Methane causes 84 times more global warming over the course of two decades than carbon dioxide after it's released into the atmosphere and 25 times more warming over the course of a century.
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Instead, the ocean absorbs the heat, further boosting the warming over the expansive Arctic.
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There was also a bout of sudden stratospheric warming over Antarctica, also reaching record levels.
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Occasional bitter cold snaps don't change the fact that the planet is warming over all.
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These gases act like a blanket in the atmosphere, trapping heat and causing gradual warming over time.
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The warming over the past 30 years has indeed fallen well within his upper and lower bounds.
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Contrary to all the theories that they are expounding, there should have been warming over the last 15 years.
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We know that significant global warming, over a degree and a half Fahrenheit, has already occurred since preindustrial days.
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Relations between Britain and China have been warming over the past few years, and economic links have multiplied in tandem.
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The Arctic is warming over twice as fast as the rest of the globe and sea ice cover is plummeting.
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Some models will say the warming over the 21st century will be 2.5 degrees Celsius, others will say 4.5 degrees Celsius.
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This process, combined with the effects of warming over time, may slowly transform Minnesota's boreal forest into prairie, Mr. Wackett said.
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Because it's locked into a vicious warming cycle the region is warming over twice as fast as the rest of the planet.
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Climate scientists are effectively certain that human beings are responsible for most or all of the warming over the past few centuries.
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The new NOAA record produced for that study showed nearly twice the warming over the past 18 years than the previous data did.
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Although the oceans have undoubtedly quelled a significant amount of warming over the last century, they can't ever be humanity's total climate savior.
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As the Earth's climate undergoes a 1 to 3 degree Celsius warming over the next half-century, extreme heat waves will hit more frequently.
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But the warming over the past century — and the effects of climate change — have affected different parts of the world in vastly different ways.
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The warming that happened 130,000 years ago happened over thousands of years … What we see happening now is warming over decades or a century.
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"We find no evidence that the climate models evaluated in this paper have systematically overestimated or underestimated warming over their projection period," the paper states.
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If the international community acts immediately to halt the rise in CO2 emissions, we can still hope to stabilize global warming over the coming decades.
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These particles tend to cool the climate by absorbing and reflecting sunlight, though they haven't been enough to prevent significant global warming over the last century.
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Specifically, all the fragile progress the world has made on global warming over the past eight years is now in real danger of being blown up.
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Scientists know that for the planet to avoid global warming over 2628 degrees Celsius, 28503 percent of coal, for example, must remain unburned and in the ground.
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Increasing investment in technologies like carbon capture and storage may prove indispensable to meet the limits on carbon dioxide emissions needed to prevent a catastrophic warming over coming decades.
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Mr. Steyer said in an interview that acknowledging the impact of devastating storms should not get Republicans off the hook for opposing efforts to address global warming over all.
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Scant action to slow global warming over the past 217 years has jeopardized "human life and livelihoods", they wrote in a report published in The Lancet, a British medical journal.
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The models that best represent the recent climate "tend to be the models that project the most global warming over the remainder of the twenty-first century," the scientists wrote.
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Relations between Britain and China have been warming over the past few years and economic links have multiplied, in what both countries refer to as a "golden age" in ties.
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Dr. Thorup and his colleagues compared the migration routes of the birds to computer projections of how ecosystems will change in response to global warming over the next few decades.
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Despite cold weather in certain parts of the world, overall the planet has been rapidly warming over the last four decades, said NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies director Gavin Schmidt.
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Relations between Britain and China have been warming over the past few years and economic links have multiplied in tandem in what both countries refer to as a "golden age" in ties.
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The United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, comprised of 1,300 independent climate experts, agreed with 95 percent certainty that human activities are responsible for increased warming over the last 50 years.
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El Niños, which are characterized by significant warming over topical ocean waters in the Pacific, not only warm the ocean but also pump lots of excess heat into the atmosphere, raising global temperatures.
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Both sides of a lawsuit on damages from climate change will today in court reaffirm the scientific consensus that human activity is extremely likely to have caused global warming over the last century.
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But if we're looking at the collapse of democracy in the United States of America within the context of our failure to do anything that means shit about global warming over the next decade . . .
