In fact, other studies have demonstrated that baby walkers can transiently delay mental and motor development.
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Q. As a middle-aged male, does marathon running transiently increase my risk for cardiac arrest?
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In contrast, Trudeau prefers to transiently occupy others' communication channels in a sort of spectral charm offensive.
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The images of the fingerprint are only held transiently to build the mathematical model behind the encryption.
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Klein and Locksley's team found that a slew of other genes expressed during development had been transiently reactivated.
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Despite its low atomic number (21955) it has no stable isotopes, and is thus found only transiently in nature.
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"The bacteria, fungi and viruses in our food transiently colonize our gut," said senior author of the study Gabriele Berg.
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It's really impressive how conversations can go from in real life to in Messenger to in real life pretty transiently in that generation.
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"For individuals who are interested in enhancing their cognition, it does seem as though when applied transiently there is some gain there," he said.
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More cases anticipated "Travelers often can pick up these bugs and become 'transiently colonized' as we call it ... and it's no longer detected," said Walters.
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Alongside the end-to-end-encrypted Incognito Mode, the Allo team talked about bold new message retention practices, storing messages only transiently rather than indefinitely.
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And it will develop and test ways to make tritium efficiently and safely on site at a power plant—for tritium, unlike deuterium, is radioactive and exists only transiently in nature.
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They are read by Google's servers, but Kay assures me that the data is stored "transiently," which is to say that Google doesn't keep your chat logs around to be subpoenaed.
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"Bar soap is good at mechanically removing germs that are transiently on your hands," says Elaine Larson, associate dean for research and professor of epidemiology at Columbia University's School of Nursing.
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The version of Allo rolling out today will store all non-incognito messages by default — a clear change from Google's earlier statements that the app would only store messages transiently and in non-identifiable form.
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"If liquid water and a significant atmosphere were present on the early Moon for long periods of time, we think the lunar surface would have been at least transiently habitable," Schulze-Makuch said in a statement.
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"The water deficit generated by adverse climatic factors has been affecting inflation transiently," the central bank said in a statement, leaving out its usual year-end forecast for inflation that it had previously put at about 3 percent.
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More commonly, we lose such memories transiently, because we are unable to 'locate' them—this is a failure of retrieval rather than storage, which we can overcome by finding the right cue to fish the memory to the surface.
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Kamiyah's version of the gene seems to cause these spells by affecting the way potassium moves in or out of the cell in a way that can transiently inhibit the brain's normal control of the muscles of the body.
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"Although sexual activity, as well as other physical exertion, may transiently slightly increase one's risk of cardiac arrest, the overall long-term health benefits of exercise far outweigh the possible risks," said the lead author, Dr. Aapo L. Aro of the Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute in Los Angeles.
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First, given the way the Yankees, however transiently, launched themselves at a wild card spot after Sanchez started hitting, would the season have had a different arc had Hal Steinbrenner abdicated his decision-making, er, that is, started looking at social media earlier and brought up the kids/deaccessioned Alex Rodriguez faster?
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WATER MAY BE ALL OVER THE MOON, GIVING NEW HOPE FOR SUSTAIN LIFE "If liquid water and a significant atmosphere were present on the early Moon for long periods of time, we think the lunar surface would have been at least transiently habitable," said Dirk Schulze-Makuch, an astrobiologist at Washington State University, in a statement accompanying the paper.
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A few recent papers, one published in 2016 and two others within the last year, provide what many researchers consider to be compelling evidence that at least some differentiated cells can transiently express a developmental gene program that rewinds not just back to an adult stem cell state but all the way back to a state similar to that of a developing fetal organ.
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DTN lesions permanently impaired landmark navigation, but only transiently impaired directional navigation.
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Although there are six pharyngeal arches, in humans the fifth arch exists only transiently during embryogenesis.
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Secretory vesicles transiently dock at the cell plasma membrane, preceding the formation of a tight t-/v-SNARE complex.
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The infraorbital nerve is often transiently blocked with local anesthetic to induce analgesia during dental or surgical procedures of the face.
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FOXE1 is expressed transiently in the developing thyroid and the anterior pituitary gland. Avian FOXE1 is also expressed in developing feathers.
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Administration of large volumes of hydroxyethyl starch may transiently alter the coagulation mechanism and decrease hematocrit and plasma proteins due to hemodilution.
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This single chain recombinant immunotoxin selectively kills human malignant and transiently depletes normal . Malignant are 30-fold more sensitive to compared to normal resting .
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Infection with viral pathogens can induce anti-dsDNA antibodies transiently. Human immunodeficiency virus, parvovirus B19 and BK virus are known to induce these antibodies.
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The most common cause of acute fourth nerve palsy is head trauma.Hoya K, Kirino T. Traumatic Trochlear Nerve Palsy Following Minor Occipital Impact. Neurol Med Chir 40:358-360, 2000 Even relatively minor trauma can transiently stretch the fourth nerve (by transiently displacing the brainstem relative to the posterior clinoid process). Patients with minor damage to the fourth nerve will complain of “blurry” vision.
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The proposal by the German physicist Claudius Gros, that the technology of the Breakthrough Starshot project may be utilized to establish a biosphere of unicellular organisms on otherwise only transiently habitable exoplanets,Claudius Gros: Developing Ecospheres on Transiently Habitable Planets: The Genesis Project, Astrophysics and Space Science, Vol. 361, pp 1-14 (2016). has sparked a discussion,Jessica Boddy: Q&A;: Should we seed life on alien worlds?, Science, 9.
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These complexes exist in either the N or the O linkage isomers. It can be assumed that such monodentate complexes exist transiently for many kinetically labile metal ions (e.g. Zn2+).
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Mammals such as dogs and cats can become infected transiently, but are not thought to contribute significantly to transmission. The word histolysis literally means disintegration and dissolution of organic tissues.
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1,25-(OH)2D3 transiently but strongly induces Insig-2 expression in 3T3-L1 cells. This novel regulatory circuit may also play important roles in other lipogenic cell types that express VDR.
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The bulk low concentration of PA combined with high local bursts is the opposite of PIP2 signaling. PIP2 is kept relatively high in the membrane and then transiently hydrolized near a protein in order to transiently reduce PIP2 signaling. PA signaling mirrors PIP2 signaling in that the bulk concentration of signaling lipid need not change to exert a potent local effect on a target protein. As described above, PLD hydrolyzes PC to form PA and choline.
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It also associates transiently with U6 and U4/U6 snRNPs during the recycling phase of the spliceosome cycle. This encoded protein is thought to be involved in the regulation of mRNA splicing.
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There is evidence that exocytosis from sympathetic varicosities depends on their history, and that the release of a packet of ATP transiently suppresses (or predicts the transient suppression of) subsequent release. The poverty of NCTs occurring within 5s of one another indicates that exocytosis from a varicosity transiently suppresses the probability of release from that varicosity. This could arise by autoinhibition (by the pre- junctional action of noradrenaline or purines) or due to a transient shortage of vesicles readily available for release.
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The endothelium appears normal between attacks. The attack can be misdiagnosed and treated as an acute iridocyclitis. Visual acuity transiently deteriorates during the attack. A typical corneal opacity of the patient with keratoendotheliitis fugax hereditaria.
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NDUFAF7 interacts transiently with NDUFS2, dimethylating Arg85 on the subunit. A correlation between the presence of MidA and NDUFS7 was also identified. In addition to co-complexes, NDUFAF4 has protein-protein interactions with LRRK2, q5nfq6_fratt, and q5ngw2_fratt.
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After applying a magnetic force, in the unzipped state of the hairpin, a small number of discriminating nucleotides can hybridize to the new individual complementary sequences on the hairpin which can transiently block the refolding of the hairpin.
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The pool of progenitors is heterogeneous and can be divided into two groups; long-term self-renewing HSC and only transiently self-renewing HSC, also called short-terms. This is one of the main vital processes in the body.
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Elgood was also a cosmopolitan man travelling to most of the Persian Gulf states adding such countries as Sudan, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia to the list of places he had visited where he had transiently practiced medicine and lecturing.
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The lowest borane, BH3, is a very strong Lewis acid. The molecule itself exists only transiently, dimerizing instantly to form diborane, B2H6, but its adducts BH3.THF and BH3.DMSO are stable enough to be used in hydroboration reactions.
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The pool of progenitors is heterogeneous and can be divided into two groups; long-term self-renewing HSC and only transiently self- renewing HSC, also called short-terms. This is one of the main vital processes in the body.
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Liver enzyme values have been raised transiently in some patients. Epileptiform convulsions have been reported, especially in patients with a history of convulsive disorders. Hallucinations and excitement have occurred rarely. A reddish discoloration of urine, probably due to a metabolite of oxamniquine, has been reported.
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C-terminally myc-tagged KIAA0319 protein in transiently transfected 293T cells, showing plasma membrane localization. Detection with monoclonal anti- myc 9E10. The KIAA0319 protein is expressed on the cell membrane and may be involved in neuronal migration. Furthermore, KIAA0319 follows a clathrin- mediated endocytic pathway.
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The two isoforms also differ in their specific mitochondrial localization, which may partially account for their different functions. Before localization to the mitochondria, DNAJA3 is transiently retained in the cytosol, where it can also interact with cytosolic proteins and possibly function to transport these proteins.
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The K+ permeability of the membrane is transiently unusually high, driving the membrane voltage VM even closer to the K+ equilibrium voltage EK. Hence, hyperpolarization persists until the membrane K+ permeability returns to its usual value.Purves et al., p. 37; Bullock, Orkand, and Grinnell, p. 152.
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Simplified view of the active site of prolyl hydroxylase isoform 2 (PHD2), a human αKG-dependent dioxygenase. The Fe(II) is coordinated by two imidazoles and one carboxylate provided by the protein. Other ligands on iron, which are transiently occupied αKG and O2, are omitted for clarity.
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In the early 1980s, researchers found that cell membranes can be transiently permeabilized using strong electrical pulses. During this “opening up”, many macro-molecules, including DNA, RNA and some proteins can enter the cells. After some time, the cell membrane will seal again. This is called “electroporation”.
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Safinamide itself transiently binds to ABCG2. No other transporter affinities have been found in preliminary studies. Safinamide is eliminated, mainly (>90%) in form of its metabolites, via the kidney, with an elimination half-life of 20 to 30 hours. Only 1.5% are found in the stool.
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Most strains are haploid, mating very rarely and diploidize transiently by somatogamous autogamy (i.e. fusion of two cells but excluding their nuclei). Sexual reproduction proceeds via heterogamous conjugation (i.e. the conjugation of two cells of different form or size) leading to short diplophase followed by meiosis and ascospore formation.
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The initial phase of hyperthyroid symptoms occurs transiently about two to six months postpartum. Typical symptoms include irritability, nervousness, palpitations, and heat intolerance. Hormonal disturbances during this phase tend to occur with lower intensity compared with the hypothyroid phase. As a result, the hyperthyroid phase may pass undetected.
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The ligand displaces a sodium and/or magnesium cation present in the "condensation cloud" of such cations that surrounds DNA (to partially balance the sum of the negative charges carried by each phosphate oxygen), thus forming a weak electrostatic association with the outer surface of DNA. From this position, the ligand diffuses along the surface of the DNA and may slide into the hydrophobic environment found between two base pairs that may transiently "open" to form an intercalation site, allowing the ethidium to move away from the hydrophilic (aqueous) environment surrounding the DNA and into the intercalation site. The base pairs transiently form such openings due to energy absorbed during collisions with solvent molecules.
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Kiss-and-run fusion is a type of synaptic vesicle release where the vesicle opens and closes transiently. In this form of exocytosis, the vesicle docks and transiently fuses at the presynaptic membrane and releases its neurotransmitters across the synapse, after which the vesicle can then be reused. Kiss-and-run differs from full fusion, where the vesicle collapses fully into the plasma membrane and is then later retrieved by a clathrin-coat- dependent process. The idea that neurotransmitter might be released in "quanta" by the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane was first introduced by Bernard Katz and Jose del Castillo in 1955, when the first EM images of nerve terminals first appeared.
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In rodents, MLP is transiently expressed in amacrine cells of the retina during postnatal development. In the adult nervous system it is expressed upon axonal injury, where it plays an important role during regenerative processes, functioning as an actin cross-linker, thereby facilitating filopodia formation and increasing growth cone motility.
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RNA can also be transfected into cells to transiently express its coded protein, or to study RNA decay kinetics. RNA transfection is often used in primary cells that do not divide. siRNAs can also be transfected to achieve RNA silencing (i.e. loss of RNA and protein from the targeted gene).
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Redox signalling is critical for normal processes such as proliferation, differentiation, as well as vascular function and neurotransmission. It is also involved in disease states such as cancer. The NADPH oxidase isoform NOX1 transiently produces a burst of superoxide in response to growth factor (e.g. EGF) stimulation of respective receptors.
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Chromosoma 110, 511-518. Edwards, R.J., Sockett, R.E., and Brookfield, J.F.Y. (2002) A simple method for genome-wide screening for advantageous insertions of mobile DNAs in Escherichia coli. Current Biology 12, 863-867. Edwards, R. J. and Brookfield, J.F.Y. (2003) Transiently beneficial insertions could maintain mobile DNA sequences in variable environments.
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In 2008, using C0057684 as a positive control, Sierra Sciences developed a quantitative PCR based high-throughput screening assay to more efficiently screen for compounds that transiently induce the expression of endogenous telomerase in human cells. Sierra Sciences has identified more than fifty such drugs and is characterizing their mechanism of action.
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Experiments indicate that the brush border population of the encoded protein turns over rapidly, while its head and tail domains interact transiently with the core actin and plasma membrane, respectively. A rapidly exchanging pool of the myosin-1a protein binds to the actin core bundle, which turns over on a much slower timescale.
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Unlike small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapeutics that turn over within a cell and consequently only silence genes transiently, DNA constructs are continually transcribed, replenishing the cellular ‘dose’ of shRNA, thereby enabling long-term silencing of targeted genes. The ddRNAi mechanism, therefore, offers the potential for ongoing clinical benefit with reduced medical intervention.
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Acetyl iodide is an organoiodine compound with the formula CH3COI. It is a colourless liquid. It is formally derived from acetic acid. Although far rarer in the laboratory than the related acetyl bromide and acetyl chloride, acetyl iodide is produced, transiently at least, on a far larger scale than any other acid halide.
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Before launch, Google touted strong privacy in the app, with particular emphasis on messages stored "transiently and in non-identifiable form". However, at launch, privacy was significantly rolled back, with Google keeping logs of messages indefinitely (or until the user deletes messages) in an effort to improve the app's "smart reply" feature.
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The pyrethroids without an α-cyanogroup, to which bifenthrin belongs, are only able to bind to the sodium channel transiently. This will result in after potentials and eventual continuous firing of axons. The resting potential is not affected by these pyrethroids. Bifenthrin will open the sodium channel for a shorter period than other pyrethroids.
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This protein is involved in the splicing process and it also participates in early heat shock-induced splicing arrest by transiently leaving the hnRNP complexes. Multiple alternative transcript variants seem to be present for this gene and some appear to have intronic regions in the mRNA. Presently, only two transcript variants are fully described.
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Another interaction partner of FGD1 is cortactin, which is directly bound by the proline-rich domain of FGD1. As cortactin is known to promote actin polymerization by the Arp2/3 complex, this interaction seems to promote actin assembly. FGD1 is also transiently associated with and required for the formation of membrane protrusions on invasive tumor cells.
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The liver cancers that expressed Ras showed signs of senescence following p53 reactivation including an increase in senescence associated B-galactosidase protein. Even if the expression of p53 was transiently activated or deactivated, senescence via SA B-gal was observed. Xue et al. show that by briefly reactivating p53 in tumors without functional p53 activity, tumor regression is observed.
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In this respect, DMPK may be similar to PKA and PKC, two kinases that can be transiently activated in response to second messengers or persistently activated by proteolytic removal of an autoinhibitory domain. Thus, this model suggests that the two endogenous DMPK forms may possess different activities, localizations, regulators, and substrates and perform distinct physiological functions.
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Cataplexy may also occur transiently or permanently due to lesions of the hypothalamus that were caused by surgery, especially in difficult tumor resections. These lesions or generalized processes disrupt the hypocretin neurons and their pathways. The neurological process behind the lesion impairs pathways controlling the normal inhibition of muscle tone drop, consequently resulting in muscle atonia.
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Affinity precipitation experiments have shown that Syk interacts with phosphorylated peptides corresponding to the LMP2A-ITAM complex. Residues for Syk binding have been discovered by inducing point mutations in Y74F and Y85F point. Tyrosine kinase LYN has also been detected in immunoprecipitates from transiently transfected B cells at residue Y112. Constitutive phosphorylation occurs on tyrosine, serine and threonine residues.
