In mycology, a stolon is defined as an occasionally septate hypha, which connects sporangiophores together. Root-like structures called rhizoids may appear on the stolon as well, anchoring the hyphae to the substrate. The stolon is commonly found in bread molds, and are seen as horizontally expanding across the mold.
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The terminal portion of a branch is known as a "stolon", and develops an extra head with large eyes and no mouth. The gut in this part of the animal is absorbed, the muscles are rearranged to facilitate swimming and the stolon becomes a storage receptacle for the eggs or sperm. When the breeding period arrives, the stolon becomes detached and swims to the surface of the sea, in a process termed "epitoky". Here the gametes are released and the stolon dies.
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The rear end of the worm develops into a "stolon" containing the eggs or sperm; this stolon then becomes detached from the parent worm and rises to the sea surface, where fertilisation takes place.
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The shoot also produces stolons that are long etiolated stems. The stolon elongates during long days with the presence of high auxins levels that prevent root growth off of the stolon. Before new tuber formation begins, the stolon must be a certain age. The enzyme lipoxygenase makes a hormone, jasmonic acid, which is involved in the control of potato tuber development.
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Lotus bud Lotus bud in advanced stage of bloom The stolon is ready to harvest two to three months after planting. It must be harvested before flowering. Harvesting the stolon is done by manual labour. For this step, the field is not drained.
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The stolon has a jointed appearance and is composed of a series of tubular non- feeding heterozooids. All the zooids within the colony are connected via pores in their walls and coelomic fluid can be transferred along the stolon and between adjacent autozooids.
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Perophora viridis has a simple pattern of growth and relatively unspecialised cells. It has been found that the tip of a stolon, or a section of stolon with or without zooids, can regenerate when severed from the parent organism. New buds can develop within two days at either or both cut ends of a section of stolon, or occasionally in the middle. Even undifferentiated material extracted from the tunic is capable of regeneration.
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Here the gametes are released and the stolon dies. Meanwhile, the parent worm remains on the seabed and starts to grow a new stolon which is ready for release some 28 days later. When fertilised, the eggs sink to the seabed. After about 48 hours they hatch into metatrochophore larvae.
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The rootstocks are often long and stolon-like. The species is a host plant of the butterfly Boloria epithore.
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The inflorescence has loosely clustered spikelets. The plant reproduces by seed and rhizome and it sometimes spreads via stolon.
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A rhizome is the main stem of the plant. A stolon is similar to a rhizome, but a stolon sprouts from an existing stem, has long internodes, and generates new shoots at the end, such as in the strawberry plant. In general, rhizomes have short internodes, send out roots from the bottom of the nodes, and generate new upward-growing shoots from the top of the nodes. A stem tuber is a thickened part of a rhizome or stolon that has been enlarged for use as a storage organ.
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During this time, Polypodium develops from a binucleate cell into an inside-out planuliform larva and then into an elongate inside-out stolon; the epidermal cell layer is located internal to the body and the gastrodermis is located externally. This anatomy has a strong similarity with Placozoa.Early animal evolution - Royal Society Publishing The embryo, larva and stolon are surrounded by a protective polyploid cell, which also functions in digestion. Just prior to host spawning, Polypodium everts to the normal position of cell layers, revealing tentacles scattered along the stolon.
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S. prolifera is a "stolonate" worm and has an unusual life cycle. When the worm has reached a length of about forty segments, the posterior portion of the worm develops into a stolon inside which the gonads mature. The stolon is either female (pale orange) or male (whitish) and becomes a storage receptacle for the eggs or sperm. Breeding is regulated by the phases of the moon, and when the breeding period arrives, the stolon becomes detached and joins others to swarm in the water column, in a process known as "epitoky".
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The tip of one stolon from a U.K. instance of U. vulgaris, showing stolon, branching leaf-shoots and transparent bladder traps. The main part of a bladderwort plant always lies beneath the surface of its substrate. Terrestrial species sometimes produce a few photosynthetic leaf-shoots. The aquatic species can be observed below the surfaces of ponds and streams.