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This geographic transformation is a continuation of the accelerating change now unfolding in the Arctic, where things are warming over twice as fast as the rest of the planet — and in some places even faster.
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A companion paper, also published in Nature Geoscience today, uses models to show that thirty years of reduced sulfate emissions over Europe could have contributed an additional 0.5 degrees Celsius of global warming over the Arctic.
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Two Stanford University researchers modeled the country-by-country effects of global warming over a 50-year period, and published their findings in a paper out Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
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The Adelaide scientists set up 12 large tanks, each holding 1,800 litres of water, in a temperature-controlled room to replicate complex marine food webs, and test the effects of ocean acidification and warming over six months.
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"For the warming over the last century, there is no convincing alternative explanation supported by the extent of the observational evidence," said the report by a group of more than 50 U.S. government scientists released on Friday.
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Plastics are expected to outweigh fish in the ocean by 2050 and massive amounts of it have piled up in landfills, some emitting greenhouse gases and contributing to global warming over the near-eternity they take to degrade.
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In the longer-term, the Arctic is warming over twice as fast as the rest of the globe, leading to significant melting across much of the Arctic, even where the ice is the thickest, oldest, and most resilient.
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As it becomes less likely that America will implement policies to slow global warming over the long-term, it's becoming more likely that humanity will need a short-term solution once climate change's worst impacts begin to materialize.
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The report concludes that even if humans immediately stopped emitting greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, the world would still feel at least an additional 203 degrees Fahrenheit (220 degrees Celsius) of warming over this century compared with today.
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Even then, the scenario calls for extreme mitigation efforts, and we will still likely exceed the target at some point in the next century, warming over 2 degrees before cooling down only if drastic geoengineering measures are taken.
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Scientists project that continued high emissions of greenhouse gases could lead to as much as five or six degrees of additional warming over the course of this century, with potentially drastic effects on food production, sea level and weather.
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Using a statistical tool to separate temperature changes from greenhouse gas emissions and aerosol emissions between 1964 and 2010, the researchers estimate that aerosol particles, predominately sulfate, have temporarily masked some 30 percent of continental warming over the last half century.
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The White House signed off on a climate research report released Friday that explains how humans are primarily responsible for global warming over the last century, despite its contrast with the administration's climate change stance, the New York Times reports.
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Image: Camilla Cannarsa/FlickrIn research that adds new truth to the phrase "every cloud has a silver lining," scientists are reporting that sulfate aerosol emissions have offset roughly a third of global warming over the Earth's land, by scattering sunlight back into space.
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The policy reversals also signal that Mr. Trump has no intention of following through on Mr. Obama's formal pledges under the Paris accord, under which nearly every country in the world submitted plans detailing actions to limit global warming over the coming decade.
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Two outside experts who reviewed the study at CNN Business' request, Wolfram Schlenker of Columbia University and Solomon Hsiang of the University of California-Berkeley, each said that its conclusions are weaker when taking into account the response of countries to warming over time.
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In a paper published on Monday in the journal Nature Climate Change, scientists modeling the use of solar geoengineering technology said limited deployment - to halve expected warming over the next century, rather than stop it entirely - could dramatically lessen risks from stronger tropical cyclones, for instance.
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"We might have four or five times as much warming over the coming century as the last, so these kinds of weather events are likely to get much, much worse," said Andrew Dessler, a climate scientist and professor of atmospheric sciences at Texas A&M University.
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Sanders Sanders, who excoriated Trump over withdrawing from the Paris agreement, is a leading proponent of the Green New Deal and is calling for an ambitious climate crisis plan that includes a vast mobilization to halt and reverse the effects of global warming over a decade.
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The globe as a whole, however, is still much warmer than normal, and scientists say the cold snap in parts of the U.S. in no way invalidates the overwhelming scientific evidence showing the planet is warming over the longer term due to the burning of fossil fuels for energy.
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The Obama-era standard would have required automakers to build vehicles that achieve an average fuel economy of 54.5 miles per gallon by 2025, which would eliminate about six billion tons of carbon dioxide pollution, one of the chief causes of global warming, over the lifetime of the vehicles.
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The science seems clear: Ninety-seven percent or more of scientists active in the field are convinced the climate has been warming over the past century, the pace of warming is accelerating and human activities — particularly the burning of coal, oil and other fossil fuels — are a primary cause.
