinson et al. reported a synthesis which involved dissolving sodium hexahydroxyplatinate in nitric acid, heating with acetic acid, and removing excess nitric acid by reduction with formic acid. However, Wilkinson's group reported great variability in the results of this synthesis.
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The very best pearls have a metallic mirror-like luster. Because pearls are made primarily of calcium carbonate, they can be dissolved in vinegar. Calcium carbonate is susceptible to even a weak acid solution because the crystals react with the acetic acid in the vinegar to form calcium acetate and carbon dioxide.
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There are many ways to synthesize α-phenylcinnamic acid. Some of the more popular methods of formation include the condensation of phenylacetyl chloride with benzaldehyde in the presence of triethylamine, the distillation of benzylmandelic acid, or by the reaction of sodium phenylacetate with benzaldehyde in acetic anhydride.Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 4, p.
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Other key reactions encountered in this synthesis are a pinacol coupling and a Reformatskii reaction. In terms of raw materials the C20 framework is built up from L-serine (C3), isobutyric acid (C4), glycolic acid (C2), methyl bromide (C1), methyl iodide (C1), 2,3-dibromopropene (C3), acetic acid (C2) and homoallyl bromide (C4).
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Butyl acetates are commonly manufactured by the Fischer esterification of butanol (or its isomer to make an isomer of butyl acetate) and acetic acid with the presence of catalytic sulfuric acid under reflux conditions with this reaction:Acetic acid. (2003). In Ullman's encyclopedia of industrial chemistry (6th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 170-171).
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Proteins in the gel are fixed by acetic acid and simultaneously stained. The excess dye incorporated into the gel can be removed by destaining with the same solution without the dye. The proteins are detected as blue bands on a clear background. As SDS is also anionic, it may interfere with staining process.
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The first step of the synthesis is the condensation of o-nitrotoluene 1 with a diethyl oxalate 2 to give ethyl o-nitrophenylpyruvate 3. The reductive cyclization of 3 with zinc in acetic acid gives indole-2-carboxylic acid 4. If desired, 4 can be decarboxylated with heat to give indole 5.
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Norman Thomas Mortimer Wilsmore (1907): "Keten". Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions, volume 91, article CLXXXVIII (188), pages 1938-1941. 350px Ethenone is produced on a large scale industrially for use in the production of acetic anhydride. It can be prepared by pyrolysis of acetone, and this was formerly the main industrial process.
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One of these liquids contains a rhodium complex.Armin Fehn and Juergen Weidinger, Wacker Chemie AG, US patent US7129309B2 Rhodium detectors are used in nuclear reactors to measure the neutron flux level. Other uses of rhodium include asymmetric hydrogenation used to form drug precursors and the processes for the production of acetic acid.
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In the special case where one hydrogen is replaced by deuterium (D) and another hydrogen by tritium (T), the methyl substituent becomes chiral. Methods exist to produce optically pure methyl compounds, e.g., chiral acetic acid (CHDTCO2H). Through the use of chiral methyl groups, the stereochemical course of several biochemical transformations have been analyzed.
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One synthesis pathway involves AcMe which results in the formation of N'-(propan-2-ylidene)isonicotinohydrazide. Subsequently, the C=N linkage is selectively hydrogenated in the presence of a platinum catalyst and with water, alcohol or acetic acid as solvent.Vigorita; Ottana; Maccari; Monforte; Bisignano; Pizzimenti Bollettino Chimico Farmaceutico, 1998 , vol. 137, # 7 p.
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It may be formed by the reaction between cobalt oxide or hydroxide and acetic acid: : CoO + 2 CH3CO2H + 3 H2O → Co(CH3CO2)2·4 H2O The tetrahydrate has been shown by X-ray crystallography to adopt an octahedral structure, the central cobalt centre being coordinated by four water molecules and two acetate ligands.
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Besides, many secondary products are formed in small amounts, such as organic acids, esters, aldehydes, etc. Z. bailii is noted for its strong production of secondary metabolites, e.g. acetic acid, ethyl acetate and acetaldehyde. In high enough concentrations, these substances can have a dominant effect on the sensorial quality of the products.
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Journal of applied Science. Antibiotic resistance is acquired through conjugation, a method of bacterial reproduction. Conjugation permits a sharing of DNA allowing the bacterium to learn about various antibiotics through exposure and this information is passed down through replication between bacteria. Conjugation L. brevis produces more organic acids, specifically acetic acid and ethanol.
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Glyoxylic acid is about ten times stronger an acid than acetic acid, with an acid dissociation constant of 4.7 × 10−4 (pKa = 3.32): :OCHCO2H + H+ With base, glyoxylic acid disproportionates, forming hydroxyacetic acid and oxalic acid: :2 OCHCO2H + H2O → HOCH2CO2H + HO2CCO2H Glyoxylic acid gives heterocycles upon condensation with urea and 1,2-diaminobenzene.
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Visual representation of the synthesis of Gambierol. The tetracyclic acetic acid and tetracyclic alcohol together, form the octacyclic backbone of gambierol. Stille coupling of compound 8 to dienyl stannane (9) results in the active, toxic form of gambierol.Reaction conditions: (a) Dimethyldioxirane, CH2Cl2, -78 to 0 °C; DIBAL, CH2Cl2, 90% (10:1 mixture).
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Acetyl iodide is an organoiodine compound with the formula CH3COI. It is a colourless liquid. It is formally derived from acetic acid. Although far rarer in the laboratory than the related acetyl bromide and acetyl chloride, acetyl iodide is produced, transiently at least, on a far larger scale than any other acid halide.
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This reagent was originally prepared by Conrad Willgerodt by reacting iodobenzene with a mixture of acetic acid and peracetic acid: :CHI \+ CHCOH \+ CHCOH → CHI(OCCH) \+ HO PIDA can also be prepared from iodosobenzene and glacial acetic acid: :CHIO \+ 2 CHCOH → CHI(OCCH) \+ HO More recent preparations direct from iodine, acetic acid, and benzene have been reported, using either sodium perborate or potassium peroxydisulfate as the oxidizing agent: :CH \+ I \+ 2 CHCOH \+ KSO → CHI(OCCH) \+ KI \+ HSO \+ KHSO The PIDA molecule is termed hypervalent as its iodine atom (technically a hypervalent iodine) is in its +III oxidation state and has more than typical number of covalent bonds. It adopts a T-shaped molecular geometry, with the phenyl group occupying one of the three equatorial positions of a trigonal bipyramid (lone pairs occupy the other two) and the axial positions occupied by oxygen atoms from the acetate groups. The "T" is distorted in that the phenyl-C to I to acetate-O bond angles are less than 90°. A separate investigation of the crystal structure confirmed that it has orthorhombic crystals in space group Pnn2 and reported unit-cell dimensions in good agreement with the original paper.
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6-Monoacetylcodeine (6-MAC) is an acetate ester of codeine in which the hydroxyl group on the 6 position has been acetylated. It is occasionally present as an impurity in street heroin and is typically created when attempting to create heroin from a solution of morphine in which some of the codeine from the original opium solution still remains. It is formed either through the addition of acetic anhydride, which can only acetylate the 6 position on the codeine or as a result of the addition of acetic acid with a catalyst in an attempt to create 6-monoacetylmorphine, the equivalent ester of morphine which is slightly more potent than heroin itself. 6-monoacetylcodeine is eventually metabolised into codeine and then into morphine.
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If conditions are acidic enough, the acetic acid can be further reacted via the Fischer esterification pathway, but at a much slower pace. However, in many carefully designed syntheses, reagents can be designed such that acid anhydrides are generated in situ and carboxylic acid byproducts are reactivated, and Fischer esterification routes are not necessarily mutually exclusive with acetic anhydride routes. (Examples of this include the common undergraduate organic lab experiment involving the acetylation of salicylic acid to yield aspirin.) Fischer esterification is primarily a thermodynamically-controlled process: because of its slowness, the most stable ester tends to be the major product. This can be a desirable trait if there are multiple reaction sites and side product esters to be avoided.
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Five-day-old zebrafish larvae show behavioural responses indicative of pain in response to diluted acetic acid Pre-treatment with morphine (an analgesic in humans and other mammals) has a dose-dependent anti-nociceptive effect and mitigates the behavioural and ventilation rate responses of rainbow trout to noxious stimuli. When acetic acid is injected into the lips of rainbow trout, they exhibit anomalous behaviours such as side-to-side rocking and rubbing their lips along the sides and floors of the tanks, and their ventilation rate increases. Injections of morphine reduce both the anomalous, noxious-stimulus related behaviours and the increase in ventilation rate. When the same noxious stimulus is applied to zebrafish (Danio rerio), they respond by decreasing their activity.
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Of special interest are lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Lactic acid bacteria have antagonistic properties that make them particularly useful as biopreservatives. When LABs compete for nutrients, their metabolites often include active antimicrobials such as lactic acid, acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and peptide bacteriocins. Some LABs produce the antimicrobial nisin, which is a particularly effective preservative.
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Gluconacetobacter hansenii is a species of acetic acid bacteria, notable as the model organism for the biosynthesis of bacterial celluloseRoss, P., Mayer, R., & Benziman, M. (1991) "Cellulose biosynthesis and function in bacteria", Microbiological Reviews, 55(1), 35-58.Römling, U. (2002) "Molecular biology of cellulose production in bacteria", Research in microbiology, 153(4), 205-212.
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Difluoroacetic acid is a chemical compound with formula CHF2COOH. It is a dihalogenocarboxylic acid, specifically a structural analog of acetic acid with two of three hydrogen atoms on the alpha carbon replaced with fluorine atoms. In solution, it dissociates to form difluoroacetate ions. Difluoroacetic acid can also be used as direct C-H difluoromethylating reagent.
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The yeasts reproduce every few hours, and soon there are thousands of individual yeast cells in a small area, which produce enzymes to break down the pulp on the outside of the beans. This makes acetic acid, killing the cacao embryo inside the seed, developing a chocolatey aroma and eliminating the bitterness in the beans.
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Moreover, the triad is of opposite chirality to that of other proteases. The hydrolysis reaction of the carboxyl ester leads to the formation of an acyl-enzyme and free choline. Then, the acyl-enzyme undergoes nucleophilic attack by a water molecule, assisted by the histidine 440 group, liberating acetic acid and regenerating the free enzyme.
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A simple two-stage synthesis from the γ-hydroxybutenolide compound, 5-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-5(H)-furanone, has been reported. Firstly, the furanone is oxidized to 3-isopropylfuran-2,5-dione by Dess–Martin periodinane, followed by acetic acid reflux with beta-alanine. The white powdered product has a melting point of 75-77 °C.
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The crystalline metal carbonyls often are sublimable in vacuum, although this process is often accompanied by degradation. Metal carbonyls are soluble in nonpolar and polar organic solvents such as benzene, diethyl ether, acetone, glacial acetic acid, and carbon tetrachloride. Some salts of cationic and anionic metal carbonyls are soluble in water or lower alcohols.
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The Albright-Goldman oxidation is a name reaction of organic chemistry, first described by the American chemists J. Donald Albright and Leon Goldman in 1965. The reaction is particularly suitable for the synthesis of aldehydes from primary alcohols. Analogously, secondary alcohols can be oxidized to form ketones. Dimethyl sulfoxide/acetic anhydride serves as oxidizing agent.
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The Varrentrapp reaction, also named Varrentrapp degradation, is a name reaction in the organic chemistry. It is named after Franz Varrentrapp, who described this reaction in 1840.F. Varrentrapp, Ann., 36, 196 (1840) The reaction entails the degradation of an unsaturated carboxylic acid into acetic acid and a second acid, shortened by two carbons.
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The sap relies on wild yeast to turn the sugars into ethanol. This turns the sap into a traditional palm toddy called tubâ. Leaving it to ferment further, however, allows Acetobacter from the air to oxidise the ethanol to acetic acid. It is harvested once the level of acidity reaches four or five percent.
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Methylene cyclopropyl acetic acid (MCPA) is a compound found in lychee (Litchi chinensis) seeds.Gray DO, Fowden L. alpha-(methylenecyclopropyl)glycine from litchi seeds. Biochem J 1962;82:385–9. It is also a metabolite in mammalian digestion after ingestion of hypoglycin, a rare and potentially toxic amino acid, chemically related to the common amino acid lysine.
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Lactic acid bacteria can cause acid spoilage in dry wine with low acidity and lactic acid bacteria disease in sweet wine with low acidity. Acetic acid bacteria may cause the increase of volatile acid in wine, resulting in an undesirable sour vinegar taste. These fungi are all bad for the safety and flavor of wine.
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Several other skin preparations have been shown to be potentially ototoxic in the animal model. These preparations include acetic acid, propylene glycol, quaternary ammonium compounds, and any alcohol-based preparations. However, it is difficult to extrapolate these results to human ototoxicity because the human round window membrane is much thicker than in any animal model.
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In the laboratory, home, or art studio, the acid used in the dye-bath is often vinegar (acetic acid) or citric acid. The uptake rate of the dye is controlled with the use of sodium chloride. In textiles, acid dyes are effective on protein fibers, i.e. animal hair fibers like wool, alpaca, and mohair.
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Zenker is usually made with 50g of mercuric chloride, 25g of potassium dichromate, 10g of sodium sulfate (decahydrate) and distilled water to complete 1000 ml. Before use, 5 ml glacial acetic acid is added to 100 ml of the solution. Both the stock solution and the complete Zenker fixative are stable for many years.
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The dihydrate K4[Mo(CN)8] · 2 H2O can be prepared by the reduction of molybdate (MoO42-) with potassium borohydride (KBH4) in a solution with potassium cyanide and acetic acid.J. G. Leipoldt, L. D. C. Bok,P. J. Cilliers, "The preparation of Potassium OctacyanomolybdateIV) Dihydrate", Z. anorg. allg. Chem., 1974, volume 409, pp. 343-44.
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In 2008, Auralgan was reformulated to include acetic acid and U-polycosanol 410, in addition to antipyrine and benzocaine. Due to this reformulation, pharmacies could no longer substitute the generic antipyrine/benzocaine drops for a prescription written as "Auralgan". The price for the new formulation was roughly $150.00 compared to the generic price of $2.00.
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Free- radical substitution with bromine is commonly used to prepare organobromine compounds. Carbonyl-containing, benzylic, allylic substrates are especially prone to this reactions. For example, the commercially significant bromoacetic acid is generated directly from acetic acid and bromine in the presence of phosphorus tribromide catalyst: :CH3CO2H + Br2 → BrCH2CO2H + HBr Bromine also converts fluoroform to bromotrifluoromethane.
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Other methods involve the use of illuminescence, relying on either the property of normal autoflorescent molecules in mucosa such as collagen and keratin which is lost from areas of dysplasia or carcinoma under blue light, or by initially staining of the mucosa with toluidine blue or dilute acetic acid and examination under white light.
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The bifidus factor might be lacto-N-biose I [LNB], which is a derivative of mucin sugars. However, the exact structure and mechanism behind the bifidus factor remains unknown. The bacteria would break down lactic acid and acetic acid. The environment of the intestine would become acidic, preventing the growth of any harmful pathogens.
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Common stain formulations include 0.1% (w/v) Ponceau S in 5% acetic acid or 2% (w/v) Ponceau S in 30% trichloroacetic acid and 30% sulfosalicylic acid. A nitrocellulose membrane stained with Ponceau S dye for protein detection during western blotting. The blue bands on the left are protein markers for various molecular weights.
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Wieland-Miescher synthesis: a) water, acetic acid, hydroquinone (stabilizes EVK) b)L-proline, DMSO d) hydrogen, Raney nickel, sodium hydroxide e) methyl iodide, dioxane. specific rotation 68°. The required 2-methyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione can be prepared from resorcinolA. B. Mekler, S. Ramachandran, S. Swaminathan, and Melvin S. Newman Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 5, p.
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Cyanuric trihydrazide is produced in the reaction with hydrazine. When heated with urea at 140°C, ammelide is formed. Cyanuric bromide reacts with water, particularly in alkaline conditions to cyanuric acid and hydrogen bromide. Cyanuric bromide can add bromine to other compound, and when it is heated with acetic acid, acetyl bromide is produced.
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Afhandlingar i fysik, kemi och mineralogi, Volume 5 He is notable for having isolated formic acid from ants and showing that formic acid was different from the closely related acetic acid. He also studied the chemistry of nickel and oxalic acid. In 1801, he was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
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With a pKa near 3.4, thioacetic acid is about 15x more acidic than acetic acid.Matthys J. Janssen "Carboxylic Acids and Esters" in PATAI'S Chemistry of Functional Groups: Carboxylic Acids and Esters, Saul Patai, Ed. pp. 705–764, 1969. The conjugate base is thioacetate: CH3COSH → CH3COS− \+ H+ In neutral water, thioacetic acid is fully ionized.
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Lead(IV) acetate or lead tetraacetate is a chemical compound with chemical formula Pb(C2H3O2)4. It is a colorless solid that is soluble in nonpolar organic solvents, indicating that it is not a salt. It is degraded by moisture and is typically stored with additional acetic acid. The compound is used in organic synthesis.
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Chlorine azide is prepared by passing chlorine gas over silver azide, or by an addition of acetic acid to a solution of sodium hypochlorite and sodium azide. When treated with ammonia it is conceivable that one or more of the three possible azinamines, NH2N3, NH(N3)2, and N(N3)3 may be formed.
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The formyl group readily oxidizes to the corresponding carboxyl group (−COOH). The preferred oxidant in industry is oxygen or air. In the laboratory, popular oxidizing agents include potassium permanganate, nitric acid, chromium(VI) oxide, and chromic acid. The combination of manganese dioxide, cyanide, acetic acid and methanol will convert the aldehyde to a methyl ester.
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The first method of production of sec-butyl acetate was the esterification of sec- butanol and acetic anhydrideAltschul, R. (1946). "The Reversible Esterification of Carboxylic Acids with Isobutene and Trimethylethylene. Quantitative Studies and Synthetic Applications", Journal of the American Chemical Society, 68(12), 2605–2609. It was experimentally determined and published in 1946 by Rolf Altschul.
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Tolmetin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the heterocyclic acetic acid derivative class. It is used primarily to reduce hormones that cause pain, swelling, tenderness, and stiffness in conditions such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, including juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. In the United States it is marketed as Tolectin and comes as a tablet or capsule.
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Formic acid is about ten times stronger than acetic acid. It is used as a volatile pH modifier in HPLC and capillary electrophoresis. Formic acid is a source for a formyl group for example in the formylation of methylaniline to N-methylformanilide in toluene. In synthetic organic chemistry, formic acid is often used as a source of hydride ion.
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Ethyl acetate was first synthesised by Count de Lauraguais in 1759 by distilling a mixture of ethanol and acetic acid. In 2004, an estimated 1.3 million tonnes were produced worldwide. The combined annual production in 1985 of Japan, North America, and Europe was about 400,000 tonnes. The global ethyl acetate market was valued at $3.3 billion in 2018.
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The hydroxyls on each molecule will be able to form hydrogen bonds with the water in the product. The addition of salt will reduce the repulsive interactions between the negatively charged side chains of acetic acid and pectin within solution because they will create bonds with the dissociated sodium and chloride ions.Schwarz, U. Theory of soft biomatter. June 2009.
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Many cyclodehydrating agents have been discovered to be of use in the Robinson–Gabriel synthesis. Historically, the dehydration agent is concentrated sulfuric acid. To date, the reaction has been shown to proceed with a variety of other agents including phosphorus pentachloride, phosphorus pentoxide, phosphoryl chloride, thionyl chloride, phosphoric acid-acetic anhydride, polyphosphoric acid, and anhydrous hydrogen fluoride among others.
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The acid formation phase intermediary products (e.g. acetic, propionic, and butyric acids) are converted to CH4 and CO2 by methanogenic microorganisms. As VFAs are metabolized by the methanogens, the landfill water pH returns to neutrality. The leachate's organic strength, experessed as oxygen demand, decreases at a rapid rate with increases in CH4 and CO2 gas production.
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By July 1917 there was a serious shortage of cellulose acetate, in part due to shortage of the raw materials. However, the company expanded fast, and moved into other products needed by the aircraft industry. The British Government patented Henri Dreyfus's process for producing acetic acid anhydride. By 1918, Henri Dreyfus was managing a workforce of 14,000.
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Industrially important carboxylic acids include acetic acid (component of vinegar, precursor to solvents and coatings), acrylic and methacrylic acids (precursors to polymers, adhesives), adipic acid (polymers), citric acid (a flavor and preservative in food and beverages), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (chelating agent), fatty acids (coatings), maleic acid (polymers), propionic acid (food preservative), terephthalic acid (polymers). Important carboxylate salts are soaps.