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There are a lot of mRNAs that have been transcribed but not translated during dictyate.Molecule.org - Maskin Is a CPEB-Associated Factor that Transiently Interacts with eIF-4E Barbara Stebbins-Boaz,1 Quiping Cao,1 Cornelia H de Moor,1 Raul Mendez,1 and Joel D Richter1 Shortly before ovulation, the oocyte of interest activates these mRNA strains.
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The female convent was transiently suppressed during 1880-1897. The façade has two stories, flanked by pilasters, with a triangular pediment over the main door, and a rounded one over a superior window. A number of additions and ornaments were added over the next centuries. The chapel of our Lady of Sorrows was decorated by Tibalducci, a painter from Recanati.
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Agents that transiently block MPT include the immune suppressant cyclosporin A (CsA); N-methyl-Val-4-cyclosporin A (MeValCsA), a non-immunosuppressant derivative of CsA; another non- immunosuppressive agent, NIM811, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB), bongkrekic acid and alisporivir (also known as Debio-025). TRO40303 is a newly synthetitised MPT blocker developed by Trophos company and currently is in Phase I clinical trial.
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Patients with rheumatoid arthritis can develop anti-dsDNA antibodies, however they are usually treatment related. Anti-TNFα biological therapies, such as adalimumab, infliximab and etanercept, can often induce the production of anti-dsDNA antibodies. They are usually low avidity and are only detectable transiently after treatment. The presence of these antibodies can induce a lupus-like syndrome in some cases.
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Many peripheral membrane proteins bind to the membrane primarily through interactions with integral membrane proteins. But there is a diverse group of proteins which interact directly with the surface of the lipid bilayer. Some, such as myelin basic protein, and spectrin have mainly structural roles. A number of water-soluble proteins can bind to the bilayer surface transiently or under specific conditions.
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However, the film's theatrical run was to continue for eight weeks; it outlasted all other films that opened in the same week.Colin Goh and Woo Yen Yen, "Thank You: One Dream Ends, Another Begins", Singapore Dreaming blog, 2006-10-26. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. After a hiatus of a few weeks, the film reopened transiently at GV VivoCity.
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Moreover, the deficient of M33 also possessed abnormally few nucleated cells in the thymus and spleen, due to the aberrant T-cell expansion. In transiently transfected cells, M33 acts as a transcriptional repressor . Biochemical assays indicate that two murine proteins, Ring1A and Ring1B interact directly with the repressor domain of M33 and that Ring1A can also behave as a transcriptional repressor.
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In the vertebrate embryo, a rhombomere is a transiently divided segment of the developing neural tube, within the hindbrain region (a neuromere) in the area that will eventually become the rhombencephalon. The rhombomeres appear as a series of slightly constricted swellings in the neural tube, caudal to the cephalic flexure. In human embryonic development, the rhombomeres are present by day 29.
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It is known since long ago that OCB negative MS patients have a slower evolution. Some reports point that the underlying condition that causes the MS lesions in these patients is different. There are four pathological patterns of damage, and in the majority of patients with pattern II and III brain lesions oligoclonal bands are absent or only transiently present.
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These associated proteins are essential for Vo domain assembly and are termed Vma12p, Vma21p, and Vma22p. Two of the three proteins, Vma12p and Vma22p, form a complex that binds transiently to Vph1p (subunit a) to aid its assembly and maturation. Vma21p coordinates assembly of the Vo subunits as well as escorting the Vo domain into vesicles for transport to the Golgi.
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The Oratorian seminary was suppressed transiently in 1769, re- suppressed in 1808, but again returned to the order in 1814. By 1866, when Florence had been chosen the capital of Italy, the building was requisitioned by the state for office space. Restructuring and expansion of the seminary was conducted by Marco Treves and Paolo Comotto.C. Paolini, Palazzo Spinelli entry on complex.
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S2Cl2 has the structure implied by the formula Cl−S−S−Cl, wherein the angle between the Cla−S−S and S−S−Clb planes is 90°. This structure is referred to as gauche, and is akin to that for H2O2. A rare isomer of S2Cl2 is S=SCl2; this isomer forms transiently when S2Cl2 is exposed to UV-radiation (see thiosulfoxides).
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For therapeutic purpose, the mere removal of regulatory T cells is, again, highly problematic because it increases the risk of inducing autoimmune diseases. Overcoming this limitation is possible using agents that transiently suppress regulatory T cell activity. Such an agent has been used successfully in an animal model of ischemic stroke, where treated animals exhibited improved neurological recovery relative to non-treated animals.
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Bacteroides species also benefit their host by excluding potential pathogens from colonizing the gut. Some species (B. fragilis, for example) are opportunistic human pathogens, causing infections of the peritoneal cavity, gastrointestinal surgery, and appendicitis via abscess formation, inhibiting phagocytosis, and inactivating beta-lactam antibiotics. Although Bacteroides species are anaerobic, they are transiently aerotolerant and thus can survive in the abdominal cavity.
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The environment of deposition is considered to be anoxic and occasionally euxinic cold bottom waters, as indicated by the lack of bioturbation and most epibenthic fauna, besides a small amount of transiently colonizing brachiopods during temporary oxic conditions. It was deposited in the immediate aftermath of the Hirnantian glaciation, the most likely primary cause of the Ordovician–Silurian extinction event.
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The most frequent clinical sign following B. suis infection is abortion in pregnant females, reduced milk production, and infertility. Cattle can also be transiently infected when they share pasture or facilities with infected pigs, and B. suis can be transmitted by cow's milk. Swine also develop orchitis (swelling of the testicles), lameness (movement disability), hind limb paralysis, or spondylitis (inflammation in joints).
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This differs from acetylcholine, which is rapidly degraded and only transiently depolarizes the muscle. There are two phases to the depolarizing block. During phase I (depolarizing phase), they cause muscular fasciculations (muscle twitches) while they are depolarizing the muscle fibers. Eventually, after sufficient depolarization has occurred, phase II (desensitizing phase) sets in and the muscle is no longer responsive to acetylcholine released by the motoneurons.
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This reprogramming does not always require cell division. The cells resulting from such reprogramming are more suitable for cell therapy because they do not form teratomas. For example, Chandrakanthan et al., & Pimanda describe the generation of tissue-regenerative multipotent stem cells (iMS cells) by treating mature bone and fat cells transiently with a growth factor (platelet- derived growth factor–AB (PDGF-AB)) and 5-Azacytidine.
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Recombinant alphavirus-based vectors have been used to improve DNA vaccination efficiency. The gene encoding the antigen of interest is inserted into the alphavirus replicon, replacing structural genes but leaving non-structural replicase genes intact. The Sindbis virus and Semliki Forest virus have been used to build recombinant alphavirus replicons. Unlike conventional DNA vaccinations alphavirus vectors kill transfected cells and are only transiently expressed.
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Recently, MNase-seq has also been implemented in determining where transcription factors bind on the DNA. Classical ChIP-seq displays issues with resolution quality, stringency in experimental protocol, and DNA fragmentation. Classical ChIP-seq typically uses sonication to fragment chromatin, which biases heterochromatic regions due to the condensed and tight binding of chromatin regions to each other. Unlike histones, transcription factors only transiently bind DNA.
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Reactions of metal-pincer complexes are localized at three sites perpendicular to the plane of the pincer ligand, although in some cases one arm is hemi-labile and an additional coordination site is generated transiently. Early examples of pincer ligands (not called such originally) were anionic with a carbanion as the central donor site and flanking phosphine donors; these compounds are referred to as PCP pincers.
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It is postulated that this is how pharyngeal slits first assisted in filter-feeding, and later with the addition of gills along their walls, aided in respiration of aquatic chordates. These repeated segments are controlled by similar developmental mechanisms. Some hemichordate species can have as many as 200 gill slits. Pharyngeal clefts resembling gill slits are transiently present during the embryonic stages of tetrapod development.
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AABB Technical Manual, 16th Ed. Bethesda: AABB Press, 2008. Le(a-b+) individuals inherit both Le and Se alleles, leading to the synthesis of Le(a), Le(b), and type 1 chain ABH. Most type 1 chain precursor is converted to Le(b), therefore these individuals appear as if they are Le(a-). Le(a+b+) phenotype is transiently observed in infants (Secretor activity increases with age).
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Ecumenical Patriarch's residence The Ecumenical Patriarchate is governed by the "Holy and Sacred Synod", developed from the "endemousa synod" (the "resident" synod), which consisted of the bishops living (even if only transiently) in or near Constantinople.Adam A. J. DeVille. Orthodoxy and the Roman Papacy: Ut Unum Sint and the Prospects of East-West Unity. University of Notre Dame Press; 15 March 2011. . p. 86.
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The triplet deuteron nucleon is barely bound at EB = , and none of the higher energy states are bound. The singlet deuteron is a virtual state, with a negative binding energy of . There is no such stable particle, but this virtual particle transiently exists during neutron-proton inelastic scattering, accounting for the unusually large neutron scattering cross-section of the proton.Neutron-Proton Scattering. (PDF). mit.edu.
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The evidence for the use of medical interventions for LSS is poor. Injectable but not nasal calcitonin may be useful for short- term pain relief. Epidural blocks may also transiently decrease pain, but no evidence of long-term effect has been found. Adding corticosteroids to these injections does not improve the result; the use of epidural steroid injections is controversial and evidence of their efficacy is contradictory.
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Mouse hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and progenitors transiently upregulate CD47 during their migratory phase, which reduces macrophage engulfment in vivo. Tumor cells can also evade macrophage phagocytosis through the expression of CD47. CD47 is highly expressed in bladder tumor initiating cells (T-ICs) compared with the rest of the tumor. Blockade of CD47 with a monoclonal antibody results in macrophage engulfment of bladder cancer cells in vitro.
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Early on, STED was thought to be a useful technique for working with living cells. Unfortunately, the only way for cells to be studied was to label the plasma membrane with organic dyes. Combining STED with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy showed that cholesterol- mediated molecular complexes trap sphingolipids, but only transiently. However, only fluorescent proteins provide the ability to visualize any organelle or protein in a living cell.
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NexACT® is a proprietary water-soluble small molecule permeation enhancer which temporarily changes the permeation dynamics of the lipid bi-layer and transiently loosens the tight junctions between the cells so that active drug molecules can be rapidly absorbed into systemic circulation. The NexACT technology is used in both Vitaros and RayVA. It can also improve the solubility of compounds resulting in enhanced drug permeation.
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Antigen ELISA and rtPCR are currently the most frequently performed tests to detect virus or viral antigen. Individual testing of ear tissue tag samples or serum samples is performed. It is vital that repeat testing is performed on positive samples to distinguish between acute, transiently infected cattle and PIs. A second positive result, acquired at least three weeks after the primary result, indicates a PI animal.
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This protein interacts transiently with the copper-containing catalytic domain of newly synthesized COX2 via its C-terminal tail exposed to the intermembrane space. It also interacts selectively with the copper metallochaperone SCO2 in a COX2-dependent manner and with COX20 in a COX2- and COX18-dependent manner. Additionally, this protein interacts with COA1, SCO1, COX16, TTC19, DTX2, NADSYN1, GABARAP, AIFM1, COX4I1, CD81, COX14, SFXN1, and PLGRKT.
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Tripartite motif-containing protein 55 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM55 gene. The protein encoded by this gene contains a RING zinc finger, a motif known to be involved in protein-protein interactions. This protein associates transiently with microtubules, myosin, and titin during muscle sarcomere assembly. It may act as a transient adaptor and plays a regulatory role in the assembly of sarcomeres.
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Thus, survivin acts possibly by preventing such a cascade of cleavage and activation amplification from happening resulting in decreased apoptosis. In similar manner, looking at the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, cytochrome c was transiently expressed in 293 cells to look at the inhibitory effects survivin had on this pathway. Although the details are not here, survivin was shown to also inhibit cytochrome c and caspase-8-induced activation of caspases.
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The removal of introns from nuclear pre-mRNAs occurs on a complex called a spliceosome, which is made up of 4 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) particles and an undefined number of transiently associated splicing factors. The exact role of PAP-1 in splicing is not fully understood, but it is thought that PAP-1 localizes in nuclear speckles containing the splicing factor SC35 and interacts directly with another splicing factor, U2AF35.
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Also, the gap and pair-rule genes are expressed transiently while segment polarity gene expression is maintained throughout development. The continued expression of the segment polarity genes is maintained by a feedback loop involving hedgehog and wingless. While the segmentation genes can specify the number, size, and polarity of segments, homeotic genes can specify the identity of the segment. The homeotic genes are activated by gap genes and pair-rule genes.
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Although most forms of elemental sulfur (S8 and other rings and chains) do not combine with SO2, atomic sulfur does so to form sulfur monoxide, which dimerizes: :S + SO2 → S2O2 ⇌ 2 SO Disulfur dioxide is also produced upon a microwave discharge in sulfur dioxide diluted in helium. At a pressure of , five percent of the result is S2O2. Disulfur dioxide is formed transiently when hydrogen sulfide and oxygen undergo flash photolysis.
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Histone modification is a well-studied mechanism to transiently adjust chromatin density. Pioneer factors can play a role in this by binding specific enhancers and flagging histone modification enzymes to that specific gene. Repressive pioneer factors can inhibit transcription by recruiting factors that modify histones that further tighten the chromatin. This is important to limit gene expression to specific cell types and has to be removed only when cell differentiation begins.
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U. reesii is capable of growing on many different amino acids, but comparatively fewer carbohydrates. In general, growth substrates with a high protein content are most conducive to its growth. U. reesii is capable of digesting keratin, and grows well in soil rich in animal matter, such as skin and hair. Though less commonly observed, U. reesii can survive, at least transiently, in the human and animal tissue.
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In 1871 Graudenz became part of the unified German Empire. With the improvement of the railway network in Germany, Graudenz transiently lost its meaning as an important trading place for grain. In 1878 the railway line Goßlershausen—Graudenz was opened. After the construction of a railroad bridge across the Vistula in 1878, in 1879 the railway line Graudenz—Laskowitz was opened in addition, and Graudenz became a rapidly growing industrialized city.
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Their product (PBP-3), as mentioned above, is a membrane transpeptidase required for peptidoglycan synthesis at the septum. Inactivation of the ftsl gene product requires the SOS-promoting recA and lexA genes as well as dpiA and transiently inhibits bacterial cell division. The DpiA is the effector for the DpiB two-component system. Interaction of DpiA with replication origins competes with the binding of the replication proteins DnaA and DnaB.
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Non-lytic insect cell expression is an alternative to the lytic baculovirus expression system. In non-lytic expression, vectors are transiently or stably transfected into the chromosomal DNA of insect cells for subsequent gene expression. This is followed by selection and screening of recombinant clones. The non-lytic system has been used to give higher protein yield and quicker expression of recombinant genes compared to baculovirus-infected cell expression.
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The arches are numbered from 1 to 6, with 1 being the arch closest to the head of the embryo, and arch 5 existing only transiently. These grow and join in the ventral midline. The first arch, as the first to form, separates the mouth pit or stomodeum from the pericardium. By differential growth the neck elongates and new arches form, so the pharynx has six arches ultimately.
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Acute cannabis intoxication transiently produces perceptual distortions, psychotic symptoms and reduction in cognitive abilities in healthy persons and in severe mental disorder, and may impair the ability to safely operate a motor vehicle. Cannabis use is common in bipolar disorder; and is a risk factor for a more severe course of the disease by increasing frequency and duration of episodes. It is also reported to reduce age at onset.
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To reduce photochemical quenching to negligible levels, a high intensity, short flash of light is applied to the leaf. This transiently closes all PSII reaction centres, which prevents energy of PSII being passed to downstream electron carriers. Non- photochemical quenching will not be affected if the flash is short. During the flash, the fluorescence reaches the level reached in the absence of any photochemical quenching, known as maximum fluorescence \,F_m.
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Xenon nitrate, also called xenon dinitrate, is an inorganic compound consisting of one xenon atom bonded to two nitrate groups. It can be made by reacting xenon difluoride with anhydrous nitric acid, but it only exists transiently before decomposing, and therefore it has not been isolated and full characterized. A related compound, xenon fluoride nitrate, has been made and is stable enough to be studied in more detail.
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Although preferentially cytosolic, SIRT2 transiently shuttles to the nucleus during the G2/M transition of the cell cycle, where it has a strong preference for histone H4 lysine 16 (H4K16ac), thereby regulating chromosomal condensation during mitosis. During the cell cycle, SIRT2 associates with several mitotic structures including the centrosome, mitotic spindle, and midbody, presumably to ensure normal cell division. Finally, cells with SIRT2 overexpression exhibit marked prolongation of the cell cycle.