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In their recent paper, Dlugokencky and colleagues concluded that, regardless of whether it's due to a changing sink or changing tropical wetlands, the renewed growth in methane scrambles plans to meet the target of staying below two degrees of warming over preindustrial levels—the target agreed to by nations gathered in Paris in 2015.
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Li said last month Brexit had increased uncertainty in the global economy and China wanted to see a united and stable EU. Relations between Britain and China have been warming over the past few years and economic links have multiplied, in what both countries refer to as a "golden age" in ties promoted by President Xi Jinping and British Prime Minister David Cameron.
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While they account for just a small percentage of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, scientists say a surge in the use of HFC-fueled air-conditioners would alone contribute to nearly a full degree Fahrenheit of atmospheric warming over the coming century — in an environment where just three degrees of warming could be enough to tip the planet into an irreversible future of rising sea levels, more powerful storms and deluges, extreme drought, food shortages and other devastating impacts.
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Though China and Britain have a history of disputes over human rights and the future of the former British colony of Hong Kong, export-reliant China had valued Britain as a strong advocate for free trade within the EU. Relations between Britain and China have been warming over the past few years and economic links have multiplied, in what both countries refer to as a "golden age" in ties, a concept promoted by President Xi Jinping and British Prime Minister David Cameron, who resigned followed the referendum.
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Using models, it is possible to identify the human "signal" of global warming over both land and ocean areas.
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For > the warming over the last century, there is no convincing alternative > explanation supported by the extent of the observational evidence.
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The key to Bromwich et al.'s work was the correction for errors in the temperature sensors used in various incarnations of the Byrd Station record (the only long record in this part of Antarctica); miscalibration had previously caused the magnitude of the 1990s warmth to be underestimated, and the magnitude of the 2000s to be overestimated. The revised Byrd Station record is in very good agreement with the borehole temperature data from nearby WAIS Divide. A new statistical reconstruction shows significant warming over all of West Antarctic in the annual mean, driven by significant warming over most of the region in winter and spring.
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These investigations made him an internationally acknowledged authority on palaeobotany. Nathorst had a scientific dispute with Eugen Warming over the history of the flora of Greenland. Warming adhered to the hypothesis that part of the flora had survived the last glaciationWarming, E. (1888) Über Grönlands Vegetation. Englers Botanische Jahrbücher, 10.
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The IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report asserted "very high confidence that models reproduce the general features of the global-scale annual mean surface temperature increase over the historical period". However, the report also observed that the rate of warming over the period 1998–2012 was lower than that predicted by 111 out of 114 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project climate models.
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Climate change has produced numerous shifts in the distributions and abundances of species. Thomas et al. (2004) went on to assess the extinction risk due to these shifts over a broad range of global habitats. Their predictive model using midline estimates for climate warming over the next 50 years suggests that 15–37% of species will be "committed to extinction" by 2050.
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In 2006, Branson made a high-profile pledge to invest $3 billion toward addressing global warming over the course of the following decade. However, author and activist Naomi Klein has criticised Branson for contributing "well under $300 million" as of 2014, far below the originally stated goal. Additionally, Klein says Virgin airlines' greenhouse gas emissions increased considerably in the years following his pledge.
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Shaviv disagrees with the scientific consensus on human-caused climate change.Nir Shaviv Desmogblog. Retrieved 12/07/2018. He claims that solar activity changes have contributed between half to two thirds of the warming over the 20th century, and that climate sensitivity should be on the low side ΔTx2=1.3±0.4 °C compared with IPCC's range of ΔTx2=1.5 to 4.5 °C per CO2 doubling.
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In a projection designed to simulate a future where no efforts are made to reduce global emissions, the likely rise in global average temperature was predicted to be 5.5 °C by 2100. A rise as high as 7 °C was thought possible, although less likely. Another no-reduction scenario resulted in a median warming over land (2090–99 relative to the period 1980–99) of 5.1 °C.
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Considered in the context of environmental issues, Americans consider global warming as a less critical concern than the pollution of rivers, lakes, and drinking water; toxic waste; fresh water needs; air pollution; damage to the ozone layer; and the loss of tropical rain forests. However, Americans prioritize global warming over species extinction and acid rain issues. Since 2000 the partisan gap has grown as Republican and Democratic views diverge.
