Hemp's sativa is taller; the shorter indica has resiny trichomes accounting for its psychoactive power.
|
|
The trichomes — the super-fine hairs covering the bud — magnify the laser's brightness, he writes in the comments.
|
|
The other thing I wanted to talk about is the idea of CBD and THC and this sort of false dichotomy that these are the two trichomes.
|
|
"We look at the trichomes, the ripeness, the flush factor, the cola structures, the style, and the stigma," he said, referring to various biological features of the plant.
|
|
The plants are covered hollow hairs called trichomes, which are small enough and sharp enough to puncture skin and inject histamine and other chemicals that deliver a nasty sting.
|
|
There's this stereotype of the know-it-all stoner who uses words like "terpenes" and "trichomes" in order to make others feel othered — not in an effort to educate.
|
|
Many of the nostalgic strains didn't have large concentrations of trichomes, the crystal-like resin glands that are very identifiable in photos and which have come to define modern day chronic.
|
|
But if terms like "trichomes" and "terpenes" don't mean anything to you, try reading our primer for newbies: Sign up for our newsletter to get the best of VICE delivered to your inbox daily.
|
|
Kief is a product of trichomes, the hairy, white, sugary coating on buds that protect plants from being destroyed or devoured by insects or animals by producing levels of THC high enough to get a creature too stoned to finish eating the whole tree.
|
|
In non-glandular trichomes, the only role of flavonoids is to block out the shortest wavelengths to protect the plant, which differs from in glandular trichomes.
|
|
Nepenthes albomarginata gains its name from the ring of white trichomes directly beneath the peristome. These trichomes--or "hairs"--are palatable to termites and will attract them to the pitcher. In the course of collecting the edible trichomes, hundreds or thousands of termites will fall into the pitcher.
|
|
Common mullein (Verbascum thapsus) leaves are covered in dense, stellate trichomes. Scanning electron microscope image of trichomes on the lower surface of a Coleus blumei (coleus) leaf "Hairs" on plants are properly called trichomes. Leaves can show several degrees of hairiness. The meaning of several of the following terms can overlap.
|
|
The flowers of a mature female plant contain the most trichomes, though trichomes are also found on other parts of the plant. Certain strains of cannabis are cultivated specifically for their ability to produce large amounts of trichomes. The resin reservoirs of the trichomes, sometimes erroneously called pollen (vendors often use the euphemism "pollen catchers" to describe screened kief-grinders in order to skirt paraphernalia-selling laws), are separated from the plant through various methods.
|
|
Research has been done on the types of plant trichomes that different Cajanus species possess. Typically, there are 5 types of trichomes found, where types A, B and E are glandular and types C and D are non glandular. C. scarabaeoides was found to have a greater proportion of type C, short non-glandular, and type B, short glandular, trichomes. It lacks the type A, long glandular, trichomes that cultivated pigeonpea possess.
|
|
The different types of trichomes are an indicator of adaptation to a particular environment. On the leaf blade of K. beharensis there are trichomes of the non-glandular, bushy three-branched type. This type of trichome is dead, with evidence of tannin. K. beharensis trichomes are also characterized by striped cuticular ornamentation on their surface.
|
|
Lower leaf surfaces are variously pubescent, appearing gray; the trichomes are usually not dense enough to entirely mask the green leaf surface; as seen under magnification, the trichomes have prominent tubercles (bumps).
|
|
Leaf trichomes are present in the Pitcairnioideae, but are not effective in gathering nutrients; the trichomes, however, can be sufficiently thick so as to provide a frost barrier essential to its survival (e.g. Puya laxa).
|
|
The larvae of Heliconius charithonia, for example, are able to physically free themselves from trichomes, are able to bite off trichomes, and are able to form silk blankets in order to navigate the leaves better.
|
|
The type, presence and absence and location of trichomes are important diagnostic characters in plant identification and plant taxonomy. In forensic examination, plants such as Cannabis sativa can be identified by microscopic examination of the trichomes. Although trichomes are rarely found preserved in fossils, trichome bases are regularly found and, in some cases, their cellular structure is important for identification.
|
|
The particular trichomes of the Tillandsia paucifolia are exceptionally sizable and copious.
|
|
Like most other Boraginaceae, the majority have trichomes (hairs) on the leaves.
|
|
Arabidopsis thaliana trichomes are classified as being aerial, epidermal, unicellular, tubular structures.
|
|
Axes of this plant are pseudomonopodial with axial trichomes or spines and nodal whorls of sterile leaves. Leaves are dimorphic and sometimes contain trichomes or spines. When mature, primary xylem is exarch and the secondary xylem lacks parenchyma.
|
|
Plants may use trichomes in order to deter herbivore attacks via physical and/or chemical means, e.g. in specialized, stinging hairs of Urtica (Nettle) species that deliver inflammatory chemicals such as histamine. Studies on trichomes have been focused towards crop protection, which is the result of deterring herbivores (Brookes et al. 2016). However, some organisms have developed mechanisms to resist the effects of trichomes.
|
|
'Wooly' trichomes as seen on Stachys byzantina, used by A. manicatum for nest construction. Being a member of the Anthidiini tribe of megachilid bees, A. manicatum engages in highly elaborate nesting behavior. These bees construct their nests in preexisting cavities, using the trichomes of wooly plants. Female A. manicatum use their mandibles, which are sharply toothed, to remove trichomes from the stems and leaves of various plants.
|
|
Nearly all bromeliads have specialized cell groups called trichomes which form scales on the foliage. The trichomes occurring on Tillandsioideae may cover the plants so completely that they appear grey or white, like Spanish moss. In addition to absorbing nutrients, the trichomes may serve to insulate the plant from freezing weather. Plants in this group have smooth or entire leaf margins, unusual color and markings, with many producing fragrant flowers.
|
|
The specific epithet, erianthum, is derived from the Greek words ἔριον (erion), meaning "wooly", and ἄνθος (anthos), meaning "flower," referring to the dense trichomes (hairs) on the flowers. Other parts of the plant are also covered in trichomes, including the berries, leaves, stem tips, and petioles. Broken roots smell like cooked potatoes, while trichomes on the leaves, stems, and petioles release an odor similar to tar when rubbed.
|
|
Structure, ontogeny, organographic distribution, and taxonomic significance of trichomes and stomata in the Cucurbitaceae.
|
|
Vigna dalzelliana is a twining herb. Its stems are slender and covered with minute hairs, or trichomes. Its leaf petioles are covered with the same white trichomes, and are long. Its leaflets are oval-shaped and pointy, or acuminate, towards their apex.
|
|
Stinging trichomes vary in their morphology and distribution between species, however similar effects on large herbivores implies they serve similar functions. In areas susceptible to herbivory, higher densities of stinging trichomes were observed. In Urtica, the stinging trichomes induce a painful sensation lasting for hours upon human contact. This sensation has been attributed as a defense mechanism against large animals and small invertebrates, and plays a role in defense supplementation via secretion of metabolites.
|
|
The only sure method of distinguishing this species from Azolla filiculoides is to examine the trichomes on the upper surfaces of the leaves. Trichomes are small protuberances that create water resistance. They are unicellular in A. filiculoides but septate (two-celled) in A. cristata.
|
|
Mentzelia pumila is covered in minute elaborations known as trichomes, which pierce and trap insects that land on it. A species of aphid, Macrosyphum mentzeliae colonises the plant and is afforded protection, since its main predator, the ladybird beetle, is unable to avoid the trichomes.
|
|
One proposed use takes advantage of the hydrophobic trichomes, which do not repel oil. This makes them candidates for mopping up oil spills, as they become saturated with oil in thirty seconds. S. molesta trichomes served as a model for a similarly hydrophobic synthetic polycarbonate.
|
|
Bacteria of the genus Oscillatoria occur in rows of cells of similar size. They form filaments called trichomes. Many trichomes are enveloped in a firm casing, but in this genus the casing is almost non-existent. This gives the filaments easier mobility in all directions.
|
|
Druses were common throughout the mesophyll tissues, and peltate, glandular trichomes were present on both epidermises.
|
|
Woody shrubs to 2 m tall. Stems erect but arching towards apices, many of these becoming spiny, older portions glabrous, becoming pubescent towards younger portions of stem, trichomes simple, < 0.25 mm, the internodes 4-35 mm long. Spines 3-8 cm, 0.2-0.3 mm in diameter at base. Leaves borne in clusters on very short shoots (these < 1 mm long), subtended by dense protrusions of trichomes, on short petioles to 5 mm long, these pubescent with short eglandular trichomes or glabrous, the blades simple, alternate, narrowly obelliptic to narrowly elliptic, 20-50 × 3-10 mm, (2-)4.7 to 7.5 times longer than wide, the bases attenuate, the apices broadly acute to obtuse, the margins entire, both surfaces covered by glandular trichomes (these seeming to result in black spots on pressed specimens) with occasional sparse simple trichomes along midrib of abaxial surface.
|
|
Nostoc thermotolerans are gram-negative photoautotrophs. Non-motile, barrel-shaped cells that form filaments called trichomes. Trichomes usually consist of 30-150 cells with a combination of vegetative and heterocyte cells. Vegetative cells are carbon fixing cells, which are 3.6 μm in length and 3.4 - 3.8 μm in width.
|
|
Psychotria; other subgenera of Psychotria lack the well developed reddish brown trichomes inserted above the stipule scars. On the upper stems of P. viridis these features are obscured by a stipule (see below), which covers the trichomes; the scar actually marks the point where this structure has fallen off.
|
|
When picking this fruit proceed with caution. Small needle like trichomes from the fruit can break off into skin, causing minor agitation. Before eating the fruit, first dip it in water then rub the skin against something hard and slightly abrasive (like a rock). This will remove the trichomes.
|
|
The wild tomato is a perennial herb, woody at the base, the herb being up to or more in diameter and up to 1m tall. Its stem is between in diameter at its base, often hollow, green, glabrous to variously pubescent with a mixture of simple uniseriate trichomes. Its sympodial units are 2-foliate; internodes being between . Its leaves are interrupted imparipinnate, green to pale beneath, glabrous to sparsely short pubescent with a mixture of simple uniseriate trichomes, some populations lacking trichomes.
|
|
Non-glandular trichomes are important for plant protection against UV light. The model plant, Cistus salvifolius, is found in areas of high-light stress and poor soil conditions, along the Mediterranean coasts. It contains non-glandular, stellate and dendritic trichomes that have the ability to synthesize and store polyphenols that both affect absorbance of radiation and plant desiccation. These trichomes also contain acetylated flavonoids, which can absorb UV-B, and non-acetylated flavonoids, which absorb the longer wavelength of UV-A.
|
|
The only sure method of distinguishing this species from Azolla cristata (long incorrectly known as A. caroliniana) is to examine the trichomes on the upper surfaces of the leaves. Trichomes are small protuberances that create water resistance. They are unicellular in A. filiculoides but septate (two-celled) in A. cristata.
|
|
Bean leaves have been used historically to trap bedbugs in houses in Eastern Europe. The trichomes on the bean leaves capture the insects by impaling their feet (tarsi). The leaves would then be destroyed. Trichomes are an essential part of nest building for the European wool carder bee (Anthidium manicatum).
|
|
Species of the genus Colilodion are presumed to be myrmecophiles due to the presence of trichomes retaining ant pheromones.
|
|
H. charithonia larvae can avoid the effects of trichomes, being able to free themselves from the entrapment of a trichome by pulling their legs from the hold of the trichome hook, and laying silk mats on the trichomes, providing a surface to walk on more easily, and they remove the tips of the trichomes by biting them. Trichome tips are found in the faeces of these individuals. Larvae often try to avoid areas where trichome density is highest by staying on the under surface of the leaves.
|
|
Dipterocarpus stellatus is a tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae. The specific epithet stellatus means "star-like", referring to its trichomes.
|
|
Some other phytohormones that promote growth of trichomes include brassinosteroids, ethylene, and salicylic acid. This was understood by conducting experiments with mutants that has little to no amounts of each of these substances. In every case, there was less trichome formation on both plant surfaces, as well as incorrect formation of the trichomes present.
|
|
Red Trichomes on a roses stem The genetic control of patterning of trichomes and roots hairs shares similar control mechanisms. Both processes involve a core of related transcription factors that control the initiation and development of the epidermal outgrowth. Activation of genes that encode specific protein transcription factors (named GLABRA1 (GL1), GLABRA3 (GL3) and TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1 (TTG1)) are the major regulators of cell fate to produce trichomes or root hairs. When these genes are activated in a leaf epidermal cell, the formation of a trichrome is initiated within that cell.
|
|
Asplenium ceterach (syn. Ceterach officinarum) is a fern species commonly known as Rustyback. It is characterised by a short rhizome which gives rise to several green fronds that have a pinnated lamina with trichomes on the abaxial (lower) surface, but not the adaxial (upper) one. These trichomes (hairs) are orange-brown in colour, hence the name "rustyback".
|
|
Glandular trichomes are also present on the leaves, with more on petioles than on leaf blades, and more on the top of the leaf as opposed to the bottom.Chernetsky, Mykhaylo, and Elizbieta Werysko- Chmielewska. “Structure of Trichomes from the Surface of Leaves of Some Species of Kalanchoe Adans.” ACTA Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica 47/2 (2005): 15-22.
|
|
The Spirulinaceae is a family of cyanobacteria, the only family in the order Spirulinales. Its members are notable for having coiled trichomes.
|
|
The specific name "cupido" comes from the resemblance of the trichomes to the wings of Cupid, the child god from Greek mythology.
|
|
Leaf texture is soft or ridged and leaves are covered in scales or hairs (trichomes) that collect water and nutrients for the plant.
|
|
The very fine spines and hairs (trichomes) of some cacti were used as a source of fiber for filling pillows and in weaving.
|
|
Erysimum crepidifolium is most easily confused with Erysimum hieraciifolium or Erysimum marschallianum. The latter is differentiated primarily by the shape of the trichomes.
|
|
There is a vestigial non-functional perigynous disc and nectar is secreted by glandular trichomes distributed along the internal surface of the corolla.
|
|
Trichomes isolated with ice-water extraction method Trichomes may break away from supporting stalks and leaves when plant material becomes brittle at low temperatures. After plant material has been agitated in an icy slush, separated trichomes are often dense enough to sink to the bottom of the ice- water mixture following agitation, while lighter pieces of leaves and stems tend to float. The ice-water method requires ice, water, agitation, filtration bags with various-sized screens and plant material. With the ice-water extraction method the resin becomes hard and brittle and can easily be separated.
|
|
Its liana is tall from a ligneous rhizome approximately thick. Its stems are lax, with scattered stinging hairs between long and with a dense, white cover of simple trichomes long. Leaves are opposite, with interpetiolar stipules united in pairs but deeply incised, and completely covered with white simple trichomes appromately in length. Petioles are long, and its cystoliths are largely punctiform.
|
|
The inflorescences, which can grow to be 20–60 cm tall, emerge from the center of the rosette and produce mauve or violet- colored flowers. Each inflorescence can produce more than 10 flowers on a congested raceme. The upper part of the inflorescences is densely covered with glandular trichomes while the lower part has fewer trichomes and is often glabrous.
|
|
In contrast, root hairs only rarely branch. During the formation of trichomes and root hairs, many enzymes are regulated. For example, just prior to the root hair development, there is a point of elevated phosphorylase activity. Many of what scientists know about trichome development comes from the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana, because their trichomes are simple, unicellular, and non-glandular.
|
|
Plant phytohormones have an effect on the growth and response of plants to environmental stimuli. Some of these phytohormones are involved in trichome formation, which include gibberellic acid (GA), cytokinins (CK), and jasmonic acids (JA). GA stimulates growth of trichomes by stimulating GLABROUS1 (GL1). However, both SPINDLY and DELLA proteins repress the effects of GA, so less of these proteins create more trichomes.
|
|
The flower head of the Drosera peruensis plant is red in color, measures 10 to 18 centimeters long, and has thread-like trichomes. The inflorescence axis is typically 3.5 to 6 centimeters long. The light red sepals are fused together, with each lobe measuring up to 4 millimeters long and 1.5 millimeters wide. The lobes are filled with red trichomes.
|
|
Flowers are narrowly cyathiform and a brownish yellow colour, covered with scattered glandular trichomes. The hypanthium is long; calyx lobes are ovate and acuminate.
|
|
When grown in sunlight it is dark green. The individual bacteria tend to form filamentous colonies enclosed in sheaths, which are known as trichomes.
|
|
Leaves of S. exorrhiza that grow in the sun are thicker, have more trichomes and more stomata than those that grow in the shade.
|
|
This bee species incorporates trichomes into their nests by scraping them off of plants and using them as a lining for their nest cavities.
|
|
Trichomes not being easily digestible, the un-chewed and rough surfaces of the leaves are thought to help physically extract the worms from the intestines.
|
|
Studies suggest that this sensation involves a rapid release of toxin (such as histamine) upon contact and penetration via the globular tips of said trichomes.
|
|
Camissonia strigulosa also grows in this range but is distinguishable by its smaller flowers and prostrate habit. They dichotomous keys in The Jepson Manual first edition are not detailed enough to make certain positive identifications. One key characteristic that can help distinguish the three species is the morphology of the trichomes on the distal inflorescences. C. contorta has trichomes that look like transparent glassy rods.
|
|
Rivularia is found growing on submerged stones, moist rocks, and damp soils near the riverside. It is found in colonies, and the trichomes are radially arranged within a colony, with each trichome wholly or partially surrounded by a gelatinous sheet. The trichomes have a basal heterocyst. Each trichome has a narrow aptic portion which is whip- or tail-like consisting of a row of small cells.
