386 Sentences With "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics"

How to use Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" and check conjugation/comparative form for "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics". Mastering all the usages of "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" from sentence examples published by news publications.

They might start with the experience of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
In 1922 Lenin proclaimed the creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
Officially on paper women were equally to men in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, formed five years after the Russian revolution of 19803, came apart at age 21980.
It's been used by the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi, for short) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
Instead of peace, after the 1991 breakup of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics into independent states, vicious racial hatreds re-emerged.
"The bill of rights of the former evil empire, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, was much better than ours," he said.
Brennan really wanted to object to America by supporting the Communist Party – the U.S. branch of the political party that ruled the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
For other examples of socialism failures we can look at starving Venezuela — where the oil revenue should provide a Scandinavian standard of living — or study the failure and collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
Many remember the geo-political tensions surrounding the 1980 match-up between the US and USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), tensions that have survived the last four decades, but the players hardly noticed at the time.
But the current occupiers of the Kremlin see any meaningful reform as a threat, and we should not be taken by surprise if one day Russia itself implodes, as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics did a quarter of a century ago.
Even the Politburo — the ruling class of the "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" and its U.S. presidential counterpart, the premier — could not expect to ever experience in Russia what the average Texan in a small town near Houston could do every day in 1989.
The Cold War hadn't quite yet come to its supposed 'end,' after all, so such superstructural shifts, probably so subtle at the time as to be nearly imperceptible, were often obscured if not subsumed by the greater narrative of The United States of America versus The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
After 1947, tigers were legally protected in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
Ukraine was incorporated into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on 30 December 1922.
The following lists events that happened during 1958 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1942 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1943 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1944 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1945 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1946 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1947 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1948 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1959 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1951 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1935 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1939 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1937 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1938 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1950 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1952 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1953 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1955 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1956 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1957 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1954 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1928 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1936 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1933 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1934 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1930 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1931 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1932 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1986 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1990 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1929 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1978 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1941 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1962 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1949 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1923 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1922 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1924 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1927 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1926 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The following lists events that happened during 1925 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The Republic of Byelarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation, and Ukraine, as successor states of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in connection with the Treaty, shall assume the obligations of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics under the Treaty.
Canada–Soviet Union relations were the relations between Canada and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR or Soviet Union).
Adopted at the 2350th meeting by 10 votes to 1 (Panama), with 4 abstentions (China, Poland, Spain, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics).
"The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is a Capitalist Society". Internal Discussion Bulletin of the Workers Party. Retrieved 23 April 2020.Dunayevskaya, Raya (1946).
Just before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Huchthausen served for three years in Moscow as the senior U.S. Naval Attaché to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
In 1988, he won all the youth competitions, including the Ukrainian Championship and USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) Championship. Henceforward, Rodion Luka starts going in for sailing professionally.
Autonomous oblasts of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics were administrative units created for a number of smaller nations, which were given autonomy within the fifteen republics of the USSR.
Soviet jewelry (soviet jewellery) is primarily gold, silver, platinum and palladium jewelry produced in The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) between 1922 and 1991. Soviet gold rings with rubies.
The Constitutions of the Soviet Union were three versions of the constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) in effect from 31 January 1924 to 26 December 1991.
Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 15 April 2017. and the Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Cultural Co-operation.Ginsburg, A calendar of Soviet treaties, 1974–1980, p. 64.“Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Cultural Co- operation . ATS 4 of 1975”. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 15 April 2017.
The State Flag of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (), commonly known as the Soviet flag (), was the official national flag of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1922 to 1991. The flag's design and symbolism are derived from several sources, but emerged during the Russian Revolution. The flag is also an international symbol of the communist movement as a whole. The nicknames for the flag were The Hammer and Sickle and The Red Banner.
Then he did PhD in the year of 1985 from The order of People's Friendship agriculture Institute, Tashkent, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(USSR) on the topic of "plant breeding and seed production".
The Republic of Vanuatu and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics established official diplomatic relations on 30 June 1986 - three months to the day before Vanuatu established diplomatic relations with the United States.
From 1982–1984, he served as Second Secretary in Equatorial Guinea's Embassy in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. from 1980 until 1982, he served as third Secretary of Equatorial Guinea embassy in Cameroon.
The "State Anthem of the Soviet Union" (; ), was the official national anthem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the state anthem of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1944 to 1991, replacing "The Internationale".
Ukraine was a rump state of its former self. In December 1922, with Bolsheviks secure in their power over its territory, Soviet Ukraine joined the Russian, Byelorussian, and Transcaucasian republics to form the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The post was equivalent to that of president. Niyazov supported the Soviet coup attempt of 1991.Union of Soviet Socialist Republics at Encyclopædia Britannica However, after the coup collapsed, he set about separating Turkmenistan from the dying Soviet Union.
Among other pacts, he signed the Sikorski- Mayski Agreement of 1941, which declared the Treaty of Non-Aggression Between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics null and void.Ivan Maisky Memoirs of a Soviet Ambassador: The War 1939-43 trans.
The Council of Ministers of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (; sometimes abbreviated to Sovmin or referred to as the Soviet of Ministers), was the de jure government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), comprising the main executive and administrative agency of the USSR from 1946 until 1991. During 1946 the Council of People's Commissars was reorganized as the Council of Ministers. Accordingly, the People's Commissariats were renamed as Ministries. The council issued declarations and instructions based on and in accordance with applicable laws, which had obligatory jurisdictional power in all republics of the Union.
The President of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (), also known as the President of the Soviet Union (, ) or the President of the USSR (), was the head of state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from 15 March 1990 to 25 December 1991. Mikhail Gorbachev was the only person to occupy this office. Gorbachev was also General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between March 1985 and August 1991. He derived an increasingly greater share of his power from his position as president until he finally resigned as General Secretary after the 1991 coup d'état attempt.
The ratio of width to length is 1:2.' On 19 August 1955 "Statute on the State Flag of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" was adopted by a decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. This resulted in a change of the hammer's handle length and the shape of the sickle. On August 15, 1980, a new edition of the "Statute on the State Flag of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" was adopted, which did not make any changes to the flag's description aside from removing the hammer and sickle on the reverse side of the flag.
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a charter member of the United Nations and one of five permanent members of the Security Council. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, its UN seat was transferred to the Russian Federation.
The end of World War II established the two most powerful victors, the United States of America (United States, or just the U.S.) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, or just the Soviet Union) as the two dominant world superpowers.
' Importantly, the 1918 Russian Constitution's main principles served as a precursor to the ensuing constitutions of both united and autonomous Soviet republics. They were recognized as fundamental to the 1924 Soviet Constitution, which was the formative document of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
In 1991, he became the first to create a currency exchange corporation in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The following year, he became the president of Parex Bank. From 1998 to 2008, he was the president and the chairman of Parex Bank.
Whitlam was not received by General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Leonid Brezhnev, who for "reasons of health" was unable to meet him, but instead by Alexei Kosygin, the Chairman of the Soviet of Ministers of the USSR. During Whitlam's visit to the USSR, two agreements were signed between the two countries on 15 January 1975: the Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Scientific-Technical Co-operation“Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Scientific-Technical Co- operation . ATS 3 of 1975”.
One of identical twins, she is the daughter of Sir Brian Fall, the former British Ambassador to Moscow during the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. She was educated at The King's School, Canterbury and met Cameron whilst studying Philosophy, Politics and Economics at St Hilda's College, Oxford.
Afanasyev was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1972 and advanced to become a full member in 1981."Афанасьев Виктор Григорьевич" ("Afanasyev, Viktor Grigoryevich"). Большая Советская Энциклопедия (The Great Soviet Encyclopedia), Third Edition. Ed. Alexander Prokhorov.
Bilateral relations between the Russian Federation's predecessor the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Republic of China were established from 1922 until 1949 when it switched to the recognition of the People's Republic of China (and in the same year the ROC established diplomatic relations with South Korea).
He was awarded an Order of the October Revolution by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in 1983.Ведомости Верховного Совета Союза Советских Социалистических Республик. (News of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) No. 28, 6 June 1983. Moscow: Verkhnovnyi Sovet, 1983.
In 1922, the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic was officially redesignated to lead the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, simply known as the Soviet Union. In 1924, Lenin resigned as leader of the Soviet Union due to poor health and soon died, with Joseph Stalin subsequently taking over control.
The derelict remains of this spacecraft, bearing the designation "СССР Luna 23" (СССР is the Cyrillic abbreviation for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), can be found in the accessible parts of Earth's Moon in the BioWare video game Mass Effect and can be salvaged for random materials.
Soviet Armenia depicting Mount Ararat in the centre Armenia was annexed by Red Army and along with Georgia and Azerbaijan, it was incorporated into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as part of the Transcaucasian SFSR (TSFSR) on 4 March 1922.Закавказская федерация. Большая советская энциклопедия, 3-е изд., гл. ред.
Flag of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Soviet patriotism is the socialist patriotism involving emotional and cultural attachment of the Soviet people to the Soviet Union as their homeland.The Current digest of the Soviet press , Volume 39, Issues 1-26. American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, 1987.
The major beneficiary was Khrushchev. His name appeared atop a revised list of secretaries—indicating that he was now in charge of the party."Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" at Encyclopædia Britannica The Central Committee formally elected him First Secretary in September. After Stalin's death, Beria launched a number of reforms.
He was elected as one of the first four Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR on 30 December 1922 when the union of Soviet Socialist Republics was formed. He held that position until he committed suicide on 16 June 1937 in order to avoid Stalin's Great Purge.
Michael Richard Bell is a Canadian former diplomat. He was appointed Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Peru, then to Bolivia and then to Mongolia. Bell was later appointed to Mongolia and to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. He was then concurrently appointed to the Netherlands, Tajikistan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Azerbaijan and Belarus.
12 From 1795 until the Russian Revolution of 1917, Berestechko was part of Volhynian Governorate of the Russian Empire; from 1921 to 1939 it was part of Poland. In September 1939 it became part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, town since January 1940.Берестечко // Большой энциклопедический словарь (в 2-х тт.).
The USSR International in badminton was an international open held in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics since 1973, and finished in 1992 with the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), in its place. The Russian International is the continuation of this tournament.
Armenia’s application of capital punishment in the modern era dated back to their Criminal Code of 1961, of which was implemented while the country was under a republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Armenia’s Criminal Code of 1961 enforced the death penalty for 16 war-time crimes and 18 peace-time criminal offences. After their declaration of independence from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Armenia suspended the use of capital punishment, yet they continued to use the Criminal Code of 1961, which enabled courts to legally sentence individuals who they believe had violated capital crimes to death. In February 1991, an unknown individual was charged with committing first-degree murder and was executed through a single gun shot to the head.
After the capture of Rudak, some of the men were drafted into the Red Army. Until May 1948 within the borders of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. In the report of the County Inspector for Settlement in October 1946, the village was described as follows: “The village is generally poor, with about 150 farms.
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics made its Summer Paralympic début at the 1988 Summer Paralympics in Seoul. This was not only its first, but also its last appearance in the Summer Paralympics before its dissolution. The country participated only in athletics and swimming events. Soviet competitors won 56 medals, of which 21 gold.
In 1974, he became Ambassador to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. He was appointed as Ambassador to Belgium, Luxembourg and the European Economic Community in 1977. In February 1980, Plimsoll was named High Commissioner to the United Kingdom, replacing political appointee Gordon Freeth. He was the first career diplomat appointed to the position.
Soviet Union passport for travel abroad The passport system of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was an organisational framework of the single national civil registration system based upon identification documents, and managed in accordance with the laws by ministries and other governmental bodies authorised by the Constitution of the USSR in the sphere of internal affairs.
The Ninth Five-Year Plan of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a set of economic goals designed to strengthen the country's economy between 1971 and 1975. The plan was presented by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers Alexei Kosygin at the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in 1971.
Senior Sergeant Avetisyan. Postage stamp of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 1963. Sergeant Avetisyan's portrait was featured on a 1963 Soviet postage stamp when the Soviet post issued a series of stamps honoring wartime heroes in the 1960s. Monuments of Avetisyan are located in the village of Tzav, his hometown, and the cities Kapan and Yerevan.
National delimitation in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was the process of creating well-defined national territorial units (Soviet socialist republics – SSR, autonomous Soviet socialist republics – ASSR, autonomous oblasts (provinces), raions (districts) and okrugs) from the ethnic diversity of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and its subregions. The Russian term for this Soviet state policy is razmezhevanie (, natsionalno- territorialnoye razmezhevaniye), which is variously translated in English- language literature as national-territorial delimitation, demarcation, or partition.Hasan Ali Karasar, "The Partition of Khorezm and the Positions of Turkestanis on Razmezhevanie", Europe-Asia Studies, 60(7):1247-1260 (September 2008). National delimitation is part of a broader process of changes in administrative-territorial division, which also changes the boundaries of territorial units, but is not necessarily linked to national or ethnic considerations.
In addition, Baki İlkin worked as first secretary at the Embassy of Turkey to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1974-1975); third and first secretary at the Embassy of Turkey to Greece (1970-1974); and Third Secretary at the Department of Cypriot-Greek Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey (1969-1970). Baki is married to author Nur Ilkin.
In 1958, Faiz returned but was again detained by President Iskander Mirza, allegedly blamed Faiz for publishing pro-communist ideas and for advocating a pro-Moscow government. However, due to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's influence on Ayub Khan, Faiz's sentence was commuted in 1960 and he departed to Moscow, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; he later settled in London, United Kingdom.
The congress approved the Declaration and the Treaty on the Formation of a New State – the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 4 states have united in the Soviet Union: Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic, Belarusian Socialist Soviet Republic, Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. In addition, the congress elected the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union.
The Eleventh Five-Year Plan, or the 11th Five-Year Plan, of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a set of goals designed to strengthen the country's economy between 1981 and 1985. The plan was presented by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers Nikolai Tikhonov at the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU).
The founding 40 member states were: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Cuba, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Finland, Federal Republic of Germany, France, Ghana, India, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Mauritania, Monaco, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, Tunisia, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, United Arab Republic, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uruguay, Viet-Nam.
Nikolai Alexandrovich Bulganin (; – 24 February 1975)Nikolay Aleksandrovich Bulganin (premier of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) -- Encyclopædia Britannica:. Britannica.com. Retrieved on 2014-6-11. was a Soviet politician who served as Minister of Defense (1953–1955) and Premier of the Soviet Union (1955–1958) under Nikita Khrushchev, following service in the Red Army and as defence minister under Joseph Stalin.
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. It would be the last Winter Olympic Games before the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. Six of the former Soviet republics would compete together as the Unified Team at the 1992 Winter Olympics, and each republic would be independently represented at subsequent Games.
The laws of the USSR shall have the same force in all Union > Republics. In the event of a discrepancy between a Union Republic law and an > All-Union law, the law of the USSR shall prevail. > Article 75. The territory of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is a > single entity and comprises the territories of the Union Republics.
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics made its Winter Paralympic début at the 1988 Winter Paralympics in Innsbruck, Austria. This was also the last appearance of the Soviet Union in the Winter Paralympics before the union's dissolution. The country was represented by eight athletes, who all completed in cross-country skiing. Valentina Grigoryeva won the USSR's only medals: two bronze.
The short story is set in the late 21st century. In Pournelle's fictional milieu, this is the era of the CoDominium. The CD is an alliance between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, who jointly control Earth and an interstellar empire. To keep their rule over the world, the CoDominium routinely suppresses all scientific research and development.
Gorki (1922) The history of Russia between 1922 and 1991 is essentially the history of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or Soviet Union. This ideologically based union, established in December 1922 by the leaders of the Russian Communist Party,"Tsar Killed, USSR Formed," in 20th Century Russia. Retrieved 21 July 2007. was roughly coterminous with Russia before the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
In 1922, the Soviet Union was formed. Its founding document stated that, among different areas, "jurisdiction of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, as represented by its supreme bodies shall be": The same document defined that "the Executive Body of the Central Executive Committee of the Union is the Council of People's Commissars of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (CPC Union), elected by the Central Executive Committee of the Union for the term of the latter," and it would comprise the People's Commissar for Posts and Telegraphs. In the Council of People's Commissars of the Union republics, the People's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs had "an advisory capacity." Accordingly, after the formation of the Soviet Union, the People's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs of the USSR was created in 1923 instead of the similar agency of the RSFSR.
Information poster for the 1937 Census The Soviet Census held on January 6, 1937 was the most controversial of the censuses taken within the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The census results were not published because the census showed much lower population figures than anticipated, although it still showed a population growth from the last census in 1926, from 147 million to 162 million people in 1937.
Richard D. Wolff (27 June 2015). Socialism Means Abolishing the Distinction Between Bosses and Employees . Truthout. Retrieved 9 July 2015.Raya Dunayevskaya (1941) The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is a Capitalist Society C.L.R. James, Raya Dunayevskaya, and Grace Lee Boggs (1950) State Capitalism and World Revolution The term is not used by Austrian School economists to describe state ownership of the means of production.
Rick Reeves rendition of 40th Division soldiers in Korea, 1952. President Harry S. Truman mobilized the National Guard for the Korean War. Four infantry divisions were activated—the 28th; 40th; 43rd; and 45th. The 40th and 45th served in Korea, while the 28th and 43rd deployed to West Germany as part of the Cold War deterrent to an invasion by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The Ambassador from New Zealand to the Soviet Union was New Zealand's foremost diplomatic representative in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and in charge of New Zealand's diplomatic mission in the USSR. The embassy was located in Moscow, the Soviet Union's capital city. New Zealand first posted a resident ambassador to the Soviet Union in 1974, and a resident Head of Mission in 1944.
It was the final year of the Cold War that had begun in 1947. During the year, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics fell, leaving fifteen sovereign republics and the CIS in its place. In July 1991, India abandoned its policies of socialism and autarky and began extensive neoliberal changes to its economy. This increased GDP, but also increased economic inequality over the next two decades.
This map shows the 1979 demographic distribution of Muslims within the Soviet Union as a percentage of the population by administrative division. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a federation made up of 15 Soviet socialist republics, and existed from 1922 until its dissolution in 1991. Six of the 15 republics had a Muslim majority: Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.Hannah, Abdul.
Propaganda stand dedicated to the first five-year plan in Moscow. 1931 colour photo by Branson DeCou. The first five-year plan (, ) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a list of economic goals, created by Communist Party General Secretary Joseph Stalin, based on his policy of Socialism in One Country. The plan was implemented in 1928 and took effect until 1932.
Since 1987 He has been involved in boxing. In 1989 He became the winner of the Junior Championships of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, completing the master of sports norms. In 1994-1996 He served in the Armenian army. In 1996, He graduated from the Yerevan State Institute of Physical Culture. In 1998 his name was registered in the epic book of the Armenian State Institute of Physical Culture.
Graph 1. Life expectancy in Russia and the US, 1960–2015 As a self-defined socialist society, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, founded in 1922) developed a totally state- run health-care model—the Semashko system — centralized, integrated, and hierarchically organised with the government providing state-funded health care to all citizens. All health personnel were state employees. Control of communicable diseases had priority over non-communicable ones.
The KNB carries out similar work to the KGB of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and works with the Federal Intelligence Service of Russia (having signed a contract with them in 1994). The ministry, as the Soviet predecessor, controls the police, which have offices in major cities throughout the country. On the international level, the Interior Ministry and KNB work to combat drug trafficking and organized crime.