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It is, however, expected that future warming will follow a similar geographical pattern to that seen already, with the greatest warming over land and high northern latitudes, and least over the Southern Ocean and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean. Land areas warm faster than ocean, and this feature is even stronger for extreme temperatures. For hot extremes, regions with the most warming include Central and Southern Europe and Western and Central Asia.
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Monckton said that there had been no global warming over the last sixteen years, and thus the science should be reviewed. Between 2009 and 2010 the film maker Rupert Murray followed Monckton on his climate change tour. The film was later broadcast on 31 January 2011 on BBC Four titled Meet the Sceptics. Prior to its broadcast its depiction of Monckton was described by fellow sceptic James Delingpole as "another hatchet job" and Monckton's attempt to gain an injunction failed.
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It varies with the thermal conductivity of geologic material and is less for permafrost in soil than in bedrock. Calculations indicate that the time required to form the deep permafrost underlying Prudhoe Bay, Alaska was over a half-million years. This extended over several glacial and interglacial cycles of the Pleistocene and suggests that the present climate of Prudhoe Bay is probably considerably warmer than it has been on average over that period. Such warming over the past 15,000 years is widely accepted.
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The state government has initiated two plans for agricultural improvement. The "amar bon" (my forest) project aims at planting more trees in the area as a preventive measure towards global warming. Over 14,000,000 saplings will be planted in various places through women, children and NGOs. As the area is surrounded by saline waters in the creeks, the "Rainwater harvesting through Land Shaping" project aims at construction of ponds on 1/5 of the agricultural land and rest of the land is spared for agriculture.
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Cities are responsible for a substantial portion of the emissions responsible for global warming. Over half of the world population is in cities, and cities have outside influence on construction and transportation—two of the key contributors to global warming emissions. A report by the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group described consumption based emissions as having significantly more impact than production-based emissions within cities. The report estimates that 85% of the emissions associated with goods within a city is generated outside of that city.
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In the past decade, polar ice caps have shown their most rapid decline in size with no true sign of recovery. Josefino Comiso, a senior research scientist at NASA, found that the “rate of warming in the Arctic over the last 20 years is eight times the rate of warming over the last 100 years.” In September 2012, sea ice reached its smallest size ever. Journalist John Vidal stated that sea ice is "700,000 sq km below the previous minimum of 4.17m sq km set in 2007".
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Methane is the second most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas after CO2 and is responsible for approximately 40% of global warming over the past 150 years. Further, for the past 25 years, global anthropogenic methane emissions have exceeded those from natural sources. Emissions from landfill sites account for 30% of the total anthropogenic methane emissions in Europe, 34% of those in the US, and 10% of anthropogenic methane emissions worldwide. Landfill gas emissions are one of the largest anthropogenic sources of methane especially because of food waste.
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The caravan > leader assured us that he had fat in plenty and in ten minutes a great pot > of it was warming over the fire. We poured it into the motor and proceeded > merrily on our way. Andrews also incorporated the true story of Price's hunt for a man-eating tiger in the mountains of southern China into his adventure novel Quest of the Snow Leopard.Andrews, Roy Chapman, Quest of the Snow Leopard, Viking Press, New York: 1957 In 1928, Price was sent to re-open the United States consulate in Nanjing.
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In the CSSR, researchers reported that "it is extremely likely that human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases, are the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century. For the warming over the last century, there is no convincing alternative explanation supported by the extent of the observational evidence." Volume 2, entitled "Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States", was released on November 23, 2018. According to NOAA, "human health and safety" and American "quality of life" is "increasingly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change".
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In September 2020, the Trump administration appointed him as deputy assistant secretary of commerce for observation and prediction at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Legates has spent much of his career casting doubt on the severity of climate change and the human causes of warming. He is affiliated with the Heartland Institute, a think tank that promotes climate change denial. Legates' viewpoint, as stated in a 2015 study that he co-authored, is that the Earth will experience about 1.0 °C (1.8 °F) warming over the 2000 to 2100 period.
