446 Sentences With "upwind" | Random Sentence Generator

We're upwind of local pollution, which makes this a good testing location.

Maryland has asked the EPA for help curbing the smog coming from upwind states.

By misting around themselves and blasting the fire with their hoses, they reached safer ground upwind.

A workman's radioactive shoe was the first sign in Sweden of a nuclear accident 1,000 miles upwind.

My only fear with Bermuda is that every team is going to be so good at it — the foiling tacks and foiling jibes with no code zeros and no change of sails — that it will all look kind of the same. Upwind. Downwind. Upwind. Downwind. Foiling. Foiling. Foiling.

Naturally, the rule was challenged by power companies and upwind states who felt the EPA had overstepped its authority.

Chen used impressive downwind power to grind back from a poor start and sixth position at the upwind gate.

Fisher was miles behind by the time the boat was under control and pounding back upwind into the waves.

A few stunted trees stand upwind from the crater, and there is a hardy colony of native gannets and muttonbirds.

With boats racing upwind for a majority of the race, the Transat will be a hard slog for the skippers.

Delaware says more than 90 percent of ground-level ozone, or smog, in Delaware originates from emissions in upwind states.

Slow your engine to minimize potential damage should you strike one, and pass the main iceberg to the upwind side.

In San Francisco, aside from the addition of Ainslie, the key for Oracle was finding a way to hydrofoil upwind.

It's certainly possible in theory to prevent rain in one place by using cloud seeding to induce it in another, upwind.

In these cases, pollution reduction requires federal action because the environmental regulations of downwind states lack jurisdiction in the upwind states.

"I wanted to film one of these America's Cup boats sailing upwind, but nothing commercially available could do that," he said.

That could include reductions in personal vehicle use or the removal of fossil fuel power plants that are upwind of national parks.

The researchers flew kitted-out planes over the east coast of the US, tracing urban emissions upwind and downwind of the biggest cities.

But Brazil battled back as the wind direction held, passing the Kiwis on the last upwind leg to edge home by two seconds.

Later, mosquitoes flew upwind and had to choose between the smell of a tasty human — which they previously preferred — and a control odor.

Yet, the EPA responded by proposing to close down the "good neighbor" policy that sets expectations for upwind states to reduce their emissions.

Corroboration with historical records indicated a dramatic decrease in mining activity upwind of the ice core site during plague years, particularly in medieval Britain.

Despite previously petitioning the EPA four times in 2016 to crack down on the upwind pollution, the governor said the state has not gotten relief.

"It is now time for EPA to hold upwind sources accountable for ozone emissions that are impacting downwind states," the department's secretary, Shawn Garvin, said.

The Aquila crew apparently monitors the wind throughout the day and uploads a landing plan based on the wind direction, so the drone lands upwind.

Six northeastern U.S. states on Thursday sued the federal government demanding the Environmental Protection Agency take overdue action to reduce air pollution flowing from states upwind.

"Millions of New Yorkers breathe unhealthy air due to smog pollution, much of which blows into New York from upwind states," Schneiderman said in a statement.

The "Good Neighbor" provision of the Clean Air Act requires the EPA to intervene when upwind states fail to protect health standards in downwind states, New York said.

"The Clean Air Act entitles Delaware to relief from upwind pollution and the remedy we are seeking is reasonable and within EPA's authority and responsibility to grant," Gov.

"Conventional upwind blades are expensive to manufacture, deploy and maintain beyond 10-15 MW," Todd Griffith, the project's lead blade designer, said in a Sandia National Laboratories news release.

Last year, New York and Connecticut sued to require the EPA to implement plans to reduce smog from "upwind" states, which include Illinois, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia.

In 2013 in San Francisco, Team New Zealand dominated Team USA early before losing its speed edge upwind and ultimately giving away an 8-1 lead that had appeared insurmountable.

"The Clean Air Act entitles Delaware to relief from upwind pollution and the remedy we are seeking is reasonable and within EPA's authority and responsibility to grant," said Delaware Governor John Carney.

"With the rest of the Volvo Ocean Race fleet approximately 200 miles downwind, sending them back upwind to assist, against gale to storm force winds, was not a viable option," Brisius said.

A great start saw Grael and Kunze take an early lead, but the Brazilians misjudged the race's only major wind shift on the first upwind leg to round the first pin in third.

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The state of Delaware on Tuesday said it would sue the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for failing to ensure that nearby Pennsylvania and West Virginia curbed upwind air pollution from their power plants.

U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) said in a statement the gas was aimed upwind of people throwing rocks on the Mexican side who obstructed agents from helping the children being passed over razor wire.

"More than two-thirds of New Yorkers regularly breathe unhealthy air, yet the Trump administration continues to ignore the smog caused by upwind air pollution," New York Attorney General Letitia James said in a statement.

In 2009, a policy was enacted in states situated upwind of Delhi to protect dwindling water supplies, but it is having unintended consequences and wreaking havoc on the lungs of residents in India's capital city.

The group argued that the EPA's decision to take no further action to control emissions of ground level ozone pollution stemming from upwind states until 2023 at the earliest is in violation of the Clean Air Act.

One 211 study found that Port Arthur residents were more than four times as likely than people just 2000 miles upwind of the refineries to report a host of conditions, including respiratory problems, skin disorders, and headaches.

The coalition urged the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia to overturn the EPA's decision not to add the nine upwind states to the congressionally created "Ozone Transport Region," which requires stricter pollution controls.

"Agents deployed smoke, pepper spray and CS gas to a position upwind of the rock throwers and south of the border fence," CBP said in a statement Tuesday, adding that the deployments were not directed against the migrants.

But there were no laughs in Marseille, France, in September 2013 when Henken and Scutt, competing in their first world championships in the 49erFX, sailed upwind during a race and came too close to a competitor heading downwind.

Despite the big gap at the finish, there were promising flashes of speed from Team USA, particularly its upwind speed in light wind conditions of nine to 12 knots, which were similar to those on the opening weekend.

Fixes BOGRIBAIL, India — A David and Goliath story: Two years ago, a road-construction company called IRB Infrastructure Developers established an open-air factory just across a path, and upwind, from this village in Karnataka State, in southwestern India.

In the latest development of a legal saga that began during Barack Obama's presidency, the lawsuit by New York and seven other states challenges a Trump administration decision to allow nine upwind states to escape tighter smog pollution controls.

RIO DE JANEIRO (Reuters) - Fluky winds, moderate currents and crowded upwind fleet racing challenged sailors on the Olympic regatta's opening day as Britain's Nick Dempsey and France's Charlie Picon took impressive leads in the men's and women's RS:X windsurf class.

The upwind mark that Lynch's novel heads doggedly toward is the dream of Josh's father, Bobo Jr., that his children return home so the three generations can sail together on one last Swiftsure, the West Coast's famous handicap yacht race.

Both of those states have filed formal notices with the EPA that they intend to sue the agency for not responding to petitions they filed asking the EPA to force power plants in upwind states to curb their air pollution.

State implementation plans describing how to achieve the standard require EPA approval, but it is the state that decides whether to, for example, address local industrial emissions or cut down on power plant emissions from upwind regions to meet the standard.

If upwind sources can be addressed in a comprehensive national approach, as the clean air law largely succeeds in doing in the United States, India's cities will be left to manage local hot spots over which they have greater control.

"It's absurd to pretend this so-called 'guidance' doesn't change what's acceptable: the purpose of the rollback memo is to let upwind states pollute more and refuse to control harmful smog and soot they emit into neighboring states," he added.

At this point, the agency said, its officers used smoke, pepper spray and tear gas "upwind of the rock throwers and south of the border fence" and not toward migrants already in the United States or trying to cross at the fence line.

But given the parts-per-trillion measurements required, each observatory can monitor only to a distance of at most 600 miles upwind, "depending on how fast the wind is blowing," said Ronald Prinn, an atmospheric scientist at MIT who has led AGAGE since the 1970s.

Scheiderman said the EPA's own studies show that pollution from upwind states substantially adds to harmful levels of smog in New York, and cited an American Lung Association report showing that the New York City area ranks as the nation's ninth most smog-polluted city.

Previous research has examined the ties between income and pollution exposure, and it has long been known that the location of pollution sources — such as coal-fired power plants and factories — tend to be in or upwind of poor neighborhoods that have a greater concentration of minorities.

But the race can get very tricky in the Derwent and even more complicated much earlier if a Southerly Buster occurs: a summer cold front in which strong southerly winds transform the Hobart race from a downwind joy ride into an upwind slog in towering waves.

A pair of Navy bomb-disposal divers typically drop off a boat or out of a helicopter upwind of a floating mine and swim to it, with one carrying 10 to 20 pounds of plastic explosives and the other carrying detonators on a time fuse delay.

Thanks to the delivery of four kilograms of, in its pure form, a yellowish powder known as Silver Iodide (AgI) into clouds upwind of London, it is now raining over the Salisbury Plain, 100 miles away, and the rain predicted for later in SW19 is now 92% less likely.

"Today's update builds on the decades of success under the Clean Air Act that has led to significant cuts in nitrogen oxide emissions from upwind states that affect their downwind neighbors," Janet McCabe, the acting assistant administrator for EPA's Office of Air and Radiation, said in a statement.

In the lawsuit filed in U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, the coalition, led by New Jersey, accused the EPA of violating its obligations under the Clean Air Act (CAA) by failing to promulgate air-pollution plans for seven upwind states including Illinois and Indiana.

In 2012, Judge Kavanaugh wrote an appeals court opinion striking down an Environmental Protection Agency rule that required upwind states to reduce power plant emissions that cause smog and soot pollution in downwind states, a decision that was later struck down by a 6-to-2 majority of the Supreme Court.

In the last Cup in San Francisco in 2013, the 72-foot catamarans in use were able to do that consistently only when sailing downwind — although one of the keys to Oracle's epic comeback victory over Emirates Team New Zealand was Oracle's final-hour ability to begin foiling upwind, too.

Facebook notes that by design, the Aquila craft doesn't do anything terribly fast, despite the increases in climb rate; it only flies at about 10-15 mph when flying upwind, but it's meant to provide consistent access to an area by staying over it for a relatively long time, so that's actually advantageous.

The coalition, including the Sierra Club and Downwinders at Risk, claims in a complaint filed on Friday in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia that the EPA has violated the Clean Air Act (CAA) by missing a deadline to publish plans to curb upwind ozone pollution originating in states from New Jersey to Texas.

The order by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit allows NRECA, the Ohio Valley Electric Corporation and subsidiaries of the American Electric Power System to participate as parties in consolidated cases that the states, the Chesapeake Bay Foundation and other green groups filed last year after EPA denied their petitions under the Clean Air Act's "Good Neighbor" provision, which allows states to ask the EPA to impose tougher controls on upwind sources of pollution.

Maryland Attorney General Brian Frosh (D) contends in the case that the Clean Air Act requires that EPA head Scott PruittEdward (Scott) Scott PruittEnvironmentalists renew bid to overturn EPA policy barring scientists from advisory panels Six states sue EPA over pesticide tied to brain damage Overnight Energy: Trump EPA looks to change air pollution permit process | GOP senators propose easing Obama water rule | Green group sues EPA over lead dust rules MORE force dozens of upwind power plants in five states to curb their pollution.

If a is positive, the travelling wave solution of the equation above propagates towards the right, the left side of i is called upwind side and the right side is the downwind side. Similarly, if a is negative the travelling wave solution propagates towards the left, the left side is called downwind side and right side is the upwind side. If the finite difference scheme for the spatial derivative, \partial u / \partial x contains more points in the upwind side, the scheme is called an upwind-biased or simply an upwind scheme.

Path P3 requires only a single turn but covers comparatively the widest channel. Beating is the procedure by which a ship moves on a zig-zag course to make progress directly into the wind (upwind). No sailing vessel can move directly upwind (though that may be the desired direction). Beating allows the vessel to advance indirectly upwind.

Typical courses include upwind/downwind sausage, triangle or square courses.

In computational physics, upwind schemes denote a class of numerical discretization methods for solving hyperbolic partial differential equations. Upwind schemes use an adaptive or solution-sensitive finite difference stencil to numerically simulate the direction of propagation of information in a flow field. The upwind schemes attempt to discretize hyperbolic partial differential equations by using differencing biased in the direction determined by the sign of the characteristic speeds. Historically, the origin of upwind methods can be traced back to the work of Courant, Isaacson, and Rees who proposed the CIR method.

On June 16, 2012, Blackbird set the world's first certified record for going directly upwind, without tacking, using only power from the wind. The yacht achieved a dead upwind speed of about 2.1 times the speed of the wind.

Any large body of water upwind will impact lake-effect precipitation to the lee of a downwind lake by adding moisture or pre-existing lake-effect bands, which can re-intensify over the downwind lake. Upwind lakes do not always lead to an increase of precipitation downwind.

Because of the high boat speeds, iceboat race courses are established around fixed marks which are to be rounded in a one-way route, enhancing boat-to-boat traffic safety. The courses are a straight line upwind and downwind, which necessitates tacking upwind and jibing downwind.

Sailors also round this mark counter-clockwise. After rounding, competitors head upwind to cross the finish line.

In his original work, Hirt treated this with a blended scheme consisting of controlled downwinding and upwind differencing.

27 2011. Should you head off the wind more, to get more speed (but at a longer distance)? Or should you sail upwind more, to lessen the distance (but at slower speed)? Different sailboats have varying capabilities for sailing upwindSailing Upwind (Tutorial) , Leo Robbins Community Sailing Center, Ventura CA, USA.

This may be upwind of them and close in light winds, so that it drifts down to them for recovery; upwind and a few meters away for a throwing line in moderate winds; or downwind within throwing distance if they are conscious in a heavy blow to prevent dropping heavily upon them.

On a lake, the reference point is a body of water, so the windward shore is upwind of the center of the lake. On an island, the reference point is a landmass, so the windward shore is the shore upwind (most to windward) of the center of the island. On a vessel, however, the windward rail is the one the wind is hitting first, or the one most upwind. The same is true regarding an island: the side of the island most to windward is the windward shore.

The sailing was done on the triangular type Olympic courses. The start was made in the center of a set of 8 numbered marks that were places in a circle. During the starting procedure the sequence of the marks was communicated to the sailors. By picking the mark that was most upwind the start could always be made upwind.

The boat sails so fast downwind that the apparent wind she generates is only 5-6 degrees different from that when she is racing upwind; that is, the boat is always sailing upwind with respect to the apparent wind. An explanation of this phenomenon can be found in the article on sailing faster than the wind.

The sailing was done on the triangular type Olympic courses. The start was made in the center of a set of 8 numbered marks that were places in a circle. During the starting procedure the sequence of the marks was communicated to the sailors. By picking the mark that was most upwind the start could always be made upwind.

The fuel tank holds . It has carbon fibre spars, a fractional rig and of sail for upwind sailing and for downwind sailing.

Other manufacturers offer similar cruising code 0 designs under different names, such as the screecher and reacher for upwind and downwind use respectively.

Keppel tried for three days to bring the French to action but d'Orvilliers declined, maintaining his position upwind and heading into the Atlantic.

Oval or circular mounds that generally lack a slipface. Dome dunes are rare and occur at the far upwind margins of sand seas.

A back-building thunderstorm, commonly referred to as a training thunderstorm, is a thunderstorm in which new development takes place on the upwind side (usually the west or southwest side in the Northern Hemisphere), such that the storm seems to remain stationary or propagate in a backward direction. Though the storm often appears stationary on radar, or even moving upwind, this is an illusion. The storm is really a multi-cell storm with new, more vigorous cells that form on the upwind side, replacing older cells that continue to drift downwind. When this happens, catastrophic flooding is possible.

Agarwal has worked mostly in computational simulation of fluid flows. He developed a third-order upwind scheme in 1981R.K. Agarwal, “A Third-Order-Accurate Upwind Scheme for Navier-Stokes Solutions at High Reynolds Number,” AIAA Paper 81-0112, 1981. for the numerical integration of Navier-Stokes equations and did some of the early calculations of transonic wing-body interactions for aircraft.

Commonly, it occurs in areas that frequently burn, such as large upland areas distant from water and upwind of natural fire breaks, such as lakes.

The attraction to pheromones can additionally aid them to fly upwind to the pheromone sources, possibly stimulated by pheromone molecules, without which dispersal is reduced.

If you have to use them for course racing try a bit less downhaul and use an adjustable outhaul to get the optimum upwind performance.

The class has a register of boats in New Zealand, Australia and Great Britain. New Zealand has national champions recognised by Yachting New Zealand (formerly NZYF) dating back to 1974. These yachts will plane upwind and downwind in a breeze of 12 knots or more. In 8 knots they will plane easily on reaches but are sailed in a displacement mode upwind and downwind.

On 20 July, the English fleet was off Eddystone Rocks with the Armada upwind to the west. To execute its attack, the English tacked upwind of the Armada, thus gaining the weather gage, a significant advantage. At daybreak on 21 July, the English fleet engaged the Armada off Plymouth near the Eddystone rocks. The Armada was in a crescent-shaped defensive formation, convex toward the east.

Unlike crescent shaped dunes, their crests point upwind. The bulk of the sand in the dune migrates forward. In plan view, these are U-shaped or V-shaped mounds of well-sorted, very fine to medium sand with elongated arms that extend upwind behind the central part of the dune. There are slipfaces that often occur on the outer side of the nose and on the outer slopes of the arms.

It exploits the favourable properties of the central difference and upwind scheme. It switches to upwind difference scheme when central difference scheme produces inaccurate results for high Peclet numbers. It produces physically realistic solution and has proved to be helpful in the prediction of practical flows. The only disadvantage associated with hybrid difference scheme is that the accuracy in terms of Taylor series truncation error is only first order.

If dealing with a man overboard, always bring the vessel upwind of the person. Stop the vessel in the water with the person well forward of the propellers.

False diffusion is a type of error observed when the upwind scheme is used to approximate the convection term in convection–diffusion equations. The more accurate central difference scheme can be used for the convection term, but for grids with cell Peclet number more than 2, the central difference scheme is unstable and the simpler upwind scheme is often used. The resulting error from the upwind differencing scheme has a diffusion-like appearance in two- or three-dimensional co-ordinate systems and is referred as "false diffusion". False-diffusion errors in numerical solutions of convection-diffusion problems, in two- and three-dimensions, arise from the numerical approximations of the convection term in the conservation equations.

It is possible to use a camp fire for warmth and cooking, provided that the loue is upwind. In the summertime, a mosquito net may be used for comfort.

Solution in the central difference scheme fails to converge for Peclet number greater than 2 which can be overcome by using an upwind scheme to give a reasonable result.

The front crew on a racing team handles the jib upwind and is responsible for spinnaker pole handling downwind. When racing, a middle crew is relied upon for trimming the spinnaker downwind and has boat balance as a primary responsibility upwind. The Lightning's rig is simple, but offers sophisticated sail shape controls. The hull features a hard chine design that combines the stability that provides sail-carrying power, with flat bottom sections that promote planing.

Flux footprint (also known as atmospheric flux footprint or footprint) is an upwind area where the atmospheric flux measured by an instrument is generated. Specifically, the term flux footprint describes an upwind area "seen" by the instruments measuring vertical turbulent fluxes, such that heat, water, gas and momentum transport generated in this area is registered by the instruments. Another frequently used term, fetch, usually refers to the distance from the tower when describing the footprint.

The boat displaces a total of 410 pounds. The mast is tall. The total upwind sail area for the Mutt is . The main sail is , and the jib is maximum.

The airplane can land using crab only (zero side slip) up to the landing crosswind guideline. On dry runways, upon touchdown the airplane tracks towards the upwind edge of the runway while de-crabbing to align with the runway. Immediate upwind aileron is needed to ensure the wings remain level while rudder is needed to track center line. The greater the amount of crab at touchdown, the larger the lateral deviation from the point of touchdown.

Built by John Nash in 1888 for $20,000, it is still standing. The city courthouse survived, being upwind from the flames. The city rebuilt the downtown area rapidly in the following months.

As such, flies respond to panoramic retinal patterns of visual expansion with robust steering maneuvers away from the expansion point (mimicking an approaching object) to avoid collisions and maintain upwind flight postures.

The Mark did not succeed for a number of reasons: 1\. Poor upwind performance. 2\. She was not available for home building. 3\. She never reached sustainable numbers in any location. 4\.

Sailboat beating upwind into the channel in Ipswich Bay. Castle Hill and Crane's Beach are visible in the background. The tide is high. A breaker on Sandy Point is visible in the foreground.