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The hill was heavily forested and today is protected as the natural monument of Zvezdara Forest. By the 1930s, Bulbulder was fully integrated into the urban tissue of Belgrade. Industrialist Luka Milišić built a social housing block in Bulbulder during the Interbellum. He built it for the workers of his brickyard and the acetic acid factory.
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For example, hexane has a molecular formula of , or structurally , implying that it has a chain structure of 6 carbon atoms, and 14 hydrogen atoms. However, the empirical formula for hexane is . Likewise the empirical formula for hydrogen peroxide, , is simply HO expressing the 1:1 ratio of component elements. Formaldehyde and acetic acid have the same empirical formula, .
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Slow bread is made using very little yeast. An extended amount of time is required to ferment the dough before baking. A benefit of this recipe is that the starch in the flour absorbs the water much more effectively. During the period of rest, the yeast multiplies and develops by-products like alcohol and acetic and lactic acids.
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Triethyl orthoacetate is the ethyl orthoester of acetic acid. It is also known as 1,1,1-triethoxyethane, and is an oily liquid with a colour that is anywhere from yellow to colorless. Triethyl orthoacetate is used in organic synthesis for the introduction of the acetate group to an alcohol. It is also used in the Johnson-Claisen rearrangement.
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At least two pathways exist for the enzyme- mediated formation of oxalate. In one pathway, oxaloacetate, a component of the Krebs citric acid cycle, is hydrolyzed to oxalate and acetic acid by the enzyme oxaloacetase:. :[O2CC(O)CH2CO2]2− \+ H2O → + + H+ It also arises from the dehydrogenation of glycolic acid, which is produced by the metabolism of ethylene glycol.
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Similar to acetic anhydride, trifluoroacetic anhydride can be used as a dehydrating agent and as an activator for the Pummerer rearrangement. It can be used in place of oxalyl chloride in the Swern oxidation, allowing temperatures up to −30 °C. With sodium iodide, it reduces sulfoxides to sulfides. Trifluoroacetic anhydride is the recommended desiccant for trifluoroacetic acid.
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Cyanoacetic acid is prepared by treatment of chloroacetate salts with sodium cyanide followed by acidification. Electrosynthesis by cathodic reduction of carbon dioxide and anodic oxidation of acetonitrile also affords cyanoacetic acid. Cyanoacetic acid is used to do cyanoacetylation, first convenient method described by J. Slätt. It is about 1000x more acidic than acetic acid, with a pKa of 2.5.
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Aspergillus penicillioides is used to treat petrochemical effluents with short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) containing acetic acid, propionic acid, isobutyric acid, n-butyric acid, isovaleric acid, and n-valeric acid. When Aspergillus penicillioides was cultivated in a continuous flow reactor to treat a petrochemical effluent, more than 75% of COD and 80% of SCFA were removed.
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In the critically acclaimed drama Breaking Bad, main character Walter White uses the reductive amination reaction to produce his high purity methamphetamine, relying on 2-phenyl-propanone and methylamine. The 2-phenyl-propanone (otherwise known as phenylacetone or P2P) is produced from phenylacetic acid and acetic acid using a tube furnace and thorium dioxide (ThO2) as a catalyst.
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During the Tektite Project in 1969 there was a great deal of otitis externa. The Diving Medical Officer devised a prophylaxis that came to be known as, "Tektite Solution", equal parts of 15% tannic acid, 15% acetic acid and 50% isopropyl alcohol or ethanol. During Tektite ethanol was used because it was available in the lab for pickling specimens.
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Trichloroethyl chloroformate is used in organic synthesis for the introduction of the trichloroethyl chloroformate (Troc) protecting group for amines, thiols and alcohols. It readily cleaves vs other carbamates and can be used in an overall protecting group strategy. The troc group is traditionally removed via Zn insertion in the presence of acetic acid, resulting in elimination and decarboxylation.
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A noteworthy exception occurs when electrophilic substitution is carried out in conditions sufficiently acidic to exhaustively protonate C3. In this case, C5 is the most common site of electrophilic attack. Gramine, a useful synthetic intermediate, is produced via a Mannich reaction of indole with dimethylamine and formaldehyde. It is the precursor to indole-3-acetic acid and synthetic tryptophan.
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A well known hydrogen silsesquioxane is [HSiO3/2]8. Early syntheses involved treatment of trichlorosilane with concentrated sulfuric acid, and fuming sulfuric acid, affording T10-T16 oligomers. The T8 cluster was also synthesized by the reaction of trimethylsilane with a mixture of acetic acid, cyclohexane, and hydrochloric acid. The Si-H groups are amenable to hydrosilylation.
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The threshold limit value is 25ppm (STEL/ceiling value) and the MAK (Maximum Workplace Concentration) is 50 ppm. At 50 ppm acetaldehyde, no irritation or local tissue damage in the nasal mucosa is observed. When taken up by the organism, acetaldehyde is metabolized rapidly in the liver to acetic acid. Only a small proportion is exhaled unchanged.
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Structure of ethanol molecule. All bonds are single bonds During ethanol fermentation, glucose and other sugars in the corn (or sugarcane or other crops) are converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide. :C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH+ 2 CO2 \+ heat Ethanol fermentation is not 100% selective with side products such as acetic acid and glycols. They are mostly removed during ethanol purification.
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Selenopyrylium and derivatives can be made from 1,5-diketones (glutaraldehyde), hydrogen selenide along with HCl as a catalyst in acetic acid solvent. A side product is 2,6-bis-(hydroseleno)selenacyclohexane. When 5-chloro-2,4-pentadienenitrile derivatives react with sodium hydroselenide, or sodium selenite, and is then treated with perchloric acid, a 2-amino- selenopyrilium perchlorate salt results.
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The (Z) group is another carbamate-type amine protecting group, first used by Max Bergmann in the synthesis of oligopeptides. It is removed under harsh conditions using HBr in acetic acid, or milder conditions of catalytic hydrogenation. While it has been used periodically for α-amine protection in peptide synthesis, it is almost exclusively used for side chain protection.
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A wide range of chemical and natural compounds are used as antimicrobials. Organic acids and their salts are used widely in food products, e.g. lactic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, either as ingredients or as disinfectants. For example, beef carcasses often are sprayed with acids, and then rinsed or steamed, to reduce the prevalence of Escherichia coli.
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It is prepared by heating ruthenium trichloride in acetic acid in the presence of sodium acetate. The basic acetates of ruthenium were reported in the early 1950s but were not properly formulated. Basic ruthenium acetate reacts with many ligands such as triphenylphosphine and pyridine concomitant with reduction. These derivatives [Ru3O(O2CCH3)6L3]0 are mixed valence compounds.
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As the film decays, acetic acid is released from the film support, which causes the gelatin layer to separate from the film support. This is a form of advanced acetate decay and can be accompanied by embrittlement and the exudation of plasticizers. While delamination is irreversible, skilled professionals can perform conservation treatments to save the image.
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The molecular structure of uroporphyrinogen III can be described as a hexahydroporphine core, where each pyrrole ring has the hydrogen atoms on its two outermost carbons replaced by an acetic acid group (, "A") and a propionic acid group (, "P"). The groups are attached in an asymmetric way: going around the macrocycle, the order is AP-AP-AP-PA.
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The Woodward cis-hydroxylation (also known as the Woodward reaction) is the chemical reaction of alkenes with iodine and silver acetate in wet acetic acid to form cis-diols.Woodward, R. B., (conversion of olefin into cis-diol) The reaction is named after its discoverer, Robert Burns Woodward. The Woodward cis-hydroxylation This reaction has found application in steroid synthesis.
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"Application of Sorbents To Protect Calcareous Materials Against Acetic Acid Vapours". Indoor Air Pollution: Detection and Mitigation of Carbonyls, Presentation Abstracts and Additional Notes. The University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland 17–18 June 1998. :CaCO3 \+ 2CH3COOH → Ca(CH3COO)2 \+ H2O + CO2 Calcium carbonate and formic acid chemical reaction occurs as follows:Baltrusaitis, J., Usher, C. and Grassian, V. (2006).
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Meisenheimer, J. and Link, J. (1930), Über die Verschiebung in der Allyl-Gruppe. 3. Mitteilung über Substitution und Addition. Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie, 479: 211–277. Solvolysis of gamma-phenylallyl chloride with AcOK in acetic acid was found to give a mixture of the gamma and the alpha acetate with the latter converting to the first by equilibration.
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Triethyl phosphate is a chemical compound with the formula (C2H5)3PO4 or OP(OEt)3. It is a colorless liquid. It is the triester of ethanol and phosphoric acid and can be called "phosphoric acid, triethyl ester". Its primary uses are as an industrial catalyst (in acetic anhydride synthesis), a polymer resin modifier, and a plasticizer (e.g.
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111; its empirical formula is stated on p. 114; its explosive character is mentioned on p. 115. Hüthig also noted the indifference of ascaridole to aldehydes, ketones or phenols that characterized it as non-alcohol. When reacted with sulfuric acid, or reduced with zinc powder and acetic acid, ascaridole formed cymene.(Hüthig, April 1908), p. 116.
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Acetic acid is used in day- to-day life as vinegar. Citric acid is used as a preservative in sauces and pickles. Carbonic acid is one of the most common acid additives that are widely added in soft drinks. During the manufacturing process, CO2 is usually pressurized to dissolve in these drinks to generate carbonic acid.
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Eosin also stains red blood cells intensely red. For staining, eosin Y is typically used in concentrations of 1 to 5 percent weight by volume, dissolved in water or ethanol. For prevention of mold growth in aqueous solutions, thymol is sometimes added. A small concentration (0.5 percent) of acetic acid usually gives a deeper red stain to the tissue.
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Bromoacetic acid is the chemical compound with the formula CH2BrCO2H. This colorless solid is a relatively strong alkylating agent. Bromoacetic acid and its esters are widely used building blocks in organic synthesis, for example in pharmaceutical chemistry. The compound is prepared by bromination of acetic acid, such as by a Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky reaction or using other reagents.
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Acetic acid alone did not have the same attractive effects as the chemical combinations.Landolt, P. J. “Chemical Attractants for Trapping Yellowjackets Vespula germanica and Vespula pensylvanica (Hymenoptera: Vespidae).” Environmental Entomology 27.5 (1998): 1229-1234. Print. Using a vial dispenser, releasing up to an estimated 2.3 mg of heptyl butyrate per hour increased the number of yellowjackets attracted.
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The galled stems are harvested as a vegetable called gau-soon and kal-peh- soonChung, K. R. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). Biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid by the gall-inducing fungus Ustilago esculenta. Journal of Biological Sciences 4(6) 744–50. (also, gau sun and kah peh sung) and jiaobai in China.Jing-Ze, Z., et al. (2012).
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Red lead is virtually insoluble in water and in ethanol. However, it is soluble in hydrochloric acid present in the stomach, and is therefore toxic when ingested. It also dissolves in glacial acetic acid and a diluted mixture of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. When heated to 500 °C, it decomposes to lead(II) oxide and oxygen.
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146 Sinhalese men, women and children were killed in Anuradhapura. The Aranthalawa Massacre was the killing of 33 Buddhist monks and four civilians by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. The sacred Bo tree that relates to the Acetic tree, under which the Buddha attained Buddhahood was also attacked by the said terrorist group, killing around three hundred pilgrims.
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During this period, the pinnacle of Buddhists; the Temple of the Tooth, where the sacred tooth relic of the Lord Buddha is kept and worshiped was attacked by the LTTE. The sacred Bo tree that relates to the Acetic tree, under which the Buddha attained Buddhahood was also attacked by the said terrorist group, killing around three hundred pilgrims.
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Also a promising approach visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) has to be analyzed if considered for public health initiatives. VIA has shown to have in several studies a low specificity compared to cytology and a high rate of false positives.Labani S et al. CareHPV cervical cancer screening demonstration in a rural population of north India.
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Jean-Baptiste Dumas Chlorination is one of the oldest known substitution reactions in chemistry. The French chemist Jean- Baptiste Dumas investigated the substitution of hydrogen for chlorine by acetic acid in candle wax as early as 1830.Jean-Baptiste Dumas: Ueber die Einwirkung des Chlors auf den aus essigsauren Salzen entstehenden Kohlenwasserstoff. In: Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie.
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In Acetogenesis, bacteria convert these resulting organic acids into acetic acid, along with additional ammonia, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide. Finally, methanogens convert these products to methane and carbon dioxide. The methanogenic archaea populations play an indispensable role in anaerobic wastewater treatments. Anaerobic digestion is used as part of the process to treat biodegradable waste and sewage sludge.
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Rainbow trout naturally avoid novelty (i.e. they are neophobic). Victoria Braithwaite describes a study in which a brightly coloured Lego brick is placed in the tank of rainbow trout. Trout injected in the lip with a small amount of saline strongly avoided the Lego brick, however, trout injected with acetic acid spent considerably more time near the Lego block.
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Lactobacillus buchneri is a gram-positive, non-spore forming, anaerobic, rod prokaryote. L. buchneri is a heterofermentative bacteria that produces lactic acid and acetic acid during fermentation. It is used as a bacterial inoculant to improve the aerobic stability of silage. These bacteria are inoculated and used for preventing heating and spoilage after exposure to air.
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Secondary alcohols are oxidized to the corresponding ketone, e.g. menthol to menthone; dihydrocholesterol to cholestanone: :3 R2CHOH + Cr2O72− \+ 2 H+ → 3 R2C=O + Cr2O3 \+ 4 H2O Relative to the potassium salt, the main advantage of sodium dichromate is its greater solubility in water and polar solvents like acetic acid. Sodium dichromate can be used in fluorene to fluorenone conversion.
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First, he used a gamboge soap-like emulsion, second by doing experimental work on Brownian motion, and third by confirming Einstein's theory of particle rotation in the liquid phase.Perrin, Jean, B. (1926). Discontinuous Structure of Matter, Nobel Lecture, December 11. In 1937, chemist K.L. Wolf introduced the concept of supermolecules (Übermoleküle) to describe hydrogen bonding in acetic acid dimers.
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Keyser's Pills were an 18th-century patent medicine containing mercuric oxide and acetic acid used to treat syphilis. Mercury was a common, long-standing treatment for syphilis. Keyser's pills were marketed by and named for Jean Keyser, a surgeon in the French military.Louis-Courvoisier M (2007)An 18th century controlled trial prompted by a potential shortage of hospital beds.
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Making an amide is one of the processes which require ammonia as a reactant. There are other processes of preparing an amide such as from acid anhydrides and acyl chloride. Carboxylic acids react with ammonium carbonate, to convert the carboxylic acids to ammonium salts. For example, acetic acid reacts with ammonium carbonate to produce ammonium acetate.
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Following the succession of John I of Castile, conditions for Jews seem to have improved somewhat. With John I even making legal exemptions for some Jews, such as Abraham David Taroç. Seal for the Matsot (acetic breads) (14th century) [Copy from the History Museum of the Jews in Girona]. The end of the century brought the revolts of 1391.
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Typical titrations require titrant and analyte to be in a liquid (solution) form. Though solids are usually dissolved into an aqueous solution, other solvents such as glacial acetic acid or ethanol are used for special purposes (as in petrochemistry). Concentrated analytes are often diluted to improve accuracy. Many non- acid–base titrations require a constant pH during the reaction.
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Anhydrous SnCl2 is prepared by the action of dry hydrogen chloride gas on tin metal. The dihydrate is made by a similar reaction, using hydrochloric acid: :Sn (s) + 2 HCl (aq) → SnCl2 (aq) + (g) The water then carefully evaporated from the acidic solution to produce crystals of SnCl2·2H2O. This dihydrate can be dehydrated to anhydrous using acetic anhydride.
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Iodoacetic acid is a derivative of acetic acid. It is a toxic compound, because, like many alkyl halides, it is an alkylating agent. It reacts with cysteine residues in proteins. It is often used to modify SH-groups to prevent the re-formation of disulfide bonds after the reduction of cystine residues to cysteine during protein sequencing.
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To count white blood cells, the sample is diluted using a fluid containing a compound that lyses red blood cells, such as ammonium oxalate, acetic acid, or hydrochloric acid.Keohane, E et al. (2017) p. 189. Sometimes a stain is added to the diluent that highlights the nuclei of white blood cells, making them easier to identify.
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A compound which is a weak acid in water may become a strong acid in DMSO. Acetic acid is an example of such a substance. An extensive bibliography of pKa values in solution in DMSO and other solvents can be found at Acidity–Basicity Data in Nonaqueous Solvents. Superacids are strong acids even in solvents of low dielectric constant.
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Acetic acid bacteria are airborne and are ubiquitous in nature. They are actively present in environments where ethanol is being formed as a product of the fermentation of sugars. They can be isolated from the nectar of flowers and from damaged fruit. Other good sources are fresh apple cider and unpasteurized beer that has not been filter sterilized.
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It can be synthesized in six steps from pseudoionone and propargyl alcohol. Total synthesis begins with the combination of acetylene and acetone to produce 3-methyl-1-butyn-3-ol. Hydrogenation by palladium catalysis results in 3-methyl-1-buten-3-ol. Reaction with diketene or acetic acid ester creates the acetoacetate; thermal reaction leads to 2-methyl-2-hepten-6-one.
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It is a component of some printing inks and perfumes. Isopropyl acetate decomposes slowly on contact with steel in the presence of air, producing acetic acid and isopropanol. It reacts violently with oxidizing materials and it attacks many plastics. Isopropyl acetate is quite flammable in both its liquid and vapor forms, and it may be harmful if swallowed or inhaled.
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Silica gel adsorber for NO2, Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory, ca.1930s Silica gel is a chemically inert, nontoxic, polar and dimensionally stable (< ) amorphous form of SiO2. It is prepared by the reaction between sodium silicate and acetic acid, which is followed by a series of after-treatment processes such as aging, pickling, etc. These after- treatment methods results in various pore size distributions.
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However, whereas powder cocaine dissolves in water, crack must be dissolved in an acidic solution such as lemon juice (containing citric acid) or white vinegar (containing acetic acid), a process that effectively reverses the original conversion of powder cocaine to crack. Harm reduction and public health agencies may distribute packets of citric acid or ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) for this purpose.
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Ferrocene undergoes many reactions characteristic of aromatic compounds, enabling the preparation of substituted derivatives. A common undergraduate experiment is the Friedel–Crafts reaction of ferrocene with acetic anhydride (or acetyl chloride) in the presence of phosphoric acid as a catalyst. Under conditions for a Mannich reaction, ferrocene gives N,N-dimethylaminomethylferrocene. Important reactions of ferrocene with electrophiles and other reagents.
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Barium acetate is generally produced by the reaction of acetic acid with barium carbonate:Barium acetate , hillakomem.com, retrieved 30 June 2009 :BaCO3 \+ 2CH3COOH → (CH3COO)2Ba + CO2 \+ H2O The reaction is performed in solution and the barium acetate crystallizes out. Alternatively, barium sulfide can be used: :BaS + 2CH3COOH → (CH3COO)2Ba + H2S Again, the solvent is evaporated off and the barium acetate crystallized.
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The mycorrhizae allow the plants a greater tolerance of heavy metals in part due to the increase in biomass that they help them achieve. The fungi also stimulate uptake of heavy metals (such as manganese and cadmium) with the enzymes and organic acids (such as acetic acid and malic acid) that they excrete into their surroundings in order to digest them.
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Fieser's reagent is a mixture of chromium trioxide in acetic acid. Fieser's solution is an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide, sodium hydrosulfite, and sodium anthraquinone β-sulfonate used for the removal of oxygen from a gas stream. Woodward's rules for calculating UV absorption maxima are also known as the Woodward-Fieser rules. He was the first to propose the existence of iceane.
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One-component silicones are mostly used as a binding agent for sealants and require atmospheric moisture to harden. During the hardening process either acetic acid or ethanol is set free. Akemi provides special, ready-made silicones for natural stone and guarantees that they do not discolour. These silicones are permanently elastic and as such are suitable for use in the construction industry.
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Pure sucrose, glucose from starch, raw sugar, and beet juice are frequently used. Lactic acid producing bacteria can be divided in two classes: homofermentative bacteria like Lactobacillus casei and Lactococcus lactis, producing two moles of lactate from one mole of glucose, and heterofermentative species producing one mole of lactate from one mole of glucose as well as carbon dioxide and acetic acid/ethanol.
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Thermal decomposition catalyzed by copper sulfate results in carbon dioxide and biacetal. 2,3,4-Pentanetrione reacts with hydrogen peroxide to yield acetic acid and carbon monoxide. Adding HOOH between C2 and C4 yields a cyclic intermediate which decomposes. With light or organic peroxides, a free radical reaction can take place (as with triketones), whereby the molecule is slit into CH3COCO• and CH3CO• fragments.