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Illustration of Perophora drawn by Philip Henry Gosse Perophora viridis is a colonial sea squirt with the individual zooids united by a stolon or stem but spaced widely apart. The stolon meanders along the surface of the substrate forming a mat. The base of each zooid is attached to the stolon and its body resembles a small barrel, with an opening at the top and another at the side, each opening raised on a rim. These are the buccal siphon through which water flows into the body of the animal and the atrial siphon through which it is expelled.
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Carijoa riisei is a colonial soft coral with a tangled, bushy growth form. It has hollow branches that may be long, growing from a creeping stolon. The branches grow by budding off the stolon and have eight longitudinal furrows and a prominent polyp at the tip. The calyces in which the polyps sit are tubular, widely separated on the branches, long and wide.
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Other plants with stolons below the soil surface include many grasses, Ajuga, Mentha, and Stachys. Lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria majalis) has rhizomes that grow stolon-like stems called stoloniferous rhizomes or leptomorph rhizomes. A number of plants have stoloniferous rhizomes including Asters. These stolon-like rhizomes are long and thin, with long internodes and indeterminate growth with lateral buds at the node, which mostly remain dormant.
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The bodies have seven transverse bands of muscle interspersed by white, translucent patches. A stolon grows from near the endostyle (an elongated glandular structure producing mucus for trapping food particles). The stolon is a ribbon-like organ on which a batch of aggregate forms of the animal are produced by budding. The aggregate is the second, colonial form of the salp and is also gelatinous, transparent and flabby.
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There are openings at the anterior and posterior ends of the cylinder which can be opened or closed as needed. The bodies have seven transverse bands of muscle interspersed by white, translucent patches. A stolon grows from near the endostyle (an elongated glandular structure producing mucus for trapping food particles). The stolon is a ribbon-like organ on which a batch of aggregate forms of the animal are produced by budding.
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Colonies of Amathia vidovici are like miniature trees and consist of a branching mass of individual zooids connected to each other by stolons. The zooids are in groups of four to eight pairs spiralling round the stolon. The colony is stiffened by an exoskeleton made of chitin which is secreted by the epidermis of the zooids. The stolon has a jointed appearance and consists of a series of specialised tubular zooids.
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As the stolon grows, new branches develop and the older ones are reabsorbed so the colony moves across the substrate. When the availability of food is high, further upright branches develop but when it is low, most growth takes place by way of stolon elongation and branching. The stems have dark-coloured, usually straight internodes between chitinous chambers called hydrothecae which are shaped like small wine-glasses. These protect the polyps.
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The first few pitchers at the beginning of each growing season are much larger than the others Growing cobra lilies from seed is extremely slow and cobra seedlings are difficult to maintain, so these plants are best propagated from the long stolons they grow in late winter and spring. When a minute cobra plant is visible at the end of the stolon (usually in mid to late spring), the whole stolon may be cut into sections a few inches long, each with a few roots attached. Lay these upon cool, moist, shredded long-fibered sphagnum moss and place in a humid location with bright light. In many weeks, cobra plants will protrude from each section of stolon.
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The nodes are the eyes and each has a leaf scar. The nodes or eyes are arranged around the tuber in a spiral fashion beginning on the end opposite the attachment point to the stolon. The terminal bud is produced at the farthest point away from the stolon attachment and tubers, and thus show the same apical dominance as a normal stem. Internally, a tuber is filled with starch stored in enlarged parenchyma-like cells.
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Horizontal growth of roots, whether in response to high mineral content in soil or due to stolon growth, produces branched growth that establish to also form their own, independent root swarms.
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Research suggests that E. propullans rarely reproduces from seed on its own, but is highly dependent on vegetative reproduction, or limited cross pollination with Erythronium albidum, thus limiting population growth and spread of the species. Erythronium propullans produces one stolon below the soil surface on the midway point of the stem on blooming plants; that stolon then produces a new bulb. On non-blooming plants, 1 to 3 stolons are produced directly from the bulbs, each ending in a new clone.
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The stolons are in diameter and the zooids are long. Zooids within the colony are connected via pores in the interconnecting walls and coelomic fluid can be transferred between them and through the stolon.
