87 Sentences With "unrooted" | Random Sentence Generator

Everything's been unrooted, and we're finding new ways to do old things.

Plants appear as negatives, or deletions, in the landscape, and many are floating, unrooted.

Strangers solidified Sedaris as a voice for unrooted absurdist comedy that doesn't require context or known pop culture references to work.

The powerful winds unrooted trees, tore the roofs off schools, shopping malls and banks, and in Panama City derailed a freight train.

Reagan was nearly as unrooted as Mr. Trump, leaving his Illinois town for Hollywood as soon as he could, and barely looking back.

Sitting in an office building on the Lower East Side of Manhattan this fall, Mr. Cummings recalled that his mother had led an unrooted life.

"This is a place of permanence" for people who have long felt unrooted and not expected anyone to commemorate their lives, said Nate Schlueter, the Gathering Tree's chief operating officer.

Passage into midlife is both a liberation from and a loss of youthful energy—energy that is wild and ambitious, unrooted and unafraid, energy that knows only to express itself as progress.

Lee and Yeun perfected Yeun's conversational Korean to play Ben, but decided to have him retain his more American mannerisms and movements, which lends an extra layer of mystery and even menace to the mysterious, seemingly unrooted, supremely confident character.

A cladogram in the form of an unrooted binary tree, representing the similarities and evolutionary history among species of actinobacteria. In mathematics and computer science, an unrooted binary tree is an unrooted tree in which each vertex has either one or three neighbors.

Unrooted binary trees have also been called free binary trees,. cubic trees,. ternary trees and unrooted ternary trees,.. However, the "free binary tree" name has also been applied to unrooted trees that may have degree-two nodes. and to rooted binary trees with unordered children,.

Both rooted and unrooted phylogenetic trees can be further generalized to rooted or unrooted phylogenetic networks, which allow for the modeling of evolutionary phenomena such as hybridization or horizontal gene transfer.

Unrooted Phylogenetic Tree depicting relationships of several species based on similarity of Fam158a Protein.

FAM46C Ortholog Unrooted TreeBased on multiple sequence alignments generated by ClustalW an unrooted phylogenetic tree was generated for select FAM46C orthologs in order to demonstrate the diverse occurrences of FAM46C-like genes throughout the current evolutionary catalog. For posterity, many orthologs were omitted (see ortholog table above; many were omitted from this table as well).

Those who live here are unneighbourly, unrooted strangers, not stable families, and any cakes consumed here are bought not home-made.

When an unrooted tree is represented in Newick notation, an arbitrary node is chosen as its root. Whether rooted or unrooted, typically a tree's representation is rooted on an internal node and it is rare (but legal) to root a tree on a leaf node. A rooted binary tree that is rooted on an internal node has exactly two immediate descendant nodes for each internal node. An unrooted binary tree that is rooted on an arbitrary internal node has exactly three immediate descendant nodes for the root node, and each other internal node has exactly two immediate descendant nodes.

By contrast, unrooted trees plot the distances and relationships between input sequences without making assumptions regarding their descent. An unrooted tree can always be produced from a rooted tree, but a root cannot usually be placed on an unrooted tree without additional data on divergence rates, such as the assumption of the molecular clock hypothesis. The set of all possible phylogenetic trees for a given group of input sequences can be conceptualized as a discretely defined multidimensional "tree space" through which search paths can be traced by optimization algorithms. Although counting the total number of trees for a nontrivial number of input sequences can be complicated by variations in the definition of a tree topology, it is always true that there are more rooted than unrooted trees for a given number of inputs and choice of parameters.

LOC101928193 Unrooted Phylogenetic Tree. Color coded by taxonomic group: Mammals (orange), amphibians (green), fish (blue), mollusks (yellow), cnidarians (teal), fungi (lime green), and bacteria (purple).

For each P-block, an unrooted tree topology is calculated using RAxML. The program Quartet MaxCut is then used to calculate a supertree from these trees.

