Therapeutic drug substitutes cost hospitals at least $200 million every year.
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And that could have big implications for harnessing LSD as a therapeutic drug.
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They do that by seeking sustainable highs—sometimes naturally through yoga and breath work, and yes, sometimes through therapeutic drug experiences.
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The layoffs are concentrated in the consumer DNA test part of the company; employees in the company's therapeutic drug discovery arm are not affected.
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Dr. Mike Ryan, head of WHO's emergencies program, said that he expected Uganda to approve the use of experimental therapeutic drug treatments, to be shipped "in coming days".
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Biopharmaceutical company Seres Therapeutics Inc has won the dismissal of a lawsuit claiming it misled investors about the potential of an oral microbiome therapeutic drug that it was developing.
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It also has become clear that Sky uses WADA's exemption system for therapeutic drug use in a way many other cycling teams long ago rejected because of ethical concerns.
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Anthem Blue Cross and Blue Shield in Wisconsin covers more than a dozen medications for the treatment of HIV/AIDS and all required therapeutic drug categories are included on our formulary/drug list which is compliant with (marketplace) requirements.
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Reuters has not verified the newspaper reports, and cannot vouch for their accuracy: Bio therapeutic drug manufacturer Pharma Mar will submit a new drug application for Lurbinected in the United States under accelerated approval to treat small cell lung cancer.
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Imagine a study in which patients with an existing disease are asked to volunteer for a study — a clinical trial — of a potentially valuable new therapeutic drug and the individual is randomly assigned to the group receiving the placebo or the drug.
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The company's strategy to diversify its portfolio of products and therapeutic drug classes should continue to demand extra oversight on SG&A and put negative pressure its operating margins to the 29%-31% range, which is below the historical 32%-35% of the last four years.
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Early in the 20th century, a German physician named Paul Ehrlich came up with the idea of focusing the delivery of just the right dose of a therapeutic drug at a specific target, rather than waiting for it to gradually work its way through the body via the bloodstream.
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NO LONGER OPEN SECRET The outsized investor interest in cannabis and growing recognition of cannabis as a therapeutic drug may prompt more company management teams to openly discuss how their products are used by the marijuana industry in hopes of attracting shareholders, said Brett Hundley, an analyst at Seaport Global.
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2:24-36, (1979). The peripheral neuropathy is often but not always permanent. The risk of perhexiline toxicity is reduced by therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM).Barclay, M., and Begg, E., The practice of digoxin therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Therapeutic drug consumption can take place in an outpatient setting, or during hospitalization.
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These could show possible side effects of LSD if used as a therapeutic drug.
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6-Hydroxyflavone may have a potential as a therapeutic drug capable for the treatment of anxiety-like disorders.
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Wickenden A et al., K(+) channels as therapeutic drug targets. Pharmacol Ther. 2002 Apr-May;94(1-2):157-82. 7\.
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Access to therapeutic drug monitoring is important to ensure adequate drug therapeutic level while at the same time preventing the drug from reaching toxic level.
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In animal models, pharmacological inhibition of ischemic succinate accumulation ameliorated ischemia-reperfusion injury. As of 2016 the inhibition of succinate-mediated ROS production was under investigation as a therapeutic drug target.
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For this reason, AOX genes are becoming increasingly important to both understand and control in the therapeutic drug industry. Pfizer TLR7 agonist program has found several techniques to switch the AO metabolism off.
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The problem of identifying meaningful patterns (e.g., motifs) from biological data has been studied extensively since they play a vital role in understanding gene function, human disease, and may serve as therapeutic drug targets.
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387 in the direction of clinical methodology for therapeutic drug research and specific medical approaches such as: hemodialysis,E.Postaire, et al., « Characterization and identification of substances isolated from dialyzer extracts », Artificial Organs, 12, 1988, p. 471-475S.
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Ned D. Heindel (September 4, 1937) is an American chemist. He is the Howard S. Bunn Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Chemistry at Lehigh University, where he continues to do research. Heindel also works as a medical research consultant. Heindel's research focuses on diagnostic and therapeutic drug development.
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Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a branch of clinical chemistry and clinical pharmacology that specializes in the measurement of medication levels in blood. Its main focus is on drugs with a narrow therapeutic range, i.e. drugs that can easily be under- or overdosed.Marshall WJ, Bangert SK. Clinical Chemistry, 6th Edition.
