The young of sand tigers, like hammerheads (Sphyrna zygaena) and blue sharks (Prionace glauca), develop inside the females' oviducts, a developmental strategy known as histotrophic viviparity.
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Pupae are black- brown, with a white or yellowish ovoid cocoon.Lepiforum.de This species is rather similar to Zygaena algira, Zygaena maroccana, Zygaena occitanica, Zygaena orana and Zygaena youngi.
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In the event of an attack by predators such as birds and lizards they emit a liquid containing cyanide. This species is rather similar to Zygaena lonicerae, Zygaena loti and Zygaena purpuralis. The eggs are pale yellow, relatively large and oval. The caterpillars can reach a length of about .
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Zygaena separata is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family.A. Hofmann and W. G. Tremewan 2010 A revised check-list of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae), based on the biospecies concept Entomologist’s Gazette 61: 119–131 pdf It is found in Southern Fergana ( Uzbekistan). Zygaena separata was described as ab. separata Stgr.
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Zygaena huguenini is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in the Pamir mountains.In Seitz it is described - a large heavy- built Zygaena from the Pamir. Instead of the 3.
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Zygaena hilaris is a species of moth in the family Zygaenidae.
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Zygaena lavandulae is a species of moth in the family Zygaenidae.
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Zygaena purpuralis prefers sunny and grassy slopes, under cliffs and dry grassland.
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Zygaena cynarae is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found from France east to Russia.Fauna Europaea It is a large Zygaena with translucent wings with oval or rounded red spots. The anterior median spot is well developed.
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H. emerus is one of the main host plants of the moth Zygaena ephialtes.
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Zygaena formosa is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in Asia minor, Syria and Turkey.In Seitz it is described . — The colour of the wings of the much smaller [than the similar Zygaena olivieri group ] formosa H.-Sch.
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Zygaena exulans, the mountain burnet or Scotch burnet, is a moth of the family Zygaenidae.
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The six-spot burnet (Zygaena filipendulae) is a day-flying moth of the family Zygaenidae.
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Zygaena fraxini is a moth of the family Zygaenidae.It is a Palearctic confined to Western Asia.
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Z. punctum O. Represents the preceding African insect [ Zygaena favonia Frr.] in the South of Europe. Position of the red spots as in Zygaena sarpedon, but the apical spot enlarged, appearing washed out, being deeper red centrally and pale at the edges. Red abdominal belt always absent.
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Zygaena mana is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family.A. Hofmann and W. G. Tremewan 2010 A revised check-list of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae), based on the biospecies concept Entomologist’s Gazette 61: 119–131 pdf It is found in Adshara Gebiet, Georgia, "Transkaukasien" and Armenia. It is similar to Zygaena brizae but differs in that the hindwing is more broadly edged with black. Seitz, A., 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett.
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Zygaena filipendulae Zygaena filipendulae has a wingspan of . The sexes are similar. The fore wings are dark metallic green with six vivid red spots (sometimes the spots are merged causing possible confusion with other species such as the five-spot burnet). Occasionally, the spots are yellow or even black.
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Zygaena centaureae is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in Ukraine and Russia.Fauna Europaea It is similar to Zygaena cynarae and was once considered to be a form of that species.It has stronger antennae and the 5th spot is prolonged towards the hind angle.
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Zygaena sogdiana is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in Central Asia. Hofmann, A. 2017. Neue Zygaena-Taxa (II)1 aus China, Vorder- und Zentralasien.Entomofauna 38(7): 105–140 ISSN 0250-4413 Full article (PDF) A. Hofmann and W. G. Tremewan 2010 A revised check-list of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae), based on the biospecies concept Entomologist’s Gazette 61: 119–131 pdfKeil T Widderchen Mittelasiens (Biologie und Verbreitung) Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae. 19.
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The Swedish natural historian Carl Linnaeus, known as the "father of taxonomy", originally described the smooth hammerhead as Squalus zygaena in the 1758 tenth edition of Systema Naturae, without designating a type specimen. The name was later changed to Sphyrna zygaena. The specific epithet zygaena originates from the Greek word zygòn, meaning "yoke", referring to the shape of its head. The Greek name zýgaina had already been used for the hammerhead shark by Aristotle in the second book of his History of Animals.
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Zygaena carniolica, sometimes described as the crepuscular burnet or eastern burnet, is a member of the family Zygaenidae.
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Six-spot burnet Nuptial gifts are widespread in insects such as the six-spot burnet (Zygaena filipendulae), and comprise food items or glandular products offered as paternal investment in offspring and/or to promote mating. Female Zygaena may use this gift for her own defense and to protect her eggs.
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Zygaena sarpedon is a moth of the Zygaenidae family. It is found in France, Italy and on the Iberian Peninsula.
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They have a light gray- turquoise ground color, with large black spots.Pyrgus.de This species is very similar to Zygaena romeo.
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In 1785, German naturalist Marcus Elieser Bloch described a shark that he referred to Squalus zygaena (a synonym of Sphyrna zygaena, the smooth hammerhead). French zoologist Georges Cuvier, as a brief footnote to the account of S. zygaena in his 1817 Le Règne animal distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée, observed that Bloch's specimen (which he labeled "z. nob. Blochii") was not a smooth hammerhead, but rather a different species. Although Cuvier did not propose a proper binomial name, his colleague Achille Valenciennes interpreted it as such in 1822 when he described another specimen of the same species in detail, calling it Zygaena Blochii nobis and attributing the name to Cuvier.
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The Dame-Marie least gecko (Sphaerodactylus zygaena) is a species of lizard in the family Sphaerodactylidae. It is endemic to Haiti.
