151 Sentences With "xylitol" | Random Sentence Generator

Researchers assigned 1,009 people with sore throats to one of three groups: no chewing gum, xylitol gum, or sorbitol gum without xylitol.

Some brands are now using xylitol to sweeten their product.

No matter how the researchers made comparisons — probiotic versus no probiotic; no gum versus sorbitol; no gum versus xylitol; xylitol versus sorbitol — they could find no difference in pain or swallowing problems between the groups.

Xylitol, a artificial sweetener sometimes used in baking, is also toxic to pets.

Xylitol can be found in many sugar-free sweets, gums, spreads and peanut butters.

Just choose a peanut butter that's free of additives like sugar, salt, and especially xylitol.

Xylitol is not the only human food that can cause serious trouble for your pets.

The effects of a dog eating xylitol generally occur within 10 minutes to an hour.

But the big three to worry about are chocolate, sugar-free candies containing xylitol and anything with raisins.

Sorry, Fido: Dogs shouldn't eat chocolate, garlic, salt, xylitol (found in gum), almonds, macadamia nuts, cinnamon or ice cream.

"I only made brownies with Xylitol in to reduce the amount of sugar I was eating," the owner said.

Scramble some of the letters in the word xylitol, and you can find the words toil, toll and till.

Image: Klearchos Kapoutsis Xylitol is an artificial sweetener found in everything from toothpaste to peanut butter to sugar-free gum.

According to Metro, Kate Chacksfield's canine Ruby died after sneaking and eating two brownies the contained xylitol — a natural sugar substitute.

For Chacksfield the only good that can come out of this tragic situation is more awareness about the dangers of Xylitol.

Xylitol, which is an artificial sweetener often used in sugar-free gum, breath mints, mouthwash and toothpaste, is toxic to dogs.

The problem starts with a sudden rush of insulin that hits dogs (although not humans) after they eat something that contains xylitol.

For example, some common names of sugar alcohols you may see on labels are sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, isomalt, and hydrogenated starch hydrolysates.

Another common intolerance is to sugar alcohols like xylitol and sorbitol, which are often used as low-calorie or zero-calorie sweeteners.

"Xylitol is present in many products and foods for human use, but can have devastating effects on your pet," the FDA warned.

Xylitol is toxic to dogs and can cause low blood sugar, seizures, liver failure and even death in canines who ingest the sugar alcohol.

The "Design Anatomy" project began in 2001, when deconstructed the design of Lotte Xylitol, a Japanese brand of chewing gum, for an exhibition in Tokyo.

Sugar alcohols go by names such as sorbitol, mannitol and xylitol, and they are not well absorbed, which explains why they provide fewer calories than sugar.

Foods that can sicken dogs include: avocados, apple seeds, caffeinated beverages or alcohol, onions, potatoes, grapes, tomatoes, chocolate and sugar-free gum containing xylitol, BluePearl warns.

Not giving your dog sugar-free gum may already seem like intuitive advice, but xylitol has found its way into plenty more products as of late.

Dog owners should check the label of the sugar-free products they buy and make sure to keep any products containing xylitol somewhere inaccessible to pets.

Once a dog has eaten something with xylitol in it, the symptoms—which include vomiting, staggering, seizures, and even death—hit hard and fast within a day.

It's usually the ingredients found in human edibles, Lee says, that are the root of life-threatening cases since dogs can't digest chocolate, cherries, xylitol, and macadamia nuts.

Most of your favorite recipes that call for sugar work very well with the safe sweeteners like stevia, monk fruit, xylitol, and erythritol so consider making a switch.

Feeding your canine dog-safe ice cream also ensures that your pet isn't accidentally eating chocolate or xylitol — two ingredients that can be extremely dangerous for dogs to eat.

The agency's Center for Veterinary Medicine reports that several dogs have been killed by consuming xylitol not only in gum but also breath mints, cough syrup, mouthwash and toothpaste.

The owner added that she didn't take Ruby to the vet immediately after the dog ate the brownies because she didn't know Xylitol was so dangerous for dogs to ingest.

Xylitol, a popular sweetener in sugarless gum, and probiotics are sometimes recommended as remedies for sore throat, but a randomized trial has found that neither works better than a placebo.

The California-based dental-care brand Weldental, meanwhile, offers a gentle toothpaste tab containing Xylitol, a natural sweetener that helps prevent tooth decay, that activates into a paste upon chewing.

Miss Maui Mary in Hawaii Dear Heloise: In regard to your recent hint about xylitol [an artificial sweetener that can be harmful to dogs], one hidden source is peanut butter.

Make sure to only feed your pet all-natural peanut butters with no Xylitol, an artificial sweetener that is toxic to dogs, and no pieces that a pup might choke on.

Chacksfield now wishes she was aware of the dangers of xylitol before she made the brownies, because then she would've known to take Ruby to the vet immediately after she ate the treats.

The sugar content is a little high since they are sweetened with natural cane sugar and not sugar alcohols like maltitol, xylitol, or sorbitol — but this also means less digestive issues on your end.

He put the photos online, and eventually a security researcher with the name Xylitol took a crack at making a blueprint from the photos, and shared it on Github, an online platform popular with millions of computer programmers.

On the other hand, neither probiotic capsules nor xylitol-based chewing gum was effective in reducing the severity of sore throat symptoms, such as swelling or difficulty swallowing, according to a study published in the Canadian Medical Association Journal in December of 2017.

The rest of the unabsorbed xylitol is excreted unchanged mostly in feces and less than 2 g of xylitol out of every 100 g ingested is excreted in urine. Xylitol ingestion also increases motilin secretion, which may be related to xylitol's ability to cause diarrhea. The non-digestible but fermentable nature of xylitol also contributes to constipation relieving effects. About 50% of xylitol is absorbed via intestines.

This pathway is also called the “Xylose Reductase-Xylitol Dehydrogenase” or XR-XDH pathway. Xylose reductase (XR) and xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) are the first two enzymes in this pathway. XR reduces D-xylose to xylitol using NADH or NADPH. Xylitol is then oxidized to D-xylulose by XDH, using the cofactor NAD.

In enzymology, a xylitol kinase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :ATP + xylitol \rightleftharpoons ADP + xylitol 5-phosphate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and xylitol, whereas its two products are ADP and xylitol 5-phosphate. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing groups (phosphotransferases) with an alcohol group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:xylitol 5-phosphotransferase.

Xylitol is used as a food additive and sugar substitute. Its European Union code number is E967. Replacing sugar by xylitol in food products may promote better dental health, but evidence is lacking on whether xylitol itself prevents cavities. Lay summary.