These methods seek a tree with the given species as leaves in which the internal nodes are also labeled with features, and attempt to minimize the number of times some feature is present at only one of the two endpoints of an edge in the tree. Ideally, each feature should only have one edge for which this is the case. Changing the root of a tree does not change this number of edge differences, so methods based on parsimony are not capable of determining the location of the tree root and will produce an unrooted tree, often an unrooted binary tree.. Unrooted binary trees also are produced by methods for inferring evolutionary trees based on quartet data specifying, for each four leaf species, the unrooted binary tree describing the evolution of those four species, and by methods that use quartet distance to measure the distance between trees..

Unrooted binary trees are also used to define branch-decompositions of graphs, by forming an unrooted binary tree whose leaves represent the edges of the given graph. That is, a branch-decomposition may be viewed as a hierarchical clustering of the edges of the graph. Branch-decompositions and an associated numerical quantity, branch-width, are closely related to treewidth and form the basis for efficient dynamic programming algorithms on graphs..

See e.g. for the same correspondence between clusterings and trees, but using rooted binary trees instead of unrooted trees and therefore including an arbitrary choice of the root node.

1-trees are the same as unrooted trees. 2-trees are maximal series-parallel graphs,. and include also the maximal outerplanar graphs. Planar 3-trees are also known as Apollonian networks.

A free tree or unrooted tree is a connected undirected graph with no cycles. The vertices with one neighbor are the leaves of the tree, and the remaining vertices are the internal nodes of the tree. The degree of a vertex is its number of neighbors; in a tree with more than one node, the leaves are the vertices of degree one. An unrooted binary tree is a free tree in which all internal nodes have degree exactly three.

The tips of a phylogenetic tree can be living taxa or fossils, and represent the 'end', or the present, in an evolutionary lineage. A phylogenetic diagram can be rooted or unrooted. A rooted tree diagram indicates the hypothetical common ancestor, or ancestral lineage, of the tree. An unrooted tree diagram (a network) makes no assumption about the ancestral line, and does not show the origin or "root" of the taxa in question or the direction of inferred evolutionary transformations.

An unrooted phylogenetic tree of KIAA1551 was created of 20 orthologs and the human KIAA1551 gene. This phylogenetic tree shows inferred evolutionary relationships of the human KIAA1551 gene and 20 of its orthologs.

An unrooted binary tree T may be transformed into a full rooted binary tree (that is, a rooted tree in which each non-leaf node has exactly two children) by choosing a root edge e of T, placing a new root node in the middle of e, and directing every edge of the resulting subdivided tree away from the root node. Conversely, any full rooted binary tree may be transformed into an unrooted binary tree by removing the root node, replacing the path between its two children by a single undirected edge, and suppressing the orientation of the remaining edges in the graph. For this reason, there are exactly 2n −3 times as many full rooted binary trees with n leaves as there are unrooted binary trees with n leaves.

The evolutionary relationship between FAM214A and its orthologous proteins An unrooted phylogenetic tree of 20 orthologs was generated by the CLUSTALW program on Biology Workbench to demonstrate the evolutionary relationship between FAM214A and its orthologs.

Recall that a tree (or a forest) is irreductible when it lacks any internal node of degree 2. In the case of a rooted tree (or a rooted forest), the root(s) are of course allowed to have degree 2, since they are not internal nodes. Any tree (or forest) can be made irreductible by applying a sequence of edge contractions. An irreductible (rooted or unrooted) tree whose leaves are bijectively labeled by elements of a set is called a (rooted or unrooted) -tree.

Shows the unrooted branching of select orthologs for LOC10105519. The most distant ortholog for LOC101059915 is from the species Sarcrophilus harrisii which is commonly known as the Tasmanian Devil dating from more than 159.0 million years ago.

BMC Evolutionary Biology 10: 323. . and generated by SplitsTree. A split in phylogenetics is a bipartition of a set of taxa, and the smallest unit of information in unrooted phylogenetic trees: each edge of an unrooted phylogenetic tree represents one split, and the tree can be efficiently reconstructed from its set of splits. Moreover, when given several trees, the splits occurring in more than half of these trees give rise to a consensus tree, and the splits occurring in a smaller fraction of the trees generally give rise to a consensus Split Network.

Unrooted phylogenetic tree based on an alignment of the protein sequence of ZNF837 homologs. The human ZNF837 has homologs present in many mammals and seen more distantly. All homologs are chordates. All contain both COG5048 and Zf-C2H2_2 domains.