Following the collapse of the Republic of Mahabad at the end of 1946, Mustafa Barzani went into exile in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. His wife and son, returned to Iraq. During World War II and especially at the end of the British Mandate of Palestine in 1947, a drastic reduction in the Jewish population of Iraq began, affecting also the Jews inhabiting the northern Kurdish-dominated regions.
Serov was also a colleague in Ukraine of Nikita Khrushchev, the local Head of State, who himself was nicknamed the "Butcher of the Ukraine".BBC h2g2: The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: retrieved November 25, 2007. As well as performing his duties in this post, Serov was also responsible for the co-ordination of deportation from the Baltic States and Poland."Dropping the Cop": Time, December 22, 1958.
Constitution of the Ukrainian SSR () was a fundamental law of the Ukrainian SSR which was a part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (federation). There were four editions of the constitution from 1919 to 1991. Three of them were in the Ukrainian language, while the very first (Constitution of 1919) was in the Russian language. After Ukraine’s 1991 independence, a new Constitution of Ukraine was enacted in 1996.
After 1940, dissident Trotskyists developed more theoretically sophisticated accounts of state capitalism. One influential formulation has been that of the Johnson–Forest Tendency of C. L. R. James and Raya Dunayevskaya who formulated her theory in the early 1940s on the basis of a study of the first three Five Year Plans alongside readings of Marx's early humanist writings.Dunayevskaya, Raya (1941). "The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is a Capitalist Society".
The emblems of the autonomous republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is the heraldic symbol of the respective Autonomous Soviet Republic. Prior to the approval of the Stalinist Constitution, which created many ASSRs, many ASSRs in that time had a distinctive emblem. The emblem of the ASSRs are usually round in shape. The emblem featured predominantly the hammer and sickle and the red star that symbolised communism.
U.S.S.R Victory namesake is for the country Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, commonly termed the Soviet Union. In 1941, Nazi Germany began Operation Barbarossa and invaded the Soviet Union. Thus the Soviet Union and the USA became Allies against Nazi Germany. Iran had declared neutrality in World War II, but now found it to be part of World War II, many of Allies supplies to the Soviet Union passed through Iran.
Following the October Revolution of 1917, the Bolshevik seizure of power led to the Russian Civil War which continued until 1922. The victory of the Bolshevik Red Army enabled them to set up the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Throughout the civil war various religions, secularists and anti-clericalists of the Bolsheviks played a key role in the military and social struggles which occurred during the war.
The first country on Earth to put any technology into space was Soviet Union, formally known as the "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" (USSR). The USSR sent the Sputnik 1 satellite on October 4, 1957. It weighed about , and is believed to have orbited Earth at an altitude of about . It had two radio transmitters (20 and 40 MHz), which emitted "beeps" that could be heard by radios around the globe.
The Declaration and Treaty on the Formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics () officially created the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union. It de jure legalised a union of several Soviet republics that had existed since 1919 and created a new centralised federal government (Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union and Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union (TsIK) were the legislative while Council of People's Commissars was the executive) where key functions were centralised in Moscow. The Treaty along with the Declaration of the Creation of the USSR was approved on 30 December 1922 by a conference of delegations from the Russian SFSR, the Transcaucasian SFSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR. The Treaty and the Declaration were confirmed by the 1st Congress of Soviets of the USSR and signed by heads of delegations Voted Unanimously for the Union Mikhail Kalinin, Mikhail Tskhakaya, Mikhail Frunze and Grigory Petrovsky, Aleksandr Chervyakov Creation of the USSR at Khronos.
The Politburo approved the proposal, but Trotsky "categorically refused". Trotsky with Rakovsky, circa 1924 In late 1922, Trotsky secured an alliance with Lenin against Stalin and the emerging Soviet bureaucracy.Chapter XXXIX of My Life , Marxist Internet Archive Stalin had recently engineered the creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), further centralising state control. The alliance proved effective on the issue of foreign trade but was hindered by Lenin's progressing illness.
The Premier of the Soviet Union () was the head of government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The office had three different names throughout its existence: Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1923–1946), Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1946–1991) and Prime Minister of the Soviet Union (1991). Long before 1991, most non-Soviet sources referred to the post as "Premier" or "Prime Minister." Twelve individuals held the post.
The "Internationale" (; Novgorodov Alphabet: internessijene:l), was the national anthem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the state anthem of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1922 to 1944. The Yakut translation of the anthem was planned to be written by Semyon Novgorodov. Unfortunately, due to his nescience of the lyrics of the anthem, he handed over the task to Platon Oyunsky. It was finished on 7 December 1921.
Meanwhile, the Red Army conquered most of the Ukrainian National Republic by the end of 1920. With the signing of the Treaty of Riga, the Bolsheviks recognised the Polish claim to Galicia and other parts of western Ukraine, while the Poles recognised Soviet claims to the rest of Ukraine. Until the Nazi-Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, Ukraine would remain divided between Poland the newly formed Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
During World War II, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom, and the United States all formed ad hoc organizations for unconventional warfare (UW), psychological operations and direct action (DA) functions. Other countries, such as occupied France, formed related units under their governments in exile. There was close cooperation between the US and UK special operations, counterintelligence, and deception organizations. Cooperation was less tight between the more sensitive clandestine intelligence gatherers.
The National Olympic Committee of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics () was the government-funded organization representing the Soviet Union in the International Olympic Committee. The NOC USSR organized Soviet participation at the Summer and Winter Olympic Games. The International Olympic Committee recognized the NOC USSR on May 7, 1951 at the 45th session of the IOC. Prior to the 1950s, the Soviet Union refused to participate in the Olympics on ideological grounds.
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics competed for the only time at the Summer Paralympic Games in 1988. The country also competed for the only time at the Winter Paralympic Games that same year. Soviet athletes won 21 gold medals, 20 silver and 15 bronze at the Summer Games, as well as two bronze medals at the Winter Games. The USSR's most successful Paralympian was Vadim Kalmykov, with four gold medals in track and field.
Control of the situation moved toward the republics and Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia were given independence. The other twelve republics settled on much less strict forms of Soviet governance. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was declared ended officially with the signing of the Belavezha Accords between Russia, the Ukraine, and Belarus. The result of the signing was the Commonwealth of Independent States, which still exists today, and the resignation of Gorbachev.
In December 1922 TSFSR agreed to join the union with Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus, thus creating the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics which would last until 1991. The TSFSR, however, did not last long. In December 1936, the Transcaucasian Union was finally dismantled when the leaders in the Union Council found themselves unable to come to agreement over several issues. Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia then became union Republics of the Soviet Union directly.
In exile, Dlodlo underwent basic military training in Angola and military intelligence training in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Later she was sent to the United Kingdom where she studied Marine and Shipping Management. Later studies included Management Development, Business Management and Executive Development Programmes. She would return to South Africa in 1994, finding her sister dead by the security forces and her mother suffering from the effects of torture and detention.
The Tenth Five-Year Plan, or the 10th Five-Year Plan of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a set of goals designed to strengthen the country's economy between 1976 and 1980. The plan was presented by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers Alexei Kosygin at the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). Officially the plan was normally referred to as "The Plan of Quality and Efficiency".
In August 2019, Jorit paints the face of the first man in space, Yuri Gagarin, on the facade of a twenty-story building in the district of Odintsovo, Russia. At the base of the mural is the acronym "CCCP", Cyrillic abbreviation, transliterated SSSR, which stands for Soyúz Sovétskikh Sotsialistícheskikh Respúblik (Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик), in English: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). It is the largest portrait of Gagarin in the world.
It ended the British blockade, and Russian ports were opened to British ships. Both sides agreed to refrain from hostile propaganda. It amounted to de facto diplomatic recognition and opened a period of extensive trade.Christine A. White, British and American Commercial Relations with Soviet Russia, 1918-1924 (U of North Carolina Press, 1992). Britain formally recognised the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR or Soviet Union, 1922–1991) on 1 February 1924.
Sardar Babayev Akif was born on March 12, 1974 in Masally District in Azerbaijan SSR of the Soviet Union. Brought up in one of Masally's noble families, Sardar went to school at the age of seven and during the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics got secondary education at the Masally District school. He is the 5th child among 6 children of the late Mashhadi Akif. He was interested in religion and religious studies from childhood.
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Fifth Edition. (1994), p. 1,558. The Russian Civil War (1917–1922), which included the seventeen-army Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War (1917–1925), and left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks (1918–1924) were the external and internal wars which transformed Bolshevik Russia into the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (RSFSR), the core republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).Dictionary of Wars Third Edition (2007) George Childs Kohn, Editor, p. 459.
Watson began her career in public service as the executive director of the Downtown Detroit YWCA. She would eventually rise to the position of assistant executive director of the National YWCA. From 1987 to 1990, she worked the New York headquarters, where her responsibilities included directing the Office of Racial Justice. In 1989, Watson was selected as a delegate to the Women for Meaningful Summits/USA, which was held in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The aim of the board is: "to provide an effective instrumentality for the continuation of assistance to Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty and to encourage a constructive dialog with the peoples of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Eastern Europe." Members of the board, according to the bi-laws are "selected by the President from among Americans distinguished in the fields of foreign policy or mass communications" and cannot be concurrently full-time employees of the government.
The complete failure of Comintern-inspired revolutions was a sobering experience in Moscow, and the Bolsheviks moved from world revolution to socialism in one country, Russia. Lenin moved to open trade relations with Britain, Germany and other major countries. Most dramatically, in 1921, Lenin introduced a sort of small-scale capitalism with his New Economic Policy (NEP). In that process of revolution and counter-revolution, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was officially created in 1922.
It is possible under most treaties for an entity to be resident in both countries, particularly where a treaty is between two countries that use different standards for residence under their domestic law. Some treaties provide “tie breaker” rules for entity residency, some do not.See, e.g., the old treaty between the United States and the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, which is still in force between the U.S. and several of the former Soviet republics.
Comrades in Arms The Anglo-Soviet Treaty, formally the Twenty-Year Mutual Assistance Agreement Between the United Kingdom and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, established a military and political alliance between the Soviet Union and the British Empire that was to last until the end of World War II or 20 years, whichever occurred later. The treaty was signed in London on 26 May 1942 by British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden and Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov.
The Supreme Soviet (, Verkhovny Sovet, ) was the common name for the legislative bodies (parliaments) of the Soviet socialist republics (SSR) in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). These soviets were modeled after the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, established in 1938, and were nearly identical.Where nation-states come from: institutional change in the age of nationalism by Philip G. Roeder, p. 70 Soviet-approved delegates to the Supreme Soviets were periodically elected in unopposed elections.
Its champions suffered persecution while people were discouraged from adopting it. This had been the practice even in states which identified as exercising a multi-party system. The Russian Revolution of 1917 saw the first communist state in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), when the Bolsheviks overthrew the provisional government. During the period between the world wars, communism had been on the rise in many parts of the world, especially in towns and cities.
The first country they visited was the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, understandable in those days due to Poland's geopolitical situation. Three years later the Polish government allowed Mazowsze to venture outside the “Iron Curtain”. On 1 October 1954 there was a concert in Paris, and six years later in the USA. After the death of Prof. Tadeusz Sygietyński, the group’s leader became Mira Zimińska-Sygietyńska, who was working beside her husband from the very beginning of Mazowsze.
TASS press release on the expulsion of Alexandr Solzhenitzyn: By Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the U.S.S.R., A. Solzhenitsyn has been deprived of his citizenship for systematic actions incompatible with being a citizen of the U.S.S.R. and for damaging the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Solzhenitzyn's family may join him when they consider it necessary. Izvestia, 15 February 1974. Several landmark examples of dissenting writers played a significant role for the wider dissident movement.
In the wake of the First World War, the Russian monarchy fell during the Russian Revolution. The Russian Provisional Government was established in its place on the lines of a liberal republic, but this was overthrown by the Bolsheviks who went on to establish the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. This was the first republic established under Marxist-Leninist ideology. Communism was wholly opposed to monarchy, and became an important element of many republican movements during the 20th century.
Isaac Steinberg, Ivan Skvortsov-Stepanov, Boris Kamkov, Vladimir Bonch- Bruyevich, Vladimir E. Trutovsky, Alexander Shlyapnikov, P. P. Proshyan, Lenin, Stalin, Alexandra Kollontai, Pavel Dybenko, E. K. Kosharova, Nikolai Podvoisky, Nikolai Gorbunov, Vladimir Nevsky, Alexander Shotman, Georgy Chicherin. The Council of People's Commissars (, translit. Soviet narodnykh kommissarov or Sovnarkom, also as generic SNK) was a government institution formed soon after the October Revolution during 1917. Created in the Russian Republic, the council began forming the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
The 60th division forces under Col Irro consisted of 2nd Armoured Brigade equipped with T-54 MBTs, Infantry as well as an Artillery Brigade 36 artillery and Tank Battalion equipped with T-34 MBTs. Ethiopia acknowledged the loss of Godey and the direct involvement of Somali troops in July 1977. Subsequently, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) signed a 385 million dollar arms agreement with Ethiopia in early September. Soviet weapons shipments to Somalia had reportedly ceased altogether by late September 1977.
The Ministry of External Relations (MER) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (), formed on was founded on 6 July 1923. It had three names during its existence: People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs (1923–1946), Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1946–1991) and Ministry of External Relations (1991). It was one of the most important government offices in the Soviet Union.The Ministry was led by the Minister of Foreign Affairs prior to 1991, and a Minister of External Relations in 1991.
The FNPR was established in 1990, one year before the dissolution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. After the breakup, excepting military, the FNPR was one of the few national institutions to retain its power and functions. These abilities included control over the disbursement of social insurance funds, the right to contest and veto dismissal of workers, and automatic deductions, or check-offs, from employee wages. The FNPR continued to operate in a manner similar to soviet era unions.
Simultaneously, the Commission also required Finland to demobilize.Armistice Agreement between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,on the one hand, and Finland on the other The ACC provided Finland with a list of political leaders against whom Finland had to start judicial proceedings. This required Finnish ex post facto legislation. The ACC interfered with the war-responsibility trials by requiring longer prison sentences than the preliminary verdict would have contained.
Many events and proceedings leading up to Operation Hardtack I, such as previous nuclear testing results and the global political atmosphere, influenced its creation and design. One such historical circumstance was that nuclear radiation concerns were mounting publicly and abroad by 1956. During the 1956 Presidential Election, ending nuclear testing was a campaign issue and nuclear safety was one part of that discussion. At the same time, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was publicly proposing a moratorium on testing.
In 1960 the Sudanese Air Force received an additional four re-furbished RAF Provosts and two more Hunting Presidents. Also in 1960, the transport wing's capability was increased by the addition of two Pembroke C Mk 54s. The Air Force gained its first combat aircraft when 12 Jet Provosts with a close air support capability were delivered in 1962. In the 1960s Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and People's Republic of China started supplying the Sudanese Air Force with aircraft.
During the years of Soviet power, the Communists argued that the basis of industrialisation was a rational and achievable plan.Dewdney J. C., Pipes R. E., Conquest R., McCauley M. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28, No. 671. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, 2007. Meanwhile, it was supposed that the first five-year plan would come into effect at the end of 1928, but even by the time of its announcement in April–May 1929, the work on its compilation was not completed.
33, No. 2 (Oct. 1969), pp. 312–336 The Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation began on 9 August 1945, with the Soviet invasion of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo and was the last campaign of the Second World War and the largest of the 1945 Soviet–Japanese War which resumed hostilities between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Empire of Japan after almost six years of peace. Soviet gains on the continent were Manchukuo, Mengjiang (Inner Mongolia) and northern Korea.
The Soviet ruble (; see below for other languages of the USSR) was the currency of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). One ruble (руб) was divided into 100 kopeks ( – kopeyka, kopeyki). Many of the ruble designs were created by Ivan Dubasov. The production of Soviet rubles was the responsibility of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise, or Goznak, which was in charge of the printing of and materials production for banknotes and the minting of coins in Moscow and Leningrad.
The synagogue in early 20th century The Holy Ark The Golden Rose synagogue was built in 1868 Dnipro, in former times called Yeketerinoslav/Jekaterinoslaw/Екатериносла́в. In 1924 the building was used as a workers' club and a warehouse and above the portice a seal of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was located in place of the Magen David. In 1996 the building was returned to the Jewish community. In 1999 started the reconstruction, designed by a local Jewish architect, A. Dolnik.
Born in Kiev, Ukrainian SSR, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Reznik's family immigrated to the United States in 1978 when he was 4 years old. His family settled in Miami Beach, Florida. Reznik attended Dade County Public Schools, graduating from North Miami Beach Senior High School in 1992. Reznik attended Florida International University, where he served in the student government alongside future political journalist Steve Benen, graduating with a B.A. in International Relations and a minor in Economics in 1995.
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), deployed roughly 3,000 soldiers, technicians, and pilots to Vietnam, surreptitiously, to help turn the war in favor of the North. Whilst their presence was never acknowledged by the USSR, or any of her successor nations, Soviet involvement was an open secret. The Soviet Union's policy on the units deployed was to label them "military consultants". This policy is continued by the later government of the Russian Federation, ostensibly to avoid involvement in unfavorable treaties.
There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian. Russian was the de facto language of the Soviet Union until its dissolution on 26 December 1991.Constitution and Fundamental Law of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 1977: Section II, Chapter 6, Article 36 Russian is used in official capacity or in public life in all the post-Soviet nation- states. Large numbers of Russian speakers can also be found in other countries, such as Israel and Mongolia.
Victorious, they reconstituted themselves as the Communist Party. They also established Soviet power in the newly independent republics of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia and Ukraine. They brought these jurisdictions into unification under the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1922. While many notable historical events occurred in Moscow and Petrograd, there were also major changes in cities throughout the state, and among national minorities throughout the empire and in the rural areas, where peasants took over and redistributed land.
In 1922 Russia became known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), In August 1924 Mexico became the first country in the American continent to establish relations with the USSR. In 1926 the USSR appointed Alexandra Kollontai (the first female ambassador in the world) as ambassador to Mexico. On 26 January 1930 the two nations severed diplomatic relations due to "ideological differences". In 1936 the former Soviet politician Leon Trotsky and his wife Natalia Sedova, moved to Mexico from Norway during their exile.
The Moscow Armistice was signed between Finland on one side and the Soviet Union and United Kingdom on the other side on September 19, 1944, ending the Continuation War.Armistice Agreement between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,on the one hand, and Finland on the other The Armistice restored the Moscow Peace Treaty of 1940, with a number of modifications. The final peace treaty between Finland and many of the Allies was signed in Paris in 1947.
Following the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR of 1922, the Russian SFSR, Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic, the Byelorussian Socialist Soviet Republic and the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic established the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The treaty established the government, which was later legitimised by the adoption of the first Soviet constitution in 1924. The 1924 constitution made the government responsible to the Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union. In 1936, the state system was reformed with the enactment of a new constitution.
On February 18, 1954, at the Berlin Conference, participants agreed that "the problem of restoring peace in Indochina will also be discussed at the Conference [on the Korean question] to which representatives of the United States, France, the United Kingdom, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Chinese People's Republic and other interested states will be invited." The conference was held at the Palace of Nations in Geneva, commencing on April 26, 1954. The first agenda item was the Korean question to be followed by Indochina.
Rodion Luka was born on 29 October 1972 in the family of engineers. He went to the Vyshhorod (Ukraine, Kyiv region) secondary school. When he was 11, he quit playing the piano at the music school and took to sailing. He gained his first experience in this field during practice sessions at the Kyiv Reservoir. In 1985, Rodion Luka bore the bell in sailing – he won the USSR (Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic) “Republican Regatta” and started preparing for the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) Youth Championship.