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Zygaena minos is a member of the family Zygaenidae. It is found in most of Europe, except Ireland, Great Britain, the Benelux, the Iberian Peninsula and Norway.Fauna Europaea It is very similar to Zygaena purpuralis with which it forms a species complex and only separable by genital preparation or by the larval foodplant. The wingspan is 33–37 mm.
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Zygaena is a genus of moths in the family Zygaenidae. These brightly coloured, day-flying moths are native to the West Palearctic.
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A genus, Romanaria, and a subspecies of moth, Zygaena filipendulae wojtusiaki, were named after him. His son Janusz Wojtusiak also became a zoologist.
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The geographic distribution of Zygaena loti is well documented, but not uniform across research studies. Some documentation cites Zygaena loti to be mainly in western Scotland and solely confined to the Isles Mull and Ulva. The research that claims this however is only looks at the subspecies scotica. The animals in the family Zygaenidae are actually widespread across the European continent.
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Zygaena niphona is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family.A. Hofmann and W. G. Tremewan 2010 A revised check-list of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae), based on the biospecies concept Entomologist’s Gazette 61: 119–131 pdf It is found in the east Palearctic (Amur Oblast, Korea, Japan). In Seitz it is described Z. niphona Btlr. (= christophi Stgr.) (6e).
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Zygaena favonia is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family.A. Hofmann and W. G. Tremewan 2010 A revised check-list of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae), based on the biospecies concept Entomologist’s Gazette 61: 119–131 pdf It is found in the Atlas mountains , (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia).In Seitz it is described Z. favonia Frr. (= sarpedon Hbn.
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Zygaena loyselis is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family.A. Hofmann andW. G. Tremewan 2010 A revised check-list of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae), based on the biospecies conceptEntomologist’s Gazette 61: 119–131 pdf It is found in the Atlas Mountains (in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia). In Seitz (1913):Seitz, A., 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett.
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Zygaena lydia is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family.A. Hofmann and W. G. Tremewan 2010 A revised check-list of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae), based on the biospecies concept Entomologist’s Gazette 61: 119–131 pdf It is found in Kurdistan and Kherson Oblast. In Seitz (1913): Seitz, A., 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 6: 22.
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Gran Canaria website with information about sharks for tourists The Hammerhead Shark (Sphyrna zygaena) is another fish eater, and is sometimes encountered while fishing.
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Pheromones have been used many times to study Lepidopteran species and can be used to monitor and study rare Zygaenids such as the Zygaena loti.
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Zygaena haematina is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in Iran. Z. haematina approaches Zygaena fraxini, but is much smaller and more narrow-winged, spot 4 is more rounded and there is a red collar, which is absent from fraxini. Rebel considers haematina a distinct species from an examination of the type contained in the Hofmuseum at Vienna: from Persia.
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Zygaena zuleima is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family.A. Hofmann and W. G. Tremewan 2010 A revised check-list of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae), based on the biospecies concept Entomologist’s Gazette 61: 119–131 pdf It is found in the Atlas Mountains (in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia). In Seitz (1913):Seitz, A., 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 6: 22.
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Zygaena manlia is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in Armenia, Turkey and Iran.In Seitz it is described as - "Similar to Zygaena cuvieri and with an equally broad rosy red collar and abdominal belt , but the blackish bands separating the red areas of the forewing are much broader, the distal area being represented by an irregular half-divided patch. North Persia"A. Hofmann and W. G. Tremewan 2010 A revised check-list of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae), based on the biospecies concept Entomologist’s Gazette 61: 119–131 pdf Seitz, A., 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett.
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Zygaena lonicerae, the narrow-bordered five-spot burnet, is a moth of the family Zygaenidae. The species was first described by Theodor Gottlieb von Scheven in 1777.
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Zygaena olivieri is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in Syria , Armenia and Georgia.A. Hofmann and W. G. Tremewan 2010 A revised check-list of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae), based on the biospecies concept Entomologist’s Gazette 61: 119–131 pdf Efetov K. A., 2005 The Zygaenidae (Lepidoptera) of the Crimea and other regions of Eurasia. – Simferopol: CSMU Press, 2005.
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Zygaena escalerai is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family.A. Hofmann and W. G. Tremewan 2010 A revised check-list of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae), based on the biospecies concept Entomologist’s Gazette 61: 119–131 pdf It is found in Iran. In Seitz it is described - Z. escalerai Pouj. has orange spots on forewing, the external pairs being confluent; spot 6 is elongate and transverse.
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Zygaena felix is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in south Spain and the Atlas mountains.In Seitz it is described . — In felix Oberth.
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Treknature This species is very similar to Zygaena purpuralis, but it has red scales in the axillary area of the forewings, up to a third of the length.
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Zygaena kavrigini is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in Central Asia.Keil T Widderchen Mittelasiens (Biologie und Verbreitung) Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae. 19. Beiheft der Entomologischen Nachrichten und Berichte 1-84 A. Hofmann and W. G. Tremewan 2010 A revised check-list of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae), based on the biospecies concept Entomologist’s Gazette 61: 119–131 pdf Seitz states Z. kavrigini Gr.-Grsh.
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The scalloped hammerhead was first named Zygaena lewini and then renamed Sphyrna lewini by Edward Griffith and Hamilton Smith in 1834. It has also been named Cestracion leeuwenii by Day in 1865, Zygaena erythraea by Klunzinger in 1871, Cestracion oceanica by Garman in 1913, and Sphyrna diplana by Springer in 1941. Sphyrna comes from the Greek and translates into hammer. It is a sister species to Sphyrna gilberti, differing by the number of vertebrae.