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Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus is a bacterium with a rod-like shape, has circular ends, and can be classified as a Gram-negative bacterium. The bacterium is known for stimulating plant growth and being tolerant to acetic acid. With one to three lateral flagella, and known to be found on sugarcane, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus was discovered in Brazil by Vladimir A. Cavalcante and Johanna Dobereiner.
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The Dille–Koppanyi reagent is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify barbiturates. It is composed of a mixture of two solutions. Part A is 0.1 g of cobalt(II) acetate dihydrate dissolved in 100 ml of methanol mixed with 0.2 ml of glacial acetic acid. Part B made up of is 5% isopropylamine (v/v) in methanol.
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Using a pH 4.0 acetic acid solution, 8 types of proteins were identified in Rivalta reaction- positive turbid precipitates: C-reactive protein (CRP), Alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha1-AT), Orosomucoid ((Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein or AGP)), haptoglobin (Hp), transferrin (Tf), ceruloplasmin (Cp), fibrinogen (Fg), and hemopexin (Hpx). Since those are Acute-phase proteins, a positive Rivalta's test may be suggestive of inflammation.
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Electrogenic microorganisms consuming an energy source (such as acetic acid) release electrons and protons, creating an electrical potential of up to 0.3 volts. In a conventional MFC, this voltage is used to generate electrical power. In a MEC, an additional voltage is supplied to the cell from an outside source. The combined voltage is sufficient to reduce protons, producing hydrogen gas.
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By 1805, morphine had already been isolated by the German chemist Friedrich Sertürner and in the 1870s it was discovered that boiling morphine with acetic anhydride produced a substance with a strong pain suppressive effect: heroin. In 1815, Eugène Chevreul isolated cholesterol, a crystalline substance, from animal tissue that belongs to the class of steroids, and in 1820 strychnine, an alkaloid was isolated.
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Since acetaldehyde is toxic and can no longer be metabolized to the less toxic acetic acid, the characteristic symptoms of coprine poisoning occur. However, as shown in the mechanism below, the covalent bonding is reversible, which is what allows symptoms to subside if no more alcohol is consumed. File:Coprine mechanism.png 1-aminocyclopropanol also deactivates the esterase activity of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, but less significantly.
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Though the smell of kusaya is strong, its taste is quite mellow. Kusaya is often eaten with Japanese sake or shōchū, particularly a local drink called Shima Jiman (literally island pride). The brine used to make kusaya, which includes many vitamins and organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid and amino acids, contributes much nutritional value to the resulting dried fish.
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Sucrose octaacetate is a chemical compound with formula or , an eight-fold ester of sucrose and acetic acid. Its molecule can be described as that of sucrose with its eight hydroxyl groups – replaced by acetate groups –. It is a crystalline solid, colorless and odorless but intensely bitter. Sucrose octaacetate is used as an inert ingredient in pesticides and herbicides, as a bitter additive.
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Schabziger or sapsago is traditional cheese exclusively produced in the Canton of Glarus in Switzerland. Schabziger is made out of the skimmed cow milk and a special kind of herb, blue fenugreek (Trigonella caerulea), also called blue melilot. The milk and melilot sap are heated to then an acid (lactic, citric or acetic) is added causing curdling. The whey and curd are separated.
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In place since March 2001, a total of thirty-one countries are currently organized participants in the program in addition to regional participants. The DEA reports that as of June 2001, some 125 consignments of acetic anhydride had been tracked totaling 618,902,223 kilograms. As of July 2001, there has been approximately 20 shipments of AA totaling 185,000 kilograms either stopped or seized.
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A classic laboratory organic synthesis for carbazole is the Borsche–Drechsel cyclization. Borsche–Drechsel synthesis In the first step, phenylhydrazine is condensed with cyclohexanone to the corresponding imine. The second step is a hydrochloric acid-catalyzed rearrangement reaction and ring-closing reaction to tetrahydrocarbazole. In one modification, both steps are rolled into one by carrying out the reaction in acetic acid.
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The tetrahedral intermediate collapses, ejecting chloride ion as the leaving group and forming oxonium species 3. Deprotonation gives the mixed anhydride, 4, and an equivalent of HCl. Benzoyl chloride and acetic acid react to give a mixed anhydride. Alcohols and amines react with acid halides to produce esters and amides, respectively, in a reaction formally known as the Schotten-Baumann reaction.
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Haloacetic acids are carboxylic acids in which a halogen atom takes the place of a hydrogen atom in acetic acid. Thus, in a monohaloacetic acid, a single halogen would replace a hydrogen atom. For example, chloroacetic acid would have the structural formula CH2ClCO2H. In the same manner, in dichloroacetic acid two chlorine atoms would take the place of two hydrogen atoms (CHCl2CO2H).
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The Boekelheide reaction is a rearrangement of α-picoline-N-oxides to hydroxymethylpyridines. It is named after Virgil Boekelheide who first reported it in 1954. Originally the reaction was carried out using acetic anhydride, which typically required a period at reflux (~140°C). The reaction can be performed using trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA), which often allows for a room temperature reaction.
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Male cones are elongated, and three or four may appear at a time. Female cones are borne singly, or up to three at a time, and may weigh up to . In some species, male cones with ripe pollen emit a nauseating odour. When the pollen has been shed and the males cones decay, a strong odour of acetic acid has also been noted.
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It does this by making the fish muscle more acidic; bacteria usually cease multiplying when the pH drops below 4.5. A modern approach, biopreservation, adds lactic acid bacteria to the fish to be fermented. This produces active antimicrobials such as lactic and acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and peptide bacteriocins. It can also produce the antimicrobial nisin, a particularly effective preservative.
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Ionic liquids' substituent diversity simplifies the process of identifying compounds that meet safety requirements. Ultrasound can degrade solutions of imidazolium-based ionic liquids with hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid to relatively innocuous compounds. Despite low vapor pressure many ionic liquids are combustible and therefore require careful handling. Brief exposure (5 to 7 seconds) to a flame torch can ignite some Ionic liquids.
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Palladium(II) chloride is the principal starting material for other palladium compounds. It arises by the reaction of palladium with chlorine. It is used to prepare heterogeneous palladium catalysts such as palladium on barium sulfate, palladium on carbon, and palladium chloride on carbon. Solutions of PdCl2 in nitric acid react with acetic acid to give palladium(II) acetate, also a versatile reagent.
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In the Amoco process, which is widely adopted worldwide, terephthalic acid is produced by catalytic oxidation of p-xylene: :Terephthalic acid The process uses a cobalt–manganese–bromide catalyst. The bromide source can be sodium bromide, hydrogen bromide or tetrabromoethane. Bromine functions as a regenerative source of free radicals. Acetic acid is the solvent and compressed air serves as the oxidant.
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In supercritical water medium, the oxidation can be effectively catalyzed by MnBr2 with pure O2 in a medium-high temperature. Use of supercritical water instead of acetic acid as a solvent diminishes environmental impact and offers a cost advantage. However, the scope of such reaction systems is limited by the even harsher conditions than the industrial process (300−400 °C, >200 bar).
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Any barrels which have contained vinegar cannot usually be used to store wine again due to the risk of acetic fermentation. In the past the vinegar was given away to staff and family of the owner or sold at the bodega door. Some barrels were stored separately and often forgotten about. These vinegars, many over 50 years old, are now being re-discovered.
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Organic Brønsted acids, such as acetic, citric, or oxalic acid, are not Lewis acids. They dissociate in water to produce a Lewis acid, H+, but at the same time also yield an equal amount of a Lewis base (acetate, citrate, or oxalate, respectively, for the acids mentioned). Few, if any, of the acids discussed in the following are Lewis acids.
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Ammonia is a colourless gas with a characteristically pungent smell. It is lighter than air, its density being 0.589 times that of air. It is easily liquefied due to the strong hydrogen bonding between molecules; the liquid boils at , and freezes to white crystals at . Ammonia may be conveniently deodorized by reacting it with either sodium bicarbonate or acetic acid.
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Dichloroacetic acid (DCA), sometimes called bichloroacetic acid (BCA), is the chemical compound with formula . It is an acid, an analogue of acetic acid, in which 2 of the 3 hydrogen atoms of the methyl group have been replaced by chlorine atoms. Like the other chloroacetic acids, it has various practical applications. The salts and esters of dichloroacetic acid are called dichloroacetates.
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Usage of a Nickel tetracarbonyl catalyst with CO and water as a nucleophile is known as the Reppe carbonylation, and there are many variations on this type of metal- mediated carbonylation used in industry, particularly those used by Monsanto and the Cativa processes, which convert methanol to acetic acid using acid catalysts and carbon monoxide in the presence of metal catalysts.
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Non-brewed condiment is acetic acid mixed with colourings and flavourings, making its manufacture a much quicker and cheaper process than the production of vinegar. According to Trading Standards in the UK, it cannot be labelled as vinegar or even put in traditional vinegar bottles if it is being sold or put out on counters in fish-and-chip shops.
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N-oxides are prone to undergo the Polonovski rearrangement when treated with acetic anhydride, and this was illustrated by the synthesis of oxazepam. It is not surprising that the N-methyl analogue (1) also undergoes this process, and hydrolysis of the resulting acetate gives temazepam (2). Care must be exacted with the conditions, or the inactive rearrangement product (3) results.
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The mucin clot test is a very old approach to determining if an inflammatory infiltrate is present. In this test, acetic acid is added to the synovial fluid specimen. In a normal specimen, this should lead to a congealing of the hyaluronic acid, forming a 'mucin clot.' If inflammation is present, a mucin clot is not formed (the hyaluronic acid is degraded).
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Canaloplasty, where the ear canal is widened using grafts, was first proposed as the treatment for keratois obturans. However, with the migration of keratin within the canal, any amount of widening could not restore the migration of skin. Reconstruction of the bony canal with cartilage graft from temporalis fascia has showed some results. But firstly prefereed is cleaning with 1 percent acetic acid.
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The related cobalt(III) chloride is also known but is extremely unstable.Arthur W. Chester, El-Ahmadi Heiba, Ralph M. Dessau, and William J. Koehl Jr. (1969): "The interaction of cobalt(III) with chloride ion in acetic acid". Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry Letters, volume 5, issue 4, pages 277-283. Cobalt(III) bromide and cobalt(III) iodide have not been synthesized.
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It may be used to treat skin infections caused by pseudomonas strains resistant to typical antibiotics. While diluted acetic acid is used in iontophoresis, no high quality evidence supports this treatment for rotator cuff disease. As a treatment for otitis externa, it is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.
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E.B.Fred, W.H. Peterson, and J.A. Anderson initially discovered the entire Lactobacillus species in 1921 and the species was categorized based on the ability to metabolize certain carbon and sugars. This early study showed that this can produce acetic acid, carbon dioxide and large amounts of mannitol. Mannitol which is another carbon source that can be used to produce lactic acid.FRED, E.B., PETERSON,W.
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Organosolv pulping uses organic solvents at temperatures above 140 °C to break down lignin and hemicellulose into soluble fragments. The pulping liquor is easily recovered by distillation. The reason for using a solvent is to make the lignin more soluble in the cooking liquor. Most common used solvents are methanol, ethanol, formic acid and acetic acid often in combination with water.
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It does not inhibit α-chymotrypsin or thrombin. Leupeptin is a competitive transition state inhibitor and its inhibition may be relieved by an excess of substrate. Leupeptin is soluble in water (stable for 1 week at 4 °C and 1 month at −20 °C), ethanol, acetic acid and DMF. It can be given topically for middle and inner ear infections.
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Sodium and boiling amyl alcohol reduce it to a tetrahydroretene, but if it heated with phosphorus and hydriodic acid to 260 °C, a dodecahydride is formed. Chromic acid oxidizes it to retene quinone, phthalic acid and acetic acid. It forms a picrate that melts at 123-124 °C. Retene is derived by degradation of specific diterpenoids biologically produced by conifer trees.
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Polyanhydrides can be easily prepared by using available, low cost resources. The process can be varied to achieve desirable characteristics. Traditionally, polyanhydrides have been prepared by melt condensation polymerization, which results in high molecular weight polymers. Melt condensation polymerization involves reacting dicarboxylic acid monomers with excess acetic anhydride at a high temperature and under a vacuum to form the polymers.
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Octaethylporphyrin (H2OEP) is an organic compound that is a relative of naturally occurring heme pigments. The compound is used in the preparation of models for the prosthetic group in heme proteins. It is a dark purple solid that is soluble in organic solvents. When treated with ferric chloride in hot acetic acid solution, it forms the square pyramidal complex Fe(OEP)Cl.
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The inventor of this method is Vladimir Vlad. The machine uses unseparated eggshells that are placed in a fluid tank, applying cavitation to separate the eggshell membrane from the eggshell. The fluid tank in this case contains distilled water and acetic acid to provide continuous processing. Also this invention has a method for collecting separated eggshells to grind them into an eggshell powder.
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E.B.Fred, W.H. Peterson, and J.A. Anderson initially discovered the entire Lactobacillus species in 1921 and the species was categorized based on the ability to metabolize certain carbon and sugars. This early study showed that this can produce acetic acid, carbon dioxide and large amounts of mannitol. Mannitol which is another carbon source that can be used to produce lactic acid.FRED, E.B., PETERSON,W.
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This benzoic acid is first metabolized into benzoyl-CoA, which is metabolized into hippuric acid by replacing CoA with glycine. This hippuric acid is then excreted. 90% of the BTC was recovered from the rat urine as hippuric acid while small amounts of benzoic acid (0.7%) and phenyl acetic acid (0.8%) were also present. Four unidentified metabolites (5.5%) were also present in urine.
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P. raffinosivorans produces acetic acid as one of its major by-products of fermentation, which can increase the flavor of beer to a certain degree but will quickly produce inimical effects at higher concentrations.Vontrobová, Eva & KOPECKÁ, Jana & Rotkova, Gabriela & Matoulková, Dagmar. (2017). Factors Influencing the Production of Sensory Active Substances in Brewer's and Wine Yeast. Kvasny Prumysl. 63. 173-189. 10.18832/kp201720.
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Herapathite can be formed by precipitation by dissolving quinine sulphate in acetic acid and adding iodine tincture. Herapathite's dichroic properties came to the attention of Sir David Brewster, and were later used by Land in 1929 to construct the first type of Polaroid sheet polarizer. He did this by embedding herapathite crystals in a polymer instead of growing a single large crystal.
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Nicotinonitrile is produced by ammoxidation of 3-methylpyridine. Nitrile hydratase is then used to catalyze nicotinonitrile to nicotinamide, which can be converted to niacin. Alternatively, ammonia, acetic acid and paraldehyde are used to make 5-ethyl-2-methyl-pyridine, which is then converted directly to niacin. The demand for commercial production includes for animal feed and for food fortification meant for human consumption.
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The carbons alpha to carbonyl groups can be deprotonated by a strong base. The carbanion formed can undergo nucleophilic substitution on the alkyl halide, to give the alkylated compound. On heating, the di-ester undergoes thermal decarboxylation, yielding an acetic acid substituted by the appropriate R group. Thus, the malonic ester can be thought of being equivalent to the −CH2COOH synthon.
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Film yeast like Candida (pictured) and Pichia can cover the surface of a wine with a film layer that not only consumed most of the free sulfur dioxide available to protect the wine but also produces high levels of acetic acid that will contribute to volatile acidity in a wine. Either directly or indirectly, wine yeast can be a culprit behind a wide variety of wine faults. These can include the presence of "off flavors" and aromas that can be the by-product of some "wild yeast" fermentation such as those by species within the genera of Kloeckera and Candida. Even the common wine yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be behind some wine faults with some strains of the yeast known to produce higher than ideal levels of acetic acid, acetaldehyde and volatile sulfur compounds such as thiols.
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A SCOBY used for brewing kombucha. Kombucha co-culture with SCOBY biofilm SCOBY is the commonly used acronym for "symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast," and is formed after the completion of a unique fermentation process of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), acetic acid bacteria (AAB), and yeast to form several sour foods and beverages such as kombucha and kimchi. Beer and wine also undergo fermentation with yeast, but the lactic acid bacteria and acetic acid bacteria components unique to SCOBY are usually viewed as a source of spoilage rather than a desired addition. Both LAB and AAB enter on the surface of barley and malt in beer fermentation and grapes in wine fermentation; LAB lower the pH of the beer while AAB take the ethanol produced from the yeast and oxidize it further into vinegar, resulting in a sour taste and smell.
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Isopropyl acetate is an ester, an organic compound which is the product of esterification of acetic acid and isopropanol. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic fruity odor. Isopropyl acetate is a solvent with a wide variety of manufacturing uses that is miscible with most other organic solvents, and moderately soluble in water. It is used as a solvent for cellulose, plastics, oil and fats.
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APMA has a molecular weight of 351.8 g/mol and appears as a white powder with a slight yellowish cast. Its melting temperature is 163–165 °C. APMA is soluble in water to concentrations as high as 5 mM, and in DMSO to concentrations of 10 M or more. In 100% acetic acid, an APMA solution of 50 mg/mL is a light translucent yellow.
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The performance of fluoroelastomers in aggressive chemicals depends on the nature of the base polymer and the compounding ingredients used for moulding the final products (e.g. O-rings, shaft seals). This performance can vary significantly when end- users purchase polymer containing rubber goods from different sources. Fluoroelastomers are generally compatible with hydrocarbons, but incompatible with ketones such as acetone and organic acids such as acetic acid.
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Clostridium argentinense is an anaerobic, motile, gram-positive bacterium. Some bacilli now identified as Cl. argentinense were previously classified as either Cl. subterminale, Cl. hastiforme, or Cl. botulinum toxin group G, respectively. Like Cl. botulinum, Cl. argentinense produces botulin, a neurotoxin that causes botulism in susceptible mammals. Among this proteolytic species' products are acetic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, isovaleric acid, and hydrogen sulfide.
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The auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) regulates concentration of GA1 in elongating internodes in peas. Removal of IAA by removal of the apical bud, the auxin source, reduces the concentration of GA1, and reintroduction of IAA reverses these effects to increase the concentration of GA1. This phenomenon has also been observed in tobacco plants. Auxin increases GA 3-oxidation and decreases GA 2-oxidation in barley.
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In 1855, another French chemist, Marcellin Berthelot, developed a synthesis from carbon monoxide similar to the process used today. Formic acid was long considered a chemical compound of only minor interest in the chemical industry. In the late 1960s, however, significant quantities became available as a byproduct of acetic acid production. It now finds increasing use as a preservative and antibacterial in livestock feed.
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Homogeneous catalysts function in the same phase as the reactants. Typically homogeneous catalysts are dissolved in a solvent with the substrates. One example of homogeneous catalysis involves the influence of H on the esterification of carboxylic acids, such as the formation of methyl acetate from acetic acid and methanol.Behr, Arno (2002) "Organometallic Compounds and Homogeneous Catalysis" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
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Henri Dreyfus was effective in promoting his company's products in competition with other artificial fiber manufacturers, notably Courtaulds. A 1930 survey found that 98% of British women were aware of celanese. Because both methanol and carbon monoxide are commodity raw materials, methanol carbonylation long appeared to be attractive precursors to acetic acid. Henri Dreyfus developed a methanol carbonylation pilot plant at British Celanese as early as 1925.
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Kombucha is made by adding the kombucha culture into a broth of sugared tea. The sugar serves as a nutrient for the SCOBY that allows for bacterial growth in the tea. Sucrose is converted, biochemically, into fructose and glucose, and these into gluconic acid and acetic acid. In addition, kombucha contains enzymes and amino acids, polyphenols, and various other organic acids which vary between preparations.
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Acetobacter aceti is a Gram-negative bacterium that moves using its peritrichous flagella. Louis Pasteur proved it to be the cause of conversion of ethanol to acetic acid in 1864. It is a benign microorganism which is present everywhere in the environment, existing in alcoholic ecological niches which include flowers, fruits, and honey bees, as well as in water and soil. It lives wherever sugar fermentation occurs.
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The synthesis consists of three steps. In the first step, 2-Iodobenzoic acid is oxidized by sodium periodate and cyclized to 1-Hydroxy-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one. The target compound can be obtained by acylation with acetic anhydride and subsequent substitution reaction with trifluoromethyltrimethylsilane. Synthese Alternatively, trichloroisocyanuric acid can be used as oxidant in the place of sodium periodate for a newer one- pot synthesis method.
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This equipment can be used in cases other than simple removal of water. One example is the esterification of butanol with acetic acid catalyzed by sulfuric acid. The vapor contains 63% ester, 29% water and 8% alcohol at reflux temperature and the organic layer in the trap contains 86% ester, 11% alcohol and 3% water which is reintroduced. The water layer is 97% pure.
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The structure of a typical acylal. Acylals in organic chemistry are a group of chemical compounds sharing a functional group with the general structure RCH(OOCR)2. Acylals can be obtained by reaction of aldehydes with acetic anhydride and a suitable catalyst for instance with sulfated zirconia at low temperatures when used as protective groups for aldehydes. High temperature exposure converts the acylal back to the aldehyde.