The ability of the sloop rig in general to sail upwind meant a Bermuda sloop could outrun most other sailing ships by simply turning upwind and leaving its pursuers floundering in its wake. Despite Bermudian privateers preying heavily on American shipping during the American War of Independence, some historians credit the large number of Bermuda sloops (reckoned at well over a thousand) built in Bermuda as privateers and sold illegally to the Americans as enabling the rebellious colonies to win their independence.

False diffusion with the upwind scheme is reduced by increasing the mesh density. In the results of figure 3 and 4 the false diffusion error is lowest in figure 4(b) with finer mesh size.

Whereas iceboats have been able to exceed the speed of the wind, both upwind and downwind for a century, this capability only became routine with the evolution of 18 ft Skiffs in the third quarter of the 20th century when their speed tripled from that of the 1950s. Craft that sail faster than the speed of the wind, downwind as well as upwind, are capable of tacking downwind because the apparent wind is always ahead of the mast. This led to the concept of "apparent wind sailing".

The first downwind leg saw both boats foiling at around , at times well within of each other. Team New Zealand took the lead into the upwind third leg, but were unable to hold it. Oracle once again showed their upwind foiling ability and were able to pass with ease. Team New Zealand and Barker refused to give up, but in the absence of any mistakes from Oracle, they confirmed their victory 9–8 by 44 seconds on the line to the cheers of the crowd.

AUSM stands for Advection Upstream Splitting Method. It is developed as a numerical inviscid flux function for solving a general system of conservation equations. It is based on the upwind concept and was motivated to provide an alternative approach to other upwind methods, such as the Godunov method, flux difference splitting methods by Roe, and Solomon and Osher, flux vector splitting methods by Van Leer, and Steger and Warming. The AUSM first recognizes that the inviscid flux consist of two physically distinct parts, i.e.

From a historical point of view, shock- capturing methods can be classified into two general categories: classical methods and modern shock capturing methods (also called high-resolution schemes). Modern shock-capturing methods are generally upwind biased in contrast to classical symmetric or central discretizations. Upwind-biased differencing schemes attempt to discretize hyperbolic partial differential equations by using differencing based on the direction of the flow. On the other hand, symmetric or central schemes do not consider any information about the direction of wave propagation.

Opposite to the focusing cone, on the so-called upwind side of the Sun, an enhanced pickup ion flux in the form of a crescent is produced for atoms with low first ionization potentials (H+, O+, N+).

While most windsurfing boards are single-fin, wave boards now feature some twin-fin, tri-fin and quad-fin designs. Directional kitesurfing boards are usually three-fin, with five-fin designs being used for improved upwind performance.

A panemone WEH with 8 airfoils The vanes of a panemone are moved by the wind in a circle to turn the drive shaft. To accomplish this they must move with the wind only while on one side of the circle, and move against the wind on the other side. To prevent the vanes moving upwind from being blown back by the wind, one half of the panemone may be shielded, or else the vanes may be attached so that they can turn edge-on to the wind when the wheel is moving them upwind.

Proximity with the land, tidal and stream effects and wind variability due to geography (hills, cliffs, etc.) may also come into play. An upwind vessel is able to manoeuvre at will toward any downwind point, since the relative wind then moves aft. A vessel downwind of another, in attempting to attack upwind, is constrained to trim sail as the relative wind moves forward and cannot point too far into the wind for fear of being headed. In sailing warfare, when beating to windward, the vessel experiences heeling under the sideward pressure of the wind.

Righting a capsized boat Laser sailing and racing present a unique set of physical and skill-based challenges. Fast Laser sailing requires an advanced level of fitness in order to endure the straight-legged hiking and body-torque techniques essential in getting upwind and reaching quickly. Since 1998 Laser sailing has increased not only to be physical upwind and reaching but also to include far more demanding sailing and potential speed increases when sailing downwind. Traditionally sailing downwind has been considered processional in dinghy racing, simply being pushed downwind.

The wind would bring in air generated somewhere upwind and brought upwards to a large degree due to turbulent exchange. So, the water flux footprint was just under the instrument in the first case, and was somewhere upwind in the second case. In the adjacent image, the darker the red color, the more contribution that is coming from the surface area a certain distance away for the instrument. Most of the contribution usually comes not from underneath the instrument or from kilometers away, but rather from somewhere in between.

The 505 is a large boat by dinghy standards, with a powerful sailplan, especially with the adoption in October 2001 of a larger spinnaker. The 505 will plane upwind in wind speeds of around 10 knots or more.

Advantages of this sail plan include simplicity of construction, maintenance, and sailing. Its disadvantage is a limited ability to sail upwind. The origin of the name is unknown. A catboat is not the same as a twin-hull catamaran.

Massie was regarded for his work ethic and thinking ability. An upwind bowler, he was known for his ability to swing the ball late in both directions. His nickname was "Ferg" – from the well known tractor brand Massey-Ferguson.

A technically challenging voyage due to Rapa Nui's isolation and location over 1,000 miles upwind; it is known as "Closing the Triangle" because it took the canoe to the southeastern Pacific for the first time. Kama Hele escorted the voyage.

Captain Douglass then attempted to escape upwind but at 9:30, Levant was overtaken and also forced to surrender. Although it was acknowledged that the crews of both British ships had fought determinedly and skilfully, Stewart's ship-handling had been faultless.

During a training run, Alinghi 5 covered to windward and back in 2.5 hours in winds, so her average velocity made good was , about 1.9 times the wind speed. Alinghi 5 sails so fast downwind that the apparent wind she generates is only 5–6 degrees different from when she is racing upwind; that is, Alinghi 5 is always sailing upwind with respect to the apparent wind. An explanation of this phenomenon can be found in the article on sailing faster than the wind. The design of the yacht was influenced by that of racing catamarans developed for regattas on Lake Geneva.

The boat is long and wide at the beam. It carries around of sail area, main, jib and asymmetrical spinnaker combined. Upwind, it has a mainsail and 105% jib. Downwind, it has a large Asymmetrical spinnaker that flies from a retractable bowsprit.

Mafra-Neto, A., Carde´, R.T., 1994. Fine-scale structure of pheromone plumes modulates upwind orientation of flying moths. Nature 369, 142–144Mafra-Neto, A., Baker, T.C., 1996b. Elevation of pheromone response threshold in almond moth males pre-exposed to pheromone spray. Physiol. Entomol.

Forester, p. 52 The Constitution meanwhile ran downwind for several minutes, repairing damage to the rigging, before once again wearing and beating upwind to return to battle. As Constitution prepared to renew the action, Guerriere fired a shot in the opposite direction to Constitution.Borneman, p.

This would reduce sortie rates. Likewise, at the loading end of the route, the aircraft would land downwind, load, and takeoff upwind. Empty weight was , almost twice that of the Antonov An-225, the largest and heaviest aircraft to be built, at .Goebel, Greg.

However, outflow aloft is essential for the strengthening of a tropical cyclone. If this outflow is restricted or undercut, the tropical cyclone weakens. If two tropical cyclones are in close proximity, the upper-level outflow from the upwind system can limit the development of the other system.

The Vestas V90-2MW is a three-bladed upwind horizontal-axis wind turbine designed and manufactured by Vestas with versions for wind classes IIA and IIIA.Product page at vestas.com: The V90-2MW has a tubular steel tower between and height. The nacelle is long, wide, and high once installed.

Upwind, it has a mainsail and 100% jib. Downwind, it has a large 670 square foot (62 m²) Asymmetrical spinnaker that flies from a retractable bowsprit. The boat's hull is made from lightweight fiberglass. The mast, rudder, bowsprit, and keel fin are made from carbon fiber for light weight.

Wind will cause pressure on the upwind side of a roof (and truss) and suction on the downwind side. This will translate to asymmetrical loads but the Cremona method is the same. Wind force may introduce larger forces in the individual truss members than the static vertical loads.

The windward mark is placed directly upwind from the start/finish line. Competitors must round the mark going counter-clockwise. After rounding the windward mark, the fleet now heads towards the leeward mark. The leeward mark is positioned directly downwind from the windward mark, below the start/finish line.

History of St. Augustine Augustine.com, Accessed January 1, 2009 Although situated 150 miles away, the residents of St. Augustine heard of the Battle of Port Royal on November 7, 1861. Troops on a Union ship just upwind from the battle saw flashes of light, but often heard nothing.Heidler p.

Personally, I can also see seasoned couples downsizing from large family cruisers to this more manageable model, which is both less demanding to sail and easier on the wallet." Yachting Monthly writer Chris Beeson reviewed the design in 2014, stating, "our test sail for Jeanneau’s new Sun Odyssey 349 took place in pretty punchy conditions, gusty with up to 30 knots over the deck upwind. Despite the fact that we had taken in both of the main’s two reefs we were still overpowered but, with the main feathered off and the jib’s leech open, she bounded upwind with great enthusiasm. She would lean on her chines in a gust and just accelerate.

Crosswind movement is not desired, and may be very much undesirable, if for instance the ship is moving along a narrow channel. Therefore, the ship changes tack periodically, reversing the direction of cross-wind movement while continuing the upwind movement. The interval between tacks depends (in part) on the lateral space available: in a small navigable channel, tacks may be required every few minutes, while in the open ocean days may pass between tacks, provided that the wind continues to come from the same general direction. In older vessels that could not sail close to the wind, beating could be an expensive process that required sailing a total distance several times the distance actually traveled upwind.

Their cerci are very sensitive to the wind, and help them survive half of their attacks. Elk have a keen sense of smell that can detect potential upwind predators at a distance of . Increases in wind above signals glaucous gulls to increase their foraging and aerial attacks on thick-billed murres.

Lake-effect snow is produced as cold winds blow clouds over warm waters. There are some key elements that are required to form lake-effect precipitation and which determine its characteristics: instability, fetch, wind shear, upstream moisture, upwind lakes, synoptic (large)-scale forcing, orography/topography, and snow or ice cover.

By the late 1840s, the telegraph allowed reports of weather conditions from a wide area to be received almost instantaneously,Encyclopædia Britannica. Telegraph. Retrieved on 2007-05-05. allowing forecasts to be made from knowledge of weather conditions further upwind. This led to United States government involvement in the weather enterprise.

In this case heat from west and south wall is convected by flow towards north and east. There will be no diffusion across the diagonal XX but, when the upwind scheme is applied the results are similar to case (i) where actual diffusion is occurring. This error is known as false diffusion.

The rope keeps the rudder from floating off in a wave. Both rudders and lee boards have swiveling tips so the dinghy can be landed. Rudders are often arranged so the tiller folds against the rudder to make a compact package. Racing dinghies usually have a daggerboard or centreboard to better sail upwind.

Indirect sampling is often referred to as back calculation. It involves the use of a mathematical formula to predict an emission rate. Many methods are used, but all make use of the same inputs which include surface roughness, upwind and downwind concentrations, stability class (or other similar factor), wind speed, and wind direction.

In 2013, a new class of catamaran was announced for the America's Cup which can achieve well in excess of double the speed of the wind.How yachts go faster than the wind Gray, R. The Telegraph 26 September 2013 The catamarans used for the 2013 America's Cup were expected to sail upwind at 1.2 times the speed of the true wind, and downwind at 1.6 times the speed of the true wind.The monohull concept for the 34th America's Cup called for a design that would achieve 1.0 times true wind speed upwind and 1.4 times downwind, see They proved to be faster, averaging about 1.8 times the speed of the wind with peaks slightly over 2.0. The Extreme 40 catamaran can sail at in winds.

All the above-mentioned results are for situations with no heating effects. A numerical model study have shown that, when a surface in a street canyons heats up, it changes the characteristics of the vortex flow. And heating of different surfaces; upwind wall, downwind wall, canyon floor, changes the vortex flow in different manners.

The furling sails are stored in the mast and can be deployed along tracks on the yards in six minutes. The sails are trimmed by rotating the masts. As there is no rigging, the masts and yards can be rotated without restriction for all points of sail, making Black Pearl a capable upwind clipper.

Tannehill, J. C., Anderson, D. A., and Pletcher, R. H., Computational Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer, 2nd ed., Taylor & Francis (1997). Unlike first-order upwind scheme, the MacCormack does not introduce diffusive errors in the solution. However, it is known to introduce dispersive errors (Gibbs phenomenon) in the region where the gradient is high.

A precipitationshed is the upwind ocean and land surface that contributes evaporation to a given, downwind location's precipitation. In much the same way that a watershed is defined by a topographically explicit area that provides surface runoff, the precipitationshed is a statistically defined area within which evaporation, traveling via moisture recycling, provides precipitation for a specific point.

In almost every case the wing's leading edge will fly forward a little and then "tuck". It is then likely to collapse and descend upwind of the pilot. On the ground it will be restrained by the pilot's legs. Landing in winds which are too strong for the wing is to be avoided where-ever possible.

The island's name, Nananu-i-Cake, means "Daydream Upwind" (or easterly) in Fijian. The island is also known by several other names, including Ananugata, Nananugata, Yananu and Nananu-i- Thake Island. The main residence on the island was designed by the architecture firm of Murray Cockburn, based in Auckland. A deep-water jetty is on the island's western shore.

Further, the waves leveled upwind hooks, water backstay, and krambal backstay on bowsprit. The crew put a great effort to save the mast from collapse. At night, it was "very unpleasant to see the movement of parts of the sloop, and listen to its cracking". At 3 am on March 10 "Vostok" passed destroying iceberg by a miracle.

This extra heat leads to greater upward motion, which can induce additional shower and thunderstorm activity. Rainfall rates downwind of cities are increased between 48% and 116%. Partly as a result of this warming, monthly rainfall is about 28% greater between downwind of cities, compared with upwind. Some cities induce a total precipitation increase of 51%.

At 6:50, Cyane struck her colours. Lieutenant Hoffman, the second lieutenant of Constitution, took command of Cyane. At 8:00 pm, Stewart set off to pursue Levant, and at 8:50 discovered the British vessel beating back upwind to re-enter the fight, unaware that Cyane had surrendered. The two vessels exchanged broadsides on opposite tacks.

This launch is a variant of the towline launch performed alone. The running person is replaced by a combined length of elastic cord or rubber tubing and line which is attached to the ground upwind of the pilot, often using a 'corkscrew' dog stake. Variations in rubber diameter, model weight and headwind determine the launch height.Hughes 1975, p. 181.

They were rocking the boat and pumping sails like sitting on a Laser to extend their lead. Then it was easy to defend the lead from the front despite of their poor upwind speed. 2 Years later rocking and pumping was forbidden by the IYRU-Racing Rules. 16 Years later Alex Hagen won the Star Worlds again in Marblehead.

Air pollution is not bound to a nation. Often, air coming into the U.S. contains pollution from upwind countries, making it harder to meet air quality standards. In turn, air that travels downwind of the U.S. likely has pollutants in it already. Addressing this may require international negotiations of reductions of pollutants in the originating countries.

H.K Versteeg & W. Malalasekera . An introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics.Chapter:5. Figure 5.5.H.K Versteeg & W. Malalasekera . An introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics.Chapter:5. Figure 5.13. Therefore the upwind differencing scheme is applicable for Pe > 2 for positive flow and Pe < −2 for negative flow. For other values of Pe, this scheme doesn’t give effective solution.

Points of sail with a kite buggy. Current kite rigs can be sailed within 50 degrees of the wind.Skysails, Captain John Konrad, Mariner's Weather Log, April 2009, Volume 53, No. 1, National Weather Service This allows them to sail upwind by tacking. A power kite is held at an angle to the wind using control lines.

In strong winds of 25 knots or more they are difficult to sail and extremely exciting, with numerous capsizes suiting summer venues with warm water. The yachts sail best upwind if they are allowed to point a little lower than the theoretical maximum and this gives much better boat speed so that the VMG (Velocity made good) is maximized.

False diffusion is defined as an error having a diffusion-like appearance, obtained when the upwind scheme is used in multidimensional cases to solve for the distribution of transported properties flowing non-orthogonally to one or more of the system's major axes. The error is absent when the flow is orthogonal or parallel to each major axis.

Liu Laozhi's former lieutenant Liu Yu marched on Jiankang, forcing Huan to retreat to Jiangling before returning with a much larger force. The decisive battle was fought on Zhengrong Island, near modern Echeng, on 10 June 404. Both sides arrived with their flotillas. Liu's subordinate Liu Yi took advantage of the upwind position to set fire to Huan's ships.

They also had an iron centerboard that could be lowered to increase the draft to six feet and assist in upwind sailing. They had a very large mainsail with relatively small headsails and a 3/4s rig. The tall mast was sitka spruce with stainless rigging. The first 40 were built by Luedtke; Remi DeBlaere built the last 11.

EME Homer City Generation, the U.S. Supreme Court said the EPA's Cross- State Air Pollution Rule was a cost-effective allocation of emission reductions among upwind States and is a permissible, workable, and equitable interpretation of the Good Neighbor Provision."EPA v. EME Homer City Generation Decision", U.S. Supreme Court. April 29, 2014. Accessed August 16, 2014.

British gunnery was very poor, scoring only four hits out of 210 rounds fired. The primary cause was the smoke from the guns and funnels, since the British were upwind of the Germans,Massie, pp. 261–266 though one gun of Invincibles 'A' turret jammed at 13:42 and was out of action for thirty minutes.Tarrant, p.

Dark sand dunes are clustered in the southwest of the crater. The orientation of the barchan dunes suggest that they were generated by northeasterly winds. The source of the dune's sand appears to be local. Upwind of the dunes there is a 2-km diameter crater, informally known as Euphrates, within Pasteur crater that may have excavated sediments.

Moreover, flywheels leak energy fairly quickly and affect a vehicle's steering through the gyroscopic effect. They have been used experimentally in gyrobuses. Wind energy is used by sailboats and land yachts as the primary source of energy. It is very cheap and fairly easy to use, the main issues being dependence on weather and upwind performance.

This is possible through the very high sail-carrying power to total weight ratio, which is above 30% with the no. 1 rig and approaches 40% with the no. 3 rig (for reference, a 30% ratio is needed to plane upwind and a 10% ratio is needed to plane at all. Most cruising boats have a ratio under 5%).

Upwind from hearths at the site are artifacts indicating stone tool maintenance and manufacture. Downwind from the hearths are discarded bones. The bones have cut marks from butchering and were also busted up to remove the nutritious bone marrow. Parts of the site are well preserved and have potential to provide further information about this period.

Northern Europeans were resistant to adopting the fore-and-aft rig, despite having seen its use in the course of trade and during the Crusades. The Renaissance changed this: beginning in 1475, their use increased and within a hundred years the fore-and-aft rig was in common use on rivers and in estuaries in Britain, northern France, and the Low Countries, though the square rig remained standard for the harsher conditions of the open North Sea as well as for trans-Atlantic sailing. The lateen sail proved to have better upwind performance for smaller vessels. During the 16th-19th centuries other fore-and-aft sails were developed in Europe, such as the spritsail, gaff rig, jib, genoa, staysail, and Bermuda rig mainsail, improving the upwind sailing ability of European vessels.

Wind sculpted snow near South Pole Station, forming sastrugi features. Sastrugi, or zastrugi, are features formed by erosion of snow by wind. They are found in polar regions, and in snowy, wind-swept areas of temperate regions, such as frozen lakes or mountain ridges. Sastrugi are distinguished by upwind-facing points, resembling anvils, which move downwind as the surface erodes.

6 Paha ridges have also been identified in KansasKay, George F. (1917), Iowa Geological Survey, Volume 26, pp. 150–152 and in western Illinois. Similar ridge forms occur in the arid upwind parts of the Palouse region of Washington.David R. Gaylord, Geomorphic Development of a Late Quaternary Paired Eolian Sequence, Columbia Plateau, Washington, Geological Society of America 2002 Annual Meeting, Denver.

At 11:30 am, Chauncey ordered his windward line to steer downwind and reform to leeward of the heavy vessels. The two leading schooners, and , failed to wear ship and were left cut off from the rest of Chauncey's squadron.Malcolmson, pp. 174–177 Rather than try to beat upwind to rescue the two schooners, Chauncey withdrew downwind, hoping that Yeo would follow him.

The History Press. 1 May 2011. The colony's lightweight Bermuda cedar vessels were widely prized for their agility and speed, especially upwind. The high, raked masts and long bowsprits and booms favoured in Bermuda allowed its vessels of all sizes to carry vast areas of sail when running down-wind with spinnakers and multiple jibs, allowing great speeds to be reached.