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Zygaena rosinae is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family.A. Hofmann and W. G. Tremewan 2010 A revised check-list of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae), based on the biospecies concept Entomologist’s Gazette 61: 119–131 pdf It is found in Armenia. Z. rosinae Korb (7f), from Armenia, resembles scovitzii but the palpi and nearly the whole abdomen, especially in the female are bright red. Seitz, A., 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett.
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Larvae can be found from September and, after overwintering, to June of the following year.The habitat is chalk grassland.In Southeastern Europe Zygaena angelicae is found in mountainous regions between 1000 and 2100m elevation.
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Zygaena brizae is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in France, Italy, Austria, the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, the Balkan Peninsula, Moldova, Ukraine, RussiaFauna Europaea and Georgia.
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Zygaena lavandulae has a wingspan of in males and of in females. The head is black. The thorax is black with a white collar. Also the abdomen is black, with a slight blue gloss.
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Zygaena ephialtes is day flying species of burnet moth found in Europe. It is typically found in xeric habitats, and populations have recently decreased. It also exhibits Müllerian mimicry with other species, like Amata phegea.
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Zygaena truchmena is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in Central Asia.Keil T Widderchen Mittelasiens (Biologie und Verbreitung) Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae. 19. Beiheft der Entomologischen Nachrichten und Berichte 1-84 pdf]A. Hofmann and W. G. Tremewan 2010 A revised check-list of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae), based on the biospecies concept Entomologist’s Gazette 61: 119–131 pdf According to Seitz - the prettiest and most variegated form, in short one of the finest Burnets, is truchmena Evrsm. (7g).
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Zygaena aurata is a species of moth in the family Zygaenidae.A. Hofmann and W. G. Tremewan 2010 A revised check-list of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae), based on the biospecies concept Entomologist’s Gazette 61: 119–131 pdf It is found in the Atlas mountains of Morocco. In Seitz it is described Z. aurata as a form (now species) of favonia with glossy brass-yellow ground-colour: discovered in Julv in the Maroccan Atlas. Seitz, A., 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett.
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Zygaena tamara is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in Armenia and Turkey.Efetov K. A., 2005 The Zygaenidae (Lepidoptera) of the Crimea and other regions of Eurasia. – Simferopol: CSMU Press, 2005.
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Zygaena ephialtes, a common moth in the Antola area Beech trees near Monte Antola. The natural park is shared among twelve different municipalities: Busalla, Crocefieschi, Fascia, Gorreto, Montebruno, Propata, Ronco Scrivia, Rondanina, Savignone, Torriglia, Valbrevenna, Vobbia.
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Von Scheven described Zygaena lonicerae (as Sphinx Lonicerae) in 1777 in "Beyträge zur Naturgeschichte der Insekten. Erstes Stück" in Der Naturforscher volume 10 pages 88–101 Tab. II. In that same paper, he described three additional moths that are not currently considered valid taxa: Sphinx caffra (a junior homonym to Sphinx caffra Linnaeus, 1764), Sphinx scabiosae (synonymous to Zygaena purpuralis per Naumann & Tremewan, 1984) and Sphinx schaefferi (Zygaena ephialtes, also per Naumann & Tremewan, 1984) He also described Crabro scutellatus (as Sphex scutellatus) in 1781. Some of his work on bagworm moths, particularly his observations on the reproductive methods of "Bombyx vestita" (now Paidia rica), was cited in volumes I and IV of William Kirby and William Spence's An Introduction to Entomology, and described by Kirby as an "excellent elucidation of the history of this tribe, whose mode of generation is so singular".
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The body is black except for an ocher slightly marked prothoracic necklace.Asturnatura The caterpillars are hairy, greenish- yellow with rows of small black spots. This species is rather similar to Zygaena fausta, which has an abdominal ring.
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Zygaena orana is a species of moth in the family Zygaenidae. It is found on SardiniaFauna Europaea and in North Africa, including Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.Zygaena at funet The larvae feed on Lotus creticuslepiforum.de and Lotus cytisoides.
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Zygaena magiana is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in Central Asia.Keil T Widderchen Mittelasiens (Biologie und Verbreitung) Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae. 19. Beiheft der Entomologischen Nachrichten und Berichte 1-84 pdf]A. Hofmann and W. G. Tremewan 2010 A revised check-list of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae), based on the biospecies concept Entomologist’s Gazette 61: 119–131 pdf Z.magiana (7b) is a pale-coloured, somewhat transparent, Burnet from the mountains near Samarkand, about the habits of which little definite is known.
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The moths are known to produce hydrogen cyanide precursors in both larvae and adults. However, the crops of the adult moths contain cyanogenic chemicals in extremely low quantities along with high concentrations of sugar, making Zygaena a convenient supplementary source of sugar during the early summer. The moths are very common and easy to catch by hand, and the low cyanogenic content makes Zygaena a minimally risky seasonal delicacy. Cases of lead poisoning after consumption of chapulines were reported by the California Department of Health Services in November 2003.
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Zygaena ecki is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family.A. Hofmann and W. G. Tremewan 2010 A revised check-list of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae), based on the biospecies concept Entomologist’s Gazette 61: 119–131 pdf It is found in Iran. In Seitz it is described - Z. ecki Christ. (6c). Little is known of this rather isolated Burnet, which does not stand in close relationship to any other, not being allied to ephialtes or exulans, nor to anthyllidis, behind which it is placed in the catalogue of Staudinger-Rebel.