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The relative refractory period immediately follows the absolute. As voltage-gated potassium channels open to terminate the action potential by repolarizing the membrane, the potassium conductance of the membrane increases dramatically. K+ ions moving out of the cell bring the membrane potential closer to the equilibrium potential for potassium. This causes brief hyperpolarization of the membrane, that is, the membrane potential becomes transiently more negative than the normal resting potential.
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The mainstay of eradication is the identification and removal of persistently infected animals. Re-infection is then prevented by vaccination and high levels of biosecurity, supported by continuing surveillance. PIs act as viral reservoirs and are the principal source of viral infection but transiently infected animals and contaminated fomites also play a significant role in transmission. Leading the way in BVD eradication, almost 20 years ago, were the Scandinavian countries.
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Transmission electron micrograph of a chondrocyte, stained for calcium, showing its nucleus (N) and mitochondria (M). The concentrations of free calcium in the cell can regulate an array of reactions and is important for signal transduction in the cell. Mitochondria can transiently store calcium, a contributing process for the cell's homeostasis of calcium. In fact, their ability to rapidly take in calcium for later release makes them very good "cytosolic buffers" for calcium.
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The Ycf4 protein is firmly associated with the thylakoid membrane, presumably through a transmembrane domain. Ycf4 co-fractionates with a protein complex larger than PSI upon sucrose density gradient centrifugation of solubilised thylakoids. The Ycf3 protein is loosely associated with the thylakoid membrane and can be released from the membrane with sodium carbonate. This suggests that Ycf3 is not part of a stable complex and that it probably interacts transiently with its partners.
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Thus, the total energy increases transiently (before tending asymptotically to zero). The argument is that if the magnitude of this transient growth is sufficiently large, it destabilizes the laminar flow, however this argument has not been universally accepted. A nonlinear theory explaining transition, has also been proposed. Although that theory does include linear transient growth, the focus is on 3D nonlinear processes that are strongly suspected to underlie transition to turbulence in shear flows.
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Expression of CerS2 is transiently increased during periods of active myelination, suggesting that it is important for the synthesis of myelin sphingolipids. The lack of CerS2, as shown in knockout mice, induces the autophagy and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). These mice showed no decrease in overall ceramide level, but levels of sphinganine were elevated. They also developed severe liver disease, but there was no observable change in the kidneys.
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TERRA has been shown to exist exclusively within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells where it specifically associates with the ends of chromosomes at the telomere. While TERRA has not been shown to be an essential or permanent component of telomere chromatin, it is believed that TERRA's primary function is to transiently maintain the structural integrity at telomeres, either through direct interaction with telomeric DNA or by the binding of associated telomeric proteins.
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The first intracellular electrical recordings of subthalamic neurons were performed using sharp electrodes in a rat slice preparation. In these recordings three key observations were made, all three of which have dominated subsequent reports of subthalamic firing properties. The first observation was that, in the absence of current injection or synaptic stimulation, the majority of cells were spontaneously firing. The second observation is that these cells are capable of transiently firing at very high frequencies.
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The third observation concerns non-linear behaviors when cells are transiently depolarized after being hyperpolarized below –65mV. They are then able to engage voltage-gated calcium and sodium currents to fire bursts of action potentials. Several recent studies have focused on the autonomous pacemaking ability of subthalamic neurons. These cells are often referred to as "fast-spiking pacemakers", since they can generate spontaneous action potentials at rates of 80 to 90 Hz in primates.
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Taken orally, glycerol (often mixed with fruit juice to reduce its sweet taste) can cause a rapid, temporary decrease in intraocular pressure. This can be a useful initial emergency treatment of severely elevated pressure. The depolarising muscle relaxant succinylcholine, which is used in anaesthesia, transiently increases IOP by around 10 mmHg for a few minutes. This is significant for example if the patient requires anaesthesia for a trauma and has sustained an eye (globe) perforation.
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The DNA encoding cameleon fusion protein must be either stably or transiently introduced into the cell of interest. Protein made by the cell according to this DNA information then serves as a fluorescent indicator of calcium concentration. In the presence of calcium, Ca2+ binds to M13, which enables calmodulin to wrap around the M13 domain. This brings the two GFP- variant proteins closer to each other, which increases FRET efficiency between them.
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Lewis antigens cannot be reliably detected until the 2nd birthday. Lewis antibodies in a pregnant woman are essentially totally insignificant because they are IgM subtype (don't cross the placenta) and Lewis antigen is weakly expressed during pregnancy (Lewis Le(a-b-) phenotype is commonly seen during gestation). Most newborns will type as Le(a-b-). Lewis antigen is often decreased on RBCs during pregnancy with some women transiently typing as Le(a-b-).
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Transient protein complexes form and break down transiently in vivo, whereas permanent complexes have a relatively long half-life. Typically, the obligate interactions (protein–protein interactions in an obligate complex) are permanent, whereas non-obligate interactions have been found to be either permanent or transient. Note that there is no clear distinction between obligate and non-obligate interaction, rather there exist a continuum between them which depends on various conditions e.g. pH, protein concentration etc.
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The first is called a "prosthetic group", which consists of a coenzyme that is tightly or even covalently, and permanently bound to a protein. The second type of coenzymes are called "cosubstrates", and are transiently bound to the protein. Cosubstrates may be released from a protein at some point, and then rebind later. Both prosthetic groups and cosubstrates have the same function, which is to facilitate the reaction of enzymes and protein.
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Retinoic acid via the retinoic acid receptor influences the process of cell differentiation, hence, the growth and development of embryos. During development, there is a concentration gradient of retinoic acid along the anterior-posterior (head- tail) axis. Cells in the embryo respond to retinoic acid differently depending on the amount present. For example, in vertebrates, the hindbrain transiently forms eight rhombomeres and each rhombomere has a specific pattern of genes being expressed.
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Inner centromere protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the INCENP gene. In mammalian cells, two broad groups of centromere-interacting proteins have been described: constitutively binding centromere proteins and 'passenger' (or transiently interacting) proteins. The constitutive proteins include CENPA (centromere protein A), CENPB, CENPC1, and CENPD. The term 'passenger proteins' encompasses a broad collection of proteins that localize to the centromere during specific stages of the cell cycle.
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Several findings indicate that high levels of FICZ can exert ROS-dependent toxicity, whereas low doses can transiently elevate local levels ROS/Ca2+, thereby promoting cellular adaptation, survival, and proliferation. FICZ has proven to be potently embryotoxic toward fish and birds. Zebrafish embryos demonstrated a dramatically increased mortality and severe toxicity, however only when CYP1A1 was inhibited.FICZ can also act as a nanomolar photosensitizer potentiating UVA-induced oxidative stress irrespective of AHR ligand.
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Effect of contrast agent on images: Defect of the blood–brain barrier after stroke shown in MRI. T1-weighted images, left image without, right image with contrast medium administration. Gadolinium-based pharmaceuticals alter the relaxation time, and hence spectral line shape, of those protons that are in water molecules that are transiently attached to the paramagnetic atoms, resulting contrast enhancement of the MRI image. This allows better visualisation of some brain tumours.
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This made Forestle one of the few web search sites that are green certified. The number of search requests on Forestle.org continued to increase significantly: Within two months, it increased more than sixfold from about 4,000 per day on average in December 2008 to more than 24,000 per day in February 2009. The report about Forestle in a major German newspaper end of February 2009 transiently boosted the number of search events on Forestle.
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Covalent inhibitors can be designed to target a nucleophile that is unique or rare across a protein family. thereby ensuring that covalent bond formation cannot occur with most other family members. This approach can lead to high selectivity against closely related proteins because although the inhibitor might bind transiently to the active sites of such proteins, it will not covalently label them if they lack the targeted nucleophilic residue in the appropriate position.
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Progenitor cells in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus migrate to the nearby location and differentiate into granule cells. As a part of the limbic system, new neurons of the hippocampus maintain the function of controlling mood, learning and memory. In the dentate gyrus, putative stem cells, called type 1 cells, proliferate into type 2 and type 3 cells, which are transiently amplifying, lineage-determined progenitor cells. Type 1 cells in the hippocampus are multipotent in vitro.
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Though used frequently to treat farm animals and on occasion household pets, flumequine was also used to treat urinary tract infections in humans. Flumequine, was used transiently treat urinary infections until ocular toxicity was reported. as well as liver damage and anaphylactic shock. In 2008, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requested that all quinolone/fluoroquinolone drugs package inserts include a Black Boxed Warning concerning the risk of spontaneous tendon ruptures, which would have included flumequine.
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U6 snRNA-associated Sm-like protein LSm8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LSM8 gene. This gene is a member of the LSm family and encodes a protein with a closed barrel shape, made up of five anti-parallel beta strands and an alpha helix. The protein partners with six paralogs to form a heteroheptameric ring which transiently binds RNAs and is involved in the general maturation of RNA in the nucleus.
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As with many foreign proteins inserted into the human body, there is a risk of an immunological response against the therapeutic agent and the cells in which it is active. Since the protein must be expressed only transiently, however, the time over which a response may develop is short. Liu et al. respectively target ZFNickases to the endogenous b-casein(CSN2) locus stimulates lysostaphin and human lysozyme gene addition by homology-directed repair and derive secrete lysostaphin cows.
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It is postulated that the dissociation of Munc-18 from the complex frees syntaxin 1A to bind with the v-SNARE proteins. The next step in release is the docking of vesicles, where the v- and t-SNARE proteins transiently associate in a calcium-independent manner. The vesicles are then primed, wherein the SNARE motifs form a stable interaction between the vesicle and membrane. Complexins stabilize the primed SNARE-complex rendering the vesicles ready for rapid exocytosis.
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In law, the principle of imputation or attribution underpins the concept that ignorantia juris non excusat—ignorance of the law does not excuse. All laws are published and available for study in all developed states. The content of the law is imputed to all persons who are within the jurisdiction, no matter how transiently. This fiction tries to negate the unfairness of someone avoiding liability for an act or omission by simply denying knowledge of the law.
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Using Ca2+ imaging studies, researchers found two types of pacemaker cells which contained PDF in the accessory medulla, the circadian pacemaker of the cockroach, Rhyparobia maderae. Type 1 cells showed that PDF signaled via elevation of intracellular cAMP levels. In contrast, in type 2 cells PDF transiently raised intracellular Ca2+ levels even after blocking adenylyl cyclase activity. The researchers hypothesized that in type 1 cells PDF-dependent rises in cAMP concentrations block primarily outward K+ currents.
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During human and all vertebrate development, a series of pharyngeal arch pairs form in the developing embryo. These project forward from the back of the embryo towards the front of the face and neck. Each arch develops its own artery, nerve that controls a distinct muscle group, and skeletal tissue. The arches are numbered from 1 to 6, with 1 being the arch closest to the head of the embryo, and the fifth arch only existing transiently.
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Some E3 enzymes also activate the E2 enzymes. E3 enzymes possess one of two domains: the homologous to the E6-AP carboxyl terminus (HECT) domain and the really interesting new gene (RING) domain (or the closely related U-box domain). HECT domain E3s transiently bind ubiquitin in this process (an obligate thioester intermediate is formed with the active-site cysteine of the E3), whereas RING domain E3s catalyse the direct transfer from the E2 enzyme to the substrate.
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Moreover, many substances can exist in metastable states, such as with negative pressure, that survive only transiently and in very special conditions. Such facts, sometimes called 'anomalous', are some of the reasons for the thermodynamic definition of absolute temperature. In the early days of measurement of high temperatures, another factor was important, and used by Josiah Wedgwood in his pyrometer. The temperature reached in a process was estimated by the shrinkage of a sample of clay.
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Jänig et al. is a disagreement with the developmental research approach taken by Espinosa-Medina. Jänig et al. argue that many of the measured gene markers from Espinosa-Medina are only expressed transiently in the lumbrasacral region to assist in migration and differentiation of these cells. As such, these nerves necessarily share expression similarities with their neighboring sympathetic spinal nerves, but that alone does not make the nerves anything more than spinal in nature. Furthermore, Jänig et al.
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In 2011, rage on 3 is top video clips of the week as voted by the ABC ME audience to complement Stay Tuned. Since 2012, shorter broadcasts have aired transiently overnight during the week. Regular nightly airings of Rage for an hour on ABC ME started in July 2014, airing as the last program of the day. Since Saturday 21 March 2015 new segment "The Chart" counts down 20 of the most popular videos from the ARIA Singles Chart.
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Late preterm infants have immature gastrointestinal function and feeding difficulties that predispose them to in increase in enterohepatic circulation, decreased stool frequency, dehydration, and hyperbilirubinemia. Feeding during the birth hospitalization may be transiently successful, but not sustained after discharge. Feeding difficulties are associated with relatively low oromotor tone, function, and neural maturation also predispose these infants to dehydration and hyperbilirubinemia. Late Preterm Infants have an increased risk of being underweight and stunted at 12 and 24 months of age versus term infants.
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Alder–Reilly anomaly, or Alder anomaly, is an inherited abnormality of white blood cells associated with mucopolysaccharidosis. When blood smears and bone marrow preparations from patients with Alder–Reilly anomaly are stained and examined microscopically, large, coarse granules may be seen in their neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. The condition may be mistaken for toxic granulation, a type of abnormal granulation in neutrophils that occurs transiently in inflammatory conditions. In addition to mucopolysaccharidosis, Alder–Reilly anomaly may occur in lipofuscinosis and Tay–Sachs disease.
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This gene encodes a nuclear protein expressed in a variety of tissues. The rat homolog, Rp8, is transiently expressed in immature thymocytes and is thought to be involved in programmed cell death. Expression of the human gene has been shown to be repressed by BCL6, a transcriptional repressor required for lymph node germinal center development, suggesting that BCL6 regulates apoptosis by its effects on PDCD2. This gene is closely linked on chromosome 6 to the gene for TBP, the TATA binding protein.
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Until this occurs, many ophthalmologists and optometrists may miss the other signs and symptoms. Reduced vertical fusional reserves result from fatigue (stress, fever, other illnesses, a lot of near work) or simply the effects of old age. Diplopia from congenital fourth nerve palsy has occasionally been reported to manifest transiently during pregnancy. Congenital fourth nerve palsy may also become evident following cataract surgery once binocular vision is restored after a long period of progressive monocular visual loss and accompanying vergence decompensation.
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The S2 cells have been shown to grow up to 5.1×107 cells/ml in serum free medium and above 107 cells/ml in basal media such as that used in Schneider's experiments. ExpreS2ion Biotechnologies have shown a cell concentration of up 7.0x107 cell/ml. S2 cells are often used for expression of heterelogous proteins and can be used for large-scale production of proteins. Additionally, the cells can be easily transiently transfected with several plasmids at once to study protein interactions.
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Many cells produce specific carbohydrate- binding proteins known as lectins, which mediate cell adhesion with oligosaccharides. Selectins, a family of lectins, mediate certain cell–cell adhesion processes, including those of leukocytes to endothelial cells. In an immune response, endothelial cells can express certain selectins transiently in response to damage or injury to the cells. In response, a reciprocal selectin–oligosaccharide interaction will occur between the two molecules which allows the white blood cell to help eliminate the infection or damage.
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However, the authors note that the chimpanzee-specific papillomavirus sequence could have been the result of surface contamination of the zookeeper's skin, as opposed to productive infection. Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) can cause protuberant warts in its native host, the North American rabbit genus Sylvilagus. These horn-like warts may be the original basis for the urban legends of the American antlered rabbit the Jackalope and European Wolpertinger. European domestic rabbits (genus Oryctolagus) can be transiently infected with CRPV in a laboratory setting.
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Viral papilloma in a dog Individual papillomavirus types tend to be highly adapted to replication in a single animal species. In one study, researchers swabbed the forehead skin of a variety of zoo animals and used PCR to amplify any papillomavirus DNA that might be present. Although a wide variety of papillomavirus sequences were identified in the study, the authors found little evidence for inter-species transmission. One zookeeper was found to be transiently positive for a chimpanzee-specific papillomavirus sequence.
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It was built as the entry control point from the south in the city walls in 1612 by Giovanni Battista Aleotti and dedicated to the reigning Pope Paul V. During the French occupation, the gate transiently was renamed Porta Reno; presently the outer face sports the Pauline name, while the city-side retains a plaque with the latter name.Ferrara Terra and Acqua, tourism site. The buildings suffered damage during the 2012 earthquake, requiring restructuring.La Nuova Ferrara, article dated Jan 30, 2013.
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The exact mechanism for the reduction is unknown, although there are two hypothesized pathways. The first pathway is the transferral of electrons from one electron reduced ETF one at a time to the lower potential FAD center. One electron is transferred from the reduced FAD to the iron cluster, resulting in a two electron reduced state with one electron each on the FAD and cluster domains. Then, the bound ubiquinone is reduced to ubiquinol, at least transiently forming the singly reduced semiubiquinone.