Lenin Collected Works. Vol. 6, p. 51. The Bolsheviks in 1917–1924 did not claim to have achieved a communist society. In contrast the preamble to the 1977 Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (the "Brezhnev Constitution"), stated that the 1917 Revolution established the dictatorship of the proletariat as "a society of true democracy" and that "the supreme goal of the Soviet state is the building of a classless, communist society in which there will be public, communist self-government".
In 1854, according to the new Russian government official invitation, Mennonites from Prussia established colonies in Russia's Volga region, and later in Orenburg Governorate (Neu Samara Colony). Between 1874 and 1880 some 16,000 Mennonites of approximately 45,000 left Russia. About nine thousand departed for the United States (mainly Kansas and Nebraska) and seven thousand for Canada (mainly Manitoba). In the 1920s, Russian Mennonites from Canada started to migrate to Latin America (Mexico and Paraguay), soon followed by Mennonite refugees from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
Russia–Vietnam relations (, ) date back formally to 30 January 1950, when the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics established an embassy to North Vietnam. Russia is a current ally of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, and the few non-Orthodox allies along with India besides its loose ally ship with China and North Korea. Soviet Union was one of the first countries in the world to recognize and formally establish diplomatic relations with Vietnam, laying the foundations for strong and cooperative friendship between the two countries.
The squadron was reformed – as 113 (SM) Squadron – on 22 July 1959 as one of 20 Strategic Missile (SM) squadrons associated with Project Emily. The squadron was equipped with three Thor Intermediate range ballistic missiles, based at RAF Mepal. In October 1962, during the Cuban Missile Crisis, the squadron was kept at full readiness, with the missiles aimed at strategic targets in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The squadron was disbanded on 10 July 1963, with the termination of the Thor Program in Britain.
The Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement was created to reduce the danger of nuclear war between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The agreement was signed at the Washington Summit, on June 22, 1973. The United States and the U.S.S.R. agreed to reduce the threat of a nuclear war and establish a policy to restrain hostility. In reality, the agreement had little impact, with Henry Kissinger doubting whether it was "worth the effort" and describing the outcome as only "marginally useful".
After the parade, which Niall Ferguson described as amicable,Niall Ferguson, The War of the World, The Penguin Press, New York 2006, page 418 the Germans withdrew to the western bank of the Bug, and the Soviets took control over the city, as well as the rest of Eastern Poland (Western Belarus and Western Ukraine).Steven J. Zaloga, Howard Gerrard. Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg, page 83.Secret Additional Protocol of the Treaty of Nonaggression Between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, clause 2.
Pro-Russian Spetsnaz soldiers during the Civil War, 1992 The Tajikistan Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) was among the last republics of the Soviet Union to declare its independence. On September 9 (1991), following the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Tajikistan declared its independence. During this time, use of the Tajik language, an official language of the Tajikistan SSR next to Russian, was increasingly promoted. Ethnic Russians, who had held many governing posts, lost much of their influence and more Tajiks became politically active.
One of the strategic goals of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) is to deepen ties with the European Commission in Brussels. BSEC was founded in 1992, shortly after the disintegration of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, in order to develop prosperity and security in the region. It comprises 12 members: Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Moldova, Romania, the Russian Federation, Serbia, Turkey and Ukraine. The Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs is the BSEC's central decision-making body.
Elected to the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1989, Gelman was an outspoken supporter of liberal changes and of general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika and glasnost package in the 1980s, but in a 1989 interview with David Remnick of The Washington Post' characterized the idea of the liberal politician Boris Yeltsin taking the place of Gorbachev was "a bit ridiculous".Remnick, David. "A Candidate to Run Against Gorbachev?; Too Much, Even for Radical Reformists" (3 May 1989). The Washington Post A16.
Poland has a regulated economic zone with Sweden and Russia. In the case of Russia, the agreement was signed by the then-existing Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, but is recognized as Russia is the legal successor of the Soviet Union. Poland also had a regulated economic zone with East Germany since 1989. After the reunification of Germany, the new German state recognizes the previous arrangements only as regards the state border, but does not recognize the arrangements with East Germany as regards the exclusive economic zone.
One of Prime Minister Kriangsak Chomanan main accomplishment has been his normalising and improving foreign relations globally. He led the supranational rapprochement of foreign relations with neighbouring including Cambodia, Lao PDR, Vietnam, and Myanmar (CLVM) countries and foster closer relationships with Singapore, Indonesia and Malaysia. Moreover, he was the few leader of the non-communist country to visit People's Republic of China and Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and have fostered diplomatic relationships with both countries. Prime Minister Kriangsak visited Beijing in late March 1978.
The Declaration on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is a historical document which, together with the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR, formed the constitutional basis for the creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as a multinational state. Declaration on the Establishment of the USSR The Declaration stated the reasons necessitating the formation of a union between all existing Soviet republics into one united socialist state and expressed willingness to undertake a 'permanent revolution', exporting the Socialist Revolution to other states, primarily in the West, as evidenced by the recent Polish-Soviet War. The Declaration also stressed that the creation of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics was a voluntary union of peoples with equal rights, whereby each Soviet republic retained the right to freely secede from the Union, a provision that was used as the legal basis for the independence of several republics and the subsequent dissolution of the Union in 1991. The draft declaration was endorsed on 29 December 1922, by a conference of plenipotentiary delegations from the Russian SFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, Byelorussian SSR, and the Transcaucasian SFSR.
However Korea was deprived of its right to conduct independent foreign policy by the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905, while the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (the eventual successor to the Russian Empire) did not formally recognise the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in exile. In 1948, three years after the end of Japanese rule in Korea, the USSR recognised only one government on the Korean peninsula—the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, commonly North Korea. Relations continue up to the present day, with the Russian Federation as the USSR's successor state.
Radio Moscow QSL card of 1969 Radio Moscow pennant from late 1980s Stamp of 1979 A sample of a Radio Moscow shortwave broadcast from the late 1980s. Radio Moscow (), also known as Radio Moscow World Service, was the official international broadcasting station of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics until 1993. It was reorganized with a new name: Voice of Russia, which has also since been reorganized and renamed Radio Sputnik. At its peak, Radio Moscow broadcast in over 70 languages using transmitters in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and Cuba.
Sri Lanka Navy Super Dvora MKIII and Patrol Boat on Navy display of 70th Independence Day The posture of the military has been defensive due to the nature of the strategic threats to Sri Lanka. In the short-term, internal security is considered the main threat to the nation's future. In the long-term, the threat is seen as primarily external from current and future superpowers in their rival quests for dominance of the Indian Ocean; at one point these were the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The Constitution of the Soviet Union recognised the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet and the earlier Central Executive Committee (CEC) of the Congress of Soviets as the highest organs of state authority in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Under the 1924, 1936 and 1977 Soviet Constitutions these bodies served as the collective head of state of the Soviet Union. The Chairman of these bodies personally performed the largely ceremonial functions assigned to a single head of state but held little real power. The Soviet Union was established in 1922.
Burkina Faso–Soviet Union relations refers to the historical relationship between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the Republic of Burkina Faso (formerly the Republic of Upper Volta). Relations between the countries were relatively close during some parts of the late Cold War. The Soviet Union maintained an embassy in the Burkinabé capital Ouagadougou, and Burkina Faso maintained an embassy in Moscow. Diplomatic relations between the two countries were established for the first time on 18 February 1967, during the first years of Colonel General Sangoulé Lamizana's military rule in Upper Volta.
This war is about years of greed, of intrigue, of malevolence > by local despots and the developed world. Saddam Hussein is a Frankenstein > monster created over the last decade by the United States of America, the > Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, China, the United Kingdom, France, > Germany and other western European countries that supplied him with billions > of dollars of armaments, and with the technology for chemical and nuclear > warfare. France built Saddam's nuclear reactor. In the years 1983 to 1989, > United States trade with Iraq increased from $571M to $3.6 billion.
He was also one of the writers of the Mathematical monographs, which were created in cooperation with the Institute of Mathematics of the Polish Academy of Sciences (IMPAN). High quality research monographs of the representatives of Warsaw's and Lwów’s School of Mathematics, which concerned all areas of pure and applied mathematics, were published in these volumes. Kazimierz Kuratowski was an active member of many scientific societies and foreign scientific academies, including the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Austria, Germany, Hungary, Italy and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
On 29 December 1922 a conference of plenipotentiary delegations from the Russian SFSR, the Transcaucasian SFSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR approved the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and the Declaration of the Creation of the USSR, forming the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. These two documents were confirmed by the 1st Congress of Soviets of the USSR and signed by heads of delegations Voted Unanimously for the Union Mikhail Kalinin, Mikhail Tskhakaya, Mikhail Frunze and Grigory Petrovsky, Alexander Chervyakov Creation of the USSR at Khronos.ru on 30 December 1922.
The Soviet Republics which drafted the New Union Treaty (orange and dark red) and the non-participating republics (black). The Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics () was the proposed name of a reorganization of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) into a new confederation. Proposed by the then President of the USSR, Mikhail Gorbachev, the proposal was an attempt to avert an end to the Soviet Union. The proposal was never implemented in the wake of the August Coup in 1991 and the dissolution of the USSR ultimately occurred on December 26 of that year.
Prior to the fighting, she and a group of Indonesian rebels associated with Bung Tomo had established a secret radio station in the city which broadcast pro-Indonesian Republic messages that were directed at the British soldiers in the city. She noted that several British soldiers were unhappy with the Dutch for misleading them about the Indonesian Republicans being Japanese puppets and extremists. Following the British bombardment of the city, Tantri contacted several foreign diplomats and commercial attaches from Denmark, Switzerland, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and Sweden. These countries had representatives in Surabaya.
In 1924, the Revolutionary Military Council of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics approved the use of dogs for military purposes, which included a wide range of tasks such as rescue, delivery of first aid, communication, tracking mines and people, assisting in combat, transporting food, medicine and injured soldiers on sleds, and destruction of enemy targets. For these purposes, a specialized dog training school was founded in the Moscow Oblast. Twelve regional schools were opened soon after, three of which trained anti-tank dogs. Mirror Раздавлена при падении “железного занавеса”.
Eventually, after the creation of the Communist Party (Bolshevik) of Ukraine in Moscow, a third Ukrainian Soviet government was formed on 21 December 1919 that initiated new hostilities against Ukrainian nationalists as they lost their military support from the defeated Central Powers. Eventually, the Red Army ended up controlling much of the Ukrainian territory after the Polish-Soviet Peace of Riga. On 30 December 1922, along with the Russian, Byelorussian, and Transcaucasian republics, the Ukrainian SSR was one of the founding members of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
North Korean Leader Kim Jong-un (left) and Russian President Vladimir Putin (right), April 2019. North Korea-Russia relations(;) is a bilateral relationship between russia and north korea. Diplomatic relations between North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea, DPRK) and the Soviet Union (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, USSR, the predecessor state to the Russian Federation) were first established on October 12, 1948, shortly after the Democratic People's Republic of Korea was proclaimed. During the Korean War, the Korean People's Army was supported by the Soviet military forces.
The Kingdom of Tonga and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics established formal diplomatic relations in 1976. Tonga was the first Pacific Island country to establish relations with the USSR. The USSR was dissolved in 1991 and was succeeded by Russia as the successor state. On October 2, 2005, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation Sergey Lavrov and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Tonga ST T. Tupou exchanged telegrams offering congratulations on the occasion of 30th anniversary of establishing diplomatic relations between the two nations.
He was elected as deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1979. He was appointed to succeed Vladimir Kirillin as chairman of the State Committee for Science and Technology (GKNT) in 1980. Marchuk was a proponent of the Integrated Long-Term Programme (ILTP) of Cooperation in Science & Technology that was established in 1987 as a scientific cooperative venture between India and the Soviet Union. The programme allowed the scientists of the countries to collaboratively undertake research in areas as diverse as healthcare and lasers.
Although the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the United States co-operated during World War II, the tensions between the two superpowers over economics (Communism versus capitalism), political authority (totalitarianism versus liberalism) and the fate of Europe (East versus West) escalated into the Cold War by 1947. Australia unequivocally stood on the American side and the Cold War became the preponderant influence on Australian foreign policy.David McLean, "From British colony to American satellite? Australia and the USA during the cold war." Australian Journal of Politics & History (2006) 52#1 pp: 64-79.
In his will, Anton arranged for Emīlija to have 51% (the controlling interest) of the businesses. Anton's children from his first marriage promptly challenged the will in Court and publicly declared that their father was insane. But history soon overtook the Court Case. On 24 August 1939, the "Treaty of Friendship and Non-Aggression between Nazi Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" generally known as the "Molotov- Ribbentrop Pact" was signed, and dated a day earlier. The Emilija Benjamin House was finished in the fall of 1939.
Tehran, 1943 The Border Agreement between Poland and the USSR of 16 August 1945 established the borders between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the Republic of Poland. It was signed by the Provisional Government of National Unity (Tymczasowy Rząd Jedności Narodowej) formed by the Polish communists. According to the treaty, Poland officially accepted the ceding its pre-war Eastern territory to the USSR (Kresy) which was decided earlier in Yalta already. Some of the territory along the Curzon line, established by Stalin during the course of the war, was returned to Poland.
The majority of the fighting ended in 1920 with the defeat of General Pyotr Wrangel in the Crimea, but a notable resistance in certain areas continued until 1923 (e.g., Kronstadt Uprising, Tambov Rebellion, Basmachi Revolt, and the final resistance of the White movement in the Far East). While the early 1920s was a time of flux for revolutionary Russia and Central Asia, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was proclaimed in 1922 as the successor state to the fallen Russian Empire. Revolutionary leader Vladimir Lenin died of natural causes and was succeeded by Joseph Stalin.
After the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy in 1918 and the proclamation of the First Austrian Republic, diplomatic relations with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics were established on 25 February 1924. The first Soviet Plenipotentiary in Vienna was Jan Antonovich Berzin. Diplomatic relations were broken in March 1938 after the German invasion of Austria and its incorporation into Nazi Germany. After the Second World War, the USSR and Austria re-established diplomatic relations at the level of political representation, which in 1953 was converted into embassies.
Also wounded by a machine gun emplacement, Arakelyan had covered an enemy embrasure in a similar attack a mere six days after Avetisyan's sacrifice. Avetisyan was posthumously awarded the Soviet Union's highest honorary title and order by the Soviet government, receiving the title of Hero of the Soviet Union and the Order of Lenin from the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on 16 May 1944. He was buried in the small town of Verkhnebakansky in the city of Novorossiysk, Krasnodar Krai.
Main article: Bicesse Accords Beginning in 1 May 1991, UNITA and MPLA forces agreed on a framework to beginning establishing peace in Angola between the two warring parties. This framework would evolve into the Bicesse Accords, signed by the People's Republic of Angola and UNITA on 31 May 1991 in Lisbon, Portugual. The United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics acted as observers, while Portugual mediated the talks. The accords set out a timetable and established certain conditions that each side agreed to meet by the specified dates.
He was the first Filipino diplomat accredited as nonresident Ambassador to three of these countries, and subsequently became the first Philippine Ambassador to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Fourth, he had a lasting impact on the practice of Philippine diplomacy. One reason was his commitment to service, reflected in his steadfast response to extreme or difficult circumstances, such as the attack on his residence in Saigon during the 1968 Tet Offensive. After his death the media was filled with "eulogies celebrating his life and work, his principles and patriotism".
On 30 December 1922, the Congress adopted a Declaration and Agreement on the establishment of the USSR. Article 22 of the Agreement states: 'the USSR has a flag, coat of arms and a state seal.' The description of the first flag was given in the 1924 Soviet Constitution, accepted in the second session of the Executive Committee (CIK) of the USSR on 6 July 1923. The text of article 71 states: 'The state flag of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics consists of a red or scarlet field with states coat of arms'.
A compromise was reached, in which the federation would be renamed the "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" (USSR). The USSR's formation was ratified in December 1922; although officially a federal system, all major decisions were taken by the governing Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in Moscow. Their differences also became personal; Lenin was particularly angered when Stalin was rude to his wife Krupskaya during a telephone conversation. In the final years of his life, Krupskaya provided governing figures with Lenin's Testament, a series of increasingly disparaging notes about Stalin.
The first Giganto seen was one of the mutates created by the Deviant scientists to serve as part of Kro's invasion force when gathered on Monster Island. After Monster Hunters forced Kro to leave Monster Island, Giganto and the other Deviant Mutates found a new master known as the Mole Man and the Deviant Mutates live with him in Subterranea.Marvel Universe #7 The Mole Man unleashed Giganto upon the surface world to attack and destroy chemical plants in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Australia, South America, and French Africa. It brought the attention to the Fantastic Four who headed to Monster Island.
On December 16, however, Abkhazia signed a special "union treaty" delegating some of its sovereign powers to Soviet Georgia. Abkhazia and Georgia together entered the Transcaucasian SFSR on December 13, 1922 and on 30 December joined the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Abkhazia's ambiguous status of Union Republic was written into that republic's April 1, 1925 constitution. Paradoxically, an earlier reference to Abkhazia as an autonomous republic in the 1924 Soviet ConstitutionEnglish translation of the 1924 Constitution of the USSR remained unratified until 1930 when Abkhazia's status was reduced to an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) within the Georgian SSR.
P. 24. Upon penetrating the Bug region toward the city of Brest-Litovsk, Krivoshein found that the German troops had already occupied the town ahead of the advancing Red Army, and was invited by a party of German officers to the German headquarters to share breakfast with their commander, General Heinz Guderian. Krivoshein agreed, and following a brief talk, the German troops agreed to withdraw west to the previously-agreed demarcation line and hand the city and its fortress to the Soviet forces.Secret Additional Protocol of the Treaty of Nonaggression Between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, clause 2.
By the Berlin Declaration () of 5 June 1945,Officially, the "Declaration regarding the defeat of Germany and the assumption of supreme authority with respect to Germany by the Governments of the United States of America, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom and the Provisional Government of the French Republic". the four governments of the United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom and France, acting on behalf of the Allies of World War II, jointly assumed "supreme authority" over German territory and asserted the legitimacy of their joint determination of issues regarding its administration and boundaries, prior to the forthcoming Potsdam Conference.
In a few years following the 1917 Russian Revolution and the establishment the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR or Soviet Union) in 1924, Germany's Luftwaffe had aircraft capable of penetrating deep into Soviet territory. Thus, the detection of aircraft at night or above clouds was of great interest to the Soviet Air Defense Forces (PVO). The PVO depended on optical devices for locating targets, and had physicist Pavel K. Oshchepkov conducting research in possible improvement of these devices. In June 1933, Oshchepkov changed his research from optics to radio techniques and started the development of a razvedyvlatl’naya elektromagnitnaya stantsiya (reconnaissance electromagnetic station).
In 1942, during the Second World War, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, led by Joseph Stalin faced a formidable foe in Nazi Germany. Hitler's armoured legions attacked without warning, penetrating deep into the Soviet Union but were met by a fierce resistance. From ordinary citizens to the military that had to withstand the enemy attacks, the indomitable spirit of Russia began to change the course of the war. With the Soviet Union now a major member of the Allied war effort, millions of Russians bolstered by their faith and courage, are thrown into the caldron of war.
