What does that mean for job seekers and paycheck toilers?
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We emphasize the ones starring brilliant inventors and earnest toilers.
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Shift a little to the left and there are the corporate toilers.
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Now, like fellow Nashville toilers Lori McKenna and Natalie Hemby, she's stepping forward.
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But the "neglected toilers in the engine room of Parliament", as one former whip calls them, are showing signs of flagging, too.
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As long as the migrant toilers are doing work that very few Italians would want, the newcomers will not be accused of stealing jobs.
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The Warriors are a unique mix of extraterrestrial shooters (Curry and Thompson), scoring cyborgs (Durant) and low-cost toilers who go about their business without complaint.
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We march in memory of our butchered dead, the massacre of the honest toilers who were removing the reproach of laziness and thriftlessness hurled at the entire race.
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He's still hectoring layabouts, chronicling toilers, and mocking nouvies, although these days he's also skewering the bogus trappings of Irish patriotism and the porousness of the Ulster border.
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But I can't help wondering why the world's most cutting-edge companies are using old-fashioned paper, and not a digital format, to reach their toilet-bound toilers.
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Even Conrad's taste for the sea is pegged partly to a literary source—his father's translation of Hugo's "Toilers of the Sea," which he read aloud, from beginning to end.
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It might have been coined as an insult, referring to the legions of earnest toilers at computer screens à la the infinite monkey theorem, but coders are cannier simians, and have used the catchy term as inspiration for a game and a TV show.
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But what make the system special are those plaques that honor lesser-known London toilers, like Willy Clarkson (Theatrical Wigmaker), Prince Peter Kropotkin (Theorist of Anarchism) and Hertha Ayrton (a physicist, she invented a fan device used in trench warfare for dispersing poisonous gas).
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In "Names of Horses," he writes: For a hundred and fifty years, in the pasture of dead horses, roots of pine trees pushed through the pale curves of your ribs, yellow blossoms flourished above you in autumn, and in winter frost heaved your bones in the ground — old toilers, soil makers.
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Those branded "hostile" might be the descendants of former landowners or of people who collaborated with the Japanese colonialists, those with relatives in South Korea or Christians; they are largely consigned to the mountainous, inhospitable regions of the country, forbidden to enter Pyongyang or other major cities and forced to eke out a meager living as farmers or manual toilers, with almost zero opportunity for further advancement.
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In the 1952 legislative election, the party won two seats by Baghai and Ali Zohari. The party split in 1952 over its relationship with Government of Mosaddegh. Under leadership of Mozzafar Baghai, Toilers left National Front and openly opposed the government while Khalil Maleki reestablished Third Force under the name of Toilers Party of the Iranian Nation — Third Force and continued to support the government. Toilers formed an alliance with Society of Mujahed Muslims, led by Ayatollah Kashani, pooling their resources and coordinating their activities against government.
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The Winnipeg Toilers Men's Basketball Team was a Senior "A" men's basketball team located in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. It has been recognized for its achievements in the Canadian Senior "A" Men's Championships, having won the championship in 1926, 1927, and 1932.1927 Winnipeg Toilers, halloffame.mb.ca, accessed March 28, 2008 The 1926 Team was inducted into the Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame in 1982, followed by the induction of the 1927 Team in 2004. The Toilers were founded at the YMCA in 1910 under the tutelage of Physical Instructor Bill Alldritt.
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Foad Mostafa Soltani () was one of the founders of the Revolutionary Organisation of the Toilers of Kurdistan, popularly known as Komala.
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Union of Left-Democratic Parties () was an alliance of political parties in Afghanistan. The Union was formed in November 1987, in a process of opening a multi-party system in the country. The founders of the Union were the governing People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, Revolutionary Toilers Organisation of Afghanistan and the Toilers Organisation of Afghanistan. The Peasants Justice Party of Afghanistan participated as an observer.
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Mustafa was Secretary General of the clandestine Komalai Ranjdaran also known as Revolutionary Organization of Toilers of Kurdistan or Kurdistan Toilers League which he founded in 1969 until it was dissolved into the PUK in 1992. Komala was influenced by Marxism–Leninism and Maoism. In 1970 Mustafa was sentenced to death by the Revolutionary Court in Baghdad. As a result, he went into exile in Austria.
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During the 1962 elections, Padayatchiyar quit the Congress and revived the Tamil Nadu Toilers Party. He concluded an alliance with the Swatantra Party and contested the elections as an ally of the Swarajya Party. However, Tamil Nadu Toilers Party performed poorly in the 1962 elections and Padayatchiyar himself lost his seat. During the 1967 elections, Padayatchiyar approached the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam offering his support.
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French writer Victor Hugo wrote the novel, Toilers of the Sea, in which he admires the scenery of the fjord after a visit here in 1866.
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South Arcot and Salem Vanniyars under Padayatchiyars's leadership formed Tamil Nadu Toilers party where as Vanniyars from North Arcot and Chengalpattu under Naicker formed Commonweal Party.
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The Arabic Toilers' Movement () was a political party in Iraq. It was founded in 1962, by a group that broke away from the Arab Socialist Baath Party who had adopted a Marxist-Leninist political line. After November 18, 1964, the Arabic Toilers' Movement began seeking cooperation with other Iraqi political forces as well as Dr. George Habash. The organization began cooperating with the Arab Socialist Union in the same year.
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The Central Council of United Trade Unions (abbreviated CCUTU, , 'Central United Council of the Trade Unions of Workers and Toilers of Iran') was a trade union centre in Iran.
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Serto Ader (, 'Toilers') was an Amharic-language newspaper in Ethiopia, published from Addis Ababa.Aussenpolitik: Zeitschrift für internationale Fragen, Volume 32. 1981. p. 192Europa Publications Limited. The Europa Year Book.
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Shramik Mukti Dal (toilers’ liberation league), is a socio-political organization in Maharashtra, India. It is an organization working in eleven districts of Maharashtra, organizing farmers and toilers on issues of drought, dam and project eviction, and caste oppression. The Shramik Mukti Dal (SMD) follows an ideology not simply based on Marxism but on Marx-Phule-Ambedkarism. Smdflag1 SMD has been instrumental in waging a movement for water rights for more that two decades.
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Jordanian Communist Toilers Party (in Arabic: Hizb al-Shaghghilah al- Shuyu'iyah al-Urduni, حزب الشغّيلة الشيوعية الأردني) was a communist political party in Jordan. The party was founded in 1997, through a split in the Jordanian Communist Party (JCP). The party used the name Jordanian Communist Party until it registered with the Jordanian authorities with the name Jordanian Communist Toilers Party.القرار العربي The party was considered more orthodox in its ideology than JCP.
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Artists who have painted L’Ancresse include William Caparne and Paul Jacob Naftel. Victor Hugo refers to the “haunted the dolmen of L’Ancresse” in his 1866 book Toilers of the Sea.
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Salchak Toka was a member of the Communist University of the Toilers of the East (, Kommunisticheskiy universitet trudyashchikhsya Vostoka) in Moscow and Kyzyl. In 1929 the current head of state Donduk Kuular was removed from power and arrested by the Soviets. Meanwhile, five Tuvan graduates of the Communist University of the Toilers of the East were appointed commissars extraordinary to Tuva. Their loyalty to Stalin ensured that they would pursue policies, such as collectivization, that Donduk had ignored.
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The Toilers League () or Ligue des Travailleurs (LT) in French, is a Lebanese left-wing political party founded in Lebanon at the late 1960s and currently led by former Chouf MP Zaher el-Khatib.
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She studied anarchism, Marxism, and Leninism alongside other Chinese socialist feminist scholars, including at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East in Moscow. In 1922, Cai married Li Fuchun, a prominent communist.
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The Union of Toilers of Iran () was a trade union organization in Iran. On May 8, 1944, it merged into the larger Central Council of United Trade Unions.Ladjevardi, Habib. Labor Unions and Autocracy in Iran.
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They were not opposed to the concept of the state as such and envisaged a popular revolutionary dictatorship. They rejected parliamentary democracy as a mere 'lightning rod of popular discontent' (whereas a parliamentary democracy was one of the cardinal demands of the PSR). The Maximalists claimed that what was needed was a population imbued with a general 'toilers' consciousness' and a small, energetic minority, forming a disciplined secret organisation that would seize power and establish a 'Toilers' Republic'. In these respects, the Maximalists were heirs of Blanqui and Tkachev rather than Bakunin or Kropotkin.
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In 1922 Bimba became editor of the Lithuanian-language communist weekly Laisvė (Liberty), published in Brooklyn, New York. He would remain there until 1928. Bimba was active in the United Toilers of America, a "legal" trade union-oriented splinter organization splitting from the underground Communist Party of America, and was one of 7 persons elected that group's first National Executive Committee by its founding conference held in New York City in February 1922."The Conference of the United Toilers of America," Workers Challenge [New York], vol. 1, no.
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Al-Qaidah was shut down as the party reconciled with the Rayat ash-Shaghilah ('Toilers Banner') group, and Ittihad ash-Sha'ab ('People's Union') was founded as the new party organ. The last issue was published on June 19, 1956.
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The success of the salvaging company earned them the sobriquet "Rothschilds among the toilers of the sea".Shomette, Donald G. Shipwrecks, Sea Raiders, and Maritime Disasters Along the Delmarva Coast, 1632-2004. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins UP P, 2007. 135-137.
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The Toilers is a 1919 British romantic drama film starring Ronald Colman as a young man who leaves behind his family and girl in a Cornish fishing village to seek his fortune in London. Two of five reels survive. p. 61.
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Tamil Nadu Toilers Party was created by members of the populous Vanniyar community of Tamil Nadu, India, during the 1950s. In 1951, Vanniyars convened a conference of the Vanniyar Kula Kshatriya Sanga which intended to organise Vanniyars on a statewide basis. It failed due to traditional local loyalties. S. S. Ramasami Padayachi, chairman of the Cuddalore Municipal school and member of the South Arcot district board, led the Vanniyars of South Arcot and Salem in forming the Tamil Nadu Toilers Party (TTP) while M. A. Manickavelu Naicker, a lawyer, led those from North Arcot and Chengalpattu in the creation of the Commonweal Party.
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Moscow Sun Yat-sen University, officially the Sun Yat-sen Communist University of the Toilers of China, was a Comintern school, which operated from 1925-1930 in the city of Moscow, Russia, then the Soviet Union. It was a training camp for Chinese revolutionaries from both the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Communist Party of China (CPC) that was split off from the Communist University of the Toilers of the East. Its relationship to the Comintern's International Liaison Department (Russian acronym "OMS") remains unclear. In the beginning all the Sun Yat-sen Universities were adopted a statism educational model ().
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The Toilers and the Wayfarers is a 1997 LGBT-related dramatic film written and directed by Keith Froelich. It was released on 14 March 1997. The film was both set in and filmed in New Ulm, located in Brown County of southern Minnesota.
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Padayatchiyar was born in a Vanniyar family at the South Arcot district of Madras Presidency on 16 September 1918. He studied till high school and did not pursue any further education. He entered politics and founded the Tamil Nadu Toilers Party in 1951.
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Min-ling L. Yu. Department of History, New York University. January 1995. Page 21. UMI: 9528545 The University was set up by splitting the Chinese department from the Communist University of the Toilers of the East, which had about 100 Chinese students enrolled.
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Mount Mannering () is a mountain south-southeast of Toilers Mountain in the King Range, Concord Mountains, Antarctica. It was named by the northern party of the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition, 1963–64, for Guy Mannering, a photographer at Scott Base, 1962–63.
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Reddiar resigned from the Congress in 1957 when the party ignored him in favour of representatives from its ally, Tamil Nadu Toilers Party (TNT) for the 1957 elections. He formed the Congress Reform Committee along with C. Rajagopalachari and was elected as its first President.
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S. S. Ramasami Padayatchi (16 September 1918 – 3 April 1992) was a politician from the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. He was the founder of the Tamil political party Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party, which is considered to be a predecessor of Pattali Makkal Katchi.
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But the DMK rebuffed him saying that there were enough candidates from the Vanniyar community in the DMK and the support of the Tamil Nadu Toilers Party would not be needed. The DMK performed well in the elections and captured power in the state.