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Wounds to the skin will be repaired in part by the migration of keratinocytes to fill in the gap created by the wound. The first set of keratinocytes to participate in that repair come from the bulge region of the hair follicle and will only survive transiently. Within the healed epidermis they will be replaced by keratinocytes originating from the epidermis. At the opposite, epidermal keratinocytes, can contribute to de novo hair follicle formation during the healing of large wounds.
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The rhombic lip is a posterior section of the developing metencephalon which can be recognized transiently within the vertebrate embryo. It extends posteriorly from the roof of the fourth ventricle to dorsal neuroepithelial cells. The rhombic lip can be divided into eight structural units based on rhombomeres 1-8 (r1-r8), which can be recognized at early stages of hindbrain development. Producing granule cells and five brainstem nuclei, the rhombic lip plays an important role in developing a complex cerebellar neural system.
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The small subset of Weibel–Palade bodies tethered at the cell periphery to the actin cortex serve as a readily releasable pool that's replenished by a larger pool of microtubule-associated bodies in the cell interior. The contents of Weibel–Palade bodies are secreted by one of three mechanisms. Some undergo exocytosis individually, while others fuse transiently to the plasma membrane in a "lingering kiss" that opens a pore large enough for only their smaller cargo (e.g. IL-8, CD63) to diffuse out.
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It can be seen in myocardial ischemia, propranolol use, digitalis use, rheumatic fever, and chronically in ischemic heart disease and other structural diseases (amyloidosis, mitral valve prolapse, aortic valve disease, and atrial septal defect). In symptomatic cases, intravenous atropine or isoproterenol may transiently improve conduction.Lilly, L. S., Pathophysiology of Heart Disease. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007 Sinus rhythm with acute inferior infarction complicated by Type I A-V block manifest in the form of 5:4 Wenckebach periods; R-P/P-R reciprocity.
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This gene encodes a protein belonging to the sprouty family. The encoded protein contains a carboxyl-terminal cysteine-rich domain essential for the inhibitory activity on receptor tyrosine kinase signaling proteins and is required for growth factor stimulated translocation of the protein to membrane ruffles. In primary dermal endothelial cells this gene is transiently upregulated in response to fibroblast growth factor two. This protein is indirectly involved in the non- cell autonomous inhibitory effect on fibroblast growth factor two signaling.
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Non-photochemical quenching is measured by the quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence and is distinguished from photochemical quenching by applying a bright light pulse to transiently saturate photochemical quenching thus removing its contribution from the observed quenching. Non-photochemical quenching is not affected if the pulse of light is short. During this pulse, the fluorescence reaches the level reached in the absence of any photochemical quenching, known as maximum fluorescence, F_m. For further discussion, see Measuring chlorophyll fluorescence and Plant stress measurement.
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Immediate early genes (IEGs) are genes which are activated transiently and rapidly in response to a wide variety of cellular stimuli. They represent a standing response mechanism that is activated at the transcription level in the first round of response to stimuli, before any new proteins are synthesized. Thus IEGs are distinct from "late response" genes, which can only be activated later, following the synthesis of early response gene products. Thus IEGs have been called the "gateway to the genomic response".
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In gram-negative bacteria, transient hemimethylation distinguishes the strands (the parental is methylated and daughter is not). However, in other prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the exact mechanism is not clear. It is suspected that, in eukaryotes, newly synthesized lagging-strand DNA transiently contains nicks (before being sealed by DNA ligase) and provides a signal that directs mismatch proofreading systems to the appropriate strand. This implies that these nicks must be present in the leading strand, and evidence for this has recently been found.
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Experimental evidence of the Sabatier principle was first demonstrated by Balandin in 1960. The concept of catalytic resonance was proposed on dynamic interpretation of the Sabatier volcano reaction plot. As described, extension of either side of the volcano plot above the peak defines the timescales of the two rate-limiting phenomena such as surface reaction(s) or desorption. For binding energy oscillation amplitudes that extend across the volcano peak, the amplitude endpoints intersect the transiently accessible faster timescales of independent reaction phenomena.
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PA is kept low in the bulk of the membrane in order to transiently burst and signal locally in high concentration. For example TREK-1 channels are activated by local association with PLD and production of PA. The dissociation constant of PA for TREK-1 is approximately 10 micromolar. The relatively weak binding combined with a low concentration of PA in the membrane allows the channel to turn off. The local high concentration for activation suggests at least some restrictions in local lipid diffusion.
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Most of the chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria that can oxidize elemental sulfur to sulfate are also able to oxidize thiosulfate to sulfate as a source of reducing power for carbon dioxide assimilation. However, the mechanisms that they utilize may vary, since some of them, such as the photosynthetic purple bacteria, transiently accumulate extracellular elemental sulfur during the oxidation of tetrathionate before oxidizing it to sulfate, while the green sulfur bacteria do not. A direct oxidation reaction (T. versutus ), as well as others that involve sulfite (T.
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The pyrophosphate, formed from the hydrolysis of the two high-energy bonds in ATP, is immediately hydrolyzed to two molecule of Pi by inorganic pyrophosphatase. This reaction is highly exergonic which drives the activation reaction forward and makes it more favorable. In the second step, the thiol group of a cytosolic coenzyme A attacks the acyl-adenylate, displacing AMP to form thioester fatty acyl-CoA. In the second reaction, acyl-CoA is transiently attached to the hydroxyl group of carnitine to form fatty acyl–carnitine.
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The double-stranded RNA panhandle structure is critical for efficient viral RNA synthesis, but potential interterminal double-stranded RNA interactions must be transiently relieved in order to recruit the viral polymerase. The S-segment RNA is approximately 3.5 kb, and encodes the viral nucleocapsid protein (NP) and glycoprotein (GPC). The L-segment RNA is approximately 7.2 kb, and encodes the viral RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (L) and a small RING-domain containing protein (Z). The Z protein forms homo oligomers and a structural component of the virions.
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Another case in the late 19th century showed that cerebral softening, when caused by hemorrhaging, can affect various neural pathways leading to convulsions, spasms, coma and death. A third case in 1898 followed the ten-day decline of a 66-year-old woman with cerebral softening. She had yellow softening which led to symptoms that started slowly with transient facial paralysis on the right side of the face. The limbs later became cold and the right side of the body transiently progressed between semi-paralysis and tetanus.
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Six hours later the storm was upgraded to intense tropical cyclone status. At 1800 UTC that day, Météo-France upgraded the system to very intense tropical cyclone status, the highest rating possible on their tropical cyclone intensity scale. Over the next day, Bruce transiently weakened to intense tropical cyclone status, but later regained the maximum classification at 0000 UTC on December 22\. Consequently, Bruce reached its peak intensity with winds of 220 km/h (145 mph) and a minimum pressure of 920 mbar (hPa; 27.17 inHg).
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However PKC is only active in the presence of calcium ions, and it is DAG that increases the affinity of PKC for Ca2+ and thereby renders it active at the physiological intracellular levels of this ion. Diacylglycerol and IP3 act transiently because both are rapidly metabolized. This is important as their message function should not linger after the message has been” received” by their target molecules. DAG can be phosphorylated to phosphatidate or it can be it can be hydrolysed to glycerol and its constituent fatty acids.
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Vesicle fusion is the merging of a vesicle with other vesicles or a part of a cell membrane. In the latter case, it is the end stage of secretion from secretory vesicles, where their contents are expelled from the cell through exocytosis. Vesicles can also fuse with other target cell compartments, such as a lysosome. Exocytosis occurs when secretory vesicles transiently dock and fuse at the base of cup-shaped structures at the cell plasma membrane called porosome, the universal secretory machinery in cells.
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Current notable faculty in the philosophy department include John McDowell, Robert Brandom, and Nicholas Rescher. There have been 31 university heads for the University of Pittsburgh. Beginning in the institution's academy days, the head of the school was referred to as Principal, a title that was retained until 1872 when it was changed to Chancellor by an alteration to the university's charter. This title of Chancellor has lasted except for a brief change during Wesley Posvar's administration when it was transiently switched to President.
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These are more restrictive constraints than the analogous ones on red-black trees, with the result that re-balancing an AA tree is procedurally much simpler than re-balancing a red- black tree. Insertions and deletions may transiently cause an AA tree to become unbalanced (that is, to violate the AA tree invariants). Only two distinct operations are needed for restoring balance: "skew" and "split". Skew is a right rotation to replace a subtree containing a left horizontal link with one containing a right horizontal link instead.
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The molecular mechanism by which expansin loosens the cellulosic network within the cell wall is not yet established in detail. However, expansin is hypothesized to disrupt the non-covalent adhesion or entrapment of hemicellulose on the surface of cellulose microfibrils. Hemicelluloses can tether cellulose microfibrils together, forming a strong load-bearing network. Expansin is thought to disrupt the cellulose-hemicellulose association transiently, allowing slippage or movement of cell wall polymers before the association reforms and the integrity of the cell wall network is reestablished.
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However, this method suffers from drawbacks of stability, since every time the labeled cell divides the signal is diluted. Modern cell labeling techniques such as rhodamine-lysinated dextran and the vital dye diI have also been developed to transiently mark neural crest lineages. The quail-chick marking system, devised by Nicole Le Douarin in 1969, was another instrumental technique used to track neural crest cells. Chimeras, generated through transplantation, enabled researchers to distinguish neural crest cells of one species from the surrounding tissue of another species.
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Recombinant IL-7 has been safely administered to patients in several phase I and II clinical trials. A human study of IL-7 in patients with cancer demonstrated that administration of this cytokine can transiently disrupt the homeostasis of both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells with a commensurate decrease in the percentage of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells. No objective cancer regression was observed, however a dose limiting toxicity (DLT) was not reached in this study due to the development of neutralizing antibodies against the recombinant cytokine.
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In 1991, three groups reported discovering CD154, which is the molecular basis of T cell helper function. Seth Lederman at Columbia University generated a murine monoclonal antibody, 5c8 that inhibited contact-dependent T cell helper function in human cells which characterized the 32 kDa surface protein transiently expressed on CD4+ T cells. Richard Armitage at Immunex cloned a cDNA encoding CD154 by screening an expression library with CD40-Ig. Randolph Noelle at Dartmouth Medical School generated an antibody that bound a 39 kDa protein on murine T cells and inhibited helper function.
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NASA has reported that modern laptops have crashed when Space Shuttle flights passed through the anomaly. In October 2012, the SpaceX CRS-1 Dragon spacecraft attached to the International Space Station experienced a transient problem as it passed through the anomaly. The SAA is believed to have started a series of events leading to the destruction of the Hitomi, Japan's most powerful X-ray observatory. The anomaly transiently disabled a direction- finding mechanism, causing the satellite to rely solely on gyroscopes that were not working properly, after which it spun itself apart.
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This increases a trillion-fold the probability of capture in another planetary system, compared with transport by a single comet. Such manipulation of comets is a speculative long-term prospect. The German physicist Claudius Gros has proposed that the technology developed by the Breakthrough Starshot initiative may be utilized in a second step to establish a biosphere of unicellular microbes on otherwise only transiently habitable astronomical objects. The aim of this initiative, the Genesis project, would be to fast forward evolution to a stage equivalent of the precambrian period on Earth.
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It has been argued that the non- normality of the eigenvalue problem associated with Couette (and indeed, Poiseuille) flow might explain that observed instability. That is, the eigenfunctions of the Orr–Sommerfeld operator are complete but non-orthogonal. Then, the energy of the disturbance contains contributions from all eigenfunctions of the Orr–Sommerfeld equation. Even if the energy associated with each eigenvalue considered separately is decaying exponentially in time (as predicted by the Orr–Sommerfeld analysis for the Couette flow), the cross terms arising from the non-orthogonality of the eigenvalues can increase transiently.
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Once the viral RNA has entered the cell, it begins to function as a messenger RNA for the production of phage proteins. The gene for the most abundant protein, the coat protein, can be immediately translated. The translation start of the replicase gene is normally hidden within RNA secondary structure, but can be transiently opened as ribosomes pass through the coat protein gene. Replicase translation is also shut down once large amounts of coat protein have been made; coat protein dimers bind and stabilize the RNA "operator hairpin", blocking the replicase start.
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Also, three primordially occurring but radioactive actinides, thorium, uranium, and plutonium, decay through a series of recurrently produced but unstable radioactive elements such as radium and radon, which are transiently present in any sample of these metals or their ores or compounds. Three other radioactive elements, technetium, promethium, and neptunium, occur only incidentally in natural materials, produced as individual atoms by nuclear fission of the nuclei of various heavy elements or in other rare nuclear processes. Human technology has produced various additional elements beyond these first 94, with those through atomic number 118 now known.
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Hydrophobic segments of membrane proteins exit sideways through the lateral gate into the lipid phase and become membrane-spanning segments. In E. coli, SecYEG complexes dimerize on the membrane. In eukaryotes, multiple copies of Sec61 come together and form a larger complex along with further components such as the oligosaccharyl transferase complex, the TRAP complex, and the membrane protein TRAM (possible chaperone). For further components, such as signal peptidase complex and the SRP receptor it is not clear to what extent they only associate transiently to the translocon complex.
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The noun form "supercoil" is often used in the context of DNA topology. Positively supercoiled (overwound) DNA is transiently generated during DNA replication and transcription, and, if not promptly relaxed, inhibits (regulates) these processes. The simple figure eight is the simplest supercoil, and is the shape a circular DNA assumes to accommodate one too many or one too few helical twists. The two lobes of the figure eight will appear rotated either clockwise or counterclockwise with respect to one another, depending on whether the helix is over- or underwound.
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These combined actions collect unicellular algae and other particles from the plankton. Muscles connected to the valves can quickly narrow the slender aperture at the base of the triangle, expelling most of the fluid volume in a sort of a sneeze that can flush undesirable material that enters the funnel. Combined with the action of long muscle fibers connected to the apical organ and corona, the entire body can transiently collapse between the valves. In feeding cyphonautes such as Membranipora's, rudiments of the adult body are not apparent in young larvae.
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MNase-seq does not measure chromatin accessibility as directly as FAIRE-seq. However, unlike FAIRE-seq, it does not necessarily require crosslinking, nor does it rely on sonication, but it may require phenol and chloroform extraction. Two major disadvantages of FAIRE-seq, relative to the other three classes, are the minimum required input of 100,000 cells and the reliance on crosslinking. Crosslinking may bind other chromatin-bound proteins that transiently interact with DNA, hence limiting the amount of non-crosslinked DNA that can be recovered and assayed from the aqueous phase.
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In 1991, three groups reported discovering CD154. Seth Lederman, Michael Yellin, and Leonard Chess at Columbia University generated a murine monoclonal antibody, 5c8, that inhibited contact-dependent T cell helper function in human cells and which characterized a 32 kDa surface protein transiently expressed on activated CD4+ T cells. Richard Armitage at Immunex cloned a cDNA encoding CD154 by screening an expression library with CD40-Ig. Randolph Noelle at Dartmouth Medical School generated an antibody that bound a 39 kDa protein on murine T cells and inhibited helper function.
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The portion of the protein integral to myogenesis regulation requires the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain that is conserved among all of the genes in the MRF family. MYF6 is expressed exclusively in skeletal muscle, and it is expressed at a higher levels in adult skeletal muscle than all of the other MRF family genes. In mouse, Myf6/Mrf4 differs somewhat from the other MRF genes due to its two-phase expression. Initially, Myf6 is transiently expressed along with Myf-5 in the somites during the early stages of myogenesis.
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This secretion is possible because the vesicle transiently fuses with the plasma membrane. In the context of neurotransmission, neurotransmitters are typically released from synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft via exocytosis; however, neurotransmitters can also be released via reverse transport through membrane transport proteins. Exocytosis is also a mechanism by which cells are able to insert membrane proteins (such as ion channels and cell surface receptors), lipids, and other components into the cell membrane. Vesicles containing these membrane components fully fuse with and become part of the outer cell membrane.
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Mannucci PM, Ruggeri ZM, Pareti FI, Capitanio A. 1-Deamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin: a new pharmacological approach to the management of haemophilia and von Willebrands' diseases. Lancet 1977;1:869-72. This substance, when administered intravenously or intranasally, elevates factor VIII levels transiently, and was found to be useful in treating minor bleeding episodes or in preventing postoperative hemorrhage when given prior to minor surgical operations in patients with mild to moderate hemophilia or some types of von Willebrand disease. Lusher introduced the hemostatic use of desmopressin to the United States.
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Porosomes are permanent cup-shaped lipoprotein structure at the cell plasma membrane, where secretory vesicles transiently dock and fuse to release intra-vesicular contents from the cell. Secretion in bacterial species means the transport or translocation of effector molecules for example: proteins, enzymes or toxins (such as cholera toxin in pathogenic bacteria for example Vibrio cholerae) from across the interior (cytoplasm or cytosol) of a bacterial cell to its exterior. Secretion is a very important mechanism in bacterial functioning and operation in their natural surrounding environment for adaptation and survival.