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Clavulariidae is a family of soft corals in the suborder Stolonifera. Colonies in this family consist of separate retractable polyps growing from a horizontal, encrusting stolon or basal membrane. The tissues are stiffened by sclerites.
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Plants with stolons are called stoloniferous. A stolon is a plant propagation strategy and the complex of individuals formed by a mother plant and all its clones produced from stolons form a single genetic individual, a genet.
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This is why Anubias are some of the few plants which can be used in aquariums with African cichlids and goldfishes. Reproduction in artificial environments can be accomplished by stolon division or from side shoots. The stolon must always be above the substrate in order to survive, otherwise it will rot and the plant dies. Rather than planting anubias directly into the soil, they should be attached to a piece of rock or driftwood, as they are more likely to grow and thrive when the rhizome and roots are left exposed instead of buried.
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Hydractinia consist of a network of gastrovascular canals embedded in a plate of tissue called the mat. When gastrovascular canals extend outside of the mat, they are called stolons. The stolon tips on the outer edge of the colony secrete SIF (Stolon Inducing Factor) allowing for the creation of branching stolons In the field, colonies exhibit morphologies that range from highly stoloniferous to completely stolonless. Four types of polyps are found on Hydractinia colonies, including feeding polyps, sexual polyps, and two other types of polyps called dactylozooids and tentaculozooids, which protect the colony.
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It grows very easily in even hard water. The substrate should be a mixture of sand, clay and peat. It prefers a quiet situation and not too intense a light. It normally spreads and multiplys by vegetative (stolon/rhizome) growth.
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The polyp grows singly from a stolon or has a few branches. It has long pedicels and medusa buds develop in clusters on branched stalks. The young medusae have very narrow subumbrellas. The medusa has thick jelly and no peduncle.
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Occasionally the stolons will produce floating air shoots at the water's surface and tuber-like organs in the substrate. Its filiform leaf-like structures appear to be additional branches off the main stolon and are tiny, filament-like structures that are not true leaves, though the terminology is often disputed among experts. The leaf structures are numerous and anywhere from 2–18 cm long, originating from the stolon base into two primary and unequal segments, which are further divided extensively into additional segments. The stalked, ovoid traps, 1–3 mm long, are produced on the latter leaf segments and are very numerous.
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The flowers are dioecious, and are hidden in the middle of the plant amongst the leaves. Small green berries form after successful fertilization. The plant can also undergo asexual reproduction. Mother and daughter plants are connected by a short stolon, forming dense mats.
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Obelia longissima is a colonial species of hydrozoan in the order Leptomedusae. Its hydroid form grows as feathery stems resembling seaweed from a basal stolon. It is found in many temperate and cold seas world-wide but is absent from the tropics.
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Rhabdopleurida is one of three orders in the class Pterobranchia, which are small, worm-shaped animals. Members belong to the hemichordates.Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu Eol.org Species in this order are sessile, colonial, connected with a stolon, living in clear water and secrete tubes called tubarium.
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Perophora is a sea squirt genus in the family Perophoridae. Most species are found in shallow warm water but a few are found in higher latitudes. A colony consists of a number of zooids which bud off from a long slender stolon.
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It is also common in former rice paddies. This grass forms large colonies by spreading via its stolon-like stems and rhizomes. It grows in fresh and brackish water, tolerating some salt in the water. It is sometimes planted for erosion control in wetlands.
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It is similar in form to Iris pumila. It has a yellow-white, thick, fleshy rhizome, that is between in diameter. Under the rhizome are secondary stolon-like roots. On top of the rhizome, are the yellow-white, fibrous remains of last seasons leaves.
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This can be done by removing and rooting the plantlets produced at the end of each stolon. Since the plantlets grow a rosette of leaves before beginning root growth, when rooting plantlets, it is very important that plantlet is not removed before it has developed stilt roots to a length of at least 3 cm. If removed too soon, the plantlet will not have the energy or water reserves to produce roots before dying. Once stilt roots have been grown to sufficient length, however, the stolon can be cut at any point and the new plant can be potted in slightly moist porous soil.