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The novel was first published in Brussels in 1866 (Hugo was in exile from France). An English translation quickly appeared in New York later that year, under the title The Toilers of the Sea. A UK edition followed in 1887, with Ward Lock publishing Sir G Campbell's translation under the title Workers of the Sea followed by an 1896 Routledge edition under the title Toilers of the Sea. Hugo had originally intended his essay L'Archipel de la Manche (The Archipelago of the [English] Channel) as an introduction to this novel, although it was not published until 1883, and the two have only been published together in the 20th century.
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Other problem books are specific to graduate fields of study. While certain problem books are collected, written, or edited by worthy but little-known toilers, others are done by renowned scholars and researchers. The casebook for law and other non-technical fields can provide a similar function.
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It supported government of Mosaddegh from 1951 to late 1952, when it turned against the government and formed an alliance with the Toilers Party of the Iranian Nation lasting until 1953 coup d'état. The society won two seats in the 1952 Iranian legislative election by Kashani and Qanatabadi.
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Toilers Organisation of Afghanistan (, abbreviated سزا, transliterated Sazman-e Zahmatkashan-e Afghanistan, 'SeZA') was a leftwing group in Afghanistan. It was formed by PDPA dissidents, which had broken away from the PDPA in the late 1970s. The leader of the organisation was Hamdullah Gran. The party was mainly based amongst Pashtuns.
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Akhmerov was born in Troitsk, located in modern Chelyabinsk Oblast, and came from a Tatar background. He joined the Bolshevik Party in 1919, and attended the Communist University of the Toilers of the East and the First State University, where he graduated from the School of International Relations in 1930.
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Several hundred thousand joined the already numerous Jewish minority of the Polish Second Republic. On 31 January 1924 the Commissariat for Nationalities' Affairs was disbanded.Pinkus 1988, 59. On 29 August 1924 an official agency for Jewish resettlement, the Commission for the Settlement of Jewish Toilers on the Land (KOMZET), was established.
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Ehmetjan was born in Ghulja (Yining in Chinese) in 1914. He studied at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East, Moscow in 1936 and was a member of Communist Party of Soviet Union. Ehmetjan was described as "Stalin's man" and as a "communist-minded progressive".Forbes 1986, p.
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In 1918, he founded New People's Study Society with Mao Zedong, Cai Hesen, and Xiao Zisheng. In 1920, he traveled to France for the Work-Study Program. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1922. In 1923, he went to Moscow to studied at Communist University of the Toilers of the East.
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This was alarming and irritating to Joseph Stalin, the Soviet Union's leader.Indjin Bayart: An Russland, das kein Russland ist, Hamburg 2014, p. 114. The Soviet Union would set the ground for a coup. They encouraged the "Revolutionary Union of Youth" movement, and educated many of them at Communist University of the Toilers of the East.
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Despite the support of the POB-BWP, the plan was criticized by many left-wing commentators. Leon Trotsky derided the plan as "a plan to deceive the toilers" and "a renovated instrument of bourgeois- democratic conservatism." Trotsky further attacked the plan in a January 1934 article, entitled Revisionism and Planning, in the newspaper New International.
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Rayat ash-Shaghilah (, 'Banner of the Toilers') was a communist organization in Iraq, named after its publication with the same name. Rayat ash-Shaghilah was founded in 1953 by a group that had been expelled from the Iraqi Communist Party. Its main spokesperson was Jamal al-Haidari.Ismael, Tareq Y. The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party of Iraq.
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In the 1977 Tamil Nadu legislative assembly election, RFB contested as part of the 'Progressive Front'. The front consisted of All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, Congress (R), Communist Party of India, Tamil Nadu Muslim League, Tamil Nadu Toilers Party, Backward Classes Progressive Federation and RFB. In 1979, following mediations by P.K. Mookkiah Thevar, RFB merged back into AIFB.
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Ehmetjan Qasim (; April 15, 1914 – August 27, 1949) was the leader of the Second East Turkestan Republic. He was a Uyghur political leader in East Turkistan. Ehmetjan was born in Ghulja in 1914. He studied at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East, Moscow in 1936 and was a member of Communist Party of Soviet Union.
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He engraving extensively after Fred Walker, John Everett Millais, Frederick Sandys, Richard Doyle, Richard Ansdell, Fred Barnard, and other major illustrators, from 1860 onwards. A series of articles on Fred Walker, Charles Henry Bennett, George John Pinwell, and Fritz Eltze, which Swain wrote for Good Words (1888-89), were incorporated in Toilers in Art, edited by Henry C. Ewart (1891).
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Wang Fanxi (; March 16, 1907 – December 30, 2002) was a leading Chinese Trotskyist revolutionary. Born near Hangzhou in Zhejiang province, he joined the Communist Party of China, then an illegal organisation, in 1925. In 1927, he went to Moscow to study at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East. There he became a supporter of Trotsky and the International Left Opposition.
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New Ulm was the setting and filming location of the 1995 independent film The Toilers and the Wayfarers, directed by Keith Froelich. The city was a filming location for the 2004 documentary American Beer. It is also the setting of the 2009 comedy New in Town, starring Renée Zellweger and Harry Connick Jr., although the movie was actually filmed in Selkirk, Manitoba.
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The Communist University of the Toilers of the East (KUTV) (; also known as the Far East University) was a revolutionary training school for important Communist political leaders. The school operated under the umbrella of the Communist International and was in existence from 1921 until the late 1930s. Part of the university was split into the Moscow Sun Yat-sen University.
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Flag of the partyUzhavar Uzhaippalar Katchi (UUK) (, 'Farmers and Toilers Party'), a political party in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.The president of UUK is vettavalam Manikandan.The Hindu : Tamil Nadu / Erode News : Drain Orathupalayam reservoir, asks MP UUK supported the National Democratic Alliance in the 2001 Tamil Nadu assembly elections. At the time, NDA in Tamil Nadu was dominated by the (DMK).
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Born in Shanghai, Li Shiqun graduated from the Shanghai School of Fine Arts and the Shanghai University. He also attended the Communist University of the Toilers of the East in Moscow. At the time of the Northern Expedition of Kuomintang, he became a member of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and was active in the Communist Party underground organization in Shanghai.
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Indira Gandhi instructed the leader of the Tamil Nadu Congress, Subramaniam to accept the arrangement in a sign indicative of writing off Tamil Nadu as a Congress territory. The opposition front was a coalition of Kamaraj led Indian National Congress (Organisation) (Congress (O)), Rajaji's Swatantara Party, Samyukta Socialist Party, the Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party, the Republican Party and the Coimbatore District Agriculturist Association.
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K. Kamaraj was sworn in as the Chief Minister of Madras Province on 13 April 1954. K. Kamaraj ousted Rajaji on 31 March 1954 and was elected the leader of Congress Legislative Party. Kamaraj consolidated his position by offering ministerial position to leaders of Tamil Nadu Toilers Party and Commonweal Party. This event marked the end of Brahmin domination in Tamil Nadu Congress.
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In 1922, he participated in the 15th Esperanto Congress in Helsinki, Finland. In 1923 Eroshenko left China and spend his remaining time in Europe. In 1924 he participated in the 16th Esperanto Congress in Paris and the congress of blind Esperantists in Vienna. From 1924 to 1927 he worked as a translator in the Communist University of the Toilers of the East.
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Browder met with Evangelista and other labor leaders, resulting in the COF's decision to send Evangelista, Jacinto Manahan, and Cirlio Bognot to the Profintern conference in Moscow in March 1928. On their return Evangelista organized the first batch of Filipino pensionados to study in the University of Toilers of the East, in Moscow. Two more groups were sent in 1929 and 1930.
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The Organization of the Toilers of Kurdistan (, ), also known as the Komala – Reform Faction, is an armed communist and separatist ethnic party of Kurds in Iran, currently exiled in northern Iraq. It split from the Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan in October 2007 over internal disagreements and is led by Omar Ilkhanizade. The group operates a television network named ASOsat.
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Neuer Weg ('New Path') was a German language daily newspaper published from Bucharest, Romania. It was the country's main German-language newspaper under the communist regime. The first issue of the newspaper was published on March 13, 1949. Initially Neuer Weg carried the subtitle "Organ of the Antifascist Committee of German Toilers in Romania" (Organ des Antifaschistischen Komitees der deutschen Werktätigen in Rumänien).
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The lunch hour" by Ivan Varichev, "Summer night", "Baltic Sea", "Flood on the Volkhov River" by Vecheslav Zagonek, "Toilers of the Sea" by Alexander Zaytsev, and some others.Третья Республиканская художественная выставка «Советская Россия». Каталог. М., МК РСФСР, 1967. Landscape and Cityscape was represented by the works of "Oryol" by Veniamin Borisov, "A Light-Blue Spring" by Kim Britov, "Spring time", "October.
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Xue was born in Lirang Town of Liangshan County in Sichuan Province of China in 1905, which was during the Qing Dynasty. In his early years, he studied at school in Wuchang and Nanjing. He is a graduate of Shanghai University, Communist University of the Toilers of the East, and Lenin Military-Political Academy. In 1926, Xue joined the Communist Party of China.
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Apollo did his best to home-school Conrad. The boy's early reading introduced him to the two elements that later dominated his life: in Victor Hugo's Toilers of the Sea he encountered the sphere of activity to which he would devote his youth; Shakespeare brought him into the orbit of English literature. Most of all, though, he read Polish Romantic poetry.
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The Nautilus follows in the footsteps of these men: she visits the waters where Lapérouse's vessels disappeared; she enters Torres Strait and becomes stranded there, as did d'Urville's ship, the Astrolabe; and she passes beneath the Suez Canal via a fictitious underwater tunnel joining the Red Sea to the Mediterranean. In possibly the novel's most famous episode, the above-cited battle with a school of giant squid, one of the monsters captures a crew member. Reflecting on the battle in the next chapter, Aronnax writes: "To convey such sights, it would take the pen of our most renowned poet, Victor Hugo, author of The Toilers of the Sea." A bestselling novel in Verne's day, The Toilers of the Sea also features a threatening cephalopod: a laborer battles with an octopus, believed by critics to be symbolic of the Industrial Revolution.
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Indira Gandhi instructed the leader of the Tamil Nadu Congress, C. Subramaniam to accept the arrangement in a sign indicative of writing off Tamil Nadu as a Congress territory. The opposition front was a coalition of Kamaraj led Indian National Congress (Organisation) (Congress (O)), Rajaji's Swatantara Party, Samyukta Socialist Party, the Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party, the Republican Party and the Coimbatore District Agriculturist Association.
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Blessed toilers did not spare themselves, jealously struggling for the Lord until their very death.ПРЕПОДОБНЫЕ АВРААМИЙ И КОПРИЙ ПЕЧЕНГСКИЕ (in Russian) Retrieved on 24 feb 2018 This tenement was abolished in 1764. Авраамий и Коприй Retrieved on 24 Feb 2018 The time of their death is unknown. The relics of them were resting under a bushel in the Preobrazhensky (Transfiguration of the Lord) monastery church.
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Dimitri Vladimirovich Isayev was born on 6 June 1905 in Kovali, Urmarsky District in Chuvashia. He came from a poor peasant family. He completed basic school, then studied at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East in Moscow. He was head of the Komsomol city committee of Cheboksary, the capital city of the Chuvash Republic and a port on the Volga River.
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Li Dazhang () ( December 1900 – May 3, 1976) was a People's Republic of China politician. He was born in Hejiang County, Luzhou, Sichuan Province. In 1920 Li went to France on the same work-study leave scheme attended by numerous high level Communist leaders. Subsequently, from 1924 to 1927 he studied at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East in Moscow, Soviet Union.
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Ali Zohari () was an Iranian politician. A protégé of Mozzafar Baghai, he was elected to the parliament in 1952 election as a senior Toilers Party of the Iranian Nation member supported by the National Front. He soon broke away from the National Front along with his fellow party members. On 6 July 1953, he moved to initiate the motion of censure for government of Mossadegh.
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Victor Hugo, having arrived on Halloween 1855, wrote some of his best- known works while in exile in Guernsey, including Les Misérables. His home in St Peter Port, Hauteville House, is now a museum administered by the city of Paris. In 1866, he published a novel set on Guernsey, Travailleurs de la Mer (Toilers of the Sea), which he dedicated to the island. Guernsey was his home for fifteen years.
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Bronze self- portrait of Giuseppe Cassioli Cassioli was born in Florence, Italy to Amos Cassioli, who himself was a well-known painter and went on to mentor his son. Tito Sarrocchi taught Cassioli techniques in sculpting. In 1885 he exhibited at the Academy of Fine Arts in Siena with a painting inspired by Victor Hugo's Toilers of the Sea. He worked in the memorial hall of the Palazzo Pubblico in Siena.