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It is soluble in nitric and acetic acids, from which solutions it is possible to precipitate halide, sulfate, chromate, carbonate (PbCO3), and basic carbonate ( salts of lead. The sulfide can also be precipitated from acetate solutions. These salts are all poorly soluble in water. Among the halides, the iodide is less soluble than the bromide, which, in turn, is less soluble than the chloride.
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In 1888, he entered military life and became a lieutenant of The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada. Peuchen moved up the ranks, and in 1911, was marshalling officer at the coronation of King George V and Queen Mary. In 1897, Peuchen perfected plans for extracting useful chemicals from coarse hardwoods and waste woods, the principal products being acetic acid, acetate of lime, acetone, methanol, and formaldehyde.
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The Wright etch consistently produces well-defined etch figures of common defects on silicon surfaces. This attribute is attributed to the interactions of the selected chemicals in the formula. Robbins and Schwartz described chemical etching of silicon in detail using an HF, HNO3 and H2O system; and an HF, HNO3, H2O and CH3COOH (acetic acid) system. Briefly, the etching of silicon is a two-step process.
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An applied example is a synthesis of sunitinib begins by mixing 5-fluoroisatin slowly into hydrazine hydrate. After 4 hours at 110 °C, the indole ring structure has been broken into (2-amino-5-fluoro-phenyl)-acetic acid hydrazide with reduction of the ketone at the 3-position. Subsequent annelation in strong acid creates the 1,3-dihydro-2-oxo indole structure required for the drug.
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To introduce an MTM ether to a hydroxyl group, two methods are mainly used. One is a typical Williamson ether synthesis using an MTM halide as an MTM resource and sodium hydride (NaH) as a base. The other is a special method, in which dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and acetic anhydride (Ac2O) are used. In this case, the reaction proceeds with Pummerer rearrangement: MTM ethers have another advantage.
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Sumatriptan is metabolised primarily by monoamine oxidase A into 2‐{5‐[(methylsulfamoyl)methyl]‐indole‐3‐yl}acetic acid which is then conjugated to glucuronic acid. These metabolites are excreted in the urine and bile. Only about 3% of the active drug may be recovered unchanged. There is no simple, direct relationship between sumatriptan concentration (pharmacokinetics) per se in the blood and its anti-migraine effect (pharmacodynamics).
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First, the proteins are denatured in the gel by a fixative solution of 10% acetic acid and 30% ethanol and precipitated, at the same time the detergent (mostly SDS) is extracted. The diffusion of the proteins is thus significantly reduced. After repeated washing with water, the gel is incubated in a silver nitrate solution. Silver ions bind to negatively charged side chains of the proteins.
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N-Acetylglucosamine molecule N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is an amide derivative of the monosaccharide glucose. It is a secondary amide between glucosamine and acetic acid. It is significant in several biological systems. It is part of a biopolymer in the bacterial cell wall, which is built from alternating units of GlcNAc and N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc), cross-linked with oligopeptides at the lactic acid residue of MurNAc.
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Like many other esters, this compound undergoes the Claisen ester condensations. The advantage of using this compound is that unwanted self-condensation reactions are avoided. Like other esters, this compound undergoes bromination at the alpha position. Diethyl malonate can be nitrosated with excess sodium nitrite in acetic acid to afford diethyl oximinomalonate, catalytic hydrogenolysis of which in ethanol over Pd/C affords diethyl aminomalonate (DEAM).
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S. maltophilia can degrade p‑nitrophenol and 4‑chlorophenol, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, selenium compounds, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xenobiotics. Stenotrophomonas spp. produces plant growth hormone indole‑3‑acetic acid (IAA), it can also promote plant growth due to nitrogen fixation and the oxidation of elemental sulphur, which in turn provides sulphate for the plants. Many S. maltophilia strains have intrinsic resistance to various heavy metals.
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An outbound MBTA commuter train departing from Anderson RTC. The station and the surrounding commercial-industrial area was redeveloped from the Industri-Plex Superfund site. The site is a former chemical and glue manufacturing facility. Industri-Plex was used for manufacturing chemicals such as lead-arsenic insecticides, acetic acid, and sulfuric acid for local textile, leather, and paper manufacturing industries from 1853 to 1931.
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Japanese rice vinegar (米酢 komezu, "rice vinegar" or simply 酢 su, "vinegar") is very mild and mellow (Western - e.g., US or UK - vinegars are approximately 5% acetic acid) and ranges in color from colorless to pale yellow. It is made from either rice or sake lees. These are more specifically called yonezu (米酢 よねず) and kasuzu (粕酢 かすず), respectively.
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Amyl acetate (pentyl acetate) is an organic compound and an ester with the chemical formula CH3COO[CH2]4CH3 and the molecular weight 130.19g/mol. It has a scent similar to bananas and apples. The compound is the condensation product of acetic acid and 1-pentanol. However, esters formed from other pentanol isomers (amyl alcohols), or mixtures of pentanols, are often referred to as amyl acetate.
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In 2006 the Spanish Red Cross treated 19,000 stung swimmers along the Costa Brava. Vinegar (3–10% aqueous acetic acid) may help with box jellyfish stings, but not the stings of the Portuguese man o' war. Salt water may help if vinegar is unavailable. Rubbing wounds, or using alcohol, ammonia, fresh water, or urine is not advised as they can encourage the release of more venom.
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However, hydrogen chloride, acetic acid, and most other Brønsted–Lowry acids cannot form a covalent bond with an electron pair and are therefore not Lewis acids. Conversely, many Lewis acids are not Arrhenius or Brønsted–Lowry acids. In modern terminology, an acid is implicitly a Brønsted acid and not a Lewis acid, since chemists almost always refer to a Lewis acid explicitly as a Lewis acid.
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The bond from the acetyl group to the catalyst gets cleaved to generate the catalyst and the ester. The described bond formation and breaking process runs synchronous concerted without the appearance of a tetrahedral intermediate. The acetic acid formed will then protonate the DMAP. In the last step of the catalytic cycle the auxiliary base (usually triethylamine or pyridine) deprotonates the protonated DMAP, reforming the catalyst.
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This can make the wine sweet when a dry wine is desired. Frequently wild ferments lead to the production of unpleasant acetic acid (vinegar) production as a by product. A cap of grape skins forms on the surface of fermenting red wine. During the primary fermentation, the yeast cells feed on the sugars in the must and multiply, producing carbon dioxide gas and alcohol.
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Iodine and its compounds are primarily used in nutrition, and industrially in the production of acetic acid and certain polymers. Iodine's relatively high atomic number, low toxicity, and ease of attachment to organic compounds have made it a part of many X-ray contrast materials in modern medicine. Iodine has only one stable isotope. A number of iodine radioisotopes are also used in medical applications.
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The most common salt of the bicarbonate ion is sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3, which is commonly known as baking soda. When heated or exposed to an acid such as acetic acid (vinegar), sodium bicarbonate releases carbon dioxide. This is used as a leavening agent in baking. The flow of bicarbonate ions from rocks weathered by the carbonic acid in rainwater is an important part of the carbon cycle.
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"Ambulatory detoxification of patients with alcohol dependence". Am Fam Physician 71 (3): 495–502. Some other commonly used drugs on the market include: ;Disulfiram :Disulfiram (trade name Antabuse) creates a sudden acute response to ethanol consumption by inhibiting an enzyme that metabolizes ethanol. In the liver, ethanol is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenease to produce acetaladehye which is then metabolized by acetaldehyde dehydrogenease to produce acetic acid.
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The synthesis of triacetin from acetic anhydride and glycerol is simple and inexpensive. : 3 \+ 2 → 2 \+ 3 This synthesis has been conducted with catalytic sodium hydroxide and microwave irradiation to give a 99% yield of triacetin. It has also been conducted with a cobalt(II) Salen complex catalyst supported by silicon dioxide and heated to 50 °C for 55 minutes to give a 99% yield of triacetin.
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As a risk of cancer still exists, guidelines recommend continuing regular Pap tests. Other methods of prevention include having few or no sexual partners and the use of condoms. Cervical cancer screening using the Pap test or acetic acid can identify precancerous changes, which when treated, can prevent the development of cancer. Treatment may consist of some combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
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Benzyl acetate is an organic ester with the molecular formula C9H10O2. It is formed by the condensation of benzyl alcohol and acetic acid. Similar to most other esters, it possesses a sweet and pleasant aroma, owing to which, it finds applications in personal hygiene and health care products. It is a constituent of jasmin and of the essential oils of ylang-ylang and neroli.
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The family of carboxylic acids contains a carboxyl (-COOH) functional group. Acetic acid, shown here, is an example. The concept of functional groups is central in organic chemistry, both as a means to classify structures and for predicting properties. A functional group is a molecular module, and the reactivity of that functional group is assumed, within limits, to be the same in a variety of molecules.
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Deeper in sediments where oxygen is exhausted, anaerobic biological processes continue at a slower rate. These include anaerobic mineralization making ammonium, phosphate and sulfide ions; fermentation making short chain alcohols, acids or methyl amines; acetogenesis making acetic acid; methanogenesis making methane, and sulfate, nitrite and nitrate reduction. Carbon dioxide and hydrogen are also outputs. Under freshwater, sulfate is usually very low, so methanogensis is more important.
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Under Landau's direction, Scientific Design also developed processes and sold licenses to make maleic anhydride, acetic anhydride, polyisoprene, and chlorinated solvents. In 1955, Scientific Design licensed an improved catalyst for oxidizing benzene to produce maleic anhydride. Maleic anhydride is used in malathion insecticide. It is a precursor to unsaturated polyester resins, used to make fiberglass composites for boats, cars, wind turbine blades and other products.
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The precise sequence of early 2,4-D discovery events and publications has been discussed. William Tempelman found that when indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the naturally occurring auxin, was used at high concentrations, it could stop plant growth. In 1940, he published his finding that IAA killed broadleaf plants within a cereal field. MCPA was discovered at about that time by his ICI group.
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Bromothymol blue is synthesized by addition of elemental bromine to thymol blue in a solution in glacial acetic acid. To prepare a solution for use as pH indicator, dissolve 0.10 g in 8.0 cm3 N/50 NaOH and dilute with water to 250 cm3. To prepare a solution for use as indicator in volumetric work, dissolve 0.1 g in 100 cm3 of 50% (v/v) ethanol.
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Citric acid can be used as a lower-odor stop bath as part of the process for developing photographic film. Photographic developers are alkaline, so a mild acid is used to neutralize and stop their action quickly, but commonly used acetic acid leaves a strong vinegar odor in the darkroom. Citric acid/potassium-sodium citrate can be used as a blood acid regulator. Soldering flux.
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Vinegar eels (Turbatrix aceti), a form of nematode, may occur in some forms of vinegar unless the vinegar is kept covered. These feed on the mother of vinegar and can occur in naturally fermenting vinegar. Some countries prohibit the selling of vinegar over a certain percentage of acidity. As an example, the government of Canada limits the acetic acid of vinegars to between 4.1% and 12.3%.
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Some enterics subsequently use the mixed acid pathway to metabolize pyruvic acid to other acids, such as lactic, acetic, and formic acids. These bacteria are called methyl-red positive and include Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris. Other enterics subsequently use the butylene glycol pathway to metabolize pyruvic acid to neutral end products. These bacteria are called methyl-red-negative and include Serratia marcescens and Enterobacter aerogenes.
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The chemical compound isobutyl acetate, also known as 2-methylpropyl ethanoate (IUPAC name) or β-methylpropyl acetate, is a common solvent. It is produced from the esterification of isobutanol with acetic acid. It is used as a solvent for lacquer and nitrocellulose. Like many esters it has a fruity or floral smell at low concentrations and occurs naturally in raspberries, pears and other plants.
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Synthesis of CL20 First, benzylamine (1) is condensed with glyoxal (2) under acidic and dehydrating conditions to yield the first intermediate compound.(3). Four benzyl groups selectively undergo hydrogenolysis using palladium on carbon and hydrogen. The amino groups are then acetylated during the same step using acetic anhydride as the solvent. (4). Finally, compound 4 is reacted with nitronium tetrafluoroborate and nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate, resulting in HNIW.
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Retene, methyl isopropyl phenanthrene or 1-methyl-7-isopropyl phenanthrene, C18H18, is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon present in the coal tar fraction, boiling above 360 °C. It occurs naturally in the tars obtained by the distillation of resinous woods. It crystallizes in large plates, which melt at 98.5 °C and boil at 390 °C. It is readily soluble in warm ether and in hot glacial acetic acid.
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TAED is prepared in a two-stage process from ethylenediamine and acetic anhydride. The process is nearly quantitative.Europäische Patentanmeldung EPA 004 919, Verfahren zur Herstellung von N,N,N’,N’-Tetraacetyl-ethylendiamin, Erfinder: G. Müller- Schiedmayer, R. Aigner, Anmelder: Hoechst AG, veröffentlicht am 31. Oktober 1979Europäische Patentanmeldung EPA 0 051 739 A1, Verfahren zur Herstellung von N,N,N’,N’-Tetraacetylethylendiamin, Erfinder: W. Köhler et al.
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The hexachlorocobaltate(III) anion has been identified in preparations of cobalt(III) salts and hydrochloric acid in glacial acetic acid. In solutions of cobalt(III) salts with chloride ions, the anionic complexes and are present.T. J. Conocchioli, G. H. Nancollas, and N. Sutin (1965): "The kinetics of the formation and dissociation of the monochloro complex of cobalt(III)". Inorganic Chemistry, volume 5, issue 1, pages 1-5.
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Given that alcohols are the fungus's main food source, it is likely that the organism produces energy via the citric acid cycle, where ethanol is converted to acetaldehyde, then to acetic acid, then to acetyl-CoA via various enzymatic pathways which then joins the citric acid cycle to create energy for the organism from the oxidation of acetyl-CoA. However, this is not proven.
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It is possible that this difference could be because of the slow desorption and dissolution of heavy metals. Electrokinetics can also be used to treat polar organic compounds (phenol and acetic acid) and radionucleotides (radium), toxic anions (nitrates and sulfates), dense, non-aqueous-phase liquids (DNAPLs), cyanide, petroleum hydrocarbons (diesel fuel, gasoline, kerosene and lubricating oils), halogenated pollutants, explosives, halogenated and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.
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The bacteria produces ethanol and acetic acid as fermentation products, but does not produce lactic acid. The growth range of T. ethanolicus is 40-80°C and pH 5.5-8.5, with the optimum growth temperature at around 65°C. The species was originally placed in its own new genus of Thermobacteroides in 1981. In 1993, based on further study, the species was moved into the genus Thermoanaerobacter.
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Indian Journal of Microbiology 53, 377–384 (2013). Besides food industry, some acetic acid bacteria are used as biocatalysts for the industrial production of compounds. They are used as the important biocatalysts for the development of eco- friendly fermentation processes as an alternative to the chemical synthesis. Some genera, such as Acetobacter, can oxidize ethanol to carbon dioxide and water using Krebs cycle enzymes.
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Sodium ions react very little with the hydroxide ions whereas the acetate ions combine with hydronium ions to produce acetic acid. In this case the net result is a relative excess of hydroxide ions, yielding a basic solution. Strong acids also undergo hydrolysis. For example, dissolving sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in water is accompanied by hydrolysis to give hydronium and bisulfate, the sulfuric acid's conjugate base.
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The clean air and supply of fresh water meant Lavender Place became home in the early-to-mid nineteenth century to several laundresses, who bleached and dried linen on the grassland behind the houses. Lavender Place extended some distance into what is now Wandsworth Road, and remained a separate street for many years (one ceramic street name for 'Lavender Place' is still visible). An acetic acid distillery, Beaufoy's Acetic Acid Works, was also located at the eastern end (for many years a public house called the Beaufoy remained at this end of Lavender Hill; the only surviving trace of the distillery is now a short street called Beaufoy Road).Vauxhall Civic Society - Beaufoy Vinegar Factory In the 1870s the houses on Lavender Terrace were adapted to form a terrace of shops, and the houses on Lavender Place were eventually renumbered to become part of Lavender Hill.
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Acid chlorides evolve hydrogen chloride gas upon contact with atmospheric moisture, are corrosive, react vigorously with water and other nucleophiles (sometimes dangerously); they are easily quenched by other nucleophiles besides the desired alcohol; their most common synthesis routes involve the evolution of toxic carbon monoxide or sulfur dioxide gases (depending on the synthesis process used). Acid anhydrides are more reactive than esters because the leaving group is a carboxylate anion—a better leaving group than an alkoxide anion because their negative charge is more delocalised. However, such routes generally result in poor atom economy. For example, in reacting ethanol with acetic anhydride, ethyl acetate forms and acetic acid is eliminated as a leaving group, which is considerably less reactive than an acid anhydride and will be left as a byproduct (in a wasteful 1:1 ratio with the ester product) if product is collected immediately.
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Muscimol can be extracted from the flesh of the Amanita muscaria by treatment with boiling water, followed by rapid cooling, and further treatment with a basic resin. This is washed with water, and eluted with acetic acid using column chromatography. The eluate is freeze dried, dissolved in water, and passed down a column of cellulose phosphate. A subsequent elution with ammonium hydroxide and recrystallization from alcohol results in pure muscimol.
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Pepstatin is practically insoluble in water, chloroform, ether, and benzene, however it can be dissolved in methanol, ethanol, and DMSO with acetic acid,The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals (14th Edition - Version 14.4), Monograph 07147, to between 1 and 5 mg/ml. Structure of pepstatin in the binding pocket of pepsin. Hydrogen bonds between binding pocket residues and pepstatin are highlighted. Rendered from PDB 1PSO.
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Treponema socranskii differs from others in the genus due, in part, to its metabolism. T. socranskii is able to ferment compounds that others are not able to do so. The compounds that it can metabolize are arabinose, dextrin, fructose, galactose, glucose, glycogen, maltose, mannose, pectin, raffinose, rhamnose, ribose, starch, sucrose, trehalose, and xylose. The fermentation products are acetic, lactic, and succinic acid, with formic acid as a minor product.
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When aspergillic acid reactions with iron trichloride (FeCl3), there is the formation of green cupric salt. This suggests that aspergillic acid is a hydroxamic acid derivative, which is also confirmed by the formation of deoxyaspergillic acid by dry distillation with copper chromite catalyst. Bromination of aspergillic acid followed by reduction with zinc and acetic acid gives a diketopiperazine. Hydrolysis with HBr yields a mixture of DL-leucine and DL-isoleucine.
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Mo2(O2CCH3)4is prepared by treating molybdenum hexacarbonyl (Mo(CO)6) with acetic acid. The process strips CO ligands from the hexacarbonyl and results in the oxidation of Mo(0) to Mo(II).Brignole, A.G.; Cotton, F.A., “Rhenium and Molybdenum compounds containing quadruple compounds” Inorg. Synth. 1972, volume 13, pp. 81-89. Pence, L. E.; Weisgerber, A. M.; Maounis, F.A.; “Synthesis of Molybdenum-Molybdenum Quadruple Bonds” J. Chem. Educ.
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Ethyl acetate (systematically ethyl ethanoate, commonly abbreviated EtOAc, ETAC or EA) is the organic compound with the formula , simplified to . This colorless liquid has a characteristic sweet smell (similar to pear drops) and is used in glues, nail polish removers, and in the decaffeination process of tea and coffee. Ethyl acetate is the ester of ethanol and acetic acid; it is manufactured on a large scale for use as a solvent.
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Acetylmorphone (Dihydromorphinone acetate) is an opiate analogue that is an acetylated derivative of hydromorphone which was developed in the early 1900s as a potential cough suppressant and analgesic. It is prepared by the acetylation of hydromorphone using either acetyl chloride or acetic anhydride. It was banned internationally in 1930 by the Health Committee of the League of Nations, in order to prevent its sale as an analogue of heroin.Esters of Morphine.
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Such an increase may be due to a number of factors, prolonged cecal residence of the fiber, increased bacterial mass, or increased bacterial end-products. Some non-absorbed carbohydrates, e.g. pectin, gum arabic, oligosaccharides and resistant starch, are fermented to short-chain fatty acids (chiefly acetic, propionic and n-butyric), and carbon dioxide, hydrogen and methane. Almost all of these short-chain fatty acids will be absorbed from the colon.
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The borohydride anion is susceptible to reaction with even weak acids, resulting protonolysis of one or more B-H bonds. Protonolysis of sodium borohydride with acetic acid gives triacetoxyborohydride:Gordon W. Gribble, Ahmed F. Abdel-Magid, "Sodium Triacetoxyborohydride" Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, 2007, John Wiley & Sons. :NaBH4 \+ 3 HO2CCH3 → NaBH(O2CCH3)3 \+ 3 H2 Related reactions occur for hydrides of other electropositive elements, e.g. lithium aluminium hydride.