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All species can produce clones by budding. Colonial species produce new zooids from the stolon or from the stalks, and can form large colonies in this way. In solitary species, clones form on the floor of the atrium, and are released when their organs are developed.
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Obelia longissima has a complex life cycle. New colonies can be formed asexually by breakage of the stolon. Both the broken ends heal rapidly and begin to grow. Vertical stolons may also develop and attach themselves to other surfaces before detaching themselves from the parent colony.
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They also may live away from shores because they are fragile to solar radiation. This species also houses other invertebrates. One known species is the larvae of Pycnogonum litorale, a sea spider who lives as an ectoparasite on C. multicornis either in its stolon or hydrocaulus.
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Lobelia pedunculata, commonly known as matted pratia, trailing pratia or blue star creeper is a perennial herb from Australia. It has sky-blue starry flowers, and can spread by underground stolon. In a garden setting some gardeners have found its ability to spread to be a nuisance.
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In strawberries the base is above the soil surface; in many bulb-forming species and plants with rhizomes, the stolons remain underground and form shoots that rise to the surface at the ends or from the nodes. The nodes of the stolons produce roots, often all around the node and hormones produced by the roots cause the stolon to initiate shoots with normal leaves. Typically after the formation of the new plant the stolon dies away in a year or two, while rhizomes persist normally for many years or for the life of the plant, adding more length each year to the ends with active growth. The horizontal growth of stolons results from the interplay of different hormones produced at the growing point and hormones from the main plant, with some studies showing that stolon and rhizome growth are affected by the amount of shady light the plant receives with increased production and branching from plants exposed to mixed shade and sun, while plants in all day sun or all shade produce fewer stolons.
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In general, a tuber is high in starch, e.g. the potato, which is a modified stolon. The term "tuber" is often used imprecisely and is sometimes applied to plants with rhizomes. If a rhizome is separated each piece may be able to give rise to a new plant.
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Limnobium laevigatum can reproduce and distribute sexually through flower pollination and seed production, and also vegetatively through fragmentation of stolon segments. The juvenile plants have a great capacity for distribution in that they are small, they float and can be easily and quickly carried along by water currents.
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Forms elaborate piecemeal mats of normally green to turquoise polyps. They are often found on reef flats exposed to high light intensity and intermittently strong currents. Stolon-connected polyps normally have 30 short tentacles, polyps are extended continuously day and night and feed predominantly on detritus, not zooplankton.
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Free living stolon. Polypodium hydriforme is an endocellular parasite with an unusual life cycle, a peculiar morphology, and high rates of DNA evolution. Polypodium spends most of its life inside the oocytes of acipenseriform fishes (sturgeons and paddlefish). Its hosts include Acipenser ruthenus, Polyodon spathula and Scaphirhynchus platorynchus.
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Stolonifera is a suborder of soft corals in the order Alcyonacea. Members of this taxon are characterised by having separate polyps budding off an encrusting horizontal, branching stolon. The skeletons include spicules or consists of a horny external cuticle. These soft corals are found in shallow tropical and temperate seas.
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Stilt-like roots holding a young plantlet above the surface. The stolon is visible to the right. The defining characteristic of D. pinguicula are its thick stilt-like roots. Each rosette produces several of these roots, which can elevate the plant several inches off the ground and are covered in a thick brown cuticle.
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The seaweed has a pale to dark-green thallus that typically grows to outward to around . It has feather-like fronds that arise from a common stolon. Each of the fronds is upright and branched. The oppositely arranged branchlets are cylindrical to needle-shaped with upcurved tips with a blunt point at the end.
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Anthelia glauca has large tubular polyps growing from a creeping mat that sometimes forms stolon-like fingers. The non- retractable polyps may be tall with a ring of eight slender, plume-like tentacles. The colour is usually white, pale grey, pale brown or bluish-white, and viewed from above, the polyps somewhat resemble snowflakes.
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The oral surface is stiffened by calcareous sclerites. Other soft corals with which this species might be confused include Cornularia cornucopiae and Sarcodictyon catenatum. C. cornucopiae has shorter polyps and narrower stolons, and its tissues does not contain sclerites. S. catenatum has much smaller polyps and its thick stolon is brick red and clearly visible.