The tail is bicoloured, dark above and pale beneath. Apart from the unrooted molar teeth, it can be distinguished from the grey red-backed vole by having a redder back, a more buffy (rather than greyer) underparts and a longer tail.

In some applications it may make sense to distinguish subtypes of unrooted binary trees: a planar embedding of the tree may be fixed by specifying a cyclic ordering for the edges at each vertex, making it into a plane tree. In computer science, binary trees are often rooted and ordered when they are used as data structures, but in the applications of unrooted binary trees in hierarchical clustering and evolutionary tree reconstruction, unordered trees are more common. Additionally, one may distinguish between trees in which all vertices have distinct labels, trees in which the leaves only are labeled, and trees in which the nodes are not labeled. In an unrooted binary tree with n leaves, there will be n − 2 internal nodes, so the labels may be taken from the set of integers from 1 to 2n − 1 when all nodes are to be labeled, or from the set of integers from 1 to n when only the leaves are to be labeled..

Neighbor-joining methods apply general data clustering techniques to sequence analysis using genetic distance as a clustering metric. The simple neighbor- joining method produces unrooted trees, but it does not assume a constant rate of evolution (i.e., a molecular clock) across lineages.

Figure 1: A rooted phylogenetic tree created by Bio.Phylo showing the relationship between different organisms' Apaf-1 homologs Figure 2: The same tree as above, drawn unrooted using Graphviz via Bio.Phylo The Bio.Phylo module provides tools for working with and visualising phylogenetic trees.

Neighbor-joining methods apply general cluster analysis techniques to sequence analysis using genetic distance as a clustering metric. The simple neighbor-joining method produces unrooted trees, but it does not assume a constant rate of evolution (i.e., a molecular clock) across lineages.

Unrooted phylogenetic tree of TEX9 orthologs. Branch length represents relative evolutionary distance between organisms. All of the orthologs of TEX9 are derived from the same common ancestor except the gene found in Chlamydia, which is thought to have transferred from humans into the bacterium.

Seeds are broadcast on well-prepared beds that are kept continually moist until germination and seedling emergence. Light is required for successful germination.(Brinkman 1974). Recommended spacing using rooted cuttings for erosion control is 1.8 m by 1.8 m; for unrooted whips or shorter cuttings, 0.6 m.

A Bethe lattice is defined by its coordination number. It is an unrooted tree, since every vertex is identical, with z neighbors. It also has no surface since it extends to infinity. On the other hand a Cayley tree has a root and a highly non-negligible surface.

An unrooted binary tree is a connected undirected graph with no cycles in which each non-leaf node has exactly three neighbors. A branch-decomposition may be represented by an unrooted binary tree T, together with a bijection between the leaves of T and the edges of the given graph G = (V,E). If e is any edge of the tree T, then removing e from T partitions it into two subtrees T1 and T2. This partition of T into subtrees induces a partition of the edges associated with the leaves of T into two subgraphs G1 and G2 of G. This partition of G into two subgraphs is called an e-separation.

Unrooted phylogenetic tree of vertebrate and invertebrate PRR16 orthologs. All abbreviations are the first two letters of genus name and first letter of species name. Tree made with a Neighbor-Joining method using a ClustalW-formatted set of sequences as input. There are two isoforms of Inhibitory synaptic factor 1 that are known paralogs of PRR16.

The most distant relative found through BLAST with a significant similarity to PRR12 is the fish Danio rerio. Orthologs were found in fish, amphibians, reptiles, and other mammals. While no PRR12 orthologs were found in birds, birds did have orthologs to the QSER1, which is a close paralog to human PRR12. none An unrooted phylogenetic map of PRR12 orthologs.

Distance-matrix methods may produce either rooted or unrooted trees, depending on the algorithm used to calculate them. They are frequently used as the basis for progressive and iterative types of multiple sequence alignments. The main disadvantage of distance-matrix methods is their inability to efficiently use information about local high-variation regions that appear across multiple subtrees.

In the kangaroo rats, the teeth continue to grow all the time, being worn away as the animal chews. The molars have two-lobed cusps. The upper incisors are grooved and the enamel on the molars is quickly worn away by chewing leaving the dentine exposed. In the kangaroo rats they are unrooted but in the pocket mice they have roots.