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Ettehadiyeh-ye Sendika-ye Kargaran-e Iran (, known by its acronym 'اسکی', ESKI) was a trade union centre in Iran. It was founded on the initiative of the Ministry of Labour and Propaganda in September 1946, with the explicit purpose of competing with the Tudeh-led Central United Council of the Trade Unions of Workers and Toilers of Iran (CUC).Ladjevardi, Habib. Labor Unions and Autocracy in Iran.
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CCUTU was founded through the merger of two hitherto antagonistic unions, the Central Council (the union aligned with the Tudeh Party) and the majority faction of the Central Board. The merger was declared on May 1, 1944. On May 8, 1944, a smaller union centre, the Union of Toilers of Iran, merged into CCUTU, followed by the affiliation of the Railway Workers' Association to CCUTU on June 20, 1944.Ladjevardi, Habib.
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Sea Devils is a 1953 British–American historical adventure film, directed by Raoul Walsh and starring Rock Hudson, Yvonne De Carlo, and Maxwell Reed. The story is based on Victor Hugo's novel Toilers of the Sea which was the working title of the film. The scenes at sea were shot around the Channel Islands, and much of the rest of the film was shot on location in those islands as well.
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The party evolved out of the Communist Party of Syria and Lebanon, founded in Beirut in 1924. It was suppressed shortly afterwards, but was revived after an interlude of several years. In 1936, Khalid Bakdash, a Damascene who had been recruited to the party in 1930 and later studied at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East in Moscow, took control as secretary of the party, and set about building up its organisation.
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Toilers Party of the Iranian Nation (; Zaḥmatkašān means proletariat) was a social-democratic political party in Iran. Initially a member of the National Front, they pledged support for the nationalization of the Iran oil industry and opposed Tudeh Party. They successfully attracted a considerable amount of educated youth (especially in the University of Tehran), Third Force activists and shopkeepers from Kerman in bazzar. Yet the party also included a nucleus of čāqukeš and čumāqdār.
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In the Gale Group's Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology, p. 148\. . Since at least the 19th century, "cambion" has taken on a further definition: the child of an incubus or a succubus with a human parent. In 1874, Victor Hugo's Toilers of the Sea defined a cambion as the son of a woman and the devil. It also appeared as a hybrid of human and demon in Dungeons and Dragon's 1983 Monster Manual II.
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The film was originally titled Toilers of the Sea, from the novel by Victor Hugo which formed the basis of Borden Chase's screenplay. The novel was changed substantially and Hugo is not credited; Borden Chase is given a credit for story and screenplay. The film was made by a British independent company, Coronado Productions, belonging to producer David Rose. The female lead was originally offered to Joan Fontaine who turned it down.
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The Kurdish forces included primarily the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (KDPI) and the leftist Komala (Revolutionary Organization of Kurdish Toilers).D. and in khorasan [Cultural & Civil society of Khorasani Kurds, www.cskk.org]. McDowall,A Modern History of the Kurds, 1996, Chapter 13, "Subjects of the Shi'i Republic," pp. 261-287. By late April, sectarian fighting also broke out between Kurdish and Azeri factions in the area, resulting in hundreds of Azeris and Kurds killed.
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In November 1927, Sha became the CCP party chief of Fenghua City. In January 1928, Sha went to study in Shanghai. In July 1929, Sha went to Moscow and studied at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East, where he studied Russian Marxism-Leninism and met his future wife Chen Xiuliang (). In February 1932, Sha went to Tokyo, Japan, and studied at the Imperial University of Tokyo and Japan Railway School ().
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It was renamed several times, eventually assuming the name All-Russian National Revolutionary Toilers and Workers-Peasants Party of Fascists ()emigrantica.ru. Фашист (Putnam, Connecticut, USA, 1933—1941) In 1940 – December 1941, the cooperation of Konstantin Rodzaevsky and Anastasy Vonsyatsky resumed, interrupted with the start of Japanese-American War. After the U.S. entry into World War II in 1942 Anastasy Vonsyatsky was arrested by the FBI, after which the party ceased to exist.
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Kurdistan Toilers' Party () founded according to the party in 1985, is a splinter from the Kurdistan Socialist Party, and later a member of the Iraqi Kurdistan Front. Led by Khalid Zangana, now it is led by Qadir Aziz. It publishes the newspaper Alay Azadi (Banner of Freedom) in Sulaymaniyya. A few cultural and ideological periodicals (Pesh Kawtin and Nojan) are also reportedly published and television and radio programmes put out on its own broadcasting stations.
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Born in Damascene Kurdish neighborhood to a Syrian-Albanian family. He was first recruited to the communist cause at the age of 18, while a student at Damascus University. He was subsequently active in student agitation against the French occupation of Syria, and came to the attention of the police. In 1933 the party judged it best that he leave the country, and in 1934 he enrolled in the Communist University of the Toilers of the East in Moscow.
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The Toilers League originated from a previous socialist students association formed at the American University of Beirut (AUB) in 1968 by the then student activist and Progressive Socialist Party (PSP) militant Zaher el-Khatib. In 1974 the group broke away from the PSP and re-emerged as a separated political party under Khatib's leadership, who succeeded to be elected to the Lebanese Parliament as the socialist deputy for the Iqlim al-Kharrub district of the Chouf.
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He remained involved as a nationalist activist on a limited basis, speaking a few times to Perhimpunan Indonesia, a Netherlands-based organization of Indonesian students. He also studied at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East for a time. He travelled extensively in Europe, and played a role in leadership in Tajikistan in the Soviet era. He wrote a novel, Hikayat Kadirun, which combined communist and Islamic ideals, and produced a number of pamphlets and newspaper articles.
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They backed National Front and in 1951, joined socialist Toilers Party of the Iranian Nation, led by Mozzafar Baghai. Third Force split from the party in October 1952, after they positioned against Government of Mosaddegh. According to leader Khalil Maleki, the group functioned through two basic principles, being a "Third Force in general", meaning to pursue an independent path from Western and Eastern blocs; and a "Third Force in particular", i.e. application of the third way in local circumstances.
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UDYS symbol The CPSA had a youth organization, the Union of Democratic Youth - Saudi Arabia (Ittihad ash-Shabab ad-Dimuqrati fi al-Sa'udiyah), with office in Damascus, Syria. Other organizations close to the CPSA were the Workers' Federation of Saudi Arabia, the National Union of Students of Saudi Arabia (NUSSA) and the Democratic Women's League of Saudi Arabia. Its central organ was Tariq al-Qadyhin ("Way of the Toilers"). The party was always illegal and persecuted by the regime.
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Hailing the "sullen pile of hard-won toilers' pence", and equally sceptical of the work of "moon-struck bards", he addressed the poet as one who "by song more hungry Britons fed/ Than all the lyric sons that ever sang."Smithy Rhymes and Stithy Chimes, Sheffield 1882, p. 67. A long prose account of Elliott had appeared two years before his death in Homes and Haunts of the Most Eminent British Poets by William Howitt (1792–1879).pp.
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His illustrations for Faust were especially notable and were praised by Baudelaire. Later, he made the acquaintance of Victor Hugo and began a new career as an illustrator in 1867. He helped design illustrations for Hugo's Toilers of the Sea (engraved by Fortuné Méaulle) and a new edition of The Hunchback of Notre Dame. He lost most of his clientele when he began to harshly criticize Napoleon III during the Franco-Prussian War,Biographical notes @ the Saint-Omer website.
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Zaher el-Khatib () is a Lebanese Sunni politician. He was born in 1940. He obtained a Bachelor of Law degree from the Lebanese University.زاهر الخطيب. Annahar As of 2018, he served as General Secretary of the Toilers League.Rodong. Kim Il Sung's Birth Anniversary to Be Marked in Lebanon El- Khatib was elected to parliament in the 1971 Chouf parliamentary by-election, after the death of his father Anwar el-Khatib (the incumbent Sunni parliamentarian from Chouf).
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Octopuses appear in mythology as sea monsters like the Kraken of Norway and the Akkorokamui of the Ainu, and probably the Gorgon of ancient Greece. A battle with an octopus appears in Victor Hugo's book Toilers of the Sea, inspiring other works such as Ian Fleming's Octopussy. Octopuses appear in Japanese erotic art, shunga. They are eaten and considered a delicacy by humans in many parts of the world, especially the Mediterranean and the Asian seas.
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Educated at a mission school, he worked in various jobs before becoming politically engaged through the Kikuyu Central Association. In 1929, he travelled to London to lobby for Kikuyu land affairs. During the 1930s, he studied at Moscow's Communist University of the Toilers of the East, University College London, and the London School of Economics. In 1938, he published an anthropological study of Kikuyu life before working as a farm labourer in Sussex during the Second World War.
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Another one said "Of all the tireless toilers in the ungrateful vineyards of British cinema comedy (Roy and John Boultihg, Ralph and Gerald Thomas, Muriel and Sydney Box), Launder and Gilliat were least in thrall to the insatiable jokiness of the breadwinning professional humorist, and their long collaboration has left us with a memory of unfailing good- humour and an occasional brainy prankishness. "Obituary: Sidney Gilliat: [3 Edition] Adair, Gilbert. The Independent; London (UK) [London (UK)]02 June 1994.
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T. D. Muthukumaraswamy Naidu was an Indian politician and former Member of Parliament elected from Tamil Nadu. He was elected to the Lok Sabha from Cuddalore constituency as an Independent candidate in 1957 election.Volume I, 1957 Indian general election, 2nd Lok Sabha He also served as a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as a Tamil Nadu Toilers Party candidate from Tirukkoyilur constituency in 1952 election.
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Toilers of the Sea () is a novel by Victor Hugo published in 1866. The book is dedicated to the island of Guernsey, where Hugo spent 15 years in exile.Victor Hugo in Guernsey Hugo uses the setting of a small island community to transmute seemingly mundane events into drama of the highest calibre. Les Travailleurs de la Mer is set just after the Napoleonic Wars and deals with the impact of the Industrial Revolution upon the island.
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Toilers of the Sea The story concerns a Guernseyman named Gilliatt, a social outcast who falls in love with Deruchette, the niece of a local shipowner, Mess Lethierry. When Lethierry's ship is wrecked on the Roches Douvres, a perilous reef, Deruchette promises to marry whoever can salvage the ship's steam engine. Gilliatt eagerly volunteers, and the story follows his physical trials and tribulations (which include a battle with an octopus), as well as the undeserved opprobrium of his neighbours.
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These women were prostitutes who lived on the edge of Curragh Camp to be close to the soldier customers. They lived communally but in poor conditions, in "nests" made from hollows in banks and ditches and covered in furze branches. In the 1870s, William James Orsman (1838–1923), a Methodist minister, invited Greenwood to tour the Costermongers' Mission, which heightened his interest in London's labouring classes and poor.P. T. A. Jones, "Redressing Reform Narratives: Victorian London's Street Markets and the Informal Supply Lines of Urban Modernity," The London Journal, Vol. 41, No. 1, 2006, pp. 64–65. His article "A Mission Among City Savages" appeared in the Daily Telegraph and in 1873 in a collection, In Strange Company.J. Greenwood, In Strange Company: Being the Experiences of a Roving Correspondent, London, Viztelly, 1874, His commentary relates especially to the street vendors working around Whitecross Street, London. He also wrote Toilers in London, in 1883.J. Greenwood, Toilers in London, (1883), Dodo Press, 2009. In 1869, Greenwood's book The Seven Curses of London was published.
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He was different from many other nationalists in that he held very left-wing (albeit anti-communist) views. He was able to best articulate this when he formed the Toilers Party of the Iranian Nation, a left-wing, nationalistic and anti-communist party that included such notables as Khalil Maleki (an ex-member of the Tudeh Party who broke away from that group for its dependence on the Soviet Union). In 1949, the Toilers Party joined with Mossadegh and his liberal supporters in forming the National Front of Iran, which was an umbrella organization for all Iranians who were committed to the principles of freeing Iran from foreign domination, ending arbitrary rule and establishing a government dependent on the will of the people of Iran. In April 1951, one month after the oil industry was nationalized by the Majlis, Mossadegh was chosen by that elected body as the Prime Minister of Iran, subject to approval by the reigning Mohammad Reza Shah (who had succeeded his father as Shah of Iran in Sept. 1941).