Red Rock is a rock formation in southwestern Wyoming that was used by travelers on the Overland Trail to record signature inscriptions from passersby. The wind-smoothed red rock stands about high and has a circumference of about . The sandstone formation records signatures dating to at least the 1850s. The signatures on the upwind side of the rock have weathered to faint traces.

From the below graph we can see that the QUICK scheme is more accurate than the upwind scheme. In the QUICK scheme we face the problems of undershoot and overshoot due to which some errors occur. These overshoots and undershoots should be considered while interpreting solutions. False diffusion errors will be minimized with the QUICK scheme when compared with other schemes.

Not to be confused with Ley line. The black line is the layline In sailboat racing, a layline is an imaginary line extending from the objective (typically a racing mark) to indicate the point at which a boat should tack or gybe in order to just clear the mark on the correct side (weather side if upwind [tacking], leeward side if downwind [gybing]).

The hybrid difference scheme is a method used in the numerical solution for convection–diffusion problems. It was first introduced by Spalding (1970). It is a combination of central difference scheme and upwind difference scheme as it exploits the favorable properties of both of these schemes.Scarborough, J.B.(1958) Numerical Mathematical Analysis, 4th edn, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.Spalding, D.B. (1972).

A review from the TIME magazine said: > Malladi's subject is...compelling the survivors of the Bhopal tragedy remain > neglected and angry after 18 years. [Malladi] was a child in Bhopal when the > disaster happened and wasn't affected because her house was upwind of the > Carbide factory. The victims of the accident now total 14,000, a number > Malladi humanizes by keeping her story intimate.

Some of the canals are too narrow to be negotiable upwind by sail. Therefore, participants are allowed to paddle, punt or tow their sloops to overcome trajectories that offer prohibitive circumstances for sailing. When winds are strong the Kamer 2 Sailing Marathon is essentially a sailing race. In quiet weather, however, paddling and mast handling skills can become crucial for victory.

Street canyons can modify both the speed and the direction of winds. The vertical wind velocity approaches zero at the roof level of the canyon. Shear production and dissipation are high at the roof level and a strong thin shear layer is created at the building height. Turbulence kinetic energy is higher near the downwind building than near the upwind building because of stronger wind shears.

Some Ross 930s have been modified to increase their performance down wind, with a prod (sometimes articulating) and gennakers. A common trend is to also fit a mast head spinnaker halyard so mast head spinnakers and gennakers can be hoisted. In order to control these more powerful sails, heavier and deeper keels must also be fitted. This will also increase the boat's heavy weather upwind performance.

They reached Neah Bay on August 7. From there the San Carlos, returned to Nootka Sound, arriving on November 9. Carrasco, however, was unable or unwilling to beat upwind to Nootka and instead sailed the Santa Saturnina south to Monterey, California, arriving there on September 16, 1791. The two ships of the expedition of Alessandro Malaspina were at Monterey at the time, having arrived five days earlier.

As full-size winch launching but using a small electric motor (usually based on a car starter motor) and a reverse pulley staked to the ground upwind. The launch speed is controlled by the pilot using a foot pedal.Hughes 1975, p. 257. A parachute is used (pulled shut by the launch tension) to assist in preventing the winch spool overrunning when the model is released.

Barker was aggressive in the pre-start phase of the first race of Day 9. It did not pay off, and Spithill was able to get into a position where Team New Zealand was forced to keep clear. From that lead off the start line, Oracle led the whole race to win race twelve by 31 seconds. During the upwind leg, Oracle's performance was excellent.

K Versteeg & W. Malalasekera . An introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics.Chapter:5.Page 118(5.6.1.1). The upwind differencing scheme formulation is conservative. BoundednessH.K Versteeg & W. Malalasekera . An introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics.Chapter:5.Page 118 (5.6.1.2). As the coefficients of the discretised equation are always positive hence satisfying the requirements for boundedness and also the coefficient matrix is diagonally dominant therefore no irregularities occur in the solution.

Spinnaker, made of nylon because of its light weight and high strength. Nylon is used in spinnakers because of its light weight, high tensile strength, superior abrasion resistance and flexibility. However, it has a low modulus allowing too much stretch to be suitable for upwind sails. Nylon is more susceptible to UV and chemical degradation than polyesters and its physical properties can change due to moisture absorption.

"Airflow and Aeolian Sediment Transport Patterns Within a Coastal Trough Blowout During Lateral Wind Conditions." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 39.14 (2014): 1847-1854. Saucer blowouts indicate a deceleration of wind flow along the deflation basin as the structure widens over time by reversing flows eroding the sides and expanding upwind. Due to rapid deceleration, saucers tend to form short, wide, radial depositional slopes.

PlayStation was originally launched with hulls of and was lengthened to LOA in August 2000, to minimize pitching. At PlayStation was overpowered and the possibility of a pitch pole in a yacht this size warranted the refit. Maximum beam remains at and max draft with daggerboards down is . The boat carries of sail upwind, and a total of downwind from her 147.5 foot carbon mast.

Swift moths are crepuscular and some species form leks, also thought to have arisen independently in the genus Ogygioses (Palaeosetidae). In most genera, males fly swiftly to virgin females that are calling with scent. In other genera, virgin females "assemble" upwind to displaying males,Mallet, J. 1984. Sex roles in the ghost moth Hepialus humuli (L.) with a review of mating in the Hepialidae (Lepidoptera).

2008 470 World Champions Erin Maxwell and Isabelle Kinsolving sailing upwind. In the World Championships more than 30 countries have been represented. There are 65 member nations in the International Class Association and more than 40,000 boats have been built in 20 countries. The 470 may be raced in a mixed fleet of boats, its performance being adjusted by the Portsmouth Yardstick handicapping scheme.

Disassembly is typically half the assembly time. The Oru Kayak uses the principles of origami to construct a long kayak using a single sheet of corrugated plastic as both the ribs and skin. The Oru kayak folds into itself to form a carrying case when not in use. The stability and design robustness of several folding kayak models makes them ideal for upwind and downwind sailing.

During takeoff and landing, an aircraft's wake sinks toward the ground and moves laterally away from the runway when the wind is calm. A crosswind will tend to keep the upwind side of the wake in the runway area and may cause the downwind side to drift toward another runway. Since the wingtip vortices exist at the outer edge of an airplane's wake, this can be dangerous.

Reversing dune showing short minor slipface atop the major stoss (upwind) face Occurring wherever winds periodically reverse direction, reversing dunes are varieties of any of the above shapes. These dunes typically have major and minor slipfaces oriented in opposite directions. The minor slipfaces are usually temporary, as they appear after a reverse wind and are generally destroyed when the wind next blows in the dominant direction.

Upwind during our sail, speeds hovered around 6 knots and crept up to the low 7s when I drove for maximum speed in the puffs. We tacked through 85 degrees, and I could have pinched a little higher (and sacrificed a little speed) if I needed to. Tacking the jib requires more winch grinding than a smaller blade jib would, but it’s hardly a problem.

High- performance dinghies are fast and powerful dinghies designed for racing around an Olympic triangle (Olympic Racing Course). Examples of such dinghies are the International Flying Dutchman, the International 505, the Jet 14, the Fireball, the Osprey, the Thistle, the 14 ft John Spencer Javelin and the International 470. They can all plane easily, even upwind and they use trapeze and a symmetric spinnaker.

Originally built in plywood, modern 110s are built in fiberglass. Since there is a minimum hull weight, modern lightweight materials offer little advantage, and older wooden hulls can still be competitive. Crew is 2, although 3 can fit, one crew member can use a trapeze rig to place their weight further out while sailing upwind. More than 700 110s have been built to date.

Irish Yachting and Motorboating magazine Her performance is slower than an OK upwind due to her lighter weight (130lbs.) and shorter length. The Mark is in length, with forward and side buoyancy compartments. A free standing rotating mast stepped far forward in the front buoyancy compartment supports a mainsail which features a MK symbol to identify the boat. In 1966 the fibreglass Mark was introduced with no.

Velocity made good, or VMG, is a term used in sailing, especially in yacht racing, indicating the speed of a sailboat towards (or from) the direction of the wind. The concept is useful because a sailboat cannot sail directly upwind, and thus often can not, or should not, sail directly to a mark to reach it as quickly as possible. It is also often less than optimal to sail directly downwind.

If a windcatcher's open side faces the prevailing wind, it can "catch" it, and bring it down into the heart of the building. Suction from the lee side of a windtower is also an important driving force, usually somewhat more constant and less gusty than the pressure on the upwind side.(see Venturi effect and Bernoulli's principle). Routing the wind through the building cools the people in the building interior.

The majority of fore-and-aft mainsails have a boom along the foot, and some staysails may also be boomed, often to enable self-tacking. A boomed sail allows a more efficient sail shape, especially upwind. One of the advantages of boomless sails is that there is no boom to hit one's head or knock one into the water. Boats without booms are also lighter and cheaper to make.

The weather gage (sometimes spelled weather gauge) is the advantageous position of a fighting sailing vessel relative to another. It is also known as "nautical gauge" as it is related to the sea shore. The concept is from the Age of Sail and is now antique. A ship at sea is said to possess the weather gage if it is in any position upwind of the other vessel.

The modern Bermuda rig uses a triangular mainsail aft of the mast, closely coordinated with a jib for sailing upwind. A large overlapping jib or genoa is often larger than the mainsail. In downwind conditions (with the wind behind the boat) a spinnaker replaces the jib. Some mainsails are "full-batten" mainsails, meaning the batten extends all the way from the mast to the leach of a sail.

The 1981 Star World Championships were held in Marblehead, United States in 1981. It was the first time since Pim von Huetschler in the 40th that non American sailors won the prestigious Worlds Title. It were Alexander Hagen and Vincent Hoesch from Germany that rocked the Star Class in the early 80th with Laser like downwind technics and light body weight. They were struggling upwind because of minor crew weight.

Rain drenched the summit anyway. In Moscow, the Russian Airforce tried seeding clouds with bags of cement on June 17, 2008. One of the bags did not pulverize and went through the roof of a house. In October 2009, the Mayor of Moscow promised a "winter without snow" for the city after revealing efforts by the Russian Air Force to seed the clouds upwind from Moscow throughout the winter.

Despite the tragedies encountered on Piver vessels around the time of his death, examples of his boxy cruising designs nonetheless remain in use to this day. They could never sail well upwind but were very stable; many did carry their owners to the tropics and allowed them to fulfill their cruising dreams. Actually they did a lot more than that. Many properly built Piver tris made grueling voyages.

Piver boats could never sail well upwind. In addition some versions left much to be desired, because backyard boatbuilders lacked the necessary skills or altered the original plans. However, Piver was driven to maintain his position as the world's top designer. He responded with the AA "Advanced Amateur" range with a sleek, fast profile using fiberglass over marine plywood and using double chines to improve his boats' underwater shape.

Oquendo, the other six Dunkirk ships and the San Juan, unable to turn upwind, fired as they could. The artillery did little damage, but Spanish musketry picked off many on the Dutch decks. This encounter lasted for three hours, in the course of which the Dutch ship Groot Christoffel accidentally exploded. By noon, the six ships of the Witte de With column had reached Tromp, and increased his number to 16.

Unwilling to chance a siege close to an enemy host, Baldwin elected to withdraw. The Franks suffered even worse on their return march from the heat, dust and constant harassment by the Turks. One day, the Saracens set fire to the dry brush upwind of the Franks, adding to their misery. The Crusaders carried their dead and wounded with them so that their enemies would not be encouraged by their losses.

For this reason, touchdown in a crab only condition is not recommended when landing on a dry runway. On very slippery runways, landing the airplane using crab only reduces drift towards the downwind side of a touchdown, and may reduce pilot workload since the airplane does not have to be de-crabbed before touchdown. However, proper rudder and upwind aileron must be applied after touchdown to ensure directional control is maintained.

When the flightless female wasps emerge, they climb a blade of grass, rub their legs together, release a pheromone and wait for males. When a male detects the pheromone, it flies in a zig-zag pattern upwind until the female is located. The male grasps the female and flies away with her to a food source. Copulation occurs in flight and the male feeds his mate through his abdomen.

Behind the warhead is a rear compartment which houses four folding stabilizers. Krasnopol system can also fire a salvo from multiple artillery pieces on one target using a single laser designator. After destruction of the initial target, the LTD operator may request or order another target. If these subsequent targets are close together they should be upwind (from the previous target) to reduce smoke and dust interference with the designator.

Inexperienced Lieutenant Robert Irvine took over command of the vessel. However, he could not move into a better position to take on Niagara and Somers as they were upwind. Instead, he chose to slip around General Hunter which was third in the line and attack Perry's flagship . Three of the British ships now pounded Lawrence, forcing the ship out of battle and Perry to shift his flag to Niagara.

Upwind, the boat does not point especially close to the wind, but its fully battened sails give enough power to keep up with similar-sized boats. Downwind, however is where the boat excels due to its asymmetric spinnaker (a.k.a. gennaker). In a force 3 the 4000 will plane and the crew will make full use of the trapeze wire. However, force 4-5 is when the boat performs its optimum.

During Crowther's career, over 2500 of his designs were built. A notable design was the trimaran Spirit of America, an early user of GRP-foam sandwich construction featuring composite beams with unidirectional fibres and turned-down ends. Crowther also developed 'bulbous bows' to reduce pitching, and thus increase speed when sailing upwind in a swell. After Crowther's death in 1993, Crowther Designs was run by his son, Brett.

Snowkiting is very similar to windsurfing in technique. It is harder to maintain balance than with basic snowboarding, since the hands and arms have to control the kite and thus are not completely available for balance. However, the balance issue can be somewhat offset by the up-and- forward force generated by the kite. With previous snowboard models, it was necessary to minimize side cuts to avoid inadvertently riding upwind.

This happens because in leaning back to be a counterweight against the force of the kite, the heels of the snowkiter naturally dig into the snow, causing the board to turn upwind. Modern reverse camber snowboards have addressed this problem. There are specialized equipment for snowkiting.CustomSkis.ru - Specially skis and snowboards for snowkiting They have a radius of 100-150m, skis for snowkiting are 215cm long, snowkiteboards have a length of 200cm.

When survey crews arrived, farmers had put up roadblocks and were in the process of digging a hole in the road. Farmers used their tractors to pile boulders around the tower base holes preventing concrete from being poured. One farmer parked his truck with the key broken off in the ignition to block cement mixers. Another farmer "drove upwind of a utility crew then switched on his manure spreader".

The first houses in the area were built by Charles R. Miller. Through the 1880s, the area was a marshy floodplain that was used as a dumping ground. Fumes from the glue factories along Jamaica Bay would usually blow upwind into Brownsville. This place was inconveniently far enough from Manhattan that the affluent refused to move to Brownsville, but the land was cheap enough that tenements could be built for the poor there.

In particular, studding sails or topping sails could be easily added for light airs or high speeds. Square rigs have twice the sail area per mast height compared to triangular sails, and when tuned, more exactly approximate a multiple airfoil, and therefore apply larger forces to the hull. Windage (drag) is more than triangular rigs, which have smaller tip vortices. Therefore, historic ships could not point as far upwind as high-performance sloops.

The weather restricted the visual range to much less than the gun range. In the end, being upwind from one's target was not an advantage for the Germans—it was even detrimental. The common tactic was to bypass the thick armor of a ship's hull, making the shells plunge towards the decks which were not as well protected. Firing against the wind would make the shells plunge closer to vertical, given their parabolic trajectories.

The weather gage is a critical component of aircraft carrier operations. Most carrier aircraft are easier to launch if the aircraft carrier is steaming into the wind to generate stronger apparent winds across the deck that allows for greater lift to be generated at lower actual speeds. The Battle of the Philippine Sea is a notable incident of the advantage of the weather gage for carrier operations. American carriers were upwind of the Japanese carriers.

Wind turbines in Texas, United States Wind turbines can be used to generate electricity in areas with strong, steady winds, sometimes offshore. Many different designs have been used in the past, but almost all modern turbines being produced today use a three-bladed, upwind design. Grid-connected wind turbines now being built are much larger than the units installed during the 1970s. They thus produce power more cheaply and reliably than earlier models.

This set up a strong lead for the first downwind beat. On the upwind leg Team New Zealand were able to close the lead, and at one point had to dip under the American boat. However, they could not utilise the advantage to enough effect, and Oracle led well around the top mark. Team New Zealand once again closed the lead about halfway down the fourth leg, but could not make the pass.

They managed to reach the 1st mark in 10th position but were "flying" on the reach to call for room at the jibing mark into 1st position. They were rocking the boat and pumping sails like sitting on a Laser to extend their lead. Then it was easy to defend the lead from the front despite of their poor upwind speed. 2 Years later rocking and pumping was forbidden by the IYRU-Racing Rules.

A precipitationshed is the upwind ocean and land surface that contributes evaporation to a given, downwind location's precipitation. The concept has been described as an "atmospheric watershed". The concept itself rests on a broad foundation of scholarly work examining the evaporative sources of rainfall. Since its formal definition, the precipitationshed has become an element in water security studies, examinations of sustainability, and mentioned as a potentially useful tool for examining vulnerability of rainfall dependent ecosystems.

In high winds, the blades can also be allowed to bend, which reduces their swept area and thus their wind resistance. Despite these advantages, upwind designs are preferred, because the change in loading from the wind as each blade passes behind the supporting tower can cause damage to the turbine. Turbines used in wind farms for commercial production of electric power are usually three-bladed. These have low torque ripple, which contributes to good reliability.

The Formula Windsurfing Class was adopted as an ISAF "International" class in 2001. The International Formula Windsurfing Class is controlled by the International Sailing Federation and was launched in 1998. This class introduced rules that restricted competitors to one board with a maximum of three sails and three fins (changed to two fins in 2011). This prompted the designers to create boards with a very wide wind range coupled with excellent upwind and downwind performance.

Leeboards existed in China from at least the eighth century on warships that "held the ships, so that even when wind and wave arise in fury, they are neither driven sideways, nor overturn". cited by Leeboards used to stabilize the junk and to improve its capability to sail upwind, are documented from a book by Li Chuan. The innovation was transmitted to Portuguese and Dutch ships around 1570.Donald F. Lach (1977).

Under the 12 metre class rule, the allowed sail area is an inverse function of the boat length and weight. Her stability advantage allowed Australia II to carry more sail although the boat was lighter. Along with Australia IIs efficient sail design, this winged keel was one of the factors contributing to Australia IIs success. Total advantage offered by this concept on the race course was about 1 minute per upwind leg.

Park Hill is one of the seven hills on which Sheffield is built. It is south of the River Don, and to the east of the River Sheaf. The estate is on steeply rising land the lower slopes, it is upwind of the former heavily polluting industrial areas of the Don Valley. The estate is bounded by Park Square roundabout on the A61, the B6070 Duke Street, B6071 Talbot Street and South Street.

The computational scheme is finite- difference and non-conservative; the time integration is implemented by an explicit scheme. Due to the usage of the vector potential, the magnetic field is intrinsically divergence free. High-order (4th, 6th, and 10th order, as well as single-sided or upwind) derivatives are available to resolve strong variations on the grid scale. With a set of automated tests, the functionality of the code is validated on a daily basis.

Cherubs have a high power-to-weight ratio and are very quick downwind in stronger breezes but can be slow upwind in lighter airs compared to longer boats. The class differs in detail specification between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The Northern boats, often referred to as UK Cherubs, use a second trapeze and permit appreciably larger sails than the Southern Hemisphere boats. The UK Cherub has a RYA Portsmouth number of 930.

She wallowed there in the trough of the swells, continuing to ship water. She regained headway briefly and turned upwind, while her radiomen desperately, but fruitlessly, tried to raise Hyades. Finally, she resorted to a plain- language distress call to any ship or shore station. By noon on 13 September, it was apparent that Warringtons crewmen could not win the struggle to save their ship, and the order went out to prepare to abandon ship.

27 2011. If the destination is upwind but the sailboat goes fastest heading away from this direction, this poses a significant problem: how to choose tack headings with the best tradeoff between maximimizing speed and minimizing distance. The ability to define an efficient tacking route is an important issue in sailboat racing, and for recreational sailing. It is also an important issue of navigational safety, so that the sailboat is able to arrive before dark.