On 25 March 1918 Minsk was proclaimed capital of the Belarusian People's Republic. The republic was short-lived: in December 1918 Minsk was taken over by the Red Army and in January 1919 Minsk was proclaimed the capital of Byelorussian SSR. In 1919 (see Operation Minsk) and again in 1920 the city was controlled by the Second Polish Republic in the course of the Polish-Bolshevik war. Under the terms of the Peace of Riga Minsk was handed to Soviet Russia and became the capital of the Byelorussian SSR, one of the constituent republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
Soviet nationality and citizenship law controlled who was considered a citizen of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and by extension, each of the Republics of the Soviet Union, during that country's existence. The nationality laws were only in rough form from about 1913 to 1923, taking more definite form in 1924. There were several major changes in the nationality law, especially in 1931, 1938, and 1978. Soviet law originally expanded the bounds of jus sanguinis and citizenship by residence more than was common among European countries, before tending to gradually retract from that over time.
He received his flying training at Frunze 1 Central Officers Training Center (now the Military Institute of the Armed Forces of the Kyrgyz Republic) - Kirghizstan, in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from 1986 to 1991. He graduated from the institution with a diploma in Command & Tactics of Military Aviation. He has been a member of the Umkhonto WeSizwe (MK), the military wing of the African National Congress and saw combat in Angola in 1986. In 1994, he completed the Air Force Junior Staff Course in Zimbabwe before integrating into the South African National Defence Force.
It also requests the government of the U.K., as the Mandatory Power, to supervise the execution of these measures and to keep the Security Council and the General Assembly informed on the situation in Palestine.Security Council Resolution 46 (1948). of 17 April 1948 UN Doc S/723 The General Assembly then convened for its second special session between 16 April to 14 May 1948, during which it considers a working paper submitted by the United States (U.S.) on the question of the "Trusteeship of Palestine", which was opposed by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.
His anti-Communist themes continued through the era of détente and glasnost, resulting in many of his critics ridiculing him as a relic of the Cold War era or a "one-trick pony who never got over the communist era"."Pugnacious expatriate Czech outlived the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics - Journalist fought first the Nazis and then the Red Menace, denouncing Soviet-style communism till its fall" By Randy Ray, The Globe and Mail, Wednesday, February 18, 2004 - Page R5 Having outlived the Velvet Revolution and the fall of the Soviet Union and in declining health, Zink discontinued his column in 1993.
As in similar autocephalous Orthodox churches, the Church's highest governing body is the Holy Synod of bishops. The church is headed by the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, currently Ilia II, who was elected in 1977. Orthodox Christianity was the state religion throughout most of Georgia's history until 1921, when it was conquered by the Russian Red Army during the Russian-Georgian War and became part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.). The current Constitution of Georgia recognizes the special role of the Georgian Orthodox Church in the country's history, but also stipulates the independence of the church from the state.
The TSSR was included to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) on 30 December 1922. TSSR moved to a single monetary system at the Decree of the Board of Union of the TSSR of 10 January 1923, which terminated the emission activity of the Azerbaijan State Bank. By the decree of the Council of People’s Commissariat of Azerbaijan dated 3 July 1923 the Azerbaijan State Bank was renamed the Azerbaijan State Agricultural Bank and its central banking functions were terminated. Initially, the Azerbaijan State Agricultural Bank both assisted in the development of agriculture and regulated the money circulation and commodity turnover.
Belyakov joined commanding pilot Valery Chkalov and co-pilot Georgy Baydukov to navigate a Tupolev ANT-25 plane on a non-stop flight from Moscow to Udd Island (now Chkalov Island) off the coast of Kamchatka in a 56-hour flight on 20–22 July 1936. Their flight, covering more than 9,374 kilometers across nearly the entire width of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, set a record for the longest non-stop flight, preparing the way for a flight across the North Pole.McCannon, John (1998). Red Arctic: Polar Exploration and the Myth of the North in the Soviet Union, 1932-1939.
With the abdication of Tsar Nicholas in February 1917 (Old Style), the government of Russia was initially taken over by a Provisional Government established by the Fourth Duma. Alexander Kerensky, who became the most prominent leader of this government, unilaterally abolished the Russian monarchy on 15 September 1917, thereby formally abrogating the 1906 Constitution. In October Russia was taken over by the Bolshevik party, leading ultimately to the establishment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on 30 December 1922. Prior to that time, the Communists had enacted a new constitution, firmly establishing Russia as a Bolshevik state.
Special Department ID belonging to state security senior Lieutenant from Moscow Military District Military counterintelligence of the Armed Forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was controlled by the nonmilitary Soviet secret police throughout the history of the USSR. The counterintelligence departments of the Armed Forces of the USSR existed at all larger military formations and were called Special Departments (Особый отдел) or third departments/sections. The staff of the Special Department would usually establish a secret network of informants. TGU (ТГУ КГБ СССР, 3 ГУ КГБ СССР ('third')) functionaries were responsible for protection of the military units, important soldiers e.g.
USSR State Television. The emblems of the constituent republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics all featured predominantly the hammer and sickle and the red star that symbolised communism, as well as a rising sun (although in the case of the Latvian SSR, since the Baltic Sea is west of Latvia, it could be interpreted as a setting sun), surrounded by a wreath of wheat (except the Karelo-Finnish SSR with a wreath of rye). The USSR State motto, Workers of the world, unite!, in both the republic's language and Russian was also placed on each one of them.
The post of chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union – the head of the executive body of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union – was established by the Treaty on the Formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, which entered into force after approval by the First Congress of Soviets at a meeting on December 30, 1922. The first chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union was appointed to the post at the 2nd session of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union on July 6, 1923.
Human rights in the Soviet Union were severely limited and for most of its existence the population was mobilized in support of the single State ideology and the policies promoted by the Communist Party. Prior to April 1991 only one political party existed in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the members of the Communist Party held all key positions, whether in the State itself or in other organizations. Freedom of speech was suppressed and dissent was punished. Independent political activities were not tolerated, whether these involved participation in free labour unions, private corporations, independent churches or opposition political parties.
The Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd could pursue its expansionist policy by British arms supplies because of its close relations with the United Kingdom. Under Ibn Saud, the Hejaz withdrew from the League of Nations. In 1926, the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd was recognised by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, followed by the United States of America in 1931. By 1932, the United Kingdom, the USSR, Turkey, the Imperial State of Iran and The Netherlands maintained legations in Jeddah; The French Third Republic, the Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Egypt maintained unofficial consular representatives.
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics The Soviet Union primarily provided material assistance to the Republican forces. In total the USSR provided Spain with 806 planes, 362 tanks, and 1,555 artillery pieces.Academy of Sciences of the USSR, International Solidarity with the Spanish Republic, 1936–1939 (Moscow: Progress, 1974), 329–30 The Soviet Union ignored the League of Nations embargo and sold arms to the Republic when few other nations would do so; thus it was the Republic's only important source of major weapons. Joseph Stalin had signed the Non-Intervention Agreement but decided to break the pact.
The contested lands were divided between Poland and the Soviet Union after the war ended in 1921, and the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1922. In the 1920s and 1930s, Soviet agricultural and economic policies, including collectivization and five-year plans for the national economy, led to famine and political repression. The western part of modern Belarus remained part of the Second Polish Republic. After an early period of liberalization, tensions between increasingly nationalistic Polish government and various increasingly separatist ethnic minorities started to grow, and the Belarusian minority was no exception.
Pyotr Yershov. The little humpbacked horse, Translated from the Russian by Louis Zellikoff Illustrated by N.M. Kochergin, Designed by Yuri Kapylov, First printing 1957, Printed in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Progress Publishers Moscow. (lib.ru) After The Humpbacked Horse was published in 1834, many people assumed Pyotr Yershov was a pseudonym of Pushkin's, as they were sure it was a Pushkin poem. Indeed, Pushkin besides assisting Yershov in editing the poem contributed the first four lines of the final version, :За горами, за лесами, / За широкими морями, / Не на небе — на земле / Жил старик в одном селе.
The Soviet passport was an identity document issued pursuant to the laws of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) for citizens of the USSR. For the general purposes of identity certification, Soviet passports contained such data as name, date of birth, gender, place of birth, ethnicity, and citizenship, as well as a photo of the passport holder. At different stages of development of the Soviet passport system, they could also contain information on place of work, social status (marriage, children), and other supporting information needed for those agencies and organizations to which the Soviet citizens used to appeal.
The economy of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was based on a system of state ownership of the means of production, collective farming, industrial manufacturing and centralized administrative planning. The economy was characterized by state control of investment, and public ownership of industrial assets. The Soviet Union invested heavily into infrastructure projects including the electrification of vast areas, and the construction and maintenance of natural gas and oil pipelines that stretch out of Russia and into every constituent nations of the USSR. This type of investment set the stage for Russia to become an energy superpower.
After four years of warfare, the Red Army's defeat of Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel in the south in 1920 Compare: allowed the foundation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in December 1922. Historian John Erickson sees 1 February 1924, when Mikhail Frunze became head of the Red Army staff, as marking the ascent of the general staff, which came to dominate Soviet military planning and operations. By 1 October 1924 the Red Army's strength had diminished to 530,000. The list of Soviet Union divisions 1917–1945 details the formations of the Red Army in that time.
A USSR State Committee was a central government body within the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Unlike a ministry, which was responsible for the management of the country's economic and social resources within a particular field of development or activity, a state committee was acting on an inter-agency level. State committees were not directly subordinate to the Soviet Government—rather the heads of state committees (along with ministers) formed the government (cabinet) such as the Council of People's Commissars (1922–1946), Council of Ministers (1946–1991) or the Cabinet of Ministers (1991).
Operation Pokpoong (폭풍 작전; Korean for Storm) was an offensive operation of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) against the Republic of Korea (ROK) that marked the start of the Korean War. The operation began at 04:00 KST on 25 June 1950 along the 38th parallel north without a declaration of war. The operation was planned by the DPRK and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) with the USSR supplying weapons such as tanks and aircraft to its ally. The DPRK was able to take control of the southern capital Seoul within a few days.
Guddu Power Station The Guddu Thermal Power Plant, also known by other names such as Central Power Generation Company Limited, and GENCO-II, is a thermal power station located in Guddu, Sindh, Pakistan. Built in 1980s, the power plant was built with joint technical cooperation and financial assistance from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). In April 2014, the then-Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif inaugurated commissioning of two gas turbines of 243 MW each. , the station had seventeen installed power units and its contribution to the national grid stood between 1,400 MW to 1,750 MW.
In 1924, the borders of political units in Central Asia were changed along ethnic lines determined by Vladimir Lenin's Commissar for Nationalities, Joseph Stalin. The Turkestan ASSR, the Bukharan People's Republic, and the Khorezm People's Republic were abolished and their territories were divided into eventually five separate Soviet Socialist Republics, one of which was the Uzbek Socialist Soviet Republic, created on 27 October 1924. The next year Uzbekistan became one of the republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union). In 1928, the collectivization of land into state farms was initiated, which lasted until the late 1930s.
305 From 1968 to 1977 he served as Philippine Ambassador to France, and concurrently as Philippine Permanent Representative to UNESCO. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, while still posted in France, he also implemented the establishment of Philippine relations with Eastern European countries, having been named nonresident Philippine Ambassador to Romania and Yugoslavia in 1972 and to Hungary in 1975. In 1977 he became the first Philippine Ambassador to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in Moscow. Moreno Salcedo’s last assignment as a Filipino diplomat was as Philippine Permanent Representative to the United Nations in New York in 1982.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 120, adopted on November 4, 1956, considering the grave situation created by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the suppression of the Hungarian people in asserting their rights, and the lack of unanimity of its permanent members, the Council felt it had been prevented from exercising its responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. As a solution the Council decided to call an emergency special session of the General Assembly in order to make appropriate recommendations. The resolution was adopted with 10 votes in favour to one against, from the Soviet Union.
However Korea was deprived of its right to conduct independent foreign policy by the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905, while the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (the eventual successor to the Russian Empire) did not formally recognise the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in exile. In 1948, three years after the end of Japanese rule in Korea, the USSR recognised only one government on the Korean peninsula--the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, commonly North Korea. In September 1990, towards the end of its existence, the USSR established relations with the Republic of Korea (commonly known as South Korea).Charles E. Ziegler.
START I (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) was a bilateral treaty between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) on the reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms. The treaty was signed on 31 July 1991 and entered into force on 5 December 1994. The treaty barred its signatories from deploying more than 6,000 nuclear warheads atop a total of 1,600 inter-continental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and bombers. START negotiated the largest and most complex arms control treaty in history, and its final implementation in late 2001 resulted in the removal of about 80 percent of all strategic nuclear weapons then in existence.
Kyrgyzstan's geography includes 80 percent of the country being found within the Tian Shan mountain chain, and 4 percent of that is area that is permanently under ice and snow. More than 8,500 glaciers are in proximal distance to Kyrgyzstan and research has shown that glacier mass has reduced sharply within the past 50 years. An indicator of atmospheric warming is the amount of glacier mass lost. Glacier monitoring was performed on the majority of the glaciers of the Tian Shan mountain chain by the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), however operations have largely ceased to exist after its collapse in the early 1990s.
Eastern Europe after the Treaty of Riga The end of the war saw the incorporation of most of the territories of Ukraine into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic which, on December 30, 1922, was one of the founding members of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Parts of Western Ukraine fell into under the control of the Second Polish Republic, as laid out in the Peace of Riga. The UNR government, led by Symon Petlura, was forced into exile.Ukrainian National Republic at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine For the next few years the Ukrainian nationalists would continue to try to wage a partisan guerrilla war on the Soviets.
The RSFSR Government re-issued definitive stamps with regular frequency. By the time of the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, with its more than 200 million inhabitants, there was an urgent need for more stamps of various face values that would reflect the change of the state name. New stamps were also required due to the monetary reform in the Soviet Union and the introduction of the chervonets (equal to 10 rubles), backed by the gold standard. The first definitive series of postage stamps, which the Russians themselves name "standard series", was issued by the newly formed USSR in October 1923.
In 1973, Papp was hired as an Assistant Professor of International Affairs at the Georgia Institute of Technology (colloquially known as Georgia Tech) in 1973. While in this position, Papp's scholarship centered upon international security policy‚ U.S. and Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) foreign and defense policies‚ and international system change. During his tenure at Georgia Tech, Papp seven as a visiting and research professor at Fudan University (Shanghai, China); The Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research and Education at the U.S. Air War College (Montgomery, Alabama); The Strategic Studies Institute at the U.S. Army War College, (Carlisle, Pennsylvania); and the Western Australia Institute of Technology (Perth, Australia).
The Central Asian Games (CAG) is an international multi-sport event organised by the Central Asian Olympic Committee (CAOC) and held every two years since 1995 among athletes from Central Asian countries and territories of the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), especially formerly members of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The Central Asian Games is one of five subregional Games of the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA). The others are the East Asian Youth Games, the South Asian Games, the Southeast Asian Games (or SEA Games), and the West Asian Games.Games page of the website of the Olympic Council of Asia; retrieved 2010-07-09.
The crumbling of the French Empire in Southeast Asia would create the eventual states of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam), the State of Vietnam (the future Republic of Vietnam, South Vietnam), the Kingdom of Cambodia, and the Kingdom of Laos. Diplomats from South Korea, North Korea, the People's Republic of China (PRC), the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), and the United States of America (U.S.) dealt with the Korean side of the Conference. For the Indochina side, the Accords were between France, the Viet Minh, the USSR, the PRC, the U.S., the United Kingdom, and the future states being made from French Indochina.
In February 1942, at the request of Undersecretary James Forrestal, FBI Special Agent Jerry Doyle had lunch with John Nitze, a former employee of Forrestal. Nitze was accompanied by Miller, who was described as being in charge of intelligence for the OCIAA. Nitze explained that Miller provided intelligence reports for both the Board of Economic Warfare (BEW) and the OCIAA which were prepared from information supplied by the FBI, Office of Naval Intelligence and Army G-2. In July 1944, Miller transferred to the Near Eastern Division of the United States Department of State and handled confidential matters between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
Armenia is a member of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC), along with Albania, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Moldova, Romania, the Russian Federation, Serbia, Turkey and Ukraine. This organisation was founded in 1992, shortly after the disintegration of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, in order to develop prosperity and security within the region. One of the BSEC's strategic goals is to deepen cooperation with the European Union. Armenia does not have an association agreement with the European Union (unlike Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine) but is nevertheless eligible to apply for research funding within the European Union's seven-year framework programmes.
Some experts argue that the original Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, ceased to exist as such, upon the adoption of the 1936 Soviet Constitution on 5 December 1936, which greatly altered the internal arrangement and reorganised the Soviet Union from a confederation into a proper federal country. Instead of the Congress of Soviets, the new constitution created a permanent parliament, the Supreme Soviet. It also tied together most of the authorities and most significantly affirmed the role of the Communist Party as the "driving force" behind the Soviet Union's working masses. With regard to the original Treaty, the adoption of the Constitution re-organised the make-up of the Union.
Some people believe the socialist body used abortion regulations to create a more idealistic population, with the intention of strengthening and empowering the state. Abortion on demand was legalised in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1955, with other Eastern European countries also legalising abortion in the years following, such as Bulgaria, Poland and Hungary. Abortion was legalised in 1920 until this action was reversed in 1936 and was once again prohibited until 1955. Prior to 1955, whilst it was illegal, abortions had still occurred and therefore posed a large threat to a woman's health after being treated by unskilled individuals in unfavourable conditions.
This list of the military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) includes experimental, prototypes, and operational types regardless of era. It also includes both native Soviet designs, Soviet- produced copies of foreign designs, and foreign-produced aircraft that served in the military of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and its successor states of the CIS. The service time frame begins with the year the aircraft entered military service (not the date of first flight, as reported by some sources). Stated production quantities, which are often very approximate, include all variants of the aircraft type produced for the USSR, unless otherwise noted.
The Soviet Union initially established a power base in the region in 1919, and the Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast was created within the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (RSFSR). In 1936, the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (commonly known as Kirghizia) was established as a full-fledged republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). With the Soviet Union came electricity, water, irrigation, industrialization and literacy to Kyrgyzstan, and the other Soviet Central Asian countries. Scholars such as Alec Nove and J.A. Newth have argued that most development indicators suggests that the Soviet Muslim countries far-exceeded those Muslim countries outside the Soviet sphere of influence.
The Republic of Vanuatu and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics established official diplomatic relations on June 30, 1986 - three months to the day before Vanuatu established diplomatic relations with the United States. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Russian Federation emerged as its successor state in 1991. Currently Russia's ambassador to Vanuatu is (who is also Russia's ambassador to Australia, and Russia's other non-resident embassies in Canberra such as Fiji, Nauru, and Tonga). In December 2011, Vanuatu appointed Thitam Goiset, "president" of the Nagriamel and John Frum movements and sister of "prominent businessman" Dinh Van Than, as ambassador to Russia.
Instead, Carlisle urged, the JRC should focus on "artists and writers of distinctly working class origin." The July 1932 issue of the New Masses included the "John Reed Club Resolution Against War," stating its stance against "imminent imperial war," noting that the Soviet Union "stands for peace," and calling on all writers, artists, and professionals to unite "in defense of the first workers' republic, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics." In November 1932, JRC members who publicly endorsed the Communist Party's US presidential slate (William Z. Foster and James W. Ford) included: EmJo Basshe, Robert Cantwell, Orrik Johns, Grace Lumpkin, Langston Hughes, Mike Gold, and Louis Lozowick.
In pursuance of this decision, the Pakistan Steel Mills Corporation Limited (PSM Ltd.) was commissioned and incorporated as a private limited company in a public sector in accordance with the Companies Act of 1913, to be established in Karachi, Sindh Province of Pakistan. Contacts were made with the United States but the U.S. government showed lack of ambition and interest in the project; therefore the studies were sent to the Soviet Union, which took the initiatives. The United States refused to give any kind of assistance. Finally, an agreement was reached with the V/O Tyaz Promexport of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in January 1969.