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The Swienca family was a medieval Pomeranian noble family which held high offices under various political powers in the Lands of Schlawe and Stolp (Sławno and Słupsk) and Pomerelia from the mid-13th to the mid-14th centuries. It is named after its founder, Swienca or Swieca (Polish Święca, German Swenzo; referred to as Swenzo, Swenso or Suenzo in contemporary documentsCf. the respective entries in Pommersches Urkundenbuch and Pomerellisches Urkundenbuch), the elder of two brothers. In Pomerelia, the Swiencas were transiently the most powerful family after the dukes.
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Mediator complex architecture with focus on the disordered "spline" of Med 14 The yeast mediator complex is approximately as massive as a small subunit of a eukaryotic ribosome. The yeast mediator is composed of 25 subunits, while the mammalian mediator complexes are slightly larger. Mediator can be divided onto 4 main parts: The head, middle, tail, and the transiently associated CDK8 kinase module. Mediator subunits have many intrinsically disordered regions called "splies", which may be important to allow the structural changes of mediator that change the function of the complex.
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The Worji historically populated an area in south-eastern Ethiopia within the Oromiyaa Region. Today, they are found primarily in their modern hometown of Daleti and in numerous pastoral communities scattered throughout the regions of Shewa and Wollo. Some have settled in major cities within these former provinces, most prominently in Addis Ababa and Kemise. Due to their longstanding livelihoods as merchants, members of the Worji community can be found transiently in cities all across Ethiopia According to the 2007 Ethiopian census carried out by the Central Statistical Agency, the Worji population numbered 13,232 individuals.
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The cartoon depicts a GABAergic synapse in adult rat brain where GABA is released exocytotically and acts upon specific post- synaptic receptors. The signal is terminated by removal of GABA from the synaptic cleft by transport of GABA back into the nerve terminal by the plasma membrane GABA transporter (GAT) 1. GABA transporters in the plasma membrane help in regulating the concentration of GABA in the extracellular matrix by reabsorbing the transmitter and clearing the synapse. They transiently bind to GABA in the extracellular matrix and translocate the transmitter in the cytoplasm.
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Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) may be infused in some cases in order to decrease the rate at which macrophages consume antibody-tagged platelets. However, while sometimes effective, it is costly and produces improvement that generally lasts less than a month. Nevertheless, in the case of an ITP patient already scheduled for surgery who has a dangerously low platelet count and has experienced a poor response to other treatments, IVIg can rapidly increase platelet counts, and can also help reduce the risk of major bleeding by transiently increasing platelet counts.
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C/EBPβ and δ are transiently induced during the early stages of adipocyte differentiation (adipogenesis), while C/EBPα is upregulated during the terminal stages of adipogenesis. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that each plays an important role in this process. For example, Murine Embryonic Fibroblasts (MEFs) from mice lacking both C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ show impaired adipocyte differentiation in response to adipogenic stimuli. In contrast, ectopic expression of C/EBPβ and δ in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes promotes adipogenesis, even in the absence of adipogenic stimuli.
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Water on Mars is found frozen in its polar ice caps, and newly carved gullies recently observed on Mars suggest that liquid water may exist, at least transiently, on the planet's surface. At the Martian low temperatures and low pressure, liquid water is likely to be highly saline. As for Europa and Enceladus, large global oceans of liquid water exist beneath these moons' icy outer crusts. This water may be warmed to a liquid state by volcanic vents on the ocean floor, but the primary source of heat is probably tidal heating.
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Blau showed that telomere dysfunction in conjunction with dystrophin deficiency plays a central role in the skeletal muscle wasting and fatal cardiomyopathy characteristic of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Her lab's novel technologies enable rapid, transient and robust elongation of telomeres to overcome cellular dysfunction due to short telomeres, which have translational applications. Dr. Blau's lab applied evolutionary lessons from newts and salamanders that regenerate limbs to identify genes that constitute barriers to regeneration. By transiently alleviating these brakes on the cell cycle, post-mitotic cells are induced to divide, reconstituting a regenerative cell source.
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The origin of Typhoon Vera can be traced back to a diffuse area of low pressure first incorporated into surface weather analysis early on September 20\. At the time, the disturbance was situated between Guam and Chuuk State. Though the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) did not classify the incipient system as a tropical cyclone, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) analyzed the disturbance to be a tropical depression as early as 0000 UTC that day. Initially, the depression tracked westward, but transiently shifted to a more northerly course on September 21.
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His major work as a scriptural geologist was A Comparative Estimate of the Mineral and Mosaical Geologies, published in 1822. Penn added a supplement in 1823 in response to Buckland's theory on Kirkdale Cave, and then revised and enlarged it to two volumes in 1825 in response to criticisms. Like most Scriptural geologists, Penn, whose name became indelibly associated with Scriptural geology, participated only transiently with it during his career. For example, between the production of his book when he was 62 and his death in 1844 he focused on philological scholarship.
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This work established that MDCK cells do not lose contacts with neighbors during the onset of branching morphogenesis, but that canonical markers of cell polarity are transiently lost. One outcome of this shift in polarity is the reorientation of cell division along a newly growing branch of cells, in order to correctly position daughter cells to continue branch extension. Cell motility by which MDCK cells produce and elongate branches was linked with these polarity changes. These findings were integrated into a model for branching morphogenesis focused on the transient rearrangement of cell polarity signaling.
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RNA interference (RNAi) methods can be used to transiently silence or knock down gene expression using ~20 base-pair double-stranded RNA typically delivered by transfection of synthetic ~20-mer short-interfering RNA molecules (siRNAs) or by virally encoded short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs). RNAi screens, typically performed in cell culture-based assays or experimental organisms (such as C. elegans) can be used to systematically disrupt nearly every gene in a genome or subsets of genes (sub-genomes); possible functions of disrupted genes can be assigned based on observed phenotypes.
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Model of ligand exchange copper transfer from Atx1 to Ccc2 ATOX1 transfers Cu(I) to transporters ATP7A and ATP7B. Transfer occurs via a ligand exchange mechanism, where Cu(I) transiently adopts a 3-coordinate geometry with cysteine ligands from ATOX1 and the associated transporter. The ligand exchange mechanism allows for faster exchange than a diffusion mechanism and imparts specificity for both the metal and transporter. Since the ligand exchange accelerates that transfer and the reaction has a shallow thermodynamic gradient, it is said to be under kinetic control rather than thermodynamic control.
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Non- covalent interactions are critical in maintaining the three-dimensional structure of large molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids. In addition, they are also involved in many biological processes in which large molecules bind specifically but transiently to one another (see the properties section of the DNA page). These interactions also heavily influence drug design, crystallinity and design of materials, particularly for self-assembly, and, in general, the synthesis of many organic molecules. Intermolecular forces are non-covalent interactions that occur between different molecules, rather than between different atoms of the same molecule.
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However, accumulation of partially empty vesicles following secretion strongly favors the kiss-and-run mechanism, suggesting that during the secretory process, only a portion of the vesicular contents are able to exit the cell, which could only be possible if secretory vesicles were to temporarily establish continuity with the cell plasma membrane, expel a portion of their contents, then detach and reseal. Since porosomes are permanent structures at the cell plasma membrane measuring just a fraction of the secretory vesicle size, demonstrates that secretory vesicles "transiently" dock and establish continuity, as opposed to complete collapse.
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Under basal conditions, the regulated pathway is essentially inactive, being transiently activated only upon the induction of long-term potentiation. This pathway is responsible for synaptic strengthening and the initial formation of new memories. In the constitutive pathway, GluA1-lacking AMPA receptors, usually GluR2-GluR3 heteromeric receptors, replace the GluA1-containing receptors in a one-for-one, activity-independent manner, preserving the total number of AMPA receptors in the synapse. This pathway is responsible for the maintenance of new memories, sustaining the transient changes resulting from the regulated pathway.
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Oakthorpe Park is a small park and a larger, informal and transiently used neighbourhood name denoting a small fraction of the south of the London Borough of Enfield in Palmers Green, north London, UK. It is situated next to the North Circular. Rarely marked on maps, the Oakthorpe Park neighbourhood corresponds to part of the 2004 to date Bowes ward and its nearest train or underground stations are at Wood Green, Palmers Green, Bounds Green and Bowes Park. The A406 road North Circular Road passes east–west through the north of the neighbourhood.
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Renalase levels are markedly reduced in patients with severe chronic kidney disease (end-stage renal disease, ESRD). Since hormones like erythropoietin are secreted less in ESRD, renalase may also be a kidney hormone, although it is also expressed in heart muscle, skeletal muscle and liver cells in humans, and in mouse testicles. Renalase has been controversially proposed to degrade catecholamines, which are hormones involved in the acute stress (fight-or-flight) response. Injection of renalase in rodents transiently decreases blood pressure, heart rate, heart muscle contractility, and blood vessel resistance.
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When Allo was first introduced, its developers talked about storing non-incognito messages only "transiently and in non-identifiable form". At launch, Google revealed that they would instead store all non-incognito messages indefinitely (or until the user deleted them) in order to improve the built-in "smart reply" feature. Russell Brandom of The Verge commented that "the decision will have significant consequences for law enforcement access to Allo messages. By default, Allo messages will now be accessible to lawful warrant requests, the same as message data in Gmail and Hangouts".
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In Europe, BVDV-2 was first isolated in the UK in 2000 and currently represents up to 11% of BVD cases in Europe. Transmission of BVDV occurs both horizontally and vertically with both persistently and transiently infected animals excreting infectious virus. Virus is transmitted via direct contact, bodily secretions and contaminated fomites, with the virus being able to persist in the environment for more than two weeks. Persistently infected animals are the most important source of the virus, continuously excreting a viral load one thousand times that shed by acutely infected animals.
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The pKH9 plasmid has a rep gene. Although these genes are known to be necessary for the replication of some plasmids, when this rep gene was eliminated from the pKH9 plasmid, the plasmid was still able to replicate. Another region of the pKH9 plasmid was found that was necessary for replication, and an ARRPOF motif occurs in part of this region. Because plasmid replication involves DNA molecules that are transiently single-stranded, it was also suggested that it is possible that the ARRPOF motif functions as single-stranded DNA and not as RNA.
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In addition, the human ESCRT-II has been shown to form a complex with RNA polymerase II elongation factor ELL in order to exert transcriptional control activity. ESCRT-II transiently associates with the endosomal membrane and thereby initiates the formation of ESCRT-III, a membrane-associated protein complex that functions immediately downstream of ESCRT-II during sorting of MVB cargo. ESCRT-II in turn functions downstream of ESCRT-I, a protein complex that binds to ubiquitinated endosomal cargo. ESCRT-II is a trilobal complex composed of two copies of vps25, one copy of vps22 and the C-terminal region of vps36.
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The first protein structures of a dTDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase (RmlB) were completed by Jim Thoden in the Hazel Holden lab (University of Wisconsin–Madison) and Simon Allard in the Jim Naismith lab (University of St Andrews). Further structural, mutagenic, and enzymatic studies by both groups, along with important mechanistic work by the W. Wallace Cleland and Perry Frey groups have led to a good understanding of this enzyme. In brief summary, the enzyme is a dimeric protein with a Rossmann fold; it uses the tightly bound coenzyme NAD+ for transiently oxidizing the substrate, activating it for the dehydration step.
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This can initiate calcium spikes or calcium waves with large changes in the membrane potential. These can activate a series of second messenger system proteins that can coordinate processes such as neurotransmitter release in nerve cells and release of hormones in endocrine cells. Ca2+ influx to the mitochondrial matrix has recently been implicated as a mechanism to regulate respiratory bioenergetics by allowing the electrochemical potential across the membrane to transiently "pulse" from ΔΨ-dominated to pH-dominated, facilitating a reduction of oxidative stress. In neurons, concomitant increases in cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium act to synchronize neuronal activity with mitochondrial energy metabolism.
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Within the vast cyber-ecosystem, these end nodes often attach transiently to one or more clouds/networks, some trustworthy and others not. A few examples: a corporate desktop browsing the Internet, a corporate laptop checking company webmail via a coffee shop's open Wi-Fi access point, a personal computer used to telecommute during the day and gaming at night, or app within a smartphone/tablet (or any of the previous use/device combinations). Even if fully updated and tightly locked down, these nodes may ferry malware from one network (e.g. a corrupted webpage or an infected email message) into another, sensitive network.
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We simply underscore that the approaches differ, and that Gbcast would be ineffective if timeouts are set overly aggressively. One extreme scenario is worthy of further mention: network partitioning events. Modern data centers and networks often experience events in which a single machine and all the processes on it becomes transiently partitioned from a larger pool of machines that remain connected to one another. Such cases are treated as failures in Gbcast, but if the surviving, connected members include a sufficiently large number of processes, the majority portion of the system will simply reconfigure itself to exclude the disconnected member.
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The hemolysin portion of the protein then binds to the target membrane and inserts itself into the bilayer. The adenylate cyclase (AC) domain is then translocated across the cytoplasmic membrane into the cytoplasm. Translocation of the AC domain is independent of cytotoxic pore- forming activity, as these two activities require to toxin to adopt different conformations. The transiently opened pores do, however, contribute to AC domain function by potassium leakage and calcium influx into the target cell, which slows endocytosis of CR3/adenylate cyclase toxin clusters, also, the CR3/toxin complex is mobilized by detachment from the cytoskeleton.
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The largest NSC population in the brain is found in the SVZ. The SVZ is considered a micro-environment called a "stem cell niche" that retains the NSC's capacity of self-renewing and multipotency. Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), Notch-1, sonic hedgehog (SHH), noggin, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), and a soluble carbohydrate-binding protein, Galectin-1, are reported as factors that maintain such properties of NSC in stem cell niche. Like stem cells in SGZ, progenitor cells in SVZ also differentiate into neurons and form an intermediate cell called a transiently amplifying cell (TAC).
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In 2016 Gros studied the feasibility of a low-cost interstellar mission, aiming to establish a biosphere of unicellular organisms on otherwise only transiently habitable exoplanets, fast-forwarding evolution potentially by several billion years. The long mission duration would imply, according to Gros, that the Genesis Project would not have any tangible benefit for humanity. The initial acceleration could be achieved by laser propulsion, akin to that envisioned by the Breakthrough Starshot project, with passive deceleration at the target using magnetic sails. Overall, the probe would weight about 1.5 tons and travel at 0.3 percent of the speed of light.
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However, Foxp3 is also transiently expressed in activated human effector T cells, thus complicating a correct Treg analysis using CD4, CD25 and Foxp3 as markers in humans. Therefore, some research groups use another marker, the absence or low-level expression of the surface protein CD127 in combination with the presence of CD4 and CD25. Several additional markers have been described, e.g., high levels of CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated molecule-4) and GITR (glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor) are also expressed on regulatory T cells, however the functional significance of this expression remains to be defined.
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One study has shown that Chromera may have a symbiotic role within corals, being vertically transmitted from parent to offspring Montipora digitata via the coral's egg stage. The Chromera cells could be cultured from the M.digitata eggs and were subsequently used to transiently colonise Acropora coral larvae. Chromera's known host range therefore includes the corals M. digitata, P. versipora (type host) and L. purpurea (alternate host), and extends through tropical and temperate waters. The symbiont may obtain metabolites from the host, and it has been proposed this may potentially increase its growth rate inside the host.
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The signal sequence and adjacent portions of the polypeptide chain are inserted in the TOM complex, then begin interaction with a translocase of the inner membrane (TIM) complex, which are hypothesized to be transiently linked at sites of close contact between the two membranes. The signal sequence is then translocated into the matrix in a process that requires an electrochemical hydrogen ion gradient across the inner membrane. Mitochondrial Hsp70 binds to regions of the polypeptide chain and maintains it in an unfolded state as it moves into the matrix.B. Alberts, A. Johnson, J. Lewis, M. Raff,.
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CRISPR overview Researchers are working on a gene editing method to correct a mutation that leads to Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Researchers used a technique called CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing, which can precisely remove a mutation in the dystrophin gene in DNA, allowing the body's DNA repair mechanisms to replace it with a normal copy of the gene. The benefit of this over other gene therapy techniques is that it can permanently correct the "defect" in a gene rather than just transiently adding a "functional" one. Genome editing through the CRISPR/Cas9 system is not currently feasible in humans.
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Between muscle relaxations intramuscular pressure transiently returns to a level below the venous blood pressure and blood from the capillary system refills the veins until the next contraction. It is postulated that this change in pressure may be great enough to draw blood from the arterial side to the venous side. It is hypothesized that this pressure drop during rhythmic contraction actually increases blood flow through the muscle and may be responsible for a portion of the increase in muscle blood flow immediately at the onset of activity.Sheriff D. Point: The muscle pump raises muscle blood flow during locomotion.