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The remainder (dry permafrost) is simply soil or rock at subfreezing temperatures. The ice volume is generally greatest in the uppermost permafrost layers and mainly comprises pore and segregated ice in Earth material. Measurements of bore-hole temperatures in permafrost can be used as indicators of net changes in temperature regime. Gold and Lachenbruch (1973) infer a 2–4 °C warming over 75 to 100 years at Cape Thompson, Alaska, where the upper 25% of the 400-m thick permafrost is unstable with respect to an equilibrium profile of temperature with depth (for the present mean annual surface temperature of −5 °C).
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Maritime influences may have biased this estimate, however. At Prudhoe Bay similar data imply a 1.8 °C warming over the last 100 years (Lachenbruch et al. 1982). Further complications may be introduced by changes in snow-cover depths and the natural or artificial disturbance of the surface vegetation. The potential rates of permafrost thawing have been established by Osterkamp (1984) to be two centuries or less for 25-meter-thick permafrost in the discontinuous zone of interior Alaska, assuming warming from −0.4 to 0 °C in 3–4 years, followed by a further 2.6 °C rise.
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Summer and fall trends, are insignificant except over the Antarctic Peninsula where they are widespread only in fall. These finding are in good agreement with the 2009 study in Nature, though in general the new results show greater warming in West Antarctica and less warming over East Antarctica as a whole. Nicholas and Bromwich argue that while the warming in East Antarctica is not statistically significant, it would be greater in magnitude if not for the ozone hole. There is no evidence that any significant region of Antarctic has been cooling over the long term, except in fall.
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This, too , is contrary to the general scientific consensus, which expects it to cause extreme, irreversible, negative impacts on humanity. A March 2014 episode of the American program Hannity featured Moore making the statement that the Earth "has not warmed for the last 17 years" in a debate with pundit Bob Beckel. Politifact, a political fact checking website operated by the Tampa Bay Times, rated Moore's assertion "mostly false", remarking that a significant net warming over that time frame had occurred even though the spread was relatively flat as well as that Moore cherry-picked the time frame to obscure the overall heating trend.Sanders, Katie (March 17, 2014).
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Scafetta argues that the total solar irradiance (TSI) measurements gathered by satellites since 1978 are flawed because the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster prevented the timely launching of the ACRIM 2 satellite, which he worked on, to replace ACRIM 1. This results in a two-year data gap in the ACRIM time series, which scientists bridge with overlapping data from several other satellites. They conclude that heating from the Sun did not increase between 1980 and 2002 and does not significantly contribute to the global surface warming over that period. Some ACRIM investigators, including principal investigator Richard Willson (Columbia) and Scafetta, disagree and argue for a significant upward trend in average solar luminosity during the same period.
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Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC), formerly Environment Canada, is a federal department with the stated role of protecting the environment, conserving national natural heritage, and also providing weather and meteorological information. According to ECCC "warming over the 20th century is indisputable and largely due to human activities" adding "Canada's rate of warming is about twice the global rate: a 2°C increase globally means a 3 to 4ºC increase for Canada". Berkeley Earth has reported that 2015 was "unambiguously" the warmest year on record across the world, with the Earth’s temperature more than 1.0 C (1.8 F) above the 1850-1900 average. ECCC lists impacts of climate change consistent with global changes.
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Revelle told journalists about the issues and testified to Congress that "The Earth itself is a space ship", endangered by rising seas and desertification. A November 1957 report in The Hammond Times described his research as suggesting that "a large scale global warming, with radical climate changes may result" – the first use of the term global warming. See also footnote 27. A biographer of Suess later said that, although other articles in the same journal discussed carbon-dioxide levels, the Suess–Revelle article was "the only one of the three to stress the growing quantity of contributed by our burning of fossil fuel, and to call attention to the fact that it might cause global warming over time".
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": "When human influences are removed from the model experiments, results suggest that the surface of the Earth would actually have cooled slightly over the last 50 years. The clear message from fingerprint studies is that the observed warming over the last half-century cannot be explained by natural factors, and is instead caused primarily by human factors." Watts is a signatory to the Leipzig Declaration as well as the Manhattan Declaration, which calls for the immediate halt to any tax funded attempts to counteract climate change or reduce CO2 emissions, and suggests the consensus among climate scientists is "false". Watts says he advocates for alternative energy sources and for the United States to "disengage from Middle East Oil.