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By pulling and shaking the young leaves in the shallow water, the stolon is pulled out of the water. Three months after planting, the first leaves and flowers can be harvested. Flowers can be picked every two days during summer and every three days during the colder season. Four months after planting, the production of flowers has its climax.
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Caulerpa trifaria is a species of seaweed in the Caulerpaceae family. The seaweed has a slender stolon and green fronds that typically grow to in height with a width of . The species is usually found in calm sheltered waters at depths of . In Western Australia, it is found along the coast around Perth extending south to around Esperance.
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The sessile colonial stage of Obelia longissima is the most long-lived and the most easily observed of its life stages. The hydroid looks superficially like fronds of seaweed. It has a basal stolon growing in close proximity with the substrate. Out of this grow fragile, flexible stems up to high each with short side branches.
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The proposed evolutionary transformation is from more mobile forms living in the water column to less mobile forms living on the sea floor. Herpetogaster shows a clockwise-curved body attached to the substrate with a narrow mobile stolon, the caylx of Phlogites would be such a body fused into a complete circle, permanently attached to the substrate by a thick stalk, and eldoniids are a flattened form in which the stolon has been lost, resulting in a disc-shaped external form with a large curved stomach on one side. These translations of form are parallel to those seen in echinoderms (such as crinoids, sea urchins, sand dollars). Relationships to tentaculate lophotrochozoans are considered and rejected, with the balance of evidence currently supporting the clade as either stem echinoderms, stem hemichordates, or stem ambulacrarians (echinoderms+hemichordates).
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Black dot disease is caused by the plant pathogen known as Colletotrichum coccodes (C. coccodes). It affects all underground parts of the potato, including the roots, tuber, and stolon. C. coccodes is also able to infect the stem and foliage of the potato plant. It can be introduced into an area by planting an infected tuber, and then spreading to other plants.
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In fact, E racemosum has been frequently found in northeastern Spain, specifically in Medes Islands, showing a maximum population density in summer with a minimal density during the winter (this is when it typically exists as dormant stolon). Their rapid growth coupled with their ability to store the necessary material to survive the winter is due to their efficient feeding and digestive methods.
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Erythranthe primuloides is a perennial herb growing in low patches or mosslike mats and spreading via rhizome and stolon. The stem is no more than about 12 centimeters long. The oppositely arranged leaves are variable in shape, variable in color from green to purple-green, shaggy-hairy to hairless, and up to 5 centimeters long. The flower arises on an erect pedicel.
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Palms in this genus usually have solitary stems; clustered stems are less common, and a few are stolon-like subterranean. The stems are normally spineless, but some species have spiny leaf sheaths or spines. Those species that have upright trunks grow tall with stems that are in diameter. The leaves of all but one species, S. smithii, are pinnately compound.
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These stolons from the corm of a Crocosmia are stems that emerged from axillary buds at the nodes of the tunic leaves. Stolons may or may not have long internodes. The leaves along the stolon are usually very small, but in a few cases such as Stachys sylvatica are normal in size. Stolons arise from the base of the plant.
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Sporangiospores (4-11 µm diam) are produced in the sporangium and are unicellular, ovoid and brown. Sporangiospores serve as the primary inoculum and are passively released when the outer layer of the sporangium breaks down. Other R. stolonifer structures include stolons and rhizoids. Stolons arch over the surface and rhizoids grow into the substrate at each point of contact between stolon and substrate.
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It has been shown that one end of a cut piece of stolon will develop attachment structures to anchor it to the substrate within about twenty-four hours. This bryozoan is a hermaphrodite and reproduction also takes place sexually. The larva is planktonic, settles on a hard surface and develops into a heterozooid which attaches itself to the substrate with an adhesive disc.
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Perophora japonica is a colonial tunicate with a network of slender branching stolon on which small, rounded, translucent zooids some long occur at intervals. Younger regions of the colony are yellowish-green and the growing tips of the stolons may have star-shaped, bright yellow terminal zooids. These zooids are easily detached and can break off, float away and found new colonies.