However, at higher altitudes, the power in the wind decreases proportional to the decrease in air density. Rendering significantly less efficient power extraction by the wind turbines, requiring for a higher investment for the same generation capacity at lower altitudes. How closely to space the turbines together is a major factor in wind farm design. The closer the turbines are together the more the upwind turbines block wind from their rear neighbors (wake effect).

The Vanguard 15 is a recreational sailboat, built predominantly of fiberglass. It has a fractional sloop rig with aluminum spars, a raked stem, a vertical transom, a transom-hung rudder controlled by a tiller and a retractable daggerboard. It displaces and is capable of planing upwind. The boat has a draft of with the daggerboard extended and with it retracted, allowing beaching or ground transportation on a trailer or car roof rack.

There were 90 filled and 2,604 unfilled M5s in the arsenal at the time of its destruction. M32 Disperser Using a pressurized gas bottle, regulator, heater, and timer, the M32 was a man-pack weapon for pre- emplacement upwind of a target. The agent reservoir was an interchangeable compartment that held either 7 liters of wet-type or 2.75 kilograms of dry- type agent. It was intended for use with tularemia (SR) or simulants.

Fraser; Mating Disruption for Management of Insect Pests. OMAFRA.2003 Males of that species use the information contained in the pheromone plumeMafra-Neto, Agenor and Carde, Ring T. 1994. Fine-scale structure of pheromone plumes modulates upwind orientation of flying moths. Nature (London) 369 (6476): 142-144. to locate the emitting female (known as a “calling” female). Mating disruption exploits the male insects' natural response to follow the plume by introducing a synthetic pheromone into the insects’ habitat.

Nearly all wind turbines place the rotor in front of the nacelle when the wind is blowing (upwind design). Some turbines place the rotor behind the nacelle (downwind design). This design has the advantage that the turbine can be made to passively align itself with the wind, reducing cost. The main drawback is that the load on the blades changes as they pass behind the tower, increasing fatigue loading, and potentially exciting resonances in other turbine structures.

In the time when water-based industries were dominated by sailing- craft, speed was as crucial to success as it is today, perhaps even more so. Getting fish to market or delivering other perishable goods swiftly could make or break a venture. Having a swifter hull or a superior rig could be the strategic advantage that would provide financial success. Competition between owners of small commercial craft was the driving force in developing upwind sailing technology.

Meanwhile, the small jib in the initial design was replaced with the Genoa, and a trapeze was added. At La Baule there were again one-designs such as the Coronet, a smaller version of which later became the 505. Off the wind the Coronet with her bigger spinnaker and mainsail was faster, but upwind the FD won. Afterwards it was clear that the FD did very well on the open sea, and the "lakes" limitation was lifted.

A ship that is beating will sail as close to the wind as possible; this position is known as close hauled. In general, the closest angle to the wind that a ship can sail is around 35 to 45 degrees. Some modern yachts can sail very near to the wind, while older ships, especially square-rigged ships, are much worse at it. Thus when a ship is tacking, it is moving both upwind and across the wind.

The term horseshoe vortex is also used in wind engineering to describe the flow pattern created by strong winds around the base of a tall building. This effect is amplified by the presence of a low-rise building just upwind. This effect was studied at the UK Building Research Establishment between 1963 and 1973Penwarden, AD. Wise, AFE. Wind environment around buildings, cover illustration and the cause of the effect is described in contemporary wind engineering text books.

Designed by Rolf Vrolijk and an Alinghi design team headed by Grant Simmer, Alinghi 5 was built in Villeneuve, Switzerland, by Alinghi-Décision and required more than 100,000 hours of work. The mast is approximately tall (the mast was initially shorter; a taller mast was installed in October 2009). An engine installed at the back of the boat provides power for the winches. When sailing upwind, the boat can sail at less than 20 degrees off the apparent wind.

In order to be closer to — but upwind of — these works Sir William set about building a new house at Smedmore. However, along with the losses incurred from his alum works, this proved to be ruinously expensive and he ran up debts of some £20,000. He was therefore forced to sell much of the land he had inherited, including Barneston. Sir William married Mabel Roper, a great- granddaughter of Sir Thomas More, but the marriage proved childless.

The M32 is a lightweight, all carbon, high-performance, one-design multihull. Each of the two hulls - constructed of carbon fiber over a Nomex core - weigh and feature increased forward buoyancy to reduce nose diving. The boat weighs overall and carries a sail area of resulting in a very high sail area to weight ratio. The sail plan includes only a high aspect ratio, fully battened mainsail for upwind sailing combined with a furling gennaker for downwind sailing.

They can also originate from beach sands and extend inland into vegetated areas in coastal zones and on shores of large lakes. Most parabolic dunes do not reach heights higher than a few tens of metres except at their nose, where vegetation stops or slows the advance of accumulating sand. Simple parabolic dunes have only one set of arms that trail upwind, behind the leading nose. Compound parabolic dunes are coalesced features with several sets of trailing arms.

Crewed by experienced teams F18s can reach speeds of over 13 knots upwind and more than 20 knots downwind. The relatively high boat weight facilitates robust construction and limits the benefits from fragile advanced construction techniques, keeping costs down and increasing longevity. It also supports adding interchangeable parts to the platform, for example for use of the platform as a foiling catamaran outside F18 racing. Moreover, the relatively high boat weight reduces the sensitivity of performance to crew weight.

From a theoretical point of view, Hartke's expression has to be preferred to Poole-Frenkel equation on the grounds that the threedimensionality of the problem of the trap barrier lowering is considered. Additional three-dimensional models have been developed, differing by the treatment they do of the emission process in the upwind direction. Ieda, Sawa, and Kato, for example, have proposed a model that includes the barrier variation in directions both forward and opposite to the electric field.

On the latitude of South Foreland, she then sighted a Barque without lights coming from the opposite direction. Suddenly, the barque sailed upwind instead of sailing downwind, like a sail ship ought to do in these circumstances. As a consequence both ships collided, sustaining damage to hull and rigging without getting leaky. During the night the Adolf put the Gustav in tow till morning, when an English tugboat offered to pull her to the closest harbor.

The lamellae are constructed in either rubber or steel, though practically any other fire-resistant material could be used. The fire is attacked from the upwind side by lightly swatting out the flames or glows with the thick flap. When the flapper hits the ground, the oxygen supply to the fire is stopped and the fire will be extinguished. Where ground cover is short, the flapper can be dragged along the fire edge to smother the fire.

The gunner William Peckover, brought his pocket watch which was used to regulate time. Most of these were obtained by the clerk, Mr Samuel, who acted with great calm and resolution, despite threats from the mutineers. The launch could not hold all the loyal crew members, so four were detained on Bounty for their useful skills; they were later released in Tahiti. Tahiti was upwind from Bligh's initial position, and was the obvious destination of the mutineers.

On a smooth surface you should get lift-off from around Force 3 on both downwind and upwind legs. Further up the wind scale, Fireball sailors reckon they are still racing when everyone else has gone home ... That’s what sailing a Fireball is about. A boat for everyday sailors that can provide enjoyable racing from about age 16 to 60 plus. Forty years on our verdict is that the Fireball is still a load of fun to sail.

Vertical-axis wind turbine in the UK. Turbines are often mounted on a tower to raise them above any nearby obstacles. One rule of thumb is that turbines should be at least higher than anything within . Better locations for wind turbines are far away from large upwind obstacles. Measurements made in a boundary layer wind tunnel have indicated that significant detrimental effects associated with nearby obstacles can extend up to 80 times the obstacle's height downwind.

Increased light intensity has been shown to increase activity of the whitefly vector. Whiteflies can fly at speeds up to 0.2 mph, and in high-wind conditions they can move much greater distances in a shorter time, thus increasing rate of virus spread. This wind-dependent spread is reflected in the location of the whitefly in cassava fields, with populations greatest in upwind borders and lowest within the field. Virus incidence increases when cassava is growing vigorously.

In the 1800s, George Pocock used kites of increased size to propel carts on land and ships on the water, using a four-line control system—the same system in common use today. Both carts and boats were able to turn and sail upwind. The kites could be flown for sustained periods.Jakob Jelling History of kitesurfing Kitesurfingnow The intention was to establish kitepower as an alternative to horsepower, partly to avoid the hated "horse tax" that was levied at that time.

They pace around at a speed of , taking 120 steps per minute on average. After spending much of the day on the ground, secretarybirds return at dusk, moving downwind before flying in upwind. Birds encountered singly are often unattached males, their territories generally in less suitable areas. Conversely, larger groups of up to 50 individuals may be present at an area with a localised resource such as a waterhole in a dry area or an irruption of rodents or locusts fleeing a fire.

Leech line with jam cleat to control the tension on the leach of a sail Modern sails may come with a standard leech line (leech control) that runs under the back edge of the mainsail. This line is usually fixed at the head of the sail, and the other end can be cleated near the clew of the sail. In strong winds, particularly when sailing upwind, the leach of the sail may begin to flutter. Tightening the leach line will prevent that.

Relationship between tacking and beating to windward Tacking is sometimes confused with beating to windward, which is a process of beating a course upwind and generally implies (but does not require) actually coming about. In the accompanying figure, the boat is seen to tack three times while beating to windward. When used without a modifier, the term "tacking" is always synonymous with "coming about"; however, some find it acceptable to say "tack downwind"; i.e., change tack by jibing rather than coming about.

Phosphaenus hemipterus has photic organs, yet is a diurnal firefly and displays large antennae and small eyes. These traits strongly suggest pheromones are used for sexual selection, while photic organs are used for warning signals. In controlled experiments, males coming from downwind arrived at females first, indicating males travel upwind along a pheromone plume. Males were also found to be able to find females without the use of visual cues, when the sides of test Petri dishes were covered with black tape.

One of the last times that weather gage was perhaps a factor in a surface naval engagement was in the Battle of the Denmark Strait in 1941, where the German battleship Bismarck and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen held the weather gage over the British battleship and the battlecruiser . Being upwind, the German ships had the advantage that their rangefinders were drier than the British rangefinders facing the spray.Regan, G. The Guinness Book of Naval Blunders, p. 175. Guinness Publishing, London 1993.

An overtaking boat on a downwind course can position itself to focus its dirty air on the boat ahead of it. Conversely, a boat on an upwind course may find itself trapped in the dirty air of a boat immediately to windward. Right-of- way rules give priority to the leeward boat and can make it advantageous to be the boat without the weather gage, especially just before the start or when the boat to leeward can point higher into the wind.

This can tend to lead to incorrect assumptions as Yumi initially thought she was an idiot with an empty-headed grin - but she changed her opinion after they became friends. In reality, she doesn't let anything get to her and has a lot of trust in her team members. She is one of the few who can detect Momo, though only when she is upwind of her. :As she is 18, she has a driver's license and drives a Volkswagen Type 2 Van.

In 1508, Juan Ponce de León settled Puerto Rico, and reports in Spanish journals suggested that the settlement used the Virgin Islands for fishing, but nothing else. Their references may have been to the present U.S. Virgin Islands, which are closer.To sail from Puerto Rico to Tortola requires sailing against the prevailing wind for approximately 70 miles. In the vessels of the day, which did not sail well upwind, this would have been a trip of 2 or 3 days.

The aim of the circuit is to provide the 'best foiling catamaran experience' for its participants. This includes visiting venues known to provide optimum wind conditions for foiling and race courses large enough to enable the boats to hit maximum speeds. The GC32 Racing Tour has several features in common with the 34th and 35th America's Cup in that it uses foiling catamarans and a similar race format which often includes reaching (rather than upwind) starts. The circuit comprises five events.

Race nine showed Oracle Team USA at their best. Spithill again won the start, and extended the lead at every mark including for the first time, a notable gain against the Kiwi boat on the upwind leg. Recording consecutive victories for the first time allowed Oracle to obtain a point, with the score at 1–6. Team New Zealand won race ten by 16 seconds, in what was widely reported as one of the most exciting America's Cup races of all time.

These were accompanied by additional light tremors and a mild tsunami in the Bay of Naples. By late afternoon of the second day, the eruption was over, leaving only haze in the atmosphere through which the sun shone weakly. The latest scientific studies of the ash produced by Vesuvius reveals a multi-phase eruption. The initial major explosion produced a column of ash and pumice ranging between high, which rained on Pompeii to the southeast but not on Herculaneum upwind.

Facing an ABM system, the Soviets would change their targeting priorities to maximize damage, by attacking smaller, undefended cities for instance. Another solution was to drop their warheads just outside the range of the defensive missiles, upwind of the target. Ground bursts would throw enormous amounts of radioactive dust into the air, causing fallout that would be almost as deadly as a direct attack. This would make the ABM system essentially useless unless the cities were also extensively protected from fallout.

The design allows lateral resistance upwind, without the need for a skeg, daggerboard or centreboard. The Hobie Cat was the only design of the early three that did not use dagger boards, although now it offers designs with dagger boards and skegs. When running in and out of the surf, the lack of dagger boards or center boards makes "beaching" almost effortless. The resulting and nearly ubiquitous Hobie is now the most recognized beach cat of the last thirty years.

According to a 1950 military report the M115 was tested in an area long and wide. The area consisted of plots sown with the Overland variety of oats, susceptible to the test agent, Puccinia graminis avenae, but not to other strains of cereal rust. The test drops of the M115 showed that, from an altitude of , feathers could be spread over an area of . Three M115 feather bombs were dropped upwind from the target area, which was then monitored for any changes.

The smoke and dust from wildfires can contain gases such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and formaldehyde, as well as particulates such as ash and silica. To reduce smoke exposure, wildfire fighting crews should, whenever possible, rotate firefighters through areas of heavy smoke, avoid downwind firefighting, use equipment rather than people in holding areas, and minimize mop-up. Camps and command posts should also be located upwind of wildfires. Protective clothing and equipment can also help minimize exposure to smoke and ash.

Endogenous production of major compound 6-oxo-1-nonanol, and minor compound N-3-methylbutyl acetamide, also contribute to courtship and reproduction. They are stored in the male rectal gland, and when released into the air they create upwind flight via zigzag movement, attracting a significant number of female B. carambolae for courtship. The production of all three endogenous compounds increase with age, reaching its maximum at sexual maturity. The mating period of this species correlates with the time of dusk.

International A-class catamaran rules initially allowed hydrofoils but were changed to specifically limit the foil span in 2000 after the measurer and president were approached by Jeremy Banks, an Australian sailor, with a hydrofoiling design. Over time sailors still found a way to foil. The 2014 A-Class Catamaran World Titles in Takapuna New Zealand demonstrated early foiling capabilities to the class. Now the A-Class can foil stably downwind in 6 knots and upwind in 12 knots or more.

This was used by several polar expeditions to kite-ski with sleds, sometimes covering large distances.Wolf Behringer, Parawings , 1996 Ted Dougherty began manufacturing 'foils' for kiteskiing and Steve Shapson of Force 10 Foils also began manufacturing 'foils' using two handles to easily control the kite. In the mid-1980s Shapson, while icesailing, took out an old two line kite and tried to ski upwind on a local frozen lake in Wisconsin. Shapson demonstrated the sport of 'kiteskiing' in Poland, Germany, Switzerland and Finland.

The first international regatta was held in Weymouth, UK, in the summer of 2006. The event brought together 27 men's, women's and mixed teams from 8 countries providing valuable input to help make this a mature, well designed boat. Downwind the 29erXX has a considerable advantage over the original 29er due to the increased sail size, masthead kite and the ability to have both crew members on the wire. Upwind the difference is less noticeable but again the 29erXX has the advantage.

The Marines later catch sight of distant burning Kuwaiti oil wells, ignited only moments before by retreating Iraqis, and they attempt to dig sleeping holes as a rain of crude oil falls from the sky. Before they can finish, Sykes orders the squad to move upwind. Near the end of the war, Swofford and Troy are finally given a sniping mission. Lieutenant Colonel Kazinski, their battalion commander, orders them to kill at least one of two high-ranking Iraqi Republican Guard officers at a nearby airfield.

Skullfuck was later cited by Nirvana's Kurt Cobain as an influence. The band worked with Kramer on the second album, Upwind of Disaster, Downwind of Atonement, released on Glass Records in 1989. Sutton departed to join The La's and was replaced by Andy Rowan for the Shaved Beatnik EP. The band drafted in Nick Saloman (aka The Bevis Frond) and brought in Lee Webster as a replacement for Rowan. The Sensory Deprivation Chamber Quartet Dwarf mini-album followed in 1989, and was their last release for Glass.

It was the first time since Pim von Huetschler in the 40th that non american sailors won the prestigious Worlds Title. It were Alexander Hagen and Vincent Hoesch from Germany that rocked the Star Class in the early 80th with Laser like downwind technics and light body weight. They were struggling upwind because of minor crew weight. They managed to reach the 1st mark in 10th position but were "flying" on the reach to call for room at the jibing mark into 1st position.

Typical multicellular thunderstorm hodograph. The formation of multicellular thunderstorms imply that the updraft in the mother thunderstorm is offset from its downdraft. New cells usually form in the upwind (usually western or southwestern) part of the storm where the downdraft of the mature cells meet the environmental wind, lifting the air parcel and triggering new convection. The mature cells are thus usually in the center of the storm, and dissipating cells are usually in the downwind (usually eastern or northeastern) part of the storm.

Individual cells might move downstream but additional cells forming upwind of the cluster can move directly over the path of the previous cell, forming training echoes. A multicellular storm can sometimes develop into a Mesoscale Convective System (MCS) or be a squall line. Updrafts reform new cells continually at the leading edge of system with rain and hail following behind. Individual thunderstorm updrafts and downdrafts along the line can become strong, producing large hail and strong outflow of straight-line winds ahead of system.

The 3.7 Class is usually raced with crews of 50 kg up to 90 kg. The most competitive sailors seem to be in the 60 kg to 80 kg region. Sailors range in age from 16 up to 67 years (and counting) with male and female categories as well as veteran, grand veteran and great grand veteran ages categories. The yachts carry corrector weights to bring them to 50 kg and they are a skiff design that aquaplanes both upwind and downwind except in very light conditions.

The main hazards one faces while flying a PPC are associated with wind and obstacles. Flight should not be attempted in winds exceeding 10–15 mph or in gusty conditions. Wind hazards include terrain-induced air disturbances called rotors (it is advisable to stay upwind of trees, mountains, and other obstacles that disturb the flow of the wind). Wake turbulence created by the passage of other aircraft (referred to as "wingtip vortices"), especially aircraft that are heavy, aerodynamically "dirty", and slow, pose another significant hazard.

Passing through the heliopause boundary will allow the spacecraft to make measurements of the interstellar fields, particles and waves unaffected by the solar wind. The entire Voyager 2 scan platform, including all of the platform instruments, was switched off in 1998. All platform instruments on Voyager 1, except for the ultraviolet spectrometer (UVS) have also been switched off. The Voyager 1 scan platform was scheduled to go off-line in late 2000 but has been left on to investigate UV emission from the upwind direction.

Sufficient rudder and aileron must be applied continuously to maintain the sideslip at this value. The dihedral action of the wings has a tendency to cause the aircraft to roll, so aileron must be applied to check the bank angle. With a slight residual bank angle, a touchdown is typically accomplished with the upwind main wheels touching down just before the downwind wheels. Excessive control must be avoided because over-banking could cause the engine nacelle or outboard wing flap to contact the runway/ground.

Many available CFD tools, such as CFX, Fluent, Star CCM++ with different models as RNG k-ε turbulence models with hybrid and CONDIF upwind differencing schemes has been used for analysis purpose and the data obtained with these analysis helped in modifying the burner design in turn lowering the adverse effect on the environment due to NOx formation during combustion.P. J Stopford, “Recent Application of CFD Modeling in the Power Generation and Combustion Industries”, Applied Mathematical Modeling, Vol 26, Pg. No. 351-374, 2002.

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) indicated the fire was caused by failure of the left General Electric GE90 engine, one of two fitted on the aircraft. The aircraft came to a halt upwind, causing the fire to be blown towards the fuselage; the aircraft sustained localised, but major, structural damage as a result. The aircraft was equipped with suppression systems, though the systems did not extinguish the fire. The runway, one of four, was closed for four hours, and several inbound flights were cancelled.

From the positioning of the 190 Bison occidentalis skeleton bones, it was found that they were stampeded by the hunters into the arroyo. The animals that plunged first were killed from the fall and their remains were contorted, with twisted spines, and covered by following bison from the stampede. The bison were theorized to have run in a north-south direction with the hunters upwind of the southerly wind. The presence of 16 nearly newborn calves means the kill was likely in late May or early July.