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It may also have potential use in prevention and treatment of ischemic retinopathy and retinal and optic nerve injury. Coluracetam has been shown to reverse the loss of choline acetyltransferase production in the medial septal nucleus of rats exposed to phencyclidine (PCP), and is considered a potential therapeutic drug for schizophrenia.
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Abbott's AxSYM automated analyzer. The Abbott AxSYM is an immunochemical automated analyzer made by Abbott Laboratories. It is used for serology tests and therapeutic drug monitoring, and uses antibodies to alter the deflection of polarized light. It can also be used to monitor hormone level and some cardiac markers such as troponin.
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Heindel's research focuses on diagnostic and therapeutic drug development, including the areas of cancer research, nuclear medicine, diagnostic radioactive pharmaceuticals, chemotherapeutics and tumor-associated monoclonal antibodies. He has applied for at least 20 patents, with 14 issued. He has published more than 260 papers. A number of candidate pharmaceuticals from his lab have reached advanced animal trials.
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A reduction in starting dose is recommended for patients who are CYP2D6 intermediate metabolizers. If use of nortriptyline is warranted, therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended to guide dose adjustments. The Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group recommends reducing the dose of nortriptyline in CYP2D6 poor or intermediate metabolizers, and selecting an alternative drug or increasing the dose in ultrarapid metabolizers.
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2-Aminothiazole can be used as a thyroid inhibitor in the treatment of hyperthyroidism and has antibacterial activity. Alternatively, its acid tartrate salt can be used. Recent studies using prion-infected neuroblastoma cell lines have suggested that aminothiazole may be used as a therapeutic drug for prion diseases. 2-Aminothiazole is used in the synthesis of vosaroxin.
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Sid Martin Biotech supports a wide range of bioscience companies including clean tech, diagnostic, therapeutic, drug delivery, genomic, bio- medical device, agbio, biofuels, and others. The Incubator can host up to twenty resident companies at the facility. Sid Martin Biotech companies have attracted more than $8.9 billion in equity investment, sales revenue, contracts, grants, and M&A; activity.
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The active components of these venoms are isolated, purified, and screened in assays. These may be either phenotypic assays to identify component that may have desirable therapeutic properties (forward pharmacology) or target directed assays to identify their biological target and mechanism of action (reverse pharmacology). In this way, toxic venomous poisons may be a starting point for a therapeutic drug.
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Flanders (1992 – February 2010) was an American Thoroughbred racing filly. In 1994, she won all five of her races, although she was disqualified from the Matron Stakes and placed last due to testing positive for the prohibited therapeutic drug isoxuprine. She then went on to win the Frizette Stakes by 21 lengths. She is best known for winning the Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies.
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People afflicted with adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency may produce 2,8-dihydroxyadenine stones, alkaptonurics produce homogentisic acid stones, and iminoglycinurics produce stones of glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline. Urolithiasis has also been noted to occur in the setting of therapeutic drug use, with crystals of drug forming within the renal tract in some people currently being treated with agents such as indinavir, sulfadiazine, and triamterene.
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Aldolase A (ALDOA) is a highly expressed in multiple cancers, including lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), renal cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is proposed that ALDOA overexpression enhances glycolysis in these tumor cells, promoting their growth. In LSCC, its upregulation correlates with metastasis and poor prognosis, while its downregulation reduces tumor cell motility and tumorigenesis. Thus, ALDOA could be a potential LSCC biomarker and therapeutic drug target.
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The introduction of nanotechnology into medicine is expected to advance diagnostic cancer imaging and the standards for therapeutic drug design. Nanotechnology may uncover insight about the structure, function and organizational level of the biosystem at the nanoscale. Silver nanoparticles can undergo coating techniques that offer a uniform functionalized surface to which substrates can be added. When the nanoparticle is coated, for example, in silica the surface exists as silicic acid.
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Cisordinol 10 mg tablet Zuclopenthixol antagonises both dopamine D1 and D2 receptors, α1-adrenoceptors and 5-HT2 receptors with a high affinity, but has no affinity for cholinergic muscarine receptors. It weakly antagonises the histamine (H1) receptor but has no α2-adrenoceptor blocking activity . Evidence from in vitro work and clinical sources (i.e. therapeutic drug monitoring databases) suggests that both CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 play important roles in zuclopenthixol metabolism.