|
|
A traditional Balkan method of trapping bed bugs is to spread bean leaves in infested areas. The trichomes (microscopic hooked hairs) on the leaves trap the bugs by piercing the tarsi joints of the bed bug's arthropod legs. As a bug struggles to get free, it impales itself further on the bean leaf's trichomes. The bed bugs and leaves then can be collected and destroyed.
|
|
Flower bud of a Capsicum pubescens plant, with many trichomes Fossil stellate hair (trichome) probably of an oak, in Baltic amber; width of image is about 1 mm. Trichomes ( or ), from the Greek τρίχωμα (trichōma) meaning "hair", are fine outgrowths or appendages on plants, algae, lichens, and certain protists. They are of diverse structure and function. Examples are hairs, glandular hairs, scales, and papillae.
|
|
On a leaf apex, if there is an apical process (generally an extension of the midvein), and if it is especially sharp, stiff, and spine-like, it may be referred to as spinose or as a pungent apical process (again, some authors call them a kind of spine). When the leaf epidermis is covered with very long, stiff trichomes (more correctly called bristles in this case; for some authors a kind of prickle), it may be referred to as a hispid vestiture; if the trichomes are stinging trichomes, it may be called a urent vestiture. There can be found also spines or spinose structures derived from roots.
|
|
The presence of hair-like structures on the pinnules of Macroneuropteris has been noted since the mid 1800s. It has become an important taxonomic characteristic particularly for M. scheuchzeri, which has abundant epicuticular hair that can reach a maximum length of 1000 mm. It had been assumed that these were trichomes on the leaves and may have been used to help the plant conserve water. Recent molecular studies by Erwin L. Zodrow have discovered that although there are trichomes on the species of Macroneuropteris, the more noticeable dark 'hair-like' structures are likely not trichomes and may not be directly attached to the leaves.
|
|
Arp2/3 mutations in Arabidopsis thaliana result in abnormal filament organization, which in turn affects the expansion of trichomes, pavement cells, hypocotyl cells, and root hair cells.
|
|
The filaments are solitary and reproduce by binary fission, and the cells of the trichomes vary from 2 to 12 μm and can sometimes reach 16 μm.
|
|
A plant's leaves and stem may be covered with sharp prickles, spines, thorns, or trichomes- hairs on the leaf often with barbs, sometimes containing irritants or poisons. Plant structural features like spines and thorns reduce feeding by large ungulate herbivores (e.g. kudu, impala, and goats) by restricting the herbivores' feeding rate, or by wearing down the molars. Trichomes are frequently associated with lower rates of plant tissue digestion by insect herbivores.
|
|
The genus Arthrospira comprises helical trichomes of varying size and with various degrees of coiling, including tightly coiled morphology to even a straight form. The helical parameters of the shape of Arthrospira is known to differentiate between- and even within the same- species. These differences may be induced by changing environmental conditions, such as the growth temperature. The helical shape of the trichomes is only maintained in a liquid environment.
|
|
The mucilaginous sheath is top short at the apex. Heterocysts are usually spherical in appearance. Trichomes are tapered at the apical region. Vegetetive cells are shorter and barrel shaped.
|
|
S. fimbriatum displaying the trichomes that can trap and kill insects. Stylidium species with glandular trichomes on their sepals, leaves, flower parts, or scapes have been suggested to be protocarnivorous (or paracarnivorous). The tip of the trichome produces a sticky mucilage—a mixture of sugar polymers and water—that is capable of attracting and suffocating small insects. The ability to trap insects may be a defensive mechanism against damage to flower parts.
|
|
The dense, velvety coat consists of white, single row, non-glandular trichomes up to 0.5 mm in length and occasional short-row, glandular trichomes with four or achtzelligen heads. The sympodial units have two (rarely three) leaves. The internodes are 1–2 (rarely 5) cm long. The leaves are broken imparipinnate, (often only 5 to) 7 to 13 (rarely to 20) cm long and (rarely 2) 2.5 to 6.5 (rarely to 10) cm wide.
|
|
Termitotrox cupido grows to a length of and at the time of its description was the smallest known scarab beetle. It is a blind, flightless beetle with semi- spherical elytra which are sculpted with deep longitudinal grooves. The elytra bear wing-shaped trichomes (outgrowths), a feature that distinguishes this species from other members of the genus. The head, thorax and elytra are reddish-brown with a matt surface and the trichomes are a paler colour.
|
|
The high density of short, nonglandular and glandular trichomes on C. scarabaeoides act as a barrier against the young larvae of H. armigera. This barrier prevents larvae from feeding on the pods, causing mortality due to starvation before they are able to reach maturity. H. armigera lays 80% of its eggs on the pod surface of Cajanus species, so possessing type C and B trichomes is extremely beneficial in contributing to larval mortality.
|
|
The calyx lobes are less than 3 mm long. The corolla throat is covered in short trichomes. The ovary is 3-5 locular, and the mature red fruits are sessile.
|
|
The papillae (= small warts like glands) and the trichomes of the lip show great diversity. The most common form for the papillae is the conical form with rounded or pointed tips.
|
|
The cells of the trichomes were round in shape and when such cells were stacked one above the other it gives "stack of poker chips" appearance characteristic feature of this species.
|
|
It is a sprawling perennial herb, woody at the base, the herb being up to or more in diameter and up to 1m tall. Its stem diameter ranges between at the base, not hollow in age, green, minutely puberulent with simple, uniseriate, stiff 1–2-celled trichomes. Sympodial units are 2-foliate (sometimes 3-foliate); internodes between . Its leaves are interrupted imparipinnate, bright green, minutely pubescent with stiff simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stems.
|
|
In addition to SAR, tobacco plants have been found to secrete β–ionone and T-phylloplanin which both inhibit the sporulation and growth of P. hyoscyami f.sp. tabacina. T-phylloplanin proteins are secreted by tall glandular trichomes on the aerial surface of tobacco leaves and may be a novel leaf surface defense molecule in tobacco.Shepherd, R.W., Bass, W.T., Houtz, R.L., and Wagner, G.J. (2005). Phylloplanins of tobacco are defensive proteins deployed on aerial surfaces by short glandular trichomes.
|
|
In these species, the white stripes contain many long and bent trichomes (fine outgrowths) that have a groove and contain two cavities, polarizing the light. The black stripes are caused by pigmentation.
|
|
Fontainea fugax is a dioecious shrub growing to 4 m. The stems have a clear exudate. New shoots have sparse, antrorse (upward pointing) trichomes. There are no stipules and the leaves have petioles.
|
|
The membranaceous, oblong to lanceolate lemmas are long, with slender, flexuous awns long. Paleas have inflexed sides that meet in the middle, measuring long. Lodicules are toothed and lack trichomes. Anthers are long.
|
|
Flowers have 3 green-brown sepals, 3 blue or purple petals fringed with moniliform trichomes, 5-6 stamens, the three upper of which are bearded with moniliform hairs, and a single tricarpellate pistil.
|
|
Non-glandular trichomes in the genus Cistus were found to contain presences of ellagitannins, glycosides, and kaempferol derivatives. The ellagitannins have the main purpose of helping adapt in times of nutrient-limiting stress.
|
|
The perigon is blue or purple. The perigon is densely hairy on the outside and inside by crooked trichomes. The peduncle is hairy or bare. The bracteoles are linear to triangular and bare.
|
|
Vigna vexillata is a strong twiner with fusiform, tuberous roots. Its stems are usually clothed with brownish silky hairs, or trichomes.. Its leaflets come in three, which are oval-shaped and pointed at the tip, with the terminal leaflet being long. The leaflets are all a dark green and with appressed trichomes on both surfaces. The flowers are pink or purplish to yellow and long, on two- to four-flowered peduncles long, with the keel prolonged into an uncurved beak.
|
|
Members of the family Microcoleaceae have a distinct radial arrangement of their thylakoids that distinguishes them from other closely related families of cyanobacteria. Trichodesmium thiebautii is usually composed of a few to hundreds of cells in a colony and has trichomes that appear to be twisted together much like a rope with radiating ends. Researchers examining Trichodesmium spp. in surface waters across the world also observed the rope- like twisted trichomes mentioned by Gomont, under the scanning electron microscope (SEM).
|
|
Insects and other prey animals are attracted by the smell of this mucilage and become stuck in it. Such snares are termed “flypaper traps”, but the trapping mechanism of sundews is often erroneously described as “passive”. In fact, sundew traps are quite active and sensitive, and the disturbance of one or a few trichomes quickly triggers an action potential that stimulates the rapid movement of other trichomes toward the prey. The leaf then curls in on itself, enveloping the prey for digestion.
|
|
Phryssonotus is a genus of bristle millipedes containing around nine species. Species are characterized by the possession of dark, rear-projecting scale- shaped bristles (trichomes) on the tergites, all other bristles are long and hairlike.
|
|
The individual workers will hide in these holes underneath the surface, invisible to their prey from the outside. They will position their heads outwards from the plant with mandibles open, waiting for prey. The actual production of the trap occurs by first cutting plant hairs (trichomes) from a narrow vertical stretch of the stem outside of the domatia. The ants will then arrange these hairs to outline the structure of the trap and regurgitate the mold that acts as a paste and holds the trichomes together.
|
|
Inflorecense axillary, in large brownish red panicle, very pubescent with very fine, soft, granular trichomes. Flowers are dioecious. Petals are small, very fine pubescent. Drupe hard, ovoid, yellowish brown when young and brownish red when ripe.
|
|
The plant shows glandular trichomes. They are unicellular, without a specialized basal cell. They have a cutinized cell wall and a protruding pore on the top. The upper part of the trichome cell contains flavonoids, e.g.
|
|
GL1, GL3. and TTG1 also activate negative regulators, which serve to inhibit trichrome formation in neighboring cells. This system controls the spacing of trichomes on the leaf surface. Once trichome are developed they may divide or branch.
|
|
For example, although the cabbage looper is a generalist pest, tobacco's gummosis and trichomes can harm early larvae survival. As a result, some tobacco plants (chiefly N. glauca) have become established as invasive weeds in some places.
|
|
Berg and Rosselli describe in detail six types of trichomes that can be recognized on Cecropia and more information on each can be found in their paper. They are: thick unicellular hairs, thin unicellular hairs, pluricellular trichomes, cystolith hairs, pearl glands (or pearl bodies), and Müllerian bodies. Parts of the Cecropia such as the stipules, the spathes, and the main veins of the lamina have red-coloring substances. The concentration of the substances varies, even within species, and some parts can be green, bluish, pale pink, dark red, dark purple, and even blackish.
|
|
GL1 causes endoreplication, the replication of DNA without subsequent cell division as well as cell expansion. GL1 turns on the expression of a second gene for trichome formation, GL2, which controls the final stages of trichome formation causing the cellular outgrowth. Arabidopsis thaliana uses the products of inhibitory genes to control the patterning of trichomes, such as TTG and TRY. The products of these genes will diffuse into the lateral cells, preventing them from forming trichomes and in the case of TRY promoting the formation of pavement cells.
|
|
Fritzschia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Melastomataceae, native to the Atlantic coastal forest of Brazil. They are sprawling or erect shrubs, with their branchlets and their hypanthia coated with either glandular or villose trichomes.
|
|
It is a perennial plant with grass-like leaves and is easily cultivated. It has been considered to be a carnivorous or protocarnivorous plant because it possesses glandular trichomes underneath the flowers that can trap and digest prey.
|
|
These are referred to as chemotypes, of which there are four. These chemotypes also have different number of complete chromosome sets. Gold and yellow farina are diploids, pallid and yellow/green are tetraploids. Its prothallus contains glandular trichomes.
|
|
Some are spiny. They almost always have urticating hairs, often on bumps in the epidermis. These are stiff, stinging trichomes with swollen bases. The leaves are variable in shape and venation, and help in the identification of species.
|
|
The species of the genus Codon are annual to perennial herbs. The whole plants are densely covered with strong mineralised, unicellular trichomes on cystolithic foot- cells. The plants are growing from strong taproots. The flowers are tetracyclic and polymerous.
|
|
Myrmecoids Labidopullus ashei, Beyeria vespa, Pseudomimeciton sp., and Ecitophya bicolor Symphilic Staphylinids have been fully integrated into the host ant's society. Symphilic species have undergone complex morphological adaptations, many becoming myrmecoid. Most have developed trichomes, which secrete appeasement pheromones.
|
|
Capsicum rhomboideum is typically a perennial shrub. It is densely covered in trichomes, making it pubescent. It is best identified by its rhomboidal to elliptically-shaped leaves. The flowers have a five-toothed calyx and yellow bell-shaped corolla.
|
|
Bean leaves have been used to trap bedbugs in houses. Microscopic hairs (trichomes) on the bean leaves entrap the insects. From ancient times, beans were used as device in various methods of divination. Fortune-telling using beans is called favomancy.
|
|
They use their fungal relationship to gather this mold, by collecting the mycelium from the fungus grown on the plant. This mold will continue to grow in between the trichomes and around the holes to fill out and reinforce the structure.
|
|
The undersides of the leaves are covered in downy hairs known technically as trichomes to which the mold Rhizopus oligosporus can be found adhering in the wild. Soybeans are pressed into the leaf, and stored. Fermentation occurs resulting in tempeh.
|
|
Spherical colonies of radiating straight trichomes (filaments without sheaths). Each trichome has an akinete as the basal cell near the center of the colony. Akinetes if present are adjacent the heterocyst. The primary morphology is trichomous (filamentous without sheaths), the secondary is colonial.
|
|
Kief is a powder, rich in trichomes, which can be sifted from the leaves, flowers and fruits of cannabis plants and either consumed in powder form or compressed to produce cakes of hashish. The word "kif" derives from colloquial Arabic ', meaning pleasure.
|
|
Fontainea subpapuana is a small dioecious tree growing to 7 m. The colour of the stem exudate is red. New shoots have dense, antrorse (upward pointing) yellow trichomes. There are no stipules and the leaves have petioles, which are swollen at the apex.
|
|
They typically exhibit long tapering bodies with broad thoraxes and smooth bodies, which prevent aggressing ants from gripping them. Symphiloids strongly resemble “true guests,” but are not fully integrated into the colony. They are often mimics, and in some species have developed trichomes.
|
|
All parts of the plants are covered with star-shaped trichomes. This cover is particularly thick on the leaves, giving them a silvery appearance. The species' chromosome number is 2n = 36. On flowering plants, the leaves are alternately arranged up the stem.
|
|
The grass flowers from June to September. In youth the two brome grasses Bromus secalinus and Bromus arvensis are very similar, but are easily distinguishable in maturity. Bromus arvensis has fully pubescent leaves but Bromus secalinus lacks trichomes on the undersides of leaves.
|
|
Leaves can be small, fleshy and succulent, or larger, flat and not fleshy. All surfaces are covered generally in silky, colorless trichomes. The fruits and bee-pollinated flowers are produced throughout the year. Seeds can float, and are sometimes propagated through water dispersal.
|
|
They are greyish green. The coat is similar to the stem, but with less glandular trichomes. The sheath consists of five to seven pairs of bulk leaves which are narrowly elliptical in shape, a broad- pointed to pointed tip, and inclined to appear sessile.
|
|
Pinguicula gigantea, unlike most Pinguicula species, has sticky upper and undersides of the leaves. The leaves have trichomes on them, which secrete a mucilage that traps prey. P. gigantea's leaves are among the largest in its genus. The species epithet, gigantea, describes this characteristic.
|
|
A miniature USB microscope with inbuilt LED lights next to the lens at left. Sea salt crystals seen with a USB microscope. Table salt crystals seen with a USB microscope. The top side of a sage leaf seen with a USB microscope - trichomes are visible.
|
|
Quercus serrata is a deciduous oak tree reaching a height of occupying elevations from . Leaves are up to long by wide, leathery, elliptical in shape, with serrated margins. Leaves are densely covered with trichomes when young becoming glabrous with age. Petioles are short (3 cm).
|
|
It is not known if or how these volatiles defend the host, but they could potentially interfere with the dodder's ability to locate and select hosts. Also, the presence of trichomes on the tomato stem effectively blocks the dodder from attaching to the stem.
|
|
Harding, Schmidt & Tidgewell 2006, p. 107. Salvinorin A is the first documented diterpene hallucinogen. Similar to many psychoactive herbs, Salvia divinorum synthesizes and excretes its active constituent (salvinorin A) via trichomes, of the peltate-glandular morphology, located just beneath the cuticle (subcuticular) layer.Siebert 2004.
|
|
Acquisition of the tank habit seems likely to have been the key innovation driving the evolution of specialized mechanisms of nutrient capture in Brocchinia, and is associated with thin leaf cross- sections and the later evolution of carnivory, ant-fed myrmecophily, epiphytism, and N fixation in the Acuminata and Reducta clades. Each of the nutritionally specialized species have relatively large areas of live trichomes on the leaf bases that can absorb amino acids at high rates. Tanks and absorptive trichomes were later lost secondarily in Brocchinia steyermarkii, a terrestrial species common in wet sandy areas in the Gran Sabana.Benzing DH, Givnish TJ, Bermudes D. 1985.