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Stalin was infuriated that Galiev rejected his juxtaposition of "great power chauvinism" with "local nationalism". Reaction to great-power chauvinism, Galiev explained, was not "nationalism" and it was simply reaction to great power chauvinism. Nine days later, he was arrested. During this time, Soltanğäliev, Turar Ryskulov, Nariman Narimanov and Ahmet Baytursunov were very influential especially through the Communist University of the Toilers of the East which opened in 1921 and was very active until its staff was purged in 1924.
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Alliance of Peace and Progress Fighters of Afghanistan (Itifaq-e Mubarezan-e Solh wa Taraqi-ye Afghanistan), a political faction in Afghanistan led by Zaman Gul Dehati, which emerged from a dissident faction within the Toilers Organisation of Afghanistan. The group joined the Union of Left-Democratic Parties sometime around 1988-1989. The organisation spent most of the 1990s organised in exile. It established liaisons with the UN Special Mission to Afghanistan office in Kabul, and was invited to the 2001 Bonn conference.
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In 1920, he met Indian nationalists and Ghadar Party members in New York City. He started distributing ‘Ghadar ki Goonj’ to Indians in sea ports around the world. He was dismissed from ship after the great post war strike and worked and traveled inside the USA. He then became a political activist, worked with Anti-Imperialist League and the Workers (Communist) Party of the USA, who sent him to the Soviet Union to study at the University of the Toilers of the East.
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As a member of the party Central Committee and of the Presidium of the Central Committee, she represented the MPRP at the Third International Conference of Communist Women (where she met Clara Zetkin and Nadezhda Krupskaya) and the Fifth World Congress of the Comintern in Moscow, both in 1924. She was involved in the creation of Mongolia's first trade union in 1925. From 1927 to 1930 she studied at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East in Moscow.
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Streetcar strikes rank among the deadliest armed conflicts in American labor union history. Samuel Gompers of the American Federation of Labor called the St. Louis Streetcar Strike of 1900 "the fiercest struggle ever waged by the organized toilers"Motorman and Conductor, June 1900 up to that point, with a total casualty count of 14 dead and about 200 wounded. The San Francisco Streetcar Strike of 1907 saw 30 killed and about 1000 injured. Many of the casualties were passengers and innocent bystanders.
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His campaign meetings were lively affairs, with his wife singing "The Toilers", and he engaged in much personal criticism of his opponent, F. E. Smith. Smith responded in kind, describing Nelson as "this Lenin in a silk hat". He lost heavily, but stood again when a by-election arose the following year, when he increased his vote share to 43.5%. On 15th February 1929, Nelson was found dead at his union officeLiverpool Echo, 16th February 1929, his death being determined a suicide.
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Brown produced contributions for various literary and religious magazines, including the Atlantic Monthly, The Aldine, the Living Age, and others. Her only volume of poems was a brochure entitled A Hundred Years Ago (Boston, 1876). Six volumes of the "Spare Minute Series" were compiled, and five of the "Biographical Series" were of her writing. Her Sunday school books were From Night to Light (Boston, 1872), a story of the Babylonian captivity, and The Child Toilers of the Boston Streets (Boston, 1874).
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The book takes many of its sources from historical women and from examples provided in classic literature. One of the "real life" women, Mumtaz Mahal of Taj Mahal fame, is cited as one of the ideal women who possessed both an angelic and a human side. More sources come from classic literature: Amelia (the original domestic goddess) of William Makepeace Thackeray's Vanity Fair, Agnes and Dora from David Copperfield by Charles Dickens, and Deruchette from Victor Hugo's Toilers of the Sea.
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The bitterness between Wicks' organization and the Communist Party proved short-lived, however. Along with most of his United Toilers comrades, Harry Wicks joined the Workers Party of America following the liquidation of the Central Caucus split in the summer of 1922. The hatchet was quickly buried. Harry Wicks was named to the governing Central Executive Committee of the WPA by the party's December 1922 convention, as well as to the 11 man "Executive Council" which handled day-to-day operations of the party.
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In 1952, whilst in prison, al-Haidari rebelled against the adoption of a new party programme of the Communist Party. Al-Haidari, along with other critics of the new party leadership, were expelled from the party. In February 1953, after the Communist Party organ al-Qaidah had published a ferocious attack on the expelled dissidents, al-Haidari's group decided to form a new organization, named after its organ Rayat ash-Shaghilah ('Toilers Banner'). Al-Haidari became the main spokesperson of the Rayat ash-Shaghilah group.
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With or without his father's enthusiastic approval, Chiang Ching-kuo went on to Moscow in late 1925. He stayed in the Soviet Union for nearly twelve years. While there, Chiang was given the Russian name Nikolai Vladimirovich Elizarov (Николай Владимирович Елизаров) and put under the tutelage of Karl Radek at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East. Noted for having an exceptional grasp of international politics, his classmates included other children of influential Chinese families, most notably the future Chinese Communist party leader, Deng Xiaoping.
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In February 1790, the revolutionary authorities established the first modern municipality with the name of "Port- Lunaire". This name lasted until 1803 when it was definitively changed to "Saint-Lunaire". The town slowly expanded during the first half of the 19th century. When Victor Hugo visited the area with Juliette Drouet, he might well have visited the little fishing port whilst preparing his novel on local fishermen, Toilers of the Sea(1866) - in which a murder is committed at the end of Saint-Lunaire's Decolle promontory.
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There were two major political coalitions running in the elections. The Indian National Congress contested alone, while the Dravidar Kazhagam (DK) under Periyar E. V. Ramasamy supported and campaigned for the incumbent Congress against his protege Annadurai. The DMK- led front comprised the Swatantra Party, Communist Party of India (Marxist), Praja Socialist Party, Samyukta Socialist Party, Tamil Nadu Toilers Party, Republican Party of India and the Indian Union Muslim League. The Tamil Arasu Kazhagam and the We Tamils party campaigned using the DMK election symbol.
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Arriving in August 1921, the six of them entered the Communist University of the Toilers of the East. Ren joined the Chinese Communist Party in 1922 and replaced Qu Qiubai as the translator of the history of Western revolutionary movements. After completing his studies on 23 July 1924, he arrived in Shanghai in August 1924 after a train ride through Siberia and a chartered boat from Vladivostok. Under the orders of the Party, Ren was appointed to be a lecturer of the Russian language at Shanghai University.
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Tamil Nadu Toilers Party was created by Padayatchiyar and members of the Vanniyar caste during the 1950s. In 1951, Vanniyars convened a major conference of the Vanniyar Kula Kshatriya Sangam. M. A. Manickavelu Naicker, a lawyer and S. S. Ramasami Padayatchi, 33-year-old high school graduate, Chairman of the Cuddalore Municipal school and member of the South Arcot district board were participants of the conference the conference among others. The conference which intended to organise Vanniyars on a statewide basis failed due to traditional local loyalties.
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Afterward they would have been sent to work in their countries of origin. Political émigrés already living in the USSR, Moscow, KUNMZ organized night courses to study special subjects, i.e. history of the CP of the countries of origin, mass work and party construction. A similar institution was the Communist University of the Toilers of the East also known as the Far East University was established in 1921 in Moscow by the Communist International as a training college for communist cadres in the colonial world.
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The Indian Military School was closed in April 1921, as a quid pro quo for industrial assistance that Britain promised to Soviet Russia, under Anglo-Russian Trade Pact in March 1921. But before its closure, the School indoctrinated many Muslim volunteers(muhajireens) who were on their way to Turkey to fight for the restoration of Caliphate.Roy, Samaren M.N. Roy: A Political Biography Orient Longman. 1997. p.56. After the closing down of the School, the Comintern started Communist University of the Toilers of the East in Moscow.
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Some recruits participated in CCP and sequent revolutionary movements in China. Outstanding members, like Le Hong Phong, Le Quang Dat, and Tran Phu, were even sent to Whampoa Military Academy or the University for the Toilers of the East (Soviet Union) for further military and political training. To propagandize their revolutionary ideas and attract young people, the League published pamphlets and periodicals (in Vietnamese) on different political subjects. The Road to Revolution (Duong Kach Menh), a training manual for the League's members, was a collection of Nguyen Ai Quoc's lecture notes for the training course.
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Italian football team won the 2006 FIFA World Cup The New York Times sent its reporters to characterize the Little Italy/Mulberry neighborhood in May 1896: > They are laborers; toilers in all grades of manual work; they are artisans, > they are junkman, and here, too, dwell the rag pickers. ... There is a > monster colony of Italians who might be termed the commercial or shop > keeping community of the Latins. Here are all sorts of stores, pensions, > groceries, fruit emporiums, tailors, shoemakers, wine merchants, importers, > musical instrument makers. ... There are notaries, lawyers, doctors, > apothecaries, undertakers.
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Despite the warning, Bach went to Moscow in 1935 along with Kotane. George Hardy was sent from the Communist Party of Great Britain to try to resolve conflict between the factions supporting each of the rivals, but was unable to make progress. In response, Maurice and Paul Richter, supporters of Bach, were also called to Moscow, while Kotane received support in the city from Josie Mpama, a party member who was studying at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East (KUTV). Bach also attended KUTV while in the city.
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In January 1932 he was sent to the Soviet Union to study at the International Lenin School and later the Communist University of the Toilers of the East, two Communist cadre training schools in Moscow. He returned to China in late 1935. During the Second Sino- Japanese War Lin Tie stayed in the Beijing-Tianjin area and helped establish the Hebei Communist Party Committee in 1937. During the subsequent Chinese Civil War Lin was the Party Chief of Central Hebei and the Political Commissar of the Central Hebei Military Region.
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The first soviets appeared during the 1905 Russian Revolution as councils (soviets) of workers in those cities that were captured by mass strikes (strike action).Kulchytskyi, S. Soviets of workers', peasants', and soldiers' deputies of toilers, people's deputies (РАДИ РОБІТНИЧИХ, СЕЛЯНСЬКИХ І СОЛДАТСЬКИХ ДЕПУТАТІВ, ДЕПУТАТІВ ТРУДЯЩИХ, НАРОДНИХ ДЕПУТАТІВ). Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine Enterprises that were participating in those strikes had delegated to those councils their delegates to coordinate joint actions. In various locations those councils carried different names such as "Soviet of workers deputies", "Delegate assembly", "Assembly of deputies", "Commission of elected", and others.
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One of the first political acts of Kamaraj during his tenure as chief minister was to widen representation of the rising non- Brahmins in the cabinet, yet to everyone's surprise, Kamaraj nominated C. Subramaniam and M. Bhakthavatsalam, who had contested his leadership, Ministerial berths were given to other parties like Tamil Nadu Toilers Party and Commonwealth Party. In a move to counter Tamil cultural politics espoused by the DMK, Kamaraj made conscious attempts to partake in the linguistic cultural matters. To placate Tamil aspirations, Kamaraj effected some measures.
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In April 1935, while Perry was in the United States, the engagement was called off. Lawson reportedly stated that she broke off the engagement because publicity killed their romance, she had tired of the ridiculous rumours that had circulated in the media and she was opposed to Perry's plans to live permanently in America. Map of Guernsey. Lawson met her future husband Francis William Lionel Collings Beaumont while filming the 1936 film Toilers of the Sea, a film adaption of Victor Hugo's 1866 novel Les Travailleurs de la mer.
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In that country he joined the Indonesian Association(Perhimpoenan Indonesia), a nationalistic group of Indonesian intellectuals. He emphasised that Indonesians should work together, regardless of race, creed, or class, to ensure independence from the Dutch; he preached non-cooperation with colonial forces. In 1925 he moved to the Soviet Union to spend a year and a half studying at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East in Moscow. In the Soviet Union he was briefly married to a Ukrainian woman named Anna Ivanova; the two had a daughter, Sumira Dingli, together.
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However, their communist views were not appreciated by the conservative officials in Bolu, and so the two decided to go to Batumi in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic to witness the results of the Russian Revolution of 1917, arriving there on 30 September 1921. In July 1922, the two friends went to Moscow, where Ran studied Economics and Sociology at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East in the early 1920s. There, he was influenced by the artistic experiments of Vladimir Mayakovsky and Vsevolod Meyerhold, as well as the ideological vision of Lenin.
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" The Bolsheviks and their allies came out with a program called "soviet government." The soviet system was described as "a higher type of state" and "a higher form of democracy" which would "arouse the masses of the exploited toilers to the task of making new history." Furthermore, it offered "to the oppressed toiling masses the opportunity to participate actively in the free construction of a new society". According to Lenin, the author of these quotations, soviet rule "is nothing else than the organized form of the dictatorship of the proletariat.