The Soviet invasion of Manchuria, formally known as the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation (, Manchzhurskaya Strategicheskaya Nastupatelnaya Operatsiya) or simply the Manchurian Operation (Маньчжурская операция), began on 9 August 1945 with the Soviet invasion of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. It was the largest campaign of the 1945 Soviet–Japanese War, which resumed hostilities between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Empire of Japan after almost six years of peace. Since 1983, the operation has sometimes been called Operation August Storm after U.S. Army historian David Glantz used this title for a paper on the subject. Soviet gains on the continent were Manchukuo, Mengjiang (Inner Mongolia) and northern Korea.
In modern usage, a republican system of government is loosely applied to any state which claims this designation.Republic, Oxford English Dictionary, SECOND EDITION 1989 For example, the Dominican Republic under Rafael Trujillo is considered a republic, as is the Republic of Iraq under Saddam Hussein and The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics under Joseph Stalin. The Kingdom of Sweden (which in 2006 ranked highest in the Economist's index of democracy)Laza Kekic, The Economist Intelligence Units Index of democracy, The Economist: The World in 2007 is not a republic, but the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (i.e. North Korea, which ranks lowest in the same survey) is.
The Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics to Czechoslovakia was the official representative of the General Secretary and the Government of the Soviet Union to the President and the Government of Czechoslovakia. The position of Soviet ambassador to Czechoslovakia lasted from the first establishment of relations in 1922, until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Representation was maintained between the Czechoslovakian state and the Soviet Union's successor, the Russian Federation, until the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993. Thereafter the Russian Federation has maintained relations with both successor states, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and has ambassadors to both.
This goodwill was soon squandered, though, when he was approached by a KGB agent and invited to live in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, as the society of Bolovax Vik was somewhat similar to a communist system. During his time in the USSR, Kilowog was instrumental in the creation of the Soviet Union's first super-powered force, the Rocket Red Brigade."Green Lantern Corps" #208, (January 1987) Kilowog ultimately became disenchanted with the U.S.S.R. and the flawed communist nations of Earth. While adventuring with the Green Lantern Corps of Earth, Kilowog found a world in Space Sector 872 which would make a suitable "Bolovax Vik II".
In 1944, the Soviet Union also stood up a Polish 4th Infantry Division within the Polish First Army, part of the 1st Belorussian Front. The division consisted primarily of Poles deported to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics after the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, although many of the officers and commissars were from the USSR. As part of the First Army, this eastern incarnation of the 4th Division fought in Poland near Warsaw, at Kolberg, and north of Berlin in Germany during 1944-45. Following the end of the war, the Soviet-organized 4th Division was incorporated into the army of the Polish People's Republic.
"Soyuz" is a transliteration of the Cyrillic text "Союз", and is the Russian word for "Union". It was often used as an internal abbreviation for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ("Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик": "Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik") during the period of that country's existence. The term was used officially by both the Soviet State (for example in various projects it commissioned during the Space Race) and the citizenry as a whole. As terminological shorthand it was often used interchangeably with each of the slightly longer term "Сове́тский Сою́з" ("Sovetskiy Soyuz"; "Soviet Union"), and the initialism "ссср" ("SSSR" in the latin alphabet, "USSR" in English).
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, frequently shortened to Red Army, was the army and the air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, after 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The army was established immediately after the 1917 October Revolution. The Bolsheviks raised an army to oppose the military confederations (especially the various groups collectively known as the White Army) of their adversaries during the Russian Civil War. Beginning in February 1946, the Red Army, along with the Soviet Navy, embodied the main component of the Soviet Armed Forces; taking the official name of "Soviet Army", until its dissolution in December 1991.
The Ministry of Culture of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (), formed in 1936, was one of the most important government offices in the Soviet Union. It was formerly (until 1946) known as the State Committee on the Arts (). The Ministry, at the all-Union level, was established in 1953, after existing as a State Committee of the Council of Ministers for several years. The Ministry was led by the Minister of Culture, prior to 1953 a Chairman, who was nominated by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers and confirmed by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, and was a member of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
The precursor of Asahikawa Medical University was the founded in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in 1943. After World War II, Karahuto Medical College was closed down because the nearby island of Sakhalin was occupied by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Red Army. The Asahikawa city government applied to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers and the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture (now the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) for relocation of the medical college to Asahikawa, but they were rejected. After the rejection, the Hokkaido government planned to form medical schools in both Asahikawa and Kushiro in order to address the shortage of physicians in Hokkaido.
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic which was founded after the October Revolution in the Russian Empire and very soon had to create an award system. The award systems of parallel Soviet states soon followed and they also created and issued awards of their own, mainly in a similar style to the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. In 1924, the Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics started to award all-union Orders and within a decade all the Orders of member republics had ceased to be awarded. Some Republics such as the Tuvan People's Republic only replaced their own award system with the Soviet Union's after joining and therefore were issued to a later date.
The history of the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982, referred to as the Brezhnev Era, covers the period of Leonid Brezhnev's rule of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). This period began with high economic growth and soaring prosperity, but ended with a much weaker Soviet Union facing social, political, and economic stagnation. The average annual income stagnated, because needed economic reforms were never fully carried out. Nikita Khrushchev was ousted as First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), as well as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, on 14 October 1964 due to his failed reforms and disregard for Party and Government institutions.
Special: COLD WAR. "Uncle Sam's salvage yard: A Cold War icon heads for the scrap heap" By Andy Walton, CNN Interactive It remains in effect between the U.S. and Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine. The latter three became non-nuclear weapons states under the Treaty on the non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons of 1 July 1968 (NPT) as they committed to do under the Lisbon Protocol (Protocol to the Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms) after becoming independent nations in the wake of the breakup of the Soviet Union.Lisbon Protocol, signed by the five START Parties 23 May 1992.
The brigade traces its origins to the 535th Rifle Regiment, formed in the city of Chugueve of Kharkov Oblast in July 1940. From August 8, 1941 to September 14, 1941, the regiment, part of the 127th Rifle Division, participated in battles near Yelnya. On September 18, 1941, for the courage and valor of its personnel, the regiment and the remainder of the division became a Guards unit, the division becoming the 2nd Guards Rifle Division. The unit served as the 404th Guards Motorised Rifle Regiment (404th GMRR) from 1957 until the early 1980s, and in 1982 was given the honorific title "named for the 60th anniversary of the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.".
Peter Karibe Mendy & Richard A. Lobban Jr., "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)/Russia, Relations With" in Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau (4th ed.: Scarecrow Press, 2013), pp. 407-10. The Soviets also provided guerrilla-warfare training for PAIGC fighters at Perevalne, Ukraine, as well as training for nurses. On February 21, 1975, the Soviets and Bussau-Guineans signed a bilateral accord providing for close ties; as part of the agreement, Aeroflot flew Bissau-Guinean students to the Soviet Union for training and education. Between 1973 and 1992, about 3,000 young Bissau-Guineans studied on scholarships in the Soviet Union; an additional 3,000 scholarships came from Cuba, and 61 from East Germany.
Alexei Kosygin (right) shaking hands with Romanian communist leader Nicolae Ceauşescu on 22 August 1974 The 1973 Soviet economic reform was an economic reform initiated by Alexei Kosygin, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers. During Leonid Brezhnev's rule of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), the Soviet economy began to stagnate; this period is referred to by some historians as the Era of Stagnation. After the failed 1965 reform Kosygin initiated another reform in 1973 to enhance the powers and functions of the regional planners by establishing associations. The reform was never fully implemented, and members of the Soviet leadership complained that the reform had not even been fully implemented by the time of the 1979 reform.
The Barricades () were a series of confrontations between the Republic of Latvia and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in January 1991 which took place mainly in Riga. The events are named for the popular effort of building and protecting barricades from 13 January until about 27 January. Latvia, which had declared restoration of independence from the Soviet Union a year earlier, anticipated that the Soviet Union might attempt to regain control over the country by force. After attacks by the Soviet OMON on Riga in early January, the government called on people to build barricades for protection of possible targets (mainly in the capital city of Riga and nearby Ulbroka, as well as Kuldīga and Liepāja).
The Government of the Soviet Union (), formally the All-Union Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, commonly abbreviated to Soviet Government, was the executive and administrative organ of state in the former Soviet Union. It had three different names throughout its existence; Council of People's Commissars (1923–1946), Council of Ministers (1946–1991) and Cabinet of Ministers (1991). The government was led by a chairman, most commonly referred to as "premier" by outside observers. The chairman was nominated by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and elected by delegates at the first plenary session of a newly elected Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union.
From 1964 to 1966, Hamm was a member of the Air Force air demonstration squadron, the Thunderbirds, at Nellis Air Force Base. He served several tours of duty during the Vietnam War, and as a flight commander in the 416th Tactical Fighter Squadron, Bien Hoa Air Base, Republic of Vietnam, he flew 103 combat missions. Hamm's command assignments have included commander, 8th Tactical Fighter Wing (Wolf Pack), Kunsan Air Base, South Korea and commander, 33rd Tactical Fighter Wing, Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. He served staff tours at Tactical Air Command, Headquarters, United States Air Force, and served as defense attache to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from 1981 to 1983.
The first socialist state was the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, established in 1917. In 1922, it merged with the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic into a single federal union called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The Soviet Union proclaimed itself a socialist state and proclaimed its commitment to building a socialist economy in its 1936 constitution and a subsequent 1977 constitution. It was governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union as a single-party state ostensibly with a democratic centralism organization, with Marxism–Leninism remaining its official guiding ideology until Soviet Union's dissolution on 26 December 1991.
On 24 October, in the early days of the October Revolution, the Provisional Government moved against the Bolsheviks, arresting activists and destroying pro-Communist propaganda. The Bolsheviks were able to portray this as an attack against the People's Soviet and garnered support for the Red Guard of Petrograd to take over the Provisional Government. The administrative offices and government buildings were taken with little opposition or bloodshed. The generally accepted end of this transitional revolutionary period, which will lead to the creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) lies with the assault and capture of the poorly defended Winter Palace (the traditional home and symbol of power of the Tsar) on the evening of 26 October 1917.
COMPOSITION Article 23 1\. The Security Council shall consist of fifteen Members of the United Nations. The Republic of China, France, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America shall be permanent members of the Security Council. The General Assembly shall elect ten other Members of the United Nations to be non- permanent members of the Security Council, due regard being specially paid, in the first instance to the contribution of Members of the United Nations to the maintenance of international peace and security and to the other purposes of the Organization, and also to equitable geographical distribution. 2\.
In 1943, during the Second World War, three great powers come together at the Tehran Conference to decide the state of the Allied war effort. One of the three powers that has emerged as a key player is the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, led by Joseph Stalin. The effectiveness of their Allied cooperation depends heavily on the United States and the United Kingdom having an understanding of the nature and history of their other partner, the Soviet Union. In First World War, after the October Revolution of November 1917, Communist Party leader Vladimir Lenin overthrew the last Russian Tsar, Nicholas II. The Soviet Union was subsequently officially established in December 1922.
Influenced by the rise of anti-colonial movements and impressed by the rising power of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Babu threw himself into the independence movement He was the leader of the first mass nationalist party on the island, the Zanzibar Nationalist Party (ZNP), and in 1958 attended the All-African Peoples' Conference in Accra, Ghana, where he met Kwame Nkrumah, Frantz Fanon and Patrice Lumumba, following which Babu visited Mao Zedong's China in 1959. Babu had built close relations with the Chinese leadership and was viewed by the British as "the best known Sinophile" in the area.Altorfer- Ong, Alicia (2009). "Tanzanian 'Freedom' and Chinese 'Friendship' in 1965: laying the tracks for the TanZam rail link" (PDF).
As in all of the former USSR, Azerbaijan, known prior to 1992 as the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, was subject to the abortion legislation and regulations of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. As a result, abortion practices in Azerbaijan were similar to those throughout the former USSR. The description given below pertains to the situation in Azerbaijan prior to independence. Since independence no changes have been made in the abortion law. The Soviet Decree of 27 June 1936 prohibited the performance of abortions except in the case of a danger to life, a serious threat to health, or the existence of a serious disease that could be inherited from the parents.
The first chapter defined the leading role of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and established the organizational principles for the state and the government. Article 1 defines the USSR as a socialist state, as did all previous constitutions: > The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is a socialist state of the whole > people, expressing the will and interests of the workers, peasants, and > intelligentsia, the working people of all the nations and nationalities of > the country. The 1977 Constitution was long and detailed, including twenty-eight more articles than the 1936 Soviet Constitution and explicitly defined the division of responsibilities between the Central Government in Moscow and the governments of the republics.
Joseph Stalin, Vladimir Lenin, and Mikhail Kalinin meeting in 1919. All three of them were "Old Bolsheviks"—members of the Bolshevik party before the Russian Revolution of 1917, the first successful socialist revolution in human history. The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (called Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic at the time), together with the Ukrainian, Byelorussian, and Transcaucasian Soviet Socialist Republics, formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), or Soviet Union, on 30 December 1922. Out of the 15 republics that would make up the USSR, the largest in size and over half of the total USSR population was the Russian SFSR, which came to dominate the union for its entire 69-year history.
Alexander Isaakovich Gelman (; born 25 October 1933 in Donduşeni), original given name Shunya (), is a Bessarabian-born Soviet and Russian playwright, writer, and screenwriter. A survivor of the Holocaust during childhood, Gelman became a playwright and screenwriter after working as a newspaper journalist in Leningrad in the 1960s, winning the USSR State Prize in 1976. He has resided in Moscow since 1978. A supporter of Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms, Gelman was elected to the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1989 and to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union upon Mikhail Gorbachev's recommendation in 1990, before leaving the Communist Party of the Soviet Union less than a year later.
Denis Fonwisin, Michael de Tolly Alexander von Benckendorff, Catherine the Great, Peter Struve, Alexei Rüdiger Alisa Freindlich, Otto Schmidt The term Russia Germans (in German, Russlanddeutsche, Lit. "German of the Russian Land"; in Russian, Российские немцы or Русские немцы; in Spanish, Alemanes de Rusia, in Italian, Tedeschi di Russia) means "Germans of Russia," that is to say, Germans and/or their native descendants living in Russia or in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, not to be confused with the total number of Germans in Russia. A majority of Russia Germans, including many mixed Russian-German families, have immigrated to German-speaking countries, especially Germany.Sabine Ipsen-Peitzmeier, Markus Kaiser (Hrsg.): Zuhause fremd – Russlanddeutsche zwischen Russland und Deutschland.
In Russia, efforts to build communism began after Tsar Nicholas II lost his power during the February Revolution, and ended with the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. The Provisional Government was established under the Social Democratic government; however, the Bolsheviks refused to accept the government and revolted in October 1917, taking control of Russia. Vladimir Lenin, their leader, rose to power and governed between 1917 and 1924. The Bolsheviks formed the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, or the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, marking the beginning of the Russian Civil War between the revolutionary Reds and the counter-revolutionary Whites. In 1922, the Communist Reds were victorious and formed the Soviet Union, making Russia communist.
The Belovezha Accords (, , ) are accords forming the agreement that declared the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) as effectively ceasing to exist and established the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in its place as a successor entity. It was signed at the state dacha near Viskuli in Belovezhskaya Pushcha on December 8, 1991, by the leaders of three of the four republics-signatories of the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR – Russian President Boris Yeltsin and First Deputy Prime Minister of RSFSR/Russian Federation Gennady Burbulis, Ukrainian President Leonid Kravchuk and Ukrainian Prime Minister Vitold Fokin, Belarusian Parliament Chairman Stanislav Shushkevich and Prime Minister of Belarus Vyacheslav Kebich. The original accord could not be found as of 2013 (see below).
Early in his military career, he observed Soviet military activities while serving as a military liaison in Potsdam, Germany. Later, he taught courses in Russian history at West Point, New York, and while serving at the United States embassy in Moscow in the early 1970s, he visited all of the republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Although constantly trailed by KGB, he nonetheless managed to smuggle out a large portion of Alexander Solzhenitsyn's archive, including the author's membership card for the Writers' Union and Second World War military citations; Solzhenitsyn subsequently paid tribute to Odom's role in his memoir "Invisible Allies" (1995). Upon returning to the United States, he resumed his career at West Point where he taught courses in Soviet politics.
"Back in the U.S.S.R." is a song by the English rock band the Beatles and the first track of the 1968 double album The Beatles (also known as the "White Album"). Written by Paul McCartney and credited to the Lennon–McCartney partnership, the song is a parody of Chuck Berry's "Back in the U.S.A." and the Beach Boys' "California Girls". The lyrics subvert Berry's patriotic sentiments about the United States, as the narrator expresses relief upon returning home to the Soviet Union, formally the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The Beatles recorded "Back in the U.S.S.R." as a three-piece after Ringo Starr temporarily left the group, in protest at McCartney's criticism of his drumming and the tensions that typified the sessions for the White Album.
International convention since the end of the Cold War has come to distinguish two distinct circumstances where such privileges are sought by such a successor state, in only the first of which may such successor states assume the name or privileged international position of their predecessor. The first set of circumstances arose at the dissolution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1991. One of this federation's constituent republics, the Russian Federation has declared itself to be "the continuator state of the USSR" on the grounds that it contained 51% of the population of the USSR and 77% of its territory. Consequently, Russia agreed that it would acquire the USSR's seat as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council.
Most countries have two names, a protocol name and a geographical name or short name.List of Countries, Territories and CurrenciesUNGEGN World Geographical NamesCountry codes/names The protocol name (full name, formal name, official name) e.g. the Slovak Republic, the Czech Republic, the Swiss Confederation, the State of Qatar, the Principality of Monaco, the Kingdom of Norway, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, the Argentine Republic, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United States of America, the United Mexican States, the Commonwealth of Australia, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The long form (official title) is used when the state is targeted as a legal entity: e.g.
Map of the Eastern Bloc (until 31 December 1992) Bolsheviks took power following the Russian Revolution of 1917. During the Russian Civil War that followed, coinciding with the Red Army's entry into Minsk in 1919, Belarus was declared the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia. After more conflict, the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic was declared in 1920. With the defeat of the Ukraine in the Polish–Ukrainian War, after the March 1921 Peace of Riga following the Polish–Soviet War, central and eastern Ukraine were annexed into the Soviet Union as the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1922, the Russian SFSR, Ukraine SSR, Byelorussian SSR and Transcaucasian SFSR were officially merged as republics creating the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union).
Following World War II the National Guard’s reorganization included the fielding of several armored divisions in anticipation of tank warfare against the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics to defend Western Europe. One of these armored divisions, the 49th, was allocated to Texas and formed around what had been the 72nd Infantry Brigade.Associated Press, Lawrence Journal-World, Larger Armed Force, July 11, 1946 The 49th Armored Division continued in service until 1968, and was activated during the 1961 Berlin crisis.James E. Warner, New York Herald Tribune, reprinted in Ottawa Citizen, US prepares: Four Divisions Placed on Call, September 7, 1961 A 1968 National Guard reorganization led to the inactivation of the 49th Armored Division and the reactivation of the 72nd Infantry Brigade.