|
|
Plumbago indica Plumbago zeylanica The species include herbaceous plants and shrubs growing to tall. The leaves are spirally arranged, simple, entire, long, with a tapered base and often with a hairy margin. The flowers are white, blue, purple, red, or pink, with a tubular corolla with five petal-like lobes; they are produced in racemes. The flower calyx has glandular trichomes (hairs), which secrete a sticky mucilage that is capable of trapping and killing insects; it is unclear what the purpose of these trichomes is; protection from pollination by way of "crawlers" (ants and other insects that typically do not transfer pollen between individual plants), or possible protocarnivory.
|
|
The cultivators then place the dried stalks onto a fine fabric stretched across a metal basin, and beat the stalks, causing the THC-laden trichomes to fall into the basin for collection. The first kif beaten from the stalks is of the best quality, and the stalks can be further beaten a second and third time, however, continuously producing a lower- quality product. Some of the trichomes are packaged as-is, or they can be repeatedly pressed and heated to form dense slabs of hashish. Hashish slabs are often marked with a signature emblem indicating its producer, such as an abstract design, number, or imitation of a commercial logo.
|
|
While trapped inside the flower, the fly eats nectar produced along the walls of the utricle. The trichomes then are signaled to wither, allowing for the fly to escape. The entire reproductive process lasts two days before flower senescence and abscission occur in the third phase.
|
|
Fontainea borealis is a small dioecious tree growing to 12 m. The colour of the stem exudate is unknown. New shoots have dense, antrorse (upward pointing) golden trichomes. There are no stipules and the leaves have petioles, which are swollen at both the base and apex.
|
|
The leaves are coated in glandular trichomes that hold drops of sticky exudate, which is likely protective against solar radiation. Its flower heads contain yellow flowers. This plant occurs in high mountain páramo habitat, taking hold in small accumulations of organic matter in rocky cracks and crevices.
|
|
The corolla consists of a two-lipped flower that is orange to red in colour. Four seeds are produced in a woody fruit capsule. Two of the six Madagascar species, A. hygroscopicus and A. venosus, are unique in the genus in having hygroscopic trichomes on their seeds.
|
|
The specific epithet hirta is Latin for “hairy”, and refers to the trichomes occurring on leaves and stems. Other common names for this plant include: brown-eyed Susan, brown betty, gloriosa daisy, golden Jerusalem, English bull's eye, poor-land daisy, yellow daisy, and yellow ox-eye daisy.
|
|
The young stems and leaves are often densely covered by vesicular globose hairs, thus looking farinose. Characteristically, these trichomes persist, collapsing later and becoming cup-shaped. The branched stems grow erect, ascending, prostrate or scrambling. Lateral branches are alternate (the lowermost ones can be nearly opposite).
|
|
Bright violet flowers are about long with the stamens exerted. Tillandsia caput-medusae does not have any free water retention in its overlapping leaves because its abaxial and adaxial leaf bases provides trichomes which coats the leaves. The significance of trichome is to enhance leaf permeability.
|
|
The species of the subfamily Corispermoideae are all annual plants. Leaves are mostly alternate, sessile or petiole-like attenuate, laminate, scleromorphic. Typical are branched (dendritic) trichomes (except in Anthochlamys) on young plant parts. The flowers are arranged in simple, compact (sometimes globular) partial inflorescences, or in spikes.
|
|
It grows as a terrestrial plant in marshy grasslands in the presence of Loudetia species at altitudes of around . It flowers in July. It is a very distinct plant in the genus with the long stipitate glandular trichomes covering the flower. Its affinities within the genus are not clear.
|
|
Flowers are pistillate inflorescences from long occurring in March to April. Seeds are oval shaped acorns long and take 1 year to mature. A cup with trichomes and triangular shaped scales covers 1/4 to 1/3 of the acorn. Bark is grey or reddish-brown with longitudinal furrows.
|
|
The species in genus Chenopodiastrum are non-aromatic annual herbs. Young plants have vesicular trichomes, that later collapse and fall down, thus plants becoming glabrescent. Stems grow erect, with lateral branches. The alternate leaves have a petiole and a thickish triangular, ovate, rhombic-ovate to lanceolate leaf blade.
|
|
The scape, like most species in the related genus Stylidium is covered with glandular trichomes. Each scape produces a single flower. The calyx is erect, stout, and very broad (nearly as broad as the ovary). The ovary is large, oblong, sub-cylindrical, tapering and jointed on to scape.
|
|
That is why fungí are called heterotrophs by absorption. In land plants, rhizoids are trichomes that anchor the plant to the ground. In the liverworts, they are absent or unicellular, but multicelled in mosses. In vascular plants they are often called root hairs, and may be unicellular or multicellular.
|
|
They mature from October to May, and fully mature by June. Female P. ayeaye prefer to deposit their eggs on plants in the families Melastomataceae and Solanaceae. The leaves of those plants have trichomes on them which keep the eggs from drying out and adhering to the leaf.
|
|
The top side of a sage leaf – trichomes are visible The underside of a sage leaf – more trichomes are visible on this side A pot of Salvia officinalis Sage seeds are very small and almost spherical in shape In Britain, sage has for generations been listed as one of the essential herbs, along with parsley, rosemary, and thyme (as in the folk song "Scarborough Fair"). It has a savory, slightly peppery flavor. Sage appears in the 14th and 15th centuries in a "Cold Sage Sauce", known in French, English and Lombard cuisine, probably traceable to its appearance in Le Viandier de Taillevent. It appears in many European cuisines, notably Italian, Balkan and Middle Eastern cookery.
|
|
Spomer, 1999 Other plants that are considered to be protocarnivorous have sticky trichomes on some surface, such as the flower scape and bud of Stylidium and Plumbago,Rachmilevitz and Joel, 1976 the bracts of Passiflora foetida, and leaves of Roridula. The trichomes of Stylidium, which appear below the flower, have been known to trap and kill small insects since their discovery several centuries ago, but their purpose remained ambiguous. In November 2006, Dr. Douglas Darnowski published a paper describing the active digestion of proteins when they come in contact with a trichome of a Stylidium species grown in aseptic tissue culture, proving that the plant, rather than the surface microbes, was the source of protease production.Darnowski et al.
|
|
The leaflets range from in length. The herb's inflorescence is axillary, meaning it rises from the same node as a leaf rather than from the end of a stem. The peduncle of the plant is covered with the same white trichomes as the stem. Its flower petals are a pale yellow.
|
|
In the wild, globose to cylindrical stem is covered with a whitish flocking of trichomes. Some horticultural varieties lack the flocking. In the wild, the cacti flower in early spring, so that their seeds can grow with summer rains. In cultivation this differs, and the plants may flower in summer.
|
|
These plants are annual herbs producing solitary, branching stems 15 to 100 centimeters tall. Most of the leaves are arranged in a basal rosette around the stem. Most of the herbage is coated with trichomes tipped with glands. The inflorescence is an open array of branches bearing single and paired flowers.
|
|
A cytoplasmic sheath is present which is very thin, hyaline and indistinct. Mature trichomes are straight, the cells much broader than long and has hemispherical apical cell with keritomized (irregular to radial thylakoid arrangement) content. Trichome unconstricted in growth phase and constrictions were observed during reproduction. Distinct cross walls present.
|
|
Buchnera americana is a perennial flowering plant with underground rhizomes and an above-ground stem. The stem of the plant is usually covered with trichomes (small hair-like projections), and can grow tall. The leaves are opposed, meaning that they grow in pairs, sprouting directly across from each other.Brownell, V.R. 1998.
|
|
To multiply, they form two new cells when they divide by binary fission. Along the trichomes, larger specialist nitrogen-fixing cells called heterocysts occur between the ordinary cells. When wet, Nostoc commune is bluish-green, olive green or brown but in dry conditions it becomes an inconspicuous, crisp brownish mat.
|
|
In native Spain Its yellow-green leaves are ovate to oblong in shape and decurrent, with winged bases. The flowers, stems and leaves are covered with tiny hairs, giving them a soft appearance. The leaves have non-glandular trichomes and a striated cuticle. The pink flowers are arranged in raceme inflorescences.
|
|
The crown tube has a length of 3 to 5 cm, the crown hem has a width of 4 to 5 cm. The fruits are almost spherical to spherical capsule fruits with a diameter of 8 to 12 mm. The seeds are pear-shaped and densely covered with short trichomes.
|
|
Spanish-moss under 20x magnification, showing scale-like trichomes. Spanish moss has been used for various purposes, including building insulation, mulch, packing material, mattress stuffing, and fiber. In the early 1900s it was used commercially in the padding of car seats. In 1939 over 10,000 tons of processed Spanish-moss was produced.
|
|
It is a woody perennial bush-like tree 1-5 meters in height. Its stems are erect and covered in small hairs called trichomes. Its oblong, leathery, blueish-green leaves lack distinct petioles and are blunt or notched at their tips. The leaves are 3-15 long by 2-7 centimeters wide.
|
|
Thioploca araucae is a marine thioploca from the benthos of the Chilean continental shelf. It is a colonial, multicellular, gliding trichomes of similar diameter enclosed by a shared sheath. It possesses cellular sulfur inclusions located in a thin peripheral cytoplasm surrounding a large, central vacuole. It is a motile organism through gliding.
|
|
Thioploca chileae is a marine thioploca from the benthos of the Chilean continental shelf. It is a colonial, multicellular, gliding trichomes of similar diameter enclosed by a shared sheath. It possesses cellular sulfur inclusions located in a thin peripheral cytoplasm surrounding a large, central vacuole. It is a motile organism through gliding.
|
|
Pluchea odorata is an annual or perennial herb growing erect to a maximum height over one meter. It is glandular, coated in rough trichomes (hairs), and strongly aromatic. The toothed oval leaves are up to long and alternately arranged on the stiff stems. The inflorescence is a large cluster of many flower heads.
|
|
The lower nodes on the stem have greatly reduced rudimentary leaves. The calyx tube is obovate in shape and 1 mm long, covered with densely pubescent hairs along with grayish white appressed trichomes. Stamens are very short, being 1 mm long. The anthers are yellowish white in color, narrowly ovoid in shape.
|
|
Originally, this fossil was described as Oscillatoriopsis rhomboidalis Sivertzeva, 1985 on the basis of a specimens from Torozhma borehole, Arkhangelsk Region, Russia. Later, the species O. rhomboidalis was reassigned to the separate genus Pomoria Sivertzeva et Jankauskas, 1989. Pomoria is distinguished from other fossil trichomes by a thin longitudinal or diagonal striate sculpture.
|
|
However, the family is diverse enough to include the tank bromeliads, grey-leaved epiphyte Tillandsia species that gather water only from leaf structures called trichomes, and many desert-dwelling succulents. The largest bromeliad is Puya raimondii, which reaches tall in vegetative growth with a flower spike tall, and the smallest is Spanish moss.
|
|
Spirulina powder 400x, unstained wet mount. Though it is usually called Spirulina powder, it actually contains the genus Arthrospira. Arthrospira is a genus of free-floating filamentous cyanobacteria characterized by cylindrical, multicellular trichomes in an open left-hand helix. A dietary supplement is made from A. platensis and A. maxima, known as spirulina.
|
|
Leaves are stiff and have recurved margins. The lower surface is covered with many fine white hairs, called trichomes, while the upper surface is green with the occasional hair. When viewed under the microscope, each trichome has a base of two glandular cells that stains dark. Flowers are small and white-green.
|
|
Four piece herb grinder Grinder for smokers The fine screen of a Space Case which will hold the larger pieces of herb. Also visible is the bottom compartment, where the trichomes will be collected. Trichomes, or kief, collected below the screen of a grinder An herb grinder (or simply, a grinder) is a cylindrical device with two halves (top and bottom) that separate and have sharp teeth or pegs aligned in such a way that when both halves are turned, material inside is shredded. Though the manufacturers claim they are intended for use with herbs and spices for cooking, they are often used to shred cannabis, resulting in a product that can be more easily hand-rolled into a "joint" that burns more evenly.
|
|
Cannabis indica plant The classical cannabinoids are concentrated in a viscous resin produced in structures known as glandular trichomes. At least 113 different cannabinoids have been isolated from the Cannabis plant To the right, the main classes of cannabinoids from Cannabis are shown. The best studied cannabinoids include tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabinol (CBN).
|
|
D. arguta displayed a capability to digest and absorb the 14C-labeled algal protein placed on its sticky trichomes. However, it is not known whether the digestive enzymes were produced by the plant itself or surface microbes.Spomer, G. G. (1999). Evidence of protocarnivorous capabilities in Geranium viscosissimum and Potentilla arguta and other sticky plants.
|
|
African geranium forms a basal rosette of cordate leaves with a velvet texture and a few short trichomes on long petioles. Its flowers have five dark red to nearly black petals, two of which are sometimes fused. It is often found in flower nearly year-round. It prefers to grow in grasslands with rocky soils.
|
|
Katinas, L., et al. (2007). Panorama de la familia Asteraceae (=Compositae) en la República Argentina. Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 42(1-2), 113-29. This species was formerly in genus Perezia, but it was separated because it has woolly trichomes in the leaf axils, a character not seen in any other Perezia.
|
|
Cirsium muticum is a biennial plant that reaches a height of . Its taproot is fleshy and its stem is ridged with hairs toward the base. The leaves are alternate in position, pinnately lobed, and ovate in shape. The leaf lobes are often asymmetrical and forked irregularly with the angles containing fine trichomes (multicellular hairs).
|
|
The species of genus Anabasis are annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs. Their stems are fleshy and articulated, mostly glabrous with the exception of hairy tufts at the nodes, rarely with papillae-like trichomes or woolly. The opposite leaves may be reduced to small scales or normally developed. The inflorescences are elongated or condensed spikes.
|
|
E. decipiens usually colonizes the under surface of leaves. Previous studies have established that the leafhopper prefers species of plants whose leaves lack trichomes, have soft tissues, and are of large size.Naseri, B., Fathipour, Y., Talebi, A., A. 2009. Population density and spatial distribution pattern of Empoasca decipens (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) on different bean species.
|
|
However, trichomes of S. fimbriatum have been shown to produce digestive enzymes, specifically proteases, like other carnivorous plants. Adding species of Stylidium to the list of plants that engage in carnivory would significantly increase the total number of known carnivorous plants.Darnowski, D.W., Carroll, D.M., Płachno, B., Kabanoff, E., and Cinnamon, E. (2006). Evidence of protocarnivory in triggerplants (Stylidium spp.
|
|
Two other parichnos channels can be found on Lepidodendron stem surfaces, though these do not occur in the Diaphorodendraceae. Above the leaf scar is a mark from a former ligule. A waxy cuticle covered the stem surface, including leaf cushions but not including the stem scars. The simple epidermis lacks specialized cells like trichomes or epidermal glands.
|
|
Eggs are laid in the unfurling fronds and the hatched larvae feed on the trichomes in the groove of the rachis, causing the frond to curl inwards. The pupae drop from the gall and remain from autumn and winter to emerge in the spring. Galling rates up to nine fronds in 13 on a single plant have been noted.
|
|
The plant is a perennial woody shrub that grows at elevations up to about . Branches are slender and glabrous (having no trichomes or "hair"). The leaves are approximately x , elliptic, membranous, abruptly acuminate at both ends; petiole 1 cm long. Flowers are arranged in axillary long-peduncled congested cymes; sepals are long, triangular, actue and basely connate.
|
|
Adaptations include thick cuticles, rolled leaf margins, sunken stomata or lacking leaves altogether. Some plants have dense hairs on the underside of their leaves or thick wax coated trichomes. Photosynthetic production may be limited not just by low temperature and desiccation but also by mineral nutrient stress.(Girme 1979) Nitrogen and phosphorus are frequently limiting in Tasmania's alpine environment.
|
|
They are weakly perennial in habit, bright green, tall and leafy, produce large, "lettuce-like" rosettes, and are covered with viscid (resin-producing) hairs (glandular-stipitate trichomes). The flowers are borne at the tops of leafy stems that are up to 1.5 m tall, and are bright yellow and range from about 2.4 cm to 5.0 cm in diameter.
|
|
The roots are fibrous to semi-fleshy. The trichomes are rather obvious at the nodes and are in inflorescence. The branch size range from 3-25 centimeters. The leaf blades are linear to oblong-lanceolate, which is intermediate of the two. They can also be terete to hemispheric, with a range of size (5-20 x 1–3 mm).
|
|
The leaf base is dull to wedge-shaped, rarely cut. The top of the leaf is dull or shiny dark green, the underside is dull and light green. Occasionally there are some fine trichomes along the midrib. On each side of the leaf, five to eight side veins extend from the midrib, most of which are straight.
|
|
Erysimum siliculosum produced trichomes malpighiaceous throughout, mixed with 3-forked ones on calyx. Stems erect, often branched at base and above. Basal leaves rosulate, often persisting, petiolate; leaf blade filiform to linear, rarely linear-oblanceolate, 1.5–8 cm × 1-2(-5) mm, longitudinally folded, base narrowly attenuate, margin entire, apex acute. Cauline leaves similar to basal.
|
|
It is a perennial 10 cmNiehaus et al. (1984) to 1 m in height. The stems are covered with nettle-like prickles, ranging from very few on some plants to very dense on others. Leaves and stems are covered with downy hairs (trichomes) that lie against and hide the surface, giving a silvery or grayish appearance.
|
|
Inflorescence of Epazote (Dysphania ambrosioides) The species of genus Dysphania are annual plants or short-lived perennials. They are covered with stalked oder sessile glandular hairs and therefore with aromatic scent (or malodorous to some people). Some species have uniseriate multicellular trichomes, rarely becoming glabrous. The stems are erect, ascending, decumbent, or prostrate and mostly branched.