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The lands of the landlords, of the tsar's family and of the monasteries were to be turned over to all the toilers. By this decree the peasantry received over 400,000,000 acres (1,600,000 km²) of land that had formerly belonged to the landlords, the bourgeoisie, the tsar's family, the monasteries and the churches. Moreover, the peasants were released from paying rent to the landlords, which had amounted to about 500,000,000 gold rubles annually. All mineral resources (oil, coal, ores, etc.), forests and waters were declared to be the property of the people.
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Ayatollah Khomeini prevented Dr. Ghassemlou, the elected representative of the region, from participating in the assembly of experts' first meeting.Ali Reza Nourizadeh (Persian - Arabic - English) The wave of nationalism engulfed eastern Kurdistan after the fall of the Pahlavi dynasty in line with a series of anti-revolutionary revolts across the country. In early 1979 armed conflict broke out between armed Kurdish factions and the Iranian revolutionary government's security forces. The Kurdish forces included primarily the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (KDPI) and the leftist Komalah (Revolutionary Organization of Kurdish Toilers).
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Harry Haywood began his revolutionary career by joining the African Blood Brotherhood in 1922, followed by the Young Communist League in 1923. Soon after in 1925, he joined the Communist Party, USA (CPUSA). After joining the CPUSA, Haywood went to Moscow to study; it was on his passport application that he first adopted the pseudonym "Harry Haywood", deriving it from the first names of his mother and father. In Moscow, he studied first at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East in 1925, then at the International Lenin School in 1927.
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99 (Spring 1976), pg. 94. The conclave was raided by local and federal law enforcement authorities, resulting in high- profile trials of Communist trade union chief William Z. Foster and CPA Executive Secretary C. E. Ruthenberg. Writing nearly two decades after the event, repentant former Communist Benjamin Gitlow recalled that a crisis had resulted during the convention when Bimba was discovered mailing convention reports to Workers' Challenge, the weekly newspaper of the rival United Toilers of America in violation of the convention's secrecy rules.Benjamin Gitlow, I Confess: The Truth About American Communism.
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He then established his own studio and was one of the first artists to work with Daniel Vierge. Among his most notable illustrations are those made from pen and ink drawings by François Chifflart for The Toilers of the Sea by Victor Hugo, although Hugo had originally wanted them to be brush wash drawings, concerned that the resultant wood-engravings would not match the spirit of his writing. After seeing samples, he was convinced and changed his mind. The output of Méaulle's studio was large, but of an uneven quality.
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Arfa maintained contact with a variety of political activists, including Mozaffar Baqai of the Toilers' party, the fiery preacher Ayatollah Sayyed Abu al-Qasem Kashani, and Shaban Jafari, an organizer of street mobs. Arfa became a founding member of the secret committee of military officers, the Committee to Save the Fatherland, formed in 1952 with the objective of overthrowing Mossadegh. Following the 1953 military coup that restored the shah to power, he served as Iran's ambassador to Turkey (1958 - 1961) and Pakistan (1961 - 1962). Subsequently he retired from active government service.
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Three national parties (Indian National Congress, Revolutionary Socialist Party and Socialist Party) along with four state parties (Cochin Party, Travancore Cochin Republican Praja Party, Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress and Tamil Nadu Toilers Party) and two registered unrecognized party (Kerala Socialist Party and Tamil Nadu People Front) took part in the electoral process of 1951-1952 assembly elections. Since Communist Party of India was banned in Travancore- Cochin State, its candidates took part in the electoral process as Independent candidates, which later formed a United Left front of leftists following the success in the elections.
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Mozaffar Baqai, founding member of the Iranian Toilers' party and former Mossadegh associate, allied with General Fazlollah Zahedi (a friend of the Shah) to depose Mossadegh. To prepare for the coup the police apparatus had to be dismantled, and the conspirators met at Baqai's house to plan the murder of the chief of police. Afshartous was kidnapped when he was lured to Hossein Katibi's house for a meeting. He was brought to the mountains near Tehran, tortured and strangled by a group headed by Katibi on 24 April 1953.
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It is here that Kent painted some of his best- known works, including Toilers of the Sea, Winter-Monhegan Island, and Down to the Sea. Kent left the island in 1910, selling the cottage, which was rented to his cousin Alice Kent Stoddard, a fellow artist. In 1948, Alice Kent Stoddard purchased the John Willey House from Alma Marshall Wincapaw, and Rockwell Kent repurchased his cottage from Alice, then he again spent several years on the island. In 1952, James E. Fitzgerald purchased the studio and six years later purchased the house.
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The United Toilers of America, established in 1922, was the legal wing of an underground Marxist group which split off from the Communist Party of America in the fall of 1921. The organization published a weekly newspaper called Workers' Challenge and was effectively dissolved at the insistence of the Communist International by the time of the Bridgman Convention of August 1922 with its members rejoining the mainline Workers Party of America. A tiny underground rump organization resisted merger and continued an independent existence throughout the decade of the 1920s.
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During his years as physical training instructor at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East (TAS) and the International Society of red stadium builders (OSMKS), Kharlampiyev continued to study different kinds of combat. Comprehension of the essence of the struggle (both science and art) assisted learning techniques and tactics of fights outstanding fighters (Ivan Poddubny, Klimenty Buhl et al.). For a number of years Kharlampiyev traveled to the Central Asian and Caucasus republics for the study of national kinds of struggle. He studied and systematized techniques and training methods.
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The state's first ruler, Prime Minister Donduk, sought to strengthen ties with Mongolia and establish Buddhism as the state religion. This unsettled the Kremlin, which orchestrated a coup carried out in 1929 by five young Tuvan graduates of Moscow's Communist University of the Toilers of the East. In 1930 the pro-Soviet government began to reform the writing system, first replacing Mongol script with a Latin script, then adopting a Cyrillic script in 1943. Under the leadership of Party Secretary Salchak Toka, ethnic Russians were granted full citizenship rights and Buddhist and Mongol influences on the Tuvan state and society were systematically reduced.
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Manabendra Nath Roy, Indian nationalist revolutionary Ho Chi Minh Deng Xiaoping Chiang Ching-kuo, ROC (Taiwan) President, 1978–1988 The Communist University of the Toilers of the East (KUTV) was established 21 April 1921, in Moscow by the Communist International (Comintern) as a training college for communist cadres in the colonial world. The school officially opened on 21 October 1921. It performed a similar function to the International Lenin School, which mainly accepted students from Europe and the Americas. It was headed in its initial years by Karl Radek, who was later purged from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
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A year later more than 300 had died in a measles epidemic.Arraj, James (2002), An Expedition to the Guaycura Nation in the Californias, pp 3-4 Many of the Guaycura were still semi-nomadic and the efforts of the Franciscans to make of them toilers of the soil on mission lands was a failure as many ran away. By 1808 only 82 Guaycura were still resident at Todos Santos. Baja California by this time was being settled by Spanish and mestizo immigrants and the remaining Guaycura were being absorbed into the general population and had lost the remnants of their culture.
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On returning to Palestine he became an employee of the Mandatory Palestine's Department of Posts and Telegraphs. There he met Jewish workers who introduced him to Communism. He spent three years, from 1925 to 1928, at the Comintern's Communist University of the Toilers of the East (KUTV, pronounced Kutvo), and during his time there married a Ukrainian communist. He developed contacts with Joseph Stalin, Nikolai Bukharin, Georges Marchais and Khalid Bakdash, the Kurdish leader of the Syrian Communist Party, met Mao Zedong and got acquainted with the Turkish poet Nâzım Hikmet and members of the family of Jawaharlal Nehru.
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In 1921 he moved to Moscow, where he worked at Narkomzdrav (People's Commissariat of Public Health), at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East, in the health research department of the Kremlin, and at the V. I. Lenin Central Museum. During the 1930s, he collaborated with his sister Maria (who was named after their mother) to write reminiscences about their famous brother, which were published in serial form. He was a delegate to the 16th and 17th Congresses of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He died in Gorki Leninskiye and was buried in Moscow.
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Linnaeus included it in the first edition of his 1735 Systema Naturae. One translation of the Hawaiian creation myth the Kumulipo suggests that the octopus is the lone survivor of a previous age. The Akkorokamui is a gigantic octopus-like monster from Ainu folklore. The alt=A mission badge of an octopus spanning the world against a starry background, labelled "NROL-39" and "Nothing is beyond our reach" A battle with an octopus plays a significant role in Victor Hugo's book Travailleurs de la mer (Toilers of the Sea), relating to his time in exile on Guernsey.
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In late 1932, he joined Padmore in Germany. Before the end of the year, the duo relocated to Moscow, where Kenyatta studied at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East. There he was taught arithmetic, geography, natural science, and political economy, as well as Marxist-Leninist doctrine and the history of the Marxist-Leninist movement. Many Africans and members of the African diaspora were attracted to the institution because it offered free education and the opportunity to study in an environment where they were treated with dignity, free from the institutionalised racism present in the U.S. and British Empire.
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The main opponents for the Congress in Madras were the CPI, Prakasam's Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party (KMPP) and the Krishikar Lok Party led by N. G. Ranga (a breakaway group from KMPP's predecessor - the Hyderabad State Praja Party). The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) did not contest the 1952 election. Instead it supported the candidates of the Vanniyar caste based parties – the Commonweal Party and the Tamil Nadu Toilers Party – and five independents in Chengelpet, Salem, North and South Arcot districts. The candidates they backed had to sign a pledge to support DMK's agenda in the legislative assembly.
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Between May 1926 and its termination in the middle of 1938 the International Lenin School provided academic, practical, and ideological training to some 3,500 communist students from 59 countries.Julia Köstenberger, "Die Internationale Lenin- Schule (1926-1938)," in Michael Buckmiller and Klaus Meschkat (eds.), Biographisches Handbuch zur Geschichte der Kommunistischen Internationale: Ein deutsch-russisches Forschungsprojekt. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2007; pp. 287. The great majority of these students hailed from Europe and North America, while another Comintern-affiliated training institution, the Communist University of the Toilers of the East, catered to the majority of students from colonial countries.
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He then trained as a political commissar at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East in Moscow (1933–1937) and worked for the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party's Central Committee for a year. Between 1938 and 1942 he studied at the Surikov Art Institute under Sergei Gerasimov and Igor Grabar. Returning to Ulan Bator, Yadamsüren used the techniques he had learned in Moscow to produce oil paintings in a socialist realist style. His work at this time depicted events in the early history of the Mongolian People's Republic and patriotic figures such as Marshall Choibalsang and Sükhbaatar.
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These theses asserted that "even after the rule of the foreign imperialists has been eliminated, the revolution of the toiling masses of the East will not come to a halt", but would rather move past rule by a national bourgeoisie to "complete liberation from imperialist exploitation" through "transfer of the land to the toilers" and "removal from power of the non-working element, all foreign colonialist elements, ...and all privileged persons"."Theses on Soviet Power in the East" in "Soviets in the East; Agrarian Question: Session 6: September 6, 1920," pp. 181-182. Turkish feminist activist Naciye Suman, circa 1919.
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Anatoly Arkadyevich Kharlampiyev (; 29 October 1906 – 16 April 1979), was a Russian researcher of various kinds of national wrestling and martial arts, Merited Master of Sports of the USSR, and Honored Coach of Sports of the USSR. He was one of the founders of Sambo, a martial art technique developed in the Soviet Union. Kharlampiyev worked as a physical education trainer at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East, and also was a student of boxing, fencing, acrobatics, and mountaineering. In 1938, Kharlampiyev presented Sambo to the USSR All-Union Sports Committee, which recognized the martial art as an official sport.
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Evans was born in Ystalyfera in the Swansea Valley in South Wales. Evans was born into a large family of seven children and from the age of thirteen worked as a coal miner. In 1911 he began taking part-time classes at the Swansea School of Art and in 1912 some of his drawings were printed in the Cambria Daily Leader. After ten years working in local pits, Evans attended Swansea School of Art. By 1919 Evans had had a picture exhibited at the Royal Academy and his painting Toilers Underground had been bought by the South Wales Miners' Federation for £60.