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It has better activity against autoimmune disease and lymphoproliferation than mycophenolate mofetil and other drugs; however, sirolimus requires therapeutic drug monitoring and can cause mucositis. A risk with any agent in pre- cancerous syndrome as immune suppression can decreased tumor immunosurvellence. Its mTOR inhibitors active against lymphomas, especially EBV+ lymphomas. The Goal serum trough is 5-15 ng/ml and can consider PCP prophylaxis but usually not needed.
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Salvatore Salamone is a scientist and researcher within diagnostic medicine and therapeutic drug monitoring. He is responsible for the development of many of the major reagents used within psychiatric drug level monitoring. Salamone is the founder of Saladax Biomedical, Inc. His contributions to diagnostic medicine have been recognized through several local awards, including the Ben Franklin Innovation Award and the New Jersey Inventors Hall of Fame in 2016.
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Taking busulfan on an empty stomach is recommended to reduce the risk of nausea and emesis. Peak plasma concentrations are achieved within one hour of oral administration. About 30% of the drug is bound to plasma proteins, such as albumin. Busulfan therapeutic drug monitoring is completed based on trough (pre-dose) levels with a target six-hour area under the curve (AUC) of between 900 and 1500 micromolxmin.
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Over 90% of the dose is excreted in the urine, therefore there is a risk of accumulation in patients with renal impairment, so therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is recommended. Oral preparations of vancomycin are available, however they are not absorbed from the lumen of the gut, so are of no use in treating systemic infections. The oral preparations are formulated for the treatment of infections within the gastrointestinal tract, Clostridium difficile, for example.
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HCS and the discipline of cellomics was pioneered by a once privately held company named Cellomics Inc., which commercialized instruments, software, and reagents to facilitate the study of cells in culture, and more specifically, their responses to potentially therapeutic drug-like molecules. In 2005, Cellomics was acquired by Fisher Scientific International, Inc., now Thermo Fisher Scientific, which continues developing cellomics-centered products under its Thermo Scientific™ high content analysis product line.
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Some patients have had improvement in immune function with transition from cellcept to rapamycin and it has not been reported to cause hypogammaglobulinemia. Hypothetically, Sirolimus may have lower risk of secondary cancers as opposed to other immune suppressants and requires therapeutic drug monitoring. It is the second most commonly used agent in patients that require chronic therapy. It is mostly well tolerated (though side effects include mucositis, diarrhea, hyperlipidemia, delayed wound healing) with drug-drug interactions.
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Mycophenolate mofetil is the prodrug of mycophenolic acid (MPA) and widely used for the prevention of acute rejection after solid organ transplantation. MPA could be metabolized to AcMPAG, which is responsible for adverse effects of MMF therapy such as leucopenia or gastrointestinal toxicity. Deglucuronidation of AcMPAG may be a detoxification process and human ABHD10 could be a potential therapeutic drug. ABHD10 may also be used to regulate adverse effects of probenecid, because it catalyze the deglucuronidation of PRAG.
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Sterile equipment should always be used, as contaminated instruments could act as mechanical vectors for pathogens to enter the body. There is no drug that has proven to be effective against embedded fleas. Oral niridazole was once considered a therapeutic drug, but well-designed studies are lacking and, given the severe adverse effects, this is one drug that is likely to cause more harm than good. However, it has some anecdotal evidence of lysing the fleas altogether.
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This describes the ratio of desired effect to toxic effect. A compound with a narrow therapeutic index (close to one) exerts its desired effect at a dose close to its toxic dose. A compound with a wide therapeutic index (greater than five) exerts its desired effect at a dose substantially below its toxic dose. Those with a narrow margin are more difficult to dose and administer, and may require therapeutic drug monitoring (examples are warfarin, some antiepileptics, aminoglycoside antibiotics).
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RR6 Patch Delivered on 15 December 2017 to the ISS by SpaceX CRS-13. The research was sponsored by the Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS) in partnership with Novartis and NanoMedical Systems. The primary objective of the study was to evaluate a novel therapeutic drug delivery chip in microgravity. The nanochannel drug delivery chip delivered the drug formoterol, used in the management of asthma and other medical conditions, to achieve a constant and reliable dosage.
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A companion diagnostic (CDx) is a diagnostic test used as a companion to a therapeutic drug to determine its applicability to a specific person. Companion diagnostics are co-developed with drugs to aid in selecting or excluding patient groups for treatment with that particular drug on the basis of their biological characteristics that determine responders and non- responders to the therapy. Companion diagnostics are developed based on companion biomarkers, biomarkers that prospectively help predict likely response or severe toxicity.