|
|
In cross section, the leaf blades are wide and thick, with three large veins and one to five ribs. The basal offshoots are erect, arising from the tops of the pale brown sheaths. The lax, subsecund, flexuous panicle is long. The panicle has two unequal and strongly reflexed branches at the lower node, with branches long bearing minute trichomes.
|
|
Spores are of two kinds and sizes, both globose, trilete. Megagametophytes and microgametophytes protruding through sporangium wall; megagametophytes floating on water surface with archegonia directed downward; microgametophytes remaining fixed to sporangium wall. The small, hairlike growths, known as trichomes or microgametical follicles, are not known to have any productive function, and are currently a biological mystery.
|
|
The Drosera peruensis plant begins to blossom during the fall season, around October. Flower heads, 10 to 18 centimeters long, can grow two to four flowers which feature red, thread-like trichomes. The inflorescence axis is 3.5 to 6 centimeters long, attached to a reddish pedicel. Its sepals are also light red in color and are fused together.
|
|
Honey oil still contains waxes and essential oils and can be further purified by vacuum distillation to yield "red oil". The product of chemical separations is more commonly referred to as "honey oil." This oil is not really hashish, as the latter name covers trichomes that are extracted by sieving. This leaves most of the glands intact.
|
|
The function of the protocarnivorous habit, however, need not be directly related to lack of nutrient access. Some classic protocarnivorous plants represent convergent evolution in form but not necessarily in function. Plumbago, for example, possesses glandular trichomes on its calyces that structurally resemble the tentacles of Drosera and Drosophyllum.Schlauer, 1997 The function of the Plumbago tentacles is, however, disputed.
|
|
Shrubby blue sage is a shrub, growing to a height of with a spread half of that. The ovate leaves are long and have serrated or wavy margins. Trichomes on the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves give them a rough texture. Its profuse light blue to purple flowers are less than in length and are produced from April to October.
|
|
In nature, formic acid is found in most ants and in stingless bees of the genus Oxytrigona. The wood ants from the genus Formica can spray formic acid on their prey or to defend the nest. The puss moth caterpillar (Cerura vinula) will spray it as well when threatened by predators. It is also found in the trichomes of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica).
|
|
The larvae feed on Drosera brevifolia, Drosera intermedia and Drosera filiformis. They feed on the glandular trichomes, leaves and flowers of their host plant. They first ingest the sticky fluid at the tips and then clear away a patch of these hairs before feeding on the rest of the leaf. They will also eat dead insects trapped by the leaves.
|
|
Quercus delgadoana was determined as a new species because, unlike Q. eugeniifolia with fruit with annual maturation, this species has fruit with biennial maturation. In addition, this new species can be distinguished from other similar species such as Q. laurina and Q. affinis because it has more secondary veins, a revolute blade margin, and an adaxial leaf surface without stellate trichomes.
|
|
Two large, ovate to elliptic bracteoles subtend and protect the young corolla. The persistent bracteoles may be conspicuously veined or covered by long, villous trichomes. The small, ellipsoid fruit capsules explosively release two to four flat seeds (two ovules per ovary cell) when moisture is absorbed by their hygroscopic hairs. Young foliage and branches are covered in gland-tipped hairs.
|
|
SdCPS2 catalyzes the first committed reaction in the biosynthesis of salvinorin A by producing its characteristic clerodane scaffold. A series of oxygenation, acylation and methylation reactions is then required to complete the biosynthesis of salvinorin A. Biosynthesis of Salvinorin A Similar to many plant-derived psychoactive compounds, salvinorin A is excreted via peltate glandular trichomes, which reside external to the epidermis.
|
|
Pleiotropic Drug Resistance ABC transporters are hypothesized to be involved in stress response and export antimicrobial metabolites. One example of this type of ABC transporter is the protein NtPDR1. This unique ABC transporter is found in Nicotiana tabacum BY2 cells and is expressed in the presence of microbial elicitors. NtPDR1 is localized in the root epidermis and aerial trichomes of the plant.
|
|
The typical cultivated Cucurbita species has five-lobed or palmately divided leaves with long petioles, with the leaves alternately arranged on the stem. The stems in some species are angular. All of the above- ground parts may be hairy with various types of trichomes, which are often hardened and sharp. Spring-like tendrils grow from each node and are branching in some species.
|
|
Guayule grows in rocky, limestone desert areas in full sun. The plant's outer branches and leaves are covered in fine silvery hairs called trichomes, and yellow-white flowers grow from stems at the top of the plant. The densely haired leaves are covered with white wax to help prevent drying. The plant has an extensive root system, which lends to its drought resistance.
|
|
Aristolochia grandiflora is pollinated by breeding flies attracted by an odor produced by the flower. The odor is a combination of essential oils. Flies travel down the tubular part of the flower to the utricle where the reproductive organs are found. The tube is lined with trichomes that direct the fly down to the utricle and prevent the fly from moving out.
|
|
It is a dioecious shrub, approximately tall; its shoots and adaxial leaf surfaces being sparsely pubescent to glabrous. Its petioles are moderately pubescent; its trichomes approximately long. Its petiole is long and 1mm wide. Its inflorescences are terminal on short lateral shoots (brachyblasts); its racemes are pendent, while the peduncle is and densely pubescent with numerous simple hairs that are 1 mm long.
|
|
The stems of Tephrosia mysteriosa are prostrate, covered with trichomes (indumentum), and tawny. There are typically 7–11 leaflets per stem; these are approximately long and wide. The leaflets are olive green and elliptical, with strigose hairs on the underside. T. mysteriosa blooms from May to October, with its red buds opening to flowers that are white to light pink in color.
|
|
The USB image of the underside of a sage leaf - more trichomes are visible on this side. A USB microscope is a low-powered digital microscope which connects to a computer, normally via a USB port. They are widely available at low cost for use at home or in commerce. Their cost varies in the range of tens to thousands of dollars.
|
|
The dermal tissue system of Solanum verrogeneum has interesting and distinguishable qualities. The apical and axillary buds along with the young leaves and flowers of the plant have large trichomes at higher densities than the rest of the shoot system. Spines are scattered around the stem and are easily noticed. Spines are present on the mature leaves as well but standout less.
|
|
This would not be an unprecedented move since the single species was initially described as Stylidium subulatum in 1864 and later moved to its own genus by Sven Berggren in 1878. It possesses the same kind of glandular trichomes underneath the flower that make Stylidium species carnivorous plants, but it has not yet been tested for the presence of digestive enzymes.
|
|
The plant grows up to 0.8m high. The stems are freely branched and densely pubescent with short incurved (or appressed) ascending trichomes. The leaves are elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate which are 2–6 cm long and 0.5–2 cm wide, obtuse, crenate. The base of the leaves are cuneate to rounded, with pubescence of both surfaces (more or less glabrate).
|
|
A crack-like nick was observed on the trichomes was found by V. Uma Rani et. al. in microscopic view. While they studying individual cells notches were found at the inner side of the cell corresponding the slit on the trichome. When such cells were stacked one above the other, it results in the crack like structure on the trichome.
|
|
It is a low-growing plant with shallow fibrous roots and a basal rosette of elliptical to lanceolate leaves long and broad. All parts of the plant exude a milky juice. The flowering stem is usually leafless or with just one or two small leaves. The stem and leaves are covered with short stiff hairs (trichomes), usually blackish in color.
|
|
The stipules are 2.5 to 4 millimeters long, about 1 mm wide, rectangular and membranous.Correa A., Mireya D., Silva, Tania Regina Dos Santos: Drosera (Droseraceae) In: Flora Neotropica, Monograph 96, New York, 2005. The one to three inflorescences are 13 to 60 mm long and have two to nine flowers. The inflorescence axis is one to three cm long, covered with filiform trichomes.
|
|
Plants in the genus Zanthoxylum are shrubs, trees or woody climbers armed with trichomes. The leaves are arranged alternately and are usually pinnate or trifoliate. The flowers are usually arranged in panicles and usually function as male or female flowers with four sepals and four petals, the sepals remaining attached to the fruit. Male flowers have four stamens opposite the sepals.
|
|
Dusty miller -- Artemisia stelleriana The plants have pale-green to white leaves, which are covered on both surfaces with thick trichomes, giving a silver or whitish appearance. The yellow flowers grow in tall clusters and bloom from July to late August. The species thrives in dry and hot climates. Cultivars A number of forms have been selected as garden cultivars.
|
|
The rigid stems are square in cross-section, and are covered by an indumentum formed by stellate, or star-shaped, trichomes and oil droplets. Especially during autumn, these hairs give the stems a silvery appearance. The grayish-green leaves are arranged in opposite pairs, and attached to the stems by a short petiole. They are generally and , although narrower in some populations.
|
|
It is glandular and coated in short hairs called trichomes. The lance-shaped, smooth-edged leaves are up to 3 centimeters in length. The hairy inflorescence is a small, one-sided curving or coiling cyme of five-lobed flowers. Each flower is about half a centimeter long and deep purple or blue in color with a white or yellowish tubular throat.
|
|
The plant is sub-acaulescent with a single flowering head, it measures . The briefly petiolated leaves are arranged in a rosette around a thick rhizome; the leaves form a sheath around the base. The leaves are appressed, pinnatifid or lyrate and the contour is ovate to lanceolate; both leave faces are canescent with ciliated and spiny margins. The pant's receptacle has silky trichomes.
|
|
The phyllodes are glabrous with minute, red to brown coloured trichomes with three prominent longitudinal nerves. It blooms from September to October producing short cylindrical flower-spikes that are in length and quite densely flowered. Following flowering in around December tightly coiled seed pods form that are around and wide and are brown in colour with a thinly coriaceous texture.
|
|
All species of Levenhookia possess a sensitive labellum that performs a similar function to the column of Stylidium species. The labellum responds to touch and enables the plants to promote cross-pollination and avoid self-pollination. Most species of Levenhookia are ephemeral plants that prefer sand heath habitat. Levenhookia species also possess glandular trichomes similar to those of its sister genus, Stylidium.
|
|
Flowers solitary in leaf axils, on pedicels to 6 mm long, pubescent with eglandular trichomes, pendant. Calyces 9-12 mm long at anthesis, the tubes 5-6 × 4-5 mm, light green, the lobes subulate, 5-6 mm long, pubescent adaxially, slightly accrescent during fruit maturation and eventually splitting along longitudinal axis to expose mature fruit. Corollas infundibuliform (these more tubular just before anthesis), 30-35 mm long including lobes and 12-17 mm wide at the mouth, yellow ( paler at base, becoming more vibrant towards apex ), the lobes 2-4 × 7-10 mm, primary lobe veins extending into acuminate tip, external surfaces pubescent with uniformly distributed short, eglandular trichomes. Stamens 5, the filaments 22-25 mm, adnate to the basal 5-8 mm of the corolla tube, free portions 17–19 mm, included within corolla, pubescent only along the adnate portion.
|
|
Vegetative phase change is the juvenile-to-adult transition in plants. This transition is distinct from the reproductive transition and is most prolonged and pronounced in woody species. Manipulating phase change may be an important avenue for plant improvement. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, vegetative phase change is relatively subtle: leaves become more curled, with an increased number of abaxial trichomes, and increased serration.
|
|
Phalaenopsis reichenbachiana is an endemic species of orchid from Mindanao island, Philippines. It is near threatened due habitat loss and overcollection. This species is similar to Phalaenopsis fasciata but differs by having a three calluses (triserrate), wide triangular arcuate lip containing hairs (trichomes) in midlobe, the petals and sepals are wide and cuppy and its color usually pale yellow and it has a slightly musky fragrance.
|
|
Stems are 30–150 cm, slender green, and freely branched, smooth and glabrous (having no trichomes or glaucousness), mostly without spiny wings. Leaves are alternate on the stem with their base sessile and clasping or shortly decurrent. The leaves are very spiny, lobed, and up to 15–20 cm long and 2–3 cm broad (smaller on the upper part of the flower stem).
|
|
The leaves are pinnately compound with an uneven number of leaflets, most commonly 7 to 11. Most leaves are found in a rosette at the base of the plant, but there are some leaves arranged alternately along the flowering stem. Leaves are densely covered in short and somewhat sticky hairs (trichomes). The flowers are arranged in a tight cluster (cyme) on a long stem from tall.
|
|
Staminal sheath white, 36–44 mm long, free filaments 6–8 mm; anthers white. Ovary sessile, linear, 8–11 mm long, densely pubescent, trichomes white, ascending-asppressed, to 2 mm long; style 30–43 mm long, flattened, bearded lengthwise, exerted beyond stamens, geniculate 5–6 mm from distal end. Legume subsessile, linear, ecostate, valves puberulent-hirsute, strongly transversed-impressed between the seeds, spirally-twisting dehiscent.
|
|
Flowers bloom from midsummer through early autumn. Fruits (achenes) are green with purple markings. Roots are fibrous, shallow, and adventitious off the stem in moist areas or when in contact with the soil. The plant is often mistaken for stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), but can be distinguished by the lack of trichomes, or stinging hairs, and the lower amount of branching of the inflorescences.
|
|
The up to 40 cm tall inflorescence produces one to three flowers at its apex that are typically 15–20 mm long and are the largest of the yellow-flowered species. Each inflorescence can produce up to a total of eleven flowers. In its natural habitat, G. aurea can be found flowering year-round. The flowers and the scapes are densely covered in glandular trichomes.
|
|
The petiolule is between . Inflorescences are between in size, simple, with 5–20 flowers, ebracteate or nearly all the nodes bracteate; peduncle between , glabrous and minutely glandular to densely velvety pubescent with intermixed longer patent trichomes like those of the stems. The pedicels are between , articulated at the middle or in the distal half. Buds are conical, straight, approximately half way exerted from the calyx.
|
|
Tibouchina bruniana PJF Guim was described in 2014. Distinguishing characteristics of Tibouchina bruniana are the solitary flowers (occasionally in dichasia) and the small leaves (< 2.5 cm long). The anthers have long, simple trichomes which led the authors to place this species in the section Barbigerae. This shrub is found in cerrado vegetation, growing in compacted soil and in swampy areas at around 1,100 metres.
|
|
The leaves are petiolate with 2 to 18 cm long petioles. The leaf blade is egg-shaped or round, 5 to 15 cm long and 3.5 to 14 cm wide. The underside is densely hairy with short, soft trichomes, the top is more or less sparsely hairy. The base is heart-shaped, the leaf margin is entire or three-lobed, the tip is pointed or sharply pointed.
|
|
Ovules 50-100 per ovary. Fruit are oblong to oblong-linear, strongly 4-angled, slightly angustiseptate, (5-)7-10(-14) × 2–3 mm, smooth, erect and often appressed to rachis, straight; valves with a prominent midvein and slightly winged keel, outside with transversely oriented malpighiaceous trichomes, inside glabrous; style slender, (4-)5-10(-12) mm, cylindric; stigma strongly 2-lobed, with lobes often divergent.
|
|
Acylsugars are produced in the secretory glandular trichomes of various plants, specifically those that belong to the family Solanaceae. These compounds are identified to be responsible for physical and/or chemical defense plant defense. Additionally, potential commercial applications were also found in these compounds. Some species that are known to produce acylsugars include Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum pennellii, Solanum habrochaites, Nicotiana benthamiana, Petunia axillaris and Petunia integrifolia.
|
|
The epidermal cells are the most numerous, largest, and least specialized. These are typically more elongated in the leaves of monocots than in those of dicots. Diagram of moderate scale leaf anatomy Trichomes or hairs grow out from the epidermis in many species. In the root epidermis, epidermal hairs termed root hairs are common and are specialized for the absorption of water and mineral nutrients.
|
|
Lithospermum canescens grows to in height, growing from a thick, red, woody taproot with one to several stems that are usually not branched. Its leaves are alternate and oblong, and lack a petiole. The leaves range around in length and have any width under . Both the leaves and stems are grey-green and pubescent, meaning they are covering with many short, silky, erect trichomes, or hairs.
|
|
Certain, usually filamentous, algae have the terminal cell produced into an elongate hair-like structure called a trichome. The same term is applied to such structures in some cyanobacteria, such as Spirulina and Oscillatoria. The trichomes of cyanobacteria may be unsheathed, as in Oscillatoria, or sheathed, as in Calothrix. These structures play an important role in preventing soil erosion, particularly in cold desert climates.
|
|
Nostoc commune is a colonial species of cyanobacterium. It initially forms a small, hollow gelatinous globule which grows and becomes leathery, flattened and convoluted, forming a gelatinous mass with other colonies growing nearby. Inside the thin sheath are numerous unbranched hair-like structures called trichomes formed of short cells in a string. The cells are bacteria and thus have no nucleus nor internal membrane system.
|
|
The cabbage looper's preferred hosts are crucifers such as cabbage and broccoli, because it grows faster on these plants, possibly due to nutritional or chemical differences. Tobacco can also be a host for the cabbage looper. However, it is not preferred because gummosis, a gummy substance produced by some plants, and trichomes, hair-like appendages, harm early larvae survival. Older larvae are more resistant to these defenses.
|
|
Planktothrix is a diverse genus of filamentous cyanobacteria observed to amass in algal blooms in water ecosystems across the globe. Like all Oscillatoriales, Planktothrix species have no heterocysts and no akinetes. Planktothrix are unique because they have trichomes and contain gas vacuoles unlike typical planktonic organisms. Previously, some species of the taxon were grouped within the genus Oscillatoria, but recent work has defined Planktothrix as its own genus.