This unrooted phylogenetic tree shows the relationship between human FAM46B and selective orthologs and homologs. The phylogenetic tree of FAM46B mirrors a standard phylogenetic tree. As should be expected, the mammals are grouped together with the primates clustered most tightly. The more distant homologs such as Drosophila and Caenorhabditis are on the left, representing greater divergence between the gene sequences.

Conifers under (drought) stress or with tender new growth are sensitive as well. Damage may occur as yellow or brown spotting on the leaves, burned tips, or leaf scorch. Plants under drought stress, young transplants, unrooted cuttings and plants with soft young growth tend to be more sensitive. Sensitivity may be tested on a small portion of a plant or plot before a full-scale application.

The method is often implemented using the programs PAUP or TNT. Maximum compatibility also uses characters, with the objective of finding the tree on which the maximum number of characters evolve without homoplasy. Again the characters can be weighted and when this occurs the objective is to maximise the sum of the weights of compatible characters. It also produces unrooted trees unless additional information is incorporated.

This branch is then taken to be outside all the other branches of the tree, which together form a monophyletic group. This imparts a sense of relative time to the tree. Incorrect choice of a root can result in incorrect relationships on the tree, even if the tree is itself correct in its unrooted form. Parsimony analysis often returns a number of equally most- parsimonious trees (MPTs).

All similarities to American anteaters have evolved independently as adaptations to eating ants. One of the most distinctive features of the animals is that their teeth have a "tubulidentate" microstructure, lacking enamel, and are just rounded structures of dentine. They lack incisors and canines, and have 20-22 teeth, which are evergrowing, unrooted, and diphyodont. Another unique trait is that their small milk teeth are lost before the animal is born.

Each language is represented by a path, the paths showing the different states as it evolves. There is only one path between every pair of vertices. Unrooted trees plot the relationship between the input data without assumptions regarding their descent. A rooted tree explicitly identifies a common ancestor, often by specifying a direction of evolution or by including an "outgroup" that is known to be only distantly related to the set of languages being classified.

Many military brats report difficulty in identifying where they belongEidse, Faith; Sichel, Nina. Unrooted Childhoods: Memoirs of Growing up Global, 1st edition. Nicholas Brealey Publishing, 2003. (due to a lifestyle of constantly moving, and also immersion in military culture, and in many cases, also foreign cultures, as opposed to the civilian culture of their native countries, while growing up) and frequently feel like outsiders in relation to the civilian culture of their native countries.

DNA hybridization, via conserved sequences targeted by DNA probes, was then used in conjunction with 16SrRNA sequencing to determine evolutionary distances between 47 organisms isolated from the same sources and to create an unrooted phylogenetic tree. Hops have been shown to have antimicrobial effects, due to Iso-alpha acids, against gram-positive organisms, which are resisted by pseudo-gram-positive organisms like those in the class Negativicutes, such as P. raffinosivorans.Denis De Keukeleire.

Cladograms B and C contain polytomies, where more than one branch descends from a single node. An internal node of a phylogenetic tree is described as a polytomy or multifurcation if (i) it is in a rooted tree and is linked to three or more child subtrees or (ii) it is in an unrooted tree and is attached to four or more branches. A tree that contains any multifurcations can be described as a multifurcating tree.

British zoologist Oldfield Thomas first described the royal vole was in 1907 as Craseomys regulus, the type locality being Mingyong in Korea, south east of Seoul. It was later transferred to the genus Myodes, becoming Myodes regulus, but many authorities believed it was a subspecies of Myodes rufocanus. It has unrooted molar teeth, a characteristic shared by the very similar Myodes shanseius but not M. rufocanus, and molecular analysis shows that it is a distinct species.

These two methods are similar but the maximum parsimony method's objective is to find the tree (or network) in which the minimum number of evolutionary changes occurs. In some implementations the characters can be given weights and then the objective is to minimise the total weighted sum of the changes. The analysis produces unrooted trees unless an outgroup is used or directed characters. Heuristics are used to find the best tree but optimisation is not guaranteed.