Various shapes of primitive smoking racks In this method the firebox is a narrow trench cut down a slope pointing into the prevailing wind. The middle part of the trench is covered over to make it into a tunnel. At the upper end of the trench is a vertical framework covered to form a chimney within which is placed the rack of foodstuff. At the lower upwind end of the trench is lit a small smokey fire, and sustained day and night until the foodstuff is cured.

On 28 March 1745 the 45 gun HMS Anglesea sailed out of Kinsale under the command of Captain Jacob Elton. Anglesea was ordered to join other warships in the English Channel and patrol for French shipping. On the afternoon of 29 March a large sail was spotted windward (upwind) of Anglesea, with the unknown vessel heading in the direction of the British warship. Captain Elton believed the ship to be the 60 gun HMS Augusta, and took no action in response to the sail.

The Castle Rock fire burnt 48,520 acres, the first "mega- fire" in the area, caused widespread evacuation in the height of tourist season and threatened both the town and the ski area, as did the later Beaver Creek fire. Both fires were attacked very early with small crews, but escaped to become huge fires. The threat to the Sun Valley area by these fires, which both started upwind of the resort was not at first recognized to be serious. Both would require enormous resources to control.

Tokyo Juliet Original Soundtrack () was released on June 8, 2006 by various artists under HIM International Music HIM International Music Tokyo Juliet OST album info 8 June 2006. Retrieved 2010-12-02 It contains 13 tracks, in which 6 tracks are various instrumental versions of the songs. The opening theme is track 1 "Upwind 逆風" by Garden Sister, while the closing theme is track 3 "I'm No One's But Yours 非你莫屬" by Ariel Lin. The Soundtrack also comes with a bonus VCD.

Lying to the west of the historic Roman and medieval City of London, the West End was long favoured by the rich elite as a place of residence because it was usually upwind of the smoke drifting from the crowded City.Robert O. Bucholz and Joseph P. Ward: London: A Social and Cultural History, 1550–1750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2012, p. 333 It was close to the royal seat of power at the Palace of Westminster (now home to Parliament), and is largely contained within the City of Westminster (one of the 32 London boroughs).

Hiking technique demonstrated on a Laser Radial. In sailing, hiking (stacking or stacking out in New Zealand; leaning out or sitting out in United Kingdom) is the action of moving the crew's body weight as far to windward (upwind) as possible, in order to decrease the extent the boat heels (leans away from the wind). By moving the crew's weight to windward, the moment of that force around the boat's center of buoyancy is increased. This opposes the heeling moment of the wind pushing sideways against the boat's sails.

The hull shape is designed for reaching and the 40 has won its class in the Marion to Bermuda race twice. Owners report that reefing early is the best way to deal with the initial tenderness and keep the boat on its lines. Upwind, the centerboard helps the boat track, and while it is not particularly close winded, it doesn't make a lot of leeway and the motion is soft." Of the optional yawl rig, he stated, "A yawl was optional and I confess, as impractical as a yawl is, they sure are beautiful.

In asymmetric and step-up canyons the formation of secondary vortexes can be more common. Wind tunnel studies have shown that, in a step-up canyon where the upwind building is shorter, a stagnation point can be identified on the windward face of the taller building. The region below this stagnation point is called the interaction region, since all streamlines in this region are deflected downward into the street canyon. The characteristics of the vortex flow patterns inside the canyon strongly depend the height ratio of buildings on either side of the canyon.

The 3rd Infantry with Troops A & F of the 10th Cavalry pursued them, but were ambushed by the warriors. Carpenter with Troops H, I, & K flanked the Indians, forcing them to withdraw. On August 22 & 23, 1869, Carpenter and other troopers became involved in a fierce attack by Kiowa and Naconee Indians, who were focused on destroying the buildings and settlement on the Anadarko Reservation. Carpenter, with Troops H and L, patrolled the area aggressively and engaged several groups of warriors who were setting prairie fires upwind of the settlement at different points.

Stiesdal's initial work in the late 1970s and early 1980s contributed significantly to the development of the simple and robust technologies of the so-called Danish Concept, comprising upwind, automatic yawing and two-speed stall-regulated turbines with fail-safe safety systems.Reve (2011). 2011 Poul la Cour Prize to Siemens’ Henrik Stiesdal – a pioneer of modern wind energy technology Reve - Wind Energy and Electric Vehicle Review, 15 March 2011. This concept is considered as the basis of the dominant position of the Danish wind industry through the following decades.

Brocken weather station Russian and American scientists have in the past tried to control the weather, for example by seeding clouds with chemicals to try to produce rain when and where it is needed.China has implemented a cloud seeding machine that is controlled through remote sensing technologies. A new method being developed involves replicating the urban heat island effect, where cities are slightly hotter than the countryside because they are darker and absorb more heat. This creates 28% more rain 20–40 miles downwind from cities compared to upwind.

A practical consequence is that all commercial wind turbines resemble the Danish model, a light-weight three-blade upwind design.Paul Gipe Wind Energy Comes of Age, John Wiley and Sons, 1995 , Chapter 3 All major horizontal axis turbines today rotate the same way (clockwise) to present a coherent view. However, early turbines rotated counter-clockwise like the old windmills, but a shift occurred from 1978 and on. The individualist-minded blade supplier Økær made the decision to change direction in order to be distinguished from the collective Tvind and their small wind turbines.

San Francisco Model Yacht Club X class (1000 square inches, few other restrictions), beating upwind under vane rudder control on Spreckles Lake in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park. The parameters of this class lead to visually pleasing designs with long hulls and long bow and stern overhangs. Model yachting is the pastime of building and racing model yachts. It has always been customary for ship-builders to make a miniature model of the vessel under construction, which is in every respect a copy of the original on a small scale, whether steamship or sailing ship.

Vane mechanism A more accurate method is to use a separate rudder vane; this is made from a plank of light wood such as balsa. The vane is operated in two principal positions, one for upwind sailing, the other for downwind. While some modelers object that the model craft will not be a plausible representation of its full-sized prototype, real long-distance cruising boats are frequently steered with dedicated windvanes of varying complexity (mechanical or electronic), occasionally with a line attached to a sheet, and never using weighted rudders.

Adding a windbarrier to one side increases efficiency Wind-harnessing devices which rely on drag reach their maximum efficiency if the collector is pushed away from the wind. Because the wind panels do no work while returning to the upwind side of the device, the rotor in the Persian panemone design can only take energy from wind striking half the collection area (see diagram). The panemone is one of the least efficient types of wind turbine. Despite this it is also one of the most commonly re- invented and patented forms.

When beating to windward, often your desired destination although still in the no sail zone, is not aligned directly upwind - to the eye of the wind. In this case one tack becomes more favorable than the other - it angles more closely in the direction you wish to travel than the other tack does. Then the best strategy is to stay on this favorable tack as much as possible, and shorten the time you need to sail on the unfavorable tack. This will result in a faster passage with less wasted effort.

After two years of freestyle and two years of speed kiting it was time to focus on yet another new discipline. Course racing was a fast- growing discipline and has the opportunity to become an Olympic sport in the future. She had always liked to combine speed, tactics and upwind skills, but the opportunity to overtake opponents and to aim to keep them behind got her really excited. In 2011, she wanted to completely focus on her kite surfing and she decided to take a four-month sabbatical.

The wing is more efficient than a traditional soft-sail rig setup. On November 10, BMW reported that they hit boat speed in a reported wind speed. During the first race of the 2010 America's Cup, USA 17 was able to sail upwind faster than Alinghi 5 even without a jib. Since the sail area of USA 17s wing is much larger than the sail area of Alinghi 5s mainsail and jib combined, it is clear that the rigid wing is much more efficient than even high-performance traditional sails.

Oracle's defeat in race five by one minute and five seconds was so emphatic that the Americans played their one and only Postponement Card to call off the scheduled second race. Team New Zealand had once again been behind from the start all the way to the bottom of the race course. Once heading back upwind however, the New Zealand boat was noticeably faster and gained the lead with ease. A top mark delta of 1:17 effectively ended the race, and gave Spithill plenty of time to consider his options.

Barker looked to have been left behind by Spithill at the startline, but just managed to hold an overlap as the AC72s entered the three boat length circle at the reach mark. Team New Zealand took the 3 second lead, and increased it to 11 seconds at the second mark. Oracle again showed their new competitiveness during the upwind beat, and the lead changed three times. As the boats approached the top mark on split tacks, Barker slowed the boat, and then aimed down to pass under Oracle at speed.

Team New Zealand led all the way to win race eleven by 15 seconds, to move to match point in the race for the Cup. During the pre-start, Barker maneuvered in front of Spithill and then delayed both boats from crossing the start line until well after the gun had gone. Oracle performed well on the upwind beat, but Team New Zealand covered well, and the boats rounded opposite marks 17 seconds apart. At the final mark, Barker kept Aotearoa between Oracle and the mark, and the rounding was well below the usual speed.

Saltating sand deflated loess on the uplands where not blocked upwind by a topographic barrier such as steep- walled stream valleys or vertical bedrock outcrops. As a consequence, paha are found where downwind of impediments that protected loess deposit from saltating sand. As paha grew, the rise in elevation due to loess aggregation would have altered local wind patterns by causing eddies in the hill's wake reducing the wind's effective strength. Downwind of a forming paha, less sand would have been carried or mobilized, resulting in more loess.

A tell-tale connected to a sail A tell-tale, also known as a tell-tail, in a nautical or sailing context, is a piece of yarn or fabric attached to a sail, a stay, or any rigging on a sailboat. Typically, a tell-tail is on a port and a starboard stay. Tell-tales attached to a sail are used as a guide for trimming (adjusting) a sail. On the mainsail tell-tales may be placed on the leech (aft edge) and when trimmed properly should be streaming backwards while on a beat (upwind).

Facing into the breeze, with its body angled at 45°, the beetle catches fog droplets on its hardened wings. Its head faces upwind, and its stiff, bumpy outer wings are spread against the damp breeze. Minute water droplets (15-20 µm in diameter) from the fog gather on its wings; there the droplets stick to hydrophilic (water-loving) bumps, which are surrounded by waxy, hydrophobic troughs. Droplets flatten as they make contact with the hydrophilic surfaces, preventing them from being blown by wind and providing a surface for other droplets to attach.

Here they dropped their cargo pods and picked up empty ones for the return flight. Two such transfer stations were located at either end, in order to maintain the required sortie rate. The aircraft weight was so reduced after unloading that a downwind takeoff was trivially accomplished, saving the time and fuel needed to taxi to the upwind end of the middle runway. In cases of very high winds, the center runway would be used as a taxiway to return the aircraft to the ends of the two outer runways for takeoff.

Around three to five inches of contaminated topsoil was removed from an area 75 feet by 25 feet upwind of ground zero. An area of 60 square feet at the blast site was scraped to remove the top three inches of soil as well. Even with these precautions, the measured alpha activity was around 20,000 counts per minute (CPM), and the area closest to surface zero was roped off to prevent personnel from entering. Upon detonation, the mushroom cloud produced by the Fig device rose to approximately , with a base of roughly .

Aside from the effect on temperature, urban heat islands (UHIs) can produce secondary effects on local meteorology, including the altering of local wind patterns, the development of clouds and fog, the humidity, and the rates of precipitation. The extra heat provided by the UHI leads to greater upward motion, which can induce additional shower and thunderstorm activity. Rainfall rates downwind of cities are increased between 48% and 116%. Partly as a result of this warming, monthly rainfall is about 28% greater between to downwind of cities, compared with upwind.

In early approaches, derivatives in the differential form of the governing transport equation were replaced by finite difference approximations, usually central differencing approximations with second order accuracy. However, for large Peclet numbers (generally > 2) this approximation gave inaccurate results. It was recognized independently by several investigators that the less expensive but only first order accurate upwind scheme can be employed but that this scheme produces results with false diffusion for multidimensional cases. Many new schemes have been developed to counter false diffusion but a reliable, accurate and economical discretisation scheme is still unavailable.

Strong surface winds cause surface currents at a 45° angle to the wind direction, by an effect known as the Ekman Spiral. Wind stresses cause a phenomenon referred to as "wind set-up", which is the tendency for water levels to increase at the downwind shore and to decrease at the upwind shore. Intuitively, this is caused by the storm blowing the water toward one side of the basin in the direction of its winds. Because the Ekman Spiral effects spread vertically through the water, the effect is proportional to depth.

Her performance upwind is unclear, with some authors claiming it to be fast and close to the wind, and others describing it as making too much leeway with the wind in the quarter. The steering oars were massive, and big canoes would carry one at each end because they were too heavy to transport to the other side while shunting. The steersman (or men) risked being crippled or killed when hitting big waves. The chief used to stand on the platform's top, being responsible for cutting the sheet to avoid capsizing.

In Computational Fluid Dynamics, TVD scheme is employed to capture sharper shock predictions without any misleading oscillations when variation of field variable “\phi ” is discontinuous. To capture the variation fine grids (\Delta x very small) are needed and the computation becomes heavy and therefore uneconomic. The use of coarse grids with central difference scheme, upwind scheme, hybrid difference scheme, and power law scheme gives false shock predictions. TVD scheme enables sharper shock predictions on coarse grids saving computation time and as the scheme preserves monotonicity there are no spurious oscillations in the solution.

The A-Class design has over time converged to a single sail rig using a lightweight carbon mast of about 9 meters length and using lightweight pentex or Kevlar sailcloth. The hulls and beams are often made out of carbon fibre as well, although homebuilt wood or composite materials are still seen on the race circuits. This single sail rig (just a mainsail) allows these boats to truly excel when sailing upwind. Their lightweight and time tested sailing techniques make these boats very fast on reaches and downwind legs as well.

In computational fluid dynamics QUICK, which stands for Quadratic Upstream Interpolation for Convective Kinematics, is a higher-order differencing scheme that considers a three-point upstream weighted quadratic interpolation for the cell face values. In computational fluid dynamics there are many solution methods for solving the steady convection–diffusion equation. Some of the used methods are the central differencing scheme, upwind scheme, hybrid scheme, power law scheme and QUICK scheme. The QUICK scheme was presented by Brian P. Leonard – together with the QUICKEST (QUICK with Estimated Streaming Terms) scheme – in a 1979 paper.

On 28 March 1745, Anglesea sailed out of Kingsale, having landed her first Lieutenant, among others, due to illness and proceeded to the mouth of the English Channel. The warship was under the command of Captain Jacob Elton, and was tasked with patrolling the Channel for French shipping. On the afternoon of 29 March, a large sail was spotted windward (upwind) of Anglesea, with the vessel heading in the direction of the British warship. Believing the oncoming ship to be HMS Augusta, Captain Elton retired below deck to take his dinner.

Leeboards and centerboards, used to stabilize the junk and to improve its capability to sail upwind, are documented from a 759 AD book by Li Chuan. The innovation was adopted by Portuguese and Dutch ships around 1570. Junks often employ a daggerboard that is forward on the hull which allows the center section of the hull to be free of the daggerboard trunk allowing larger cargo compartments. Because the daggerboard is located so far forward, the junk must use a balanced rudder to counteract the imbalance of lateral resistance.

In wind engineering, wind tunnel tests are used to measure the velocity around, and forces or pressures upon structures. Very tall buildings, buildings with unusual or complicated shapes (such as a tall building with a parabolic or a hyperbolic shape), cable suspension bridges or cable stayed bridges are analyzed in specialized atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnels. These feature a long upwind section to accurately represent the wind speed and turbulence profile acting on the structure. Wind tunnel tests provide the necessary design pressure measurements in use of the dynamic analysis and control of tall buildings.

In the event that two boats on opposite tacks are on a collision course, one or both of the captains may elect to call "hard lee" to the other. When this call is made, both boats must tack regardless of whether it is advantageous or not. The objective of this manoeuvre is to attempt to gain as much distance upwind as possible before having to tack to avoid a collision. Alternatively, one captain may decide to "draw" and either tack earlier or change his point of sail to avoid the manoeuvre.

The stator has more blades than the rotor. A new device added to the 1885 patent was a funnel affixed to the stator, enabling the éolienne to capture wind from a larger area than the rotor, and increasing its speed through the turbine. A small fantail operated upwind of the rotor, and through a system of gears turned the turbine to face the wind. Also, through a counterweight system, it turned the turbine out of wind as the wind speed increased, thus preventing damage in very strong winds, when the éolienne would be edge on into the prevailing wind.

The modification of temperature and wind by the presence of a street canyon, consequently affect the air quality inside the street canyon. When the direction of the mean wind is parallel to the street, the channelization and Venturi effects described above, increases the dispersion of pollutants inside the street canyon. This often act to 'flush out' the air pollutants and increase the air quality inside the street canyon. But in instances where air pollutant sources are present upwind, channeling winds could transport pollutants to downwind locations far from the source and contribute to bad quality at the downwind locations.

The first application of the FPM to the solution of 3D compressible flows was presented in a pioneer work by (Löhner, Sacco, Oñate & Idelsohn, 2002). There, a reliable and general procedure for constructing local clouds of points (based on a Delaunay technique) and a well-suited scheme for solving the flow equations were developed. In the solution scheme proposed, the discrete flux derivatives are written along edges connecting the cloud's points as a central difference-like expression plus an upwind biased term that provides convective stabilization. An approximate Riemann solver of Roe and van Leer flux vector splitting were used for this purpose.

The Bermuda sloop was a type of small sailing ship built in Bermuda between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. Fitted with a gaff rig, a combination of gaff and square rig, or Bermuda rig, they were used by Bermudian merchants, privateers and other seafarers. Their versatility, and their maneouvrability and speed, especially upwind, meant they were also jealously sought after by non-Bermudian operators for both merchant and naval roles. Bermudians built large numbers of them for their own merchant fleet and for export before being obliged to turn to other trades in the nineteenth century.

The proximity of the Martinez ponds to sensitive receptors including residences, led to odor complaints from individuals, especially on low wind velocity days when the ponds were upwind of residences.Planning File on IT Corporation Waste Ponds, City of Martinez Planning Department, 1975-1986 IT established an "on call" air monitoring response to test odor whenever the city of Martinez received a citizen complaint. These tests, together with routine periodic monitoring, provided an extensive databaseOdor testing for IT waste ponds, Martinez, California, prepared for the Bay Area Air Quality Management District by Earth Metrics, 1977-1984 to assist in managing waste pond decision-making.

Due to its location adjacent to the Moapa Band of Paiutes reservation and one of their communities, the plant had long been a concern over the health effects on the nearby residents. As a result of several agreements to improve the air quality around the plant, the upgraded plant was ranked as one of the 10 cleanest coal plants in the US. Concerns have also been expressed over particulates in the air as the plant can be upwind of the Grand Canyon and Bryce Canyon. Both of these canyons are Class I areas which place limits on the amount of haze allowed.

With Joshua lightened for a race, Moitessier set a fast pacemore than twice as fast as Knox-Johnston over the same part of the course. Tetley sailed on 16 September, and on 23 September, Crowhurst's boat, Teignmouth Electron, was finally launched in Norfolk. Under severe time pressure, Crowhurst planned to sail to Teignmouth, his planned departure point, in three days; but although the boat performed well downwind, the struggle against headwinds in the English Channel showed severe deficiencies in the boat's upwind performance, and the trip to Teignmouth took 13 days. Meanwhile, Moitessier was making excellent progress.

Many privately expressed a preference to remain on the island preferring a secure, if lonely, existence to the prospect of perishing at sea. To everyone's astonishment, Centurion reappeared after 19 days causing even Anson to show emotion. The crew had battled heroically to keep her afloat contending with unlashed cannons rolling about, open gun ports allowing the ocean to surge in, the anchor dangling below and only having the mizen mast rigged, all the while dealing with the original leak in the hull. Gradually control was regained and the ship was able to sail upwind to regain Tinian.

Airlink was after some time denied letting passengers embark and disembark in Windhoek, because Airlink was not given right to carry passengers between Namibia and foreign countries. From April 2019 Airlink refuels in Walvis Bay instead, giving right to have 98 passengers because of shorter distance, having in mind that no connections are allowed in Namibia anyway. The flights still (2019) stop in Windhoek or Walvis Bay for refuel westbound, but fly nonstop to Johannesburg if there is not too much upwind. On Saturday 18 November 2017 Airlink started a monthly charter operation to Ascension Island.