|
|
Planktothrix grow by cell division in a single plane to form unbranched structures of average length around 4 μm, but unlike other Oscillatoriales, these trichomes are phototactic. Typically, Planktothrix filaments do not have specialized cells such as akinetes or heterocysts, and do not produce mucilaginous envelopes, except for some rare species but only under stress conditions. Several species possess constant ratio of their two main photosynthetic pigments, i.e., phycocyanins and phycoerythrins.
|
|
Sage leaves are covered with fine hairs called trichomes Cultivars are quite variable in size, leaf and flower color, and foliage pattern, with many variegated leaf types. The Old World type grows to approximately tall and wide, with lavender flowers most common, though they can also be white, pink, or purple. The plant flowers in late spring or summer. The leaves are oblong, ranging in size up to long by wide.
|
|
C. strigulosa has white linear or lance-shaped blades. C. benitensis has both kinds of trichomes. This key characteristic was lacking in Jepson Manual first edition, but is now included in Jepson Manual second edition. A Camissonia which resembles either C. contorta or C. benitensis growing on serpentine soil in upland geologic transition zone habitat or serpentine stream terrace habitat within serpentine masses is virtually always C. benitensis.
|
|
Verbascum sinuatum, commonly known as the scallop-leaved mulleinWild Flowers of Israel, Verbascum sinuatum, the wavyleaf mullein, or Candela regia, is a species of perennial herbaceous plants in the genus Verbascum (mullein), growing in heavy soils in Central Asia and the Mediterranean region. It grows to . The plant has an erect inflorescence stem, and is entirely covered with stellate hairs (trichomes) which are not pleasant to the touch.
|
|
Cheilanthes (lip ferns) is a genus of about 180 species of rock-dwelling ferns with a cosmopolitan distribution in warm, dry, rocky regions, often growing in small crevices high up on cliffs. Most are small, sturdy and evergreen. The leaves, often densely covered in trichomes, spring directly from the rootstocks. Many of them are desert ferns, curling up during dry times and reviving with the coming of moisture.
|
|
It is a lianescent subshrub or erect perennial herb around tall. Its rhizome is around thick; its stems are erect, with numerous deflexed stinging hairs, approximately long. Its leaves are opposite, interpetiolar stipules united in pairs but deeply incised, about long and wide, without conspicuous cystoliths and with scattered, white simple trichomes along the margins. Petioles are long, abaxial surface with scattered pubescence on the veins and with scattered stinging hairs.
|
|
This species is an erect perennial herb with 5–40 cm (2–8 in) long narrow, grass- like leaves that appear from a basal rosette. A 15–90 cm (6–36 in) long scape bearing the racemous inflorescence appears in the spring and summer (October through February). The flowers are butterfly shaped and pale or bright pink with petals paired laterally. The calyx and corolla are both covered in glandular trichomes.
|
|
It was first described by Allen Lowrie in 1996; the type specimen was collected from August Island on 27 May 1993. The specific epithet caduca comes from the Latin caducus meaning dropping off early, in reference to the absence of the insect-trapping trichomes on all but the juvenile leaves. This plant is unique in the genus by its lack of the sticky traps on the mature adult leaves.Lowrie, A. 1996.
|
|
Hibiscadelphus distans is a shrub or small tree up to tall with smooth bark and a rounded crown. The heart-shaped leaves are in length and have rounded serrations on the margins and stellate trichomes (star-shaped hairs) on the upper on lower surfaces. The flowers are long and surrounded by triangular bracts. The sepals form a calyx tube around the greenish yellow petals, which turn maroon as they age.
|
|
The hairy pods of Mucuna poggei The proteolytic enzyme mucunain is a protein in the tissues of certain legumes of the genus Mucuna, especially velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens).NCBI Protein database mucunain (Mucuna pruriens) GenBank: ACB87490.1 In these species the mucunain is found in stiff hairs, or trichomes, covering the seed pods. When the hairs rub off and come in contact with skin they cause severe itching and irritation.
|
|
In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, trichome formation is initiated by the GLABROUS1 protein. Knockouts of the corresponding gene lead to glabrous plants. This phenotype has already been used in genome editing experiments and might be of interest as visual marker for plant research to improve gene editing methods such as CRISPR/Cas9. Trichomes also serve as models for cell differentiation as well as pattern formation in plants.
|
|
Under a microscope, infected affected bud leaflets may have longer trichomes (hairs), but this may be caused by co-infection with mites and not the virus itself. Infected branches have shoots that grow into dense clusters, which display the eponymous 'witches broom.' The inflorescences do not extend fully, resulting in distorted flowers with crowded panicles. The flowers then produce small, empty fruit if they do so at all.
|
|
Tephrosia is a genus of flowering plants in the pea family, Fabaceae. It is widespread in both the Eastern and Western Hemisphere, where it is found in tropical and warm-temperate regions. The generic name is derived from the Greek word τεφρος (tephros), meaning "ash-colored," referring to the greyish tint given to the leaves by their dense trichomes. Hoarypea is a common name for plants in this genus.
|
|
Primary xylem is exarch upon maturation, with protoxylem strands positioned around the tips of the primary xylem arms. No differentiation between fascicular and interfascicular regions of the secondary xylem is apparent, and ray cells are rarely observed. Protoxylem tracheids have helical wall thickenings, whereas the tracheids of meta- and secondary xylem possess scalariform and/or bordered pits. All R. songziensis axes bear trichomes or spines, some up to 2.8 mm long.
|
|
Leaves and fruit The intensely blue fruit of the tree are relatively short-lived, as the fleshy berries are quickly eaten by birds. The foliage of the tree is neat and the flowers are often fragrant. The leaves have short petioles and vary in their ovoid shape, measuring up to in length and half as wide. The leaves bear some trichomes above and are far more pubescent on their veins beneath.
|
|
Shrub setting This species is a shrub up to 2.4 meters tall by 1.5 wide whose bark is greyish brown and mostly smooth and only occasionally interrupted by longitudinal cracks. The sparsely existing branches stand upright to spread. The dark green, smooth branches are strong and glabrous, rarely covered with fluff- haired or glandular trichomes. The leathery leaves are up to 16 centimeters long, dark green on top and paler on the undersides.
|
|
The fly larva mines the leaves and stems of the fern's frond at the apex. The tip of the frond rolls upwards into a loose, obvious knot or mop-head structure involving many pinnae; inside, a white larva mines along the rachis, eating the trichomes, causing it to coil. Usually, only one larva is present in the leaf tip, sometimes two. An elongated white egg shell is visible at the centre of the mass.
|
|
Many members of Salvia have trichomes (hairs) growing on the leaves, stems, and flowers, which help to reduce water loss in some species. Sometimes the hairs are glandular and secrete volatile oils that typically give a distinct aroma to the plant. When the hairs are rubbed or brushed, some of the oil-bearing cells are ruptured, releasing the oil. This often results in the plant being unattractive to grazing animals and some insects.
|
|
Erysimum, or wallflower, is a genus of flowering plants in the cabbage family, Brassicaceae. It includes more than 150 species, both popular garden plants and many wild forms. The genus Cheiranthus is sometimes included here in whole or in part. Erysimum has since the early 21st century been ascribed to a monogeneric cruciferous tribe, Erysimeae, characterised by sessile, stellate (star-shaped) and/or malpighiaceous (two-sided) trichomes, yellow to orange flowers and multiseeded siliques.
|
|
Wallflowers are annuals, herbaceous perennials or sub-shrubs. The perennial species are short-lived and in cultivation treated as biennials. Most species have stems erect, somewhat winged, canescent with an indumentum of bifid hairs, usually 25 ± 53 cm × 2–3 mm in size, and t-shaped trichomes. The leaves are narrow and sessile. The lower leaves are linear to oblanceolate pinnatifid with backwardly directed lobes, acute, 50–80 mm × 0.5–3 mm.
|
|
3542: 1-18 Two layers are formed, an inner layer of fine particles and an outer layer of coarser particles. The formation of these two layers may be the reason for the presence of long and short trichomes on the nymphs. Nymphs may use the serrated setae present on their abdomens to assist in loosening substrate for use in camouflage. The camouflage may assist the nymph in avoiding detection by both predators and prey.
|
|
THCA synthase is expressed in the glandular trichomes of Cannabis sativa. THCA synthase may contribute to the self-defense of Cannabis plants by producing THCA and hydrogen peroxide, which are both cytotoxic. Because these products are toxic to the plant, THCA synthase is secreted into the trichome storage cavity. THCA also acts as a necrosis-inducing factor by opening mitochondrial permeability transition pores, inhibiting mitochondrial viability and resulting in senescence in leaf tissues.
|
|
There is not a consistently active cambium - it will always be sequentially formed on the periphery of a new cambium (cambium successively). Dendrosicyos is the first member of the Cucurbitaceae in which such meristem has been demonstrated. The leaves are about 25 cm long and wide, its leaf edge being slightly thorny. On the underside of the leaves are trichomes of from two to seven cells, the cells often containing two cystoliths.
|
|
The leaves are generally long and wide, and the petioles, or leaf stalks, are generally long. The buds of Psidium galapageium are pear-shaped or "pyriform" and connected to the base of the branchlet, extending about out. The bud is glabrous except for a minute hole at the apex with a few trichomes protruding outward. Flowers of Psidium galapageium are white, occur on branches of recent growth, and are relatively small, being in diameter.
|
|
The branched stem is usually densely to occasionally occupied by fine, split up, rough trichomes, some specimens are completely hairless. The petiole itself is inconspicuous, winged, 10 (rarely to 15) mm long, sometimes the leaves are almost sessile. The partial leaves are linear-filiform to narrow linear with a width of 0.5 to 1 (rarely to 1.7) mm; the tips are pointed, hardened, but not particularly sharp. Its foliage is finely cut into threadlike segments.
|
|
Tibouchina albescens is a shrub from the Brazilian states of Goiás, Mato Grosso and Tocantins. It is found on rocky outcrops in the cerrado and campos rupestres at elevations between 600 and 1,400 metres, including in the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park. This species is similar to T. verticillaris but has membranaceously peeling bark which reveals a white or silver wood underneath; there are also differences in the shape and density of trichomes and indumentum.
|
|
Dendrocnide species, also called stinging trees, use their trichomes to inject a mix of neurotoxic peptides which causes a reaction similar to the stinging nettle, but also may result in recurring flares for a much longer period after the injection. While some plants have thorns, spines, and prickles, these generally are not used for injection of any substance, but instead it is the act of piercing the skin which causes them to be a deterrent.
|
|
They have been inferred by some to be deciduous. In the famous Mazon Creek Fossil Beds of Illinois, these leaflets are one of the most commonly found plant fossils. The leaves have thick cuticles, sunken stomata, dense trichomes, and large hair-like structures. These foliar characteristics combined with the spiny stem structure where the leaflets drop, and the potential deciduous nature have led to many authors suggesting a xeromorphic tendency in the tree.
|
|
This bacterium is an aquatic photosynthetic bacteria belonging to the phylum Cyanobacteria. They are composed of chained filaments known as trichomes that can show variation in morphology, varying from about 50–300 micrometers in length. These bacteria can also produce a thick walled, cylindrical, spore like structure known as akinetes, which also demonstrate variation in morphology. Some strains of this species are able to produce several toxins which affect humans: cylindrospermopsin, anatoxin-a and saxitoxin.
|
|
P. elizabethiae flowers are generally pink, but can be variable Pinguicula elizabethiae produces one to five flowers during each flowering period. These are borne singly on upright flower stalks which are 3.5 to 7.5 centimeters (–3 in.) long and are covered in glandular trichomes. Most flowers are pinkish, but colors ranging from violet to off-white have been observed.Rivadavia, 2006 The flowers themselves are composed of five petals which are fused at one end.
|
|
Mallotus japonicus shows physical, chemical, and biotic resistance traits against herbivores. Trichomes, which are produced on leaf surfaces, serve as a physical resistance trait. Pellucid dots, which also are present on leaf surfaces, typically contain toxic metabolic substances or essential oils and function as a chemical resistance trait. Furthermore, the plant bears extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) on its leaf edges and food bodies (pearl bodies) on its leaf and stem surfaces as biotic resistance traits.
|
|
The leaves are large (8 to 18 cm long), opposite, serrated, ovate, and deciduous. The lower leaf surface is glabrous or with inconspicuous fine hairs, appearing green; trichomes of the lower surface are restricted to the midrib and major veins. The stem bark has a peculiar tendency to peel off in several successive thin layers with different colors, hence the common name "sevenbark". Smooth hydrangea can spread rapidly by stolons to form colonies.
|
|
Both trichomes and root hairs, the rhizoids of many vascular plants, are lateral outgrowths of a single cell of the epidermal layer. Root hairs form from trichoblasts, the hair-forming cells on the epidermis of a plant root. Root hairs vary between 5 and 17 micrometers in diameter, and 80 to 1,500 micrometers in length (Dittmar, cited in Esau, 1965). Root hairs can survive for two to three weeks and then die off.
|
|
C. glandulosus The root of the Croton glandulosus can be characterized by a pungently fragrant tap root. The stem of the plant has stellate trichomes or hairs, small glands and stomata on it. The stem is slender, corymbosely branched or nearly simple and erects from a tap root. The leaves are alternate, and when they are young, they are oval-shaped but as they mature they become more lance-shaped and elliptical.
|
|
Each of its lobes is oblong-round in shape and measures 4 millimeters long and 1.5 millimeters wide, filled with reddish trichomes. The petals may be either white or red in color, and its ovary is composed of three carpels. The plant has three pistils that are bifurcated from the base and has six scars that clavate. The seeds from the plant are an oblong-round shape, and the surface is reticulated.
|
|
Hash is a cannabis concentrate product composed of compressed or purified preparations of stalked resin glands, called trichomes, from the plant. It is defined by the 1961 UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (Schedule I and IV) as "the separated resin, whether crude or purified, obtained from the cannabis plant". The resin contains ingredients such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other cannabinoids—but often in higher concentrations than the unsifted or unprocessed cannabis flower.Russo, Ethan.
|
|
It is able to attract and kill prey and the trichomes on the surface of the leaves can absorb nutrients, but so far no enzyme activity has been detected. It may be that this plant also relies on an internal food web for soft tissue digestion.Frank and O'Meara (1984) detected a higher trapping rate in C. berteroniana compared to three other tank bromeliads. They also noted that commensals lived unharmed within the tank.
|
|
With the ripe fruit, the stems are thicker and corky-warty. The light to dark green colored calyxis is 18 to 32 mm long and has a diameter of 6 to 10 mm. It is tubular or rarely tubular-bellied or puffy, with glandular trichomes or completely hairless, firmly membranous to almost leathery. The calyx teeth are 3 to 8 mm long, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, they rest on the petal, the tips are pointed to tapered.
|
|
The plant's stem is brown and its leaves are a rusty brown to silvery colour with trichomes on the top and bottom. Both the stem and leaves are described as "very pubescent". It has between 7-13 pairs of leaflets measuring from 0.60 – 2.30 cm in length and 0.30 – 0.90 cm in breadth. The leaflets are a narrow oblong shape with all but the last pair having a smooth, round apex and an obtuse to round base.
|
|
Defenses can either be constitutive, always present in the plant, or induced, produced or translocated by the plant following damage or stress. Physical, or mechanical, defenses are barriers or structures designed to deter herbivores or reduce intake rates, lowering overall herbivory. Thorns such as those found on roses or acacia trees are one example, as are the spines on a cactus. Smaller hairs known as trichomes may cover leaves or stems and are especially effective against invertebrate herbivores.
|
|
A fully mature D. admirabilis takes about one full year and can grow to about 5 cm in diameter, while reaching over 8 cm tall. This sundew can grow all year long without any dormancy period. It gets marketed name "floating sundew" when a fully mature specimen keeps vertically stacking old leaves to resemble the plant is hovering. When the plant receives ample amounts of light its trichomes can darken from a green to a deep red.
|
|
T. veneris was found growing in huge mats in an area recently obliterated by underwater volcanism. The bacteria were discovered growing at about 130 m depth, near the summit of the submarine volcano Tagoro. The mats of hair-like filaments formed by this bacterium cover an area of approximately 2,000 m2 around the newly formed volcanic cone. Each bacteria is 3-6 μm, and form white trichomes consisting of three helical strands surrounded by a protective sheath.
|
|
The plant epidermis is specialised tissue, composed of parenchyma cells, that covers the external surfaces of leaves, stems and roots. Several cell types may be present in the epidermis. Notable among these are the stomatal guard cells that control the rate of gas exchange between the plant and the atmosphere, glandular and clothing hairs or trichomes, and the root hairs of primary roots. In the shoot epidermis of most plants, only the guard cells have chloroplasts.
|
|
In addition, the myrmecophilous ("ant-loving") behavior of some pselaphine groups (notably certain batrisites, pselaphites, and clavigerites) has inspired behavioral studies. Spectacular morphology and myrmecophilia are both taken to extremes by the Clavigeritae. These are obligate inquilines which have undergone radical changes in body form, including segmental fusions within the abdomen and antennae to form strong, rigid, plate- and club-like structures, respectively. Clavigerites also possess trichomes, which secrete a solution on which ant larvae feed.
|
|
Acylsugars are a group of plant-derived protective secondary metabolites that lack nitrogen. They typically consist of aliphatic acyl groups of low to medium chain lengths esterified to the hydroxyl groups of glucose or sucrose. Presence of such acyl groups gives these compounds hydrophobic properties. This group of compounds has been extensively studied in tomato and related species, in which these compounds are produced and secreted in sporadic amounts from trichomes on the plant leaf and stem surface.