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Zygaena viciae, the New Forest burnet, is a member of the Zygaenidae family. It is found in southern and central Europe, west to Scotland. It is also found in southern Scandinavia. In the east, the range extends to Lake Baikal.
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Zygaena cambysea is a moth of the family Zygaenidae. It is found in the Middle East, including Iran. It is rosy-red like cuvieri, but differs in the body being entirely black, without red collar and belt.In the form rosacea Rom.
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Zygaena rhadamanthus is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in France, Spain, Portugal and Italy.Fauna Europaea The larvae feed on Onobrychis, Dorycnium pentaphyllum and Lotus species.Schmetterlinge und ihre Ökologie The species overwinters in the larval stage.
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The caterpillars can reach a length of about . They are gray black with thick dark brown, fluffy hairs that grow from small growths. The head is reddish brown. Similar-looking moths include Amata ragazzii (Turati, 1917) and Zygaena ephialtes (Linnaeus, 1758).
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Zygaena cuvieri is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family found from Armenia and Syria to Central Asia. In Seitz it is described as follows: "This large fine Burnet has rosy-red wings, the forewing being divided into 3 areas by two black-grey bands; a broad collar and a rosy abdominal belt. Inhabits Anterior Asia, from Syria through Mesopotamia to Turkestan."A. Hofmann and W. G. Tremewan 2010 A revised check-list of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae), based on the biospecies concept Entomologist’s Gazette 61: 119–131 pdf Seitz, A., 1913, in Seitz, Gross- Schmett.
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Although not accompanied by figures or plates it contains a wealth of information on the biology and ecology of the species and it includes careful and detailed descriptions of new taxa, among them Thymelicus lineola (Hesperiidae), Polyommatus eros, Iolana iolas (Lycaenidae), Psilogaster loti (Lasiocampidae), Hyles zygophylli (Sphingidae), Phalera bucephaloides (Notodontidae), Hoplodrina superstes, Polia serratilinea (Noctuidae), Pyropteron doryliformis, Synanthedon cephiformis (Sesiidae), Pachythelia villosella (Psychidae), Zygaena hilaris, Zygaena punctum, Zygaena angelicae (Zygaenidae) and others. The Linnean Lepidoptera system had already begun to be subdivided by Fabricius in the late 18th century and Ochsenheimer further refined it by the creation of many new genera. Among them are well-known names like Zerynthia, Charaxes, Endromis, Aglia, Gastropacha, Thyatira, Notodonta, Acronicta, Plusia, Heliothis, Amphipyra, Caradrina, Cosmia, Xanthia, Apamea, Gortyna, Nonagria, Euclidia, Anarta, Mamestra, Polia, Mythimna, Orthosia, Agrotis, Orgyia, Colocasia and others. Several taxa have been named in Ochsenheimer's honour: the genus Ochsenheimeria Hübner, 1825 (Ypsolophidae) and the species Nemophora ochsenheimerella (Hübner, 1813), Pammene ochsenheimeriana (Lienig & Zeller, 1846) and Pieris ochsenheimeri Staudinger, 1886.
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Zygaena cacuminum is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in Iran.In Seitz it is described This species reminds one in pattern of the carniolica-group, the 6. spot of the forewing being parallel to the distal margin.
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Zygaena hilaris has a wingspan of . These moths are polymorphous. Forewings show a black background, with five large red stains usually joined together and often surrounded by ocher-orange rings. Hindwings are entirely red with a thin black line at the outer edge.
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This species lives mainly in arid and rocky open areas, mostly in mountainous regions, at an elevation up to above sea level. It is known as a xeric specialist because of this, and often interacts with other species like Zygaena ephialtes in these environments.
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Zygaena exulans has a wingspan of .UK Moths The body is densely haired. The forewings are black-gray in males, matt gray in the females, almost translucent and with a metallic sheen. They have four distinct red dots and a red basal elongated stain.
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Zygaena trifolii, the five-spot burnet, is a moth in the family Zygaenidae. It is found from North Africa, through the western Mediterranean, Great Britain and central Europe to Ukraine. It is not found in Scandinavia.Fauna Europaea Larva The wingspan is 28–33 mm.
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Sphyrna (from the Greek word σφυρί "hammer") is a genus of hammerhead sharks with a cosmopolitan distribution in the world's oceans. Members of Sphyrna have a tendency to inhabit coastal waters along the intertidal zone rather than the open ocean, as their prey items such as invertebrates, fish, rays, small crustaceans and other benthic organisms hiding in the sands and sediment along these zones. Members of Sphyrna are also known by synonyms such as Zygaena, Cestracion, and Sphyrichthys. The earliest species described of this genus was Sphyrna zygaena by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, while the latest described member Sphyrna gilberti was discovered and described in 2013.
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Despite being one of the most easily recognizable sharks, the smalleye hammerhead has had a long history of taxonomic confusion that still remains to be fully resolved. Its scientific name originated in 1822, with French zoologist Achille Valenciennes' description of Zygaena tudes in the scientific journal Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; the specific epithet tudes is Latin for "hammer". Valenciennes made reference to three specimens: one from Nice in France, one from Cayenne in French Guiana, and one from the Coromandel Coast of India. However, for over two centuries, taxonomists believed Valenciennes' account matched the great hammerhead, which thus became known as Zygaena (later Sphyrna) tudes.
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Abdomen without belt. Coasts of the Black Sea. A. Hofmann and W. G. Tremewan 2010 A revised check-list of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae), based on the biospecies concept Entomologist’s Gazette 61: 119–131 pdf Seitz, A. , 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 6: 22.