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The first three steps of the reaction pathways lead from ethanol to acetaldehyde to acetic acid to acetyl-CoA. Once acetyl-CoA is formed, it is free to enter directly into the citric acid cycle. However, under alcoholic conditions, the citric acid cycle has been stalled by the oversupply of NADH derived from ethanol oxidation. The resulting backup of acetate shifts the reaction equilibrium for acetaldehyde dehydrogenase back towards acetaldehyde.
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Apples are brought onto a processing belt where they are crushed, pressed, and the juice separated. The material is most often stored in a submerged tank where the first fermentation process begins through which oxygen is supplied. To achieve alcoholic fermentation via the bacterial strain acetobacter, then the ethanol produced yields acetic acid and vinegar. The "mother" is an undefined microbial culture left in the vinegar prior to distilling and pasteurization.
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A cheap, cost-effective and practical alternative in poorer countries is visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA). Instituting and sustaining cytology-based programs in these regions can be difficult, due to the need for trained personnel, equipment and facilities and difficulties in follow-up. With VIA, results and treatment can be available on the same day. As a screening test, VIA is comparable to cervical cytology in accurately identifying precancerous lesions.
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He obtained further evidence for the formation of tetraphenylmethane by reducing the nitro groups to amino groups with zinc dust in acetic acid to the leuco dye 7, which on exposure to hydrochloric acid eliminates aniline to the known compound pararosaniline 8. Gomberg's success in synthesizing tetraphenylmethane set him on the attempt to prepare the next homologue hexaphenylethane, which led him to the discovery of the triphenylmethyl radical.
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Coprococcus (ATCC 27759) is a genus of anaerobic cocci which are all part of the human faecal flora, but rarely seen in human clinical specimens. "Coprococcus includes those gram-positive, anaerobic cocci that actively ferment carbohydrates, producing butyric and acetic acids with formic or propionic and/or lactic acids. Fermentable carbohydrates are either required or are highly stimulatory for growth and continued subculture." - Lillian V. Holdeman & W. E. C. Moore.
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These are sweet- tasting compounds can add sweetness to a wine where it is not desired (such as Cabernet Sauvignon). Mannitol taint, described as mannite by Pasteur, in wines is often accompanied by other wine faults, including the presence of excessive levels of acetic acid, diacetyl, lactic acid, and 2-butanol, which can contribute to a "vinegary-estery" aroma. The wine may also have a slimy sheen on the surface.
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Fractions of proteins or peptides from capillary electrophoresis were collected on an insulating plastic slide. Dry sample spots were formed by evaporating all solvents and then analyzed by ESTASI MS where droplets of acidic solution (1% acetic acid in water) were deposited on the dry sample spots to dissolve analytes from the sample. This is the first application and example of direct analysis of samples on a plat surface.
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Greater extraction can add to the complexity and life expectancy of the wine by developing more complex tannins that will soften over a longer period of time. With these benefits does come the risk of developing various wine faults, such as the development of acetic (or "volatile") acidity. Too much extraction can also increase the harshness of some tannins to where the wine is not very approachable to most wine drinkers.
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The Liebermann–Burchard or acetic anhydride test is used for the detection of cholesterol. The formation of a green or green-blue colour after a few minutes is positive. Lieberman–Burchard is a reagent used in a colourimetric test to detect cholesterol, which gives a deep green colour. This colour begins as a purplish, pink colour and progresses through to a light green then very dark green colour.
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Distal half of the right humerus Aenigmastropheus is known solely from its holotype, a partial postcranial skeleton. The bones are mostly well preserved, but possess some damaged surfaces, some of which possibly result from preparation with acetic acid. The cortical bone has collapsed or has broken away, and some degree of post-mortem distortion is evident in a few areas of some bones, most notably in the vertebrae. Ezcurra et al.
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This does not happen with ethanol, which breaks down into acetic acid, which is non-toxic on small amounts. Reference dose for methanol is 0.5 mg/kg/day.Methanol (CASRN 67-56-1) Toxic effects take hours to start, and effective antidotes can often prevent permanent damage. Because of its similarities in both appearance and odor to ethanol (the alcohol in beverages), it is difficult to differentiate between the two.
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During the brewing process, microbial spoilage can lead to the deterioration of wine quality and taste, making it unhygienic and unacceptable to consumers. The main bacterial groups are yeast, candida, Hanseniaspora and so on. In addition, microbial diseases of wine are mainly caused by yeast, lactobacillus and acetic acid bacteria. This is because yeast may re-ferment a wine with high sugar content, making it cloudy and impure.
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The precursor to acetic acid is the thioester acetyl CoA. The key aspects of the acetogenic pathway are several reactions that include the reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide and the attachment of the carbon monoxide to a methyl group. The first process is catalyzed by enzymes called carbon monoxide dehydrogenase. The coupling of the methyl group (provided by methylcobalamin) and the CO is catalyzed by acetyl CoA synthetase.
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After aging, the now black sake lees are mixed with water to form a mash known as Moromi (もろみ/醪). This mash is constantly turned and compressed before undergoing acetic acid fermentation. A somewhat lighter form of black vinegar called kurozu (黒酢), made from rice, is produced in Japan. It is considered as a healthy drink; its manufacturers claim that it contains high concentrations of amino acids.
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Rosocyanine is a dark green solid with a glossy, metallic shine that forms red colored solutions. It is almost insoluble in water and some organic solvents, very slightly soluble (up to 0.01%) in ethanol, and somewhat soluble (approximately 1%) in pyridine, sulfuric acid, and acetic acid. An alcoholic solution of rosocyanine temporarily turns deeply blue on treatment with alkali. In rubrocurcumin one molecule of curcumin is replaced with oxalic acid.
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Silanols are generally synthesized by hydrolysis of halosilanes, alkoxysilanes, or aminosilanes. Chlorosilanes are the most common reactants: :R3Si-Cl + H2O → R3Si-OH + HCl The hydrolysis of fluorosilanes requires more forcing reagents, i.e. alkali. The alkoxysilanes (silyl ethers) of the type R3Si(OR') are slow to hydrolyze. Compared to the silyl ethers, silyl acetates are faster to hydrolyze, with the advantage that the released acetic acid is less aggressive.
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Thus, the PIN is sometimes the retained name (e.g., phenol and acetic acid, instead of benzenol and ethanoic acid), while in other cases, the systematic name was chosen over a very common retained name (e.g., propan-2-one, instead of acetone). A preselected name is a preferred name chosen among two or more names for parent hydrides or other parent structures that do not contain carbon (inorganic parents).
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ReOCl3(PPh3)2 is commercially available, but it is readily synthesized by reaction of perrhenic acid with triphenylphosphine in a mixture of hydrochloric acid and acetic acid. In this reaction, Re(VII) is reduced to Re(V), and triphenylphosphine is oxidized to its oxide. : HReO4 \+ 3 HCl + 3 PPh3 → ReOCl3(PPh3)2 \+ Ph3PO + 2 H2O The required perrhenic acid solution can be prepared in situ from rhenium(VII) oxide.
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During 1997, Petronas heightened its diversification efforts. The firm set plans in motion to build three petrochemical plants in Kuantan as well as an acetic facility in Kerteh. Its first LPG joint venture in China was launched that year, and the company acquired a 29.3% interest in Malaysia International Shipping Corporation Berhad (MISC). In 1998, Petronas' tanker-related subsidiary merged with MISC, increasing Petronas' stake in MISC to 62%.
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A friendship developed between Scheele and Bergman after Scheele analyzed a reaction which Bergman and his assistant Johan Gottlieb Gahn could not resolve. The reaction was between melted saltpetre and acetic acid which produced a red vapor. Further study of this reaction later led to Scheele's discovery of oxygen (see "The theory of phlogiston" below). Based upon this friendship and respect Scheele was given free use of Bergman's laboratory.
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The ester formed from 1-pentanol and butyric acid is pentyl butyrate, which smells like apricot. The ester formed from 1-pentanol and acetic acid is amyl acetate (also called pentyl acetate), which smells like banana. In 2014, a study was conducted comparing the performance of diesel fuel blends with various proportions of pentanol as an additive. While gaseous emissions increased with higher concentrations of pentanol, particulate emissions decreased.
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A buffer solution contains an acid and its conjugate base or a base and its conjugate acid. Addition of the conjugate ion will result in a change of pH of the buffer solution. For example, if both sodium acetate and acetic acid are dissolved in the same solution they both dissociate and ionize to produce acetate ions. Sodium acetate is a strong electrolyte, so it dissociates completely in solution.
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A synthesis of the BTA involves the reaction of o-phenylenediamine, sodium nitrite and acetic acid. The conversion proceeds via diazotization of one of the amine groups.Robert A. Smiley "Phenylene- and Toluenediamines" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. :Synthesis of benzotriazole The synthesis can be improved when the reaction is carried out at low temperatures (5-10 ˚C) and briefly irradiated in an ultrasonic bath.
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A modern practice is to steep the rice in weak acetic acid solution for a short period to help create the optimum pH of 3–3.5 that favours Monascus growth. Afterward incubation the rice is removed and dried. Often in the production of Hongqu rice wine, both Hongqu and Xiaoqu are utilized. Studies have revealed that Monascus species show strong gluco- amylase activity, but poor proteolytic and lipolytic enzyme production.
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Glycolic acid is slightly stronger than acetic acid due to the electron-withdrawing power of the terminal hydroxyl group. The carboxylate group can coordinate to metal ions forming coordination complexes. Of particular note are the complexes with Pb2+ and Cu2+ which are significantly stronger than complexes with other carboxylic acids. This indicates that the hydroxyl group is involved in complex formation, possibly with the loss of its proton.
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Ester or oxy-acid ethers. > Ethers of the third type. > > Many mineral and organic acids containing oxygen combine with an alcohol > upon elimination of water to [form] neutral, volatile ether compounds, which > one can view as coupled compounds of alcohol and acid-water, or, according > to the theory of radicals, as salts in which an acid is bonded with an > ether. probably as a contraction of the German Essigäther, "acetic ether".
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The NDRC instructed three companies to develop pilot plants. They were the Western Cartridge Company, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, and Tennessee Eastman Company, part of Eastman Kodak. At the Eastman Chemical Company (TEC), a leading manufacturer of acetic anhydride, Werner Emmanuel Bachmann developed a continuous-flow process for RDX. RDX was crucial to the war effort and the current batch-production process was too slow.
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Extraction of polyphenols can be performed using a solvent like water, hot water, methanol, methanol/formic acid, methanol/water/acetic or formic acid etc. Liquid–liquid extraction can be also performed or countercurrent chromatography. Solid phase extraction can also be made on C18 sorbent cartridges. Other techniques are ultrasonic extraction, heat reflux extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, critical carbon dioxide, pressurized liquid extraction or use of ethanol in an immersion extractor.
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Actinium(III) oxide is a chemical compound containing the rare radioactive element actinium. It has the formula Ac2O3. It is similar to its corresponding lanthanum compound, lanthanum(III) oxide, and contains actinium in the oxidation state +3.Actinium, Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian) Actinium oxide is not to be confused with Ac2O (acetic anhydride), where Ac is an abbreviation for acetyl instead of the symbol of the element actinium.
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Kröhnke, F.; Zecher, W.; Angew. Chem. 1963, 75, 189 The reaction conditions for the Kröhnke synthesis are generally facile and the reactions often proceed in high yields with reaction temperatures generally not exceeding 140 °C.Kröhnke, F. Synthesis. 1976, 1, 1-24 The Kröhnke synthesis is generally performed in either glacial acetic acid or methanol, but it can also be done under aqueous conditions, and more recently under solvent-free conditions.
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Zinc acetate is a salt with the formula Zn(CH3CO2)2, which commonly occurs as the dihydrate Zn(CH3CO2)2·2H2O. Both the hydrate and the anhydrous forms are colorless solids that are commonly used in chemical synthesis and as dietary supplements. Zinc acetates are prepared by the action of acetic acid on zinc carbonate or zinc metal. When used as a food additive, it has the E number E650.
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Furthermore, the wild yeasts that are specific to lambic-style beers give gueuze a dry, cider-like, musty, sour, acetic acid, lactic acid taste. Many describe the taste as sour and "barnyard-like". Because of its carbonation, gueuze is sometimes called "Brussels Champagne". In modern times, some brewers have added sweeteners such as aspartame to their gueuzes to sweeten them, trying to make the beer more appealing to a wider audience.
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Fructose-asparagine is formed when cooking food by way of the Maillard reaction. Fructose-asparagine can be prepared by refluxing D-glucose with sodium bisulfite in methanol, and then adding L-asparagine, and then acetic acid or malonic acid. An ion exchange resin then can separate the product from other contaminants. Fructose-asparagine is found naturally in some foods, with dried asparagus containing 1.4% and carrot containing 0.1%.
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The fermentation happens through autolysis and starts from a lactic acid enzyme in the spine of the fish. Together with bacteria, pungent smelling acids are formed, such as propionic acid, butyric acid and acetic acid. Hydrogen sulfide is also produced. The salt raises the osmotic pressure of the brine above the zone where bacteria responsible for rotting can thrive and prevents decomposition of proteins into oligopeptides and amino acids.
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A counternarcotics law passed in December 2005 requires Afghanistan to develop registries or regulations for tracking, storing, and owning acetic anhydride. Besides Afghanistan, smaller quantities of opium are produced in Pakistan, the Golden Triangle region of Southeast Asia (particularly Burma), Colombia, Guatemala, and Mexico. Spanish opium ball Chinese production mainly trades with and profits from North America. In 2002, they were seeking to expand through eastern United States.
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The esterification of acetic acid with alcohols including methanol,Scott D. Barnicki "Synthetic Organic Chemicals" in Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology edited by James A. Kent, New York : Springer, 2012. 12th ed. . n-butanol, ethanol, isobutanol, and amyl alcohol. Another interesting feature of this system is that it is associated with the formation of a minimum boiling ternary azeotrope of ester, alcohol and water, which is heterogeneous in nature.
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The oxidation of cyclohexane in the presence of boric acid produced a mixture of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone, precursors of adipic acid. The process was licensed in the United States by Monsanto and elsewhere by other companies. Scientific Design found a new method for producing isoprene based on the dimerization of propylene, working with Goodyear Tire and Rubber. They developed processes for the production of acetic anhydride as well.
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A newer chiral derivatizing agent (CDA), α-cyano-α-fluoro (2-naphthyl)-acetic acid (2-CFNA) was prepared in optically pure form by the chiral HPLC separation of a racemic 2-CFNA methyl ester. This ester was obtained by fluorination of methyl α-cyano (2-naphthyl) acetate with FClO3. 2-CFNA has been shown to be a superior CDA than Mosher’s agent to determine the enantiomeric excess of a primary alcohol.
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The latter process is greener and more efficient and has largely supplanted the former process, often in the same production plants. Catalytic amounts of water are used in both processes, but the Cativa process requires less, so the water-gas shift reaction is suppressed, and fewer by-products are formed. By altering the process conditions, acetic anhydride may also be produced on the same plant using the rhodium catalysts.
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When passing acetone vapors through heated pipes or electrically heated metal (like copper) wires at 500-600 °C in the presence of little carbon disulfide (CS2), acetone decomposes into methane and ethenone, with 95% yield.K.-H. Lautenschläger, W. Schröter, A. Wanninger, "Taschenbuch der Chemie", 20. Aufl. 2006, . 300px In industrial chemistry, ketone pyrolysis has largely been replaced by the dehydration of acetic acid (the Schmidlin-Bergman-Wilsmore reaction).
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As the salt of a weak acid and a weak base, ammonium acetate is often used with acetic acid to create a buffer solution. Ammonium acetate is volatile at low pressures. Because of this, it has been used to replace cell buffers with non- volatile salts in preparing samples for mass spectrometry. It is also popular as a buffer for mobile phases for HPLC with ELSD detection for this reason.
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Sherry vinegar is linked to the production of sherry wines of Jerez. Dark mahogany in color, it is made exclusively from the acetic fermentation of wines. It is concentrated and has generous aromas, including a note of wood, ideal for vinaigrettes and flavoring various foods. Wine vinegar is made from red or white wine, and is the most commonly used vinegar in Southern and Central Europe, Cyprus and Israel.
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At higher concentrations the odor can be unpleasant and may cause symptoms of central nervous system depression such as nausea, dizziness and headache. A common method for preparing isobutyl acetate is Fischer esterification, where precursors isobutyl alcohol and acetic acid are heated in the presence of a strong acid. Isobutyl acetate has three isomers: n-butyl acetate, tert-butyl acetate, and sec-butyl acetate, which are also common solvents.
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Vinyl acetate polymers include polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl acetal; all come from reaction products of vinyl acetate. Some forms of acetates are known to be acidic and will do damage to an object with direct contact. Additionally, polyvinyl acetate mixtures tend to degrade in storage and release acetic acid, which in some cases can corrode lead. This compound's coloring ranges from clear/white to a soft yellow.
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Lutathera is a radioactive drug consisting of a tyrosine-containing somatostatin analog Tyr3-octreotate (TATE) attached to the chelating agent tetraazacyclododecanetetra-acetic acid (DOTA). Attached to the dotatate is the radioactive marker Lu-177, a radioisotope. The dotatate binds to the GEP-NET positive somatostatin receptor cells commonly present on neuroendocrine tumors. After binding to the receptor, Lutathera enters the cell and uses its radioactive property to damage DNA.
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On several occasions, growth of the yeast has been observed in fruit-based alcohols (pH 2.8 - 3.0, 40 - 45% (w/v) sucrose) preserved with 0.08% (w/v) benzoic acid, and in beverages (pH 3.2) containing either 0.06% (w/v) sorbic acid, 0.07% (w/v) benzoic acid, or 2% (w/v) acetic acid.Berry, J.M., 1979. Yeast problems in the food and beverage industry. In: Rhodes, M.E. (Ed), Food mycology.
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Hence, the yeast can survive and defeat synergistic preservative combinations that normally provide microbiological stability to processed foods. It has been observed that the cellular acetic acid uptake was inhibited when sorbic or benzoic acid was incorporated into the culture medium. Similarly, ethanol levels up to 10% (v/v) did not adversely influence sorbic and benzoic acid resistance of the yeast at pH 4.0 - 5.0. Moreover, Sousa et al.
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Analysis of cauim made from manioc showed that fermentation was due to a large variety of bacteria. As the fermentation progressed, the species Lactobacillus pentosus and L. plantarum became dominant. The acidity of the final product was due to lactic acid but significant amounts of ethanol and acetic acid were present. A second analysis of cauim made from rice and manioc also showed the presence of yeasts, chiefly Candida tropicalis.
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To cause gall formation, the T-DNA encodes genes for the production of auxin or indole-3-acetic acid via the IAM pathway. This biosynthetic pathway is not used in many plants for the production of auxin, so it means the plant has no molecular means of regulating it and auxin will be produced constitutively. Genes for the production of cytokinins are also expressed. This stimulates cell proliferation and gall formation.
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Hawkinsinuria, is an autosomal dominant metabolic disorder affecting the metabolism of tyrosine. Normally, the breakdown of the amino acid tyrosine involves the conversion of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate to homogentisate by 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase. Complete deficiency of this enzyme would lead to tyrosinemia III. In rare cases, however, the enzyme is still able to produce the reactive intermediate 1,2-epoxyphenyl acetic acid, but is unable to convert this intermediate to homogentisate.
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The intermediate then spontaneously reacts with glutathione to form 2-L-cystein-S-yl-1,4-dihydroxy- cyclohex-5-en-1-yl acetic acid (hawkinsin). Patients present with metabolic acidosis during the first year of life, and growth arrest around the time of weaning off breast milk. Treatment involves a diet containing a low amount of phenylalanine and tyrosine. Tolerance toward these amino acids normalizes as the patients get older.
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The current director of SEMC is Prof. Roy A. Periana, Ph.D. Periana is an internationally recognized chemist in the fields of homogeneous catalysis and CH activation. His previous work has involved the development of several catalytic systems that convert methane to methanol in high yields at modest temperatures. He has also developed chemistry that oxidatively couples methane to acetic acid in a one pot reaction using a palladium catalyst.
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In the era when metals were analysed by spectrophotometry, many chelating ligands were developed that selectively formed brightly coloured complexes with particular metal ions. This methodology has been eclipsed with the introduction of inductively coupled plasma methodology. Salicylaldoxime can be used to selectively precipitate metal ions for gravimetric determination. It forms a greenish- yellow precipitate with copper at a pH of 2.6 in the presence of acetic acid.
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Cobalt(III) chloride or cobaltic chloride is an unstable and elusive compound of cobalt and chlorine with formula . In this compound, the cobalt atoms have a formal charge of +3.Arthur W. Chester, El-Ahmadi Heiba, Ralph M. Dessau, and William J. Koehl Jr. (1969): "The interaction of cobalt(III) with chloride ion in acetic acid". Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry Letters, volume 5, issue 4, pages 277-283.