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Killer whales have been the subject of extensive medical research since their first capture, and much is known about prevention and treatment of the common viral and bacterial infections, including vaccination and use of antibiotics and other medicines. Allometric principles and therapeutic drug monitoring are used to accurately determine the doses and avoid toxicity.Comparison Of Amikacin Pharmacokintetics In A Killer Whale (Orcinus Orca) And A Beluga Whale (Delphinapterus Leucas) American Association of Zoo Veterinarians. Retrieved March 8, 2009.
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Its predominant clinical use is as a topical medication, however successful laboratory trials are limited. A common polypeptide antibiotic is bacitracin, derived from the bacteria; Bacillus subtilis. As a therapeutic drug, it has minimal harmful effects and low toxicity, however side effects in patients may include minor skin irritation and anaphylaxis in severe cases. The development of new polypeptide antibiotics are used as an alternative drug therapy for patients with resistance to more commonly used medications.
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Wilding is the principal inventor of Colby Pharmaceutical Company's prostate cancer therapeutic drug and a major collaborator with Hirak Basu in the invention of CPC-200. As the UW Carbone Cancer Center Director of Clinical Research, he oversees peer-reviewed cancer research funding at UWCCC. About 250 clinical trials are available for patient enrollment at the center, with more than 700 patients participating each year. Wilding graduated from the University of Massachusetts Medical School, where he also completed his training in internal medicine.
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Like most medications, psychiatric medications can cause adverse effects in patients, and some require ongoing therapeutic drug monitoring, for instance full blood counts serum drug levels, renal function, liver function or thyroid function. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is sometimes administered for serious and disabling conditions, such as those unresponsive to medication. The efficacy and adverse effects of psychiatric drugs may vary from patient to patient. For many years, controversy has surrounded the use of involuntary treatment and use of the term "lack of insight" in describing patients.
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There is a significant variability in the relationship between the dose administered and the resultant plasma level in blood. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is necessary to obtain the correct dose. These agents exhibit a post-antibiotic effect in which there is no or very little drug level detectable in blood, but there still seems to be inhibition of bacterial re-growth. This is due to strong, irreversible binding to the ribosome, and remains intracellular long after plasma levels drop, and allows a prolonged dosage interval.
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In a medicine that is administered periodically, the trough level should be measured just before the administration of the next dose in order to avoid overdosing. Archived version 2009-11-22 A trough level is contrasted with a "peak level", which is the highest level of the medicine in the body, and the "average level", which is the mean level over time. It helps in therapeutic drug monitoring. It is widely used in clinical trials for newer medicines for its therapeutic effectiveness and safety.
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However, concentrations of bithionol that are required inhibit soluble adenylyl cyclase at clinically relevant levels are also cytotoxic in vivo. Thus, it cannot be used as the therapeutic drug needed to inhibit soluble adenylyl cyclase and therefore decrease the accumulation of cAMP within the cell. However, it sheds light on the search for a compound that will eventually be able to target the bicarbonate binding site of soluble adenylyl cyclase. Bithionol is the first known soluble adenylyl cyclase inhibitor to act through the bicarbonate binding site via a mostly allosteric mechanism.
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That is true for both toxicity risk assessment and therapeutic drug development. PBPK models try to rely a priori on the anatomical and physiological structure of the body, and to a certain extent, on biochemistry. They are usually multi-compartment models, with compartments corresponding to predefined organs or tissues, with interconnections corresponding to blood or lymph flows (more rarely to diffusions). A system of differential equations for concentration or quantity of substance on each compartment can be written, and its parameters represent blood flows, pulmonary ventilation rate, organ volumes etc.
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This subgroup of Simmons lab works on strategies for culturing and conditioning pluripotent and mesenchymal stem cells. Projects have focused on disease modelling, therapeutic drug testing, and tissue engineering for the replacement of damaged tissues in cardiovascular systems. Ongoing projects include utilization of novel biomaterials and measurement techniques, development of bioreactors, and screening conditions for optimal stem cell culture.Usprech, Jenna; Romero, David A.; Amon, Cristina H.; Simmons, Craig A. "Combinatorial screening of 3D biomaterial properties that promote myofibrogenesis for mesenchymal stromal cell-based heart valve tissue engineering" - Ncbi.nlm.nih.