Xylitol has no known toxicity in humans. At high doses, xylitol and other polyols cause gastrointestinal discomfort, including flatulence, diarrhea, and irritable bowel syndrome (see metabolism section); some people have these adverse effects at lower doses. Xylitol has a lower laxation threshold than some sugar alcohols but is more easily tolerated than mannitol and sorbitol. Increased xylitol consumption can increase oxalate, calcium and phosphate excretion to urine.

In 1996, the company launched its Chocolate Zero, claiming to be the world's first sugarless chocolate. The following year, Lotte became the first in Japan to launch a xylitol-based chewing gum. Because xylitol, unlike other sweeteners, did not produce acid when chewed, the company was able to promote its chewing gum as a cavity-fighting product. The company's interest in developing xylitol-based products continued into the 2000s, including the launch of the Xylitol Family Bottle, a beverage containing xylitol as a sweetener.

Due to the adverse laxative effect that all polyols have on the digestive system in high doses, xylitol is banned from soft drinks in the EU. Similarly due to a 1985 report, by the EU Scientific Committee on Food, stating that "ingesting 50 g a day of xylitol can cause diarrhea", tabletop sweeteners containing xylitol are required to display the warning: "excessive consumption may induce laxative effects". Chewing gum containing xylitol is permitted.

In 2011, EFSA approved a marketing claim that foods or beverages containing xylitol or similar sugar replacers cause lower blood glucose and lower insulin responses compared to sugar-containing foods or drinks. Xylitol products are used as sucrose substitutes for weight control, as xylitol has 40 percent fewer calories than sucrose (2.4 kcal/g compared to 4.0 for sucrose). The glycemic index (GI) of xylitol is 7 if GI is 100 for glucose.

Xylitol is a sugar substitute used in chewing gum, chewable vitamins, candy, toothpaste, and other products. Although a small preliminary study indicated xylitol may be safe for dogs, other studies show significant toxicity. There have been cases of foods, candies and gums containing xylitol causing toxic or even fatal liver damage in dogs. Ingestion may cause hypoglycemia.

Maltitol, sorbitol, xylitol, erythritol, and isomalt are common sugar alcohols.

Reduction of xylose by catalytic hydrogenation produces the sugar substitute xylitol.

Xylitol has about the same sweetness as sucrose, but more sweetness than similar compounds like sorbitol and mannitol. Xylitol is stable enough to be used in baking. Because xylitol and other polyols are heat stable, they do not caramelise as sugars do, and they also lower the freezing point of mixtures in which they are used. No serious health risk exists in most humans for normal levels of consumption; The European Food Safety Authority has not set a limit on daily intake of xylitol.

In enzymology, a D-xylulose reductase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :xylitol + NAD+ \rightleftharpoons D-xylulose + NADH + H+ Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are xylitol and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are D-xylulose, NADH, and H+. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is xylitol:NAD+ 2-oxidoreductase (D-xylulose-forming). Other names in common use include NAD+-dependent xylitol dehydrogenase, xylitol dehydrogenase, erythritol dehydrogenase, 2,3-cis-polyol(DPN) dehydrogenase (C3-5), pentitol- DPN dehydrogenase, and xylitol-2-dehydrogenase. This enzyme participates in pentose and glucuronate interconversions.

As of 2015, clinical trials examining whether xylitol alone or with other agents can prevent cavities found the evidence was too poor to allow generalizations, although when children with permanent teeth use fluoride toothpaste with xylitol, they may get fewer cavities than when using fluoride toothpaste without it. Weak evidence indicates that chewing gum sweetened with xylitol (or similar polyols such as sorbitol) may reduce the incidence of cavities. In 2008, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) concluded that "xylitol chewing gum reduces the risk of cavities in children". The claim was controversially recognised as requiring rewording in 2009 because xylitol chewing gum is not a medicine, thus can "not be claimed to reduce the risk of a disease".

Xylitol is used as a sugar substitute in such manufactured products as drugs, dietary supplements, confections, toothpaste, and chewing gum, but is not a common household sweetener. Xylitol has negligible effects on blood sugar because it is metabolized independently of insulin. Absorbed more slowly than sugar, xylitol supplies 40% fewer calories than table sugar. It is approved as a food additive in the United States.

In enzymology, a xylitol oxidase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :xylitol + O2 \rightleftharpoons xylose + H2O2 Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are xylitol and O2, whereas its two products are xylose and H2O2. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with oxygen as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is xylitol:oxygen oxidoreductase.

Xylitol is naturally occurring in small amounts in plums, strawberries, cauliflower, and pumpkin; humans and animals make trace amounts during metabolism of carbohydrates. Unlike most sugar alcohols, xylitol is achiral. Most other isomers of pentane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol are chiral, but xylitol has a plane of symmetry. Industrial production starts with lignocellulosic biomass from which xylan is extracted; raw biomass materials include hardwoods, softwoods, and agricultural waste from processing maize, wheat, or rice.

Xylitol is a naturally-occurring sweetener that can be synthetically produced in bulk. It is classified as a sugar alcohol. Xylitol inhibits acid production by oral bacteria and promotes remineralisation of the teeth. It can be found in various products which include chewing gums and lozenges.

Aspartame, Xylitol, flavoring, and anticaking agent are used to make Smint in the UK. Xylitol has been demonstrated to have a plaque-reducing effect by attracting and starving the sucrose-seeking micro-organisms that cause tooth decay. Smint is endorsed by Toothfriendly, an international dental ratings organization.

Page accessed January 13, 2007. Xylitol is a naturally occurring sugar alcohol that is used in different products as an alternative to sucrose (table sugar). As of 2015 the evidence concerning the use of xylitol in chewing gum was insufficient to determine if it is effective at preventing caries.

In attempts to generate S. cerevisiae strains that are able to ferment D-xylose the XYL1 and XYL2 genes of P. stipitis coding for the D-xylose reductase (XR) and xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH), respectively were introduced in S. cerevisiae by means of genetic engineering. XR catalyze the formation of xylitol from D-xylose and XDH the formation of D-xylulose from xylitol. Saccharomyces cerevisiae can naturally ferment D-xylulose through the pentose phosphate pathway. In another approach, bacterial xylose isomerases have been introduced into S. cerevisiae.

It must, however, be xylitol free, as xylitol is toxic substance for several animals. Behaviour modifying drugs are used when a behavioural disorder is the suspected cause. These may include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, or benzodiazepines. Carnitine and coenzymes are used when it is suspected that myopathy is the cause of the attacks.