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Chenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid are the two primary bile acids in humans. Chenodeoxycholic acid has two hydroxyl groups and is modified with the addition of another hydroxyl group to produce cholic acid. Some other mammals have muricholic acid or deoxycholic acid rather than chenodeoxycholic acid. It occurs as a white crystalline substance insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol and acetic acid, with melting point at 165–167 °C.
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It was originally isolated from spoiled beer and believed to have some causative effect in beer spoilage.Matoulková, Dagmar. (2008). Strictly anaerobic bacteria in beer and in breweries. Kvasny Prumysl. 54. 338-343. 10.18832/kp2008019. Since then, it has been taxonomically reclassified and proven to play a role in anaerobic beer spoilage, because of its production of acids, such as acetic and propionic acid, during fermentationJuvonen, R. “Megasphaera Paucivorans Sp. Nov.
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It is sometimes stated that "the conjugate of a weak acid is a strong base". Such a statement is incorrect. For example, acetic acid is a weak acid which has a Ka = 1.75 x 10−5. Its conjugate base is the acetate ion with Kb = 10−14/Ka = 5.7 x 10−10 (from the relationship Ka × Kb = 10−14), which certainly does not correspond to a strong base.
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Sodium acetate may be added to food as a seasoning, sometimes in the form of sodium diacetate, a one-to-one complex of sodium acetate and acetic acid, given the E-number E262. It is often used to give potato chips a salt and vinegar flavor. Sodium acetate (anhydrous) is widely used as a shelf-life extending agent, pH control agent It is safe to eat at low concentration.
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In the reaction, water (H2O) reacts with the acetic ester functional group attached the cellulose polymer chain and forms an alcohol and acetate. The alcohol is simply the cellulose polymer chain with the acetate replaced with an alcohol group. The second reaction is exactly the same as chemical hydrolysis with the exception of the use of an acetylesterase enzyme. The enzyme, found in most plants, catalyzes the chemical reaction shown below.
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On the other hand, if a species is classified as a weak acid its conjugate base will not necessarily be a strong base. Consider that acetate, the conjugate base of acetic acid, has a base dissociation constant (Kb) of approximately 5.6x10−10, making it a weak base. In order for a species to have a strong conjugate base it has to be a very weak acid, like water for example.
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Diamorphine is produced from acetylation of morphine derived from natural opium sources. One such method of heroin production involves isolation of the water-soluble components of raw opium, including morphine, in a strongly basic aqueous solution, followed by recrystallization of the morphine base by addition of ammonium chloride. The solid morphine base is then filtered out. The morphine base is then reacted with acetic anhydride, which forms heroin.
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In the late 20th century, among American winemakers, seemingly healthy fermentation were reported becoming rapidly inundated with high levels of acetic acid that overcame wine yeasts and led to stuck fermentations. While a novel species of Acetobacter or wine spoilage yeast was initially thought to be the culprit, it was eventually discovered to be several species of Lactobacillus, L. kunkeei, L. nagelii, and L. hilgardii, collectively nicknamed "ferocious" Lactobacillus for their aggressive acetic acid production, how quickly they multiply, and their high tolerance to sulfur dioxides and other microbiological controls. Ferments of high-pH wines (greater than 3.5) that spent time cold soaking prior to yeast inoculations and received little to no sulfur dioxide during crushing seem to be at the most risk for "ferocious" Lactobacillus. While infection seems to be vineyard- specific, currently, none of any of the implicated lactobacilli has been reported as being found on the surface of freshly harvested wine grapes.
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Chloroacetic acid was first prepared (in impure form) by the French chemist Félix LeBlanc (1813–1886) in 1843 by chlorinating acetic acid in the presence of sunlight,LeBlanc, Félix (1844) "Recherches sur les produits dérivés de l'éther acétique par l'action du chlore, et en particulier sur l'éther acétique perchloruré," Annales de Chimie et de Physique, 3rd series, 10 : 197–221 ; see especially p. 212 and in 1857 (in pure form) by the German chemist Reinhold Hoffmann (1831–1919) by refluxing glacial acetic acid in the presence of chlorine and sunlight,Hoffmann, Reinhold (1857) "Ueber Monochloressigsäure" (On mono-chloroacetic acid), Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, 102 (1) : 1–20. and then by the French chemist Charles Adolphe Wurtz by hydrolysis of chloroacetyl chloride (ClCH2COCl), also in 1857.Wurtz, Adolphe (1857) "Note sur l'aldéhyde et sur le chlorure d'acétyle" (Note on aldehyde and on acetyl chloride), Annales de chimie et de physique, 3rd series, 49 : 58–62, see p. 61.
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This "Ac" is not referring to the element actinium. Used in this way, the convention in organic chemistry is for Ac to refer to the acetyl group, the radical form of which is , and OAc or AcO would be used for the acetate radical, , sometimes also called "acetoxy." The acetate ion would then be AcO−, , and acetic acid would be AcOH or HOAc. Under this convention, aluminium triacetate would be Al(OAc)3.
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Stop bath is a chemical used for processing black-and-white photographic films, plates, and paper. It is used to neutralize the alkaline developer, thus halting development. Stop bath is commonly a 2% dilution of acetic acid in water, though a 2.5% solution of potassium or sodium metabisulfite works just as well. Because organic developers only work in alkaline solutions, stop bath halts the development process almost immediately and provides precise control of development time.
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The use of activated anthranilic acid derivatives facilitates the preparation of the amides in those cases where the amines are either unreactive or difficult to obtain. Metolazone center: Thus, reaction of (1) with phosgene gives the reactive the isatoic anhydride (2). Condensation of that with ortho-toluidine leads to the acylation product (3) formed with a simultaneous loss of carbon dioxide. This is then converted to the quinazolone (4) by heating with acetic anhydride.
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Organosolv pulping involves contacting a lignocellulosic feedstock such as chipped wood with an aqueous organic solvent at temperatures ranging from 140 to 220 °C. This causes lignin to break down by hydrolytic cleavage of alpha aryl-ether links into fragments that are soluble in the solvent system. Solvents used include acetone, methanol, ethanol, butanol, ethylene glycol, formic acid, and acetic acid. The concentration of solvent in water ranges from 40 to 80%.
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These discoveries took many years to work out. The Nobel Committee felt that this was important because understanding the metabolism of sterols and fatty acids could reveal how cholesterol affects heart disease and stroke. His Nobel Lecture on 11 December 1964 was 'The pathway from "activated acetic acid" to the terpenes and fatty acids'. Working mostly separately, Lynen and Bloch both discovered the steps that created squalene and turned the squalene into cholesterol.
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It resembles small cauliflower grains, with color ranging from white to creamy yellow. A complex and highly variable symbiotic community can be found in these grains, which can include acetic acid bacteria (such as A. aceti and A. rasens), yeasts (such as Candida kefyr and S. cerevisiae) and a number of Lactobacillus species, such as L. parakefiri, L. kefiranofaciens (and subsp. kefirgranum), L. kefiri, etc. While some microbes predominate, Lactobacillus species are always present.
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Ethyl acetate is the most common ester in wine, being the product of the most common volatile organic acid – acetic acid, and the ethyl alcohol generated during the fermentation. The aroma of ethyl acetate is most vivid in younger wines and contributes towards the general perception of "fruitiness" in the wine. Sensitivity varies, with most people having a perception threshold around 120 mg/L. Excessive amounts of ethyl acetate are considered a wine fault.
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Prolonged exposure of the kidney and liver to these compounds in chronic alcoholics can lead to severe damage. The literature also suggests that these toxins may have a hand in causing some of the ill effects associated with hang-overs. The enzyme associated with the chemical transformation from acetaldehyde to acetic acid is aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 family (ALDH2, EC 1.2.1.3). In humans, the gene coding for this enzyme is found on chromosome 12, locus q24.2.
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The Robinson-Gabriel cyclodehydration is the second part of a two reaction synthesis of the agonist. Starting with aspartic acid β esters undergoing acylation to differentiate the first substituent, linked to carbon-2, followed by Dakin-West conversion to keto-amide to introduce the second substituent, and ending with the Robinson-Gabriel cyclodehydration at 90°C for 30 minutes with either phosphorus oxychloride in DMF or catalytic sulfuric acid in acetic anhydride.
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Hydrolysis of the biodegradable fraction of the solid waste begins in the acid formation phase, which leads to rapid accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in the leachate. The increased organic acid content decreases the leachate pH from approximately 7.5 to 5.6. During this phase, the decomposition intermediate compounds like the VFAs contribute much chemical oxygen demand (COD). Long- chain volatile organic acids (VOAs) are converted to acetic acid (C2H4O2), CO2, and hydrogen gas (H2).
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Apple cider vinegar, or cider vinegar, is a vinegar made from fermented apple juice, and used in salad dressings, marinades, vinaigrettes, food preservatives, and chutneys. It is made by crushing apples, then squeezing out the juice. Bacteria and yeast are added to the liquid to start the alcoholic fermentation process, which converts the sugars to alcohol. In a second fermentation step, the alcohol is converted into vinegar by acetic acid- forming bacteria (Acetobacter species).
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In the case of trypanosome infection, tryptophol decreases the immune response of the host. As it is formed in the liver after ethanol ingestion or disulfiram treatment, it is also associated with the study of alcoholism. Pyrazole and ethanol have been shown to inhibit the conversion of exogenous tryptophol to indole-3-acetic acid and to potentiate the sleep-inducing hypothermic effects of tryptophol in mice. It is a growth promoter of cucumber hypocotyl segments.
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Using glucose as substrate the natural producing succinic acid producers are first considered. These organisms use the excretion of acetic acid (and sometimes formic acid) to balance the NADH requirement of succinic acid production. Two possible paths exist as indicated in Figure 1 and Figure 2. The difference between the two pathways lies in the pyruvate oxidation step where pyruvate formate lyase is employed in Figure 1 and pyruvate dehydrogenase employed in Figure 2.
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Mastigoproctus colombianus range from in length. Color brown and red-end legs. Like the related orders Schizomida, Amblypygi and Solifugae, uropygids use only six legs for walking, having modified their first two legs to serve as antennae-like sensory organs. Whip scorpions have no venom glands, but they do have glands near the rear of their abdomen that can spray a combination of acetic acid and octanoic acid when they are bothered.
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The acetic acid created by A. aceti is also used in the manufacturing of acetate rayon, plastics production, rubber production, and photographic chemicals. A. aceti is considered an acidophile, which means it is able to survive in acidic environments, due to having an acidified cytoplasm which makes nearly all proteins in the genome to evolve acid stability. A. aceti has become important in helping to understand the process by which proteins can attain acid stability.
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It was Dr Senden's first field trip with the other researchers. The specimen (NMV P221807) is now held at Museums Victoria, after nearly 4 months of acetic acid preparation by John Long. The new specimen showed some surprising new data not seen in any of the other specimens. Firstly, there were large spiracular openings on top of the skull, with a distinct down-folded cosmine-covered lamina of bone present on the tabular bone.
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A class of aliphatic acids (volatile fatty acids as a kind of carboxylic acid) was found in female rhesus monkeys that produced six types in the vaginal fluids. The combination of these acids is referred to as "copulins". One of the acids, acetic acid, was found in all of the sampled female's vaginal fluid. Even in humans, one-third of women have all six types of copulins, which increase in quantity before ovulation.
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Deprotonation of acetic acid by a hydroxide ion Deprotonation (or dehydronation) is the removal (transfer) of a proton (or hydron, or hydrogen cation), (H+) from a Brønsted–Lowry acid in an acid-base reaction. The species formed is the conjugate base of that acid. The complementary process, when a proton is added (transferred) to a Brønsted–Lowry base, is protonation (or hydronation). The species formed is the conjugate acid of that base.
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Along with Glinus (Molluginaceae), Mollugo are edible plants that have historically been utilized as vegetables or for medicinal benefits. The family Molluginaceae has been studied for its therapeutic enduing characteristics due to the production of Triterpene sapanonins and Flavonoids. Research has shown that acetic acid extracted from M. verticillata could be a potential immunomodulator. The chemical makeup in members of the family Molluginaceae in general have anti-fungal and anti- inflammatory properties.
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Changing workup conditions may favor one product over another. In general, for reactions of enolates substituted with Evans oxazolidinones, trifluoroacetic acid promotes diazo transfer while acetic acid encourages azidation (the reasons for this are unclear). Solvent and the enolate counterion also influence the observed ratio of diazo to azide products. :File:EAScopeQuench.png Other electrophilic aminating reagents include oxaziridines, diazo compounds,Enders, E. In Methoden der organischen Chemie (Houben-Weyl); Georg Thieme Verlag: Stuttgart, 1967; Vol.
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Since calcium-rich bones are exceedingly difficult to study, scientists use bone decalcification to make specimens available for their research. For example, bone decalcification has been used to examine cartilage and magnesium levels in order to understand bone decay. There are two categories of decalcifying agents for removing calcium ions: chelating agents and acids. The acids are further divided into weak (picric, acetic and formic acid) and strong acids (nitric and hydrochloric acid).
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Leaving it to ferment further, however, allows Acetobacter from the air to oxidise the ethanol into acetic acid. It is harvested once the level of acidity reaches four or five percent. The length of time it takes to produce nipa palm vinegar ranges from two to three weeks, though it is faster if a starter culture of yeast is used. Nipa palm sap has a relatively high sugar content, containing 15 to 22% sugar.
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The bacterium produce exopolysaccharides for adhesion to the root surfaces. A. capsulatum can has a positive effect on plant growth indirectly by acting as a biocontrol agent or directly by modulating plant hormone levels and by facilitating resource acquisition, mostly nitrogen, phosphorus and iron. A recent study tested the production of the auxin indole 3 acetic acid by the bacterium and they verified that a possible auxin production is involved in plant growth promotion.
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Vinegar Syndrome is the release of acetic acid which produces a strong vinegary odor. AD strips are dye-coated paper strips that can detect and measure the severity of vinegar syndrome in film collections. The strips change color, shifting from a blue to green to level, based on the level of acidity found. If the AD strip level remains at blue, the film is in good condition and no deterioration is present.
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The main reactions involve fermentation of sugars. Important reactions start with glucose, which is converted to acetic acid: :C6H12O6 \+ 2 H2O → 2 CH3CO2H + 2 CO2 \+ 4 H2 A related reaction gives formate instead of carbon dioxide: :C6H12O6 \+ 2 H2O → 2 CH3CO2H + 2 HCO2H + 2 H2 These reactions are exergonic by 216 and 209 kcal/mol, respectively. H2 production is catalyzed by two hydrogenases. One is called [FeFe]-hydrogenase; the other is called [NiFe]-hydrogenase.
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In the main porphyrin biosynthesis pathway, coproporphyrinogen III is derived from uroporphyrinogen III by the action of the enzyme uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase: alt=Biosynthesis of coproporphyrinogen-III from uroporphyrinogen-III The conversion entails four decarboxylations, which turn the four acetic acid groups into methyl groups , with release of four carbon dioxide molecules. Coproporphyrinogen III is further used as a substrate for the enzyme coproporphyrinogen III oxidase which oxidizes and further decarboxylates it to protoporphyrinogen IX.
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In the third part (551-837), each faculty (having exchanged monkish, acetic robes for more fashionable and luxurious ones) devotes himself to sin and dances wildly with six followers. In the final part (838-1108), Wisdom returns to chastise the three faculties for falling into temptation. Anima, Will, Mind and Understanding repent, and the devils are chased from the stage. Recognizing that redemption requires more than her remorse, Anima asks for God’s mercy and grace.
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For agricultural research purposes, assessing the viability of pollen grains can be necessary and illuminating. A very common, efficient method to do so is known as Alexander's stain. This differential stain consists of ethanol, malachite green, distilled water, glycerol, phenol, chloral hydrate, acid fuchsin, orange G, and glacial acetic acid. In angiosperms and gymnosperms non-aborted pollen grain will appear red or pink, and aborted pollen grains will appear blue or slightly green.
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Protophilic solvents are basic in character and react with acids to form solvated protons. : + ⇌ + A weakly basic solvent has less tendency than a strongly basic one to accept a proton. Similarly a weak acid has less tendency to donate protons than a strong acid. As a result, a strong acid such as perchloric acid exhibits more strongly acidic properties than a weak acid such as acetic acid when dissolved in a weakly basic solvent.
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Glacial acetic acid is the most common solvent used, and although it results in heterogeneous reaction mixtures at room temperature, brief heating can be applied before the substrate is added to dissolve the Mn(OAc)3. Because a variety of paths of different molecularity are open to the intermediates of the reaction, concentration is an important variable to consider. Elevated temperatures are typically required to effect the oxidation of less acidic carbonyl compounds.
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They all manage to escape and head back to Sarah Jane's house. Clyde figures out that the Slitheen are negatively affected by acetic acid, and the team head off back to the school with squirty bottles of vinegar. After Maria uses the vinegar to blow up the Slitheen commander, Blakeman. Then they head over to the secret room where Luke tricks the Slitheen by telling them the machine won't take the power of the Sun.
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In the two other methods the situation is the same. Complex forming titration is a reaction that occurs between metal ions and a standard solution that is in the most cases EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic acid). In the redox titration that reaction is carried out between an oxidizing agent and a reduction agent. There are some more methods like Liebig method / Duma's method / Kjeldahl's method and Carius method for estimation of organic compounds.
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Acetic acid is the main component of vinegar, so the spray smells strongly of vinegar, leading to the common name "vinegarroon". Mastigoproctus giganteus have eight eyes: two in a pair on the front of the head and three on each side of the head. These eyes are very weak, so Mastigoproctus giganteus navigates mostly by feeling with its long front legs, tail, and pedipalps. It lives in the southern US and in Mexico.
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Rhodium(III) chloride refers to inorganic compounds with the formula RhCl3(H2O)n, where n varies from 0 to 3. These are diamagnetic solids featuring octahedral Rh(III) centres. Depending on the value of n, the material is either a dense brown solid or a soluble reddish salt. The soluble trihydrated (n = 3) salt is widely used to prepare compounds used in homogeneous catalysis, notably for the industrial production of acetic acid and hydroformylation.
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In 1852, August Beer proposed Beer's law, which explains the relationship between the composition of a mixture and the amount of light it will absorb. Based partly on earlier work by Pierre Bouguer and Johann Heinrich Lambert, it established the analytical technique known as spectrophotometry. In 1855, Benjamin Silliman, Jr. pioneered methods of petroleum cracking, which made the entire modern petrochemical industry possible. Formulas of acetic acid given by August Kekulé in 1861.
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Review of Drug Interactions: A Comprehensive Update. The prototypical drug of this group is disulfiram (brand name Antabuse), which acts as an acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor, preventing the metabolism of acetaldehyde into acetic acid, and is used in the treatment of alcoholism. A variety of other drugs cause disulfiram-like reactions upon consumption of alcohol as unintended drug interactions and side effects. Many disulfiram-like drugs act as inhibitors of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase similarly to disulfiram.
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In many studies where individual phlorotannins are isolated, extracted phlorotannins are acetylated with acetic anhydride- pyridine to protect them from oxidation. Both lowering the temperature and the addition of ascorbic acid seem to prevent oxidation. Usual assays to quantify phlorotannins in samples are the Folin-Denis and Prussian blue assays. A more specific assay makes use of 2,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (DMBA), a product that reacts specifically with 1,3-and 1,3,5-substituted phenols (e.g.
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Acetic acid, a weak acid, donates a proton (hydrogen ion, highlighted in green) to water in an equilibrium reaction to give the acetate ion and the hydronium ion. Red: oxygen, black: carbon, white: hydrogen. While the Arrhenius concept is useful for describing many reactions, it is also quite limited in its scope. In 1923 chemists Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Thomas Martin Lowry independently recognized that acid-base reactions involve the transfer of a proton.
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Ethyl acetate derived from an alcohol (blue) and an acyl group (yellow) derived from a carboxylic acid The chemical formulas of organic esters usually take the form RCO2R′, where R and R′ are the hydrocarbon parts of the carboxylic acid and the alcohol, respectively. For example, butyl acetate (systematically butyl ethanoate), derived from butanol and acetic acid (systematically ethanoic acid) would be written CH3CO2C4H9. Alternative presentations are common including BuOAc and CH3COOC4H9.
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One should be careful nor to use too much water since part of the precipitate may be lost. Also, in case of colloidal precipitates we should not use water as a washing solution since peptization would occur. In such situations dilute nitric acid, ammonium nitrate, or dilute acetic acid may be used. Usually, it is a good practice to check for the presence of precipitating agent in the filtrate of the final washing solution.