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The consortium also recommends considering an alternative drug not metabolized by CYP2C19 in patients who are CYP2C19 ultrarapid metabolizers. A reduction in starting dose is recommended for patients who are CYP2D6 intermediate metabolizers and CYP2C19 poor metabolizers. If use of amitriptyline is warranted, therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended to guide dose adjustments. The Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group also recommends selecting an alternative drug or monitoring plasma concentrations of amitriptyline in patients who are CYP2D6 poor or ultrarapid metabolizers, and selecting an alternative drug or reducing initial dose in patients who are CYP2D6 intermediate metabolizers.
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The Minoans portrayed saffron in their palace frescoes by 1600–1500 BC; they hint at its possible use as a therapeutic drug. Ancient Greek legends told of sea voyages to Cilicia, where adventurers sought what they believed were the world's most valuable threads. Another legend tells of Crocus and Smilax, whereby Crocus is bewitched and transformed into the first saffron crocus. Ancient perfumers in Egypt, physicians in Gaza, townspeople in Rhodes, and the Greek hetaerae courtesans used saffron in their scented waters, perfumes and potpourris, mascaras and ointments, divine offerings, and medical treatments.
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The PC3 cell line was established in 1979 from bone metastasis of grade IV of prostate cancer in a 62-year-old Caucasian male. These cells do not respond to androgens, glucocorticoids or fibroblast growth factors, but results suggest that the cells are influenced by epidermal growth factors. PC3 cells can be used to create subcutaneous tumor xenografts in mice to investigate the tumor environment and therapeutic drug functionality. PC3 cells have high metastatic potential compared to DU145 cells, which have a moderate metastatic potential, and to LNCaP cells, which have low metastatic potential.
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In 1895, Kossel was professor of physiology as well as director of the Physiological Institute at the University of Marburg. Around this time, he began investigations into the chemical composition of proteins, the alterations in proteins during transformation into peptone, the peptide components of cells, and other investigations. In 1896, Kossel discovered histidine, then worked out the classical method for the quantitative separation of the "hexone bases" (the alpha-amino acids arginine, histidine, and lysine). He was also the first to isolate theophylline, a therapeutic drug found naturally in tea and cocoa beans.
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When he cancelled their date, Ann intended to break off their relationship until he told her of his decision to resign. The next witness, the Army physician who administered the therapeutic drug, testifies that after reviewing Gilman's medical records, he realizes that there is a gap in his memory of the battle. Finally a soldier from Gilman's platoon testifies that while Gilman was leading the unit to make the counterattack, it was ambushed by a German tank concealed in a grove. Gilman was knocked unconscious by an explosion and when he recovered shortly after, was unaware that he was ever unconscious.
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In an estimate from 2011, 435 human genome products were identified as therapeutic drug targets of FDA-approved drugs. "Established targets" are those for which there is a good scientific understanding, supported by a lengthy publication history, of both how the target functions in normal physiology and how it is involved in human pathology. This does not imply that the mechanism of action of drugs that are thought to act through a particular established target is fully understood. Rather, "established" relates directly to the amount of background information available on a target, in particular functional information.
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N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA), a synthetic partial agonist of the main site of the NMDAR. N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA), which the NMDA receptor was named after, is a partial agonist of the active or glutamate recognition site. 3,5-Dibromo-L-phenylalanine, a naturally occurring halogenated derivative of L-phenylalanine, is a weak partial NMDA receptor agonist acting on the glycine site. 3,5-Dibromo-L-phenylalanine has been proposed a novel therapeutic drug candidate for treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders and diseases such as schizophrenia, and neurological disorders such as ischemic stroke and epileptic seizures.
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In March, the WHO initiated the "SOLIDARITY Trial" in 10 countries, enrolling thousands of people infected with COVID‑19 to assess treatment effects of four existing antiviral compounds with the most promise of efficacy. A dynamic, systematic review was established in April 2020 to track the progress of registered clinical trials for COVID‑19 vaccine and therapeutic drug candidates. Drug development is a multistep process, typically requiring more than five years to assure safety and efficacy of the new compound. Several national regulatory agencies, such as the EMA and the FDA, approved procedures to expedite clinical testing.