Phenetic analyses are unrooted, that is, they do not distinguish between plesiomorphies, traits that are inherited from an ancestor, and apomorphies, traits that evolved anew in one or several lineages. A common problem with phenetic analysis is that basal evolutionary grades, which retain many plesiomorphies compared to more advanced lineages, appear to be monophyletic. Phenetic analyses are also liable to be misled by convergent evolution and adaptive radiation. Cladistic methods have attempted to solve those problems.

A hierarchical clustering of a collection of objects may be formalized as a maximal family of sets of the objects in which no two sets cross. That is, for every two sets S and T in the family, either S and T are disjoint or one is a subset of the other, and no more sets can be added to the family while preserving this property. If T is an unrooted binary tree, it defines a hierarchical clustering of its leaves: for each edge (u,v) in T there is a cluster consisting of the leaves that are closer to u than to v, and these sets together with the empty set and the set of all leaves form a maximal non-crossing family. Conversely, from any maximal non-crossing family of sets over a set of n elements, one can form a unique unrooted binary tree that has a node for each triple (A,B,C) of disjoint sets in the family that together cover all of the elements.

When bound to MIF4GD, the stabilized protein suppresses phosphorylation by CDK2 at T187, which controls the amount of cell proliferation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Regulation of this interaction is being studied as a potential therapeutic treatment for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. This provides more evidence that MIF4GD helps regulate cell proliferation, and suggests MIF4GD may play a role in immune response. An unrooted phylogenetic tree of 19 MIF4GD orthologs, showing the divergence from the human MIF4GD protein (annotated with black arrow).

Under these models, the tree is estimated unrooted; rooting, and consequently determination of polarity, is performed after the analysis. The primary difference between these methods and distances is that parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian methods fit individual characters to the tree, whereas distance methods fit all the characters at once. There is nothing inherently less phylogenetic about this approach. More practically, distance methods are avoided because the relationship between individual characters and the tree is lost in the process of reducing characters to distances.

A variety of file formats are supported for reading and writing, including Newick, NEXUS and phyloXML. Common tree manipulations and traversals are supported via the `Tree` and `Clade` objects. Examples include converting and collating tree files, extracting subsets from a tree, changing a tree's root, and analysing branch features such as length or score. Rooted trees can be drawn in ASCII or using matplotlib (see Figure 1), and the Graphviz library can be used to create unrooted layouts (see Figure 2).

Myosin unrooted phylogenetic tree The wide variety of myosin genes found throughout the eukaryotic phyla were named according to different schemes as they were discovered. The nomenclature can therefore be somewhat confusing when attempting to compare the functions of myosin proteins within and between organisms. Skeletal muscle myosin, the most conspicuous of the myosin superfamily due to its abundance in muscle fibers, was the first to be discovered. This protein makes up part of the sarcomere and forms macromolecular filaments composed of multiple myosin subunits.

A huge number of possible phylogenetic trees exist for any reasonably sized set of taxa; for example, a mere ten species gives over two million possible unrooted trees. These possibilities must be searched to find a tree that best fits the data according to the optimality criterion. However, the data themselves do not lead to a simple, arithmetic solution to the problem. Ideally, we would expect the distribution of whatever evolutionary characters (such as phenotypic traits or alleles) to directly follow the branching pattern of evolution.

A number of algorithms are therefore used to search among the possible trees. Many of these involve taking an initial tree (usually the favored tree from the last iteration of the algorithm), and perturbing it to see if the change produces a higher score. The trees resulting from parsimony search are unrooted: They show all the possible relationships of the included taxa, but they lack any statement on relative times of divergence. A particular branch is chosen to root the tree by the user.

Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: Cold Spring Harbor, NY. Distance methods attempt to construct an all-to-all matrix from the sequence query set describing the distance between each sequence pair. From this is constructed a phylogenetic tree that places closely related sequences under the same interior node and whose branch lengths closely reproduce the observed distances between sequences. Distance-matrix methods may produce either rooted or unrooted trees, depending on the algorithm used to calculate them. They are frequently used as the basis for progressive and iterative types of multiple sequence alignment.