|
|
In developing plant tissues the transition from mitosis to endoreplication often coincides with cell differentiation and morphogenesis. However it remains to be determined whether endoreplication and polypoidy contribute to cell differentiation or vice versa. Targeted inhibition of endoreplication in trichome progenitors results in the production of multicellular trichomes that exhibit relatively normal morphology, but ultimately dedifferentiate and undergo absorption into the leaf epidermis. This result suggests that endoreplication and polyploidy may be required for the maintenance of cell identity.
|
|
Many taxa are triploid. Boechera is a primarily North American genus, most diverse in the western United States but its distribution range also includes Greenland and the Russian Far East. The genus is poorly known, and species within are difficult to separate morphologically though some clearly distinct species are known. Most members of the genus are perennial plants with pubescent leaves with stellate trichomes, narrow curving fruits, and small white to purple flowers in elongated racemes.
|
|
They then roll up the trichomes into a ball and bring them to a preexisting cavity. Inside the cavity, the bees fashion the trichome ball into cells, where they deposit an egg as well as a provisioning mass consisting of nectar and pollen. The female creates several cells in a cavity. Once finished, she seals the entrance to the cavity with a terminal plug, which consists of inorganic and organic materials that she brings to the nest.
|
|
Atriplex patula, female flower with bracteoles and seed The species in genus Atriplex are annual or perennial herbs, subshrubs, or shrubs. The plants are often covered with bladderlike hairs, that later collapse and form a silvery, scurfy or mealy surface, rarely with elongate trichomes. The alternate or rarely opposite leaves are petiolate or sessile, often persistent or tardily deciduous. The flat or slightly fleshy leaf blades are either entire, or serrate, or lobed and very variable in shape.
|
|
Dionaea muscipula, better known as the Venus flytrap, is a globally famous carnivorous plant and according to Charles Darwin, “one of the most wonderful in the world.” The leaves of Dionaea are also highly modified and form a “snap-trap” that quickly shuts when a stimulus is detected. Three large trichomes extend outward on the inner surface of the trap. Two of these three hairs must be stimulated within a certain amount of time to trigger the trap.
|
|
Tours are not officially advertised, and mostly occur by word-of-mouth. Hash pressing, tours, consumption of the drug, and sales are still illegal, but unofficially, the combination of these services has made the North African region one of the largest exporters of hashish, which is a produced from female cannabis plants through compression and heating of resin glands known as trichomes. This cash crop has provided a stable income and reliability for more than 90,000 households.
|
|
Plumbago auriculata, showing the abundant trichomes present on the calyces. One prevailing idea is that carnivory in plants is not a black and white duality, but rather a spectrum from strict non-carnivorous photoautotrophs (a rose, for example) to fully carnivorous plants with active trapping mechanisms like those of Dionaea or Aldrovanda. However, passive traps are still considered fully carnivorous. Plants that fall between the definitions in the strict carnivorous/non- carnivorous demarcation can be defined as being protocarnivorous.
|
|
Underneath, the leaves are copper-brown and lepidote (scaly), with large scales of up to in diameter, which are not very noticeable, at least when dry. The leaf scales are peltate (shield-shaped), ciliate-radiated (fringed), and deeply-lobed in three to five parts. In addition to the scales, long strands of stellate hairs and other trichomes of varying size form a soft tomentose (fuzzy) surface. The leaf midrib is very prominent on the underside and forms a crease on top.
|
|
It may become difficult for the plant to retain moisture as it is exposed to dry air. On the other hand, a moderately high wind allows the plant to cool its leaves more easily when exposed to full sunlight. Plants are not entirely passive in their interaction with wind. Plants can make their leaves less vulnerable to changes in wind speed, by coating their leaves in fine hairs (trichomes) to break up the air flow and increase the boundary layer.
|
|
Portulaca halimoides is a species of purslane known by the common name silkcotton purslane. It is native to the deserts of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, as well as parts of Central and South America. It is a fleshy annual herb producing a branching stem spreading to a maximum length around 25 centimeters. It is often pink or red in color and there are strands of woolly hairlike trichomes at nodes along the stem and within the inflorescence.
|
|
Hashish (also spelled hasheesh, hashisha, or simply hash) is a concentrated resin cake or ball produced from pressed kief, the detached trichomes and fine material that falls off cannabis fruits, flowers and leaves. or from scraping the resin from the surface of the plants and rolling it into balls. It varies in color from black to golden brown depending upon purity and variety of cultivar it was obtained from. It can be consumed orally or smoked, and is also vaporized, or 'vaped'.
|
|
The second type of thorn mimicry, a more classic case of Batesian mimicry, involves the pointed, colorful organs like buds, leaves and fruit of memetic plant species that mimic aposematic colorful thorns not found anywhere else organism. Several plants growing in Israel, Estonia, Greece, and Japan exhibit possible spider web mimicry. Dense, white trichomes are produced on newly extended stems and leaves that deter herbivory due to predatory habit or toxicity. This may be a case of visual mimicry or perceptual exploitation.
|
|
Ribes colandina is a dioecious shrub approximately tall; densely to moderately tomentose from simple, curly trichomes long and with scattered subsessile glands, especially on young shoots and the abaxial leaf surface. Its petiole is long, wide; its stipules well differentiated, united with the petiole for . Inflorescences are terminal on short lateral shoots (brachyblasts); racemes pendent with a -long peduncle. The flowers are narrowly cyathiform, with the calyx and corolla a very dark red, x in size, covered with simple hairs long.
|
|
The diversity of characteristics complicates description of Liliaceae morphology, and confused taxonomic classification for centuries. The diversity is also of considerable evolutionary significance (see Evolution). The family Liliaceae are characterised as monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, bulbous (or rhizomatous in the case of Medeoleae) flowering plants with simple trichomes (root hairs) and contractile roots. The flowers may be arranged along the stem, developing from the base, or as a single flower at the tip of the stem, or as a cluster of flowers.
|
|
Tibouchina nigricans Cogn ex PJF Guimaraes, ALF Oliveira, R Romero was described in 2015. The type specimens are kept at the Missouri Botanical Gardens and at Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Berlin. Tibouchina nigricans is a short, unbranched shrub with a dark purple hypanthium and calyx lobes. T. nigricans is similar to T. aegopogon and T. johnwurdackiana as these species each have only a single stem, although there are distinguishing differences in the trichomes and indumentum of the leaves and hypanthium.
|
|
Sand Dollar Cactus has been grown as a houseplant since the 1840s, like other members of its genus and despite its rarity in the wild. It is readily propagated from seed, so most plants encountered in nurseries are seed grown. The popularity of this species among collectors and enthusiasts has ensured that a number of cultivars are available. One such cultivar is the 'Super Kabuto', a clonally propagated variety whose large trichomes congregate into dense spots, arranged in a striking pattern.
|
|
Tillandsia paucifolia can either grow singularly or in clusters and typically have five to ten leaves. The leaves of this species of Tillandsia are light green and silver-gray in color and are short with tapered ends. T. paucifolia have a large bulbous base which distinguishes them from other Tillandsias. The leaves of T. paucifolia are covered in trichomes, which are hair-like structures that increase the surface area on the leaves to maximize nutrient and water absorption from the air.
|
|
Species of Tillandsia photosynthesize through a process called CAM cycle, where they close their stomata during the day to prevent water loss and open them at night to fix carbon dioxide and release oxygen. This allows them to preserve water, necessary because they are epiphytes. They do not have a functional root system and instead absorb water in small amounts through their leaves via small structures called trichomes. Species of Tillandsia also absorb their nutrients from debris and dust in the air.
|
|
The "bill" and seed dispersal mechanism of Geranium pratense Autochorous plants disperse their seed without any help from an external vector, as a result this limits plants considerably as to the distance they can disperse their seed. Two other types of autochory not described in detail here are blastochory, where the stem of the plant crawls along the ground to deposit its seed far from the base of the plant, and herpochory (the seed crawls by means of trichomes and changes in humidity).
|
|
The buds of this strain are medium- green and have a few orange hairs speckled throughout. The buds are extremely crystallized on the outside which increases its density on the inside to the point where the section of the buds look like rock minerals when they are broken open. The buds of Platinum OG are not very sticky even though the trichomes are heavily distributed. Bud stems are darker than many marijuana strains and are covered in very long, thin hairs.
|
|
The wax layers give some plants a whitish or bluish surface color. Surface wax acts as a moisture barrier and protects the plant from intense sunlight and wind. The underside of many leaves have a thinner cuticle than the top side, and leaves of plants from dry climates often have thickened cuticles to conserve water by reducing transpiration. Diagram of fine scale leaf internal anatomy The epidermal tissue includes several differentiated cell types: epidermal cells, guard cells, subsidiary cells, and epidermal hairs (trichomes).
|
|
Expression of the gene MIXTA, or its analogue in other species, later in the process of cellular differentiation will cause the formation of conical cells over trichomes. MIXTA is a transcription factor. Stomatal patterning is a much more controlled process, as the stoma affects the plant's water retention and respiration capabilities. As a consequence of these important functions, differentiation of cells to form stomata is also subject to environmental conditions to a much greater degree than other epidermal cell types.
|
|
Besides trichomes, other materials used by female A. manicatum for building brood cells include mud, stones, resin, and leaves. Some of the plant materials that are collected are hydrophobic, a feature that may serve an anti-microbial function for the nest. Females smear a plant substrate, plant extrafloral trichome secretions, on brood cells. The primary material used to build the cells are plant hairs, or "wool" (hence the name "wool carder bee"), that is collected from the stems and leaves of plants.
|
|
Alchemilla diademata has an erect high stem. The stem is highly pubescent at the base, the trichomes become less dense at the tips. The leaves are basal and measure wide and wide; they resemble lobed kidneys with an oval with an inward curve on one side The leaves are incised to the third into 7 to 9 lobes, each of them fringed by 6 to 7 teeth on each side of the lobes. The teeth end with bristles and are slightly connivent.
|
|
2141 When these worms eat trichomes on the tobacco leaves the plant produces trypsin proteinase inhibitors as a direct defense, weakening the hornworm's ability to digest plant material.Jorge A. Zavala, Aparna G. Patankar, Klaus Gase, Dequan Hui, Ian T. Baldwin Plant Physiology Mar 2004, 134 (3) 1181-1190; DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.035634 As an indirect defense, when the leaves are eaten by larvae, the plant emits green leaf volatiles (GLVs) that attract Geocoris bugs, which are predators of the worm.
|
|
As hashish is a derivative of cannabis, it possesses identical psychoactive and biological effects. When smoked, THC can be detected in plasma within seconds, with a half-life of two hours. Due to its lipophilic nature, it is widely distributed through the body, and some metabolites can be detected in urine for up to two weeks following consumption. Hashish is made from cannabinoid-rich glandular hairs known as trichomes, as well as varying amounts of cannabis flower and leaf fragments.
|
|
Species of the supertribe Clavigeritae, including those of the genus Colilodion, are presumed to be myrmecophiles due to the presence of trichomes exuding appeasement pheromones favouring their adoption by ants. The most common ant genera in the type locality of Colilodion schulzi are Camponotus, Paratrechina, and some other genera of the subfamily Myrmicinae. The role of broadened antennomeres is unknown. Their compact form could be an adaptation to myrmecophily, perhaps preventing their breakage when the beetles are transported by the ants to their colony.
|
|
The epidermis serves several functions: protection against water loss by way of transpiration, regulation of gas exchange and secretion of metabolic compounds. Most leaves show dorsoventral anatomy: The upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) surfaces have somewhat different construction and may serve different functions. The epidermis tissue includes several differentiated cell types; epidermal cells, epidermal hair cells (trichomes), cells in the stomatal complex; guard cells and subsidiary cells. The epidermal cells are the most numerous, largest, and least specialized and form the majority of the epidermis.
|
|
Various species of Trichodesmium have been described based on morphology and structure of colonies formed. Colonies may consist of aggregates of several to several hundred trichomes and form fusiform (called "Tufts") colonies when aligned in parallel, or spherical (called "Puffs") colonies when aligned radially. Trichodesmium colonies have been shown to have large degree of associations with other organisms, including bacteria, fungi, diatoms, copepods, tunicates, hydrozoans, and protozoans among other groups. These colonies may provide a source of shelter, buoyancy, and possibly food in the surface waters.
|
|
In his 1999 journal article, G.G. Spomer tested several plants in the Pacific Northwest for the carnivorous syndrome, using the digestion of proteins as the diagnostic tool to determine which plants appeared to produce protease enzymes capable of breaking down potential prey. Geranium viscosissimum displayed a capability to digest and absorb the 14C-labeled algal protein placed on the sticky trichomes that the plant possesses. However, it is not known whether the digestive enzymes were produced by the plant itself or surface microbes.Spomer, G.G. (1999).
|
|
Flowers are pink to rose-coloured with the shorter anterior petals about long. The sensitive labellum is obovate and white with a circular grey-purple mark on either side of the terminal portion. Both leaves and stems of L. pulcherrima possess more glandular trichomes than in other Levenhookia species. When describing this new species, Sherwin Carlquist noted that it is most closely related to L. preissii and L. pauciflora, which might place it with those species in section Levenhookia, but Carlquist neglected to specifically say so.
|
|
The relationship between the assassin bug and the plant acts independently from that between the ants and the plant. One difference between the two relationships, however, is that the assassin bugs do not take any food source from the plant like the ants do. Z. annulosus has basically adapted to live and hunt around A. decemarticulatus. The assassin bug species uses this particular plant to raise their nymphs because the trichomes of the plant deter larger ant species that may kill the young developing bugs.
|
|
Full spectrum hash rosin that has been placed in a jar for sale. Hash rosin has recently become a top quality, highly prized product in the cannabis market. For dabbing, it is considered to be the cleanest form of concentrating cannabis, as it requires only ice, water (instead of chemical solvents like butane), heat, pressure, and collection tools. Cannabis flower material is washed with ice water, and strained using filters in sequential micron size to isolate intact trichomes and their heads into ice water hash.
|
|
The fruit is a greenish-black, dark purple or (rarely) yellow berry 5–10 mm diameter with one to five seeds, ripening in late winter to mid-spring. The seeds are dispersed by birds which eat the berries. The species differ in detail of the leaf shape and size (particularly of the juvenile leaves) and in the structure of the leaf trichomes, and also in the size and, to a lesser extent, the colour of the flowers and fruit. The chromosome number also differs between species.
|
|
The Liliaceae are characterised as monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, bulbous (or rhizomatous in the case of Medeoleae) flowering plants with simple trichomes (root hairs) and contractile roots. The flowers may be arranged (inflorescence) along the stem, developing from the base, or as a single flower at the tip of the stem, or as a cluster of flowers. They contain both male (androecium) and female (gynoecium) characteristics and are symmetric radially, but sometimes as a mirror image. Most flowers are large and colourful, except for Medeoleae.
|
|
These are each 5 to 17 millimeters (– in.) long and two to four millimeters (– in.) wide, spatulate to oblong-spatulate, obtuse, and densely covered with 5–10 millimeter multicellular trichomes. As is typical in the genus, the upper lamina surface of the summer leaves is densely covered by peduncular (stalked) mucilagenous glands and sessile (flat) digestive glands. The peduncular glands consist of a few secretory cells on top of a single-celled stalk. These cells produce a mucilaginous secretion which forms visible droplets across the leaf surface.
|
|
The water in the cup also emits a sweet odor, which may serve to attract ants and other insects. B. reducta absorbs its nutrients from the outer cell wall, which is covered in trichomes that can transport molecules as small as 6.6 nm. The loose scales provide a poor foothold for landing insects, causing them to slip into the water-filled cup and eventually drown. It has been argued that B. reducta is not actually carnivorous because the production of digestive enzymes could not be found.
|
|
Cynaropicrin is synthesized in the leaves of the artichoke plant and was found to accumulate in the trichomes. While the full mechanism of biosynthesis of cynaropicrin is unknown, it is proposed that biosynthesis starts with three isoprene C5-units, which are processed by the mevalonate pathway to form farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP). With germacrene A and germacrene A acid as intermediates, FPP is converted into costunolide using two syntheses and a cytochrome P450 oxidase. Multiple yet unknown reactions occur to first form guaianolide and later cynaropicrin.
|
|
Zebra longwing adults roost communally at night in groups of up to 60 adults for safety from predators. The adult butterflies are unusual in feeding on pollen as well as on nectar; the pollen enables them to synthesize cyanogenic glycosides that make their bodies toxic to potential predators. Caterpillars feed on various species of passionflower, evading the plants' defensive trichomes by biting them off or laying silk mats over them. Mass spraying of naled has decimated the zebra longwing population in Miami-Dade County, Florida.
|
|
Botanical illustration Arabidopsis thaliana is an annual (rarely biennial) plant, usually growing to 20–25 cm tall. The leaves form a rosette at the base of the plant, with a few leaves also on the flowering stem. The basal leaves are green to slightly purplish in color, 1.5–5 cm long and 2–10 mm broad, with an entire to coarsely serrated margin; the stem leaves are smaller and unstalked, usually with an entire margin. Leaves are covered with small, unicellular hairs called trichomes.
|
|
Making charas from fresh cannabis resin, Uttarakhand, India The sticky resins of the fresh flowering female cannabis plant are collected. Traditionally this was done, and still is in remote locations, by pressing or rubbing the flowering plant between two hands and then forming the sticky resins into a small ball of hashish called charas. Mechanical separation methods use physical action to remove the trichomes from the dried plant material, such as sieving through a screen by hand or in motorized tumblers. This technique is known as "drysifting".