Also, the idea of Xylitol being a sweetener option which does not serve as fuel for oral bacteria is considered to be the healthier alternative than sucrose (table sugar), fructose, lactose, galactose products. While these considerations may not reverse any conditions in health, they are more so preventative, and do not further the consequential events such as dental caries, malodorous breath, excessive plaque and gingivitis conditions. Erythritol may have greater protective action than xylitol and sorbitol. However, this research is industry funded and not as comprehensive as the research on xylitol.

Flavoring agents include sweeteners such as sorbitol, sucralose, sodium saccharin, and xylitol, which stimulate salivary function due to their sweetness and taste and helps restore the mouth to a neutral level of acidity. Xylitol rinses double as a bacterial inhibitor and have been used as substitute for Alcohol to avoid dryness of mouth associated with Alcohol.

The xylan polymers can be hydrolyzed into xylose, which is catalytically hydrogenated into xylitol. The conversion changes the sugar (xylose, an aldehyde) into the primary alcohol, xylitol. Impurities are then removed. The processing is often done using standard industrial methods; industrial fermentation involving bacteria, fungi, or yeast, especially Candida tropicalis, are common, but are not as efficient.

Xylitol pentanitrate is a rarely used liquid explosive compound with extremely high viscosity formed by completely nitrating xylitol, a sugar alcohol compound with five carbon atoms. In pure form it is a white crystalline explosive, much like other fully nitrated polyols. However, during synthesis lower nitrated forms are produced, which produce a viscous liquid mixture that is hard to purify.

Xylitol has 2.4 kcal/g (10 kJ/mol) of food energy according to US and EU food labeling regulations. The real value can vary, depending on metabolic factors. About 50% of eaten xylitol is not absorbed by the intestines in humans. Instead, 50–75% of this amount is fermented by gut bacteria to short-chain organic acids and gases, which may cause flatulence.

In dogs, 100 mg of xylitol per kg of body weight (mg/kg bw) causes a dose-dependent insulin release that can result in hypoglycemia, which can be life-threatening. Hypoglycemia associated symptoms of xylitol toxicity may arise as quickly as 30 to 60 minutes after ingestion. Vomiting is a common first symptom. It can be followed by tiredness and ataxia.

Xylitol is a sugar alcohol which provides the sensation of tasting sweetness in foods, particularly chewing gum, without providing sucrose which is the only sugar that S.mutans are capable of using to produce the polyacrylamide adhesive which allows them bind to the teeth. Xylitol does not actively reduce or harm the presence or capacities of oral bacteria, but rather does not offer them the sustenance to propagate or function. There are often claims of significant dental benefits of Xylitol. These generally derive from the perspectives of; saliva production is increased during chewing and oral stimulation which can help to maintain a more adequate supply of saliva to support normal oral functioning.

Sugars that only have alcohol groups, like sorbitol, are much less prone to this decomposition. Some other commonly used sugars include erythritol, xylitol, lactitol, maltitol, or mannitol.

D-xylose reductase (, XylR, XyrA, msXR, dsXR, monospecific xylose reductase, dual specific xylose reductase, NAD(P)H-dependent xylose reductase, xylose reductase) is an enzyme with systematic name xylitol:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : xylitol + NAD(P)+ \rightleftharpoons D-xylose + NAD(P)H + H+ Xylose reductase catalyses the initial reaction in the xylose utilization pathway, the NAD(P)H dependent reduction of xylose to xylitol.

Most thermoglucosidasius strains have hydrolytic activity to starch, gelatin, and pullulan, as well as producing acid from adonitol, cellobiose, inositol, and D-xylitol. Colonies are offwhite and mucoid.

Sugar rationing during World War II led to an interest in sugar substitutes. Interest in xylitol and other polyols became intense, leading to their characterization and manufacturing methods.

These affects are termed oxaluria, calciuria and phosphaturia, respectively. These are risk factors for kidney stone disease, but xylitol ingestion has not been linked to this disease in humans.

In some countries, xylitol is used to sweeten gum instead of aspartame. By avoiding sugar, the chance of tooth decay is lowered, since the sugar otherwise used may turn into acid after chewing the gum. It is also claimed that in chewing, it may help to remove food residues. Xylitol-based products are allowed by the US Food and Drug Administration to make the medical claim that they do not promote dental cavities.

Studies have shown that Anti-CA-gtf IgY is able to effectively and specifically suppress S. mutans in the oral cavity. Other common preventative measures center on reducing sugar intake. One way this is done is with sugar replacements such as xylitol or erythritol which cannot be metabolized into sugars which normally enhance S. mutans growth. The molecule xylitol, a 5 carbon sugar, disrupts the energy production of S.mutans by forming a toxic intermediate during glycolysis.

As it is not commercially profitable to extract these products from fruits and vegetables, they are produced by catalytic hydrogenation of the appropriate reducing sugar. For example, xylose is converted to xylitol, lactose to lactitol, and glucose to sorbitol. Sorbitol, xylitol and lactitol are examples of sugar alcohols (also known as polyols). These are, in general, less sweet than sucrose but have similar bulk properties and can be used in a wide range of food products.

According to the US Department of Energy, xylitol production by fermentation from discarded biomass is one of the most valuable renewable chemicals for commerce, forecast to be a US$1.4 billion industry by 2025.

Xylitol has been found to reduce mutans streptococci in plaque and saliva and reduce the binding of these to the acquired enamel pellicle. This in turn leads to less adherent plaque and a decrease in acid production. In addition, chewing xylitol gum will stimulate increased salivary flow which in turn increases the amount of calcium in the saliva and enhances the oral clearance. Additional saliva flow which includes chewing products such as gums that contain no fermentable carbohydrates can aid in the modulation of plaque pH.

Hard candies and throat lozenges prepared without sugar employ isomalt as a sugar substitute, and are sweetened further by the addition of an artificial sweetener, such as aspartame, sucralose, saccharin, or a sugar alcohol, such as xylitol.

In 2012, Jenkki introduced cubical chewing gum. Jenkki ("Yankee") is a Finnish chewing gum brand developed in 1951 by Huhtamäki. Nowadays Jenkki is in ownership of Cloetta. In 1975 Jenkki introduced the first chewing gum in the world that included xylitol.

Erythritol is tooth-friendly; it cannot be metabolized by oral bacteria, so it does not contribute to tooth decay. In addition, erythritol, similarly to xylitol, has antibacterial effects against streptococci bacteria, reduces dental plaque, and may be protective against tooth decay.

Xylose, an abundant five carbon sugar found predominantly in hemicellulose of angiosperms, can be converted to xylitol through biochemical or chemical reduction. The USDA and other university research labs have hundreds of such CRADAs with many companies exploring the technology.