Branch decomposition of a grid graph, showing an e-separation. The separation, the decomposition, and the graph all have width three. In graph theory, a branch-decomposition of an undirected graph G is a hierarchical clustering of the edges of G, represented by an unrooted binary tree T with the edges of G as its leaves. Removing any edge from T partitions the edges of G into two subgraphs, and the width of the decomposition is the maximum number of shared vertices of any pair of subgraphs formed in this way.

The tree encompasses a representative orthologs within the eukarya domain. When comparing the rate of evolution of GPATCH11 to known proteins such as fibrinogen and cytochrome c, GPATCH11 is evolving quite rapidly, similar to the rate of the fibrinogen protein. An unrooted evolutionary tree can be seen to the right including representatives of species ranging from invertebrates to mammals. This shows the hypothetical relationship of the GPATCH11 sequence among the different taxa, and is supported by divergence time of the taxa from humans as well as sequence identity/similarity.

The sizeable Stonecutters' Island Gaol was left in ruins and both the Police Courts and Victoria Gaol were unroofed. The damage overall was considered "incalculable". Ernst Eitel recounted how many of the European and Chinese houses were ruined and became roofless; big trees were unrooted and corpses were found in the ruins and started surfacing at the waterfront from the wrecked ships. A visitor arriving on a steamer from Peking during the typhoon reported that the waterfront was nearly swept away, hardly a tree was left standing in the Botanical Gardens and many buildings were found roofless and in ruins.

Independent information about the relationship between sequences or groups can be used to help reduce the tree search space and root unrooted trees. Standard usage of distance-matrix methods involves the inclusion of at least one outgroup sequence known to be only distantly related to the sequences of interest in the query set. This usage can be seen as a type of experimental control. If the outgroup has been appropriately chosen, it will have a much greater genetic distance and thus a longer branch length than any other sequence, and it will appear near the root of a rooted tree.

The PC tree, developed by Wei-Kuan Shih and Wen-Lian Hsu, is a more recent generalization of the PQ tree. Like the PQ tree, it represents permutations by reorderings of nodes in a tree, with elements represented at the leaves of the tree. Unlike the PQ tree, the PC tree is unrooted. The nodes adjacent to any non-leaf node labeled P may be reordered arbitrarily as in the PQ tree, while the nodes adjacent to any non- leaf node labeled C have a fixed cyclic order and may only be reordered by reversing this order.

Five separate runs produced the same (unrooted) tree, with three sets of language families: an eastern grouping of Altaic, Inuit–Yupik, and Chukchi–Kamchatkan; a central and southern Asia grouping of Kartvelian and Dravidian; and a northern and western European grouping of Indo-European and Uralic. Two rootings were considered, using established age estimates for Proto-Indo-European and Proto- Chukchi–Kamchatkan as calibration.Pagel et al.. (SI), pp. 2-3 The first roots the tree to the midpoint of the branch leading to proto-Dravidian and yields an estimated origin for Eurasiatic of 14450 ± 1750 years ago.

Carving width is a concept defined similarly to branch width, except with edges replaced by vertices and vice versa. A carving decomposition is an unrooted binary tree with each leaf representing a vertex in the original graph, and the width of a cut is the number (or total weight in a weighted graph) of edges that are incident to a vertex in both subtrees. Branch width algorithms typically work by reducing to an equivalent carving width problem. In particular, the carving width of the medial graph of a planar graph is exactly twice the branch width of the original graph..

An agreement forest for two unrooted -trees and is a partition } of the taxon set satisfying the following conditions: # and are isomorphic for every and # the subtrees in and are vertex-disjoint subtrees of and , respectively. The set partition } is identified with the forest of restricted subtrees }, with either or (the choice of it begin irrelevant because of condition 1). Therefore, an agreement forest can either be seen as a partition of the taxon set or as a forest (in the classical graph-theoretic sense) of restricted subtrees. The size of an agreement forest is simply its number of components.

There is only one paralog identified for CCDC130, which is CCDC94, the only other known human member in the CWC16 family of proteins. The two have about 27% identity, most of which is located in the COG5134 domain and at the C-terminus. CCDC94 has three predicted serine phosphorylation sites at positions 213, 220, and 306 that line up with serines in CCDC130 in the multiple sequence alignment and a threonine phosphorylation site that lines up with a phosphorylated serine in CCDC130. An unrooted phylogenetic tree of the human CCDC130, close orthologs, and several distant homologs.