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It has a rhizome, that in the spring, sends out thin, and long, (up to long,British Iris Society (1997) ) secondary roots (or stolons), which have a red skin. At the end of each stolon, it forms a new rhizome, creating widespread colonies of plants. Other 'Regelia section' irises also have stolons. Also Iris japonica, Iris prismatica and Iris henryi produce stolons.
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These lids are triangular with distinct lingual and labial ornamentation. Muscle scars and a stolon tube is found on the inside of each operculum. One of the lids is slightly larger than the others and it’s the only one that is pressant in related genera such as Rhizophyllum. The corals internal Tabulae is very well developed much like other members of Cystiphyllida.
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In unfavorable time-periods of their environment, adult forms of C. multicornis can become dormant in order to survive. Their hydranth, a feeding zooid, rests in the stolon and begins to work once the environment is safe again. Regeneration of their colonies follows this time period. Because of this ability to become dormant, they have been found to live in the Arctic.
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Carex inops is a species of sedge known as long-stolon sedge and western oak sedge. It is native to northern North America, where it occurs throughout the southern half of Canada and the western and central United States. There are two subspecies; Carex inops subsp. inops is limited to the west coast from British Columbia to California, while Carex inops subsp.
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In the solitary life history phase, an oozoid reproduces asexually, producing a chain of tens or hundreds of individual zooids by budding along the length of a stolon. The chain of salps is the 'aggregate' portion of the lifecycle. The aggregate individuals, known as blastozooids, remain attached together while swimming and feeding and growing larger. The blastozooids are sequential hermaphrodites.
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Caulerpa ellistoniae is a species of seaweed in the family Caulerpaceae. The seaweed has a robust stolon with a diameter of approximately . The dark green fronds are erect and branch many times with a length of . It is found along the coast in the South West region of Western Australia spreading north as far as Perth usually in deeper water.
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Ficus carica is dispersed by birds and mammals that scatter their seeds in droppings. Fig fruit is an important food source for much of the fauna in some areas, and the tree owes its expansion to those that feed on its fruit. The common fig tree also sprouts from the root and stolon tissues. The infructescence is pollinated by a symbiosis with a fig wasp (Blastophaga psenes).
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Each branchlet has a length of and is attached to a cylindrical axis in the middle with a diameter of . Each axis connects each frond to a creeping stolon with a diameter of and a length of up to . Stolons are branched out to slim points and rhizoids then form from bottom surface these fork and penetrate the sandy substrate firmly anchoring the seaweed to the seafloor.
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The form of the hydroid is very variable and this was one of the reasons for the taxonomical confusion. In the "muscus" form, single polyps or short branches emerge from a stolon. In the "fruticosa" form, the hydrocaulis is much branched and grows to fifty millimetres in height. The perisarc rises to the base of the tentacles which may form a corrugated or membranous cup.
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The arrangement of polyps and the branching of the stem is characteristic of the species. Some species have the polyps budding directly off the stolon which roots the colony. The polyps are connected by epidermis which surrounds a gastrovascular cavity. The epidermis secretes a chitinous skeleton which supports the stem and in some hydroids, the skeleton extends into a cup shape surrounding the polyp.
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During eversion, the yolk of the host oocyte fills the gastral cavities of the parasite, supplying the future free-living stage with nutrients. Finally, upon emerging from the host egg in fresh water, the free-living stolon fragments into individual medusoid-like forms that go on to multiply by means of longitudinal fission, form sexual organs, and ultimately infect host fish with their gametophores.
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Caulerpa hedleyi is a species of seaweed in the Caulerpaceae family. The seaweed has a robust stolon with erect grey-green fronds reaching in height and wide. The species is found in deep heavily shaded waters. In Western Australia, it is found along the coast from Rottnest Island and south as far as Esperance in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia and east to South Australia.
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Clavularia crassa forms small colonies of up to about fifty individual polyps growing from a stolon. This grows along the surface of the substrate and it, and the bases of the polyps, are orangish-brown. Each polyp is up to long and wide. The column is slender and creamy-white and the eight long, feathery tentacles are either transparent white, or colourless flecked with white.