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If untreated, it can lead to corneal ulceration and ultimately to blindness as a result of corneal damage. Xerophthalmia usually implies a destructive dryness of the conjunctival epithelium due to dietary vitamin A deficiency—a rare condition in developed countries, but still causing much damage in developing countries. Other forms of dry eye are associated with aging, poor lid closure, scarring from a previous injury, or autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and Sjögren's syndrome, and these can all cause chronic conjunctivitis. Radioiodine therapy can also induce xerophthalmia, often transiently, although in some patients late onset or persistent xerophthalmia has been observed.
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However, studies have shown that diabetic patients fail to compensate for this transiently increased blood glucose release, resulting in hyperglycemia. This resulting hyperglycemia is clinically relevant in diabetic patients as its lasting effects can lead to overall poor glycemic control. In Type 1 diabetics hyperglycemia due to the dawn phenomenon can persist despite adequate insulin compensation overnight, while in Type 2 diabetics the dawn phenomenon has been shown to be resistant to treatment with both oral medications and diet modifications. An "extended" dawn phenomenon has also been observed in which the abnormal increase in blood glucose levels continues after breakfast.
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Sequence 3 cannot be completely reconstructed without an additional outgroup sequence (uncertainty indicated by an "X"). Unlike conventional evolutionary and biochemical approaches to studying proteins, i.e. the so-called horizontal comparison of related protein homologues from different branch ends of the tree of life; ASR probes the statistically inferred ancestral proteins within the nodes of the tree – in a vertical manner (see diagram, right). This approach gives access to protein properties that may have transiently arisen over evolutionary time and has recently been used as a way to infer the potential selection pressures that resulted in the present day sequences seen today.
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It is rapidly and transiently induced, within 15 minutes of stimulation. Its activity is also regulated by posttranslational modification caused by phosphorylation by different kinases, like MAPK, CDC2, PKA or PKC which influence protein stability, DNA-binding activity and the trans-activating potential of the transcription factors. It can cause gene repression as well as gene activation, although different domains are believed to be involved in both processes. It is involved in important cellular events, including cell proliferation, differentiation and survival; genes associated with hypoxia; and angiogenesis; which makes its dysregulation an important factor for cancer development.
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Recent models have shown that, even with a dense CO2 atmosphere, early Mars was colder than Earth has ever been. Transiently warm conditions related to impacts or volcanism could have produced conditions favoring the formation of the late Noachian valley networks, even though the mid-late Noachian global conditions were probably icy. Local warming of the environment by volcanism and impacts would have been sporadic, but there should have been many events of water flowing at the surface of Mars. Both the mineralogical and the morphological evidence indicates a degradation of habitability from the mid Hesperian onward.
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People with a recent history of diarrheal illness are at increased risk of becoming colonized by C. difficile when exposed to spores, including laxative abuse and gastrointestinal pathogens. Disturbances that increase intestinal motility are thought to transiently elevate the concentration of available dietary sugars, allowing C. difficile to proliferate and gain a foothold in the gut. Although not all colonization events lead to disease, asymptomatic carriers remain colonized for years at a time. During this time, the abundance of C. difficile varies considerably day- to-day, causing periods of increased shedding that could substantially contribute to community-acquired infection rates.
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Santi Simone e Giuda is a Gothic-romanesque-style, Roman Catholic church located in Spoleto, Province of Perugia, Umbria, Italy. In 1250, a Franciscan friar named Simone da Collazone, much admired for his faith and virtues, died in Spoleto. His fellow companions soon petitioned for canonization from Pope Innocent IV, and in expectation that his tomb would become a destination for pilgrimage, they enlarged the convent and begun this church in 1254. Because Simone da Collazone was not yet (and alas never achieved sainthood), the church was dedicated instead, for what they expected to be transiently, to St Simon the Apostle.
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"Cytokinesis: Centralspindlin Moonlights as a Membrane Anchor", Current Biology, 18 February 2013 These filamentous structures are also present during multivesicular body formation and function as a ring-like fence that plugs the budding vesicle to prevent cargo proteins from escaping into the cell's cytosol. ESCRT-III exists and functions as follows: The ESCRT-III complex differs from all other ESCRT machinery in that it exists only transiently and contains both essential and nonessential components. The essential subunits must assemble in the proper order (Vps20, Snf7, Vps24, then Vps2) for the machinery to function. Nonessential subunits include Vps60, Did2, and Ist1.
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The draft document has 31 articles, organized in 8 chapters. Its provisions touch mostly constitutional law. Article 2 establishes Taiwan as the "Taiwan Special Political Area of PRC, or Taiwan SPA of PRC for short" (); this appears to be an administrative division of the PRC distinct from the Special Administrative Region espoused by the PRC government for Taiwan. Curiously, it allows Chinese people loyal (or having affinity) to the Republic of China to transiently view the mainland as "The Mainland Special Political Area of ROC, or The Mainland SPA of ROC" (中華民國大陸特別政治區).
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This leads to increased cell survival, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In humans and mice, periostin undergoes alternative splicing in its C-terminal region, resulting in specific isoforms that can be observed in a broad range of cancers such as pancreatic, colon, and breast cancer. While periostin plays a wide variety of roles in tissue development along with disease, its function in tissue remodeling as a response to injury is a common underlying role in these different mechanisms. Periostin is transiently upregulated during cell fate changes, whether they are related to alterations in physiology or to pathological changes.
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Chemical structure of 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid. The epoxyeicosatrienoic acids or EETs are signaling molecules formed within various types of cells by the metabolism of arachidonic acid by a specific subset of Cytochrome P450 enzymes termed cytochrome P450 epoxygenases. These nonclassic eicosanoids are generally short-lived, being rapidly converted from epoxides to less active or inactive dihydroxy-eicosatrienoic acids (diHETrEs) by a widely distributed cellular enzyme, Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), also termed Epoxide hydrolase 2. The EETs consequently function as transiently acting, short-range hormones; that is, they work locally to regulate the function of the cells that produce them (i.e.
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Trifluralin undergoes an extremely complex fate in the environment and is transiently transformed into many different products as it degrades, ultimately being incorporated into soil-bound residues or converted to carbon dioxide (mineralized). Among the more unusual behaviors of trifluralin is inactivation in wet soils. This has been linked to transformation of the herbicide by reduced soil minerals, which in turn had been previously reduced by soil microorganisms using them as electron acceptors in the absence of oxygen. This environmental degradation process has been reported for many structurally related herbicides (dinitroanilines) as well as a variety of explosives like TNT and picric acid.
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Suppose the PDE is of the form :y_t = A y where A is a linear differential operator in x. In general, A is not a normal operator. While the large-time behaviour of y is still determined by the eigenvalues of A, the behaviour which takes place before this large-time behaviour may be dramatically different. In particular, while the eigenvalues of A may all have negative real part, which would predict that y decays exponentially at large times and that the trivial state y=0 is stable, it is possible for y to grow transiently and become large before decaying.
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This issue is addressed with special algorithms, like consistent hashing, as it is the case in Amazon's Dynamo. Within a vast computer network, the individual computers on the periphery of the network, those that do not also connect other networks, and those that often connect transiently to one or more clouds are called end nodes. Typically, within the cloud computing construct, the individual user or customer computer that connects into one well-managed cloud is called an end node. Since these computers are a part of the network yet unmanaged by the cloud's host, they present significant risks to the entire cloud.
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Corbetta and Shulman, who are proponents of the belief that separate neural systems exist for endogenous and exogenous control, conducted a meta-analysis of multiple studies showing brain activation due to either of the two attentional processes. Specifically, the dorsal posterior parietal and frontal cortex region are mainly implicated with voluntary attention, while activity is transiently shown in the occipital region. The endogenous mechanisms are thought to integrate previous knowledge, expectations and goals to voluntarily decide where to shift attention. On the other hand, neural areas involved in reflexive attention are believed to have the purpose of focusing attention on events or objects that stand out in the environment.
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ISCU encodes a component of the iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster scaffold responsible for the synthesis and maturation of [2Fe-2S] and [4Fe-4S] clusters. Fe-S clusters are cofactors that play a role in the function of a diverse set of enzymes, including those that regulate metabolism, iron homeostasis, and oxidative stress response. In one process, the [2Fe-2S] cluster transiently assembles on ISCU and is then transferred to GLRX5 in a cysteine desulfurase complex NFS1-LYRM4/ISD11 dependent process. ISCU has two isoforms, isoform 1, which is found in the mitochondrion and isoform 2, which is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm.
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Newer research suggests otherwise. A 1993 meta-analysis concludes that oral contraceptive use is associated with a slightly and transiently increased rate of gallbladder disease, but laters confirms that modern low-dose oral contraceptives are safer than older formulas, though an effect cannot be excluded. A 2001 comparative study of the IMS LifeLink Health Plan Claims Database interpreted that in a large cohort of women using oral contraceptives, there was found a small, statistically significant increase in the risk of gallbladder disease associated with desogestrel, drospirenone and norethisterone compared with levonorgestrel. No statistically significant increase in risk was associated with the other formulations of oral contraceptive (etynodiol diacetate, norgestrel and norgestimate).
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Flock House virus (FHV) is in the alphanodavirus genus of the Nodaviridae family of viruses. Flock House virus was isolated from a grass grub (Costelytra Zealandica) at the Flock House research station in Bulls, New Zealand. FHV is an extensively studied virus and is considered a model system for the study of other non-enveloped RNA viruses owing to its small size and genetic tractability, particularly to study the role of the transiently exposed hydrophobic gamma peptide and the metastability of the viral capsid. FHV can be engineered in insect cell culture allowing for the tailored production of native or mutant authentic virions or virus-like-particles.
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Since ZFN-encoding plasmids could be used to transiently express ZFNs to target a DSB to a specific gene locus in human cells, they offer an excellent way for targeted delivery of the therapeutic genes to a pre-selected chromosomal site. The ZFN-encoding plasmid-based approach has the potential to circumvent all the problems associated with the viral delivery of therapeutic genes. The first therapeutic applications of ZFNs are likely to involve ex vivo therapy using a patients own stem cells. After editing the stem cell genome, the cells could be expanded in culture and reinserted into the patient to produce differentiated cells with corrected functions.
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Its complicated technology, and potential contamination with animal viruses of mammalian cell expression have also placed a constraint on its use in large-scale industrial production. Cultured mammalian cell lines such as the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), COS, including human cell lines such as HEK and HeLa may be used to produce protein. Vectors are transfected into the cells and the DNA may be integrated into the genome by homologous recombination in the case of stable transfection, or the cells may be transiently transfected. Examples of mammalian expression vectors include the adenoviral vectors, the pSV and the pCMV series of plasmid vectors, vaccinia and retroviral vectors, as well as baculovirus.
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Macropinocytosis is a clathrin- independent endocytic mechanism that can be activated in practically all animal cells. In most cell types, it does not occur continuously but rather is induced for a limited time in response to cell-surface receptor activation by specific cargoes, including growth factors, ligands of integrins, apoptotic cell remnants, and some viruses. These ligands activate a complex signaling pathway, resulting in a change in actin dynamics and the formation of cell- surface protrusions, called ruffles. When ruffles collapse back onto the membrane, large fluid-filled endocytic vesicles form, called macropinosomes which can transiently increase the bulk fluid uptake of a cell by up to tenfold.
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Listing's law persists but takes on a torsional bias when the head is held at a tilted posture and the eyes counter-roll, and when the head is held steady upward or downward Listing's plane tilts slightly in the opposite direction. When larger 'gaze saccades' are accompanied by a head movement, Listing's law cannot be maintained constantly because VOR movements occur during or toward the end of the movement sequence. In this case, saccades take on torsional components equal and opposite to the oncoming torsional movements such that Listing's law is transiently violated, but the eye ends up at zero torsion in the end. Listing's law does not hold during sleep.
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Boyle's air pump Boyle's great merit as a scientific investigator is that he carried out the principles which Francis Bacon espoused in the Novum Organum. Yet he would not avow himself a follower of Bacon, or indeed of any other teacher. On several occasions he mentions that to keep his judgment as unprepossessed as might be with any of the modern theories of philosophy, until he was "provided of experiments" to help him judge of them. He refrained from any study of the atomical and the Cartesian systems, and even of the Novum Organum itself, though he admits to "transiently consulting" them about a few particulars.
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Sometimes, people get married who have nationalities or domiciles. This can produce serious problems for the parties and for the court systems which are expected to accept jurisdiction over persons sometimes only transiently within their territorial boundaries, and to enforce the judgments and orders of foreign courts. These more technical problems can be made worse by any personal animosity between the parties which contributed to the marital breakdown. In some more extreme cases, spouses move themselves and/or their assets to other jurisdictions to evade their obligations or liabilities, or they move to establish personal jurisdiction so that they can engage in forum shopping.
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RNA- binding proteins exhibit highly specific recognition of their RNA targets by recognizing their sequences and structures. Specific binding of the RNA- binding proteins allow them to distinguish their targets and regulate a variety of cellular functions via control of the generation, maturation, and lifespan of the RNA transcript. This interaction begins during transcription as some RBPs remain bound to RNA until degradation whereas others only transiently bind to RNA to regulate RNA splicing, processing, transport, and localization. In this section, three classes of the most widely studied RNA- binding domains (RNA-recognition motif, double-stranded RNA-binding motif, zinc-finger motif) will be discussed.
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Embryonic cTnT with more negative charge at the N-terminal region exerts higher calcium sensitivity of actomyosin ATPase activity and myofilament force production, compared with the adult cardiac TnT, as well as a higher tolerance to acidosis. TNNT2 gene is transiently expressed in embryonic and neonatal skeletal muscles in both avian and mammalian organisms. When TNNT2 is expressed in neonatal skeletal muscle, the alternative splicing of exon 5 exhibits a synchronized regulation to that in the heart in a species-specific manner. This phenomenon indicates that alternative splicing of TNNT2 pre-mRNA is under the control of a genetically built- in systemic biological clock.
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Translation of protein in prokaryotes is initiated by binding of 30S ribosomal subunit to the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence in mRNA. PreQ1 mediated inhibition of translational regulation is controlled by blocking the Shine-Dalgarno sequence of mRNA to prevent binding of ribosome to mRNA for translation. Binding of preQ1 to the aptamer domain promotes the sequestration of a part of SD sequence at the 5’ end to the P2 stem of the aptamer domain causing inaccessibility of the SD sequence. The translational riboswitch from bacteria Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis (Tte) is observed to be transiently closed (pre-docked) in absence of preQ1, whereas in presence of preQ1 a fully docked state is adopted.
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The depolarized voltage opens additional voltage- dependent potassium channels, and some of these do not close right away when the membrane returns to its normal resting voltage. In addition, further potassium channels open in response to the influx of calcium ions during the action potential. The intracellular concentration of potassium ions is transiently unusually low, making the membrane voltage Vm even closer to the potassium equilibrium voltage EK. The membrane potential goes below the resting membrane potential. Hence, there is an undershoot or hyperpolarization, termed an afterhyperpolarization, that persists until the membrane potassium permeability returns to its usual value, restoring the membrane potential to the resting state.
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Integral membrane proteins are a permanent part of a cell membrane and can either penetrate the membrane (transmembrane) or associate with one or the other side of a membrane (integral monotopic). Peripheral membrane proteins are transiently associated with the cell membrane. Membrane proteins are common, and medically important—about a third of all human proteins are membrane proteins, and these are targets for more than half of all drugs. Nonetheless, compared to other classes of proteins, determining membrane protein structures remains a challenge in large part due to the difficulty in establishing experimental conditions that can preserve the correct conformation of the protein in isolation from its native environment.
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Further studies in Ceccarelli's lab accumulated evidence on the hypothesis of transient fusion by comparing electrophysiological and morphological data. In particular, images of vesicle fusions were examined on freeze-fractured presynaptic membranes and on electron-microscope images obtained from terminals quick-frozen few ms after the delivery of a single shock to the nerve. In 1993 Alvarez de Toledo and colleagues directly demonstrated the occurrence of secretory product release during the momentary opening of a transiently fusng vesicle, by combining the measurement of membrane capacitance (that monitors changes in surface area) with amperometric detection of the release of mediators. This led Fesce et al.
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Ovulation occurs at around day 14 of the human menstrual cycle and refers to the release of an egg, characterised by the rupture of a preovulatory ovarian follicle. This process is driven changes in oestrogen-regulated feedback on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, leading to a surge of Luteinising Hormone which drives follicular rupture. There is a complex molecular dialogue for ovulation which involves the coordinated expression of many key proteins, including ET-2. Within the follicle, ET-2 expression is confined to a group of steroid-producing stromal cells called granulosa cells, where its production peaks transiently at the final stages before ovulation (periovulatory stage).