On 19 September 2012, security researchers demonstrated during Pwn2Own, a computer hacking contest held in Amsterdam, Netherlands, that the S III can be hacked via NFC, allowing attackers to download all data from the phone. In December 2012, two hardware issues were reported by users of the S III: A vulnerability of the Exynos SoC allowed malicious apps to gain root privileges even on unrooted devices, and a spontaneous bricking of the unit, called the "sudden death vulnerability", that occurs about six months after activation. Samsung has been replacing the mainboards of affected units under warranty. In January 2013, Samsung released a firmware update that corrected both issues.

After the bacterium was discovered in 1906, the term Streptococcus equinus became a convenient “wastebasket” into which nonhemolytic streptococci that do not ferment lactose and mannitol were categorized. The classification of all streptococci that fail to ferment lactose into one large category has made the classification of S. equinus very difficult. Figure 1: The unrooted tree shows some of the phylogenetic relationships of some Streptococcus species However, as shown to the left, it is known that S. equinus, a nonenterococcal, group D streptococcus, is most closely related to the species S. bovis. In 2003, S. bovis and S. equinus were found to have a 99% 16S rRNA sequence similarity.

Phylogenetic trees generated by computational phylogenetics can be either rooted or unrooted depending on the input data and the algorithm used. A rooted tree is a directed graph that explicitly identifies a most recent common ancestor (MRCA), usually an imputed sequence that is not represented in the input. Genetic distance measures can be used to plot a tree with the input sequences as leaf nodes and their distances from the root proportional to their genetic distance from the hypothesized MRCA. Identification of a root usually requires the inclusion in the input data of at least one "outgroup" known to be only distantly related to the sequences of interest.

The time required for a parsimony analysis (or any phylogenetic analysis) is proportional to the number of taxa (and characters) included in the analysis. Also, because more taxa require more branches to be estimated, more uncertainty may be expected in large analyses. Because data collection costs in time and money often scale directly with the number of taxa included, most analyses include only a fraction of the taxa that could have been sampled. Indeed, some authors have contended that four taxa (the minimum required to produce a meaningful unrooted tree) are all that is necessary for accurate phylogenetic analysis, and that more characters are more valuable than more taxa in phylogenetics.

Figure 3. Unrooted phylogenetic tree of C1orf21 orthologs. Adi [Acropora digitifera, Stony coral pulp], Ate [Anabas testudineus], Bbe [Branchiostoma belcheri, crown-of-thorns starfish], Cat [Cercocebus atys], Cmi [Callorhinchus milli], Ena [Echeneis naucrates], Fgl [Fulmarus glacialis], Gga [Gallus gallus, chicken], Ggg [Gorilla gorilla gorilla], Hbu [Haplochromis burtoni], Hle [Haliaeetus leucocephalus], Hsa [Homo sapiens, human], Mul [Macaca mulatta], Nfu [Nothobranchius furzeri], Oha [Ophiophagus hannah], Ptr [Pan troglodytes], Pvi [Pogona vitticeps, central bearded dragon], Rty [Rhincodon typus], Xla [Xenopus laevis, African clawed frog] Uma [Ursus maritimus]. Tree made with a neighbor-Joining method using a ClustalW-formatted set of sequences as input1.1 Clustal W There are no isoforms or paralogs of C1orf21 that are known.

Platform virtualization allows more leverage to the developer as anything that relates to the guest operating system only affects the guest operating system, and not the host operating system. Due to this it is possible for the guest operating system to be rooted, where as the host operating system remains unrooted. Due to the nature of platform virtualization and the fact that it can virtualize a rooted guest OS, it has a greater advantage over emulators as it can run applications or utilize packages that require access to the underlying system itself. As with all platform virtualization software and applications, they take up a lot of resources of the host in order to do the virtualization.