The permanent representative of the Russian Federation (formerly the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) to the United Nations is the leader of Russia's diplomatic mission to the United Nations. Vasily Nebenzya is charged to represent Russia in the United Nations Security Council and the formal meetings of the United Nations General Assembly except the rare ones when the most senior officers of Russia is present (President of Russia or the Minister of Foreign Affairs). Like all the Russian Ambassadors he or she must be nominated by the President and confirmed by the Federation Council. The position of the Russian/Soviet Representative to the United Nations is the highest position among all the Russian ambassadors serving in various organizations and countries respectively.
Diplomatic relations between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka began in 1956 under the leadership of prime minister S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike. Under the Sri Lanka Freedom Party the country started moving towards a foreign policy of neutrality and non- alignment so the prime minister established strong diplomatic ties with the Soviet Bloc to counter the pro western policy of the United National Party. Soviet Union granted 120 million LKR as economic aid to prime minister S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike shortly after establishing diplomatic ties. Total foreign aid received from the USSR during his tenure rose up to 355.9 million LKR exceeding the total amount of aid given from Capitalist nations.
Speech of Russian President Dmitry Medvedev at the Victory Day Parade on 9 May 2010 ( transcript in English) At 10:00am (MSK), the clock of Spasskaya Tower in the Moscow Kremlin rang and signalled the beginning of the parade commemorating the defeat of Nazi Germany by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the Great Patriotic War. The event then began with the display of the flag of Russia and the Victory Banner. After this, commander of the Moscow Military District Colonel General Valery Gerasimov, who commanded the parade, and Anatoly Serdyukov, the Russian Minister of Defence, who inspected the parade, joined and inspected the troops. At 10:14am, Serdyukov reported to Supreme Commander-in-Chief, and Russian President, Dmitry Medvedev on the readiness of the troops.
The Eighth Five-Year Plan of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a set of production goals and guidelines for administering the economy from 1966 to 1970—part of a series of such plans used by the USSR from 1928 until its dissolution. "Directives" for the plan involved set high goals for industrial production, especially in vehicles and appliances. These directives for the Eighth Five-Year Plan was approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and by the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union but no final version was apparently ever ratified by the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, some of the changes envisioned were made.
After Germany and Britain signed the Munich Agreement (29 September 1938) which allowed the German occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945), Stalin adopted pro-German policies for the Soviet Union's dealings with Nazi Germany. In 1939, the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany agreed to the Treaty of Non-aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, 23 August 1939) and to jointly invade and partition Poland, by way of which Nazi Germany started the Second World War (1 September 1939).Lee, pp. 74–75. In the 1941–1942 period of the Great Patriotic War, the German invasion of the Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa, 22 June 1941) was ineffectively opposed by the Red Army, who were poorly led, ill-trained and under-equipped.
The Ministry of Finance of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (), formed on 15 March 1946, was one of the most important government offices in the Soviet Union. Until 1946 it was known as the People's Commissariat for Finance ( – Narodnyi komissariat finansov, or "Narkomfin"). Narkomfin, at the all-Union level, was established on 6 July 1923 after the signing of the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR, and was based upon the People's Commissariat for Finance of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) formed in 1917. The Ministry was led by the Minister of Finance, prior to 1946 a Commissar, who was nominated by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers and then confirmed by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet.
The history of the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982, referred to as the Brezhnev Era, covers the period of Leonid Brezhnev's rule of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). This period began with high economic growth and soaring prosperity, but gradually significant problems in social, political, and economic areas accumulated, so that the period is often described as the Era of Stagnation. Nikita Khrushchev was ousted as First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) (as well as Chairman of the Council of Ministers) on 14 October 1964, due to his failed reforms and disregard for Party and Government institutions. Brezhnev replaced Khrushchev as First Secretary and Alexei Kosygin replaced him as Chairman of the Council of Ministers.
Jailed in 1964, and banned from political activity in 1966, Gazi went abroad in 1968 to further his studies, and left the SACP over its support for the crushing of the Prague Spring by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1968. He moved to the PAC, an unusual step as the PAC had almost no white members, and was widely regarded as a violently anti-white party. Gazi returned to South Africa in 1990, standing unsuccessfully as a PAC candidate in the 1994 elections. Post-apartheid he achieved notoriety after being stabbed at a PAC rally by a member who targeted him because he was white, and then for defying government orders banning the use of anti-retroviral medicines.
During the establishment of the Russian Soviet Republic, Vladimir Lenin and his comrades had considered the inclusion of a sword symbol in addition to the hammer and sickle as part of the state seal on which the flag was eventually based. The idea was dismissed as too visually aggressive, with Lenin apparently affirmed, "A sword is not one of our symbols." The first official flag was adopted in December 1922 at the First Congress of Soviets of the USSR. It was agreed that the red banner 'was transformed from the symbol of the Party to the symbol of a state, and around that flag gathered the peoples of the soviet republics to unite into one state — the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics'.
The Court notes, first, that Estonia lost its independence as a result of the Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (also known as "Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact"), concluded on 23 August 1939, and the secret additional protocols to it. Following an ultimatum to set up Soviet military bases in Estonia in 1939, a large-scale entry of the Soviet army into Estonia took place in June 1940. The lawful government of the country was overthrown and Soviet rule was imposed by force. The totalitarian communist regime of the Soviet Union conducted large-scale and systematic actions against the Estonian population, including, for example, the deportation of about 10,000 persons on 14 June 1941 and of more than 20,000 on 25 March 1949.
The 1940 German-Soviet Commercial Agreement (also known as Economic Agreement of February 11, 1940, Between the German Reich and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) was an economic arrangement between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany signed on February 11, 1940. In it the Soviet Union agreed in the period from February 11, 1940 to February 11, 1941, in addition to the deliveries under German–Soviet Commercial Agreement, signed on August 19, 1939 to deliver commodities (oil, raw materials and grain) to the value of 420 to 430 million Reichsmarks. A policy on the transit through Soviet territory of third countries' commodities purchased by Germany was later agreed. The countries followed up the agreement and resolved other issues with the January 10, 1941 German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement.
The Soviet–Albanian split refers to the gradual deterioration of relations between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the People's Republic of Albania, which occurred in the 1955–1961 period as a result of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev's rapprochement with Yugoslavia along with his "Secret Speech" and subsequent de-Stalinization, including efforts to extend these policies into Albania as was occurring in other Eastern Bloc states at the time. The Albanian leadership under Enver Hoxha perceived Khrushchev's policies as contrary to Marxist–Leninist doctrine and his denunciation of Joseph Stalin as an opportunistic act meant to legitimize revisionism within the international communist movement. Occurring within the context of the larger split between China and the USSR, the Soviet–Albanian split culminated in the termination of relations in 1961.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 135, adopted on May 27, 1960, after a failed meeting between the Heads of State of France, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom and the United States, the Council recommended those governments seek solutions of existing international problems by negotiation or other peaceful means as provided in the Charter of the United Nations. The resolution pleaded with them to refrain from the use of threats of force, to seek disarmament in accordance with United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1378, to discontinue all nuclear weapons tests and to avail themselves to the assistance of the Council and any other appropriate UN organs to render these ends. Resolution 135 was adopted by nine votes to none; the People's Republic of Poland and Soviet Union abstained.
Collective leadership (, ') or Collectivity of leadership (, '), was considered an ideal form of governance in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Its main task was to distribute powers and functions among the Politburo, the Central Committee, and the Council of Ministers to hinder any attempts to create a one-man dominance over the Soviet political system by a Soviet leader, such as that seen under Joseph Stalin's rule. On the national level, the heart of the collective leadership was officially the Central Committee of the Communist Party, but in practice, was the Politburo. Collective leadership is characterized by limiting the powers of the General Secretary and the Chairman of the Council of Ministers as related to other offices by enhancing the powers of collective bodies, such as the Politburo.
Alexei Kosygin (right) shaking hands with Romanian communist leader Nicolae Ceauşescu on 22 August 1974 The 1979 Soviet economic reform, or "Improving planning and reinforcing the effects of the economic mechanism on raising the effectiveness in production and improving the quality of work", was an economic reform initiated by Alexei Kosygin, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers. During Leonid Brezhnev's rule of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) the Soviet economy began to stagnate; this period is referred to by historians as the Era of Stagnation. Even after several reform attempts by Kosygin and his protégés, the economic situation in the country continued to deteriorate. In contrast to his earlier reform initiative, the 26th Congress that his government would implement the reform during the (1981–1985).
The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Treaty, formally Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Elimination of Their Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles; / ДРСМД, Dogovor o likvidatsiy raket sredney i menshey dalnosti / DRSMD) was an arms control treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union (and its successor state, the Russian Federation). US President Ronald Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev signed the treaty on 8 December 1987. The United States Senate approved the treaty on 27 May 1988, and Reagan and Gorbachev ratified it on 1 June 1988. The INF Treaty banned all of the two nations' land-based ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, and missile launchers with ranges of (short medium-range) and (intermediate- range).
Representatives of the Empire of Japan stand aboard prior to signing of the Instrument of Surrender. The Japanese Instrument of Surrender was the written agreement that formalized the surrender of the Empire of Japan, marking the end of hostilities in World War II. It was signed by representatives from the Empire of Japan, the United States of America, the Republic of China,Not to be confused with the People's Republic of China which did not then exist. the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Provisional Government of the French Republic, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and the Dominion of New Zealand. The signing took place on the deck of in Tokyo Bay on September 2, 1945.
In the current Chyhyryn Raion of Cherkasy Oblast (then in the Kiev Governorate), a local man named Vasyl Chuchupak led the "Kholodnyi Yar Republic" which strived for Ukrainian independence. It lasted from 1919 to 1922, making it the last territory held by armed supporters of an independent Ukrainian state before the incorporation of Ukraine into the Soviet Union as the Ukrainian SSR. In honor of the chieftain blessed knives, Gazeta.ua (21 April 2010) Gerashchenko offers a National Park "Cold Yar", Ukrinform (19 October 2016)"Russian-Ukrainian war never stopped", Gazeta.ua (12 December 2014) In 1922, the Russian Civil War was coming to an end in the Far East, and the Communists proclaimed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) as a federation of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Transcaucasia.
Based on the Bolshevik view of the state, the word soviet extended its meaning to any overarching body that obtained the authority of a group of soviets. In this sense, individual soviets became part of a federal structure - Communist government bodies at local level and republic levelEarlier, in the Russian SFSR, there were three levels of soviet hierarchy: local, republic, and federal-republic. were called "soviets", and at the top of the hierarchy, the Congress of Soviets became the nominal core of the Union government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), officially formed in December 1922. Successive Soviet Constitutions recognised the leading role of the Communist Party in politics, - the 1936 Constitution deemed it the "leading nucleus of all organisations of workers, whether public or state".
Music and Drama Theatre in Chernihiv, designed by Fridlin in 1958 Semyon Fridlin () ( December 28, 1909 – December 12, 1992) was an architect in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R), who was the first architect to be awarded the title of “Distinguished architect of the Moldavian S.S.R.” In 1932 he graduated from the Dnepropetrovsk Civil Engineering Institute in what is now the nation of Ukraine, and lived in what is now the national capital, Kiev. Among his notable works in Ukraine were the music and drama theaters in Zaporozhye (1947–1953) and Chernihiv (1958), Kiev Central Market Hall (1959), and the 18-storey Corps of Engineers building in Kiev (1975). In Chișinău, Republic of Moldova he was responsible for the Government House (1960–1965) and the "Octombrie" Palace (now the National Palace, 1974).
The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was a non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union that enabled those two powers to partition Poland between them. The pact was signed in Moscow on 23 August 1939 by German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop and Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov and was officially known as the Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Its clauses provided a written guarantee of peace by each party towards the other and a commitment that declared that neither government would ally itself to or aid an enemy of the other. In addition to the publicly-announced stipulations of non-aggression, the treaty included the Secret Protocol, which defined the borders of Soviet and German spheres of influence across Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland.
Due to President and party boss Antonín Novotný's devotion to Nikita Khrushchev and oneupmanship among other Eastern Bloc countries, Czechoslovakia was declared the first country after "our great ally, the fraternal Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" which achieved socialism (3 years before Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and 5 before Socialist Republic of Romania). Thus the constitution's preamble said that "socialism has won in our country," proclaiming that the last obstacle to socialism had been removed by "the determined action of the working people in February 1948." It went on to say that as a result of "finishing the socialist construction, we are changing over to building an advanced socialist society and gathering strength for the transition to communism." ay Constitution. The 1960 Constitution severely limited the autonomy granted to Slovakia.
U.K. Prime Minister Winston Churchill, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Soviet Leader Joseph Stalin in Yalta, Crimea, Soviet Union in February 1945 The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991) succeeded the previous relations between the Russian Empire and the United States from 1776 to 1917 and precede today's relations between the Russian Federation and the United States that began in 1992. Full diplomatic relations between both countries were established in 1933, late due to the countries' mutual hostility. During World War II, both countries were briefly allies. At the end of the war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear between the two countries, escalating into the Cold War; a period of tense hostile relations, with periods of détente.
Boris Stomonyakov Boris Spiridonovich Stomonyakov (Russian: Борис Спиридонович Стомоняков, 1882-1940) was a Russian Bolshevik of ethnic Bulgarian descent and anti-Tsarist revolutionary who later became a trade representative and diplomat for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics during the decades of the 1920s and 1930s. Regarded as a close assistant of Soviet People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs Maxim Litvinov, Stomonyakov was one of the top political figures in the Soviet foreign affairs bureaucracy, heading up the Soviet foreign ministry's diplomatic relations with Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia from the middle 1920s. He was promoted to Deputy People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs in 1934. Stomonyakov fell under suspicion during the latter days of the Great Purge of 1937-1938 and was arrested by the Soviet secret police in December 1938.
On December 30, 1922, more than 2000 people gathered in the Bolshoi Theatre in order to establish the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Out of the 2,214 delegates, 1,277 were Russians thus forming the overwhelming majority. Though Lenin was elected the honorary chairman by the congress, he was not present after suffering a stroke a few days prior and had been in a stand off against, suspecting him of being soft on "Russian great-power chauvinism". On December 30, the day the delegates voted to create the Soviet Unon, Lenin began to dictate his last work on the nationality question entitled "On the Questions of Nationalities or 'Autonomization", it contained an attack on Stalin's policies on the subject and criticised the rights provided to the republics by the Union treaty as inadequate to prevent the rise of Russian nationalism.
The Daily Herald strongly condemned the Nazi-Soviet Pact and the Soviet invasion of Finland. In an editorial about the latter, the paper stated "Now finally Stalin's Russia sacrifices all claims to the respect of the working class movement...The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is dead. Stalin's new imperialist Russia takes its place".Bill Jones,The Russia complex : the British Labour Party and the Soviet Union. Manchester [England] : Manchester University Press, 1977. (p.36).Paul Corthorn; Jonathan Shaw Davis; The British Labour Party and the wider world : domestic politics, internationalism and foreign policy New York, NY : Tauris Academic Studies, 2008. . (p.97) The Herald's sales were static or in decline during the post-war period, but a survey in 1958 suggested that it had the highest level of appreciation of any newspaper among its almost exclusively working class readership.Curran, p.
During the late 1940s and 1950s, substantial interest arose amongst the international powers of the era in the development of rocketry and missile technology, in particular the prospects for ballistic missiles capable of travelling great distances. Both of the emergent superpowers of the time, the United States of America (USA) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) chose to invest heavily within this new field, observing its political and military importance; it was not long before a highly competitive atmosphere emerged where neither entity wished to fall behind the other in missile technology, which directly led to the so-called 'space race'.Bleeker, Geiss and Huber 2012, pp. 50-51. In addition, other nations also sought to make headway with this technology, often seeking to exploit and build upon knowledge which had been acquired from Nazi Germany's V2 programme.
CCCP Fedeli alla Linea [] were an Italian band formed in 1982 in Berlin by vocalist Giovanni Lindo Ferretti and guitarist Massimo Zamboni. The band's style was self-defined by the members themselves as “Musica Melodica Emiliana—Punk Filosovietico” (“Emilian Melodic Music—pro-Soviet punk”) Their name, CCCP, stems from the cyrillic script for SSSR, Russian acronym for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, although pronounced following the Italian phonetics. CCCP left behind the stereotypes of punk rock, and reached for a genre-defying convergence of militant rock, industrial music, folk, electropop, Middle Eastern music, and even chamber music while delivering through their lyrics a bleak vision of humankind, also introducing elements of expressionist theatre and existentialist philosophy in their live shows. CCCP's works influenced dozen of artists such as Marlene Kuntz, Massimo Volume, and Offlaga Disco Pax.
A network of territorially organized public-health services provided health care. After 1985, the "perestroika" restructuring policies of the Gorbachev administration relatively liberalised the economy, which had become stagnant since the late 1970s under General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev, with the introduction of non- state owned enterprises such as cooperatives. The Russian Soviet Republic was proclaimed on 7 November 1917 (October Revolution) as a sovereign state and the world's first constitutionally socialist state guided by communist ideology. The first Constitution was adopted in 1918. In 1922, the Russian SFSR signed the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR officially setting up of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The 1977 Soviet Constitution stated that "[a] Union Republic is a sovereign [...] state that has united [...] in the Union"Article 76 and "each Union Republic shall retain the right freely to secede from the USSR".
Soviet Russia information . Russians.net (23 August 1943). Retrieved on 22 June 2011. By 1918, during the subsequent Russian Civil War several states within the former Russian Empire seceded, reducing the size of the country even more. Internationally, the RSFSR was recognized as an independent state in 1920 only by bordering neighbors of Estonia, Finland, Latvia and Lithuania in the Treaty of Tartu and by the short-lived Irish Republic in Ireland.Carr, EH The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–23, vol 3 Penguin Books, London, 4th reprint (1983), pp. 257–258. The draft treaty was published for propaganda purposes in the 1921 British document Intercourse between Bolshevism and Sinn Féin (Cmd 1326). On 30 December 1922, with the treaty on the creation of the Soviet Union, Russia, alongside the Transcaucasian SFSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
In his early works, Karl Marx juxtaposed the terms "rentier" and "capitalist" to show that a rentier tends to exhaust his profits, whereas a capitalist must perforce re-invest most of the surplus value in order to survive competition. He wrote, "Therefore, the means of the extravagant rentier diminish daily in inverse proportion to the growing possibilities and temptations of pleasure. He must, therefore, either consume his capital himself, and in so doing bring about his own ruin, or become an industrial capitalist...." Karl Marx, "The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts", Institute of Marxism-Leninism in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 1932. However, Marx believed that capitalism was inherently built upon practices of usury and thus inevitably leading to the separation of society into two classes: one composed of those who produce value and the other, which feeds upon the first one.
Drašković helped Dedeić find employment at the State Archive of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on 31 January 1975, where he was subsequently sent by an academician of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SANU) Vaso Čubrilović and he set off to work for Director Mazayef. On 18 June 1975 he was given access to the Shchedrin Library at Leningrad. He then worked for the SANU Department of History, as Čubrilović employed him to collect data from the period between 16th and 18th centuries from the Archive of Trieste. On 19 April 1982 Serbian academician Radovan Samardžić recommended him to the State Archive of Italy and he was employed by the Italian Foreign Ministry to work on the collection of sources in the Vatican Secret Archives, the Archive of the Propaganda Fide and the Venetian Archive.
