The square was originally surfaced with tarmacadam, which was replaced with stone in the 1920s. Trafalgar Square was opened to the public on 1 May 1844.
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Tarmacadam is a road surfacing material made by combining macadam surfaces, tar, and sand, patented by Welsh inventor Edgar Purnell Hooley in 1902. The terms "tarmacadam" and tarmac are also used for a variety of other materials, including tar-grouted macadam, bituminous surface treatments, and modern asphalt concrete. The term is also often colloquially used to describe airport aprons (also referred to as "ramps"), taxiways, and runways regardless of the surface.
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The early roads were improved by the use of tarmacadam construction in the early 20th century. A feature of the M5 motorway south of Taunton, built in the 1970s, is the use of concrete "rafts" to overcome the water- logged soil in that area.
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The village's sports facilities include two football pitches (Fryers Playing Field). The tennis courts have recently been refurbished into an artificial floodlit grass football facility and a multi- use area that can be used as two tennis courts (tarmacadam surface) or other sports. There is also a playpark on Fryer’s field and on the other side of the village (Shaftesbury Road) there is another slighter smaller play park.
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Goods traffic was important with a flour mill, and china clay and stone traffic, and a tarmacadam plant. The china clay works near the station closed in 2008/09. Public goods traffic ceased on 1 June 1964. A new station just north of the original was opened in 2008 and is now the headquarters of the Plym Valley Railway which started running trains towards Lee Moor Crossing, before extending further up the track to Plym Bridge 4 years later.
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In 1897 he was employed on the Downpatrick waterworks under Peter Chalmers Cowan. He appears to have moved briefly to Co. Donegal before being appointed county surveyor for Co. Fermanagh at the end of 1898 in succession to Frederick Richard Thomas Willson. He held the Co. Fermanagh surveyorship for over forty years. Responsible for extensive road improvements in the county and for the introduction of tarmacadam road surfaces in 1904, he also built several bridges during the 1920s and 1930s.
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An air show is in progress; some Boeing 747s kept in storage at the airport can also be seen. The site was renamed Cotswold Airport in 2009, having previously operated as Kemble Airport or Kemble Airfield. The airport has a CAA Ordinary Licence (Number P863), which allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction as authorised by the licensee (Kemble Air Services Limited). The airfield has a tarmacadam runway which accommodates large aircraft such as the Boeing 747.
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The quarry produced limestone for use in construction, industry and agriculture, starting when the Furness Line railway opened nearby in 1857, providing a means of moving the output. A new method to produce Tarmacadam was developed, using hot tar from the gasworks at nearby Carnforth to mix with crushed limestone. The quarry closed in 1959, having employed 20 to 30 men for most of its active life. The site is now managed as part of the Arnside and Silverdale Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
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He noticed that it had withstood the passage of traffic and obtained a British patent for producing what he called Tarmac. In 1903 he formed the TarMacadam (Purnell Hooley's Patents) Syndicate Limited.Sprenger, H., (2009) Rails to Ripley, Southampton: Kestrel Another customer for the line at this point was the Denby Pottery which had opened in 1809 and had benefitted by the arrival of the railway. It had a siding at Denby Wharf (the terminus of the Little Eaton Gangway) about a third of a mile further north.
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High- modulus asphalt layers are used both in reinforcement operations and in the construction of new reinforcements for medium and heavy traffic. In base layers, they tend to exhibit a greater capacity of absorbing tensions and, in general, better fatigue resistance. In addition to the asphalt and aggregate, additives, such as polymers, and antistripping agents may be added to improve the properties of the final product. Areas paved with asphalt concrete—especially airport aprons—have been called "the tarmac" at times, despite not being constructed using the tarmacadam process.
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Owing to the complications of laying tarmacadam on banking, and the expense of laying asphalt, the track was built in uncoated concrete. This led in later years to a somewhat bumpy ride, as the surface suffered differential settlement over time. Along the centre of the track ran a dotted black line, known as the Fifty Foot Line. By driving over the line, a driver could theoretically take the banked corners without having to use the steering wheel. The track was opened on 17 June 1907 with a luncheon attended by most of Britain's motor manufacturers.
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This halt serves the nearby holiday cottages in the Groudle Glen valley and provides an alternative access stop for the Groudle Glen Railway on the other side of the valley. It is serviced by a modern bus-type shelter which was installed in 1999 in line with the management policy of the era. This shelter provides a dual purpose, as a limited bus route also operates on the road that runs parallel to the tram line formation. When the shelter was installed a short section of lineside was faced with tarmacadam to allow access to it, and advertisements for both railways appear therein.