Although fluoride is the only well-documented agent which controls the rate at which cavities develop, it has been suggested that adding calcium to the water would reduce cavities further. Other agents to prevent tooth decay include antibacterials such as chlorhexidine and sugar substitutes such as xylitol. Xylitol-sweetened chewing gum has been recommended as a supplement to fluoride and other conventional treatments if the gum is not too costly. Two proposed approaches, bacteria replacement therapy (probiotics) and caries vaccine, would share water fluoridation's advantage of requiring only minimal patient compliance, but have not been proven safe and effective.

In 2011, EFSA "concluded that there was not enough evidence to support" the claim that xylitol-sweetened gum could prevent middle-ear infections with a fast onset, which is also known as acute otitis media (AOM). A 2016 review indicated that xylitol in chewing gum or a syrup may have a moderate effect in preventing ear aches in healthy children. It may be an alternative to conventional therapies (such as antibiotics) to lower risk of AOM in healthy children - reducing risk of occurrence by 25% - although there is no definitive proof that it could be used as a therapy for AOM.

572400 to 572402 (inclusive) and 601904 - Aktion Zahnfreundlich. Some examples of toothfriendly sweeteners are: sorbitol, maltitol, isomalt, xylitol, sucralose, stevia, isomaltulose, tagatose, mogroside, and erythritol.International Dental Federation (FDI) (2000). Consensus Statement on Diet of 2nd World Conference on Oral Health Promotion. Int. Dent.

Mannitol is classified as a sugar alcohol; that is, it can be derived from a sugar (mannose) by reduction. Other sugar alcohols include xylitol and sorbitol. Mannitol and sorbitol are isomers, the only difference being the orientation of the hydroxyl group on carbon 2.

Primarily, the liver metabolizes it. The main metabolic route in humans is: in cytoplasm, nonspecific NAD-dependent dehydrogenase (polyol dehydrogenase) transforms xylitol to D-xylulose. Specific xylulokinase phosphorylates it to D-xylulose-5-phosphate. This then goes to pentose phosphate pathway for further processing.

The species has been demonstrated to synthesize useful quantities of D-arabinitol, riboflavin, xylitol, and pyruvic acid under thiamine limitation. The species has also been used to decarboxylate Ferulic acid to 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol via biotransformation (a 95.07% yield, 1470.8 mg/l, within 10 hours).

At doses above 500 mg/kg bw, liver failure is likely and may result in coagulopathies like disseminated intravascular coagulation. Xylitol is safe for cats, which tolerate even 1000 mg/kg bw ingested doses of it. It is also safe for rhesus macaques, horses and rats.

Xylitol and KNO3 based rocket propellants are capable of a specific impulse of ~100 seconds. These have an unconfined burn rate of about 1.3 mm/s. Overall, sugar rockets can compete fairly well. Dextrose and KNO3 based fuels are capable of an Isp of 137 seconds.

Huel powdered food packaging Huel, manufactured by Huel Ltd., is a meal replacement available in powder, liquid, or bar forms. Huel is made from oats, rice protein, pea protein, sunflower, flaxseed, coconut oil MCTs, and several dietary supplements (vitamins and minerals). It is sweetened with sucralose, maltodextrin, and xylitol.

CRC Handbook of Enthalpy Data of Polymer-Solvent Systems. CRC Press, 2006. Google Books result: ), lower than many other sugar alcohols, in particular, xylitol and erythritol. Isomalt is manufactured in a two-stage process in which sucrose is first transformed into isomaltulose, a reducing disaccharide (6-O-α-D-glucopyranosido-D-fructose).

Similar to xylitol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates are not readily fermented by oral bacteria and are used to formulate sugarless products that do not promote dental caries. HSHs are also more slowly absorbed in the digestive tract, thus, have a reduced glycemic potential relative to glucose. However, they do have a laxative effect when consumed in large amounts.

Most bacteria cannot use sorbitol for energy, but it can be slowly fermented in the mouth by Streptococcus mutans, a bacterium that causes tooth decay. In contrast, many other sugar alcohols such as isomalt and xylitol are considered non- acidogenic. It also occurs naturally in many stone fruits and berries from trees of the genus Sorbus.

In cats, gabapentin can be used as an analgesic in multi-modal pain management. It is also used as an anxiety medication to reduce stress in cats for travel or vet visits. Gabapentin is also used in dogs and other animals, but some formulations (especially liquid forms) meant for human use contain the sweetener xylitol, which is toxic to dogs.

Since they contain multiple –OH groups, they are classified as polyols. Sugar alcohols are used widely in the food industry as thickeners and sweeteners. In commercial foodstuffs, sugar alcohols are commonly used in place of table sugar (sucrose), often in combination with high-intensity artificial sweeteners, in order to offset their low sweetness. Xylitol and sorbitol are popular sugar alcohols in commercial foods.

Lactitol, erythritol, sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, and maltitol are all sugar alcohols. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) classifies sugar alcohols as "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS).{ They are approved as food additives, and are recognized as not contributing to tooth decay or causing increases in blood glucose.{ Lactitol is also approved for use in foods in most countries around the world.

Maple syrup is made from reduced sugar maple xylem sap. The sap often is harvested from the sugar maple, Acer saccharum. In some countries (e.g., Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland, Belarus, Russia) harvesting the early spring sap of birch trees (so called "birch juice") for human consumption is common practice; the sap can be used fresh or fermented and contains xylitol.

Raw chocolate is chocolate produced primarily from unroasted cocoa beans. Dairy products are often not added to raw chocolate and alternative or alcohol sugars, such as coconut sugar, coconut nectar, xylitol, agave nectar, maple syrup, and stevia, are used. Raw chocolate is naturally gluten-free and generally considered vegan. Two pieces of raw chocolate Flowers that grow on the cacao tree.

Original Trident, a soft gum packaged in a unique rectangular shape, is sweetened with xylitol (originally advertised as "Dentec" by the company), a sugar alcohol that reduces plaque and protects teeth against decay associated with dental caries by helping to maintain a neutral pH balance in the mouth. It is also sweetened with sorbitol, Mannitol, Aspartame, Sucralose and Acesulfame potassium.

This method of prevention has been associated with emergence of antibiotic-resistant otitic bacteria. They are thus not recommended. There is moderate evidence that the sugar substitute xylitol may reduce infection rates in those who go to daycare. Evidence does not support zinc supplementation as an effort to reduce otitis rates except maybe in those with severe malnutrition such as marasmus.