Gosproektstroi (; 1930–1932) was the State Design and Construction Bureau in Moscow, Soviet Union (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). This organization was set up in 1930 following an agreement between Saul G. Bron, President of Amtorg Trading Corporation, on behalf of the Superior Soviet of the People's Economy (VSNKh) of the USSR, and Albert Kahn, the leading American industrial architect from Detroit, Michigan, for his firm to become consulting architects for all industrial construction in the Soviet Union. (abstract) Albert Kahn Associates agreed to establish an office with its architects and engineers in Moscow, to train Soviet architects and engineers, as well as supervise design of industrial facilities under the nation's first five-year plan. Moritz Kahn, an engineer and one of the three Kahn brothers in Kahn Associates, was selected to set up this office.
The Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance (), or Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance for short, is the treaty of alliance concluded between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) on February 14, 1950. It was based to a considerable extent on the 1945 prior Treaty of the same name that had been arranged between the Soviet Union and the Nationalist Government of China and it was the product of extended negotiations between Liu Shaoqi and Joseph Stalin. By its terms the USSR recognized the People's Republic of China and recalled recognition of the Republic of China. Mao travelled to the USSR in order to sign the Treaty after its details had been concluded, one of only two times he travelled outside China in his life.
A Chronicle of Current Events was created by dissenting members of Moscow's literary and scientific intelligentsia. Its editors and contributors were particularly affected by the August 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia to which the third issue of the periodicalCCE No 3, 30 August 1968 and many subsequent reports and "Samizdat update" entries were devoted. In time the Chronicle coverage extended to almost all the constituent nations, confessional and ethnic groups of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the one exception being Islam and the Central Asian republics. > "We are convinced that The Chronicle of Current Events is an historically > necessary product of the ethical and social demands of Soviet society, a > manifestation of the healthy spiritual forces in Soviet society." (Andrei > Sakharov, Andrei Tverdokhlebov, Vladimir Albrecht, 28 May 1974) The first editor and typist of the Chronicle was Natalya Gorbanevskaya.
The republic was short-lived; in December 1918, Minsk was taken over by the Red Army. In January 1919 Minsk was proclaimed the capital of the Belorussian SSR, though later in 1919 (see Operation Minsk) and again in 1920, the city was controlled by the Second Polish Republic during the course of the Polish-Bolshevik War between 8 August 1919 and 11 July 1920 and again between 14 October 1920 and 19 March 1921. Under the terms of the Peace of Riga, Minsk was handed back to the Russian SFSR and became the capital of the Belorussian SSR, one of the founding republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. A programme of reconstruction and development was begun in 1922. By 1924, there were 29 factories in operation; schools, museums, theatres and libraries were also established.
Collective leadership (, '), or Collectivity of leadership (, '), was considered the ideal form of governance in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and other socialist states espousing communism. Its main task was to distribute powers and functions among the Politburo and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, as well as the Council of Ministers, to hinder any attempts to create a one-man dominance over the Soviet political system by a Soviet leader, such as that seen under Joseph Stalin's rule. On the national level, the heart of the collective leadership was officially the Central Committee of the Communist Party. Collective leadership was characterised by limiting the powers of the General Secretary and the Chairman of the Council of Ministers as related to other offices by enhancing the powers of collective bodies, such as the Politburo.
Leonid Brezhnev After the October Revolution, the Bolshevik government based its nationalities policy (korenization) on the principles of Marxist–Leninist ideology. According to these principles, all nations should disappear with time, and nationalism was considered a bourgeois ideology.Khiterer, V. (2004) 'Nationalism in the Soviet Union', in Encyclopedia of Russian History, Macmillan Reference USA In his Report on the 50th anniversary of the formation of the USSR, Leonid Brezhnev emphasized: "That is why Communists and all fighters for socialism believe that the main aspect of the national question is unification of the working people, regardless of their national origin, in the common battle against every type of oppression, and for a new social system which rules out exploitation of the working people."L. I. Brezhnev, The 50th Anniversary of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Moscow, 1972, p. 10.
An East German postal stamp celebrating the 20th anniversary of the organization's founding Flag of Society for German–Soviet Friendship The Society for German–Soviet Friendship (in German, Gesellschaft für Deutsch- Sowjetische Freundschaft/DSF) was an East German organization set up to encourage closer co-operation between the German Democratic Republic and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. It was founded from the Society for the Studies of Soviet Culture to teach about Russian culture to Germans unfamiliar with it. It quickly turned into a propaganda tool and eventually changed its name. Due to the immense popularity of Mikhail Gorbachev with ordinary East Germans disillusioned with their own hardline Communist leaders, the DSF's membership grew massively in the last years of the regime which many interpret as a sign of support of Gorbachev's glasnost and perestroika by the East German people.
The Sino-Soviet split (1956–1966) was the breaking of political relations between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), caused by doctrinal divergences that arose from their different interpretations and practical applications of Marxism–Leninism, as influenced by their respective geopolitics during the Cold War (1945–1991).Chambers Dictionary of World History, B.P.Lenman, T. Anderson, Editors, Chambers: Edinburgh. 2000. p. 769. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Sino-Soviet debates about the interpretation of orthodox Marxism became specific disputes about the USSR's policies of national de-Stalinization and international peaceful coexistence with the Western world, which Mao decried as revisionism. Against that ideological background, China took a belligerent stance towards the West, and publicly rejected the USSR's policy of peaceful coexistence between the Eastern bloc and the Western bloc.
As Chairman of the KGB of the USSR, Chebrikov became known primarily as the initiator of the investigation of the "Uzbek case" about high levels of corruption in Uzbekistan, which resulted in the sudden death of the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan and candidate for membership in the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU Sh.R. Rashidov , arrests of dozens of high-ranking leaders of Uzbekistan. Some other high-ranking corrupt officials were exposed and convicted (up to capital punishment). Also, in the period 1983-1986, almost all known dissidents were arrested or expelled from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, which led to paralysis of the dissident movement. In October 1988, Chebrikov retired and Mikhail Gorbachev replaced him with General Vladimir Kryuchkov Wines, Michael (5 July 1999).
In a nationally televised speech in the evening of December 25, 1991, Gorbachev resigned as president of the USSR – or, as he put it, "I hereby discontinue my activities at the post of President of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics." He declared the office extinct, and all of its powers (such as control of the nuclear arsenal) were ceded to Yeltsin. A week earlier, Gorbachev had met with Yeltsin and accepted the fait accompli of the Soviet Union's dissolution. On the same day, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR adopted a statute to change Russia's legal name from "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" to "Russian Federation", showing that it was now a fully sovereign state. The Supreme Soviet in its ultimate session, voting the USSR out of existence, 26 December On the night of December 25, at 7:32 p.m.
It was ordered with the unusual ratio of 4:1 in proportion and consisted of a red flag with the state coat of arms in the center. However, such a flag was never mass-produced. This flag was the official flag for four months, and was replaced as the official flag by the more familiar hammer and sickle design during the third session of the CIK of the USSR on 12 November 1923. In the third session of the CIK of the USSR, the description of Soviet flag in the Constitution was changed, and article 71 was edited to be: 'The state flag of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics consists of a red or scarlet field, and in the canton a golden sickle and hammer, and a red five-pointed star bordered in gold above them.
The Sino-Soviet conflict of 1929 (, ) was an armed conflict between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Chinese warlord Zhang Xueliang of the Republic of China over the Chinese Eastern Railway (also known as CER). The conflict was the first major combat test of the reformed Soviet Red Army – one organized along the latest professional lines – and ended with the mobilization and deployment of 156,000 troops to the Manchurian border. Combining the active-duty strength of the Red Army and border guards with the call-up of the Far East reserves, approximately one-in-five Soviet soldiers was sent to the frontier, the largest Red Army combat force fielded between the Russian Civil War (1917–1922) and the Soviet Union's entry into the Second World War.Michael M. Walker, The 1929 Sino-Soviet War: The War Nobody Knew (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2017), p. 1.
Soviet Economics (1970) gives an overview of the economic system of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from its foundation until the cautious economic reforms of Khrushchev and Brezhnev. The study examines the evolving political priorities of the communist party leadership in the context of the Marxist theoretical framework; the challenges of the Civil War; foreign intervention and the 1941 invasion; post-war reconstruction; and the attempt to gain military and economic parity with the USA. At each point, Kaser describes how the internal dialogue between enterprises, consumers and the state apparatus influenced the strategies adopted for economic growth and agricultural and industrial development. Kaser highlights the contributions made to the internal debate by N I Bukharin, G V Plekhanov, E A Preobrazhensky, N D Kondratiev, A V Chayanov, V G Groman, L V Kantorovich, Ye G Liberman, G A Feldman, V V Novozhilov, Branko Horvat and A G Aganbegyan.
Voting bulletin A referendum on the future of the Soviet Union was held on 17 March 1991 across the Soviet Union. The question put to voters was Voters at a Lithuanian polling station > Do you consider necessary the preservation of the Union of Soviet Socialist > Republics as a renewed federation of equal sovereign republics in which the > rights and freedom of an individual of any ethnicity will be fully > guaranteed?Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections > in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I, p492 > > (Russian text: ) > (Russian transliteration: Schitayete li Vy neobkhodimym sokhraneniye Soyuza > Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik kak obnovlonnoy federatsii > ravnopravnykh suverennykh respublik, v kotoroy budut v polnoy mere > garantirovat'sya prava i svobody cheloveka lyuboy natsional'nosti?) The referendum was made with the aim of approving the Union of Sovereign States . In Kazakhstan, the wording of the referendum was changed by substituting "equal sovereign states" for "equal sovereign republics".
Ever since the expulsion of the Kuomintang government, concluding the Chinese Civil War, the People's Liberation Army relied heavily upon support from the Soviet Union for supplies and weaponry. At the commencement of the post-Civil War period, the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics cooperated heavily towards the industrialisation of China, which had experienced decades of ceaseless warfare. During this period of Sino-Soviet friendship, Chinese factories, with the assistance of Soviet blue-prints and technical assistance, began mass- producing Soviet-designed weapons such as the Type 50 submachine gun, Type 54 pistol, Type 56 carbine and the Type 56 assault rifle. Two such blue-print given to China from the Soviet Union was the German Walther PPK pistol and the Soviet Makarov PM pistol, which the Chinese manufactured under the designations 'Type 52 pistol' and 'Type 59' pistol, respectively.
The Battle of Mutanchiang (or Mudanjiang) was a large-scale military engagement fought between the forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Empire of Japan from August 12 to 16, 1945, as part of the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in World War II. Due to the short nature of that campaign, this was one of the only set-piece battles that transpired before its conclusion. During the battle, elements of the Japanese Fifth Army attempted to delay the Soviet Fifth Army and First Red Banner Army long enough to allow the bulk of the Japanese forces to retreat to more defensible positions. Though casualties on both sides were heavy, the Red Army forces were able to break through the hastily organized Japanese defenses and capture the city ten days ahead of schedule. Nevertheless, the Japanese defenders at Mutanchiang achieved their goal of allowing the main forces to escape.
In 1921, as the Civil War was drawing to a close, Lenin proposed the New Economic Policy (NEP), a system of state capitalism that started the process of industrialization and post-war recovery. The NEP ended a brief period of intense rationing called "war communism" and began a period of a market economy under Communist dictation. The Bolsheviks believed at this time that Russia, being among the most economically undeveloped and socially backward countries in Europe, had not yet reached the necessary conditions of development for socialism to become a practical pursuit and that this would have to wait for such conditions to arrive under capitalist development as had been achieved in more advanced countries such as England and Germany. On 30 December 1922, the Russian SFSR joined former territories of the Russian Empire to form the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), of which Lenin was elected leader.
The Soviet Armed Forces, also called the Armed Forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Armed Forces of the Soviet Union (, Вооружённые Силы Советского Союза) were the armed forces of the Russian SFSR (1917–1922), the Soviet Union (1922–1991) and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from their beginnings in the aftermath of the Russian Civil War to its dissolution on 26 December 1991. According to the all-union military service law of September 1925, the Soviet Armed Forces consisted of three components: the Ground Forces, the Air Forces, the Navy, the State Political Directorate (OGPU), and the convoy guards.Scott and Scott, The Armed Forces of the Soviet Union, Westview Press, 1979, p.13 The OGPU was later made independent and amalgamated with the NKVD in 1934, and thus its Internal Troops were under the joint management of the Defense and Interior Commisariats.
Kallich, Martin Kallich. "John Dos Passos Fellow-Traveler: A Dossier with Commentary", Twentieth Century Literature (1956) 1#4 pp. 173–90. in JSTOR Likewise, the editor of The New Republic magazine, Malcolm Cowley had been a fellow traveler during the 1930s, but broke from the Communist Party, because of the ideological contradictions inherent to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (Treaty of Non-aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 23 August 1939).Johnpoll, Bernard K. A Documentary History of the Communist Party of the United States (Vol. 3, 1994) p. 502. The novelist and critic Waldo Frank was a fellow traveler during the mid-1930s, and was the chairman of the League of American Writers, in 1935, but was ousted as such, in 1937, when he called for an impartial enquiry to the reasons for Joseph Stalin's purges (1936–38) of Russian society.
Stalin had suggested that Georgia, as well as other neighbouring countries like Azerbaijan and Armenia, should be merged into the Russian state, despite the protestations of their national governments. Lenin saw this as an expression of Great Russian ethnic chauvinism on behalf of Stalin and his supporters, instead calling for these nation-states to join Russia as semi-independent parts of a greater union, which he suggested by called the Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia. Stalin ultimately relented to this proposal, although changed the name of the newly proposed state to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), which Lenin agreed to. Lenin sent Trotsky to speak on his behalf at a Central Committee plenum in December, where the plans for the USSR were sanctioned; these plans were then ratified on 30 December by the Congress of Soviets, resulting in the formation of the Soviet Union.
Every successive issue of the Chronicle carried the words of Article 19 of the 1948 UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights on its first page: > "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right > includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive > and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of > frontiers." Over the 15 years of its existence, the Chronicle expanded its coverage to include every form of repression against the constituent nations, confessional and ethnic groups of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. It served as the backbone of the human rights movement in the Soviet Union. Despite harsh crackdowns (such as the KGB's "Case No. 24") and the imprisonment of many of its editors, more than sixty issues of the Chronicle would be compiled and circulated (published) between April 1968 to August 1983.
The permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. The permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (also known as the Permanent Five, Big Five, or P5) are the five sovereign states to whom the UN Charter of 1945 grants a permanent seat on the UN Security Council: the People's Republic of China (formerly the Republic of China), the French Republic, the Russian Federation (formerly the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America. The permanent members were all allies in World War II (and the victors of that war), and are also all states with nuclear weapons (though not all five had developed nuclear weapons prior to the formation of the United Nations). The remaining 10 members of the Council are elected by the General Assembly, giving a total of 15 UN member states.
The agreement establishing the Bank was signed by the member states on July 10, 1970 and registered with the UN Secretariat under number 11417. The Bank began its activities on January 1, 1971. The member states of the Bank at the time of its foundation were: the People's Republic of Bulgaria, the People's Republic of Hungary, the German Democratic Republic, the Mongolian Democratic Republic, the People's Republic of Poland, the Socialist Republic of Romania, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. The IIB's key objective at that time was granting long-term and medium-term loans for implementation of joint investment projects and development programs and providing financing to construct facilities contributing to development of the national economies of the IIB member states. During the ‘Soviet’ period of its history, the Bank financed projects in the amount exceeding EUR 7 billion.
Format in 1934 In 1934, a new replacement standard was set: the letter on the former design was changed to a digit, and there was the name of the registry, or "Dortrans" below the digits. There were at first 45 Dortrans, one for each region, under the administration of the Central management of highways and dirt roads and road transport at the Council of People's Commissars of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, known in short as the TsUDorTranse, and then after a reorganization of administrative divisions, the number went up to 52. The former format was considered temporarily valid and owners must change to the new format before July 1, 1934. The format was not strictly defined, i.e. there need not to be exactly five digits on the plate, and the name of the region could reach up to 8 characters excluding dots and dashes, which made it often written in abbreviated form.
Upon the establishment of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) on November 7, 1917 (although the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics did not officially come into existence until December 30, 1922), what had formerly been the Russian Empire began quickly to come under the domination of a Soviet reorganization of all its institutions. From the outset, the leaders of this new state held that film would be the most ideal propaganda tool for the Soviet Union because of its widespread popularity among the established citizenry of the new land. Vladimir Lenin viewed film as the most important medium for educating the masses in the ways, means and successes of communism. As a consequence Lenin issued the "Directives on the Film Business" on 17 January 1922, which instructed the People's Commissariat for Education to systemise the film business, registering and numbering all films shown in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, extracting rent from all privately owned cinemas and subject them to censorship.
English rock singer Elton John played eight concerts in the Soviet Union – or formally, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) – between 21 and 28 May 1979. The two-city tour was a significant event amid Cold War tensions between the USSR and the West, and a sign of the Communist authorities' emerging tolerance towards Western popular culture. The shows were among the first performed in the USSR by a pop act, following visits by Cliff Richard and Boney M. Billboard magazine said that the shows were "significant and successful" and described John as "the first out-and-out rock artist to appear in the U.S.S.R." As a result of the tour, in June 1979, the Soviet authorities permitted the state-owned Melodiya record company to issue John's 1978 album A Single Man, making it the first Western pop album to be officially released in the USSR. John's stay in the country was the subject of the television documentary film To Russia with Elton.
Reverse of the Order of Glory 3rd class The Order of Glory () was a military decoration of the Soviet Union established by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet on November 8, 1943. It was awarded to soldiers and non- commissioned officers of the Red Army as well as to aviation junior lieutenants, for bravery in the face of the enemy. While the overwhelming majority of all Order of Glory awards was for combat valor in the Second World War (or the Great Patriotic War as it is known across the countries of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), there are documented instances of awards of the order's lowest class - its third class - for post-war Soviet military operations. Numbering among these were Order of Glory Third Class awards authorized for Soviet operations in support of the Korean War from 1950-1953 as well as for the Soviet military intervention in Hungary in the fall of 1956.
ZWZ was divided into two parts: (i) areas under German occupation commanded by Colonel Stefan Rowecki from Warsaw, and (ii) areas under Soviet occupation commanded by General Michał Tokarzewski-Karaszewicz from Lwow (Leopolis). In the spring of 1940, Adam Remigiusz Grocholski became a member of the Editorial Committee of the "Soldier's Bulletin" (Biuletyn Żołnierski), an underground magazine first published in August 1940 by the Secret Polish Army (Tajna Armia Polska), renamed the "Armed Confederation" (Konfederacja Zbrojna) and which later joined forces with the Home Army (Armia Krajowa). In the spring of 1941, in the face of a probable conflict between the Third Reich and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Adam Remigiusz submitted to ZWZ Headquarters the project of creating a subversive organisation that would execute covert operations at the rearguard of the German-Soviet front. In September 1941, he was appointed aide-de-camp of Lieutenant Colonel Jan Włodarkiewicz, Commander in Chief of "Wachlarz".
It had already for > long been aware that a rupture of diplomatic relations with the Union of > Soviet Socialist Republics was being prepared by the whole policy of the > present British Conservative Government, which has declined all proposals of > the Soviet Government for the settlement of mutual relations by means of > negotiations. The lack of results of the search of the Trade Delegation > premises, which was carried out with utmost thoroughness over several days, > is the most convincing proof of the loyalty and correctitude of the official > agents of the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics. The Soviet Government > passes over with contempt the insinuations of a British Minister regarding > espionage by the Trade Delegation and considers it beneath its dignity to > reply to them. The Soviet Government places on record that the British > Government had no legitimate ground for a police raid on the extra- > territorial premises of the official Soviet agent.