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The South West Junior A Hurling Championship (known for sponsorship reasons as the RCM Tarmacadam Carbery Junior A Hurling Championship) is an annual hurling competition organised by the Carbery Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association since 1925 for junior hurling teams in the Barony of Carbery in County Cork, Ireland. The series of games begin in May, with the championship culminating with the final in September. The championship includes a knock-out stage and a "back door" for teams defeated in the first round. The South West Junior Championship is an integral part of the wider Cork Junior A Hurling Championship.
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View of Aldershot Military Cemetery The graves are set in well-tended steep rolling grounds of , traversed by many tarmacadam paths. The area is well wooded with oaks, pines, firs and chestnut trees, interspersed with yew topiary and rhododendrons. Some parts are of bracken and heather, that are typical of the Aldershot countryside nearby, and possibly this was how this land was in the days before "The Camp" was built and before the cemetery was opened in 1865. The graves themselves are mostly set amid the fine textured close-cut lawns, the cemetery being bordered as a whole, by holly hedging.
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The Scots take enormous pride in the history of Scottish invention and discovery. There are many books devoted solely to the subject, as well as scores of websites listing Scottish inventions and discoveries with varying degrees of science. Even before the Industrial Revolution, Scots have been at the forefront of innovation and discovery across a wide range of spheres. Some of the most significant products of Scottish ingenuity include James Watt's steam engine, improving on that of Thomas Newcomen, the bicycle, macadamisation (not to be confused with tarmac or tarmacadam), Alexander Graham Bell's invention of the first practical telephone, John Logie Baird's invention of television,The World's First High Definition Colour Television System.
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On 31 August 2013, GDSF set a new World Record for the largest parade of steam rollers, when 103 rollers were driven into the main arena for a photo call. The previous record had been set by GDSF in 2003 with 32 steam rollers. The requirements for the record attempt, which took place on a newly created 80m-long (260 ft) section of road at the showground, included the fact the vehicles had to be moving. The citation from Guinness World Records is as follows: A regular section of the fair is the road making demonstration, where workers in period costume use vintage equipment to demonstrate how roads were built before the invention of tarmacadam, using crushed stone.
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The southern end of the wall was damaged by a falling tree in the great storm of 1990 and rebuilt with insurance money. At about the same time the whole area was re-surfaced with tarmacadam and its lower reaches grassed over. This, then, is the Ball Place that we know today and, in all essentials, its wall and court have not changed since 1854, but the game lingered on with periodic outbreaks of enthusiasm for what was inevitably becoming an antiquarian curiosity until surface disrepair during the Second World War made the courts virtually unplayable. It has proved itself to be such a useful and versatile space that it could be deemed to have justified its existence even without its early use for its intended purpose.
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Joe Brown, London Railway Atlas, 2009 (second edition), Ian Allan Publishing, Hersham, There were two semi- permanent branches: one led eastwards to a gravel pit near the site of Valence Moat; the pit yielded 600,000 tons of sand and gravel before exhaustion, after which it was filled in with domestic refuse. Another ran south-west from Wood Lane; its alignment became Porters Avenue; it turned into another gravel pit, which is now the pond in Parsloes Park. The two pits had stone crushing plant and coating machinery for making Tarmacadam for road surfacing. Goodmayes and Chadwell Heath were the interchange points with the existing main line network; at that time the Great Eastern main line was already quadruple track, and extensive goods sidings were available at Goodmayes.
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Robey tandem roller #42693, now owned by the Robey Trust The majority of rollers were of the same basic 3-roll configuration, gear- driven, with two large smooth wheels (rolls) at the back and a single wide roll at the front. (Actually, the wide roll usually comprised two narrower rolls on the same axle, to make steering easier.) However, there was also a distinctive variant, the "tandem", which had two wide rolls, one front, one rear. Those made by Robey & Co. used their standard steam wagon engine and pistol boiler fitted in a girder frame with rolls and a chain drive to produce a quick-reversing roller suitable for modern road surfaces such as tarmacadam and bituminous asphalt. A number of Robey & Co. tandem rollers were modified to make a further variant, the tri-tandem, which was a tandem with a third roll, mounted directly behind the rear one.
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