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MIA is a versatile technique that can be used for a wide variety of practices. Currently it has been used to detect viruses in plants to catch pathogens that would normally devastate crops such as Grapevine fanleaf virus, Grapevine fanleaf virus, and Potato virus X. Its adaptations now include portable devices that allow the user to gather sensitive data in the field. MIA can also be used to monitor therapeutic drugs. A case report of a 53-year-old kidney transplant patient details how the doctors were able to alter the quantities of the therapeutic drug.
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Affimer binders have been used across a number of platforms, including ELISA, surface plasmon resonance, affinity purification, immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry, including super resolution imaging. Affimer reagents that inhibit protein-protein interactions can also be produced with the potential to express these inhibitors in mammalian cells to investigate and modify signalling pathways. They have also been co- crystallised in complex with target proteins, enabling drug discovery through in silico screening and displacement assays. Affimer reagents are suitable for use in biosensors, point-of-care diagnostics and as anti-idiotypic reagents in pharmacokinetic and therapeutic drug monitoring assays.
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ABT-510 is a molecular therapeutic drug that was the subject of research as a potential treatment for cancer. According to the Journal of Clinical Oncology, ABT-510 is a "subcutaneously (SC) administered nonapeptide thrombospondin analogue."NCI: ABT-510 Following inconclusive phase I clinical trials, a 2007 phase II study of ABT-510 for treatment of metastatic melanoma failed to reach its primary endpoint resulting in termination of the study. Only three out of twenty-one patients reached the primary endpoint of progression-free survival at 18 weeks, but these three patients remained progression-free for 21, 34, and 42 weeks.
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In December 2008, Folding@home found several small drug candidates which appear to inhibit the toxicity of Aβ aggregates. In 2010, in close cooperation with the Center for Protein Folding Machinery, these drug leads began to be tested on biological tissue. In 2011, Folding@home completed simulations of several mutations of Aβ that appear to stabilize the aggregate formation, which could aid in the development of therapeutic drug therapies for the disease and greatly assist with experimental nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of Aβ oligomers. Later that year, Folding@home began simulations of various Aβ fragments to determine how various natural enzymes affect the structure and folding of Aβ.
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Drug development is the process of bringing a new infectious disease vaccine or therapeutic drug to the market once a lead compound has been identified through the process of drug discovery. It includes laboratory research on microorganisms and animals, filing for regulatory status, such as via the FDA, for an investigational new drug to initiate clinical trials on humans, and may include the step of obtaining regulatory approval with a new drug application to market the drug. The entire process – from concept through preclinical testing in the laboratory to clinical trial development, including Phase I–III trials – to approved vaccine or drug typically takes more than a decade.
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Hair analysis is used for the detection of many therapeutic drugs and recreational drugs, including cocaine, heroin, benzodiazepines and amphetamines. Hair analysis is less invasive than a blood test, if not quite as universally applicable. In this context, it has been reliably used to determine compliance with therapeutic drug regimes or to check the accuracy of a witness statement that an illicit drug has not been taken. Hair testing is an increasingly common method of assessment in substance misuse, particularly in legal proceedings, or in any situation where a subject may have decided not to tell the entire truth about his or her substance-using history.
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If not otherwise specified, a reference range for a blood test is generally the venous range, as the standard process of obtaining a sample is by venipuncture. An exception is for acid-base and blood gases, which are generally given for arterial blood. Still, the blood values are approximately equal between the arterial and venous sides for most substances, with the exception of acid-base, blood gases and drugs (used in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) assays).Arterial versus venous reference ranges - Brief Article Medical Laboratory Observer, April, 2000 by D. Robert Dufour Arterial levels for drugs are generally higher than venous levels because of extraction while passing through tissues.
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In 2012, Gibbons' biography on the Theranos Management web page read: :Ian Gibbons, PhD, Senior Director, Assay Development :Ian Gibbons has spent thirty years in research and development of diagnostic and therapeutic products, developing more than twenty products in five major product families. He is the author of forty published scientific articles and inventor on some sixty patents and patent applications. Before joining Theranos, Dr. Gibbons worked on Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Infectious Disease Diagnostics and Novel Non- Separation Assay Technology at Syva Company. He also developed Point-of-Care Assays for Monitoring Drugs for Biotrack, A Hematopoietic Stem Cell Purification System for AmCell, and A Multiplexed Assay System for Hospital Point-of-Care Diagnosis and Prognosis at First Medical.