Therefore, he supported the perspectives of the RCP at the end of the Second World War which placed the small party in opposition to the new leadership of the Fourth International around Ernest Mandel, then known as Germain, and Michel Raptis, better known as Pablo, which was backed by the American Socialist Workers' Party. In this capacity he wrote All That Glitters is not Gold in which he discussed his view that, contrary to the opinion of the International Secretariat of the Fourth International, there was not going to be a major slump. Cliff also backed Haston when he disputed the growing sympathies of the FI for Josip Broz Tito's Yugoslavia, but by this time Haston was growing demoralised and would soon drop out of revolutionary politics entirely. Cliff however was beginning to develop the idea that the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a bureaucratic state capitalist society, prompted in part by earlier arguments pointing in this direction from Haston.
In certain states under Marxist constitutions of the constitutionally socialist state type inspired by the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and its constitutive Soviet republics, real political power belonged to the sole legal party. In these states, there was no formal office of head of state, but rather the leader of the legislative branch was considered to be the closest common equivalent of a head of state as a natural person. In the Soviet Union this position carried such titles as Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR; Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet; and in the case of the Soviet Russia Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets (pre-1922), and Chairman of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian SFSR (1956–1966). This position may or may not have been held by the de facto Soviet leader at the moment.
On 9 August 1945, the Soviet Union invaded the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. It was the last campaign of the Second World War, and the largest of the 1945 Soviet–Japanese War, which resumed hostilities between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Empire of Japan after almost six years of peace. Soviet gains on the continent were Manchukuo, Mengjiang (Inner Mongolia) and northern Korea. The Soviet entry into the war and the defeat of the Kwantung Army was a significant factor in the Japanese government's decision to surrender unconditionally, as it made apparent the Soviet Union had no intention of acting as a third party in negotiating an end to hostilities on conditional terms.LTC David M. Glantz, "August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria". Leavenworth Papers No. 7, Combat Studies Institute, February 1983, Fort Leavenworth Kansas."Battlefield Manchuria – The Forgotten Victory", Battlefield (documentary series), 2001, 98 minutes.Hayashi, S. (1955). Vol.
In 1922, the Russian SFSR, Ukraine SSR, Byelorussian SSR and Transcaucasian SFSR were officially merged as republics creating the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or Soviet Union. During the final stages of World War II, the Soviet Union began the creation of the Eastern Bloc by directly annexing several countries as Soviet Socialist Republics that were originally effectively ceded to it by Nazi Germany in the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. These included Eastern Poland (incorporated into three different SSRs), Latvia (became Latvia SSR),Senn, Alfred Erich, Lithuania 1940 : revolution from above, Amsterdam, New York, Rodopi, 2007 Estonia (became Estonian SSR), Lithuania (became Lithuania SSR), part of eastern Finland (became Karelo- Finnish SSR, and later merged into the Russian SFSR)Kennedy-Pipe, Caroline, Stalin's Cold War, New York : Manchester University Press, 1995, and northern Romania (became the Moldavian SSR). By 1945, these additional annexed countries totaled approximately 465,000 additional square kilometers (180,000 square miles), or slightly more than the area of West Germany, East Germany and Austria combined.
In 1955, the US European Command established Support Operations Command Europe to provide planning and operational control for Special Operations forces in the EUCOM area of responsibility. Later that year, EUCOM re-designated the new unit as Support Operations Task Force Europe (SOTFE). When France withdrew from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1967, SOTFE moved from its headquarters in Paris to Panzer Kaserne near Stuttgart, West Germany. In 1968, SOTFE moved to Patch Barracks. As part of the Goldwater-Nichols Act reforms, on May 30, 1986, SOCEUR was confirmed by the Joint Chiefs of Staff as a subordinate unified command of EUCOM and the EUCOM Special Operations Director took on the added role of SOCEUR commander Originally focused on containment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics during the Cold War, after the Warsaw Pact ended in 1991 SOCEUR’s focus shifted to other European countries, Africa and the Middle East.
IASC was founded in 1990 by representatives of national scientific organizations of the eight Arctic countries - Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia (at that time Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), Sweden and the United States of America. The Founding Articles of IASC were signed in Resolute Bay, Canada Over the years, IASC has evolved into the leading international science organization of the North and its membership today includes 23 countries involved in all aspects of Arctic research, including 15 non-Arctic countries (Austria, China, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland and the UK).In the context of its 25th anniversary in 2015, IASC published a comprehensive history spanning the first planning meetings in the late 1980s until today: Rogne, O., Rachold, V., Hacquebord, L., Corell, R. (2015) IASC after 25 year - A Quarter of a Century of International Arctic Research Cooperation. International Arctic Science Committee.
The Asia First strategy was pushed for in the early 1950s by the powerful 'China Lobby' of the Republican Party in the United States.Mao, 2015 The Asia First strategy called for the future concentration of American resources in the Far East to fight against the encroaching spread of the Soviets' communism, in a similar way to the Marshall Plan and Truman Doctrine in Europe. The policy was suggested in a period of great anxiety in the US as Cold War tensions were heightened following the Korean War (1950–53) and the 1949 communist takeover in the Republic of China after the Chinese Civil War. These tensions put great pressure on President Truman to adopt this policy, but ultimately he rejected it fearing that it would pin the USA down in the Far East dealing with a 'secondary enemy' - the People's Republic of China - whilst his real concern, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, would have a free hand in Europe.
However, the two mercenaries he hired are taken out by Michael, the gas grenade he uses only affects him when Michael lashes out, and after being convinced of Havelock's innocence, he ends up taking an accidental bullet from Colonel Baylor who was sent to kill Havelock. Back in the United States, however, the US government has a problem of its own: Anton Matthias, Secretary of State, acknowledged by the entire world as a genius and trusted with powers far beyond those his office allow him, has gone completely insane. Before anybody realized that he was insane, he negotiated treaties with parties he believed to be representing the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the People's Republic of China, each agreeing to a nuclear strike against the third party, but in fact with a man who identified himself as Parsifal. Parsifal demands a huge ransom to keep the documents from being released, thereby triggering a nuclear war.
Post-Soviet states in English alphabetical order: The post-Soviet states, also known as the former Soviet Union, the former Soviet Republics and in Russia as the near abroad (), are the 15 sovereign states that emerged and re-emerged from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics following its breakup in 1991, with Russia being the primary de facto internationally recognized successor state to the Soviet Union after the Cold War while Ukraine, by law, proclaimed that it is a state-successor of both the Ukrainian SSR and the Soviet Union which remained under dispute over formerly Soviet-owned properties.On Legal Succession of Ukraine, Articles 7 and 8.ЗАКОН УКРАЇНИ Про правонаступництво України The three Baltic states were the first to declare their independence, between March and May 1990, claiming continuity from the original states that existed prior to their annexation by the Soviet Union in 1940. The remaining 12 republics all subsequently seceded.
Van Dyke, Carl. The Soviet Invasion of Finland 1939–1940. London: Frank Cass, 1997. . Finland ceded the Karelian Isthmus and Ladoga Karelia to the Soviet Union in the Peace of Moscow of March 12. According to the protocol appended to the Moscow Peace Treaty, the fighting was ended at noon (Leningrad time), March 13, and by March 26 the Finnish troops had been completely withdrawn.Protocol appended to the treaty of peace concluded between Finland and The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on March 12, 1940 The entire Karelian population of the ceded areas of about 422 thousand people was evacuated to other parts of Finland (see Evacuation of Finnish Karelia). On March 31 most of the ceded territories were incorporated into Karelo- Finnish SSR by a decision of the Supreme Council of the Soviet Union (in the Karelian Isthmus the districts of Jääski, Kexholm and Vyborg). The districts of Kanneljärvi, Koivisto and Rautu as well as the town of Terijoki were, however, included into Leningrad Oblast.
Indiana University Press, 2005, p. 184. On 20 August 1939, forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics under General Georgy Zhukov, together with the People's Republic of Mongolia eliminated the threat of conflict in the east with a victory over Imperial Japan at the Battle of Khalkhin Gol in eastern Mongolia. On the same day, Soviet party leader Joseph Stalin received a telegram from German Chancellor Adolf Hitler, suggesting that German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop fly to Moscow for diplomatic talks. (After receiving a lukewarm response throughout the spring and summer, Stalin abandoned attempts for a better diplomatic relationship with France and the United Kingdom.)Overy 1997, pp 41, 43–47. On 23 August, Ribbentrop and Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov signed the non-aggression pact including secret protocols dividing Eastern Europe into defined "spheres of influence" for the two regimes, and specifically concerning the partition of the Polish state in the event of its "territorial and political rearrangement".Davies 2006, pp 148–51.
A British detachment stayed three months on the island while the frigate patrolled the waters until April. On 4 May 1955 the United Kingdom filed two lawsuits against Argentina and Chile respectively, the International Court of Justice in The Hague so this declared the invalidity of claims of sovereignty of the two countries on Antarctic and sub-Antarctic areas. On 15 July 1955, the Chilean Government rejected the jurisdiction of the Court in that case and on 1 August the Argentine Government did the same, by what the demands on 16 March 1956 they were archived. On 1 December 1959 was signed the Antarctic Treaty by Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom and the United States, entering into force on 23 June 1961. In the 1960s the State of Argentina, with its fleet, pioneered ecological tourist cruises to Antarctica.
The Uniting for Peace resolution was initiated by the United States,Williams, W: Intergovernmental Military Forces and World Public Order, page 284, Oceana Publications, 1971 and submitted by the "Joint Seven- Powers"United States, United Kingdom, France, Canada, Turkey, Philippines and Uruguay in October 1950, as a means of circumventing further Soviet vetoes during the course of the Korean War (25 June 1950 - 27 July 1953). It was adopted by 52 votes to 5,Czechoslovakia, Poland, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic with 2 abstentions.India and Argentina In the closing days of Assembly discussions leading up to the adoption of 377 A, US delegate to the UN, John Foster Dulles, made specific reference to the Korean War as a chief motivator in the passage of the resolution: > Then came the armed attack on the Republic of Korea and it seemed that the > pattern of 1931A reference to the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931. > had in fact begun to repeat itself and that the third world war might be in > the making.
The Soviet of Nationalities (, Sovyet Natsionalnostey; ; ; ; ; ; ) was the upper chamber of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, elected on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot in accordance with the principles of Soviet democracy. Until Glasnost and the 1989 elections, however, only candidates approved by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union were permitted to participate in the elections. It was briefly succeeded by the Soviet of the Republics from October to December of 1991. As opposed to the Soviet of the Union, the Soviet of Nationalities was composed of the nationalities of the Soviet Union, which in turn followed administrative division rather than being a representation of ethnic groups. The Soviet of the Nationalities was formed on the basis of equal representation of all the Republics of the Soviet Union (32 deputies from each republic, excluding other autonomous units inside that republic which sent in separate members), autonomous republics (11 deputies from each republic), autonomous oblasts (five deputies from each oblast), and national districts (one deputy from each district).
The Soviet Union had a nominally supranational pharmacopoeia, the State Pharmacopoeia of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSRP), although the de facto nature of the nationality of republics within that state differed from the de jure nature. The European Union has a supranational pharmacopoeia, the European Pharmacopoeia; it has not replaced the national pharmacopoeias of EU member states but rather helps to harmonize them. Attempts have been made by international pharmaceutical and medical conferences to settle a basis on which a globally international pharmacopoeia could be prepared, but regulatory complexity and locoregional variation in conditions of pharmacy are hurdles to fully harmonizing across all countries (that is, defining thousands of details that can all be known to work successfully in all places). Nonetheless, some progress has been made under the banner of the International Council on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH), a tri-regional organisation that represents the drug regulatory authorities of the European Union, Japan, and the United States.
Expansion of the USSR during World War II. The borders of Eastern bloc's members other than the USSR, Poland and Yugoslavia are shown in their post-war status After the war, Stalin sought to secure the Soviet Union's western border by installing communist-dominated regimes under Soviet influence in bordering countries. During and in the years immediately after the war, the Soviet Union annexed several countries as Soviet Socialist Republics within the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Many of these were originally countries effectively ceded to it by Nazi Germany in the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, before Germany invaded the Soviet Union. These later annexed territories include Eastern Poland (incorporated into two different SSRs), Latvia (became Latvia SSR),Senn, Alfred Erich, Lithuania 1940 : revolution from above, Amsterdam, New York, Rodopi, 2007 Estonia (became Estonian SSR), Lithuania (became Lithuania SSR), part of eastern Finland (Karelo-Finnish SSR and annexed into the Russian SFSR)Kennedy- Pipe, Caroline, Stalin's Cold War, New York : Manchester University Press, 1995, and northern Romania (became the Moldavian SSR).
In Cassin's model, the last three articles of the Declaration provide the pediment which binds the structure together. These articles are concerned with the duty of the individual to society and the prohibition of use of rights in contravention of the purposes of the United Nations.Mary Ann Glendon, A World Made New: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Chapter 10 The Cassin draft was submitted to the Commission on Human Rights and was to undergo editing in the Commission, then in further drafts considered by the Third Committee of the United Nations, and finally in a draft before the General Assembly of the United Nations, which ultimately adopted the Declaration on 10 December 1948. The vote for the declaration was 48 to 0 with eight abstentions: the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Czechoslovakia, the People's Republic of Poland, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, the Union of South Africa, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
Nevertheless, as the surrender instrument of 8 May 1945 had been signed only by German military representatives, the full civil provisions for the unconditional surrender of Germany remained without explicit formal basis. Consequently, the EAC text for Unconditional Surrender of Germany, redrafted as a declaration and with an extended explanatory preamble, was adopted unilaterally by the now four Allied Powers as the Declaration regarding the defeat of Germany on 5 June 1945. This spelled out the Allied position that as a result of its complete defeat Germany had no government or central authority, and that the vacated civil authority in Germany had consequently been assumed solely by the four Allied Representative Powers (the United States of America, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom and the French Republic) on behalf of the Allied Governments overall, an authority subsequently constituted into the Allied Control Council. Stalin had, however, already backtracked on his previous support for the principle of German dismemberment, publicly renouncing any such policy in his victory proclamation to the Soviet people of 8 May 1945.
The Soviets were the first to propose joint management of the CER with the Chinese, but Zhang stood in the way of this joint management. The Soviets decided to make a deal with Zhang.Elleman; 471 On May 31, 1924, Lev Karakhan and Dr. V. K. Ellington Koo, the Minister of Foreign Affairs for the Republic of China, signed the Sino- Soviet treaty. It included multiple articles, which played right into the Soviets' hand because in Article V it said “the employment of persons in the various departments of the railway shall be in accordance with the principle of equal representation between the nationals of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and those of the Republic of China.” The Soviets added, “In carrying out the principle of equal representation the normal course of life and activities of the Railway shall in no case be interrupted or injured, that is to say the employment of both nationalities shall be in accordance with experience, personal qualifications and fitness of applicants.” While negotiations had been concluded with the Chinese, the Soviets turned to make a deal with Zhang Xueliang.
Communist state alignments in 1980: pro-Soviet (red); pro-Chinese (yellow); and the non-aligned North Korea and Yugoslavia (black); Somalia had been pro- Soviet until 1977; and Cambodia (Kampuchea) had been pro-China until 1979 The Sino-Soviet split (1956–1966) was the breaking of political relations between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), caused by doctrinal divergences that arose from their different interpretations and practical applications of Marxism–Leninism, as influenced by their respective geopolitics during the Cold War (1947–1991).Chambers Dictionary of World History, B.P. Lenman, T. Anderson editors, Chambers: Edinburgh:2000. p. 769. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Sino-Soviet debates about the interpretation of Orthodox Marxism became specific disputes about the Soviet Union's policies of national de- Stalinization and international peaceful coexistence with the Western world. Against that political background, the international relations of the PRC featured official belligerence towards the West, and an initial, public rejection of the Soviet Union's policy of peaceful coexistence between the Eastern and Western blocs, which Mao Zedong said was Marxist revisionism by the Russian Communists.
Sydney Morning Herald, National Air Guard: New U.S. Reserve, 6 May 1946The Southeast Missourian, New Air Reserve Draws AAF Vets, 20 August 1946 Under the control of the governors during peacetime, the Air Guard was organized along the same lines as the Army National Guard, as both a militia existing in each of the states, and as a federal reserve component of the US Air Force. The fielding of the Air National Guard also caused the creation of two new positions within the National Guard Bureau, the Director of the Army National Guard and Director of the Air National Guard, who each reported to the Chief of the National Guard Bureau.W.A.R. Robertson, The Air National Guard, Flying Magazine, August 1948, page 18Americana Corporation, Yearbook of the Encyclopedia Americana, 1949, page xxvi The post-World War II reorganization of the National Guard was an emphasis on the creation of numerous Infantry and Armor divisions, oriented on a Cold War scenario that presumed large numbers of soldiers and tanks would be needed to stop an invasion of Western Europe by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
It would however seem that according to this law N-K would have the choice of two options – to remain within the USSR or to join independent Azerbaijan; N-K independence does not seem possible".Mr David Atkinson, United Kingdom, European Democrat Group, (Rapporteur) The conflict over the Nagorno-Karabakh region dealt with by the OSCE Minsk Conference , Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, 29 November 2004. See the section: AS/POL (2004) 24 Appendix IV 8 September 2004: subsection "The legal side of the dispute" According to the article in "The Journal of Conflict Resolution", the Armenian side "justified its claim by Article 70 of the Soviet Constitution, which affirms the right to self-determination of the peoples of the USSR. In fact, this recognition of the principle of self-determination is only part of a general declaratory statement about the nature of the Soviet federation: “The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is an integral, federal, multi-national state formed on the principle of socialist federalism as a result of the free self- determination of nations and the voluntary association of equal Soviet Socialist Republics.
The 1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union, officially the Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, was the constitution of the Soviet Union adopted on 7 October 1977. The 1977 Constitution, also known as the Brezhnev Constitution or the constitution of the developed Socialism, was the third and final constitution of the Soviet Union, adopted unanimously at the 7th (Special) Session of the Supreme Soviet Ninth Convocation and signed by General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev. The 1977 Constitution replaced the 1936 Constitution and the Soviet public holiday of USSR Constitution Day was shifted from 5 December to 7 October.Constitutional Development in the USSR: A Guide to the Soviet Constitutions, by Aryeh L. Unger, Universe Pub, 1981, (page 197)Encyclopaedia of Contemporary Russian, Routledge, 2007, (page 250) The 1977 Constitution's preamble stated that "the aims of the dictatorship of the proletariat having been fulfilled, the Soviet state has become the state of the whole people" and no longer represented the workers and peasants alone. The 1977 Constitution extended the scope of the constitutional regulation of society compared to the 1924 and 1936 constitutions.
Before 1941 training had lasted for six months, but after the war, training was shorted to a few weeks. After finishing training, all men had to take the Oath of the Red Army which read: > I______, a citizen of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics, entering > into the ranks of the Red Army of the Workers and Peasants', take this oath > and solemnly promise to be a honest, brave, disciplined, vigilant fighter, > staunchly to protect military and state secrets, and unquestioningly to obey > all military regulations and orders of commanders and superiors. > > I promise conscientiously to study military affairs, in every way to protect > state secrets and state property, and to my last breath to be faithful to > the people, the Soviet Motherland, and the Workers-Peasants' Government. > > I am always prepared on order of the Workers and Peasants Government to rise > to the defense of my Motherland, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; > and as a fighting man of the Red Army of Workers and Peasants', I promise to > defend it bravely, skillfully, with dignity and honor, sparing neither my > blood nor my life itself for the achievement of total victory over our > enemies.

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