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Kuular's theocratic, nationalist and anti-Soviet policies led to a Soviet backed coup d'état in 1929. While Kuular had implemented his policies the Soviet Union had laid foundations for a new leadership – staunchly loyal to Joseph Stalin – including the creation of the "Tuva Revolutionary Youth Union" where members received military training. Five young Tuvan graduates from the Communist University of the Toilers of the East were appointed "Extraordinary Commissioners" and overthrew the government in January 1929 during the 2nd Plenary Session of the Central Committee. Following the coup, Kuular was removed from power and executed and about a third to half the members of the TPRP were also purged.
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More than a quarter of the novel—by one count 955 of 2,783 pages—is devoted to essays that argue a moral point or display Hugo's encyclopedic knowledge but do not advance the plot, nor even a subplot, a method Hugo used in such other works as The Hunchback of Notre Dame and Toilers of the Sea. One biographer noted that "the digressions of genius are easily pardoned".A. F. Davidson, Victor Hugo: His Life And Work (J. B. Lippincott, 1929), Kindle Location 4026, 4189 The topics Hugo addresses include cloistered religious orders, the construction of the Paris sewers, argot, and the street urchins of Paris.
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Stasz notes that "London regarded the Wobblies as a welcome addition to the Socialist cause, although he never joined them in going so far as to recommend sabotage." Stasz mentions a personal meeting between London and Big Bill Haywood in 1912. In his late (1913) book The Cruise of the Snark, London writes about appeals to him for membership of the Snark's crew from office workers and other "toilers" who longed for escape from the cities, and of being cheated by workmen. In his Glen Ellen ranch years, London felt some ambivalence toward socialism and complained about the "inefficient Italian labourers" in his employ.
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French literature flourished in the nineteenth century. Among the most famous authors from this time period is Victor Hugo, who was known for works such as Les Misérables (1862), The Hunchback of Notre-Dame (1831), and The Toilers of the Sea. Hugo was also known for influencing Romanticism, a movement that spread to France in the 1820s and emphasized a sense of individuality and emotion. In his novel Les Misérables, Hugo represents Romanticism and individuality with the character of Marius Pontmercy, who by attempting to court the character Cosette by sending her letters that reveal his love for her, adheres to Romantic movement ideas and beliefs.
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In the spring of 1923 Wang was one of a group of twelve to travel to Moscow. After several years of study at the University of the Toilers of the East, he returned to China in 1925 and was elected to the Central Committee of the CCP in 1927. He was active in the party in Shanghai under Chen Duxiu, but because of his opposition to the party leadership he was not reelected. On his return to the Soviet Union he took the pseudonym Ivan Nemtsov, and in 1929 was accused of being a supporter of Leon Trotsky, Stalin's rival, and sent to work in a factory.
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Barnouin and Yu 28 The party went through several reorganizations and name changes, but Zhou remained a key member of the group throughout his stay in Europe. Other important activities Zhou undertook included recruiting and transporting students for the University of the Toilers of the East in Moscow, and the establishment of the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang or KMT) European branch. In June 1923, the Third Congress of the Chinese Communist Party accepted the Comintern's instructions to ally with the KMT, led at the time by Sun Yat-sen. These instructions called for CCP members to join the Nationalist Party as "individuals", while still retaining their association with the CCP.
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A quarry of the same name as the harbour was operated close to the port for over 100 years, and allegedly produced 3.5 million tons of blue diorite over the years. It was damaged during World War II, when it was flooded with water and silt, and despite a restoration in the post-War period it later closed. Just off the bay is the Houmets islets, mentioned by Victor Hugo who described Les Houmets, in his work The Toilers of the Sea (Les Travailleurs de la mer). A small battery built in the 18th-century existed at Bordeaux until all trace of the site vanished due to quarrying.
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In April 1931, Gu Shunzhang, the head of the Red Squad, defected after he was captured by the KMT in Wuhan. Thanks to the quick reactions of Qian Zhuangfei and Li Kenong, Teke's moles in the KMT intelligence organization, the CPC leadership in Shanghai was able to evacuate before the arrival of KMT agents. As Gu was intimately familiar with Li Qiang's life, Zhou Enlai arranged to have Li leave for the Soviet Union. In Moscow, Li planned to study at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East, which was attended by many CPC leaders, including Liu Shaoqi, Luo Yinong, and Ren Bishi.
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Illustration for Peter and Wendy, 1911 Francis Donkin Bedford (1864–1954), also known as F. D. Bedford, was a British artist and illustrator. He was born in Notting Hill and lived in London. He painted genre scenes and exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1892. Bedford's works include illustrations for A Book of Nursery Rhymes (1897), The Books of Shops (1899), Four and Twenty Toilers (1900), The Visit to London (1902), Forgotten Tales of Long Ago (1906), Runaways and Castaways (1908), Peter and Wendy (1911), The Magic Fishbone (1921), Under the Tree (1922), A Christmas Carol (1923), and The Cricket on the Hearth (1927).
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The USSR did not take kindly to these policies. At the same time as the Tuvan government built an increasingly religiously dominated political structure, the Soviet Russians laid the foundations for a new leadership, primarily by making connections among Tuvan youths. Among the measures taken was the creation of a "Revolutionary Union of Youth" movement, members of which were militarily trained, and several Tuvan youths were sent to the Communist University of the Toilers of the East. In January 1929 during the Second Plenary Session of the Central Committee, five of the youths educated in Moscow launched a successful coup d'état, deposing Prime Minister Donduk and his faction.
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Students of Sun Yat-sen Communist university of the Toilers of China In 1927, as the CPC-KMT alliance broke up, the students from the KMT were sent back to China. As the power struggle between Stalin and Trotsky reached its peak, Radek was sacked and replaced by his deputy, Pavel Mif, who was too ambitious to be limited to a university campus. Mif himself became the vice director of the Far East Department of the Comintern and played an important role in the major decisions of the CPC. With his 28 Bolsheviks holding senior positions in the CPC, Mif and the university played a major role in China's modern history.
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His wife predeceased him on May 16, 1925, in Vancouver. It was said about him that he was "one of those wholesome toilers in behalf of the people who never grow old in years and energy." A 1912 biography in the publication History of the province of Alberta noted that Ramsay was a man of "broad mental grasp, cosmopolitan ideas and notable business sagacity", with a "thorough understanding of life, its principles and possibilities" that was "honoured and respected by all". His former residence was in the present-day Calgary neighbourhood of Ramsay, situated east of the Elbow River and south of the CPR tracks, which is named in his honour.
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In 1920, Xiao joined the Research Society of Russia with his friend Ren Bishi, and listened to the speeches of famous social activists in Hunan including Mao Zedong and He Shuheng. In August, Xiao and Ren joined the "Foreign Language Society", established by the Shanghai Communist Group for the young to study in Russia. They went to the Communist University of the Toilers of the East in 1921, and became members of the first Chinese students' group of the university, where they studied Karl Marx's The Communist Manifesto, Vladimir Lenin's Youth League, and Nikolai Bukharin's Communism ABC. Xiao became a Communist Party member in 1922.
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By 1925 Elbegdorj was accused of being a bourgeois nationalist and a Pan-Mongolist whose pan-Mongolian sentiments, expressed at the Third Party Congress in 1924, were seen as contrary to communist policy. The power struggle between Ryskulov and Elbegdorj eventually resulted in both being recalled to Moscow in 1928. He then worked at NIANKP (Scientific- Investigative Association for National and Colonial Problems) and taught at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East training many of the young MPRP members who attended the school. Elbegdorj was arrested in 1937 during the Great Purge, sentenced to death by the Military Collegium of the Soviet Supreme Court on June 4, 1938 and executed on June 10, 1938 in Moscow.
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And their function as transportation for workers in other industries opened the possibility of leveraging a transit strike into a general strike, as in the Philadelphia trolley strike and riots of 1910. Streetcar strikes rank among the deadliest armed conflicts in American labor union history. Samuel Gompers of the American Federation of Labor called the St. Louis Streetcar Strike of 1900 "the fiercest struggle ever waged by the organized toilers"Motorman and Conductor, June 1900 up to that point, with a total casualty count of 14 dead and about 200 wounded, more than the Pullman Strike of 1894. The casualty count for the San Francisco Streetcar Strike of 1907 saw 30 killed and about 1000 injured.
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Trautmann wrote a historical novel entitled Riot that was based on his experiences organizing the McKees Rocks strike. He abandoned radical politics and wrote America's Dilemma in which he said, "Millions of toilers are today agreed that not capitalism, not the employers of labor as a class, are the enemies of the workers so much as those who, claiming to spring from the ranks of the proletariat, have become the apostles of corruption, the promoters of crime, the fomentors of chaos and destruction." He instead promoted peaceful labor reform, eventually ending up in Los Angeles where he worked on his autobiography and a New Deal highway project until his death in 1940.
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The short novel Laughter and Grief (Sovremennaya letopis, March–May, 1871), a strong social critique focusing on the fantastic disorganization and incivility of Russian life and commenting on the sufferings of individuals in a repressive society proved to be his last; from then on Leskov avoided the genre of the orthodox novel. In November 1872, though, he adapted Victor Hugo's Toilers of the Sea for children. Five years later Józef Ignacy Kraszewski's The Favourites of King August came out, translated from the Polish and edited by Leskov. Leskov c1880s The Cathedral Clergy (Soboryane), published in 1872, is a compilation of stories and sketches which form an intricate tapestry of thinly drawn plotlines.
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Lkhümbe was born in 1902 in present-day Khairkhandulaan district, Övörkhangai Province in central Mongolia. After receiving training at the MPRP Party School in Ulaanbaatar (1926-1927) he then became the school's director in 1928. Lkhümbe was one of several younger, more radicalized party members from rural areas (others included Tsengeltiin Jigjidjav, Ölziin Badrakh, Zolbingiin Shijee, Bat-Ochiryn Eldev-Ochir, and Peljidiin Genden) recruited by the Soviets in the late 1920s to challenge the MRPR "old guard" of Balingiin Tserendorj, Tseren-Ochiryn Dambadorj, and Anandyn Amar. In 1929 Lkhümbe joined the Internal Security Directorate but soon thereafter departed for Moscow to attend the Communist University of the Toilers of the East from 1929 to 1930.
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Forming political connections within the émigré circles after establishing himself outside Russia, Vonsyatsky was, at one point in the interwar period, a leader of the Russian Fascist Organization, an initially independent movement that later became closely associated with the Manchuria-based Russian Fascist Party (RFP). Vonsyatsky split from the RFP in 1933. On March 10, 1933, he founded the Russian National Revolutionary Labor and Workers Peasant Party of Fascists (also referred to as the All Russian National Revolutionary Party, or the All- Russian National Revolution Toilers and Worker Peasants Fascist Party (VRO)), another anti-Soviet and anti-communist organization. The headquarters were established at the Vonsyatsky estate in Connecticut and published a newspaper called Fashist.
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A meeting ground, For those whose purpose, great and > broad and strong, Whose aim is like the star: who ever long To make the > patient, hastening world resound With sweeter music, freer tones. A place > where kindly, lifting words are said. And kindlier deeds are done: where > hearts are fed. Where wealth of brain for poverty atones: Where hand grasps > hand: and soul finds touch with soul: Where victors in the race for fame and > power Look back in their triumphant hour To beckon others to the shining > goal, This is a woman’s club—a heaven fair, Where toilers drop—an hour—their > load of care.“Woman’s Club Notes.” The Sarasota Times.
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The most important groups in the Front were the Iran Party, the Toilers Party, the National Party, and the Tehran Association of Bazaar Trade and Craft Guilds.Âbrâhâmiân, Ervand, A History of Modern Iran, Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 115 Soon after its founding, the National Front opposed the existing Western domination and control of Iran's natural resources, and related revenues, which began with colonialist concessions given during the Qajar Dynasty. By the mid-1950s, Iran's oil assets were owned by the Anglo- Iranian Oil Company, whose predecessor company bought the concession from William Knox D'Arcy.All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror, by Stephen Kinzer, (John Wiley and Sons, 2003), p.
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Politics and the Theory of Language in the USSR 1917-1938: The Birth of Sociological Linguistics- chapter 6,Language as a Battlefield: the Rhetoric of Class Struggle in Linguistic Debates of the First Five-Year Plan Period. The Case of E.D. Polivanov vs. G.K. Danilov, Kapitolina Fedorova In 1922 he returned to Moscow where he was assigned instantly to the department of languages at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East (or Коммунистический университет трудящихся Востока КУТВ). He worked at КомА (Коммунистическая академия, Communist Academy)then he worked as a teacher in high school and in February 1931, Danilov became the assistant director of the linguistic Institute linked to the Наркомпрос (Народный комиссариат просвещения, the People's Commissariat for Enlightenment).