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Zygaena osterodensis on Vicia cracca The wingspan is about 35 mm. The color of body and forewings is black, with red patches almost always confluent into each other forming two parallel stripes. Moroeover in the apex of the forewings is pointed.Natura Mediterraneo The caterpillars are about 20 millimeters long.
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Moreover the apex of the front wings is rounded.Natura Mediterraneo This species is very similar to Zygaena osterodensis, but in the latter the five red spots are almost always confluent into each other forming two parallel stripes. Moroeover in Z. osterodensis the apex of the forewings is pointed.
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Zygaena purpuralis is a medium-sized moth with a wingspan reaching . Usually the forewings show three bright red longitudinal streaks quite variable in shape, with almost transparent greyish-bluish edges. Hindwings are more extensively or almost completely bright red. Head and thorax are black, while the abdomen is dark blue.
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Zygaena dorycnii is a species of moth in the family Zygaenidae. It is found in Ukraine, Russia, Turkey and Armenia. It has spots and a red belt, which does not reach all round the abdomen as in the otherwise similar peucedani, not being continued on the underside. — In senescens Stgr.
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Zygaena rubicundus is a species of moth in the family Zygaenidae. It is found in Italy.Fauna Europaea Seitz describes it - All the wings red, also the hindmargin, only the apex and distal margin of forewing bearing a black edge, which is a little more than 1 mm wide. — In Central and South Italy.
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Zygaena haberhaueri is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in Armenia and Georgia In Seitz it is described With red collar, but without red belt. On forewing obliquely from costa to anal angle an evenly wide greyish black band separating a triangular marginal patch from the red area of the wing, this area moreover being costally incised at the basal third or divided by a slight band. In Armenia, apparently in localities where for a long while past no collections have been made.A. Hofmann and W. G. Tremewan 2010 A revised check-list of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae), based on the biospecies concept Entomologist’s Gazette 61: 119–131 pdf Seitz, A., 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett.
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Zygaena graslini is a member of the family Zygaenidae. It is found in Syria, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, Israel and Lebanon.The Entomologist's record and journal of variation in graslini the 6 spots of forewing are confluent in pairs, there being a basal, central and marginal red area separated by black bands. In the form confluens Oberth.
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The Zygaeninae are a subfamily of the Zygaenidae family of moths. These are day-flying moths. Species of the genus Zygaena are native to the West Palearctic, while the genus Reissita is found on the Arabian Peninsula. They are able to biosynthesise hydrogen cyanide, and their bright patterns are warning colours to potential predators.
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The red collar is never present; however, sometimes there are yellowish white hairs at the edge of the thorax. Common at the Riviera and the South-East Coast of Spain. From Digne, in the Basses Alpes. I have before me a pale yellow aberration belonging to the Tring Museum: the figure (7i) bears the name pallida [Zygaena hilaris ssp.
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Zygaena angelicae is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in Central Europe, from Greece to southern Germany and Thuringia.Fauna Europaea Z.angelicae has blue-black or green-black forewings, whose inner angles are strongly rounded off. On the forewings there are five or six red spots, two of which are always close together.
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Z. brizae Esp. (= scabiosae Hbn.) Smaller and weaker than the previous species,[ Zygaena purpuralis ] with considerably shorter antenna. The red wedge-spots are confluent, the basal two-thirds of forewing, apart from hindmargin, being all red, the distal edge of this area being straight and parallel to the edge of the wing.Extends from the Tyrol eastwards into Western Asia.
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Forewings are bluish, with five red spots surrounded with black or dark blue. Hindwings are bluish-black with a very large distal red spot. Colorations of the females are rather similar to males, but their forewings are usually bluish-green, with larger spots.Tutt, James William Notes on Zygaena species The entomologist's record and journal of variation – Vol.
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Zygaena nevadensis is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in France, Spain, Portugal, Romania, Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia, Greece,Fauna Europaea Russia and North Africa, including Morocco.Zygaena at funet The larvae feed on Vicia species (including Vicia cracca and Vicia villosa) and Lathyrus pratensis.Schmetterlinge und ihre Ökologie The larvae overwinters twice.
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Zygaena marcuna is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.Zygaena at funet It is dull red or dark pink. The black dot situated in the distal area touches the black costal margin, and the red basal area is separated from the red discal area by a heavy black band.
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It is important to set clear objectives and assess the cost-effectiveness of a program against those objectives. While there is some conservation programs out there, experts acknowledge that there are large gaps in the research literature on Zygaena loti and other species that prevents much to be done to prevent possible extinction. More research is needed on Z. loti.
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Zygaena sedi is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey, Ukraine and Russia.Fauna Europaea In Seitz it is described - Z. sedi Fab. (6k). In this insect the spots of each pair are merged together to large light red patches, these being separated from each other only by thin lines of the transparent ground-colour.
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Zygaena corsica is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found on Corsica and Sardinia.Fauna Europaea Seitz describes as - A peculiar small Burnet with 5 almost equal-sized spots which are very round and glossy bright red, the ground-colour between them having in certain aspect a somewhat brassy lustre. — In May and June in Sardinia and Corsica.
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Zygaena erythrus has a wingspan of 25–33 mm.Nature of Italy These quite large moths show enlarged and confluent red spots on the forewings, surrounded by black in the distal part. Females are little bigger than males, with a yellow golden dusting and less defined markings. The mature larva is rather dark greyish, with two series of dorsal black spots.