|
|
The resulting powder, referred to as "kief" or "drysift", is compressed with the aid of heat into blocks of hashish; if pure, the kief will become gooey and pliable. When a high level of pure THC is present, the end product will be almost transparent and will start to melt at the point of human contact. Ice-water separation is another mechanical method of isolating trichomes. Newer techniques have been developed such as heat and pressure separations, static-electricity sieving or acoustical dry sieving.
|
|
Although its ecology is unknown, the presence of trichomes and the knowledge of related species, such as Staphylinidae suggests that this insect is myrmecophilous. The holotype was collected in 2009 in Palawan (Philippines) while sifting plant debris in a coniferous forest. The species was described in 2016 by the coleopterists Zi-Wei Yin from Shanghai Normal University and Giulio Cuccodoro from the Natural History Museum of Geneva, where the type specimen is part of the collection. The taxon's specific denomination is dedicated to the German myrmecologist Andreas Schulz, collector of the specimen.
|
|
SEM image of the leaf epidermis of Nicotiana alata, showing trichomes (hair-like appendages) and stomata (eye-shaped slits, visible at full resolution). The epidermis is the outer layer of cells covering the leaf. It is covered with a waxy cuticle which is impermeable to liquid water and water vapor and forms the boundary separating the plant's inner cells from the external world. The cuticle is in some cases thinner on the lower epidermis than on the upper epidermis, and is generally thicker on leaves from dry climates as compared with those from wet climates.
|
|
Psidium galapageium is either a small tree or shrub that ranges up to in height and up to in diameter, with smooth, pinkish-grey bark. It has wide-spreading branches with dotted grey branchlets with reddish to white or yellowish "trichomes" or hairs. The branchlets tend to become more smooth at the edges and the bark more stringy, and the terminal branchlets and leaves are sometimes covered with a scurfy reddish bloom.Duncan M. Porter (1968) Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden: Psidium (Myrtaceae) in the Galapagos Islands Vol.
|
|
Stinging hairs of Urtica dioica (stinging nettle) A stinging plant or a plant with stinging hairs is a plant with hairs (trichomes) on its leaves or stems that are capable of injecting substances that cause pain or irritation. Other plants, such as opuntias, have hairs or spines that cause mechanical irritation, but do not inject chemicals. Stinging hairs occur particularly in the families Urticaceae, Loasaceae, Boraginaceae (subfamily Hydrophylloideae) and Euphorbiaceae. Such hairs have been shown to deter grazing mammals, but are no more effective against insect attack than non-stinging hairs.
|
|
Also, the bugs secrete a sticky substance that allows them to walk on top of these trichomes, thus avoiding the traps of A. decemarticulatus. So in the relationship between Z. annulosus and H. physophora, the bug receives shelter from potential large predator ants, and the plant received a second line of defense against herbivores. The assassin bug also cohabitates the plant peacefully with the ants. They hunt in similar areas on the plant, but the assassin bugs are suspected to actively avoid any of the ants because they are much quicker than the ants.
|
|
Seeds are suited to adhering to surfaces such as the flanks, folds of skin on digit webs, and the short feathers on the heads of waterfowl, which are hydrophobic. While in flight, the marginal trichomes surround the seeds keep the seeds attached to the bird, but once again in water, the seeds detach and sink to the substrate, where germination can commence. Adherence to amphibious animals and boats are two other possible dispersal mechanisms. Conversely, seeds that are eaten by waterfowl or fish are completely digested and no longer viable.
|
|
Flowers with the calyx tube are minute, the lobes lanceolate; corolla is between , pentagonal and yellow. Ovary is globose, glabrous or with a few minute trichomes at the apex; the style being between ; stigma capitate and green. The fruit is between in diameter, globose and green with a dark green stripe around it that may change to purple at maturity. Seeds are obovate, narrowly winged at the apex and acute at the base, pale brown, pubescent with hair-like outgrowths of the tegument cell radial walls, which give the surface a silky appearance.
|
|
Herb grinders are typically made of either metal or plastic and come in a variety of colors and polished metals. Some grinders have two or three compartments instead of just one, with fine screens separating the bottom compartments from the ones above, thus allowing the marijuana trichomes, also called kief, to be collected separately. The widespread adoption of cannabis as a recreational drug in recent times has caused herb grinders to become synonymous with weed grinders. There are many types of herb grinders out there, from electric to hand cranked, in various styles.
|
|
Cultivated I. indica at the BBC Gardeners' World show in June 2011, note the tendrils around the black metal support. Ipomoea indica is a vigorous tender perennial vine native to tropical habitats throughout the world that climbs well over other plants, walls and slopes as growing on the bottom. It is a twisting, occasionally lying, herbaceous plant which is more or less densely hairy on the axial parts with backward-looking trichomes. The stems can grow 3 to 6 cm long and sometimes have roots at the nodes.
|
|
Stomatal crypts are sunken areas of the leaf epidermis which form a chamber-like structure that contains one or more stomata and sometimes trichomes or accumulations of wax. Stomatal crypts can be an adaption to drought and dry climate conditions when the stomatal crypts are very pronounced. However, dry climates are not the only places where they can be found. The following plants are examples of species with stomatal crypts or antechambers: Nerium oleander, conifers, and Drimys winteri which is a species of plant found in the cloud forest.
|
|
Tillandsia stricta They are perennial herbaceous plants which exhibit a multitude of physiological and morphological differences making this a diverse genus. Having native habitats that vary from being epiphytic and saxicolous, species have certain adaptations, such as root systems designed to anchor to other plants or substrates, and modified trichomes for water and nutrient intake. Some of the species, like the majority of bromeliaceae, grow as funnel bromeliads, with a compressed stem axis. The leaves are then close together in rosettes, and cover the lower areas of the leaves, forming a funnel for collecting water.
|
|
Solanum robustum, the shrubby nightshade, is a thorny perennial shrub native to northeastern South America of the genus Solanum and is therefore related to the potato and tomato plants. A medium shrub, the plant may grow 4 to 8 feet (1.2 - 2.4 m.) with velvety leaves and stems due to dense stellate trichomes present on all faces of the plant. Strong, straight or recurved flattened prickles up to 12 millimeters long may be found along the stems. The leaves grow 6 to 10 inches long and feature nine angled ridges along their perimeter.
|
|
The lower surfaces are protected by the strongly revolute shape of the leaf, the leaf margins curling around underneath almost to the mid-vein. The trichomes (leaf hairs) run along the mid-vein and the margins, further protecting the surface where the stomates are located, thus minimising water loss. Cladistic analysis suggests this species and its relatives in the series Abietinae developed long narrow leaves with inrolled margins as they invaded drier climates in Australia's southwest, having evolved from ancestors with broad leaves. The inflorescences are highly attractive to insects.
|
|
Hydathodes are involved in the process of guttation, in which positive xylem pressure (due to root pressure) causes liquid to exude from the pores. Some halophytes possess glandular trichomes that actively secrete salt in order to reduce the concentration of cytotoxic inorganic ions in their cytoplasm; this may lead to the formation of a white powdery substance on the surface of the leaf. Hydathodes are of two types: # passive hydathodes, formed when a leaf vein terminates in an epithem (an area of thin- walled parenchyma). # active hydathodes, formed when epidermal cells lose water actively.
|
|
Bromeliads are able to live in a vast array of environmental conditions due to their many adaptations. Trichomes, in the form of scales or hairs, allow bromeliads to capture water in cloud forests and help to reflect sunlight in desert environments. Some bromeliads have also developed an adaptation known as the tank habit, which involves them forming a tightly bound structure with their leaves that helps to capture water and nutrients in the absence of a well-developed root system. Bromeliads also use crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis to create sugars.
|
|
Plants produce up to five flowers per season The leaf blades of the summer rosettes of P. elizabethiae are smooth, rigid, and succulent, and green in color. The laminae are generally obovate–spatulate to suborbicular–spatulate, between 35 and 72 millimeters (–3 in.) long and 10–53 millimeters (⅜–2 in.) wide, and have slightly involute margins. The leaf bases are covered in 5–10 millimeter multicellular trichomes. The "winter" or "resting" rosette of P. elizabethiae is 10–20 millimeters (⅜– in.) in diameter and consists of 60 to 125 small, compact, fleshy, non-glandular leaves.
|
|
Clematoclethra is a genus of plants in the family Actinidiaceae. It contains about 20 species and is endemic to subtropical and temperate regions of central and western China. Monophyly of the group is supported by genetic evidence and also evidence based on the cell biology of members of the genus. Monophyly of the genus is also supported by micromorphological characters of foliar trichomes and by phylogenetic analysis, although the exact evolutionary relationships of this genus with the other two genera of the Actinidiaceae, the Actinidia and the Saurauia, are not well understood.
|
|
10 grams of hashish originating from Morocco 1.5 grams pressed hashish Hashish, which is better known simply as 'hash' in modern times, is a drug made by compressing and processing trichomes of the cannabis plant. Hash and hash-making have a very long history. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, It is consumed by smoking, typically in a pipe, bong, vaporizer or joint, or sometimes via oral ingestion. Hash has a very long history in the east, in countries such as Afghanistan, India, Iran, Morocco, and Pakistan to name a few.
|
|
There are visible parallels between the trapping mechanisms of carnivorous plants and protocarnivorous plants. Plumbago and other species with glandular trichomes resemble the flypaper traps of Drosera and Drosophyllum. The pitfall traps of protocarnivorous plants, such as some Heliamphora species and Darlingtonia californica, are so similar to those of true carnivorous plants that the only reason they may be considered protocarnivorous instead of carnivorous is that they do not produce their own digestive enzymes. There are also protocarnivorous bromeliads that form a pitfall trap in an "urn" of rosetted leaves that are held together tightly.
|
|
Pollination is achieved through the use of the sensitive "trigger", which comprises the male and female reproductive organs fused into a floral column that snaps forward quickly in response to touch, harmlessly covering the insect in pollen. Most of the approximately 300 species are only found in Australia, making it the fifth largest genus in that country. Triggerplants are considered to be protocarnivorous or carnivorous because the glandular trichomes that cover the scape and flower can trap, kill, and digest small insects with protease enzymes produced by the plant. Recent research has raised questions as to the status of protocarnivory within Stylidium.
|
|
If the multiple relationships of A. decemarticulatus were not complex enough, they also commonly interact with an assassin bug, Zelus annulosus, which often resides on H. physophora plants. However, these bugs have adapted physiological and behavioral characteristics that allow them to avoid the predation of A. decemarticulatus, while also maintaining a mutualistic relationship with the plant. Similar to the ants, Z. annulosus normally lives on younger H. physophora individuals, where the females lay eggs on the stem. As they begin to develop, the young bugs will live among the trichomes of the stem and hunt on the leaves of the plant.
|
|
In the middle and lower parts of the stem, situated between the insertion points of the two opposite leaves there is a horizontal scar wide that extends between the leaves (or leaf scars) and sometimes also connects over the tops of these scars, and along the top side of this scar there is a dense, usually furry line of fine trichomes (i.e., plant hairs) usually long that are reddish brown when dried. This combination of features is diagnostic for many species in the genus Psychotria, though not for any individual species. These features distinguish Psychotria L. Subg.
|
|
Tillandsia is a genus of around 650 species of evergreen, perennial flowering plants in the family Bromeliaceae, native to the forests, mountains and deserts of northern Mexico and south-eastern United States, Mesoamerica and the Caribbean to mid Argentina. Their leaves, more or less silvery in color, are covered with specialized cells (trichomes) capable of rapidly absorbing water that gathers on them.Mendoza, C., Granados-Aguilar, X., Donadío, S., Salazar, G., Flores-Cruz, M., Hágsater, E., Starr, J., Ibarra-Manríquez, G., Fragoso-Martínez, I., Magallón, S. March 2017. Geographic structure in two highly diverse lineages of Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae).
|
|
The bullet ant (Paraponera clavata) injects a venom which contains a neurotoxin named poneratoxin which causes extreme pain, fever, and cold sweats, and may cause arrhythmias. Plants may use a form of injection which is passive, where the injectee pushes themselves against the stationary needle. The stinging nettle plant has many trichomes, or stinging hairs, over its leaves and stems which are used to inject a mix of irritating chemicals which includes histamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine. This sting produces a form of dermatitis which is characterized by a stinging, burning, and itching sensation in the area.
|
|
Areoles often have multicellular hairs (trichomes) that give the areole a hairy or woolly appearance, sometimes of a distinct color such as yellow or brown. In most cacti, the areoles produce new spines or flowers only for a few years, and then become inactive. This results in a relatively fixed number of spines, with flowers being produced only from the ends of stems, which are still growing and forming new areoles. In Pereskia, a genus close to the ancestor of cacti, areoles remain active for much longer; this is also the case in Opuntia and Neoraimondia.
|
|
In P. corneri the inflorescence is branched to three orders instead of two, with flowers borne on the axes of all orders. The male flowers are arranged in clusters of up to 32, each flower held in a cuplike rachilla bract with a two- keeled bracteole. The calyx is thick, leathery and tubular, with three lobes, and abaxially covered in scaly trichomes; the corolla is similar, with two distal splits forming three triangle shaped lobes, also bearing scales. The six stamens are laterally fused forming a tube which is tipped by six free, reflexed filaments with short, oblong anthers.
|
|
Plukenetia volubilis - MHNT Plukenetia volubilis, commonly known as sacha inchi, sacha peanut, mountain peanut, Inca nut or Inca-peanut, is a perennial plant in the family Euphorbiaceae, having small trichomes on its leaves. It is native to much of tropical South America (Suriname, Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and northwestern Brazil), as well as some of the Windward Islands in the Caribbean.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families It is cultivated commercially in South East Asia, most notably in Thailand. Although its raw seeds and leaves contain toxins, these components are safe for consumption after roasting.
|
|
As with all Drosera, this plant feeds on insects, which are attracted to the bright red colour and the glistening drops of mucilage, loaded with a sugary substance, covering its leaves. It has evolved this carnivorous activity in response to its habitat, which is usually poor in nutrients or is so acidic that nutrient availability is severely diminished. The plant uses enzymes to dissolve the insects – which become stuck to the glandular trichomes – and extract ammonia (from proteins) and other nutrients from their bodies. The ammonia replaces the nitrogen that most plants absorb through their roots.
|
|
Mucilage-tipped bracts and immature flower of Passiflora foetida, a protocarnivorous plant. A protocarnivorous plant (sometimes also paracarnivorous, subcarnivorous, or borderline carnivore), according to some definitions, traps and kills insects or other animals but lacks the ability to either directly digest or absorb nutrients from its prey like a carnivorous plant. The morphological adaptations such as sticky trichomes or pitfall traps of protocarnivorous plants parallel the trap structures of confirmed carnivorous plants. Some authors prefer the term "protocarnivorous" because it implies that these plants are on the evolutionary path to true carnivory, whereas others oppose the term for the same reason.
|
|
Absorptive trichomes in Brocchinia reducta (Bromeliaceae) and their evolutionary and systematic significance. Systematic Botany, 10(1): 81-91. Brocchinia melanacra is especially adapted to ground fires, with highly sclerotized leaf tips that protect that single bud in unexpanded leaves but appear to be useless (often dangling limply in the breeze) in fully expanded leaves. Brocchinia serrata, a highly aberrant taxon with tough, serrate leaves that is found only on a few mesetas in Colombia, has now been shown to be completely unrelated and has been described as the sole member of a new genus Sequencia, with its name reflecting its initial recognition based on DNA sequence data.
|
|
In 1971, scientists demonstrated the plant extracts had antimalarial activity in primate models, and in 1972, the active ingredient, artemisinin (formerly referred to as arteannuin), was isolated and its chemical structure described. Artemisinin may be extracted using a low boiling point solvent, such as diethylether, and is found in the glandular trichomes of the leaves, stems, and inflorescences, and it is concentrated in the upper portions of plant within new growth. The first isolation of artemisinin from the herb occurred from a military project known as Project 523, following the study of traditional medicine pharmacopoeias performed by Tu Youyou and other researchers within the project.
|
|
Cape Sundews, "The Savage Garden: Cultivating Carnivorous Plants", Peter D'Amato, 1998 The typical form is noted for wider leaves and the gradual production of a scrambling stem as it grows. The "wide-leaved" form is similar to the "typical" variety, but produces leaves at least 50% wider than the typical variety. The narrow-leaved form differs from the typical form in that it rarely produces tall stems; has thinner, longer leaves and less hair on the plant. Drosera capensis 'Albino', is also similar in shape to the "typical" form, but lacks most of the red pigmentation of the typical or narrow forms, with clear or pink trichomes and white flowers.
|
|
This forking is different from the vein structure of G. biloba in which all the veins fork from a single vein along the edge of the blade. The overall vein density in G. dissecta is 12–14 veins per centimeter, which is lower than the reported average of 16–17 veins per centimeter in G. biloba. G. dissecta is superficially similar to the older species G. digitata and G. huttonii known from Jurassic fossils. However, both G. digitata and G. huttoni have leaves which are typically divided into six lobes rather than four and both of them have distinct trichomes, hairs, on the underside of the leaves.