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After the Soviet intervention, the Soviets forced the PDPA to recruit more members; in 1981 the probationary period for a new member was reduced from one year to six months, and to join a person needed fewer party sponsors. The 1981–83 recruitment drive increased party membership; the majority of the new members worked either in state-owned enterprises, the military. The main problem was that most of these new recruits were "functional illiterate", which in reality led to an overall decline in the quality of party members. In April 1981, 25–30 percent of members were "workers, farmers, soldiers, and other toilers"; this increased to 38 percent (both ordinary and probationary members) in 1982 and in 1983, according to Karmal, 28.4 were ordinary members.
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In 1986 the KDP, PUK, KSP, and ICP announced a joint declaration calling for unity against the Ba'ath regime and in November Masoud Barzani and Jalal Talabani finally met to form an official alliance, in Tehran. By May 1987 the KPDP, Pasok, Kurdistan Toilers' Party, and the Assyrian Democratic Movement all joined what was known as the Kurdistan Front, and now all Kurdish parties were receiving monetary and military support from Iran. With the Kurds in a seemingly stronger position than in any time since the 1960s, and their betrayal in the mind of Saddam complete, large-scale repression commenced. In Sulaymaniyah (PUK territory) Saddam rounded up 500 male children, aged 10–14, and had a substantial number of them tortured before being killed.
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Luvsansharav was born in 1900 in Zasagt Khan Province (present day Ikh-Uul) district of Khövsgöl Province. At the age of 10 he was sent to Möröngiin Khuree monastery to become a lama, but fled in 1921. He joined the MPRP in 1925, first heading up a local MPRP cell and then attending the Party school in Ulaanbaatar in 1927 where he made a name for himself combating rightists in the student body. After attending the Communist University of the Toilers of the East in Moscow from 1928 to 1929, he returned to take up leadership of the MPRP in Khan- Taishir-Uul province (present day Zavkhan Province). One of several “new leftists” promoted during the Eight Party Congress in 1930,Morozova 2009, p.
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Beginning with 1922, Ion Dicescu studied at the Moscow Military Academy, and later he taught courses at the Communist University of the National Minorities of the West, the Communist University of the Toilers of the East, the Plekhanov Institute and the Architectural Institute. Dicescu also held various research positions at the People's Commissariat for Finance, Central Statistical Directorate and the State Committee for Planning (Gosplan), publishing over 50 scientific works regarding the Soviet economy. Towards the end of the 1930s he was named Deputy Head of the Gosplan. In 1924, Dicescu was one of the authors of a memorandum that requested the creation of a Moldavian Soviet Republic on the border with Romania, on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR.
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In April 1919, Czechoslovak control on the ground was established, when Czechoslovak troops acting in coordination with Romanian forces arriving from the east – both acting under French auspices – entered the area. In a series of battles they defeated and crushed the local militias of the newly formed Hungarian Soviet Republic, whose proclaimed aim was to "unite the Hungarian, Rusyn and Jewish toilers against the exploiters of the same nationalities". Communist sympathizers accused the Czechoslovaks and Romanians of atrocities, such as public hangings and the clubbing to death of wounded prisoners.Quoted extensively in Béla Illés, "A Carpathian Raphosody", 1939 This fighting prevented the arrival of Soviet aid, for which the Hungarian Communists hoped in vain; the Bolsheviks were also too preoccupied with their own civil war to assist.
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In 1910, she wrote her first article, "Toilers of the Tenements," which she published in McClure's Magazine under the editorship of Willa Cather, thus beginning a lifelong friendship between the two women. In the same year (1910), she undertook extensive research on "Artificial Flower Making in Paris" for Mary van Kleeck who published a book on the "Artificial Flower Makers" for the Russell Sage Foundation. When the New Republic was founded in 1914, she became one of its original contributors. In 1916, she published her first book, French Perspectives, a result of her extensive travels to that country as the New Republic's war correspondent. On October 19, 1918, she was severely injured when her companion picked up a hand grenade that exploded.
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Until 1952, Baghai stood by Mossadegh in his struggle against the United Kingdom and his intensifying dispute in Iran with the pro-Shah elements, who had opposed Mossadegh's style of governing and his policies vis-a-vis the UK. From 1952 to 1953, Bagai served in the seventeenth Majlis, from which he initially used to support Mossadegh's government. But by late 1952, Baghai had become disillusioned with Mossadegh, pulling his Toilers Party out of the National Front and siding with the pro- Shah elements, who were present in the Majlis, military, press, royal court and other institutions. In taking this course, he split with Khalil Maleki, who remained loyal to Mossadegh and formed his own group called the Third Force. On Aug.
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In the course of this voyage he appears to have attempted to contact the Comintern and to have asked the Palestine Communist Party for funds to help him engage in political work in Iraq. In 1930, the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty was signed, leading to widespread anger in Iraq. Yusuf returned home and a year later was active in organizing the July 1931 strikes in response to the introduction of a new municipal tax. He continued his agitational and propaganda activities in al-Nasiriyya until February 1935, when he left Iraq once more, this time headed for Moscow where he was due to enroll at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East (KUTV) for training as a future leader of communist party activity.
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The coalition, the United Democratic Front (UDF), comprised 30 independents as well as the Communist Party of India (CPI) and CPI backed independents, Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party (KMPP), Tamil Nadu Toilers Party, Commonweal Party, Forward Block (Marxist Group) also known as FBL (MG), All India Scheduled Caste Federation (SCF), and Justice Party (JUSP). With 166 legislative seats, the UDF staked their claim to form a government. The Governor at the time, Maharaja Krishna Kumarsinhji Bhavsinhji, decided to refer the matter to the President of India, Rajendra Prasad, rather than cause controversy at the end of his term as Governor. Per the Constitution, the President sought the advice of the Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, who was unable to make a decision on the matter.
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Magomet Mamakaev was born on 16 December 1910, in the Chechen village Achhoy-Martan to a peasant family. At the age of ten he became an orphan. His childhood pain of loss, sorrow and pleasure are reflected in his poem «Conversation with mother» (1934). In his youth Mamakaev was a Komsomol member and studied in Moscow at Communist University of the Toilers of the East. The outlook of that period was reflected in its first literary works: “Morning over Argun”, "Swallow", "Pondar" and lyric epic poem “Bloody mountains” (1928). On pages of magazines «Revolution and the mountaineer», «On lifting» he argued with authorities of that time concerning description of history of the Chechen Republic during the period of the Civil War in the North Caucasus.
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The following year saw the release of Alexander Nevsky and in February 1939 the opera A Life for the Tsar was performed under the new name Ivan Susanin. Yet Stalin wanted more, arranging his aides to produce a film about another Russian tsar, Ivan the Terrible. The Stalin regime's legitimization of Imeprial Russian culture and politics helped mbolize Russian nationalism across the Soviet Union and solidified Russia's role as the leading Soviet nation whilst subordinating the other republics. In May 1936, Pravada lauded the party of all Soviet peoples, placing special emphasis on the Russians, "First among these equals are the Russian people, the Russian workers and the Russian toilers, whose role throughout the whole great proletarian revolution has been exceptionally large, from the first victories to the present day's brilliant period of development".
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At the founding convention was announced that 10 American blacks were already in Moscow enrolled at the University of the Toilers of the East, where they were ostensibly being trained for work in the Soviet "diplomatic service."Hutchinson, Blacks and Reds, p. 31. The delegates also heard an enthusiastic speech delivered by "Bad Bishop" William Montgomery Brown, who hammered the capitalist class and declared that "the Christian church was started by workers and you workers must take it back." Behind the scenes the governing National Executive Committee of the ANLC was instructed by the Comintern to convene a "World Race Conference," in an effort to internationalize the black liberation movement — a repetition of an unsuccessful effort by the Comintern to hold an international race conference made in 1922.
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Upon her return in 1935, Anchimaa was one of several recent graduates of the University of the Toilers in the East to be placed in positions of political trust in the TNRP due to their political and administrative education in Moscow and their adherence to Stalinist ideology, beginning in 1935 when Anchimaa was put in charge of the propaganda department of Revsomol. In 1938 she became the director of Tuvan Zhenotdel (the analogue of the Soviet Zhenotdel), and Chair of the Women's Section of the Central Committee of the TNRP. In both these positions Anchimaa took a leading role in coordinating action for improving social and economic conditions for women, in particular the eradication of illiteracy and the promotion of employment and education opportunities for women in Tuvan society.
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In 1924, while serving in the RAF, it was announced that Beaumont was engaged to Enid Corinne Ripley of Outwood, Surrey and in October 1926 the couple were married in London. In December 1927, Enid Beaumont gave birth to a son, John Michael Beaumont, who would become the 22nd Seigneur of Sark in 1974. Beaumont met his second wife, actress Mary Lawson, while producing the 1936 film Toilers of the Sea, a film adaption of Victor Hugo's 1866 novel Les Travailleurs de la mer. Hugo's book is set in Guernsey and Beaumont's mother writes in her 1961 autobiography that scenes from the film were shot on Sark and that her son provided backing for the film, along with French director/producer Jean Choux;Hathaway incorrectly writes that the film was shot in 1938.
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The origins of the Daily Worker begin with the weekly Ohio Socialist published by the Socialist Party of Ohio in Cleveland from 1917 to November 1919. The Ohio party joined the nascent Communist Labor Party of America at the 1919 Emergency National Convention. The Ohio Socialist only used whole numbers. Its final issue was #94 November 19, 1919. The Toiler continued this numbering, even though a typographical error made its debut issue #85 November 26, 1919. Beginning sometime in 1921 the volume number IV was added, perhaps reflecting the publications fourth year in print, though its issue numbers continued the whole number scheme. The final edition of the Toiler was Vol IV #207 January 28, 1922. The Worker continued the Toilers numbering during its run Vol. IV #208 February 2, 1922 to Vol.
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In 1913–14 he emigrated abroad. In 1918–1921 at the party and Soviet work in Moscow, Voronezh, Ryazan (1921). In 1922 he worked in the Main Political and Educational Committee of the People's Commissariat of Education of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, and from the same year he taught at the Moscow Provincial Party School. After graduating from the Institute of Red Professorship in 1924, where he entered in 1921, he became Head of the Department of History of the Soviet Union at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East (1924), Faculty of Ethnology of the 1st Moscow State University (1924–1928), 2nd Moscow State University (1924–1939, from 1930 – at the Moscow State Pedagogical University), department of the Voronezh State University (1928–1929).
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Nyamyn Jagvaral (; 4 May 1919 – 19 September 1987) was a Mongolian politician, statesman, economist, and academician who, as First Vice-Chairmen of the Presidium of the People's Great Khural, was acting Chairman (titular head of state) of the Mongolian People's Republic from August 23, 1984 to December 12, 1984 after the forced resignation of Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal for political and health reasons. Jagvaral was born in 1919 in present-day Dornogovi Province. In 1938 he graduated from the Communist University of the Toilers of the East in Moscow and then 1938 to 1939 he taught high-school. He joined the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) in 1939 and from 1939 to 1940 headed the High School Party cadres. Between 1940 and 1945 he attended the Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies (the first Mongolian citizen to do so) receiving his Ph.D. in Economics in 1945.
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The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan described the Saur Revolution as a democratic revolution signifying "a victory of the honourable working people of Afghanistan" and the "manifestation of the real will and interests of workers, peasants and toilers." While the idea of moving Afghanistan toward socialism was proclaimed, completing the task was seen as an arduous road. Thus, Afghanistan's foreign minister commented that Afghanistan was a democratic but not yet socialist republic, while a member of the Politburo of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan predicted that "Afghanistan will not see socialism in my lifetime" in an interview with a British journalist in 1981. Afghanistan was considered by the Soviet Union as a state with a socialist orientation. The Soviets, in mid-1979, initially proclaimed Afghanistan as not merely a progressive ally, but a fully fledged member of the socialist community of nations.
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Branding of the Huguenot John Leclerc during the 16th century persecutions. Whipping and branding of thieves in Denmark, 1728 In criminal law, branding with a hot iron was a mode of punishment consisting of marking the subject as if goods or animals, sometimes concurrently with their reduction of status in life. Brand marks have also been used as a punishment for convicted criminals, combining physical punishment, as burns are very painful, with public humiliation (greatest if marked on a normally visible part of the body) which is here the more important intention, and with the imposition of an indelible criminal record. Robbers, like runaway slaves, were marked by the Romans with the letter F (fur); and the toilers in the mines, and convicts condemned to figure in gladiatorial shows, were branded on the forehead for identification.