Sugar alcohols do not contribute to tooth decay; on the contrary, xylitol is a deterrent to tooth decay. Sugar alcohols are absorbed at 50% of the rate of sugars, resulting in less of an effect on blood sugar levels as measured by comparing their effect to sucrose using the glycemic index.Sue Milchovich, Barbara Dunn-Long: Diabetes Mellitus: A Practical Handbook, p. 79, 10th ed.

Xylitol is a chemical compound with the formula , or HO(CH2)(CHOH)3(CH2)OH; specifically, one particular stereoisomer with that structural formula. It is a colorless or white crystalline solid that is soluble in water. It can be classified as a polyalcohol and a sugar alcohol, specifically an alditol. The name derives from , xyl[on], "wood", with the suffix -itol used to denote sugar alcohols.

Supervised toothbrushing must also be done to children below 8 years of age to prevent swallowing of toothpaste. After brushing with fluoride toothpaste, rinsing should be avoided and the excess spat out. Many dental professionals include application of topical fluoride solutions as part of routine visits and recommend the use of xylitol and amorphous calcium phosphate products. Silver diamine fluoride may work better than fluoride varnish to prevent cavities.

In addition to their sweetness, some sugar alcohols can produce a noticeable cooling sensation in the mouth when highly concentrated, for instance in sugar-free hard candy or chewing gum. This happens, for example, with the crystalline phase of sorbitol, erythritol, xylitol, mannitol, lactitol and maltitol. The cooling sensation is due to the dissolution of the sugar alcohol being an endothermic (heat- absorbing) reaction, one with a strong heat of solution.

The useful physiological properties of yeast have led to their use in the field of biotechnology. Fermentation of sugars by yeast is the oldest and largest application of this technology. Many types of yeasts are used for making many foods: baker's yeast in bread production, brewer's yeast in beer fermentation, and yeast in wine fermentation and for xylitol production. So-called red rice yeast is actually a mold, Monascus purpureus.

Sugar, honey, and meat are forbidden. Harmston gave up clothing with leather or other animal products, suggesting he may have adopted a vegan lifestyle. Whether or not the rest of the membership is living the same is the subject of speculation by some former members. In 2005, the President of the "temporal church" Dan Simmons changed from using sugar to using xylitol, but again the practice of other members is unclear.

Mannitol is no longer obtained from natural sources; currently, sorbitol and mannitol are obtained by hydrogenation of sugars, using Raney nickel catalysts. The conversion of glucose and mannose to sorbitol and mannitol is given as: :HOCH2CH(OH)CH(OH)CH(OH)CH(OH)CHO + H2 → HOCH2CH(OH)CH(OH)CH(OH)CH(OH)CHHOH More than a million tons of sorbitol are produced in this way every year. Xylitol and lactitol are obtained similarly.

Xethanol says it plans to increase production and profitability with new technology it has under development. Xylose Technologies, Inc. (XTI), a subsidiary of Xethanol, is conducting collaborative research through a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) with the USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) located on the campus of the University of Wisconsin–Madison. The work focuses on genetically engineering proprietary yeast strains for the efficient production of xylitol from xylose.

This species is able to use sucrose, maltose, cellbiose, trehalose, raffinose, citrate, inositol ethanol, soluble starch, melezitose, xylitol, saccharate, salicin as well as many other compounds as sole carbon sources. Cryptococcus adeliensis is able to use nitrate, nitrite and cadaverine, a protein created when animals decay and which produces the putrid smell associated with this decay, as sources of Nitrogen. This species forms starch as it grows. Cryptococcus adeliensis also grows on 0.01% cycloheximide.

However, it does not natively metabolize xylose. This limits the usefulness of S. cerevisiae in the production of fuels and chemicals from plant cell walls, which contain a large amount of xylose. In response, S. cerevisiae has been engineered to ferment xylose through the addition of the S. stiptis genes, XYL1 and XYL2, coding for xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase, respectively. The concerted action of these enzymes converts xylose to xylulose, which is naturally fermented by S. cerevisae.

Its primary nutrients are the sugars xylose, arabinose, glucose, sucrose, ribitol, xylitol and L-arabinitol. It cannot assimilate maltose or lactose; however, it is able to assimilate urea, asparagine, potassium nitrate and ammonium nitrate. The optimal temperature for growth is and the fungus is generally considered to be mesophilic, although it can grow at higher temperatures (up to ) as well. Asexual reproduction manifests in one of two forms: the Scedosporium type (the most common type) and the Graphium type.

GRAS notices exist for two plant-based, high-intensity sweeteners: steviol glycosides obtained from stevia leaves (Stevia rebaudiana) and extracts from Siraitia grosvenorii, also called luo han guo or monk fruit. Cyclamates are used outside the United States, but are prohibited from manufacturing as a sweetener within the United States. The majority of sugar substitutes approved for food use are artificially synthesized compounds. However, some bulk plant-derived sugar substitutes are known, including sorbitol, xylitol and lactitol.

Chewing gum can disturb the mature and fairly stable acid producing plaque to alter the bacterial composition of the biofilm. In turn the disease causing organisms may still be present, but are so in reduced numbers. Chewing gum containing sufficient levels of xylitol also has the ability to reduce the number of streptococcus mutans present in the saliva as well as the mechanisms for the bacteria to adhere to tooth tissue, which reduces the chance for reinfection.

In the 1970s, a version of Sisu sweetened with sorbitol was introduced to the market. The candy had already been marketed as sugarless, but according to law, candy sweetened with sorbitol could not be marketed as sugarless. Therefore, Sisu developed a new term "Sokton". In the early 1970s, a sugarless version of Sisu and a version sweetened with xylitol, developed in connection with the dentistry department of the University of Turku, were introduced to the market.

The production of xylitol, citric acid and glutamic acid from sugarcane lignocellulose (bagasse and harvesting residues), each in combination with electricity have been evaluated; the three biorefinery systems were simulated to be annexed to an existing sugar mill in South Africa. The production of xylitol and glutamic acid has shown economic feasibility with an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 12.3% and 31.5%, exceeding the IRR of the base case (10.3%). Likewise, the production of ethanol, lactic acid or methanol and ethanol-lactic acid from sugarcane bagasse have been studied; lactic acid demonstrated to be economically attractive by showing the greatest net present value (M$ 476–1278); in the same way; the production of ethanol and lactic acid as co-product was found to be a favorable scenario (net present value between M$ 165 and M$ 718) since this acid has applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, chemical and food industry. As for biodiesel production, this industry also has the potential to integrate biorefinery systems to convert residual biomasses and wastes into biofuel, heat, electricity and bio-based green products.