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The scalloped hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini) is a species of hammerhead shark, and part of the family Sphyrnidae. Originally known as Zygaena lewini, its genus name was later changed to its current name. The Greek word sphyrna translates into "hammer" in English, referring to the shape of this shark's head. The most distinguishing characteristic of this shark, as in all hammerheads, is the 'hammer' on its head.
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Sperm whales hunt this species extensilvely and it is heavily preyed on by the South African fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus). It is also an important food item for several shark species including the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier), the scalloped hammerhead shark (Syphrna lewini) and the smooth hammerhead shark (Syphrna zygaena). They are capable of short glides in a similar manner to flying fish.
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Larva showing warning colours, flattening Zygaena carniolica The Zygaenidae moths are a family of Lepidoptera. The majority of zygaenids are tropical, but they are nevertheless quite well represented in temperate regions. Some of the 1000 or so species are commonly known as burnet or forester moths, often qualified by the number of spots, although other families also have 'foresters'. They are also sometimes called smoky moths.
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In the five-spotted individuals, the spots on the underside of the wings are connected by a red stripe, in the six-spotted ones this is a large patch. The black margin of the red hind wings is wide. The antennal club is white at the tip less so than in Zygaena transalpina and the white may be completely absent. The wingspan is 30–33 mm.
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But the colour of all the spots of the forewing as well as of the hindwing is a dull purple, as it hardly occurs again in the whole genus. From Iran.A. Hofmann and W. G. Tremewan 2010 A revised check-list of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae), based on the biospecies concept Entomologist’s Gazette 61: 119–131 pdf Seitz, A., 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 6: 22.
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Zygaena laeta, the bloodword burnet, is a moth of the family Zygaenidae. It is found in Central and South-Eastern Europe.In Z. laeta the collar and patagia as well as the apical half (or more) of the abdomen are red: also the wings are testaceous red except some black spots on the forewing. Larva of light bluish green, with while dorsal and lateral lines, along which there are blackdots.
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But when the limestone pavement is covered by a thin layer of soil, patches of grass are seen, interspersed with plants like the gentian and orchids. Insects present include the butterfly the pearl-bordered fritillary (Boloria euphrosyne), brown hairstreak (Thecla betulae), marsh fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia) and wood white (Leptidea sinapis); the moths, the burren green (Calamia tridens), Irish annulet (Gnophos dumetata) and transparent burnet (Zygaena purpuralis); and the hoverfly Doros profuges.
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But when the limestone pavement is covered by a thin layer of soil, patches of grass are seen, interspersed with plants like the gentian and orchids. Notable insects present include the butterfly the pearl-bordered fritillary (Boloria euphrosyne), brown hairstreak (Thecla betulae), marsh fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia) and wood white (Leptidea sinapis); the moths, the burren green (Calamia tridens), Irish annulet (Gnophos dumetata) and transparent burnet (Zygaena purpuralis); and the hoverfly Doros profuges.
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The flowers are pollinated by butterflies and moths. To ensure the fertilization, their morphology is well adapted to the proboscis of Lepidoptera, especially Euphydryas, Melanargia, Melitaea, Pieris and Zygaena species. The mechanism by which its pairs of pollinia attach themselves to an insect's proboscis was discovered by Charles Darwin and described in his book on the Fertilisation of Orchids. Anacamptis pyramidalis has been suggested to form mycorrhizal relationships with Rhizoctonia, Fusarium and Papulaspora species.
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The two times they were found in non-exeric areas, the areas were previously xeric sites that were abandoned. The xeric areas that were studied also had many species that are specifically associated with xeric environments, referred to as xeric specialists. Some of these species include Phengaris arion, Psophus stridulus, Polyommatus coridon, Polyommatus daphnis, Plebjus argus, and Zygaena carniolica. This study showed that Z. ephialtes is an important part of xeric habitats.
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Zygaena loti, the slender Scotch burnet, is a moth of the family Zygaenidae. It is a diurnal moth characterized by a black body, light colored legs, and red spots on its wings. The caterpillars are a yellow-green color and usually molt out of dormancy in late February to early March. The larvae feed on plants from the family Fabaceae until they enter their pupal stage and mature into adults in May to early June.
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In some parts of Huasteca, the silk nests of the Madrone butterfly are maintained on the edge of roof tops of houses for consumption. In the Carnia region of Italy, children catch and eat ingluvies of the toxic Zygaena moths in early summer. The ingluvies, despite having a very low cyanogenic content, serve as a convenient, supplementary source of sugar to the children who can include this resource as a seasonal delicacy at minimum risk.
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Although many of the new species described here were subsequently considered junior synonyms, others remain valid. Some of the valid species first described in Der Naturforscher are several well-known European Lepidoptera: Lysandra bellargus (Rottemburg, 1775), Polyommatus icarus (Rottemburg, 1775), Zygaena lonicerae (Scheven, 1777), Paranthrene tabaniformis (Rottemburg, 1775) and Hyles gallii (Rottemburg, 1775). Valid taxa in phylum Mollusca include Turbo canaliculatus Hermann, 1781, Spondylus americanus Hermann, 1781, Modiolarca impacta (Hermann, 1782) and Semilimax semilimax (J. Férussac, 1802).
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Zygaena occitanica, the Provence burnet, is a moth of the Zygaenidae family. It is found from the Algarve and southern Spain up to the eastern parts of the Cantabrian Mountains then to southern Russia and the Caucasus and east to the western fringe of Central Asia. 200px It is only the western representative of the carniolica series. Spot 6 is always pure white; the hindwing, moreover, is broadly edged with black and the abdomen is without a belt.