In at least species that are attracted to prey of Nephilinae in Florida, the major attractants released by Heteropteran prey appear to be low-molecular-weight carbonyl compounds, among which trans-2-hexenal and hexanal are prominent. These compounds are not conspicuous among those released by captured honeybees, so other classes of attractants are likely to be significant as well. In general there is suggestive evidence that the kleptoparasitism relies on olfactory clues; for example, some species seem to operate in the dark, and photographs of approaching flies seem to show them flying upwind, which is consistent with scent following. Xysticus sp.

The 33 Japanese dive bombers circled to attack from upwind, and thus did not begin their dives from until three to four minutes after the torpedo planes began their attacks. The 19 Shōkaku dive bombers, under Takahashi, lined up on Lexington while the remaining 14, directed by Tamotsu Ema, targeted Yorktown. Escorting Zeros shielded Takahashi's aircraft from four Lexington CAP Wildcats which attempted to intervene, but two Wildcats circling above Yorktown were able to disrupt Ema's formation. Takahashi's bombers damaged Lexington with two bomb hits and several near misses, causing fires which were contained by 12:33.

One Sydney skipper was quoted: "How the hell do you sail on that drain?" Windward speed was critical and Scott Ramsden's vBank of New Zealand was the fastest boat upwind. It enabled the young BNZ skipper to win four of the seven races and become Giltinan champion in his first season. For defending champion Michael Walsh, however, it was a most forgettable regatta as he and his team suffered gear failures, capsizes, 720-degree penalty turns and a collision with a ferry, all topped off when Walsh broke his leg in three places in the last race.

Michael Spies had to recover from a less than spectacular start in the 1993 regatta before winning in Winfield Racing. He was forced to use all his experience to bring his skiff home with four consecutive wins in the final four races. Neil Cashman, who was runner-up to Spies in 1993, led a talented team when he took the 1994 championship regatta in Nokia with a race to spare. The Nokia crew were among the heaviest in the fleet, which enabled them to gain upwind speed by carrying big rigs in the moderate winds throughout the series.

This change in technique for downwind racing has changed most dinghy racing to be much more competitive on the downwind legs and resulted in a change of the international course shape from a traditional triangle to a trapezoid giving greater opportunity for increased upwind and straight downwind legs. In addition, downwind Laser sailing can very easily result in a death roll where the boat rocks, flips, and capsizes to windward, or the lesser-known big brother of the death roll: the California Roll, where the boat capsizes to windward but the sailor is pushed under the boat before popping up the other side.

The 34th America's Cup began in stark contrast to the one-sided races that dominated the 2013 Louis Vuitton Cup. Team New Zealand, skippered by Dean Barker, led at the first mark, and held the lead for the second leg, which was the first leg to be facing downwind. Oracle Team USA was 4 seconds behind Team New Zealand at the bottom mark, and during the upwind third leg the lead changed several times. Team New Zealand led at the top mark by 25 seconds, and kept the lead until the finish line, winning by 36 seconds.

Oracle Team USA had better luck in the initial stages of Race three, as Spithill luffed Team New Zealand at the reach mark to successfully draw a penalty. Oracle held the lead for the first downwind leg, and were 18 seconds to the good heading into the upwind third leg. The pivotal moment of the race occurred when Barker brought the New Zealand boat back on port tack within three boat lengths of the boundary. Oracle was forced to tack away due to the boundary rights, even though they were on starboard, which would have otherwise have had right of way.

They set the speed record of the series, reaching 47.57 knots (24 m/s; 88 km/h; 55 mph) as they rounded the mark, to lead by 5 seconds. They kept the lead during the first downwind run, but Oracle took the lead at the first crossing on the upwind leg, after Team New Zealand made a poor tack. Team New Zealand had starboard tack advantage and the lead at the time, but did not properly cover Oracle. The American boat was sailing on their foils, and was able to sail past Team New Zealand without much difficulty.

Many experiments were done with MOD-0, including brief operation with the rotor blades upwind of the tower, and a trial of a single blade for the turbine rotor. It tested the first variable speed generators as well prior to their use in the 3.2 MW Mod-5B and later throughout the industry. The Mod-0 was also used to test the first steel shell towers, now the dominant tower design. The design challenge was to take weight and cost out of the tower while safely passing through a resonance of the soft structure during startup.

Unlike the conduction equation (a finite element solution is used), a numerical solution for the convection–diffusion equation has to deal with the convection part of the governing equation in addition to diffusion. When the Péclet number (Pe) exceeds a critical value, the spurious oscillations result in space and this problem is not unique to finite elements as all other discretization techniques have the same difficulties. In a finite difference formulation, the spatial oscillations are reduced by a family of discretization schemes like upwind scheme.Ronald W. Lewis, Perumal Nithiarasu & Kankanhally N. Seetharamu, "Fundamentals for the finite element method for heat and fluid flow".

The side of a ship toward the wind is called the "weather" or "upwind" side; away, the "lee" or "downwind" side (refer to Windward and leeward). Much has been made of the tactics of various great sailing captains, but the greatest constraints come from wind direction and relative position. The captain of a steam vessel has considerably more freedom to take his ship where he wishes to take it, but the tactics of a sailing captain are to a large extent already predetermined by nature. To get to any point the sailing captain must plot a course taking wind direction into consideration.

The code 0 asymmetric is a tight reaching sail, that was developed in the Whitbread Round the World Race by Robert "Hooky" Hook for Paul Cayard's successful EF Language. In that race it replaced the jibs for light upwind work in addition to many off wind angles. The luff is as straight as possible, and the sail is flatter than other asymmetric spinnakers. Due to the flatness of the code 0, it is usually made with a high modulus luff line for supporting strength, and of a heavier, less stretchy fabric than normal for a spinnaker.

Although the rest of the Spanish fleet remained dispersed and disorganized, many units had finally turned and were also approaching from the other side. For Tromp, this was building up into a dangerous situation, as the Spanish units upwind would cut off his exit, and force the Dutch squadron to turn into the shoals of the bay of Boulogne and almost certainly run aground. But at this moment, Oquendo ordered the Spanish fleet to resume a half-moon formation. The Spanish ships turned, allowing Tromp's squadron to turn also, gain the wind, and escape the danger.

The 2/6th Independent Company had won a significant victory, but now had 23 wounded and was very low on ammunition. Frazier landed on the newly captured airstrip in his Piper Cub at 12:30. He rejected the airstrip as unsuitable for Dakotas, and oversaw the preparation of a new airstrip on better ground near Mission Hill. This was still a difficult approach, as aircraft had to land upwind while avoiding Mission Hill. Although it was not known if the airstrip would be ready, Hutchison flew in for a test landing there the next day, 21 September, at 15:30.

Nevertheless, the Superbe was heavily damaged and des Rabesnières killed by fire from Enno Doedes Star's Groningen; total French casualties were about 450. This left the Dutch vanguard and centre to fight it out with the English, and the latter were hard pressed, as they had great difficulty to beat upwind to bring ships out. The Duke of York had to move his flag twice, finally to London, as his flagships Prince and St Michael were taken out of action. The Prince was crippled by De Ruyter's flagship De Zeven Provinciën in a two hours' duel.

She carried 70 square yards of canvas going upwind, while the spinnaker increased this to 92 square yards running downwind. Original Bermuda Dinghies were roundbottomed and fitted with long, shallow keels so they would be easy to beach or could run over reefs without damage. During the first recorded race, held in St. George's Harbour in 1853, the existing boats were fitted with deep keel extensions fastened in place temporarily to give them the bite to sail better to windward. These metal keels (called fans) differentiated these racing boats from the "unfitted" working dinghies and gave the class its name.

Recent studies indicate, however, that the magnetosheath is a dynamic region of turbulent plasma flow that may play an important role in the structure of the bow shock and the magnetopause, and may help to dictate the flow of energetic particles across those boundaries. The Earth's magnetosheath typically occupies the region of space approximately 10 Earth radii on the upwind (Sun-facing) side of the planet, extending significantly farther out on the downwind side due to the pressure of the solar wind. The exact location and width of the magnetosheath does depend on variables such as solar activity.

Page 123. In regards to the ancient Phoenician (1550-300 BC) use of the steering oar without a rudder in the Mediterranean, Leo Block (2003) writes: > A single sail tends to turn a vessel in an upwind or downwind direction, and > rudder action is required to steer a straight course. A steering oar was > used at this time because the rudder had not yet been invented. With a > single sail, a frequent movement of the steering oar was required to steer a > straight course; this slowed down the vessel because a steering oar (or > rudder) course correction acts like a brake.

The elliptical planform keel is designed by C&C; and fabricated by Mars Metal Company (MarsKeel). The keel is of lead alloyed with antimony for added strength and cast to exacting tolerances. In addition to providing the yacht's stability, the foil shape of the keel produces hydrodynamic lift while sailing to weather, enhancing upwind performance. The factory keels choices included the shoal (shallow) keel with a centreboard, giving a draft of ; a somewhat deeper shoal wing keel, draft of ; a deeper elliptical fin keel with "beaver tail" bulb shoe, draft of ; or the deep elliptical fin racing keel, draft of ).

A well-designed layout can effectively scavenge and expel the hot air from desired areas without the need for an above-ceiling ducted venting system. Continuous airflow is essential, so the exhaust windows or vents must not restrict the volume and passage of air being introduced by the evaporative cooling machine. One must also be mindful of the outside wind direction, as, for example, a strong hot southerly wind will slow or restrict the exhausted air from a south-facing window. It is always best to have the downwind windows open, while the upwind windows are closed.

When winds blow over elevated terrain, air forced upwards expands and cools due to the decrease in pressure with height. Since colder air can hold less water vapour, moisture condenses to form clouds and precipitates as rain or snow on the mountain's upwind slopes. The change of state from vapour to liquid water releases latent heat energy which heats the air, partially countering the cooling that occurs as the air rises. The subsequent removal of moisture as precipitation renders this heat gain by the air irreversible, leading to the warm, dry, foehn conditions as the air descends in the mountain's lee.

In the mid-1980s e.g. some alpine skiers used a rebridled square parachute to ski upwind on a frozen bay in Erie, PA. In the late 1990s small groups of French and North American riders started pushing the boundaries of modern freestyle snowkiting. The Semnoz crew from France began hosting events at the Col du Lautaret and other European sites where the mountainous terrain lent itself to "paragliding" down the hills. In North America, riders were mainly riding snow-covered lakes and fields where tricks were being done on the flat ground, jumps, rails and sliders.

Animals usually rest facing downwind, so that they can see danger approaching from the downwind side, while they can smell danger coming from behind them. An animal may also double back on its spoor and circle downwind before settling down to rest. A predator following its trail will move past the resting animal on the upwind side before realizing that the animal had doubled back, and the resting animal will smell the predator in time to make its escape. When stalking an animal, trackers use the cover of bushes, going down on their hands and knees where necessary.

18ft Skiff in Kiel Harbor High-performance sailing is achieved with low forward surface resistance—encountered by catamarans, sailing hydrofoils, iceboats or land sailing craft—as the sailing craft obtains motive power with its sails or aerofoils at speeds that are often faster than the wind on both upwind and downwind points of sail. Faster-than-the-wind sailing means that the apparent wind angle experienced on the moving craft is always ahead of the sail. This has generated a new concept of sailing, called "apparent wind sailing", which entails a new skill set for its practitioners, including tacking on downwind points of sail.

For "dipping lug" rigs, the sail is lowered partially or totally to be brought around to the leeward side of the mast in order to optimize the efficiency of the sail on both tacks. The lug sail is evolved from the square sail to improve how close the vessel can sail into the wind. Square sails, on the other hand, are symmetrically mounted in front of the mast and are manually angled to catch the wind on opposite tacks. Since it is difficult to orient square sails fore and aft or to tension their leading edges (luffs), they are not as efficient upwind, compared with lug sails.

Many kinds of racing keelboat are raced with more crew aboard than is strictly necessary to operate the boat in order to increase the amount of weight on the upwind side of the boat, keeping the boat flatter. A few high performance keelboats, such as the Moore 30 and the Kiwi 35, have structural hiking "wings" built into their hull, which allows a lower displacement hull and increased leverage for hiking. including a picture of the turtled WingNuts See Turtling. On most dinghies the tiller is fitted with a tiller extension or hiking stick, which allows the skipper to steer the boat while hiked out.

For a downwind building height Hd to upwind building height Hu ratio of 3, a single primary vortex has been observed. But for Hd/Hu=1.67, counter-rotating vortexes can occupy the whole depth of the canyon. Other factors that have an effect on the strength of this re- circulation flow are traffic induced turbulence and roof shapes of the buildings. Physical model studies have shown that two way traffics increases the turbulence in the lower half of the canyon and that pitched roof on either side of the canyon shifts the main area of turbulent production downstream and reduced the intensity of the re-circulation flow inside the canyon.

Ground loops may occur when landing on muddy ground, wet pavement, or frozen surfaces, especially if there are puddles or patches. They may also occur when an aircraft departs a paved surface: for example, after an engine failure in multi-engine airplanes produces asymmetric thrust. Another common cause is failure of a tire or wheel brake, causing a loss of directional control. Gliders commencing a takeoff behind a tow plane are vulnerable to ground looping during cross-wind conditions because the slipstream from the propeller of the tow plane generates more lift on the downwind wing of the glider than on the upwind wing.

Montañés was a 74 gun third-rate Spanish ship of the line. The name ship of her class, she was built in the Ferrol shipyards and paid for by the people of Cantabria. She was built following José Romero y Fernández de Landa's system as part of the San Ildefonso class, though her were amended by Retamosa to refine her buoyancy. She was launched in May 1794 and entered service the following year. With 2400 copper plates on her hull, she was much faster than other ships of the same era, reaching 14 (rather than the average 10) knots downwind and 10 (rather than 8) knots upwind.

A cross-country jump is a skydive where the participants open their parachutes immediately after jumping, with the intention of covering as much ground under canopy as possible. Usual distance from jump run to the drop zone can be as much as several miles. A Technoavia SM92 Finist of Target Skysports lifts skydivers to the jump altitude at Hibaldstow, England There are two variations of a cross- country jump: The more popular one is to plan the exit point upwind of the drop zone. A map and information about the wind direction and velocity at different altitudes are used to determine the exit point.

Counter-rotating wind turbine Light pole wind turbine Unconventional wind turbines are those that differ significantly from the most common types in use. , the most common type of wind turbine is the three-bladed upwind horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT), where the turbine rotor is at the front of the nacelle and facing the wind upstream of its supporting turbine tower. A second major unit type is the vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT), with blades extending upwards, supported by a rotating framework. Due to the large growth of the wind power industry, many wind turbine designs exist, are in development, or have been proposed.

Even more recent is the concept of canting keels, designed to move the weight at the bottom of a sailboat to the upwind side, allowing the boat to carry more sails. A twin keel has the benefit of a shallower draft and can allow the boat to stand on dry land. Multihulls, on the other hand, have minimal need for such ballast, as they depend on the geometry of their design, the wide base of their multiple hulls, for their stability. Designers of performance multihulls, such as the Open 60's, go to great lengths to reduce overall boat weight as much as possible.

The Italian pair finished fourth in the golden fleet to lock one of the thirteen quota places available at the 2007 ISAF Worlds in Cascais, Portugal. Entered the regatta as the world's no. 2 crew, the Sibello brothers enjoyed the race series comfortably with two straight victories in the third and fourth leg and a random wave of top-five marks along the way to cement their place for the medal round. Lying in the runner-up position, they battled against the Aussies to the front under gusty conditions, until their boat capsized at the final upwind mark let the Spanish, German, and British crews overtake them.

Tacking is a sailing maneuver by which a sailing vessel, whose desired course is into the wind, turns its bow toward the wind so that the direction from which the wind blows changes from one side to the other, allowing progress in the desired direction. The opposite maneuver to tacking is called jibing, or wearing on square-rigged ships, that is, turning the stern through the wind. No sailing vessel can move directly upwind, though that may be the desired direction, making this an essential maneuver of a sailing ship. A series of tacking moves, in a zig-zag fashion, is called beating, and allows sailing in the desired direction.

Boats of the International Design and the Dublin Bay rig sailed against each other as equals in 2011, which was won by Gail Varian in a DBSC rigged boat. In 2015 in Dun Laoghaire harbour and in the waters outside the harbour, the second Irish championship of recent years took placed under the Royal St. George Yacht Club burgee on 30 August. George Miller in 'Pixie' an Internationally rigged boat won overall. The following year the event in Dun Laoghaire harbour, which was part of the National Heritage Week, was sailed in light weather, and showed that the DBSC boat was capable of pointing higher upwind, but being considerably slower downwind.

They are a very common landform in sandy deserts all over the world and are arc-shaped, markedly asymmetrical in cross section, with a gentle slope facing toward the wind sand ridge, comprising well-sorted sand. This type of dune possesses two "horns" that face downwind, with the steeper slope known as the slip face, facing away from the wind, downwind, at the angle of repose of the sand in question, approximately 30-35 degrees for medium-fine dry sand. The upwind side is packed by the wind, and stands at about 15 degrees. Barchans may be high and wide at the base measured perpendicular to the wind.

In such a case buggy and pilot tend to be pulled downwind, often skidding and sliding sideways with a high risk of the pilot entirely losing control of kite and buggy. This can be avoided by flying kites small enough so that they allow the pilot to safely stop the buggy by turning it through the wind and driving upwind. Pilots are encouraged to obtain 3rd party liability insurance as there is a risk of coming into contact with bystanders or each other. Such insurance is available through the various national and regional organisations like the South and West Association of Traction Kiting (SWATK) or the British Power Kitesports Association (BPKA).

The tradeoff is more room below and a drier boat...Few people buy the Pearson 26 for its spacious accommodations below. However, the interior plan is well-thought-out, and the boat has more room than you might think. Dropping below, the first thing you'll notice is the headroom, about 5 feet, 10 inches by my estimate...The P26 needs a headsail, since performance is marginal under main alone, and a large 130- to 150-percent genoa can be carried upwind with a full main in winds to about 15 knots. At that point shortening up the headsail flattens the boat and keeps the speed up.

From the perspective of the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations these effects can be understood as resulting from the loss of momentum caused by the drag of leaves and branches and would be represented by the body force fi (a distributed momentum sink).Wilson, 1985; Journal of Wind Engineering & Industrial Aerodynamics, Vol. 21 Not only is the mean (average) wind speed reduced in the lee of the shelter, the wind is also less gusty, for turbulent wind fluctuations are also damped. As a result, turbulent vertical mixing is weaker in the lee of the barrier than it is upwind, and interesting secondary microclimatic effects result.

Because the Olson 30 is so light for its length and has a relatively overpowered (for its design's age) sail profile, the Olson 30 excels at light-air sailing. In moderate conditions the sailing performance is unremarkable. In heavy conditions upwind the Olson 30 suffers from the lack of weight to drive the bow and the boat through waves, however downwind in a breeze the Olson 30 surfs and planes readily, and it was for these conditions the boat was ultimately designed. The stock rudder tends to be underpowered in heavy air, leading to difficult driving downwind especially in short waves and big wind.

The lateral wings of Australia II are of moderate aspect ratio, forming a nearly horizontal foil, the "wing", at the bottom to provide additional effective span, in the same way as the winglets on an aircraft. Each wing acts as a winglet, effectively increasing the keel aspect ratio therefore reducing the lift-induced drag. Because the yacht is heeled over when sailing upwind, the leeward foil attains more draft, which reduces the loss of efficiency that always occurs under heel. The wings were canted downwards at about 20 degrees, in order to promote proper hydrodynamic loading (lift) on each wing when sailing to windward.

Winged keels are generally found on high- performance sailboats if they are not prohibited by class rules. They are especially advantageous for heavy yachts with a lot of sail area (as 12-metre class boats), sailing upwind when the draft is limited by the class rule or by the requirement to be able to sail in shallow water, because in that case high righting moment and efficient side force are difficult to obtain. Downwind, the extra skin friction drag is a hindrance. Besides the performance benefits, winged keels can also be applied to pleasure boats as a way to reduce draft, allowing for greater versatility when cruising in shallow waters.

It is referred to as hybrid as the form is a single skin kite supported by a combination of both aerodynamic forces and a flexible frame. Conventional traction kites use either a rigid frame inflated with a pump prior to launching or ram air inflated cavities. In 1999 he developed the first bridleless arch style ram air kite, primarily for kitesurfing. Arc style kites are generally more efficient (better upwind performance) and are more resistant to luffing (more stable and reliable in gusty conditions) relative to leading edge inflatable (LEI) sled kites but have slightly lower lift coefficient (less power from the same size kite).