In enzymology, a sugar-terminal-phosphatase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :D-glucose 6-phosphate + H2O \rightleftharpoons D-glucose + phosphate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are D-glucose 6-phosphate and H2O, whereas its two products are D-glucose and phosphate. This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on phosphoric monoester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is sugar-omega- phosphate phosphohydrolase. This enzyme is also called xylitol-5-phosphatase.

This one study in Madagascar done on school children in grades 1 and 4 were given a "school- based oral health education program." In addition to that all children had to undergo supervised toothbrushing daily. The group was then split into control group and test group where the test group received two types of gum to chew 3-5 times a day. One type of gum was polyol while the other contained a mix of sorbitol (55.5%), xylitol (4.3%), and carbamide (2.3%).

By 2001, Smint was the top-selling mint in its class in 90% of the markets where it was available. Also in 2001, Smint started a partnership with Breast Cancer Care, which continues to this day. In 2003, Smint started advertising the health benefits of Xylitol in their product, and in 2006, Smint and Chupa Chups were taken over by Perfetti Van Melle. In 2009, Smint launched Smint-XXL tins in the UK, which are three times larger than regular Smint dispensers.

In 2006, Tic Tac introduced a "Bold" edition with more intense flavours of Mint and Fruit. In 2008, Tic Tac introduced Tic Tac Chill, which is slightly larger than ordinary Tic Tacs and comes in a dual-opening packaging, using the traditional living hinge or a sliding opening on the front of the case. These come in three flavours: Exotic Cherry, Berry Blast, and Paradise Mint. Tic Tac Chill mints are also sugar-free, the Exotic Cherry ones instead being sweetened with xylitol.

NADPH provides the reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions and the oxidation-reduction involved in protecting against the toxicity of reactive oxygen species (ROS), allowing the regeneration of glutathione (GSH). NADPH is also used for anabolic pathways, such as cholesterol synthesis, steroid synthesis, ascorbic acid synthesis, xylitol synthesis, cytosolic fatty acid synthesis and microsomal fatty acid chain elongation. The NADPH system is also responsible for generating free radicals in immune cells by NADPH oxidase. These radicals are used to destroy pathogens in a process termed the respiratory burst.

Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas, ticks, mites, hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and heartworms (roundworm species that lives in the heart of dogs). Several human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning),Sources vary on which of these are considered the most significant toxic item. grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials. The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous.

FODMAP is an acronym for "Fermentable Oligo-, Di-, Mono-saccharides And Polyols". They are short chain carbohydrates that are poorly absorbed in the small intestine, and are prone to absorb water and ferment in the colon. They include short chain oligosaccharide polymers of fructose (fructans) and galactooligosaccharides (GOS, stachyose, raffinose), disaccharides (lactose), monosaccharides (fructose), and sugar alcohols (polyols), such as sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, and maltitol. Most FODMAPs are naturally present in food and the human diet, but the polyols may be added artificially in commercially- prepared foods and beverages.

Polyols are found naturally in some fruit (particularly stone fruits), including apples, apricots, avocados, blackberries, cherries, lychees, nectarines, peaches, pears, plums, prunes, watermelon, and in some vegetables, including cauliflower, mushrooms, and mange-tout peas. Cabbage, chicory, and fennel contain moderate amounts, but may be eaten in a low-FODMAP diet if the advised portion size is observed. Polyols used artificially as bulk sweeteners added to commercially-prepared food and beverages include isomalt, maltitol, mannitol, sorbitol and xylitol. As noted above, they exacerbate the effect of galactans when consumed.

In the body, most erythritol is absorbed into the bloodstream in the small intestine, and then for the most part excreted unchanged in the urine. About 10% enters the colon. In small doses, erythritol does not normally cause laxative effects and gas or bloating, as are often experienced after consumption of other sugar alcohols (such as maltitol, sorbitol, xylitol, and lactitol). About 90% is absorbed before it enters the large intestine, and since erythritol is not digested by intestinal bacteria, the remaining 10% is excreted in the feces.

Erythritol has a strong cooling effect (endothermic, or positive heat of solution) when it dissolves in water, which is often compared with the cooling effect of mint flavors. The cooling effect is present only when erythritol is not already dissolved in water, a situation that might be experienced in an erythritol-sweetened frosting, chocolate bar, chewing gum, or hard candy. The cooling effect of erythritol is very similar to that of xylitol and among the strongest cooling effects of all sugar alcohols. Erythritol has a pKa of 13.903 at 18 °C.

1-propanol is produced from propionaldehyde, produced from ethene and carbon monoxide. Xylitol, a polyol, is produced by hydrogenation of the sugar xylose, an aldehyde. Primary amines can be synthesized by hydrogenation of nitriles, while nitriles are readily synthesized from cyanide and a suitable electrophile. For example, isophorone diamine, a precursor to the polyurethane monomer isophorone diisocyanate, is produced from isophorone nitrile by a tandem nitrile hydrogenation/reductive amination by ammonia, wherein hydrogenation converts both the nitrile into an amine and the imine formed from the aldehyde and ammonia into another amine.

Xylan is used in different ways as part of our daily lives. For example, the quality of cereal flours and the hardness of dough are largely affected by the amount of xylan thus, playing a significant role in bread industry. The main constituent of xylan can be converted into xylitol (a xylose derivative) which is used as a natural food sweetener, which helps to reduce dental cavities and acts as a sugar substitute for diabetic patients. It has many more applications in the livestock industry, because poultry feed has a high percentage of xylan.

Hanyu in an interview during 2012 NHK Trophy Hanyu has appeared in a number of commercials and advertising campaigns. From December 2013, Hanyu, alongside fellow Japanese figure skater Daisuke Takahashi, became the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics campaign ambassador for P&G;'s global "Proud sponsor of moms" campaign. From February 8 to 23, 2014, Hanyu endorsed All Nippon Airways' new line of flight attendant outfits, which were designed by Prabal Gurung. On September 2, 2014, Hanyu endorsed Lotte's Ghana milk chocolate with Mao Asada, singer Airi Matsui, and actresses Suzu Hirose and Tao Tsuchiya, as well as Xylitol Whites.

Classical dietary and oral hygiene techniques of reducing sugar content and eating frequency, and removing plaque by effective brushing, are still very important practices for treatment as well as prevention. Also, biochemical techniques can be used to treat the bacterial infection directly. Agents such as chlorhexidine can help fight gum disease and thus reduce the amount of bacteria in the mouth that are responsible for tooth decay. After a wave of empirical studies on the efficacy of Xylitol (a sugar alcohol) a consensus report in the British Dental Journal considered it to give a reduction in the risk of caries.