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Another 40 year phenological study in China found greater warming over that period in the more northerly sites studied, with sites experiencing cooling mostly in the south, indicating that the temperature variation with latitude is decreasing there. This study also confirmed that season creep was correlated with warming, but the effect is non-linear—phenophases advanced less with greater warming, and retarded more with greater cooling. Shorter winters and longer growing seasons may appear to be a benefit to society from global warming, but the effects of advanced phenophases may also have serious consequences for human populations. Modeling of snowmelt predicted that warming of 3 to 5 °C in the Western United States could cause snowmelt-driven runoff to occur as much as two months earlier, with profound effects on hydroelectricity, land use, agriculture, and water management.
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Hansen has warned that low-lying coastal areas such as Florida (seen here), East Anglia, the Netherlands, oceanic islands and Bangladesh are vulnerable to sea levels rising. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is an international environmental treaty that has the objective of stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. In 2000, Hansen advanced an alternative view of global warming over the last 100 years, arguing that during that time frame the negative forcing via aerosols and the positive forcing via carbon dioxide () largely balanced each other out, and that the 0.74±0.18 °C net rise in average global temperatures could mostly be explained by greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide, such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons. However, even then he wrote "the future balance of forcings is likely to shift toward dominance of CO2 over aerosols".
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There was nothing about disaster or catastrophe. In fact, I was very upset about the latest AGU statement [in 2007]. It was about alarmist as you can get." In a 2007 editorial in the Wall Street Journal, he wrote: "I'm sure the majority (but not all) of my IPCC colleagues cringe when I say this, but I see neither the developing catastrophe nor the smoking gun proving that human activity is to blame for most of the warming we see." In a 2007 ruling in a trial relating to automobile emission regulation in Vermont, U.S. District Court Chief Judge William K. Sessions wrote, "Plaintiffs’ own expert, Dr. Christy, agrees with the IPCC’s [2001] assessment that in the light of new evidence and taking into account remaining uncertainties, most of the observed warming over the last fifty years is likely to have been due to the increase in GHG concentrations.
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Varotsos pointed out the occurrence of major sudden stratospheric warming over Antarctica in September 2002, an event which resulted in both the smaller-sized ozone hole over Antarctica and its splitting into two holes. Prior to September 2002, it was thought, that a major sudden stratospheric warming could happen only in the Northern Hemisphere. His follow-up work on this subject published in Eos Transactions - the official Journal of the American Geophysical Union; and the Europhysics News. Varotsos suggested the fractal structure of the total ozone and temperature in the Earth's atmosphere. In 2005-2006 he showed that processes based on the nonlinear nature of the atmospheric dynamics could probably address the question “What caused the southern hemisphere to exhibit very strong planetary waves in 2002?” This evidence is based on his new finding that the fluctuations of the total ozone content and temperature exhibit long-range correlations.
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However, recent studies of observed global warming over Asia have shown that weakening of the Siberian High is a prime driver of warmer winters in almost all of inland extra-tropical Asia and even over most parts of Europe, with the strongest relationship over the West Siberian Plain and significant relationships as far west as Hungary and as far southeast as Guangdong. Precipitation has also been found to be similarly inversely related to the mean central pressure of the Siberian High over almost all of Eastern Europe during the boreal winter, and similar relationships are found in southern China, whilst the opposite correlation exists over the Coromandel Coast and Sri Lanka. Other studies have suggested that the strength of the Siberian High shows an inverse correlation with the high-pressure systems over North Africa. Another correlation has been noted, a connection of a weaker Siberian High and Arctic oscillation when the Antarctic oscillation (AAO) is stronger.
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John Zillman, Climate Change: A Natural Hazard?, 22 November 2004 Of current climate change he goes on to say: : I believe the models are now remarkably good at simulating most of the essential climate forming processes in the atmosphere and the ocean and even the behaviour of the total climate system at the global scale. And, though I would not have said so a decade ago, I now believe, as does the IPCC, that there is no more than a one in three chance that the observed global warming over the past century is entirely natural in origin. He has said of the IPCC Second Assessment Report: :In order to avoid the risk of having the IPCC reports made vulnerable to charges of political influence, the IPCC Chairman and the WG Co- chairmen were meticulous in insisting that the final decision on whether to accept particular review comments should reside with chapter Lead Authors.
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