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"Wiman's Law" states that the stolon of dendroid graptolites divides in groups of three: "one branch went into the bitheca, one into the autotheca, and one continued up along the stipe." He is recognized for his contributions to paleontology in the names of the extinct penguins Archaeospheniscus wimani and Palaeospheniscus wimani, the fossil turtle Dracochelys wimani, the ichthyosaur Wimanius and the sauropod dinosaur Borealosaurus wimani.
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Galearis rotundifolia usually reproduces sexually by seed, but it reportedly undergoes vegetative reproduction at times via rhizome or stolon, or perhaps when a ramet is separated from a clonal colony. The flowers are pollinated by insects. In a survey of pollinators in Alberta, the primary pollinator was Osmia proxima, a mason bee. Other pollinators included several hoverflies, such as Eriozona laxus, Eristalis hirta, Eristalis rupium, and Eupeodes lapponicus.
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The plant spreads via threadlike stolon (runners), with plantlets taking root in the vicinity of the mother plant. It is hardy to USDA zone 5. It grows as a perennial herbaceous plant 10 to 20 cm tall, whose inflorescence bears small zygomorphous flowers that bloom during the transition between spring and summer. Like strawberry plants, it produces stolons with clones at the tip, allowing it to spread easily.
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Caulerpa simpliciuscula is a species of seaweed in the Caulerpaceae family. The seaweed has a slender stolon and medium to dark green fronds that typically grow to in height with a width of . The species is found in rock pools and the upper sublittoral zones in rough seas. In Western Australia, it is found along the coast in the Mid West region extending south to the South West.
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The planula of Clytia gregaria settle on a variety of substrates, on both horizontal and vertical surfaces. The planula then flattens into a pedal disk with 4-6 lobes. A stolon is visible after approximately a week, which then branches and forms a colony of hydroids. Medusae are released approximately 35–45 days after fertilization, from spring to early fall. Newly hatched medusae have 4 tentacles, with an additional 4 immature tentacular buds.
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Takakia lepidozioides is a species of moss in the Takakiaceae family, one of two species of Takakia. It is characterized by its tiny bifid leaves in which each segment is only a few cells wide, conspicuous rhizomous shoots, and long leafless stolon shoots which facilitate the colonization of bare areas. A very unusual feature is the lack of male plants within the species, which are thought to have become extinct during an ice age.
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Caulerpa longifolia, commonly known as feather caulerpa or long-filament caulerpa, is a species of seaweed in the Caulerpaceae family. The seaweed has a coarse stolon with medium to dark green fronds reaching in height and wide. It has few upright branches that arise from a naked and coarse runner. The ends of the branches (known as ramuli) are linear or curved slightly upwards, usually occurring in five rows along the upright branches.
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Caulerpa papillosa is a species of seaweed in the Caulerpaceae family. The seaweed has a slender stolon with medium to dark green fronds reaching in height and wide. The species is found in shaded rock pools in the upper sublittoral region up to a depth of . In Western Australia, it is found along the coast in the Gascoyne and south as far as Esperance it is also found in South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania.
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Caulerpa vesiculifera is a species of seaweed in the Caulerpaceae family. The seaweed has a robust stolon with erect form, of a medium to deep green colour that grow upward to forming dense low mats. The species is found in the sublittoral zone in rough waters in rock pools. In Western Australia, it is found along the coast in from Shark Bay extending south to Esperance, also found in Victoria and Tasmania.
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Caulerpa obscura is a species of seaweed in the Caulerpaceae family. The seaweed has a robust stolon with simple dark green fronds reaching in height and wide. The species is found in rock pools and platforms in the upper sublittoral region up to a depth of . In Western Australia, it is found along the coast in the Mid West and south as far as Esperance it is also found in South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania.
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Restoration H. collinsi is known from over 101 specimens. It possessed a pair of branching tentacles and a tough but flexible body that curved helically to the right like a ram's horn and was divided into at least 13 segments. A flexible, extensible stolon emerged from the body at about the ninth segment and secured the animal to the sea floor, often by attaching to the sponge Vauxia. It is not known whether the attachment was permanent.