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Lowland glacial refugia, unlike nunatak and peripheral glacial refugia, is a type of refugia that exists outside of the mountain system in the lowlands. Situated beyond the limits of ice shields, lowland refugia has been identified for a number of plant and animal species. For example, through allozyme analysis, researchers have been able to confirm the continuous distribution of Zygaena exulans in the between the foothills of the Pyrenees and the Alps during the last ice age.
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That reduced gene flow causes a decrease in genetic diversities but an increase in genetic differentiation between populations and an increase in inbreeding as well. While loss of suitable land is a big factor to consider, there is also the matter of global climate change and global warming, which has caused an observed latidinal shift in many Lepitopteran species, although there is no current studies on how climate change and global warming has affected Z. loti. With habitat loss and climate change working together and against the isolated moth populations, research has suggested that Zygaena loti's regional endangerment is not due to habitat loss, but due to genetic distortion resulting from too rapid habitat change, meaning that Z. loti may not be able to evolve at the appropriate pace needed for its survival. There has been a lot of studies dedicated to the conservation of this family of moths and one of the recommendations that sticks out that most in increasing habitat connectivity between populations to increase gene flow and save Zygaena loti from possible extinction.
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The life cycle of Zygaena loti has not been well observed, but from the available literature the following likely life cycle can be constructed. The moth is characterized as an early burnet with caterpillars molting out of diapause in late February to early March. The caterpillars hide during the day in moss layers or herbage containing small, short plants less than 6 cm tall. There they also construct or spin their cocoons (oval-shaped, dull dirty whitish color) to enter their pupal stage.
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After the Flower of Zygaena test, Hwa Ryun easily manipulated Yihwa into helping Viole by saying that an elite would attempt to correct her family's wrongs. Wangnan later approached her for guidance, knowing that she was a Guide. He realised that she told him that Viole was an Irregular because he would be able to reconnect Viole to his friends. Hwa Ryun made a remark that implied that his motives could be altruistic or selfish, calling him the "Prince of the Red Light District".
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While there is not much evidence pertaining to Zygaena loti's reproductive strategies in particular, there have been studies involving that species and other Zygaenidae that have looked at the mating routine of the family as a whole. Zygaenidae exhibit a dual partner-finding strategy, which is typical for most moths. That essentially means that both the females and the males are involved in the process of finding a mate. Females possess pheromone glands in their ovipositor, which is positioned at the tip of their abdomen.
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The smooth hammerhead (Sphyrna zygaena) is a species of hammerhead shark, and part of the family Sphyrnidae. This species is named "smooth hammerhead" because of the distinctive shape of the head, which is flattened and laterally extended into a hammer shape (called the "cephalofoil"), without an indentation in the middle of the front margin (hence "smooth"). Unlike other hammerheads, this species prefers temperate waters and occurs worldwide at medium latitudes. In the summer, these sharks migrate towards the poles following cool water masses, sometimes forming schools numbering in the hundreds to thousands.
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Zygaena loti, also called the slender Scotch burnet moth, is a member of the butterfly and moth order Lepidoptera and the family Zygaenidae. While most moths are categorized as nocturnal, Zygaenidae moths are unique in that they are day- flying or diurnal moths. The Z. loti has also been described as highly sedentary. With a wingspan of 25-35mm, the slender Scotch burnet moth can be identified as having a relatively small black body, light colored legs, and a pair of black or light brown colored, rounded wings with red spots.
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Lyme Grass Retrieved : 2012-08-31 ;Insects The sand dunes and shoreline plants support large numbers and a wide variety of insect species. Butterflies and moths present include common blues (Polyommatus icarus), small heaths (Coenonympha pamphilus), small coppers (Lycaena phlaeas), the sub- species caeruleopunctata, graylings (Hipparchia semele) and the six-spot burnet (Zygaena filipendulae).Stevenston Conservation Retrieved : 2012-08-29 ;Birds Waders found on the beach include sanderling (Calidris alba), dunlin (Calidris alpina), ringed plover, and oystercatchers are found on the neighbouring beach park. Brent goose, little stint, and golden plover are sometimes seen.
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Centaurea are copious nectar producers, especially on high-lime soils. The high nectar yield of the genus makes it very attractive to insects such as butterflies - including the endangered Karner blue (Plebejus melissa samuelis) which visits introduced spotted knapweed - and day-flying moths - typically Zygaenidae, such as Zygaena loti or the six-spot burnet (Z. filipendulae). The larvae of some other Lepidoptera species use Centaurea species as food plants; see List of Lepidoptera that feed on Centaurea. Several of these are used in biological control of invasive knapweeds and starthistles.
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Where the surface of the pavement is shattered into gravel, many of the hardier Arctic or Alpine plants can be found. But when the limestone pavement is covered by a thin layer of soil, patches of grass are seen, interspersed with plants like the gentian and orchids. Notable insects present include the butterfly the pearl-bordered fritillary (Boloria euphrosyne), brown hairstreak (Thecla betulae), marsh fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia) and wood white (Leptidea sinapis); the moths, the burren green (Calamia tridens), Irish annulet (Gnophos dumetata) and transparent burnet (Zygaena purpuralis); and the hoverfly Doros profuges.
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More specifically, Zygaena loti is found in most of Europe, except Ireland, the Netherlands, Portugal, Fennoscandia, Denmark, Estonia and Latvia.Fauna Europaea This species has been spotted in Spain on the Iberian peninsula, across central and southern Europe, and to Siberia. While it is not very common in northern Europe, there is an isolated population in Scotland. They used to be widely distributed, creating a network of interconnected communities, but due to habitat loss as a likely result of an increase use of land for agriculture, most Z. loti and Zygaenidae populations have become fragmented and isolated from each other.