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Coronary artery ectasia is commonly found in patients with diseases of the connective tissue and an increased inflammatory response such as Marfan syndrome and Kawasaki Disease.Sayn, T., Doven, O., Berkalp, B., Akyurek, O., Gulec, S. and Oral, D. (2001) Exercise-induced myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery ectasia without obstructive coronary artery disease. ‘’Inter J Cardio’’, 78,143-149 It can also be found transiently in patients that have undergone stent placement resulting in the stretching of the vessels 1. Coronary artery ectasia is characterized by an increased wall stress of the vessel, thinning of the arterial wall which causes progressive dilation and remodelling of the vessel.
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Acyl Halide An acyl halide (also known as an acid halide) is a chemical compound derived from an oxoacid by replacing a hydroxyl group with a halide group. If the acid is a carboxylic acid, the compound contains a –COX functional group, which consists of a carbonyl group singly bonded to a halogen atom. The general formula for such an acyl halide can be written RCOX, where R may be, for example, an alkyl group, CO is the carbonyl group, and X represents the halide, such as chloride. Acyl chlorides are the most commonly encountered acyl halides, but acetyl iodide is the one produced (transiently) on the largest scale.
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The ID4 gene plays a pivotal role in development and is a key player in many pathways of embryogenesis and foetal development. ID4 expression is upregulated in embryogenesis during days 9.5 and 13.5 of gestation and restricted to specific cells of the central and peripheral nervous system. ID4 transcription control has both negative and positive regulatory elements inclusive of novel inhibitory functions. ID4 expression has been shown to be discrete in the early stages, with transcription transiently expressed in subsets of migrating neural crest cells, the dorsal myocardium, the segmental plate mesoderm, and the tail bud. Later stages show ID4 expression in the telencephalic vesicles and corneal epithelium.
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Purkinje cells are born during the earliest stages of cerebellar neurogenesis. Neurogenin2, together with neurogenin1, are transiently expressed in restricted domains of the ventricular neuroepithelium during the time-window of Purkinje cell genesis . This spatio-temporal distribution pattern suggests that neurogenins are involved in the specification of phenotypically heterogeneous Purkinje cell subsets, ultimately responsible for constructing the framework of the cerebellar topography. There is evidence in mice and humans that bone marrow cells either fuse with or generate cerebellar Purkinje cells, and it is possible that bone marrow cells, either by direct generation or by cell fusion, could play a role in repair of central nervous system damage.
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The transfection used to create 293T (involving plasmid pRSV-1609) conferred neomycin/G418 resistance and expression of the tsA1609 allele of SV40 large T antigen; this allele is fully active at 33 °C (its permissive temperature), has substantial function at 37 °C, and is inactive at 40 °C. 293T is very efficiently transfectable with DNA (like its parent HEK 293). Due to the expression of SV40 large T antigen, transfected plasmid DNAs that carry the SV40 origin of replication can replicate in 293T and will transiently maintain a high copy number; this can greatly increase the amount of recombinant protein or retrovirus that can be produced from the cells.
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It has been demonstrated that CDX proteins suppress cardiac differentiation in both zebrafish and mouse embryonic stem cells, but the overall mechanism for how this happens is poorly understood. However, CDX1 has been shown to be transiently expressed in the embryonic heart 11.5 days post coitum (dpc). This transient expression is thought to induce epicardial epithelial-to-mesynchemal transition and thus proper cardiovascular formation. It has been shown that low-dose CDX1 induction caused enhanced migration and differentiation of epicardium-derived cells into vascular smooth muscle, where as continued high dose induction of CDX1 or CDX1 deficiency diminished the ability of these cells to migrate and differentiate into smooth muscle by the actions of TGF-β1.
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The structure of the otolith organs enables them to sense both static displacements, as would be caused by tilting the head relative to the gravitational axis, and transient displacements caused by translational movements of the head. The mass of the otolithic membrane relative to the surrounding endolymph, as well as the membrane's physical uncoupling from the underlying macula, means that hair bundle displacement will occur transiently in response to linear accelerations, and tonically in response to tilting of the head. Prior to tiliting, the axon has a high firing rate, which increases or decreases depending on the direction of tilt. When the head is returned to its original position, the firing level returns to baseline value.
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The human purinosome was thought to have been identified in 2008 by the observation that transiently expressed GFP fusion constructs of purine biosynthesis proteins form macrobodies. A folate enzyme not directly involved in the purine biosynthesis pathway, 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate synthase (MTHFS), was later found to be part of purinosome macrobodies by the same approach. The biological relevance of this folate enzyme's inclusion to the purinosome macrobody is unclear: while it provides substrate for a trifunctional folate enzyme C1THF synthase to generate a key cofactor for purine biosynthesis, C1THF synthase is not a part of purinosome macrobodies. Curiously, hypoxanthine levels do not alter purinosome macrobodies, but adenosine or guanosine addition suppresses formation of macromolecular bodies formed by the folate enzyme.
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The scarp drops about 128 meters from the level ground in the upper third of the image Water on Mars exists today almost exclusively as ice, with a small amount present in the atmosphere as vapour. Some liquid water may occur transiently on the Martian surface today but only under certain conditions. No large standing bodies of liquid water exist because the atmospheric pressure at the surface averages just 600 pascals (0.087 psi)—about 0.6% of Earth's mean sea level pressure—and because the global average temperature is far too low (210 K (−63 °C)), leading to either rapid evaporation or freezing. Features called recurring slope lineae are thought to be caused by flows of brine — hydrated salts.
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If sperm were seen in one or both vas contents at the time of surgery, or sperm reached the patient's semen only transiently after the reversal, microsurgical vasovasostomy may be successful. Unfortunately, surgeons performing only an occasional vasectomy reversal often neglect examining the vas contents for presence or absence of sperm. A surgeon cannot determine sperm presence or absence by the naked eye. The most common cause for failed vasectomy reversals is the inappropriate non-microsurgical technique using sutures that are too large to achieve watertight reconnections. The failure of a competently performed microsurgical vasovasostomy following the absence of any sperm in the contents of each vas usually is due to “blowouts” in the epididymides.
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Because of his guilt, Shinkai stopped cycling for his team transiently, and became unable to pass other riders during races on the left side since that was what happened when he killed the rabbit. Although he is the ace sprinter, it was decided it would be best for him to not participate in the first sprinters race (first check point) during day one of the Inter high race and have Izumida represent their team during that day. Later he would race against Midousuji during the second one on the second day. ; : :Live action actor: Hiroki Suzuki :Arakita is a third-year high school student and member of the Hakone Academy Bicycle Club.
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The nerve receives close attention from surgeons since during neck surgery, especially thyroid and parathyroid surgery, the nerve is at risk for injury. Nerve damage can be assessed by laryngoscopy, during which a stroboscopic light confirms the absence of movement in the affected side of the vocal cords. The right recurrent laryngeal nerve is more susceptible to damage during thyroid surgery because it is close to the bifurcation of the right inferior thyroid artery, variably passing in front of, behind, or between the branches. The nerve is permanently damaged in 0.3-3% of thyroid surgery, and transiently in 3-8% of surgeries, and is one of the leading causes of medicolegal issues for surgeons.
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Gusnard, D. A., Akbudak, E., Shulman, G. & Raichle, M. E. (2001) "Medial prefrontal cortex and self-referential mental activity: Relation to a default mode of brain function." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98 (7), 4259–4264. In addition to this correlational evidence linking these regions to our self-identity, one study using transcranial magnetic stimulation to transiently disturb neural activity in the medial parietal region of cortex found that this disruption led to a decreased ability to retrieve previous judgements of oneself compared to the retrieval of previous judgements of others.Lou, H. C., Luber, B., Crupain, M., Keenan, J. P., Nowak, M., Kjaer, T. W., Sackeim, H. A., & Lisanby, S. H. (2004).
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The light from LS1 was magnified not only by the huge total mass of the galaxy cluster MACS J1149+2223—located 5 billion light-years away—but also transiently by another compact object of about three solar masses within the galaxy cluster itself that passed through the line of sight, an effect known as gravitational microlensing. The galaxy cluster magnification is probably by a factor of ≈600, while the microlensing event, which peaked in May 2016, brightened the image by an additional factor of ≈4. There was a second peak near the brightness curve maximum, which may indicate the star was binary. The microlensing body may have been a star or a black hole in the cluster.
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Patients who fail treatment must be distinguished from patients who relapse. Patients who responded to treatment and appeared to be cured after completing a course of TB treatment are not classed as treatment failures, but as relapses and are discussed in a separate section below. Patients are said to have failed treatment if they # fail to respond to treatment (cough and sputum production persisting throughout the whole of treatment), or # only experience a transient response to treatment (the patient gets better at first, but then get worse again, all the while on treatment). It is very uncommon for patients not to respond to TB treatment at all (even transiently), because this implies resistance at base-line to all of the drugs in the regimen.
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AVNRT termination following administration of adenosineAn episode of supraventricular tachycardia due to AVNRT can be terminated by any action that transiently blocks the AV node. Some of those with AVNRT may be able to stop their attack by using physical manoeuvres that increase the activity of the vagus nerve on the heart, specifically on the atrioventricular node. These manoeuvres include carotid sinus massage (pressure on the carotid sinus in the neck) and the Valsalva manoeuvre (increasing the pressure in the chest by attempting to exhale against a closed airway by bearing down or holding one's breath). Medications that slow or briefly halt electrical conduction through the AV node can terminate AVNRT, including adenosine, beta blockers, or non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (such as verapamil or diltiazem).
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Formation and decay of a hollow atom during the interaction of a slow highly charged ion with a solid surface. Hollow Atoms (discovered in 1990 by a French team of researchers around Jean-Pierre Briand) are short-lived multiply excited neutral atoms which carry a large part of their Z electrons (Z ... projectile nuclear charge) in high-n levels while inner shells remain (transiently) empty. This population inversion arises for typically 100 femtoseconds during the interaction of a slow highly charged ion (HCI) with a solid surface. Despite this limited lifetime, the formation and decay of a hollow atom can be conveniently studied from ejected electrons and soft X-rays, and the trajectories, energy loss and final charge state distribution of surface- scattered projectiles.
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In addition to the persistent effects on cognition that result from several months of daily exercise, acute exercise (i.e., a single bout of exercise) has been shown to transiently improve a number of cognitive functions. Reviews and meta-analyses of research on the effects of acute exercise on cognition in healthy young and middle-aged adults have concluded that information processing speed and a number of executive functions – including attention, working memory, problem solving, cognitive flexibility, verbal fluency, decision making, and inhibitory control – all improve for a period of up to 2 hours post-exercise. A systematic review of studies conducted on children also suggested that some of the exercise-induced improvements in executive function are apparent after single bouts of exercise, while other aspects (e.g.
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Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene, but the full-length nature of some variants has not been determined. As part of the ncPRC1.1 complex, KDM2B was found to be rapidly and transiently recruited to sites of DNA damage in a PARP1- and TIMELESS- dependent manner to promote mono-ubiquitylation of histone H2A on K119 with concomitant local decrease of H2A levels and an increase of H2A.Z. These events promote transcriptional repression at DNA lesions, double strand break signaling, and homologous recombination repair. The activity of the ncPRC1.1 complex at DNA lesions was necessary for the proper recruitment of the two canonical PRC1 complexes (cPRC1.2 and cPRC1.4), defined by their PCGF subunits, MEL18 and BMI1 respectively.
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The PDA consisted of the Jan Adhikar Party led by Pappu Yadav alongside the Azad Samaj Party led by Chandrashekhar Azad, who were further supported by the Social Democratic Party of India and the Bahujan Mukti Party. The UDA consisted of a front of 20 parties collectively led by the former Bharatiya Janata Party cabinet minister Yashwant Sinha and other transiently popular mass leaders. On 8 October 2020, the UDSA and the three party front including the Bahujan Samaj Party were merged into a single coalition called the Grand Democratic Secular Front (GDSF), the alliance additionally included the Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party. Among the constituent parties, only the All India Majlis-e-Iteehadul Muslimeen had representation in the assembly through a single legislator.
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The development of a green flash at sunset in San Francisco A green flash in Santa Cruz, California The stages of a green flash A mock-mirage green flash observed in San Francisco, California The green flash and green ray are meteorological optical phenomena that sometimes occur transiently around the moment of sunset or sunrise. When the conditions are right, a distinct green spot is briefly visible above the upper rim of the Sun's disk; the green appearance usually lasts for no more than two seconds. Rarely, the green flash can resemble a green ray shooting up from the sunset or sunrise point. Green flashes occur because the earth's atmosphere can cause the light from the Sun to separate, or refract, into different colors.
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Domenica Santolina Doone, known as Dinnie, has spent most of her life traveling around the United States because her father is transiently employed. Dinnie feels that she has settled into this routine of never having a permanent home until one night, her whole world changes. With her older brother in the Air Force after ending up in jail again, her sixteen-year-old sister pregnant and married, and her dad still on the road for yet another home, Dinnie is taken away by her aunt and her husband to Switzerland, where Uncle Max (her uncle) is the new headmaster of an international boarding school. Dinnie becomes a student at the school, where she makes friends, sees new, exciting things, and has many adventures of her own.
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In CETSA, aliquots of cell lysate are transiently heated to different temperatures, following which samples are centrifuged to separate soluble fractions from precipitated proteins. The presence of the target protein in each soluble fraction is determined by western blotting and used to construct a CESTA melt curve that can inform regarding in vivo targeting, drug distribution, and bioavailability. Both FastPP and CETSA generally require antibodies to facilitate target detection, and consequently are generally used in contexts where the target identity is known a priori. Newer developments seek to merge aspects of FastPP and CETSA approaches, by assessing the ligand-dependent dependent proteolytic protection of targets in cells using mass spectroscopy (MS) to detect shifts in proteolysis patterns associated with protein stabilization.
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The compound is prepared by the reaction of boron trifluoride with dimethyl ether and epichlorohydrin: : 4 \+ 2 \+ 3 → 3 \+ The salt hydrolyzes readily: : + → + + Trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate is generally ranked as the strongest commercially available reagent for electrophilic methylation, being stronger than methyl sulfonate esters, including methyl triflate and methyl fluorosulfonate ("magic methyl"). Only the exotic dimethylhalonium reagents (, X = Cl, Br, I), methyl carboranate reagents, and the transiently-generated methyldiazonium cation () are stronger sources of electrophilic methyl. Due to its high reactivity, it is rapidly destroyed by atmospheric moisture and best stored in an inert atmosphere glovebox at −20 °C. Its degradation products are corrosive, although it is considerably less hazardous than methyl triflate or methyl fluorosulfonate, on account of its lack of volatility.
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R. pachyptila develops from a free-swimming, pelagic, nonsymbiotic trochophore larva, which enters juvenile (metatrochophore) development, becoming sessile, and subsequently acquiring symbiotic bacteria. The symbiotic bacteria, on which adult worms depend for sustenance, are not present in the gametes, but are acquired from the environment through the skin in a process akin to an infection. The digestive tract transiently connects from a mouth at the tip of the ventral medial process to a foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus and was previously thought to have been the method by which the bacteria are introduced into adults. After symbionts are established in the midgut, they undergo substantial remodelling and enlargement to become the trophosome, while the remainder of the digestive tract has not been detected in adult specimens.
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In some cases, the stable bridged structure may exist in the ground state; in other cases, the bridged structure may be a transiently-formed intermediate, or else as a transition state during the reaction. The alternative to inner sphere electron transfer is outer sphere electron transfer. In any transition metal redox process, the mechanism can be assumed to be outer sphere unless the conditions of the inner sphere are met. Inner sphere electron transfer is generally enthalpically more favorable than outer sphere electron transfer due to a larger degree of interaction between the metal centers involved, however, inner sphere electron transfer is usually entropically less favorable since the two sites involved must become more ordered (come together via a bridge) than in outer sphere electron transfer.
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However, Feynman's approximation fails to predict the exact critical value of due to the non-point-charge nature of the nucleus and very small orbital radius of inner electrons, resulting in a potential seen by inner electrons which is effectively less than . The critical value, which makes the atom unstable with regard to high-field breakdown of the vacuum and production of electron-positron pairs, does not occur until is about 173. These conditions are not seen except transiently in collisions of very heavy nuclei such as lead or uranium in accelerators, where such electron-positron production from these effects has been claimed to be observed. There are no nodes in relativistic orbital densities, although individual components of the wave function will have nodes.