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These frescoes likely date from the 16th or 17th century BC but may have been produced anywhere between 3000 and 1100 BC. They portray a Minoan goddess supervising the plucking of flowers and the gleaning of stigmas for use in the manufacture of what is possibly a therapeutic drug. A fresco from the same site also depicts a woman using saffron to treat her bleeding foot. These "Theran" frescoes are the first botanically accurate visual representations of saffron's use as an herbal remedy. This saffron-growing Minoan settlement was ultimately destroyed by a powerful earthquake and subsequent volcanic eruption sometime between 1645 and 1500 BC. The volcanic ash from the destruction entombed and helped preserve these key herbal frescoes.
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In medicine and pharmacology, a trough level or trough concentration (Ctrough) is the lowest concentration reached by a drug before the next dose is administered, often used in therapeutic drug monitoring. The name comes from the idea that on a graph of concentration versus time, the line forms a U-shaped trough at the lowest region, before a new dose sends it higher again. The usual criterion is concentration in the blood serum, although in some instances local concentration within tissues is relevant. It is pharmacokinetically normal that with every passing minute and hour, the drug molecules are being metabolized or cleared by the body, so the concentration of drug that remains available is dropping.
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IDPL focuses on the treatments for infections that include HIV, tuberculosis, and other serious infections. This facility provides therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) using high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. IDPL has been in existence for two decades and has developed individualized drug regimens by monitoring a patient’s blood plasma or serum for target drug concentrations and then interpreting these results and advising physicians how to adjust a drug’s dosage to achieve an optimal outcome. This interdisciplinary method allows IDPL to assess each patient’s ability to absorb, metabolize and excrete drugs, which then enables them to recommend customized drug dosages based upon these pharmacokinetic factors as well as the severity of the patient’s infection.
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In clinical trials, the term reactogenicity refers to the property of a vaccine of being able to produce common, "expected" adverse reactions, especially excessive immunological responses and associated signs and symptoms, including fever and sore arm at injection site. (Much less frequently, the term has also been applied to therapeutic drug trials.) Other manifestations of reactogenicity typically identified in such trials include bruising, redness, induration, and swelling. The term reactogenicity was coined by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Typically, reactogenicity is observed upon the administration of an adjuvant, which is a chemical additive intended for enhancing the recipient's immune response to the antigen that is present in a vaccine, but can also be observed in non-adjuvanted vaccines.
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The Gβγ subunit plays a variety of roles in cell signalling processes and as such researchers are now examining its potential as a therapeutic drug target for the treatment of many medical conditions. However, it is recognized that there are a number of considerations to keep in mind when designing a drug which targets the Gβγ subunit: # The Gβγ subunit is essential for the formation of heterotrimeric G protein through its association with the Gα subunit allowing the G proteins coupling to the GPCR. Therefore, any agent inhibiting the Gβγ subunits signalling effects must not interfere with the heterotrimeric G protein formation or Gα subunit signalling. # Gβγ expression is universal throughout almost all the cells of the body so any agent acting to inhibit this subunit could elicit numerous side effects.
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BIND-014 is a targeted polymeric nanoparticle, and is an investigational therapeutic drug in phase 2 clinical trials for various cancers,A Study of BIND-014 in Patients With Urothelial Carcinoma, Cholangiocarcinoma, Cervical Cancer and Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck (iNSITE2) e.g. metastatic prostate cancerA Phase 2 Study to Determine the Safety and Efficacy of BIND-014 (Docetaxel Nanoparticles for Injectable Suspension), Administered to Patients With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer BIND-014 is an Accurin nanomedicine produced by Bind Therapeutics Inc. BIND-014 targets prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), which is expressed on prostate cancer cells and the blood vessels of many types of solid tumors, and contains docetaxel as the cytotoxic agent. Positive results in non-small cell lung cancer were presented in late 2014.
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According to the WHO Director General, the aim of the trial is to "dramatically cut down the time needed to generate robust evidence about what drugs work", a process using an "adaptive design". The Solidarity and European Discovery trials apply adaptive design to rapidly alter trial parameters when results from the four experimental therapeutic strategies emerge. Adaptive designs within ongoing Phase III-IV clinical trials - such as the Solidarity and Discovery projects - may shorten the trial duration and use fewer subjects, possibly expediting decisions for early termination to save costs if interim results are negative. If the Solidarity project shows early evidence of success, design changes across the project's international locations can be made rapidly to enhance overall outcomes of affected people and hasten use of the therapeutic drug.
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