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Zygaena loti is not endangered and is considered a common burnet moth. Regionally, however, this species of Zygaenidae is decreasing due to habitat loss and fragmentation. Such habitat loss is likely because of an increase in large-scale agriculture and urbanization. Being that Z. loti require a certain climate (dry and hot) and have certain conditions for their chosen habitat (lime-rich and herb-rich), human intervention in acceptable habitats has led to the further isolation and fragmentation of this moth species, causing a decrease in their distribution range; however, Z. loti continue to survive in fragmented habitats with reduced gene flow.
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One way to accomplish that is mowing. Research has shown that the effects of manual mowing can be positive. By using butterflies and moths as a rapidly responding indicator of its effects, manual mowing was shown to increase species richness and composition in the habitats where it was implicated, quickly leading to a habitat with a high conservation value. In a study on the effects of reintroduced manual mowing, it was concluded that mowing may present a great resource and tool for increasing the abundance of Lepitopteran species and promoting potentially endangered species such as Zygaena loti.
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Name-typical punctum occurs at the north-east coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, as far as Armenia; small, the markings of forewing more or less confluent,the hindmargin remaining broadly black. — In dystrepta Fisch.-Wald. [ now Zygaena punctum dystrepta Fischer de Waldheim, 1832], from S. E. Europe and Asia Minor, the hindmargin is only very narrowly shaded with black, the forewing being otherwise all blood-red except distal margin; this colour replaced by miniate [red lead or vermilion ] in a specimen from Asia Minor received from Messrs. Staudinger and Bang-Haas under the name of malatina — italica Stgr.-Reb.
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There are relatively few current, ongoing conservation programs geared towards saving Zygaena loti from extinction, but there are two worth mentioning. The Moths Count Project/The National Moth Recording Scheme is run in the United Kingdom and has the simple goal of recording all observed moth species as a way to spread knowledge and promote the conservation of the recorded species. Then there is the Scotland Rural Development Programme, which aims, among other priorities, to protect and improve the environment through certain conservation efforts and to address climate change in rural Scotland. This program's conservation schemes are a model for the assessment of worldwide biodiversity conservation programs.
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Six-spot Burnet - Zygaena filipendulaeMany species of small birds such as robins, dunnocks, green finches, siskin, woodcocks, and tits reside in the woodlands of Gillies Hill. Large corvids, the crows and the ravens, also inhabit the hill along with raptors such as the peregrine falcon which has been spotted on the western quarry cliffs. In the late summer of 2010 a red kite was spotted flying over the hill. After an absence of 130 years, red kites have recently been re- introduced to Scotland at Argaty near Doune where the population is slowly increasing; the recent sighting over Gillies Hill may indicate that the kite population is spreading to the south.
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For mating, Zygaenidae exhibit a dual- partner finding strategy, where females use pheromones while assuming a calling position, and males exhibit a patrolling behavior where they utilize both vision and the olfactory receptors in their antennae to locate a potential mate. Although regionally endangered as their population is declining, Z. loti is found all across Europe, inhabiting areas rich in their desired food plants: lime-rich, and characterized by a hot and dry climate. The decreases in their population are likely due to factors such as habitat loss and fragmentation brought on by commercial agriculture and urbanization, as well as global climate change. There are few conservation programs currently focusing on Zygaena loti.
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Of the more than 30 species of butterflies and moths found in Ireland only two are not present in the Burren. Notable insects present in the Burren include the butterflies the pearl-bordered fritillary (Boloria euphrosyne), brown hairstreak (Thecla betulae), marsh fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia) and wood white (Leptidea sinapis); the moths, the Burren green (Calamia tridens, which is only present in Ireland in this area), Irish annulet (Gnophos dumetata) and transparent burnet (Zygaena purpuralis); the hoverfly Doros profuges and the water-beetle Ochthebius nilssoni. This last species is known from just five sites in the world, its type locality in northern Sweden and four marl lakes in The Burren. The Burren is one of the main breeding areas in Ireland of the European pine marten.
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Sand sedge (Carex arenaria) and sand couch (Elytrigia juncea) dominate the dune grassland between Wingletang Bay and Porth Askin whilst flowering plants include common storksbill (Erodium cicutarium), Portland spurge (Euphorbia portlandica) and hemlock water dropwort (Oenanthe crocata) which is unusual here as it usually grows in wet habitats. At Beady Pool, which is part of Wingletang Bay, sea kale (Crambe maritima) grows on the strandline along with yellow horned poppy (Glaucium flavum) and sea spurge (E paralias). There is a colony of Six–spot Burnet (Zygaena filipendulae) here and in the past Ringed Plover (Charadrius hiaticula) nested. The nationally scarce (but common on all the inhabited islands) early meadow grass (Poa infirma) grows in the short maritime grass west of Porth Askin.
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The majority of the research literature on Zygaena loti is based on conservation efforts that may be useful in helping the isolated moth species. As mentioned previously, many studies recommend that the only way to save Z. loti is to reconnect the fragmented habitats and populations of the moth to increase gene flow between populations, restoring the once large, interconnected network of Zygaenidae and its high genetic diversity. A smaller study focused more on the idea of restoring suitable habitats by reducing agricultural use of mineral fertilizers, insecticides, and herbicides, which was hypothesized to be one of the factors causing the decline of Z. loti and a decrease in food plant availability. That same study also recommended that work needed to be done to maintain current suitable habitats by preventing the overgrowth of those xerothermic clearings and grasslands.
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