Written after the dissolution of the lead singer's high school band, it describes "the theme of hope inside hopelessness and finding purpose and passion despite feeling unrooted" using space imagery. The song has received critical acclaim and was the band's breakout single: it become their first to chart in the United States, securing a placement on the Hot Rock Songs chart and reaching the top 10 of the Alternative Songs chart. Its choreographed music video shot at Popsicle LA also received high praise and garnered audience attention on YouTube, bringing the band to RCA Records' attention and resulting with the band signing a record deal with them. The band have performed the song live on several occasions, notably on Jimmy Kimmel Live!.

An example of long branch attraction. On this "true tree", branches leading to A and C might be expected to have a higher number of character state transformations than the internal branch or branches leading to B and D. Assume for simplicity that we are considering a single binary character (it can either be + or -) distributed on the unrooted "true tree" with branch lengths proportional to amount of character state change, shown in the figure. Because the evolutionary distance from B to D is small, we assume that in the vast majority of all cases, B and D will exhibit the same character state. Here, we will assume that they are both + (+ and - are assigned arbitrarily and swapping them is only a matter of definition).

Weil discussed how uprootedness is a self- propagating condition, giving the example of the Romans and Germans after World War I as uprooted people who set about uprooting others. Whoever is rooted doesn't uproot others - Weil opines that the worst examples of misconduct by the Spanish and English during the colonial age were from adventurers who lacked deep connections with the life of their own countries. Both the left and right include activists who want the working class to be rooted again, but on the left there is sizeable contingent who merely want everyone to be reduced to the same level of unrootedness as the proletariats, and on the right a section who want the workers to remain unrooted the better to be able to exploit them. Disunity prevents good intentioned activists from having much effect.

It is also possible to define a notion of branch-decomposition for matroids that generalizes branch-decompositions of graphs.. Section 12, "Tangles and Matroids", pp. 188–190. A branch- decomposition of a matroid is a hierarchical clustering of the matroid elements, represented as an unrooted binary tree with the elements of the matroid at its leaves. An e-separation may be defined in the same way as for graphs, and results in a partition of the set M of matroid elements into two subsets A and B. If ρ denotes the rank function of the matroid, then the width of an e-separation is defined as , and the width of the decomposition and the branchwidth of the matroid are defined analogously. The branchwidth of a graph and the branchwidth of the corresponding graphic matroid may differ: for instance, the three-edge path graph and the three-edge star have different branchwidths, 2 and 1 respectively, but they both induce the same graphic matroid with branchwidth 1.

" Vincent Canby, in what would become one of his final reviews for The New York Times, remarked that "this 'Dennis the Menace' isn't a comic strip, but then it's not really a movie, certainly not one in the same giddy league with the two 'Home Alone' movies," adding that "Mr. Hughes and Mr. Castle try hard to re-create a kind of timeless, idealized comic-strip atmosphere, but except for the performances of Lea Thompson and Robert Stanton, who play Dennis's parents, nobody in the movie seems in touch with the nature of the comedy" and that the film "simply looks bland, unrooted in any reality." Of the other performances, Canby stated that Gamble was "a handsome boy, but [that] he displays none of the spontaneity that initially made [Macaulay] Culkin so refreshing". A mixed review came from Peter Rainer of the Los Angeles Times, who praised Matthau's performance enormously, yet called the film "pretty tepid tomfoolery but [...] not assaultive in the way that most kids’ films are nowadays": Roger Ebert gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four and wrote, "There's a lot to like in Dennis the Menace.

The counting sequence of a combinatorial class is the sequence of the numbers of elements of size i for i = 0, 1, 2, ...; it may also be described as a generating function that has these numbers as its coefficients. The counting sequences of combinatorial classes are the main subject of study of enumerative combinatorics. Two combinatorial classes are said to be isomorphic if they have the same numbers of objects of each size, or equivalently, if their counting sequences are the same.. Frequently, once two combinatorial classes are known to be isomorphic, a bijective proof of this equivalence is sought; such a proof may be interpreted as showing that the objects in the two isomorphic classes are cryptomorphic to each other. For instance, the triangulations of regular polygons (with size given by the number of sides of the polygon, and a fixed choice of polygon to triangulate for each size) and the set of unrooted binary plane trees (up to graph isomorphism, with a fixed ordering of the leaves, and with size given by the number of leaves) are both counted by the Catalan numbers, so they form isomorphic combinatorial classes.