|
|
In the original description of T. thiebautii, each cell was said to be twice as long as it was wide. More than 100 years later, researchers were able to cultivate T. thiebautii and saw various colony morphologies ranging from solitary cells to spherical and fusiform (spindle- shaped) aggregates. T. thiebautii’s most distinct physical cellular structures are a series of gas vesicles found within the cell that allow it to be naturally buoyant and remain at the ocean’s surface. In lab cultures, T. thiebautii exhibits growth of 0.23 division per day, and individual cells are 4-6 μm with trichomes ranging in width from 8 to 10 μm.
|
|
Cnidoscolus was separated from the Linnaean genus Jatropha on the basis of its stinging hairs or trichomes, that consist of a multi-cellular pedestal and a single, elongate, hollow cell with a slightly swollen tip. On being touched, the brittle swollen tip breaks off at an oblique angle, the sharpened end readily penetrates the skin, and the cell contents are injected as if by a hypodermic syringe. This poison leads to great irritation of the skin, a condition which may last several days. If part of the plant is eaten it causes swelling of the lips, flushing of the face, vomiting and even unconsciousness.
|
|
The microns that are held in highest regards are the 73u and 90u, as this is where the resin heads reside. These are sometimes isolated and sold as one of the highest quality, most expensive cannabis products in the market today, known as "full melt" because it will dab fine without having to be pressed. "Full spectrum" hash rosin will normally come from 45u-159u, as smaller and larger particles are likely to be too unrefined or broken stalks of the trichomes. This hash is then pressed at the appropriate temperature and pressure to squeeze the oils out of the hash, and is collected with metal tools and parchment paper.
|
|
The peach is classified with the almond in the subgenus Amygdalus, distinguished from the other subgenera by the corrugated seed shell. Due to their close relatedness, the kernel of a peach stone tastes remarkably similar to almond, and peach stones are often used to make a cheap version of marzipan, known as persipan. Peaches and nectarines are the same species, even though they are regarded commercially as different fruits. The skin of nectarines lacks the fuzz (fruit-skin trichomes) that peach-skin has; it is thought that a mutation in a single gene (MYB25) is responsible for the hair or no-hair difference between the two.
|
|
The behaviour of Termitrox beetles living symbiotically inside termite colonies has been little studied. In the case of T. cupido, the trichomes on the elytra are thought to be composed of glandular tissue which may produce chemicals that influence termite behaviour. Adults of another species of beetle that lives in termite nests were observed being carried around by their Macrotermes hosts, in a manner similar to the way the termites carry their young. The function of these beetles in their termite colonies is unclear but it seems that they are likely to be obligatory termitophiles and somehow contribute to the nest environment of their fungus-growing hosts.
|
|
Around 5.5 million years ago, a clade of epiphytic Bromelioids arose in Serra do Mar, a lush mountainous region on the coast of Southeastern Brazil. This is thought to have been caused not only by the uplift of Serra do Mar itself at that time, but also because of the continued uplift of the distant Andes mountains, which impacted the circulation of air and created a cooler, wetter climate in Serra do Mar. These epiphytes thrived in this humid environment, since their trichomes rely on water in the air rather than from the ground like terrestrial plants. Many epiphytic bromeliads with the tank habit also speciated here.
|
|
Flower close-up Native to Central America and Mexico, the plant is a climber with twining stems up to 5 m long and is densely to scattered with long hairy trichomes. The finely hairy, emerald green leaves are ovate to almost circular, 5 to 14 cm long. The base is heart- shaped, the edge is entire or lobed three to five times, the leaf lobes are pointed or tapering. The funnel-shaped, colorful flowers (blue to reddish purple, with whitish tube) are quite showy and are individually up to five in often dense cymose groups, in which fully developed flowers and developing buds stand together.
|
|
Drosera is one of the largest genera of carnivorous plants, and individual species vary extensively in their specific morphology. Common to all members of Drosera are highly modified leaves lined with tentacle-like glandular trichomes. At the end of each trichome, a bead of highly viscous mucilage is secreted, which resembles a drop of dew. The mucilage is a fairly pure aqueous solution of acidic polysaccharides with high molecular weights, which makes the mucilage not only highly viscous, but also very sticky, so much so, a single drop of mucilage may be stretched to lengths of up to a meter and cover one million times its original surface area.
|
|
The leaf has a different texture on each side; the abaxial (top) side of the leaf is hairy while the adaxial (bottom) side is smooth. The leaf's blade has an inversely-ovate to oblong-round shape and is approximately 4 to 7 centimeters long and approximately 1 millimeter wide. The upper sides of the leaves have a hairy, shaggy texture with glandular hairs, while the undersides of the leaves have thread-like trichomes that measure 2 to 2.5 millimeters long and are of golden color. The stipules are rectangular and have membranous schlitzblättrig with the slit measuring up to 7 millimeters long and about 6 millimeters wide.
|
|
In addition to the three basic seed parts, some seeds have an appendage, an aril, a fleshy outgrowth of the funicle (funiculus), (as in yew and nutmeg) or an oily appendage, an elaiosome (as in Corydalis), or hairs (trichomes). In the latter example these hairs are the source of the textile crop cotton. Other seed appendages include the raphe (a ridge), wings, caruncles (a soft spongy outgrowth from the outer integument in the vicinity of the micropyle), spines, or tubercles. A scar also may remain on the seed coat, called the hilum, where the seed was attached to the ovary wall by the funicle.
|
|
Synapomorphies of Opuntioideae include small deciduous, barbed spines called glochids born on areoles and a bony aril surrounding a campylotropous ovule (inverted and curved, such that the micropyle almost meets the funiculus). Other prominent morphological characters for this subfamily are presence of cylindrical, caducous leaves that tend to be shed by maturity and the sectioning of the stem into joints or pads known as cladodes. Opuntioideae are unique among cacti for lacking in the stem a thick cortex, an extensive system of cortical bundles, collapsible cortical cells, and medullary bundles. Typically, the epidermis consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped cells, a cuticle at least 1-2 microns thick, and long, uniseriate trichomes in the areoles.
|
|
Not normally a part of the chimpanzee's diet, this behaviour is most often witnessed during rainy seasons, when the animals are most likely to be afflicted with the parasitic nematodes Oesophagostomum stephanostomum and other species of parasitic worms. Examination of the faecal matter of chimpanzees shows that the whole-swallowed leaves remain intact, along with multiple expelled worms. In one dung sample, as many as 20 worms were found, along with 50 undigested leaves. The mechanism through which A. aequinoctiale causes these worms to be expelled from the primates is not yet fully established, though a common factor in the chimpanzee's whole-leaf swallowing of A. aequinoctiale and other plants is the presence of trichomes on the leaves.
|
|
Artemisia absinthium is a herbaceous perennial plant with fibrous roots. The stems are straight, growing to (sometimes even over 1.5 m, but rarely) tall, grooved, branched, and silvery-green. The leaves are spirally arranged, greenish-grey above and white below, covered with silky silvery-white trichomes, and bearing minute oil-producing glands; the basal leaves are up to long, bipinnate to tripinnate with long petioles, with the cauline leaves (those on the stem) smaller, long, less divided, and with short petioles; the uppermost leaves can be both simple and sessile (without a petiole). Its flowers are pale yellow, tubular, and clustered in spherical bent-down heads (capitula), which are in turn clustered in leafy and branched panicles.
|
|
Pilosella horrida (synonym Hieracium horridum), known as the prickly hawkweed or shaggy hawkweed, gets its name from the long, dense, shaggy white to brown hairs (trichomes) which cover all of the plant parts of this plant species. The species is native to Oregon, California, and Nevada in the western United States.Calflora taxon report, University of California, Hieracium horridum Fries Shaggy Hawkweed, prickly hawkweed Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map Pilosella horrida possesses oblong leaves along the stems of this to tall hairy plant with 11-12 bright yellow flower heads at the top of each flower head, which is to in diameter. It flowers between late June and August.
|
|
There are three major epidermal cell types which all ultimately derive from the outermost (L1) tissue layer of the shoot apical meristem, called protodermal cells: trichomes, pavement cells and guard cells, all of which are arranged in a non-random fashion. An asymmetrical cell division occurs in protodermal cells resulting in one large cell that is fated to become a pavement cell and a smaller cell called a meristemoid that will eventually differentiate into the guard cells that surround a stoma. This meristemoid then divides asymmetrically one to three times before differentiating into a guard mother cell. The guard mother cell then makes one symmetrical division, which forms a pair of guard cells.
|
|
Erythranthe lewisii is a perennial herb, with stem length ranging from 25–80 cm and individual leaves ranging from 20–70 mm. The vegetative tissue is covered with fine hairs. The flowers are medium in size, set on fairly long (30–70 mm) pedicels, and range in color from pale pink (generally found in the Sierra Nevada populations, sometimes separated as Erythranthe erubescens G.L.Nesom) to dark magenta (more common in the Cascade Range and Rocky Mountains populations), with a central pair of carotenoid-rich yellow nectar guides covered in trichomes on the lower lobe of the corolla. Occasional populations of white-flowered individuals (which do not express anthocyanin pigments in the corolla) are known.
|
|
Solanum pyracanthos, also known as the porcupine tomato, is an evergreen shrub native to tropical Madagascar and the islands of the western Indian Ocean of the genus Solanum, a diverse and cosmopolitan plant genus with over 1,500 species including the tomato, potato and nightshades. The plant contains toxic tropane alkaloids in its leaves, stem and fruit and therefore should be considered dangerous to humans. S. pyracanthos is perhaps most distinguished by a profusion of strong, straight fluorescent orange thorns which occupy the stems and leaves of the plant, giving it a forbidding appearance. The prickles are consistent throughout the plant, developing clearly from furry trichomes that coat the plant's leaves and stems.
|
|
In 1998 Zamudio had the opportunity of comparing the two established species with the plants from the Moctezuma River and Arroyo Toliman canyon systems, and concluded that they were indeed three distinct species. P. elizabethiae was described in 1999 and placed in the section Orcheosanthus along with other species with purple, deeply bilabiate corollas with 5 sub-equal lobes, a short floral tube, and a large spur not protruding past this tube. Morphological similarities have been noted between this species and P. colimensis and P. cyclosecta, though differences in the size and shape of the summer leaves, presence of large multi-cellular trichomes at the leaf base, and other morphological features can be used to distinguish the geographically isolated species in cultivation.
|
|
Ranunculus allenii grows to about in length, and is a perennial herb that is caespitose (grows in dense clumps). The roots are filiform (very thin in diameter), approximately 0.2 to 0.8 mm thick. Ranunculus allenii grows from a caudex (a thick short stem at ground level), with trichomes that either lay flat or spread out. Its basal leaves are mostly reniform (kidney shaped) and marcescent, while the cauline leaves (leaves of the stem) are linear and are positioned alternately. The petioles connecting the leaf blade to the stem are about 50 to 80 mm long. Leaf blades are flat, about 14 to 21 mm in length and 17 to 28 mm in width, and have a smooth surface on top but are pubescent beneath.
|
|
Urtica dioica, often known as common nettle, stinging nettle (although not all plants of this species sting) or nettle leaf, or just a nettle or stinger, is a herbaceous perennial flowering plant in the family Urticaceae. Originally native to Europe, much of temperate Asia and western North Africa, it is now found worldwide, including New Zealand and North America. The species is divided into six subspecies, five of which have many hollow stinging hairs called trichomes on the leaves and stems, which act like hypodermic needles, injecting histamine and other chemicals that produce a stinging sensation upon contact ("contact urticaria", a form of contact dermatitis). The plant has a long history of use as a source for traditional medicine, food, tea, and textile raw material in ancient societies such as the Saxons.
|
|
Kief (; ), sometimes transliterated as keef, also known as cannabis crystals among other names, refers to the resinous trichomes of cannabis that may accumulate in containers or be sifted from loose, dry cannabis infructescences with a mesh screen or sieve. Like some other cannabis concentrates, it contains a much higher concentration of THC and other psychoactive cannabinoids, such as than that of the cannabis infructescences from which it is derived. Due to the fact that it contains a higher level of THC many consumers choose to add collected kief to their marijuana for a more intense "high"; by the same token, this preparation may induce unwelcome levels of intoxication. Traditionally, kief has been pressed into cakes of hashish for convenience in storage, although it can be vaporized or smoked in either form.
|
|
Branches of Thymelaea hirsuta showing the "sparrow's beak" fruits that earned it the earlier generic name of Passerina. The genus name Thymelaea is a combination of the Greek name for the herb thyme θύμος (thúmos) and that for the olive ἐλαία (elaía) - in reference to its thyme-like foliage and olive-like fruit; while the English name sparrow-wort (used by Thomas Green in his 18th century Universal Herbal) is a translation of the name of the genus Passerina, (in which Thymelaea was formerly placed), derived from the Latin word passer "sparrow" - given the plant because of a perceived similarity of the shape of the fruit to a sparrow's beak. The qualification "shaggy" in the name shaggy sparrow-wort refers to the plant's indumentum of woolly trichomes (plant hairs) - referenced also in the Latin specific name hirsuta "hairy". The Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening ed.
|
|
Robert L. Last is a plant biochemical genomicist who studies metabolic processes that protect plants from the environment and produce products important for animal and human nutrition. His research has covered (1) production and breakdown of essential amino acids, (2) the synthesis and protective roles of Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and Vitamin E (tocopherols) as well as identification of mechanisms that protect photosystem II from damage, and (3) synthesis and biological functions of plant protective specialized metabolites (plant secondary metabolites). Four central questions are: (i) how are leaf and seed amino acids levels regulated, (ii.) what mechanisms protect and repair photosystem II from stress-induced damage, (iii.) how do plants produce protective metabolites in their glandular secreting trichomes (iv.) and what are the evolutionary mechanisms that contribute to the tremendous diversity of specialized metabolites that protect plants from insects and pathogens and are used as therapeutic agents.
|
|
Flower spike Digitaria insularis is a tufted perennial bunchgrass with very short, swollen rhizomes. The stems reach a height of 80–130 cm and are erect, branched from the lower and middle nodes, swollen bases, with woolly bracts, glabrous internodes and nodes. Sheaths papillose - pilose in their majority, ligule 4–6 mm long, blades linear, 20–50 cm long and 10–20 mm wide. Inflorescence 20–35 cm long, numerous clusters, 10–15 cm long, solitary triquetrous rachis of clusters, 0.4-0.7 mm wide, scabrous; spikelets lanceolate, 4.2-4.6 mm long, paired, caudate, densely covered with trichomes up to 6 mm long, brown or whitish, ranging up to 5 mm from the apex of the spikelet; lower glume triangular to ovate, to 0.6 mm long, enervate, membranous; upper glume 3.5-4.5 mm long, acute, 3-5 nerved, ciliated; inferior lemma as long as spikelet, acuminate, 7-nerved, covered with silky hairs, upper lemma 3.2-3.6 mm long, acuminate, dark brown; anthers 1-1.2 mm long.
|
|
Last studies how plants produce metabolites that are important for their survival in the environment and either are essential for human health or contribute to the well-being of humans and other primary consumers of plants. His research integrates genetics, genomics, analytical chemistry, biochemistry and evolutionary biology to identify and characterize the proteins that perform these functions. Significant accomplishments related to primary metabolism in plants include identification of the first genetically-transmitted amino acid requiring mutants of plants leading to characterization of the tryptophan biosynthetic pathway, branched chain amino acid metabolic networks, and molecular genetic dissection of the Vitamins C and E biosynthetic pathways. Notable accomplishments related to plant environmental adaptation include characterization of plant UV-B sensing, protective and repair mechanisms, PSII protection and repair, and detailed analysis of the biosynthetic and evolutionary mechanisms that contribute to metabolic diversity in glandular secreting trichomes of cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and its relatives in the Solanaceae (nightshade) family.
|
|
The appearance of Bromelia laciniosa depends on various factors, like season and soil, but will typically look like a squat, yellowish-green, thorny shrub with streaks of purple and pink that run along its leaves and converge with the striking flower of the plant. The fruit of Bromelia laciniosa are yellow when ripe, though they are not directly eaten but mashed into a pulp to extract the plant's starchy substance that is made into flour. Like all bromeliads, the leaves of Bromelia laciniosa are covered with tiny scales that appear to be white and fuzzy; known as trichomes, these epidermal projections (leaf hairs) help the plant efficiently extract moisture from hot and dry climates. Bromelia laciniosa reproduces like other plants in its genus; bromeliads produce plantlets at their base, shoots that survive off of the mother plant until they reach the stage when they can extend their roots and survive on their own.
|
|
Annuals or subshrubs (possibly also biennials) clad in sticky trichomes, the plants between 0.3 and 0.8 m in height, greatly dichotomously branched or with only one branched main stem, terminal branches spine-like. One species almost leafless: the others with lower leaves with large (circa 40 mm) pinnatifid – almost pinnatisect – blades decurrent on conspicuous petioles, or forming a basal rosette of broad leaves with long petioles. Upper leaves small, almost sessile, uppermost often reduced to tiny thread-like scales. Flowers solitary, terminal, small, pedicels 10–20 mm, calyces 2–4 mm, strongly glanduliferous – like the pedicels – with five short, equal, acute teeth; corolla zygomorphic, 6–13 mm, tubulose to funnel-shaped, violet, blue or yellow, with or without violet stripes, lobes five, of which four equal (the remaining anterior lobe slightly larger), lobes much shorter than tube; stamens included and somewhat curved towards the larger anterior corolla lobe; stamens four, in two pairs of different lengths, the posterior pair fertile with larger anthers, the lateral pair with smaller anthers, fertile (in R. chilensis) or sterile (in R. parviflora).
|
|