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IP(-/-) mice exhibit little or no writhing responses in an acetic acid-induced pain model. The mouse IP receptor also appears to be involved in the development of heat-induced hyperalgesia. These and further studies using IP receptor antagonists in rats indicate that IP receptors on pain-perceiving sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia as well as on certain neurons in the spinal cord transmit signals for pain, particularly pain triggered by inflammation.
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The active site of this enzyme has a very broad specificity, which allows for the synthesis of long chains of carbon atoms by joining, via a thioester linkage, small organic acids, such as acetic and malonic acid. The KS domain receives the growing polyketide chain from the upstream module and subsequently catalyzes formation of the C-C bond between this substrate and an ACP-bound extender unit that is selected by the AT domain.
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Smaller sawmills were common along the line north of Picture Rocks. Tanneries at Muncy Valley and Laporte came under the control of the Union Tanning Company (a subsidiary of the United States Leather Company) in 1893, using hemlock bark supplied by logging. In the late 1890s, a chemical company was built at Nordmont which made charcoal, acetic acid, and wood alcohol from wood. Attempts to develop Lake Mokoma for ice harvesting were largely unsuccessful.
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It is soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid with a green color. Chromic acid in glacial acetic acid solution oxidizes it to picene-quinone, picene-quinone carboxylic acid, and finally to phthalic acid. When intercalated with potassium or rubidium and cooled to below 18 K, picene has been reported to exhibit superconductive properties. However, due to the apparent inability to reproduce this work, the superconducting nature of doped picene has been met with heavy scepticism.
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Many of the odor compounds in wood smoke, especially the phenolic compounds, are unstable, dissipating after a few weeks or months. A number of wood smoke compounds act as preservatives. Phenol and other phenolic compounds in wood smoke are both antioxidants, which slow rancidification of animal fats, and antimicrobials, which slow bacterial growth. Other antimicrobials in wood smoke include formaldehyde, acetic acid, and other organic acids, which give wood smoke a low pH—about 2.5.
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Alpha tocopheryl acetate, an acetate ester of alpha-tocopherol Manufacturers also commonly convert the phenol form of the vitamins (with a free hydroxyl group) to esters, using acetic or succinic acid. These tocopheryl esters are more stable and are easy to use in vitamin supplements. Alpha tocopheryl esters are de-esterified in the gut and then absorbed as the free tocopherol. Tocopheryl nicotinate and tocopheryl linolate esters are also used in cosmetics and some pharmaceuticals.
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Airbath (part of Reva Industries) is in north-east Hull. Fenner Dunlop Europe who claim to be the world's largest conveyor belt manufacturer, in Marfleet, have their own cricket pitch and their Hainsworth Research Centre. BP Saltend (in Preston) is Europe's largest producer of acetic acid, and part of the worldwide BP Acetyls group; next door, Ineos Enterprises makes vinyl acetate monomer (VAM) and Vivergo (bioethanol) is nearby. Fenner PLC is in Hessle.
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Halcon, now the Halcon SD Group, refocused on development and licensing of new processes. Several possibilities looked promising, including techniques for converting carbon monoxide from coal into acetic anhydride, used in producing rayon and film. The Tennessee Eastman division of Eastman Kodak bought the technology while Halcon SD retained the worldwide licensing rights. Although the company was technologically strong, the economic climate was not supportive, and Landau decided to sell the company.
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The main fermentation inhibitor present is acetic acid. However, the fermentation inhibitors can later be removed through detoxification with NH3 at a feasible cost. Since this pretreatment process does not use acids or bases and only water it eliminates the need to extract pretreatment chemicals once completed. During the initial step of the hydrothermal pretreatment process the feedstock is soaked and simultaneously placed in temperatures of up to 100 °C and ambient pressure.
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In quest of a non-addictive alternative to morphine, Wright experimented with combining morphine with various acids. He boiled anhydrous morphine alkaloid with acetic anhydride over a stove for several hours and produced a more potent, acetylated form of morphine, now called diamorphine (or diacetylmorphine), also known as heroin. After Wright's death, Heinrich Dreser, a chemist at Bayer Laboratories, continued to test heroin. Bayer marketed it as an analgesic and 'sedative for coughs' in 1898.
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Gendre solution is an alcoholic version of Bouin solution. An alcoholic solution saturated with picric acid is used instead of an aqueous solution saturated with picric acid when making this solution. This solution is useful when glycogen and other carbohydrates must be preserved in tissue. It is prepared by a mixing saturated solution of picric acid in 95% ethanol (80ml) with formalin (37-40% formaldehyde) (15 ml) and glacial acetic acid (5ml).
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Hollande solution is a version of Bouin solution that contains copper acetate. The copper acetate stabilizes red blood cell membranes and the granules of eosinophils and endocrine cells so that there is less lysis of these cell components than occurs in regular Bouin solution. Hollandes fixative is made by adding 6.25g cupric acetate, 10g picric acid (wet powder), 25ml formalin (37-40% formaldehyde) and 2.5 ml glacial (100%) acetic acid to 250ml water.Gray, P. 1954.
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Likewise, vinegar fermentation became understood as a natural and biological process. Louis Pasteur made the decisive discovery that a special type of bacteria, later known as acetic acid bacteria, were the agents of fermentation for vinegar production. In the 20th century, vinegar production again was revolutionized by the invention of the submerged fermentation process that cut production times down to 1–2 days. This allowed the massive production of cheap vinegar around the world.
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Commercial vinegar is produced either by a fast or a slow fermentation process. In general, slow methods are used in traditional vinegars, where fermentation proceeds over the course of a few months to a year. The longer fermentation period allows for the accumulation of a nontoxic slime composed of acetic acid bacteria. Fast methods add mother of vinegar (bacterial culture) to the source liquid before adding air to oxygenate and promote the fastest fermentation.
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ACC synthase reaches optimal activity in conditions of pH 8.5 and with Km = 20 um relative to its substrate, SAM. ACC Synthase and ethylene biosynthesis are regulated by a whole host of stimuli. Stresses such as wounding, noxious chemicals, auxin, flooding, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) promote ethylene synthesis, creating a positive feedback cycle with ACC synthase, up-regulating its activity. However, it is also inhibited by a number of compounds as well.
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A terminal carbido complex is RuC(PCy3)2Cl2 with a Ru-C distance of 163 pm, typical for a triple bond. The complex can be obtained by metathesis of vinyl acetate to give [Ru(CH-p-C6H4Me)(PCy3)2Cl2] results in a metastable Ru(Cl2)(PCy3)2C2HOAc complex, which then decomposes to eliminate acetic acid. Synthesis of a terminal carbido complex. The "naked" carbido ligand is weakly basic, forming complexes with other metal centers.
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Biosynthesis of linear polyketide precursor. The AbyB1, AbyB2, and AbyB3 genes code for the seven- module polyketide synthase complex that assembled the polyketide backbone. Next, the linear polyketide precursor fused with glyceryl-ACP to form intermediate 2. Based on the observation made for the biosynthesis of agglomerin, it has been proposed that AbyA4 acetylates intermediate 2 and AbyA5 catalyzes the elimination of acetic acid to form the exocyclic double bond in intermediate 4.
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The yeast of the genus Zygosaccharomyces have had a long history as spoilage yeasts within the food industry. This is mainly because these species can grow in the presence of high sucrose, ethanol, acetic acid, sorbic acid, benzoic acid, and sulfur dioxide concentrations, representing some of the commonly used food preservation methods. Methylene blue is used to test for the presence of live yeast cells. In oenology, the major spoilage yeast is Brettanomyces bruxellensis.
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Shortly before the fermentation consumes all the sugar, the liquor is "racked" (siphoned) into new vats. This leaves dead yeast cells and other undesirable material at the bottom of the old vat. At this point, it becomes important to exclude airborne acetic bacteria, so vats are filled completely to exclude air. The fermenting of the remaining available sugar generates a small amount of carbon dioxide that forms a protective layer, reducing air contact.
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Türk's solution is a hematological stain (crystal violet or aqueous methylene blue) in 1-2% acetic acid and distilled water. The solution destroys the membrane of WBCs, RBCs and platelets within a blood sample, and stains the nuclei of the white blood cells, making them easier to see and count. Turk's solution is intended for use in counting leukocytes in a defined volume of blood. Erythrocytes are hemolyzed while leukocytes are stained for easy visualization.
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P. raffinosivorans is classified as an obligate anaerobic chemoorganotroph, but its specific electron acceptors and donors have remained elusive. P. raffinosivorans can ferment glucose, cellobiose, maltose, fructose, mannitol, mannose, ribose, sucrose, and arabinose to produce acid. It produces propionic acid, carbon dioxide, and acetic acid as products of its fermentative metabolic pathway. It does not produce acid when fermenting amygdalin, glycogen, erythritol, dulcitol, inositol, inulin, starch, melezitose, melibiose, trehalose, raffinose, and xylose.
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Sophineta is the smaller of the two lepidosauromorph reptiles known from the Early Triassic karst deposits of Czatkowice quarry, the larger on being the kuehneosaurid Pamelina. The material from Czatkowice 1 was transferred to the Museum of the Earth and Institute of Paleobiology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, were a preliminary chemical preparation in acetic acid was performed. More effective preparation started only in the 1990s and terminated in 2007.
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A bottle of acetic acid, a liquid solvent A solvent (from the Latin solvō, "loosen, untie, solve") is a substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution. A solvent is usually a liquid but can also be a solid, a gas, or a supercritical fluid. The quantity of solute that can dissolve in a specific volume of solvent varies with temperature. Common uses for organic solvents are in dry cleaning (e.g.
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However, water is not the only chemical capable of sublimation, and the loss of other volatile compounds such as acetic acid (vinegar) and alcohols can yield undesirable results. Freeze-dried products can be rehydrated (reconstituted) much more quickly and easily because the process leaves microscopic pores. The pores are created by the ice crystals that sublimate, leaving gaps or pores in their place. This is especially important when it comes to pharmaceutical uses.
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The aliphatic acids contribute greatly to the flavor of honey by interacting with the flavors of other ingredients. Organic acids comprise most of the acids in honey, accounting for 0.17–1.17% of the mixture, with gluconic acid formed by the actions of glucose oxidase as the most prevalent. Minor amounts of other organic acids are present, consisting of formic, acetic, butyric, citric, lactic, malic, pyroglutamic, propionic, valeric, capronic, palmitic, and succinic, among many others.
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Sodium amalgam reduces it to dihydroresorcin, which when heated to 150 to 160 °C with concentrated barium hydroxide solution gives γ-acetylbutyric acid When fused with potassium hydroxide, resorcinol yields phloroglucin, pyrocatechol, and diresorcin. It condenses with acids or acid chlorides, in the presence of dehydrating agents, to oxyketones, e.g., with zinc chloride and glacial acetic acid at 145 °C it yields resacetophenone (HO)2C6H3~CO.CH3. With the anhydrides of dibasic acids, it yields fluoresceins.
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In studies, acetic acid iontophoresis combined with ultrasound provided no better clinical results or shrinkage of the calcific deposits than did no treatment. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is blood plasma that has been enriched with platelets. It has not been well studied in calcific tendinitis. Under local anesthetic, the calcific deposits can be mechanically broken up by puncturing them repeatedly with a needle and then aspirating the calcific material with the help of a sluice of saline.
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Isoamyl acetate, also known as isopentyl acetate, is an organic compound that is the ester formed from isoamyl alcohol and acetic acid. It is a colorless liquid that is only slightly soluble in water, but very soluble in most organic solvents. Isoamyl acetate has a strong odor which is described as similar to both banana and pear. Pure isoamyl acetate, or mixtures of isoamyl acetate, amyl acetate, and other flavors may be referred to as Banana oil.
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The tallest building in Vinylon City, measuring in height with a smokestack, was the acetic acid shop. The spinning shop, which was responsible of creating the vinylon fiber and shipping, was the largest building — long and wide, with floor space. Vinylon City became the pride of North Korea, being touted as having been built without foreign assistance. The success of Vinylon City demonstrated independence from the Soviet Union and China and appeared to reflect the juche ideology.
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Several plant lectins have been found to recognize noncarbohydrate ligands that are primarily hydrophobic in nature, including adenine, auxins, cytokinin, and indole acetic acid, as well as water-soluble porphyrins. These interactions may be physiologically relevant, since some of these molecules function as phytohormones. Lectin Receptor Kinases (LecRKs) are believed to recognize Damage Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) which are created or released from herbivore attack. In Arabidopsis, Legume-type LecRKs Clade 1 has 11 LecRK proteins.
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Ethanol, an alcohol found in nature and in alcoholic drinks, is metabolized through a complex catabolic metabolic pathway. In humans, several enzymes are involved in processing ethanol first into acetaldehyde and further into acetic acid and acetyl-CoA. Once acetyl-CoA is formed, it becomes a substrate for the citric acid cycle ultimately producing cellular energy and releasing water and carbon dioxide. Due to differences in enzyme presence and availability, human adults and fetuses process ethanol through different pathways.
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The first step is formation of the Transition metal carbene complex 2. Acetic acid adds to this intermediate in a nucleophilic addition to form enolate 3 followed by aldol condensation to 5 at which stage a molecule of carbon monoxide is lost to 6. The final step is reductive elimination to form the cycloalkene. The reaction between menthone ((2S,5R)-2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanone) and anisaldehyde (4-methoxybenzaldehyde) is complicated due to steric shielding of the ketone group.
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The proteobacteria are a major phylum of gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella, Shigella, and other Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, Moraxella, Helicobacter, Stenotrophomonas, Bdellovibrio, acetic acid bacteria, Legionella etc. Other notable groups of gram-negative bacteria include the cyanobacteria, spirochaetes, green sulfur, and green non-sulfur bacteria. Medically relevant gram-negative cocci include the four types that cause a sexually transmitted disease (Neisseria gonorrhoeae), a meningitis (Neisseria meningitidis), and respiratory symptoms (Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae).
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Areas of acetowhiteness correlate with higher nuclear density. The squamocolumnar junction, or "transformation zone", is a critical area on the cervix where many precancerous and cancerous lesions most often arise. The ability to see the transformation zone and the entire extent of any lesion visualized determines whether an adequate colposcopic examination is attainable. Areas of the cervix that turn white after the application of acetic acid or have an abnormal vascular pattern are often considered for biopsy.
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A limitation of PCR is that it only works with nucleic acid targets, and there are no known analogues of PCR for other target molecular candidates. Using the WLA, this type of target amplification approach has been exemplified in an abiotic system. By incorporating Zn(II)-salen ligands into a supramolecular assembly, an acyl transfer reaction involving acetic anhydride and pyridylcarbinol as substrates was investigated. In the absence of acetate, there is almost no catalytic activity.
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Reslizumab is supplied as a refrigerated, sterile, single-use, preservative-free solution for intravenous infusion. The reslizumab solution is a slightly hazy/opalescent, slightly yellow liquid and is supplied as 100 mg in a 10 mL glass vial. Each single-use vial of reslizumab is formulated as 10 mg/mL reslizumab in an aqueous solution containing 2.45 mg/mL sodium acetate trihydrate, 0.12 mg/mL glacial acetic acid, and 70 mg/mL sucrose, with a pH of 5.5.
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One of the oldest single-step approaches to trichrome staining is van Gieson's method, which stains muscle and cytoplasm yellow, and collagen red. Another is the Gömöri trichrome stain, which closely mimics Masson's trichrome. In "yellowsolve" methods, a red dye in dilute acetic acid is first applied, then the section is very thoroughly dehydrated to ensure that no moisture remains. The red dye is then displaced by a yellow dye in a solvent, such as cellosolve (2-ethoxy-ethanol).
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The hydrophilic group on the ammonia salts also change the dissociation of the reagent to be used with bromopyrogallol red to a more acidic region. Bromopyrogallol red is also a triphenylmethane indictor. An efficient purification can be obtained by chromatographic separation on a polyamide column prewashed with HCl. Purity can then be checked by thin layer chromatography on a microcrystalline cellulose plate using either a system of butanol–acetic acid–water, n-propanol–water, or methanol–water.
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The corresponding substituent is called indolyl. Indole undergoes electrophilic substitution, mainly at position 3 (see diagram in right margin). Substituted indoles are structural elements of (and for some compounds, the synthetic precursors for) the tryptophan-derived tryptamine alkaloids, which includes the neurotransmitters serotonin and melatonin, as well as the naturally occurring psychedelic drugs dimethyltryptamine and psilocybin. Other indolic compounds include the plant hormone auxin (indolyl-3-acetic acid, IAA), tryptophol, the anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin, and the betablocker pindolol.
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Nitration of 2,3-dimethylpyridine N-oxide affords the nitro derivative (the addition of NO2) (2) The newly introduced nitro group is then displaced by the alkoxide from 3-methoxypropanol to yield the corresponding ether (3). Treatment with acetic anhydride results in the Polonovski reaction. Saponification followed by treatment with thionyl chloride then chlorinates the primary alcohol (5). Reaction with benzimidazole-2-thiol (6) followed by oxidation of the resulting thioether to the sulfoxide yields the final product: rabeprazole (8).
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The sample or frozen sections is/are fixated in formaldehyde, then immersed for 20 minutes in the Nile blue solution or 30 sec in nile blue A (1% w/v in distilled water) and rinsed with water. For better differentiation, it is dipped in 1% acetic acid for 10–20 minutes or 30 sec until the colors are pure. This might take only 1–2 minutes. Then the sample is thoroughly rinsed in water (for one to two hours).
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Brettanomyces is a non-spore forming genus of yeast in the family Saccharomycetaceae, and is often colloquially referred to as "Brett". The genus name Dekkera is used interchangeably with Brettanomyces, as it describes the teleomorph or spore forming form of the yeast. The cellular morphology of the yeast can vary from ovoid to long "sausage" shaped cells. The yeast is acidogenic, and when grown on glucose rich media under aerobic conditions, produces large amounts of acetic acid.
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Treating A or B with a sequence of simple reagents containing potassium hydroxide, ammonia, and acetic acid led to the formation of proto-daphniphylline. Six σ-bonds and five rings were formed in this remarkable step. It was proposed in the original report that hydroxyldihydropyran intermediate C was first formed when the dialdehyde starting material (A) was treated with potassium hydroxide. A 2-aza-1, 3-diene intermediate (D) was generated from the reaction of intermediate C with ammonia.
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Black tar heroin is a free base form of heroin that is sticky like tar or hard like coal. Its dark color is the result of crude processing methods that leave behind impurities. Black Tar as a type holds a variable admixture morphine derivatives—predominantly 6-MAM (6-monoacetylmorphine) which is another result of crude acetylation. The lack of proper reflux during acetylation fails to remove much of the moisture retained in the acetylating agent, glacial acetic acid.
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Resazurin is prepared by acid-catalyzed condensation between resorcinol and 4-nitrosoresorcinol followed by oxidation of the intermediate with manganese(IV) oxide: Resazurin synthesis Treatment of the crude reaction product with excess sodium carbonate yields the sodium salt of resazurin, which is typically the commercial form of the dye. Running the condensation step in alcohols is possible but results in lower yields of the product; in pure water or acetic acid, the reaction does not proceed satisfactorily.
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The Gilman test is a chemical test for the detection of Grignard reagents and organolithium reagents. A 0.5 mL sample is added to a 1% solution of Mischler's ketone in benzene or toluene. To this solution is added 1 mL of water for hydrolysis to take place and then several drops of 0.2% iodine in glacial acetic acid. If the color of the resulting solution becomes a greenish-blue then the original sample did contain the organometallic species.
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ANC keeps check on drug peddling in the city. This cell initiates action against persons who deal in illegal sale and possession of Heroin, Hashish, M.Tabs, Methoquoline, Opium, Ganja, Cocaine, Consumption, Charas, Acetic acid, LSD STR/ ECA, Bhang, Morphine, Prezapam Chemicals, Buprenorphine (Inj.) under NDPS Act. It maintains surveillance at vulnerable places like Bars and Restaurants, Pubs, Hukka centres and places of dwelling by foreign nationals. The cell has helped contain the menace to a large extent.
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Porphobilinogen is an organic compound that occurs in living organisms as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of porphyrins, which include critical substances like hemoglobin and chlorophyll. The name is often abbreviated PBG. The structure of the molecule can be described as molecule of pyrrole with sidechains substituted for hydrogen atoms at positions 2, 3 and 4 in the ring (1 being the nitrogen atom); respectively, an aminomethyl group , an acetic acid (carboxymethyl) group , and a propionic acid (carboxyethyl) group .
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"The Cellulose Inquiry". Flight (21 August 1919) No. 556 XI(34) p1119 The British Government patented the process developed by Henri Dreyfus, which lowered the costs of acetic anhydride production, an important reagent in the production of cellulose acetate. At the end of World War I, the British Government cancelled all contracts and the company changed to produce acetate fibres. In 1923 the company name was changed to British Celanese Ltd, a contraction of cellulose and ease.