Among finding cellulases and hemicellulases, other enzymes such as protease, urease, ribonuclease, pectate lyase, and polygalacturonase are found in cultural media of R. oryzae. Besides producing a number of enzymes, it can also produce a number of organic acids, alcohol, and esters. Cellulases in R. oryzae can be applied to biotechnology, in food, brewery and wine, animal feed, textiles and laundry, pulp and paper industries, and agriculture. R. oryzae can convert both glucose and xylose under aerobic conditions into pure L (+)-lactic acids with by-products such as xylitol, glycerol, ethanol, carbon dioxide and fungal biomass.

The confectionery line-up covers a wide range of snacks including gums, candies, biscuits, and chocolates. The Juicy Fresh, Spearmint, and Freshmint chewing gums and Ghana Chocolate have served as long-time favorites for more than four decades, while the Xylitol chewing gum is enjoying tremendous popularity since its launch, thanks to its ability to reduce the risk of tooth decay.Lotte Confectionery Products Lotte Confectionery also produces the Crunky candy bar and the Chic-Choc cookie (a chocolate chip cookie), one of the most famous brands in South Korea. Additionally, they produce other baked snacks, including the Margaret cookie.

A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulfate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoningSources vary on which of these are considered the most significant toxic item.), grapes and raisins (cause kidney failure in dogs), milk (some dogs are lactose intolerant and suffer diarrhea; goats' milk can be beneficial), nutmeg (neurotoxic to dogs), mushrooms, fatty foods, rhubarb, xylitol,, Toxic Food Guide for Pets macadamia nuts, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials. A full list of poison/toxic substances can be found on the ASPCA's website.

Sugar alcohols, or polyols, are sweetening and bulking ingredients used in manufacturing of foods and beverages, particularly sugar-free candies, cookies, and chewing gums. As a sugar substitute, they typically are less-sweet than sugar and supply fewer calories (about a half to one-third fewer calories) than sugar, are converted to glucose slowly, and do not spike increases in blood glucose. Sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, erythritol, and lactitol are examples of sugar alcohols. These are, in general, less sweet than sucrose, but have similar bulk properties and can be used in a wide range of food products.

Two other songs were used in TV commercial campaigns, "No Way!" in Lotte's Xylitol gum commercials, and the original version of "Beautiful" featured in beauty care center La Parler's commercials. "Mirai" was used as the ending theme song for TV Tokyo's golfing show featuring female professional golfer Ai Miyazato, Miyazato Ai no Big Golf in USA. Ai performed "I Wanna Know" at the late night music show Bokura no Ongaku on September 1, 2006, as well as two other non-album songs. On September 27, 2006, Ai performed a secret live to 2,000 people at a free event at Bunkamura in Shibuya, Tokyo.

Toothpaste from a tube being applied to a toothbrush Toothpaste is a gel dentifrice used in conjunction with a toothbrush to help clean and maintain the aesthetics and health of teeth. Toothpaste is used to promote oral hygiene; it functions as an abrasive agent that helps to remove dental plaque and food from the teeth, works to suppress halitosis, and delivers active ingredients such as fluoride or xylitol to the teeth and gums to help prevent tooth decay (cavity) and gum disease (gingivitis).American Dental Association Description of Toothpaste This list includes notable brands of toothpaste, both historic and contemporary.

Jeong Yu-mi made her entertainment debut in a Lotte Xylitol chewing gum commercial in 2003. After playing minor roles in several TV series and movies, she became a household name when she portrayed a gentle girlfriend in A Thousand Days' Promise (2011) and a scheming secretary in Rooftop Prince (2012). Having previously appeared in the Chinese drama Five Star Hotel (2007), Jeong starred opposite Leon Lai and Gao Yuanyuan in the Chinese film Nobleman's Path (2012). She was cast in the revenge manhwa-turned-TV series City Conquest, but the project was eventually cancelled after it couldn't secure a timeslot.

As used in foods, glycerol is categorized by the U.S. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics as a carbohydrate. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) carbohydrate designation includes all caloric macronutrients excluding protein and fat. Glycerol has a caloric density similar to table sugar, but a lower glycemic index and different metabolic pathway within the body, so some dietary advocates accept glycerol as a sweetener compatible with low-carbohydrate diets. It is also recommended as an additive when using polyol sweeteners such as erythritol and xylitol which have a cooling effect, due to its heating effect in the mouth, if the cooling effect is not wanted.

In the last step D-xylulose is phosphorylated by an ATP utilising kinase, XK, to result in D-xylulose-5-phosphate which is an intermediate of the pentose phosphate pathway. Because of the varying cofactors needed in this pathway and the degree to which they are available for usage, a cofactor imbalance can result in an accumulation of the intermediate xylitol when there is insufficient regeneration of NAD. This typically occurs under oxygen limiting conditions or when non-native xylose fermenting yeasts are engineered with the oxido-reductase pathway. It is less common in native xylose fermenting yeasts that have biochemical mechanisms for regenerating NAD under oxygen limitation.

An illustration of the different components of the Push-Pull Osmotic Pump. Both the EOP and CPOP were relatively simple designs, and were limited by their inability to deliver poorly soluble drugs. This led to the development of an additional internal "push layer" composed of material (a swellable polymer) that would expand as it absorbed water, which then pushed the drug layer (which incorporates a viscous polymer for suspension of poorly soluble drugs) out of the exit hole at a controlled rate. Osmotic agents such as sodium chloride, potassium chloride, or xylitol are added to both the drug and push layers to increase the osmotic pressure.

Myo-inositol is a component of the inositol phosphates and phosphoinositides that serve as secondary messengers in many cellular processes including insulin action. Due to its exclusive expression in the kidney, research has focused on understanding the potential role of both myo-inositol levels and MIOX activity on metabolic diseases like diabetes mellitus and obesity. Depletion of MIOX and accumulation of polyols, such as inositol and xylitol, have been cited as contributing factors in complications associated with diabetes. Additionally, a recent study has shown that MIOX is upregulated in the diabetic state with its transcription heavily regulated by osmolarity, glucose levels and oxidative stress.

Equal (aspartame), Sweet'N Low (saccharin), and Splenda (sucralose) A sugar substitute is a food additive that provides a sweet taste like that of sugar while containing significantly less food energy than sugar-based sweeteners, making it a zero-calorie (non-nutritive) or low-calorie sweetener. Artificial sweeteners may be derived through manufacturing of plant extracts or processed by chemical synthesis. Sugar alcohols such as erythritol, xylitol, and sorbitol are derived from sugars. In 2017, sucralose was the most common sugar substitute used in the manufacture of foods and beverages; it had 30% of the global market, which was projected to be valued at $2.8 billion by 2021.