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The people's democratic state was implemented in Eastern Europe after World War II. It can be defined as a state and society in which feudal vestiges have been liquidated and where the system of private ownership exists, but it is eclipsed by the state-owned enterprises in the field of industry, transport and credit. In the words of Eugene Varga, "the state itself and its apparatus of violence serve the interests, not of the monopolistic bourgeoisie, but of the toilers of town and country". Soviet philosopher N. P. Farberov stated: "People's democracy in the people's republics is a democracy of the toiling classes, headed by the working class, a broad and full democracy for the overwhelming majority of the people, that is, a socialist democracy in its character and its trend. In this sense we call it popular".
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Arrested again, he was deported to the same region of Siberia where Joseph Stalin was in exile. Following the Russian Revolution he was a party functionary in Soviet Siberia, including a stint as premier of the Far Eastern Republic from November 1920 to April 1921. From 1923 to 1925, he represented Soviet interests in Iran, and after that was in charge of the Communist University of the Toilers of the East, and then a member of the Central Asian Bureau of the Party Central Committee back in Siberia. In none of these capacities did he evidently have anything to do with film-making. Nonetheless, following a reorganization of the Soviet film industry he was selected by Stalin to become the head of Soyuzkino in December 1930. When Soyuzkino was dissolved and replaced by GUKF on February 11, 1933, he remained in charge and even with expanded powers over all matters of production, import/export, distribution and exhibition.
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While utopian socialists believed it was possible to work within or reform capitalist society, Marx confronted the question of the economic and political power of the capitalist class, expressed in their ownership of the means of producing wealth (factories, banks, commerce – in a word, "Capital"). Marx and Engels formulated theories regarding the practical way of achieving and running a socialist system, which they saw as only being achieved by those who produce the wealth in society, the toilers, workers or "proletariat", gaining common ownership of their workplaces, the means of producing wealth. Marx believed that capitalism could only be overthrown by means of a revolution carried out by the working class: "The proletarian movement is the self- conscious, independent movement of the immense majority, in the interest of the immense majority."Marx and Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party, p14, Oxford University Press, (1998) Marx believed that the proletariat was the only class with both the cohesion, the means and the determination to carry the revolution forward.
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Graduating from a communist secondary school in Rostov-on-Don in 1929, Israilov entered the ranks of the Communist Party, and in 1933 he was sent to Moscow's Communist University of the Toilers of the East. As a student Israilov wrote plays and poetry, and he became a correspondent for the Moscow newspaper Krestianskaia Gazeta (Farmer's Newspaper). A couple of his articles attacked the Soviet policy in the Checheno-Ingushetia, which he described as "plundering Chechnya by the Party leadership". Although he instantly became popular with his peers, the Soviet leadership arrested him swiftly at the age of 19, on charges of "counterrevolutionary slander", and was sentenced to ten years in prison after he had written an editorial accusing certain Party officials of "looting and corruption", but after two years Israilov was released, rehabilitated, and allowed to return to his university after several of the Party members Israilov had accused were charged with corruption.
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Al-e-Ahmad joined the communist Tudeh Party along with his mentor Khalil Maleki shortly after World War II. They "were too independent for the party" and resigned in protest over the lack of democracy and the "nakedly pro-Soviet" support for Soviet demands for oil concession and occupation of Iranian Azerbaijan. They formed an alternative party the Socialist Society of the Iranian Masses in January 1948 but disbanded it a few days later when Radio Moscow attacked it, unwilling to publicly oppose "what they considered the world's most progressive nations." Nonetheless, the dissent of Al-e-Ahmad and Maleki marked "the end of the near hegemony of the party over intellectual life."Mottahedeh, Roy, The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran, One World, Oxford, 1985, 2000, p.290 He later helped found the pro-Mossadegh Toilers Party, one of the component parties of the National Front, and then in 1952 a new party called the Third Force.
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The Kurdistan Alliance called for a single pan-Kurdish list, including the Islamist parties and the opposition Gorran Movement, which had gained a quarter of the seats in the Iraqi Kurdistan legislative election of 2009. However, the Gorran Movement said the two main Kurdistani Alliance parties – the Iraqi President Jalal Talabani's Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) and Kurdish President Massoud Barzani's Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq (KDP) – tended to "monopolize" power, and competing separately would "secure their own powers" in Baghdad. The Kurdistan Islamic Union (KIU) also said it would compete separately, as it had in December 2005, and rejected a pan-Islamist coalition with the Islamic Movement of Kurdistan (IMK) and the Kurdistan Islamic Group (IGK). Therefore, Gorran, the KIU and the IGK all three ran in separate lists, while the PUK and KDP ran in a joint "Kurdistani List" together with several minor parties including the Kurdistan Communist Party, Qadir Aziz's Kurdistan Toilers' Party and the IMK.
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Kinzer, All the Shah's Men (2003) p.135-6 Partly through the efforts of Iranians sympathizing with the British, and partly in fear of the growing dictatorial powers of the Prime Minister, several former members of Mosaddegh's coalition turned against him, fearing arrest. They included Mozzafar Baghai, head of the worker-based Toilers party; Hossein Makki, who had helped lead the takeover of the Abadan refinery and was at one point considered Mosaddegh's heir apparent; and most outspokenly Ayatollah Kashani, who damned Mosaddegh with the "vitriol he had once reserved for the British".Kinzer, All the Shah's Men (2003) p.159 The reason for difference of opinion among Makki and Mosaddegh was the sharp response of Mosaddegh to Kashani, who was an inoffensive scholar who attracted public support. Hossein Makki strongly opposed the dissolution of the parliament by Mossadegh and evaluated in the long run at his loss because with the closure of the parliament, the right to dismiss the Prime minister was made by the Shah.
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Ballam was chosen to make the trip to Moscow on behalf of his comrades in an attempt to gain recognition for the underground Communist Party dissidents and their "legal" wing, the United Toilers, as the Communist International's official representatives in America.Benjamin Gitlow, I Confess: The Truth About American Communism. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1940; pg. 135. Early in 1922 the Comintern ruled against the Central Caucus's parallel "Communist Party of America," ordering its members to reunite with the regular party organization and to turn over all of its "records, addresses, connections, and properties" to the main organization within 60 days.Draper, The Roots of American Communism, pg. 357. Ballam agreed to this demand of the Comintern and returned to the regular CPA, which elected him a delegate to the party's ill-fated 1922 Bridgman Convention, held in August. Although he escaped arrest at the time of the raid, Ballam was among 9 of those who surrendered to authorities on March 10, 1923.
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The Workers' and Peasants' Government, created by the revolution of 24–25 October, and drawing its strength from the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers', and Peasants' Deputies, proposes to all warring peoples and their governments to begin at once negotiations leading to a just democratic peace. A just and democratic peace for which the great majority of wearied, tormented and war- exhausted toilers and labouring classes of all belligerent countries are thirsting, a peace which the Russian workers and peasants have so loudly and insistently demanded since the overthrow of the Tsar's monarchy, such a peace the government considers to be an immediate peace without annexations (i.e., without the seizure of foreign territory and the forcible annexation of foreign nationalities) and without indemnities. The Russian Government proposes to all warring peoples that this kind of peace be concluded at once; it also expresses its readiness to take immediately, without the least delay, all decisive steps pending the final confirmation of all the terms of such a peace by the plenipotentiary assemblies of all countries and all nations.
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Taher Badakhshi (1933–1979) (Persian: طاهر بدخشی) has been a cultural and political personality in Afghanistan. He had performed a large variety of cultural and political activities in Afghanistan including organisation of different scale gatherings of authors, journalists and writers of the country and hosting meetings in which the intelligentsia of different cultural and political backgrounds came together for discussions, and he was the founder of "Revolutionary Organization of the Toilers of Afghanistan", (in Persian: سازمان انقلابی زحمتکشان افغانستان) a liberal leftist group with affinity to the Non-Aligned Movement that was founded in Yugoslavia in 1956, triggered by Josip Broz Tito, and promoted by the two most pivotal personalities in the global South: Jawaharlal Nehru and Gamal Abdel Nasser. The group has also had a firm touch to the liberal principles and heterogeneous ideas of liberalism and modernism, and of course in the very temporal and geographic context of the country, it had affinities to the leftist liberation and anti-colonial movements in Asia, Latin America and Africa.
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Their liberation will not be achieved merely by winning political > independence, and therefore they cannot halt and rest content when that is > won.... For the complete and real liberation of the peasantry of the East > from all forms of oppression, dependence, and exploitation, it is also > necessary to overthrow the rule of their landlords and bourgeoisie and to > establish the Soviet power of the workers and peasants... A final seventh session, held the night of September 7, established a permanent executive body called the Council for Propaganda and Action of the Peoples of the East."Council of Propaganda and Action; Women of the East; Concluding Remarks: Session 7: September 7, 1920," in Riddell (ed.), To See the Dawn, pg. 201. This body was to convene additional Congresses of the Peoples of the East "no less frequently than once a year" and to conduct day- to-day work in the interval between Congresses. This entity seems to have been more or less stillborn, with only one subsequent Congress of the Toilers of the East convened in Moscow in January and February 1922.
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Pavel Mif Pavel Mif was the pseudonym of Mikhail Alexandrovich Fortus (August 3, 1901, in Khersones Gubernia of Russian Empire - 10 September 1939), a Ukrainian & Russian Bolshevik Party member from May 1917, a historian with a Doctor's degree in economics (1935), participant of Russian civil war (1918–20), a student at Yakov Sverdlov Communist University (1920–21), did communist party work in Ukraine (1923–25), prorector of Sun Yat-sen Communist University of the Toilers of China (Moscow) under Karl Radek from 1925, rector of the same institution after 1927, member of the Executive Council of Comintern concurrently, participant of the 5th (1927), 6th (1928) Congresses of the Communist Party of China and the 4th Plenary meeting of its Central Committee (1931). Mif was arrested by the NKVD on December 11, 1937, and sentenced to death in July 1938 for "membership in a counter-revolutionary terrorist organization". He was executed on September 10, 1939. In the year 1956, following the denouncement of Stalinism by premier Nikita Khrushchev, he was fully (posthumously) rehabilitated.
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Eldev-Ochir was born in 1905 in Zasagt Khan Province where, from 1922 to 1925, he was leader of the local cell of the Mongolian Revolutionary Youth League (MYRL). In the mid-1920s, he was recruited by Comintern agents looking for younger, more radical, and preferably “rural” party members to challenge the authority of “old guard” revolutionaries such as Prime Minister Balingiin Tserendorj, Deputy Prime Minister Anandyn Amar, and Party Chairman Tseren-Ochiryn Dambadorj. Eldev- Ochir officially joined the MPRP in 1925, enrolled in the MPRP Party School in Ulaanbaatar, and then went on to attend the Communist University of the Toilers of the East in the USSR, graduating in 1928. At the 1928 Seventh Party Congress, Comintern agents (including the American William F. Dunne) orchestrated the removal of rightist leaders and ensured the election of leftists such as Eldev-Ochir, Peljidiin Genden, and Ölziin Badrakh as secretaries of the party Central Committee. Eldev-Ochir was also elected to the Presidium of the MPRP, despite opposition from MYRL delegates who accused his wife of being “a true feudal.” Eldev-Ochir rejected demands that he divorce her.
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Soviets enrolled him in the Communist University of the Toilers of the East in Moscow and then sent him to agitate Uyghur Hui students and organize supplies of arms and revolutionaries to the Xinjiang region as part of Soviet plans to establish a puppet government there. It was during this period that Shijee first met Badrakh and the two discussed the possibility of creating an autonomous republic of non-Khalkh Mongol regions of Dörvöd (present day Uvs Province), Tannu Uriankhai, and Xinjiang.Sanders 2010, p. 222 Shijee returned to Mongolia in 1928 and rose within the government through a rapid series of promotions: he was first elected secretary of the Central Council of the Mongolian Trade Unions, then appointed head of Internal Security Directorate from 1928 to 1929, and then made chairman of the board of the State Bank from 1929 to 1930. He was one of several "new leftists" promoted into party leadership positions during the Eighth Party Congress in 1930, when he was elected member of presidium (or politburo) of the MPRP and one of three secretaries of the party Central Committee (a position he would hold until June 30, 1932).
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