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Dry mycelium of four R. oryzae strains proved effective for catalysing the synthesis of different flavor esters. For example, the pineapple flavour or butyl acetate esters was produced by the esterification reactions between acetic acid and butanol by R. oryzae. This flavor compound can be used in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Within the biodiesel industry, biodiesel fuel as fatty acid methyl ester is produced by the esterification of plant oil or animal fat with methanol.
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Hugo Schanderl wrote the first book on the microbiology of must and wine. Since 1966 Prof. Dr. Helmut Hans Dittrich became head of the department research on metabolic physiological performance of microorganisms in the medium must. Fermentation process and selection of yeasts with low formation SO2-binding metabolites were also in the foreground such as studies on origin and avoidance of microbially conditioned false aromas such as acetic acid, ester tone, buckwheat and lactic acid note.
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Trioctylamine is used to extract organic acids such as succinic acid and acetic acid, and also precious metals. A formulation containing metoxuron mixed with an emulsion containing trioctylamine 50%, atlox 4851 B 15%, and isopropanol 35% was active as a potato defoliant. Trioctylamine can be used to extract monocarboxylic acid for equilibria and correlation of apparent reactive equilibrium constant. Liquid-liquid equilibria for aqueous solutions of carboxylic acids with trioctylamine in various diluents was determined at various trioctylamine concentrations.
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At the cathode, a reduction reaction occurs, which normally produces hydrogen. Electrolytes used for electropolishing are most often concentrated acid solutions having a high viscosity, such as mixtures of sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid. Other electropolishing electrolytes reported in the literature include mixtures of perchloric acid with acetic anhydride (which has caused fatal explosions), and methanolic solutions of sulfuric acid. To electropolish a rough surface, the protruding parts of a surface profile must dissolve faster than the recesses.
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There are three double bonds in carvone capable of reduction; the product of reduction depends on the reagents and conditions used. Catalytic hydrogenation of carvone (1) can give either carvomenthol (2) or carvomenthone (3). Zinc and acetic acid reduce carvone to give dihydrocarvone (4). MPV reduction using propan-2-ol and aluminium isopropoxide effects reduction of the carbonyl group only to provide carveol (5); a combination of sodium borohydride and CeCl3 (Luche reduction) is also effective.
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Trapping with the desired electrophile and TBAF deprotection of the TMS group will provide the (S,Sp) or (R,Rp) diastereomer. Rationale for the stereochemical outcome of directed lithiation of Ugi's Amine. Further functionalization can take place at the carbon alpha to the ferrocene by substituting the dimethylamine with various nucleophiles. This is usually accomplished by quaternization of the amine with methyl iodide or acetic acid, which upon heating eliminates, resulting in a stable α-ferrocenylethyl cation intermediate.
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Usually acetic acid is added to the dyebath to help the uptake of the dye onto the fiber. Direct or substantive dyeing is normally carried out in a neutral or slightly alkaline dyebath, at or near boiling point, with the addition of either sodium chloride, sodium sulfate or sodium carbonate. Direct dyes are used on cotton, paper, leather, wool, silk, and nylon. Mordant dyes require a mordant, which improves the fastness of the dye against water, light and perspiration.
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Figure 1: Mechanism of Fujiwara-Moritani reaction The mechanism of the Fujiwara–Moritani reaction is not fully understood. The most widely accepted mechanism is as shown in Figure 1. The sequence begins by formation of the palladium–Aryl cationic complex via Friedel-Crafts or concerted deprotonation metallation process which eliminates an acetic acid to generate a palladium–Aryl species. An olefin then coordinates to the palladium and undergoes a 1,2-migratory insertion, forming a C-C bond.
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The seizures occurred in the United States and Panama, and totaled over 22 million, 60-milligram pseudoephedrine tablets. The source of supply has been identified as legitimate pharmaceutical companies in Hong Kong. Additional investigations have revealed other companies in Hong Kong that have been engaged in supplying substantial amounts of pseudoephedrine to firms, sometime fictitious, shells or fronts, in Mexico. Also, reports indicate that acetic anhydride is diverted from China to morphine/heroin refineries found in the Golden Triangle.
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Zenker's fixative contains mercuric chloride ("corrosive sublimate"), potassium dichromate, sodium sulfate, water, and acetic acid. Fixatives containing mercuric chloride or potassium dichromate are toxic, making disposal as hazardous waste costly. Mercuric chloride can be replaced with the same weight of less toxic zinc chloride but the resulting "zinc-Zenker" may not give the same quality of fixation as the original mixture. This fixative is named after Konrad Zenker, a German histologist, who died in 1894 (Baker 1958).
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By 1900, deer and their predators were almost eliminated due to overhunting. The Pennsylvania Game Commission began to restore the deer herd by importing deer from other states. A new enterprise, the wood chemical industry, changed the course of forest development. Between 1890 and 1930, wood chemical plants produced charcoal, methanol, acetic acid, acetate of lime and similar products, and provided a market for virtually every size, species and quality of tree growing on the Allegheny Plateau.
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To study L. hilgardii in liquid requires growing it in Elliker broth so it can show turbidity and gas formation. On staining with Gram's iodine, the bacillus is Gram positive. L. hilgardii is considered a negative catalase (enzyme that decomposes hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water) and creates lactic acid, ethanol/acetic acid, and carbon dioxide. Along with this it is capable of sometimes producing biogenic amines or histamine and ethyl carbamate, which causes health risks.
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Since characterization, the development of synthetic pathways to histrionicotoxin has been of interest to research groups due to its unusual functionality. The Kishi group proposed the first total synthesis of the parent 283A in 1985 using 89, a previously synthesized lactam used for the synthesis of other variants. Treatment with acetic anhydride yielded 133 in quantitative yield. The cyclic enol ether 134 was formed through oxidative cleavage promoting intramolecular addition followed by a basic deprotection and dehydration.
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Copper nitrate, in combination with acetic anhydride, is an effective reagent for nitration of aromatic compounds, known as the Menke nitration in honor of the Dutch chemist who discovered that metal nitrates are effective reagents for nitration. Hydrated copper nitrate adsorbed onto clay affords a reagent called "Claycop". The resulting blue- colored clay is used as a slurry, for example for the oxidation of thiols to disulfides. Claycop is also used to convert dithioacetals to carbonyls.
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The reference to vinegar may come from a description by Livy of Hannibal's crossing of the Alps, when it was said that the soldiers used vinegar in fire-setting to remove large rocks in the path of his army. The effectiveness of strong acetic acid solutions on heated limestone has been demonstrated in laboratory experiments. Hannibal and his men crossing the Alps. Pliny also says that the method was used both in opencast and deep mining.
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EC 2.5 relates to enzymes that transfer alkyl or aryl groups, but does not include methyl groups. This is in contrast to functional groups that become alkyl groups when transferred, as those are included in EC 2.3. EC 2.5 currently only possesses one sub-class: Alkyl and aryl transferases. Cysteine synthase, for example, catalyzes the formation of acetic acids and cysteine from O3-acetyl-L-serine and hydrogen sulfide: O3-acetyl-L-serine + H2S \rightleftharpoons L-cysteine + acetate.
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As an example of water acting as an acid, consider an aqueous solution of pyridine, C5H5N. :C5H5N + H2O [C5H5NH]+ \+ OH− In this example, a water molecule is split into a hydrogen ion, which is donated to a pyridine molecule, and a hydroxide ion. In the Brønsted-Lowry model, the solvent does not necessarily have to be water that is required by the Arrhenius Acid-Base model. For example, consider what happens when acetic acid, CH3COOH, dissolves in liquid ammonia.
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Fatty change, or steatosis, is the accumulation of fatty acids in liver cells. These can be seen as fatty globules under the microscope. Alcoholism causes development of large fatty globules (macro-vesicular steatosis) throughout the liver and can begin to occur after a few days of heavy drinking. Alcohol is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) into acetaldehyde, then further metabolized by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) into acetic acid, which is finally oxidized into carbon dioxide () and water ().
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Lacking the ability to form hydrogen bonds, acid chlorides have lower boiling and melting points than similar carboxylic acids. For example, acetic acid boils at 118 °C, whereas acetyl chloride boils at 51 °C. Like most carbonyl compounds, infrared spectroscopy reveals a band near 1750 cm−1. The simplest stable acyl chloride is ethanoyl chloride or acetyl chloride; methanoyl chloride (formyl chloride) is not stable at room temperature, although it can be prepared at –60 °C or below.
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TFA is prepared industrially by the electrofluorination of acetyl chloride or acetic anhydride, followed by hydrolysis of the resulting trifluoroacetyl fluoride: : + 4 → + 3 + : + → + Where desired, this compound may be dried by addition of trifluoroacetic anhydride. An older route to TFA proceeds via the oxidation of 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,3,3-trichloropropene with potassium permanganate. The trifluorotrichloropropene can be prepared by Swarts fluorination of hexachloropropene. TFA occurs naturally in sea water, but only in small concentrations (≤200 ng/L).
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To stop the corrosion from continuing the object just needs to be aired out to remove any moisture and allow the normal layer of protection to form. Washing and a wire brush will remove most of the corrosion. For complete removal, 10% acetic acid or a mixture of polishing chalk and 20–40% NaOH can be used. Both require a thorough water rinsing afterward and do not restore lustrous surface finish if one was previously present.
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This is often done through colposcopy, a magnified visual inspection of the cervix aided by using a dilute acetic acid (e.g. vinegar) solution to highlight abnormal cells on the surface of the cervix, with visual contrast provided by staining the normal tissues a mahogany brown with Lugol's iodine. Medical devices used for biopsy of the cervix include punch forceps. Colposcopic impression, the estimate of disease severity based on the visual inspection, forms part of the diagnosis.
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Softgel capsules used for large amounts of vitamin E Vitamin E is fat soluble, so dietary supplement products are usually in the form of the vitamin, esterified with acetic acid to generate tocopheryl acetate, and dissolved in vegetable oil in a softgel capsule. For alpha- tocopherol, amounts range from 100 to 1000 IU per serving. Smaller amounts are incorporated into multi-vitamin/mineral tablets. Gamma-tocopherol and tocotrienol supplements are also available from dietary supplement companies.
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The erosion diameter of the spray spot formed by DESI is known to be directly tied to the spatial resolution. Both the chemical composition and the texture of the surface will also affect the ionization process. The nebulizing gas used most commonly is N2 set at a typical pressure of 160 psi. The solvent is a combination of methanol and water, sometimes paired with 0.5% acetic acid and at a flow rate of 10 μL/min.
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Using a different lead, optimization from S-8308, eprosartan was developed by SmithKline Beecham in 1992. Eprosartan does not have a biphenyl-methyl structure but in order to mimic the C-terminal end of Ang II the 5-acetic acid group was replaced with an a-thienylacrylic acid and a 4-carboxy-moiety. Eprosartan is a selective, potent and competitive AT1 antagonist and its binding to AT1 receptors is rapid, reversible, saturable and of high affinity.
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Die Collodion Verfahren mit Jod und Bromsalzen. Leipzig. and was originally used as a reversal process for film negatives. Within a year, a man named Andresen suggested using hydrogen peroxide and hydrochloric acid in the process in the place of ammonium persulfate. Later references to the etch-bleach process show a chemical composition that is very close to that of mordançage - the only difference being the use of citric acid in place of glacial acetic acid.
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In 2001, Knowles and Ryōji Noyori won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. In the mid-1960s, chemists at Monsanto developed the Monsanto process for making acetic acid, which until 2000 was the most widely used production method. In 1964, Monsanto chemists invented AstroTurf (initially ChemGrass). In the 1960s and 1970s, Monsanto was a producer of Agent Orange for United States Armed Forces operations in Vietnam, and settled out of court in a lawsuit brought by veterans in 1984.
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To make polyoxymethylene homopolymer, anhydrous formaldehyde must be generated. The principal method is by reaction of the aqueous formaldehyde with an alcohol to create a hemiformal, dehydration of the hemiformal/water mixture (either by extraction or vacuum distillation) and release of the formaldehyde by heating the hemiformal. The formaldehyde is then polymerized by anionic catalysis, and the resulting polymer stabilized by reaction with acetic anhydride. Due to the manufacturing process, large-diameter cross-sections may have pronounced centerline porosity.
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Oxotrimesityliridium, an example of an iridium(V) complex. Organoiridium chemistry is the chemistry of organometallic compounds containing an iridium-carbon chemical bond.Synthesis of Organometallic Compounds: A Practical Guide Sanshiro Komiya Ed. S. Komiya, M. Hurano 1997 Organoiridium compounds are relevant to many important processes including olefin hydrogenation and the industrial synthesis of acetic acid. They are also of great academic interest because of the diversity of the reactions and their relevance to the synthesis of fine chemicals.
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The production of organic acids is exploited to preserve and flavor vegetables and dairy products. Food fermentation serves five main purposes: to enrich the diet through development of a diversity of flavors, aromas, and textures in food substrates; to preserve substantial amounts of food through lactic acid, alcohol, acetic acid, and alkaline fermentations; to enrich food substrates with protein, essential amino acids, and vitamins; to eliminate antinutrients; and to reduce cooking time and the associated use of fuel.
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After Bradshaw’s environmentally reactive works which were the two-dimensional Contingency Series, she searched for a way to make sculptures that would be similarly reactive, but would also change shape. The first work was a relief, a wall-embedded copper bar titled Passion. It was treated with acetic acid, which left a running stain down the wall. The first outdoor version (1995) was set in the exterior wall of the Pier Art Center, Stromness, Orkney, Scotland.
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By mixing partially organic soluble samples in organic solvent (toluene, benzene, xylene), the organic soluble compounds will dissolve into the solvent and can be separated using a separatory funnel. This process is valuable in the extraction of proteins and specifically phosphoprotein and phosphopeptide phosphatases. Another example of this application is extracting anisole from a mixture of water and 5% acetic acid using ether, then the anisole will enter the organic phase. The two phases would then be separated.
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Santonin can be converted to santonic acid (C15H20O4) via based-catalyzed hydrolysis followed by a multistep rearrangement process.Base-catalyzed rearrangements Santonin dissolves in alkalies with formation of salts of this carboxylic acid. Santonin, in acetic acid solution, when exposed to sunlight for about a month, is converted into (colorless) photosantonic acid (C15H22O5) which is generally regarded as less toxic. The ethyl ester of the latter is obtained when an alcoholic solution of santonin is exposed to sunlight (Sestini).
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Grapes for Noble One are grown on De Bortoli's own vineyards and those of a handful of selected growers. The grapes are picked by hand and the juice from each vineyard is fermented separately. The high sugar level presents a challenge during processing as the yeast struggles to ferment the juice, making fermentation a long drawn out process. The fermentation has to be closely monitored because at these sugar levels acetic acid is produced by the yeast.
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The reaction employs an organic acidic medium such as acetic acid or propionic acid as typical reaction solvents. Alternatiively p-toluenesulfonic acid or various Lewis acids can be used with chlorinated solvents. The aldehyde and pyrrole are heated in this medium to afford modest yields of the meso tetrasubstituted porphyrins [RCC4H2N]4H2. The reaction entails both condensation of the aldehydes with the 2,5-positions of the pyrrole but also oxidative dehydrogenatioin of the porphyrinogen [RCC4H2NH]4.
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Palladium(II) propionate is prepared analogously; other carboxylates are prepared by treating palladium(II) acetate with the appropriate carboxylic acid. Likewise, palladium(II) acetate can be prepared by treating other palladium(II) carboxylates with acetic acid. This ligand exchange starting with a purified other carboxylate is an alternative way to synthesize palladium(II) acetate free from the nitro contaminant. When warmed with alcohols, or on prolonged boiling with other solvents, palladium(II) acetate decomposes to palladium.
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Cholic acid, also known as 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid is a primary bile acid that is insoluble in water (soluble in alcohol and acetic acid), it is a white crystalline substance. Salts of cholic acid are called cholates. Cholic acid, along with chenodeoxycholic acid, is one of the two major bile acids produced by the liver, where it is synthesized from cholesterol. These two major bile acids are roughly equal in concentration in humans.
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The Westphalen–Lettré rearrangement is a classic organic reaction in organic chemistry describing a rearrangement reaction of cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol diacetate with acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid. In this reaction one equivalent of water is lost, a double bond is formed at C10–C11 and importantly the methyl group at the C10 position migrates to the C5 position.Theodor Westphalen, Ber., 48, 1064 (1915) H. Lettré and I. Muller, Ber., 70, 1947 (1937) Rearranged Steroid Systems.
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It is generally utilized as an alternative to the route of barium ammonium chromate for usage in chemicals reactive with barium. This can also be washed with acetic acid and dried to remove impurities. Copper chromite is produced through the exposure of copper ammonium chromate to temperatures of 350-450 °C: : → + CrO + 4 + An active copper chromite catalyst which includes barium in its structure can be prepared from a solution containing barium nitrate, copper(II) nitrate, and ammonium chromate.
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Frozen egg whites do not form as firm or stable foams as fresh egg whites. It may be necessary to adjust the pH if the eggs have been refrigerated for a long time because they become more alkaline than fresh eggs. Acids can be added in manufacturing such as acetic, malic, tartaric, and citric. These improve the color and cake structure by lowering the pH, however they do not work as well as cream of tartar.
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Braun, A.; Tscherniac, J. "Über die Produkte der Einwirkung von Acetanhydrid auf Phthalamid (Products of the Action of Acetic Anhydride on Phthalamide)" Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 1907, volume 40, pp. 2709-14. Another synthesis of historical interest is the Rosenmund von Braun reaction in which an ortho substituted dihalobenzene is treated with copper(I) cyanide, which results in the halide groups being replaced by cyano groups.Karl M. Kadish, Kevin M. Smith, Roger Guilard. The Porphyrin Handbook. 2003.
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At -60 ̊C the reaction of 1 and 2 afforded evenly to the lactone (3), the carbonyl addition product which underwent conversion on treatment with acid. The free acid (4) was obtained when the latter was cleaved reductively with zinc and alkali. Cyclization of the product occurred when treated with ZnCl2 in acetic acid anhydride and gave the compound 6-acetoxy-3-MC (5). Reducing this product with hydriodic acid in propionic acid resulted in 3-MC.
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Kohlpaintner, C.; Schulte, M.; Falbe, J.; Lappe, P. and Weber, J. (2008) "Aldehydes, Aliphatic" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. . Acetaldehyde once was a dominating product, but production levels have declined to less than because it mainly served as a precursor to acetic acid, which is now prepared by carbonylation of methanol. Many other aldehydes find commercial applications, often as precursors to alcohols, the so-called oxo alcohols, which are used in detergents.
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A patent was filed in 1962, and granted in 1962, for phenylalkane derivatives. In 1969 ibuprofen was licensed as a prescription drug in the UK, and in 1974 in the US. It was launched in the US in 1974 by Upjohn of Kalamazoo, Michigan as Motrin. In April 1966, Ibufenac (iso-butyl- phenyl-acetic-acid, known as Dytransin) went onto the UK market, but was withdrawn in January 1968 due to causing jaundice, from its toxicity in the liver.
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A particularly common α-substitution reaction in the laboratory is the halogenation of aldehydes and ketones at their α positions by reaction Cl2, Br2 or I2 in acidic solution. Bromine in acetic acid solvent is often used. Remarkably, ketone halogenation also occurs in biological systems, particularly in marine alga, where dibromoacetaldehyde, bromoacetone, 1, l,l -tribromoacetone, and other related compounds have been found. The halogenation is a typical α-substitution reaction that proceeds by acid catalyzed formation of an enol intermediate.
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It also has the disadvantages of making the specimens brittle when left in the jar for several hours and may also cause some discoloration of colored specimens. It does kill rapidly and the cyanide charge will last a long time. A few drops of acetic acid will increase the cyanide gas production. If the jar is not used for long periods it may dry out and produce little gas, therefore a few drops of water will also help get the process going again.
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Compagnie Industrielle de la Materière Végétale in France have developed a process where wheat straw is treated with acetic acid / formic acid / water (30/55/15 v/v/v) for 3.5 h at 105 °C under atmospheric pressure. The obtained fibres are screened and bleached. At this conditions the lignin is dissolved and hemicelluloses are hydrolysed to oligo and monosaccharides. Organic acids are collected by concentration of the cooking liquor and then lignin is precipitated by adding water and high pressure filtration.
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Lactose, the sugar present in milk, is broken down mostly to lactic acid (25%) by the lactic acid bacteria, which results in acidification of the product. Propionibacteria further break down some of the lactic acid into propionic acid (these bacteria also carry out the same fermentation in Swiss cheese). Other substances that contribute to the flavor of kefir are pyruvic acid, acetic acid, diacetyl and acetoin (both of which contribute a "buttery" flavor), citric acid, acetaldehyde, and amino acids resulting from protein breakdown.
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