Chuck Brodsky (born May 20, 1960, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American musician and singer-songwriter currently living in Asheville, North Carolina. He is particularly known for his often humorous and political lyrics, as well as his songs about baseball, such as "The Ballad of Eddie Klep", "Moe Berg: The Song", and "Doc Ellis' No-No". On his 2004 album Color Came One Day, he took on pollution in "Seven Miles Upwind", the destruction of independent business and regional culture by multinational corporations in "Trees Falling", and the abridgement of civil liberties associated with Bush administration policies in "Dangerous Times". His song "Radio" was featured in the film Radio.

The plant was located about 15 miles upwind from Denver and has since been shut down and its buildings demolished and completely removed from the site. Public protests and a combined Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) raid in 1989 stopped production at the Rocky Flats Plant. As noted in a scientific journal, "Exposures of a large population in the Denver area to plutonium and other radionuclides in the exhaust plumes from the plant date back to 1953." Moreover, in 1957 there was a major Pu-239 fire at the plant, followed by another major fire in 1969.

The hull has a fine angle at the bow to reduce wave impact drag with unusually clean and sharp chines aft to ensure very free planing and outstanding stability. The foam cored hull is stiff and light and the advanced hull shape, together with an innovative rig which combines a rotating mast with a fully battened main sail, allows the Tasar to plane upwind with the crew normally hiked. The wide beam and a cockpit designed for comfortable hiking make the Tasar easy, fun and very exciting to sail in winds up to . The Tasar is an international class, with strong fleets in Australia, USA, Britain, and Japan.

Partly as a result of this warming, monthly rainfall is about 28% greater between to downwind of cities, compared with upwind. Some cities show a total precipitation increase of 51%. Research has been done in a few areas suggesting that metropolitan areas are less susceptible to weak tornadoes due to the turbulent mixing caused by the warmth of the urban heat island. Using satellite images, researchers discovered that city climates have a noticeable influence on plant growing seasons up to away from a city's edges. Growing seasons in 70 cities in eastern North America were about 15 days longer in urban areas compared to rural areas outside of a city's influence.

Such wings proved unmanageable, with the crews too much on the brink of disaster for consistent success. While true 18' skiffs have no sail area or mast height limitations, the limit that the 18 footer League has specified for their one-design sub class is a maximum mast height of 33 ft (10 m), truly powerful on an 18' hull. The entire rig, which supports sails with unlimited area, is currently controlled by three trapezing crew members. The boat will plane upwind starting at a true windspeed of about 8 knots, depending on sea conditions and off the wind can reach speeds that doubles the true windspeed.

Safely landing a light aircraft in these conditions can be virtually impossible. Moreover, close to the ground, a glider or airplane pilot can be caught by surprise by a sudden reversal of the wind direction and transition from an upwind to a downwind situation. If the airspeed becomes too low, the aircraft will stall and may crash into the ground due to the altitude lost recovering from the stall. As a consequence of famous instances of crashes of this nature in the United States, a network of wind profilers and Terminal Doppler Weather Radars was developed in the vicinity of airports to monitor this wind shear.

A well known instability of this kind leads to so-called Turing patterns. These patterns occur at many scales of life, from cellular development (where they were first proposed) to pattern formation on animal pelts to sand dunes and patterned landscapes (see also pattern formation). In their simplest form models that capture Turing instabilities require two interactions at differing scales: local facilitation and more distant competition. For example, when Sato and Iwasa produced a simple model of fir waves in the Japanese Alps, they assumed that trees exposed to cold winds would suffer mortality from frost damage, but upwind trees would protect nearby downwind trees from wind.

In order to approach a target at the tip of the green arrow with the crosswind indicated in blue, the bomber has to turn upwind and point its nose in the direction of the yellow arrow. By flying in that direction, the wind will blow the bomber along the green line. The bombsight problem is the need to determine the exact spot in the air where the bombs should be dropped to hit a target on the ground. Due to the acceleration of gravity, bombs follow a roughly parabolic path, the steepness being defined by the forward speed of the aircraft at the instant of release.

"It's always good to have laminar flow," says Masak, "but you'd rather have turbulent attached flow than laminar separation." He flew a later version of this glider, with factory built Ventus 2 wings, in the 2004 U.S. 15 Meter Nationals gliding competition being held at Mifflin County Airport, the same contest he won 11 years earlier. While flying a competition task, he crashed in a syncline fold in the Tussey Mountain ridge, a few miles south of the village of Alexandria, Pennsylvania at . He was attempting to cross the ridge line upwind, and encountered sinking air and turbulence in the lee of the mountain crest, resulting in an inadvertent stall/spin.

In Germany, just after the end of World War I, the 1919 Versailles treaty imposed a ban on powered flight. As a result, there was a rapid increase of interest in gliding. Reinhold Platz, the chief designer for Fokker's after June 1916, perceived a role for a glider that was cheap to buy, costing less than "one good pedal cycle", and cheap to maintain, while being robust and capable of being transported, by train or otherwise, and rapidly erected by one man. Platz recalled sailing a sloop rigged boat, which had been very stable upwind and capable of maintaining its course without rudder input.

The Ross 930 is a class of fast cruiser-racer yachts named after its designer, New Zealander Murray Ross. The design is marked by light weight and moderate sail area, with a sail-area-to-displacement (SA/D) ratio of about 24, and displacement-to-length (D/L) ratio of 98. The bow section is quite narrow, providing relatively low wave-making resistance and reducing pounding while sailing upwind in waves, and the stern section is wide and flat, making the boat easy to control sailing fast downwind. The interior of the Ross 930 is comfortable, including (and requiring for racing) fitted berths for five, a two-burner stove, galley with sink, and a head.

However, contemporary Marconi rigs (sloops, etc.) were limited in size by the strength of available materials, especially their sails and the running rigging to set them. Ships were not so limited, because their sails were smaller relative to the hull, distributing forces more evenly, over more masts. Therefore, due to their much larger, longer waterline length, ships had much faster hull speeds and could run down or away from any contemporary sloop or other Marconi rig, even if it pointed more upwind. Schooners have a heavier rig and require more ballast than ships, which increases the wetted area and hull friction of a large schooner compared to a ship of the same size.

Moving the ship meant stopping the attempts to extinguish the fire, but it had to be done before the fire reached the (upwind) bow of the ship, otherwise the ship could not lower its anchors on the IJ. At 3:45 am five tugboats started to pull the P.C. Hooft backwards, with only three men on board near the anchors. At 4:00 am tugboats start to pull the burning ship eastwards to the compass buoys near Schellingwoude, on the north side of the IJ. At 4:30 it arrived there, just as the oil bunkers were catching fire. Here it was left to burn out On 17 November the fire then increased in intensity again.

The start of race sixteen was delayed for 30 minutes while the race committee waited for the wind to increase. Emirates Team New Zealand took the leeward position at the start line but Oracle Team USA was able to sail on their foils, and sailed over on top of the New Zealand boat to lead by five seconds at the reach mark. At the second mark, the New Zealand team were 13 seconds behind Oracle and after a tacking duel upwind to the third mark, Oracle was able to obtain the wind advantage for the downwind leg. Oracle sailed conservatively downwind gaining a 21-second lead for the fourth mark, which they extended to 33 seconds by finish line.

The B&R; 23 is very agile, reacting immediately to the tiniest changes in conditions, demanding a high level of alertness and very proactive sailing by the crew, who must be fully synchronised in all their actions on board. Upwind, the boat is able to plane under ideal conditions, however, the best point of sail for a B&R; 23 is downwind. Being an apparent wind boat, it will rarely if ever be sailed directly downwind, instead, optimum downwind performance is achieved by gybing downwind while reaching somewhere around 150 degrees TWA, which typically results in AWA’s forward of beam. In most conditions, boat speed will easily exceed wind speed, and in favorable conditions, getting close to factor 2.

Also on Johnston Atoll, the Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS) was burning stockpiled chemical weapons until 2000. It was studied over eight years to see if there were effects from potential contaminants. There appeared to be no impact on survival during the study period, although young birds from downwind of the plant were less likely to return there than those upwind of the plant—possibly due to the more intact vegetation at the latter site. Scientists studying the bird on Lady Elliot Island off the Queensland coast in 2020 say that the lack of knowledge about its habits and populations means that they don't know how much environmental changes are affecting its populations.

Whereas a first order upwind scheme smears the interface, a downwind scheme of the same order will cause a false distribution problem which will cause erratic behavior in case of the flow is not oriented along a grid line. As these lower-order schemes are inaccurate, and higher-order schemes are unstable and induce oscillations, it has been necessary to develop schemes which keep the free-surface sharp while also producing monotonic profiles for C. Over the years, a multitude of different methods for treating the advection have been developed. In the original VOF-article by Hirt, a donor-acceptor scheme was employed. This scheme formed a basis for the compressive differencing schemes.

From the St Francis Yacht Club, supported by the city of San Francisco and its mayor Dianne Feinstein, the foundation first built a conventional 12-Metre USA I (US 49). They then developed USA II (US 61), a boat with a radical twin rudder design and a thin long keel with a torpedo shaped bulb on the tip, the twin rudder design had one traditionally at the rear and one at the bow. This boat was slower than the faster boats upwind but seriously faster off the wind against most others. The Skipper was Tom Blackaller, who had skippered Defender in the 1980 America's Cup, and Paul Cayard and Peter Stalkus the tactician and navigator respectively.

Use of leeboards, while it adds complexity to the process of tacking, leaves the floor of the boat unobstructed. According to traditional design principles, a boat utilizing a leeboard either needs to have two retractable leeboards, one on each side, or a method of removing the leeboard and attaching it to either side while under way, because nearly all sailboats tack to work their way upwind (with the exception of the proa). However, some small sailboat designers claim to have created seaworthy vessels with only a single, fixed leeboard. On a traditional two-leeboard (or non-fixed leeboard) design, the boards are designed so that the windward board can be retracted, to reduce drag.

The HEOL 7.4, design by Martin DeflineTwin lifting keels keelboat comparative is a current example of the ocean-going evolution of the racing dingy that uses twin keels; it is similar in size and characteristics to the Classe Mini. The twin keels are lifting; the windward (or upwind), keel (or fin), hinges aft (or backwards) and lays against the side of the hull. There is a 250 kg bulb, or weight, at the end of each keel that is shaped such that it remains hydrodynamic when lifted. The HEOL 7.4 is also built with a single fin keel, which allows for a comparison between single and twin keels in a state-of-the-art context.

The rare Santa Lucia fir (Abies bracteata) is found only in the Santa Lucia mountains. A common "foreign" species is the Monterey pine (Pinus radiata), which was uncommon in Big Sur until the late nineteenth century, though its major native habitat is only a few miles upwind on the Monterey Peninsula, when many homeowners began to plant the quick- growing tree as a windbreak. There are many broadleaved trees as well, such as the tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus), coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia), and California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica). In the rain shadow, the forests disappear and the vegetation becomes open oak woodland, then transitions into the more familiar fire-tolerant California chaparral scrub.

While Carpenter, with Troops H and L, patrolled the area aggressively, Nolan provided a mobile interior defense against the prairie fires being set upwind of the settlement and at different points. Further and increasingly violent assaults were made by the Native Americans, in numbers ranging from 50 to 500 at different points of the defensive lines. The decisive feature of the engagement was a charge made by Captain Carpenter's troopers. His men routed a body of over 150 warriors, who were about to take up a commanding position in rear of Nolan's defenders. On June 5, 1872, the 10th left Fort Sill to elements of the 3rd Infantry and proceeded back to Fort Gibson.

The Adolf then tried to steam to Portsmouth, but at about noon (on the 16th) the warm water tank ripped open, so neither sailing nor steaming was possible. Day and night the machine crew, so often maligned by the officers, worked to repair the slit as well as possible, fearing the increasing force of the wind. In the evening the Adolf could finally steam again, but with the engine room full of warm water. Power was not enough to steam upwind, and so the Adolf had to take a course backward to the Downs, in order to repair the machine so it could steam to Sheerness to inspect and repair the ship.

In order to find the cell face value a quadratic function passing through two bracketing or surrounding nodes and one node on the upstream side must be used. In central differencing scheme and second order upwind scheme the first order derivative is included and the second order derivative is ignored. These schemes are therefore considered second order accurate where as QUICK does take the second order derivative into account, but ignores the third order derivative hence this is considered third order accurate. This scheme is used to solve convection–diffusion equations using second order central difference for the diffusion term and for the convection term the scheme is third order accurate in space and first order accurate in time.

The event is held at the southern end of the 1×7 km lagoon west of Lüderitz, where between August and March every year there is a consistent, strong wind, blowing from the south at the perfect angle of 140 degrees to the sailing course. In the first edition of the event in 2007, participants sailed over a curved course. For the second edition, in 2008, a straight course was created by digging along the shore, providing also a very uniform water depth over the entire run. Performance was further enhanced by placing sandbags upwind of the run, and by using temporary wood “chop killers” that reduce the chop caused by the Lüderitz to winds.

The 30-foot foot waterline outclasses most boats, and when combined with her Henderson/Marlow chined hull, it offers off-shore stability and performance that few can match. At low angles of heel and as the wind freshens, the Marlow/Henderson hull provides superior stability and performance." In a review in Canadian Yachting in May 2016, Simon Hill, praised the interior accommodations. Of the sailing qualities, he wrote, "When some breeze appeared it was easy to deploy the furling sails, and we were quickly able to get the boat moving at nearly three knots in wind that was topping out at about four knots, tacking upwind without difficulty despite the light conditions.

In this case, the mainsail is sheeted in hard and the turn continued until the boat circles, the wind is jibed across the stern and the boat is sailed downwind, past the casualty again and finally brought to rest by turning upwind again. It is recommended not to adjust the sails for efficient downwind sailing, so that too much speed is not built up when approaching the casualty. The main advantages of this method are its simplicity (making it ideal for short-handed crews), and the fact that the boat does not need to be maneuvered far away of the casualty (which reduces the likelihood that the crew may lose visual contact).

No valved brass instrument can be entirely conical, since the middle section containing the valves must be cylindrical. While the degree of bore conicity does affect the timbre of the instrument, much as in a cornet and trumpet, or a euphonium and a trombone, the bore profile of a sousaphone is similar to that of most tubas. To facilitate making the mouthpiece accessible to players of different height or body shapes, most sousaphones contain a detachable tubing gooseneck which arises from the lead pipe on the upwind side of the valves. One or two slightly-angled bit(s) (short tubing lengths) are inserted into the gooseneck, and then the mouthpiece is inserted into the terminal bit.

The Trans-Canada Highway in Deep River Plans for the construction of this planned community began in 1944 by the federal government as part of the Manhattan Project, to accommodate employees of the nearby Chalk River Nuclear Research Laboratories. Along with Los Alamos, New Mexico and Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Chalk River was an offshoot of the nuclear effort for the allies and scientists, engineers, and tradesmen from around the world who came to work on the Manhattan Project. After World War II, Canada continued on with research into the atom, and dedicated the country to the peaceful uses that could be derived from putting the atom to use. Deep River was situated far enough upwind and upriver of the Chalk River research reactors to avoid radioactive fallout.

The alt=A small cone rising above a greenish lake within a large crater on a mountain The events of the 1257 eruption have been reconstructed through geological analysis of the deposits it left. The eruption probably occurred during the northern summer in September (uncertainty of 2-3 months) that year, in light of the time it would have taken for its traces to reach the polar ice sheets and be recorded in ice cores and the pattern of tephra deposits. The eruption began with a phreatic (steam explosion powered) stage that deposited of ash over of northwest Lombok. A magmatic stage followed, and lithic-rich pumice rained down, the fallout reaching a thickness of both upwind on East Lombok and on Bali.

The goal was to enable a radar-equipped, sea-search aircraft to approach a surfaced submarine to within 30 seconds from arrival before being seen, to enable the aircraft to drop its depth charges before the submarine could dive. There was insufficient electrical power available to illuminate the entire surface of the aircraft, and outboard lamps in the manner of diffused lighting camouflage would have interfered with the airflow over the aircraft's surface, so a system of forward-pointing lamps was chosen. These had a beam with a radius of 3 degrees, so pilots had to fly with the aircraft's nose pointed directly at the enemy. In a crosswind, this required a curving approach path, rather than a straight-line path with the nose pointed upwind.

Winds were . Alinghi 5 reached the windward mark in 1h32, so her velocity made good was about , or about 1.7 times wind speed. Alinghi 5 took 69 minutes to reach the downwind mark, so her velocity made good downwind was about , or about 2.3 times wind speed. On 14 February 2010, Alinghi 5 also lost the second race, and thus the America's Cup, again by a considerable margin, even though she appeared to sail better upwind than on the first day, thanks to a fuller mainsail combined with a smaller jib. Alinghi 5 was behind by 0:24 at the start, by 0:28 at the windward mark, by 2:44 at the gybe mark, and by over 2 minutes at the finish.

La Vengeance was so holed in the hull and its rigging so cut up that it grounded outside the port of Curaçao rather than attempt to sail into port for fear of sinking. The French commander just managed to save his ship from capture and – upon returning to port – was so humiliated he later boasted that the American ship he had fought was a much larger and more powerful ship of the line. Despite a heavier broadside Captain Pitot of the La Vengeance accounted that they had fired 742 rounds in the engagement while Captain Truxtun of Constellation reported 1,229 rounds expended. Constellations rigging and spars were so damaged that the crew dare not try to sail upwind and so went to port in Jamaica.

Thinking there had been an explosion on the Esso Brussels, the fireboat began to pour water onto the ship from its starboard bow, keeping their ship upwind and upcurrent from the smoke and flames now heading towards the Verrazano- Narrows Bridge. As the two ships passed beneath the bridge, the pool of burning oil surrounding the ships sent flames high enough to scorch the bottom of the bridge above the water's surface. Fortunately, the anchor chains on the Esso Brussels parted at this point and both ships passed under the bridge quickly, preventing the steel from suffering heat damage. Propelled by the Sea Witchs still-running engines and the outbound tide, the ships proceeded into outer New York Harbor and ran aground in Gravesend Bay, burning furiously.

This changed when the boats began to be raced in the early 19th century. H. G. Hunt, a naval officer (and possibly the Henry G. Hunt who was the Acting Governor of Bermuda in 1835) concluded in the 1820s that a single-masted sloop would be superior to the schooner he had been racing and was proved correct when the yacht he had commissioned won a secret race against a schooner the night before a public race, and the public race itself the following day. Single-masted sloops quickly became the norm in Bermudian racing, with the introduction of hollow masts and other refinements. The colony's lightweight Bermuda cedar vessels were widely prized for their agility and speed, especially upwind.

Together with Alexander Vladimirsky, Sethian developed a class of Dijkstra-like ordered upwind methods for solving static Hamilton–Jacobi equations. In the case of an Eikonal equation, the first method to do so was developed by Jon N. Tsitsiklis using a control-theoretic approach: followed shortly by Sethian's work on high-order finite-difference Dijkstra-like Fast Marching Methods. Ravikanth Malladi and Sethian pioneered the application of these techniques to image segmentation, Ron Kimmel and Sethian introduced them to robotic navigation and extended them to curved domains, and Mihai Popovici and Sethian were the first to use them as fast wave solvers in geophysical seismic imaging. Together with Sergey Fomel, Sethian invented Escape Arrival Methods for computing multiple arrivals in wave propagation and geophysical imaging.

As a child Dieter Strasilla, inspired by Otto Lilienthal, practiced gliding around Berchtesgaden and in the 1960s he began parapente experiments (also with his brother Udo in USA) in Germany and Switzerland, parachute-skiing in 1972 and later perfected a kiteskiing system using self- made paragliders and a ball-socket swivel allowing the pilot to kitesail upwind or uphill, but also to take off into the air at will, swivelling the body around to face the right way.Skywing Kiteskiers began kiteskiing on many frozen lakes and fields in the US midwest and east coast. Lee Sedgwick and a group of kiteskiers in Erie, PA were early ice/snow kiteskiers. In 1982 Wolf Beringer started developing his shortline Parawing system for skiing and sailing.