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CD49b provides only little contribution to the differentiation and function of Tr1 cells. They characteristically produce high levels of IL-10, IFNy, IL-5 and also TGF- β but no IL-4 nor IL-2 Production of IL-10 is also much more rapid than its production of other T-helper cell types. Tr1 cells do not constitutively express FOXP3 but only transiently, upon their activation and in smaller amounts than CD25+ FOXP3+ regulatory cells.Gregori et al.: Type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells: from the bench to the bedside. Journal of Translational Medicine 2012 10(Suppl 3):I7. FOXP3 is not required for Tr1 induction nor for its function. They also express repressor of GATA-3 (ROG), while CD25+ FOXP3+ regulatory cells do not.
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There may be zero, one or many OrderItem entries corresponding to an Order entry, but no OrderItem entry can exist unless the corresponding Order entry exists. (The zero OrderItem case normally only applies transiently, when the order is first entered and before the first ordered item has been recorded.) The OrderItem table stores weak entities precisely because an OrderItem has no meaning independent of the Order. Some might argue that an OrderItem does have some meaning on its own; it records that at some time not identified by the record, somebody not identified by the record ordered a certain quantity of a certain product. This information might be of some use on its own, but it is of limited use.
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During rodent perinatal life, progesterone receptor (PR) is known to be transiently expressed in both the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of the mesocortical dopaminergic pathway. PR activity during this time period impacts the development of dopaminergic innervation of the mPFC from the VTA. If PR activity is altered, a change in dopaminergic innervation of the mPFC is seen and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate- limiting enzyme for dopamine synthesis, in the VTA will also be impacted. TH expression in this area is an indicator of dopaminergic activity, which is believed to be involved in normal and critical development of complex cognitive behaviors that are mediated by the mesocortical dopaminergic pathway, such as working memory, attention, behavioral inhibition, and cognitive flexibility.
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This second CCR, which is allosterically activated by its preferred substrates but inhibited by feruloyl-CoA, is thought to act as part of a shunt pathway toward coniferaldehyde that enhances the pathway's overall flexibility and robustness in different conditions. In other cases though, the two homologs vary primarily by expression pattern. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, for instance, the CCR1 and CCR2 homologs both display higher activity toward feruloyl-CoA than other substrates, but CCR2 is only expressed transiently during bacterial infection. The homolog pair in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) differs in both ways: CCR2 prefers p-coumaroyl- and caffeoyl-CoA and is only expressed under specifically induced conditions, while CCR1 prefers feruloyl-CoA and is expressed constitutively in lignifying tissue.
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Aresti symbol for a tailslide The tailslide is an aerobatic maneuver that starts from level flight with a 1/4 loop up into a straight vertical climb (at full power) until the aircraft loses momentum. When the aircraft's speed reaches zero and it stops climbing, the pilot maintains the aircraft in a stand-still position as long as possible (this is greatly helped by thrust vectoring on newer fighter aircraft), and as it starts to fall to the ground backward, tail first, the nose drops through the horizon to a vertical down position and the aircraft enters a dive. A 1/4 loop (push or pull) recovers to level flight. Tailslides will transiently reverse the airflow on many aircraft surfaces, giving abnormal forces compared with forward flight.
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In supramolecular chemistry, host–guest chemistry describes complexes that are composed of two or more molecules or ions that are held together in unique structural relationships by forces other than those of full covalent bonds. Host–guest chemistry encompasses the idea of molecular recognition and interactions through non-covalent bonding. Non-covalent bonding is critical in maintaining the 3D structure of large molecules, such as proteins and is involved in many biological processes in which large molecules bind specifically but transiently to one another. Although non-covalent interactions could be roughly divided into those with more electrostatic or dispersive contributions, there are few commonly mentioned types of non- covalent interactions: ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces and hydrophobic interactions.
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The maturation of the pre-60S subunit into a mature 60S subunit requires many biogenesis factors that associate and disassociate. In addition, some assembly factors associate with the 60S subunit while others only interact with it transiently. As an overall trend, the maturation of the pre-60S subunit is marked a gradual decrease in complexity. The subunit matures as it moves from the nucleolus to the cytoplasm and gradually the number of trans-acting factors are reduced. The maturation of the 60S subunit requires the help of about 80 factors. Eight of these factors are directly involved with the processing of the 27S A3 pre- rRNA, which actually completes the formation of the mature 5’end of the 5.8S rRNA.
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Buzsáki's recognition of the importance hierarchical organization of brain rhythms of different frequencies and their cross- frequency coupling has opened up opportunities for the dissection of cognitive mechanisms in health and disease. His most influential work, the two-stage model of memory trace consolidation, demonstrates how the neocortex-mediated information during learning transiently modifies hippocampal networks, followed by reactivation and consolidation of these memory traces during sharp wave-ripple patterns of sleep. Buzsáki's demonstration that in the absence of changing environmental signals, cortical circuits continuously generate self- organized cell assembly sequences is an important link to the neuronal assembly basis of cognitive functions. His experiments demonstrated how skewed distribution of firing rates supports robustness, sensitivity, plasticity and stability in neuronal networks.
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This activation of the double negative feedback loop is initiated from APC-Cdc20-dependent degradation of Cdk1-Clb2 and release of Cdc14 from nucleolar protein Net1/Cfi1. FEAR (Cdc14 early anaphase release) pathway facilitates Clb2-Cdk1-dependent phosphorylation of Net1 which transiently releases Cdc14 from Net1. The released Cdc14 and Clb2-Cdk1 complexes go onto form spindles that activates mitotic exit network (MEN). MEN allows sustained release of Cdc14 from the nucleolus, and Cdc14 counters the activity of Clb2-Cdk1 by activating Cdh1 and stabilizing Sic1 through activation of Sic1-transcriptional activator Swi5. Sic1 positively regulates itself by inhibiting Cdk1-Clb2 to release inhibition of Swi5, and Cdh1 also positively regulates itself by inhibiting Clb2-Cdk1 to release inhibition of MEN which can activate Cdc14 and subsequently Cdh1 itself.
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The severe limitations on the arene component scope in this reaction is due primarily to the need for an arene radical anion that is stable enough not to react directly with enamine or enamine radical cation. In the proposed mechanism, the activated photoredox catalyst is quenched oxidatively by an electron-deficient arene, such as 1,4-dicyanobenzene. The photocatalyst then oxidizes an enamine species, transiently generated by the condensation of an aldehyde with a secondary amine cocatalyst, such as the optimal isopropyl benzylamine. The resulting enamine radical cation usually reacts as a 3 π-electron system, but due to the stability of the radical coupling partners, deprotonation of the β-methylene position gives rise to a 5 π-electron system with strong radical character at the newly accessed β-carbon.
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In the Ottoman era, the area was transiently populated by nomadic Arab herders who wandered the arid plains between the ridge and the area of Mardin (now in Turkey). With the post-Ottoman establishment of the Syro-Turkish border and the increasing promotion of sedentary agriculture by colonial and state authorities, these tribes began to be forced to permanently settle during the French Mandate, with the first permanent settlement established in the 1950s. As of 2007, there are around twenty villages and thirty smaller farming settlements scattered around the foot of the ridge with a total population of between 13,000 and 15,000 individuals. All of the inhabitants of the area are Arabs of the Baqqarat al-Jabal tribe, save for one village of the Sayyad tribe (which has integrated with the former).
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Undiagnosed hearing loss in a child can have serious effects on many developmental areas, including language, social interactions, emotions, cognitive ability, academic performance and vocational skills, any combination of which can have negative impacts on the quality of life. The serious impacts of a late diagnosis, combined with the high incidence (estimated at 1 - 3 per 1000 live births, and as high as 4% for neonatal intensive care unit patients) have been the driving forces behind screening programs designed to identify infants with hearing loss as early as possible. Early identification allows these patients and their families to access the necessary resources to help them maximize their developmental outcomes. Newborn hearing testing is done at the bedside using transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions, automated auditory brainstem responses, or a combination of both techniques.
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Heterologous desensitization (also known as cross-desensitization) is the term for the unresponsiveness of cells to one or more agonists to which they are normally responsive. Typically, desensitization is a receptor (biochemistry)-based phenomenon in which one receptor type, when bound to its ligand, becomes unable to further influence the signalling pathways by which it regulates cells and, in the case of cell surface membrane receptors, may thereafter be internalized. The desensitized receptor is degraded or freed of its activating ligand and re-cycled to a state where it is again able to respond to cognate ligands by activating its signalling pathways. This type of desensitization, termed homologous desensitization, leaves a cell transiently unresponsive to agents that activate the desensitized receptor but not to agents that activate other receptors.
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However, there are important distinctions between the properties of transient and permanent/stable interactions: stable interactions are highly conserved but transient interactions are far less conserved, interacting proteins on the two sides of a stable interaction have more tendency of being co-expressed than those of a transient interaction (in fact, co-expression probability between two transiently interacting proteins is not higher than two random proteins), and transient interactions are much less co-localized than stable interactions. Though, transient by nature, transient interactions are very important for cell biology: human interactome is enriched in such interactions, these interactions are the dominating players of gene regulation and signal transduction, and proteins with intrinsically disordered regions (IDR: regions in protein that show dynamic inter-converting structures in the native state) are found to be enriched in transient regulatory and signaling interactions.
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"Water is for Washing" is a science fiction short story by American writer Robert A. Heinlein, first published in Argosy (November 1947). It is based on the premise that an earthquake had catastrophically shattered the range of alluvial deposits separating the Imperial Valley from the Gulf of California, precipitating a tsunami moving north to transiently drown these lowlands. Its final paragraph was edited out by the editor of Argosy magazine. At the beginning of the story, Heinlein uses the character of a bartender in El Centro to establish the danger of the quake and inundation: Heinlein's perspective character is a traveling businessman who had picked up two chance- encountered children and a vagrant while driving frantically to higher ground, and the dramatic arc centers on the efforts of the men to survive and save the youngsters from drowning.
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Electroporation can also be used to help deliver drugs or genes into the cell by applying short and intense electric pulses that transiently permeabilize cell membrane, thus allowing transport of molecules otherwise not transported through a cellular membrane. This procedure is referred to as electrochemotherapy when the molecules to be transported are chemotherapeutic agents or gene electrotransfer when the molecule to be transported is DNA. Scientists from Karolinska Institutet and the University of Oxford use electroporation of exosomes to deliver siRNAs, antisense oligonucleotides, chemotherapeutic agents and proteins specifically to neurons after inject them systemically (in blood). Because these exosomes are able to cross the blood brain barrier, this protocol could solve the problem of poor delivery of medications to the central nervous system, and potentially treat Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and brain cancer, among other conditions.
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BLT2 receptors, similar to BLT1 receptors, are G protein coupled receptors that, when ligand-bound, activate G proteins that contain either the Gi alpha subunit and are therefore inhibited by pertussis toxin or the Gq alpha subunit and therefore not inhibited by pertussis toxin. (Pertussis toxin sensitivity is an imported test for G protein receptor linkages.) BLT2 receptors stimulate cells to transiently elevated cytosolic calcium ion concentrations, thereby activating calcium- activated intracellular signaling molecules; it also stimulates cells to activate Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), Protein kinase B (also known as Akt), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), Janus kinase (JAK)-STAT protein (i.e. signal transducer and activator of transcription, NADPH oxidase (NOX), and NF-κB pathways. One prominent cell-activating pathway involves BLT2 receptor activation of NOX2 or NOX1 with the subsequent production of reactive oxygen species which in turn activate the transcription inducing function of NF-κB.
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This transformation can be viewed as the energetically favourable dehydration of hydrogen peroxide to form hydronium ions, bisulfate ions, and, transiently, atomic oxygen: :H2SO4 \+ H2O2 → H3O+ \+ HSO4− \+ O It is this extremely reactive atomic oxygen species that allows piranha solution to dissolve elemental carbon. Carbon allotropes are difficult to attack chemically because of the highly stable and typically graphite-like hybridized bonds that surface carbon atoms tend to form with each other. The most likely route by which the solution disrupts these stable carbon–carbon surface bonds is for an atomic oxygen first to attach directly to a surface carbon to form a carbonyl group: :File:piranha1.svg In the above process, the oxygen atom in effect "steals" an electron bonding pair from the central carbon, forming the carbonyl group and simultaneously disrupting the bonds of the target carbon atom with one or more of its neighbours.
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The rationale of the doctrine is that if ignorance were an excuse, a person charged with criminal offenses or a subject of a civil lawsuit would merely claim that one was unaware of the law in question to avoid liability, even if that person really does know what the law in question is. Thus, the law imputes knowledge of all laws to all persons within the jurisdiction no matter how transiently. Even though it would be impossible, even for someone with substantial legal training, to be aware of every law in operation in every aspect of a state's activities, this is the price paid to ensure that willful blindness cannot become the basis of exculpation. Thus, it is well settled that persons engaged in any undertakings outside what is common for a normal person will make themselves aware of the laws necessary to engage in that undertaking.
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These advocates propose that diets high in acid-producing elements will generally lead the body to become acidic and thereby foster disease. This proposed mechanism, in which the diet can significantly change the acidity of the blood, goes against "everything we know about the chemistry of the human body" and has been called a "myth" in a statement by the American Institute for Cancer Research because it is "virtually impossible" to create a less acidic environment in the body. While a selectively alkaline diet may change the pH level in the urine, it has not been shown to elicit a sustained change in blood pH levels, nor to provide the clinical benefits claimed by its proponents. Because of the body's natural regulatory mechanisms, which do not require a special diet to work, eating an alkaline diet can, at most, change the blood pH minimally and transiently.
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Like other members of the RING-between-RING (RBR) family of E3 ligases, parkin possesses two RING finger domains and an in-between-RING (IBR) region. RING1 forms the binding site for E2 Ub-conjugating enzyme while RING2 contains the catalytic cysteine residue (Cys431) that cleaves Ub off E2 and transiently binds it to E3 via a thioester bond. Ub transfer is aided by neighbouring residues histidine His433, which accepts a proton from Cys431 to activate it, and glutamate Glu444, which is involved in autoubiquitination. Together these form the catalytic triad, whose assembly is required for parkin activation. Parkin also contains an N-terminal Ub-like domain (Ubl) for specific substrate recognition, a unique RING0 domain and a repressor (REP) region that tonically suppresses ligase activity. Under resting conditions, the tightly coiled conformation of parkin renders it inactive, as access to the catalytic RING2 residue is sterically blocked by RING0, while the E2 binding domain on RING1 is occluded by Ubl and REP.
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G9A-like protein (GLP) shares an evolutionary conserved SET domain with G9A, responsible for methyltransferase activity. The SET domain primarily functions to establish and maintain H3K9 mono and di-methylation, a marker of faculative heterochromatin. When transiently over expressed, G9A and GLP form homo- and heterodimers via their SET domain. However, endogenously both enzymes function exclusively as a heteromeric complex. Although G9A and GLP can exert their methyltransferase activities independently in vitro, if either G9a or Glp are knocked out in vivo, global levels of H3K9me2 are severely reduced and are equivalent to H3K9me2 levels in G9a and Glp double knockout mice. Therefore, it is thought that G9A cannot compensate for the loss of GLP methyltransferase activity in vivo, and vice versa. Another important functional domain, which G9A and GLP both share, is a region containing ankryin repeats, which is involved in protein-protein interactions. The ankyrin repeat domain also contains H3K9me1 and H3K9me2 binding sites.
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Uraninite ores have elevated concentrations of actinium. Actinium is found only in traces in uranium ores – one tonne of uranium in ore contains about 0.2 milligrams of 227Ac – and in thorium ores, which contain about 5 nanograms of 228Ac per one tonne of thorium. The actinium isotope 227Ac is a transient member of the uranium-actinium series decay chain, which begins with the parent isotope 235U (or 239Pu) and ends with the stable lead isotope 207Pb. The isotope 228Ac is a transient member of the thorium series decay chain, which begins with the parent isotope 232Th and ends with the stable lead isotope 208Pb. Another actinium isotope (225Ac) is transiently present in the neptunium series decay chain, beginning with 237Np (or 233U) and ending with thallium (205Tl) and near-stable bismuth (209Bi); even though all primordial 237Np has decayed away, it is continuously produced by neutron knock-out reactions on natural 238U.
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In order to defend itself against viruses and other pathogens that introduce foreign nucleic acids into their cells, plants have developed a system of post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) where small interfering RNAs are produced from double-stranded RNA in order to create a sequence specific degradation pathway that efficiently silence non-native genes. Many plant viruses have developed mechanisms that counter the plants PTGS-systems by evolving proteins, such as p19 and NSs, that interfere with the PTGS-pathway at different levels. Although it is not clear exactly how p19 works to suppress RNA silencing, studies have shown that transiently expressed proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves have an up to 50-fold higher yield when coinfiltrated with TBSV p19. TSWV and other tospovirus NSs proteins have been shown to be effective as suppressors of both local and systemic silencing, and may be a useful alternative to p19 where the latter has been shown not to be effective.
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