Carbohydrates provide a quick energy source, increased palatability as well as fiber in canine diets; if disaccharides and xylitol are avoided. In an ingredient label, starch (a complex carbohydrate) may appear as rice, wheat, barley, corn and/or other varying grains. These ingredients not only supply the dog with rapid and accessible energy while performing, but can also be used after exercise to replenish glycogen stores in organs such as the liver and muscle. Direct carbohydrate levels are not displayed on feed labels due to the inaccuracy of current testing methods and varying methods in which certain sources may effect an animal's glycemic response.

Yet this deterritorialization does not seem to have erased the tensions surrounding race and culture. The third poem, “The Fountain Outside the Arboretum” at first appears to depict the purity and beauty of the Desert and its people, as it illustrates and emphasizes the whiteness of one’s teeth: “Ahoy! Whitening wadder fountain…Afta cuppa-ful o aqua vitae, yo pissin fang transfomate to puh’ly whites”. However, as the poem progresses, the tone gradually transforms into something more sarcastic and biting. The Guide refers to the scientific ingredients of the water, “H2O with fluoride y sulfate y tu typical humectant lika xylitol,” which almost sounds as if she has bitter feelings toward the Western modernist emphasis on science and technology.

Modifications to this flux that may improve ethanol production include deleting the GND1 gene, or the ZWF1 gene. Since the pentose phosphate pathway produces additional NADPH during metabolism, limiting this step will help to correct the already evident imbalance between NAD(P)H and NAD+ cofactors and reduce xylitol byproduct formation. Another experiment comparing the two D-xylose metabolizing pathways revealed that the XI pathway was best able to metabolize D-xylose to produce the greatest ethanol yield, while the XR-XDH pathway reached a much faster rate of ethanol production. Overexpression of the four genes encoding non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway enzymes Transaldolase, Transketolase, Ribulose-5-phosphate epimerase and Ribose-5-phosphate ketol-isomerase led to both higher D-xylulose and D-xylose fermentation rate.

In 2010, entrepreneur Jay Klein aimed to create a chewing gum that was vegan, gluten- free, nut/soy-free, allergen-free, and aspartame-free. The result was naturally sweetened PUR Gum that contains no additives or chemicals and is non-GMO. Klein decided to sweeten the chewing gum with xylitol so it would be a healthy choice for diabetics, pregnant women, people with dietary sensitivities, and any person seeking to avoid chemicals. Klein marketed his product first in the Greater Toronto Area by starting small and going door-to door, "running for mayor". Then they expanded to the rest of Canada and major U.S. metropolitan areas, where “health hubs” – areas with significant markets for health food products – could be found.

Under aerobic conditions, for example, D-glucose is used, but no acid is formed, as would be typical for fermentation. Other usable substrates are glycerol, L-arabinose, D-xylose, D-galactose, D-glucose, D-fructose, D-mannose, L-rhamnose, D-mannitol, N-acetylglucosamine, arbutin, aesculin, salicin, D-cellobiose, D-maltose, D-melibiose, sucrose, D-trehalose, D-raffinose, starch, glycogen, D-turanose, potassium gluconate and potassium 5-ketogluconate. Furthermore amino acids leucine and valine are assimilated. Carbohydrates that cannot be used are erythritol, D-arabinose, D-ribose, L-xylose, D-ribitol, methyl-β-D-xylopyranoside, L-sorbose, dulcitol, inositol, D-sorbitol, Methly-α-D-mannopyranoside, methly-α-D-glucopyranoside, amygdalin, D-lactose, inulin, D-melezitose, xylitol, gentiobiose, D-lyxose, D-tagatose, fucose, arabitol and potassium 2-ketogluconate.

MREs were sometimes called "Three Lies for the Price of One ... it's not a Meal, it's not Ready, and you can't Eat it." As late as the 2010 deployment to Afghanistan, one veteran in November 2019 characterized MRE (the traditional Thanksgiving meal had been destroyed in an attack, and the standard MRE shipment partially destroyed), as "accursed things." New Orleans Mardi Gras revelers in 2006 dressed in coats made from MRE packaging Their low dietary fiber content could cause constipation in some, so they were also known as "Meals Requiring Enemas", "Meals Refusing to Exit", "Meals Refusing to Excrete", or "Massive Rectal Expulsions". While the myth that the gum found in MREs contains a laxative is false (however, they are sweetened with xylitol, a mild laxative), the crackers in the ration pack do contain a higher than normal vegetable content to facilitate digestion.

In Feeding Everyone No Matter What, under the worst-case scenario predictions of nuclear winter, the authors present various unconventional food possibilities including; natural-gas-digesting bacteria the most well known being Methylococcus capsulatus, that is presently used as a feed in Fish farming,\- "UniBio A/S – turns NG to fish food" Bark bread a long-standing famine food utilizing the edible inner bark of trees and part of Scandinavian history during the Little Ice Age, mention is similarly given to increased fungiculture or mushrooms such as the honey fungi that grow directly on moist wood without sunlight,Hazeltine, B. & Bull, C. 2003 Field Guide to Appropriate Technology. San Francisco: Academic Press. and variations of wood or cellulosic biofuel production, which typically already creates edible sugars/xylitol from inedible cellulose, as an intermediate product before the final step of alcohol generation. One author, mechanical engineer David Denkenberger, states that mushrooms could theoretically feed everyone for three years.

The production of biogas from banana peel (Musa paradisiaca) under the biorefinery concept is a promissory alternative since is possible to obtain biogas and other co-products including ethanol, xylitol, syngas, and electricity; this process also provides high profitability for high production scales. The economic assessment of the integration of organic waste anaerobic digestion with other mixed culture anaerobic fermentation technologies was studied; the highest profit is obtained by dark fermentation of food waste with separation and purification of acetic and butyric acids (47 USD/t of foodwaste). The technical feasibility, profitability and extent of investment risk to produce sugar syrups from food and beverage waste was analyzed; the returns on investment shown to be satisfactory for the production of fructose syrup (9.4%), HFS42 (22.8%) and glucose-rich syrup (58.9%); the sugar syrups also have high cost competitiveness with relatively low net production costs and minimum selling prices. The valorization of municipal solid waste through integrated mechanical biological chemical treatment (MBCT) systems for the production of levulinic acid has been studied, the revenue from resource recovery and product generation (without the inclusion of gate fees) is more than enough to out- weigh the waste collection fees, annual capital and operating costs.