Whitaker and Hamilton, 1998, p. 279; Wolfe, 1982, pp. 3–4 They are aggressive towards conspecifics and emit high-pitched squeaks while fighting. In dense vegetation, their perceptual range (the distance from which an animal can detect a patch of suitable habitat) is less than .Schooley and Branch, 2005, pp. 59, 63 When released outside of their natural wetland habitat, marsh rice rats generally move either upwind or downwind (anemotaxis), perhaps to move in a straight line, which is an efficient strategy to find suitable habitat.Schooley and Branch, 2005, pp. 64–65 Many animals prey on marsh rice rats. The barn owl (Tyto alba) is among the most important; one study found that 97.5% of vertebrate remains in barn owl pellets were marsh rice rats.

Pahner admits that he does not have any experience in a sea battle and turns effective command of the engagement over to Roger (though still keeping an eye on him), who orders five of their remaining six ships (the heaviest and least maneuverable is left behind to guard Rain Daughter) to engage the pirates by crossing between the pirates' six ships. The pirate commander, Cred Cies, while confident of his numerical advantage, is still suspicious about the ships that are so conveniently coming right at him. A sudden deluge conceals all of the ships from each other and when it clears the K'Vaernian ships, though scattered, are upwind of the pirates' formation and closing fast. Despite this, Cies is still confident that they can close in on them and rake their decks with swivel guns.

Throughout the 1970s and early 1980s, Dieter Strasilla from Germany developed parachute-skiing and later perfected a kite-skiing system using self-made paragliders and a ball-socket swivel allowing the pilot to sail upwind and uphill but also to take off into the air at will. Strasilla and his Swiss friend Andrea Kuhn used this invention also in combination with surfboards and snowboards, grasskies and self-made buggies. One of his patents describes in 1979 the first use of an inflatable kite design for kitesurfing.Patent DE2933050 Two brothers, Bruno Legaignoux and Dominique Legaignoux, from the Atlantic coast of France, developed kites for kitesurfing in the late 1970s and early 1980s and patented an inflatable kite design in November 1984, a design that has been used by companies to develop their own products.

There was a further element of key importance in the plans of Columbus, a closely held fact discovered by or otherwise learned by Columbus: the trade winds. A brisk westward wind from the east, commonly called an "easterly", propelled the ships of the first voyage for five weeks from the Canary Islands off Africa. To return to Spain eastward against this prevailing wind would have required several months of an arduous sailing technique upwind, called beating, during which food and drinkable water would have been utterly exhausted. Columbus returned home by following prevailing winds northeastward from the southern zone of the North Atlantic to the middle latitudes of the North Atlantic, where prevailing winds are eastward (westerly) to the coastlines of Western Europe, where the winds curve southward towards the Iberian Peninsula.

In 919, at the Later Liang emperor Zhu Zhen's order, the Wuyue king Qian Liu sent his son Qian Chuanguan, who was then serving as his deputy military governor, to attack Wu from Changzhou with 500 ships. The Wu general Peng Yanzhang defended against the attack. In anticipation for the battle, Qian Chuanguan loaded his ships with ashes, sand, and beans. When the fleets encountered each other, Qian Chuanguan maneuvered his fleet into an upwind position and then scattered ashes at the Wu fleet, making the Wu soldiers unable to see his ships, and then spread the decks of his own ships with sand while throwing beans at the Wu ships, causing the Wu ships' decks to be covered with beans and the Wu soldiers to thereafter slip and unable to act quickly.

Components of a horizontal axis wind turbine (gearbox, rotor shaft and brake assembly) being lifted into position turbine blade convoy passing through Edenfield, England Scroby Sands Wind Farm, England Onshore Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines in Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China Large three-bladed horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) with the blades upwind of the tower produce the overwhelming majority of wind power in the world today. These turbines have the main rotor shaft and electrical generator at the top of a tower, and must be pointed into the wind. Small turbines are pointed by a simple wind vane, while large turbines generally use a wind sensor coupled with a yaw system. Most have a gearbox, which turns the slow rotation of the blades into a quicker rotation that is more suitable to drive an electrical generator.

In 1776, Benedict Arnold was placed in command of a Continental Navy fleet on the lake, composed mostly of small gundalows armed with three small cannons. After training with the fleet during the summer months, Arnold selected Valcour Bay as the place to meet the British Royal Navy fleet, which had taken longer to prepare for action. The bay's location required the British fleet to sail with the wind south past the island, and then turn to come upwind toward Arnold's fleet, which he arrayed in a crescent formation. Meeting in battle on October 11, the two fleets engaged in battle in which both sides suffered some damage, but left the American fleet in a precarious position, with little ammunition and separated from its base by the British presence.

In 2006, following a viral internet debate started by Rick Cavallaro as a brain teaser, a propeller-driven land yacht was built and filmed, demonstrating that it is possible to sail 'dead' downwind faster than the wind by the power of the available wind only. In 2009, professor Drela of MIT worked out the equations for such a device and concluded that one could be built "without too much difficulty". Other researchers arrived at similar conclusions., A lecture about upwind-carts & DDWFTTW-carts at the Technical University of Denmark In the same year, after being challenged that the video was a hoax, team members Rick Cavallaro and John Borton of Sportvision, sponsored by Google and in association with the San Jose State University aeronautics department, built a test vehicle nicknamed Blackbird.

In 919, at Zhu Zhen's order, Qian Liu sent Qian Chuanguan, who was then serving as his deputy military governor, to attack Wu's Dongzhou with 500 ships. The Wu general Peng Yanzhang (彭彥章) defended against the attack. In anticipation for the battle, Qian Chuanguan loaded his ships with ashes, sand, and beans. When the fleets encountered each other at the Battle of Langshan Jiang, Qian Chuanguan maneuvered his fleet into an upwind position and then scattered ashes at the Wu fleet, making the Wu soldiers unable to see his ships, and then spread the decks of his own ships with sand while throwing beans at the Wu ships, causing the Wu ships' decks to be covered with beans and the Wu soldiers to thereafter slip and unable to act quickly.

The 4th boat can make its move, called a 'pass back' conversion, by using the Racing Rules of Sailing (RRS), including the special team racing rules of Appendix D, to position itself in such a way that the opposition has to sail extra distance to keep clear or sail in reduced wind and so lose ground. There are two main 'moves' in team racing; the 'pass back' and the 'mark trap.' The goal of the pass back, involving three boats sailing upwind, is for the leading boat to slow the next (opposing team's) boat in order for the third boat (of the leading boat's team) to either tack away from the intermediate covering boat, or sail ahead faster than the covering boat. The mark trap is more complicated.

Aftermarket Micro Dynamics vortex generators mounted on the wing of a Cessna 182K Sketch describing how vortex generators improve flow characteristics 1967 Model Cessna 182K in flight showing after-market vortex generators on the wing leading edge TA-4SU Super Skyhawk showing the row of vortex generators on the drooped leading edge slats. The Symphony SA-160 was designed with two unusual vortex generators on its wing to ensure aileron effectiveness through the stall A vortex generator (VG) is an aerodynamic device, consisting of a small vane usually attached to a lifting surface (or airfoil, such as an aircraft wing) or a rotor blade of a wind turbine.Wind Turbine Vortex Generators, UpWind Solutions. VGs may also be attached to some part of an aerodynamic vehicle such as an aircraft fuselage or a car.

The following year, Rupert was made joint commander of the fleet with Monck and given the opportunity to put this plan into practice. In June 1666, they fought the Dutch at the Four Days' Battle, one of the longest naval battles in history; the battle saw the new aggressive tactics of Rupert and Monck applied, resulting in "a sight unique till then in sailing- ship warfare, the English beating upwind and breaking the enemy's line from leeward."Lewis, p. 100. However, the Four Days' Battle was considered a victory for the Dutch, but the St. James's Day Battle the following month allowed Rupert and Monck to use the same tactics to inflict heavy damage on the Dutch and the battle resulted in a significant English victory.Kitson, p. 212.

They also learned that to reach South Africa, they needed to go far out in the ocean, head for Brazil, and around 30°S go east again. (This is because following the African coast southbound means sailing upwind in the Southern hemisphere.) In the Pacific ocean, the full wind circulation, which included both the trade wind easterlies and higher-latitude Westerlies, was unknown to Europeans until Andres de Urdaneta's voyage in 1565. The captain of a sailing ship seeks a course along which the winds can be expected to blow in the direction of travel. During the Age of Sail, the pattern of prevailing winds made various points of the globe easy or difficult to access, and therefore had a direct effect on European empire-building and thus on modern political geography.

USA-17 (formerly known as BMW Oracle Racing 90 or BOR90) is a sloop rigged racing trimaran built by the American sailing team BMW Oracle Racing to challenge for the 2010 America's Cup. Designed by VPLP Yacht Design with consultation from Franck Cammas and his Groupama multi-hull sailing team, BOR90 is very light for her size being constructed almost entirely out of carbon fiber and epoxy resin, and exhibits very high performance being able to sail at 2.0 to 2.5 times the true wind speed. From the actual performance of the boat during the 2010 America's Cup races, it can be seen that she could achieve a velocity made good upwind of over twice the wind speed and downwind of over 2.5 times the wind speed. She can apparently sail at 20 degrees off the apparent wind.

The variational multiscale method (VMS) is a technique used for deriving models and numerical methods for multiscale phenomena. The VMS framework has been mainly applied to design stabilized finite element methods in which stability of the standard Galerkin method is not ensured both in terms of singular perturbation and of compatibility conditions with the finite element spaces. Stabilized methods are getting increasing attention in computational fluid dynamics because they are designed to solve drawbacks typical of the standard Galerkin method: advection-dominated flows problems and problems in which an arbitrary combination of interpolation functions may yield to unstable discretized formulations. The milestone of stabilized methods for this class of problems can be considered the Streamline Upwind Petrov-Galerkin method (SUPG), designed during 80s for convection dominated-flows for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations by Brooks and Hughes.

Tutzó competed for the Spanish sailing squad, as a crew member in the women's 470 class, at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. She and skipper Vía Dufresne topped the selection criteria by an effortless, 82-point edge over the other tandem Gallego and Támara Echegoyen to lock the country's 470 berth among the females for the Games at the class-associated Worlds nearly eight months earlier in Melbourne, Australia. The Spanish duo entered the final race with a couple of runner-up marks recorded throughout the series, both of which came close to their provisional fourth and ninth-leg triumph, respectively, by the narrowest of margins. A costly penalty turn for an incident at the final upwind mark, however, pushed both Tutzó and Vía Dufresne to the back and out of the medals, sitting them in the tenth overall spot with 92 net points.

If the flight controls are unable to overcome the rolling tendency at this low speed, the upwind wingtip will contact the ground and initiate a ground loop; the glider pilot must release the tow rope to abandon the takeoff. Gliders with a large main wheel and a tail wheel or tail skid are particularly susceptible to this form of ground looping during cross-wind takeoffs because of the large angle of attack on the wing. Gliders with a nose wheel or nose skid cause the wing to present a lower angle of attack at the commencement of the take off roll and are much less susceptible to this form of ground looping. Tow plane pilots are taught to delay applying full power until the glider is moving fast enough that its tail is off the ground, reducing the angle of attack on the wing.

This was not an unreasonable assumption, as Zeppelins on night-time air-raids over the United Kingdom had previously used the tactic of cutting their engines when upwind of the target, then releasing their bombs as they silently drifted overhead. Within a few hours, sufficient casing fragments had been collected to show that the explosions were the result of shells, not bombs. By the end of the day, military authorities were aware the shells were being fired from behind German lines by a new long-range gun, although there was initially press speculation on the origin of the shells. This included the theory they were being fired by German agents close by Paris, or even within the city itself, so abandoned quarries close to the city were searched for a hidden gun. The actual gun was found within days by the French air reconnaissanceMiller (1921) pg.

The Bermuda sloop became the predominant type of sailing vessel both in the Bermudian colony and among sloop rigs worldwide as Bermudian traders visited foreign nations. Soon, shipbuilding became one of the primary trades on the island and ships were exported throughout the English colonies on the American seaboard, in the West Indies, and eventually to Europe. Bermudians, largely slaves, built roughly a thousand ships during the 18th century. Although many of these were sold abroad, the colony maintained its own large merchant fleet which, thanks partly to the domination of trade in many American seaboard ports by branches of wealthy Bermudian families and partly to the suitability and availability of Bermudian vessels, carried much of the produce exported from the American south to Bermuda and to the West Indies aboard Bermudian mostly slave-manned vessels sailed southwest (more-or-less upwind) to the Turk Islands, where salt was harvested.

In sailing, luffing refers to when a sailing vessel is steered far enough toward the direction of the wind ("windward"), or the sheet controlling a sail is eased so far past optimal trim, that airflow over the surfaces of the sail is disrupted and the sail begins to "flap" or "luff" (the luff of the sail is usually where this first becomes evident). This is not always done in error; for example, the sails will luff when the bow of the boat passes through the direction of the wind as the sailboat is tacked. A sailboat can also be "luffed" slightly without completely de-powering the sails. Often this occurs on the point of sail known as close hauled, this is sometimes referred to as pinching or "feathering" and is sometimes done deliberately in order to make a more direct course toward an upwind destination (see: "beating to windward"), or to "de-power" a sail on a windy day to maintain control of the sailboat.

The volta do mar was a sailing technique discovered in successfully returning from the Atlantic islands, where the pilot first had to sail far to the west in order to catch usable following winds, and return to Europe. This was a counter-intuitive sailing direction, as it required the pilot to steer in a direction that was perpendicular to the ports of Portugal. Lack of this information may have doomed the thirteenth-century expedition of Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi, who were headed towards the Canary Islands (as yet unknown by the Europeans) and were lost; once there, without understanding the Atlantic gyre and the volta do mar, they would have been unable to beat upwind to the Strait of Gibraltar and home. Discovering this technique was crucial for returning from future discoveries; for example Christopher Columbus would never have returned from the Americas without applying the volta do mar by sailing northwards from the Caribbean through the Horse Latitudes to catch the prevailing mid-latitude westerlies.

Hobie 17 The Hobie 17 was available in two 'trim packages': the Sport has a jib and a small boomlett that is not attached to the mast and is intended for recreational use by two people, while the SE has only the main sail, a full boom, and is designed to be raced by one person. It is 17 feet long, 8 feet wide, has a 27-foot, 7-inch mast and 168 square feet (15.6 m2) of sail area (200 ft2 or 18.6 m2 with the jib). Both models have swinging centreboards and 'wings', which are made of aluminium tubing that plug into the hulls and covered with reinforced vinyl or mesh covers that can be used as seats, backrests, or provide more leverage when trapezing. The uni-rig or catboat sail plan allows the 17SE to 'point' well, or sail closer to straight upwind than many other Sloop-rigged catamarans.

The object of Fireforce was to quickly trap and wipe out guerrilla groups before they could evacuate the area, so the element of surprise was important, but this was difficult to maintain because of the noise of an Alouette III's jet engine; on a windy day in the quiet bush, an Alouette III can be heard downwind many kilometres away. Hearing the Fireforce coming from this distance would give the cadres plenty of time to hide themselves, so the RhAF pilots would attempt to approach their targets heading upwind to minimise this effect. Fireforce, used in conjunction with the Selous Scouts' methods, proved very effective for the security forces, who began to gain the upper hand; the doubling of the length of National Service from six to 12 months also contributed, as it gave the Rhodesians more troops. Conscripted men had first entered the RLI ranks in 1973 and were used in increasing numbers to make up shortages in manpower.

Additionally, CAFOs emit strains of antibiotic resistant bacteria into the surrounding air, particularly downwind from the facility. Levels of antibiotics measured downwind from swine CAFOs were three times higher than those measured upwind. While it is not widely known what is the source of these emissions, the animal feed is suspected.Swine CAFOGlobally, ruminant livestock are responsible for about 115 Tg/a of the 330 Tg/a (35%) of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions released per year."Trace Gases: Current Observations, Trends, and Budgets", Climate Change 2001, IPCC Third Assessment Report. IPCC/United Nations Environment Programme Livestock operations are responsible for about 18% of greenhouse gas emissions globally and over 7% of greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S.David N. Cassuto, The CAFO Hothouse: Climate Change, Industrial Agriculture and the Law Methane is the second most concentrated greenhouse gas contributing to global climate change,EPA (1999). "U.S. methane emissions 1990–2020: Inventories, Projections, and Opportunities for Reduction." EPA 430-R-99-01.

The first jangada sailors threw their boats into the sea between the abandon of those centuries and isolation and loneliness, yet they were part of the diverse groups of immigrants that populated the interior of the Brazilian north during the middle of the 17th century, bringing and raising cattle, whose meat fed the mining workers. With its admirable capacity of sailing upwind, and using the force of the wind to beat the ocean currents, the jangada found this part of the Brazilian coast as its ideal place, until the arrival of motorized boats which made (curiously few, until today) ports since the 19th century. Knowledge of constructing this family of artisan watercraft is nearing extinction – although there are still communities of fishermen present from the original group to occupy the Brazilian coast, the traditional jangada is no longer built from logs of varying size. The current jangada is made from industrial wooden boards, or formed with mechanical cutting instruments.

The points of sail at which high-performance sailing craft can achieve highest speeds and achieve the best speed made good over a course span between a beam reach (90° to the true wind) and a broad reach (about 135° away from the true wind). According to Bethwaite, having made comparative measurements in a true wind of , a displacement Soling can achieve speeds slightly higher than the true wind and sail 30° off the apparent wind, whereas a planing 18-foot Skiff achieves speeds of almost at an apparent wind of 20° and an iceboat can achieve at an apparent wind of 8°. Under apparent wind sailing, the objective is to keep the apparent wind as far forward, as practical, for the course sailed in order to attain the fastest course made good to the objective. This requires a craft that can exceed the true windspeed, both upwind and downwind; this allows the apparent wind to remain well ahead of the sail on the courses sailed, the fastest of which are reaches.

It was released in advance of the album Siamo tutti elefanti inventati (We are all invented elephants), considered by critics as Stadio's most successful (along with La faccia delle donne), and which marked the beginning of the group's collaboration with Saverio Grandi. The album, conceived with actor Alessandro Bergonzoni, has several collaborations, including "Ci sarà (vita controvento)" (life upwind) written by Ivano Fossati, "Segreteria telefonica" (Voicemail) by Claudio Lolli, and "Pelle a pelle" (Skin to skin) by Luca Carboni and Bruno Mariani. In 1992, Stabiliamo un contatto (Let's establish a contact) was released, including the songs: "Per la bandiera" (For the flag) written by Francesco Guccini in memory of the dead bodyguards of Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino; the Emilian artist signature, "Swatch"; "Libero di cambiare" (Free to change) with lyrics by Jovanotti; and "L'appostamento" and "Lo scatolone" (The big box) with lyrics by Bergonzoni. StadioMobileLive is the first work on stage published in the fall of 1993 with the song "Un disperato bisogno d'amore" (A desperate need of love) (also published as a disco remix on "U Got 2 Let the Music" by Cappella).

Within minutes of the initial collision and explosion, the Fire Department of New York (FDNY) fireboat Fire Fighter had departed its nearby station at Marine Company 9 in Stapleton and arrived at what the firefighters aboard would later describe as a sea of flames that extended in front of them. Initially assuming there had been an explosion on Esso Brussels, the fireboat began to pour water onto the ship from its starboard bow, keeping their ship upwind and upcurrent from the smoke and flames now heading towards the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. Following the inferno as it proceeded under the bridge and into Gravesend Bay, Fire Fighter maneuvered to a new position along the side of Esso Brussels and those aboard caught their first sight of the fully involved hull of Sea Witch and realized that there were actually two vessels involved in the fire instead of just one. Moving toward the stern of Sea Witch in an attempt to look for survivors, Fire Fighter and her crew found the entire ship enveloped by the burning slick and much of the after superstructure heavily aflame.

During Prince Henry's time and after, the Portuguese navigators discovered and perfected the North Atlantic Volta do Mar (the "turn of the sea" or "return from the sea"): the dependable pattern of trade winds blowing largely from the east near the equator and the returning westerlies in the mid-Atlantic. This was a major step in the history of navigation, when an understanding of oceanic wind patterns was crucial to Atlantic navigation, from Africa and the open ocean to Europe, and enabled the main route between the New World and Europe in the North Atlantic in future voyages of discovery. Although the lateen sail allowed sailing upwind to some extent, it was worth even major extensions of course to have a faster and calmer following wind for most of a journey. Portuguese mariners who sailed south and southwest towards the Canary Islands and West Africa would afterwards sail far to the northwest—that is, away from continental Portugal, and seemingly in the wrong direction—before turning northeast near the Azores islands and finally east to Europe in order to have largely following winds for their full journey.