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Leaf cutting is typically used once rosettes have already flowered, in which case they will no longer grow. Whole leaves can be cut from the rosette and set aside for several days to allow the cut to dry. At this point the leaf can be inserted cut-side down into moist porous potting medium to root. Over time, the leaf will produce roots and a stolon from the cut which will bear a new plant at its tip.
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Leaves are mostly in rosettes, the petioles up to 20 cm, the blades up to 40 cm. Inflorescences are created at nodes along the stolon, each inflorescence consisting of maroon bracts up to 4 cm long, subtending a small group of flowers, some staminate, others hermaphroditic. Sepals are boat- shaped, up to 8 mm long, red and glabrous on the upper side, with long hairs on the under side. Petals white, up to 6 mm long.
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Iris stolonifera is a plant species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus Iris, and in the section Regelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of Turkestan, between Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Afghanistan. It has red-skinned stolon roots and rhizomes, glaucous, long, blue-grey leaves, and bi-coloured flowers, in various shades from milky white, to blue, purple, pale lilac, lavender and brown. It normally has blue to yellow beards on all the petals.
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Another form of weapon is the similarly-armed acontia (threadlike defensive organs) which can be extruded through apertures in the column wall. Some stony corals employ nematocyst- laden "sweeper tentacles" as a defence against the intrusion of other individuals. Many anthozoans are colonial and consist of multiple polyps with a common origin joined together by living material. The simplest arrangement is where a stolon runs along the substrate in a two dimensional lattice with polyps budding off at intervals.
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Here kochur loti (taro stolon) dry curry is a popular dish which is usually prepared with poppy seeds and mustard paste. Leaves and corms of shola kochu and maan kochu are also used to make some popular traditional dishes. In Mithila, Bihar, taro corms are known as ədua (अडुआ) and its leaves are called ədikunch ke paat (अड़िकंच के पात). A curry of taro leaves is made with mustard paste and sour sun-dried mango pulp (आमिल; aamil).
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Caladenia saccharata is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herb with a roughly spherical, white, fleshy tuber surrounded in its upper half by a fibrous sheath. Each year a replacement tuber is formed on the end of a short, root-like stolon. There is a single, narrow linear-shaped leaf rising from the base of the plant. The leaf is pale yellowish green on both sides, hairy, long, wide and usually has irregular reddish-purple blotched near the base.
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The life history of hydrozoans typically has a larval, polyp stage and a bell-shaped medusa stage. In Hydrichthys, the polyp has no tentacles but develops a root-like stolon which it thrusts through the skin of its host, usually a fish, to suck the blood and body fluids. During the medusa stage, Hydrichthys lives independently in the ocean. In one species, Hydrichthys sarcotretis, parasitism is taken a stage further when the hydrozoan attaches itself to the copepod Cardiodectes medusaeus.
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Caulerpa is a genus of seaweeds in the family Caulerpaceae (among the green algae). They are unusual because they consist of only one cell with many nuclei, making them among the biggest single cells in the world. A species in the Mediterranean can have a stolon more than long, with up to 200 fronds. This species can be invasive from time to time. Referring to its thalli's crawling habit, the name means 'stem (that) creeps', from the Ancient Greek ' (, ‘stalk’) and ' (, ‘to creep’).
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'Lipstick' hybrid strawberry (Comarum palustre × Fragaria × ananassa) along stolons. In some Cyperus species the stolons end with the growth of tubers; the tubers are swollen stolons that form new plants. Some species of crawling plants can also sprout adventitious roots, but are not considered stoloniferous: a stolon is sprouted from an existing stem and can produce a full individual. Examples of plants that extend through stolons include some species from the genera Argentina (silverweed), Cynodon, Fragaria, and Pilosella (Hawkweeds), Zoysia japonica, Ranunculus repens.
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Etacystis is an unusual animal of uncertain affinities, found among the Essex fauna of the Mazon Creek beds. It displays, as described above, a roughly H-shaped body plan. It has a stolon-like structure from which a peduncle arises at approximate right angles. The distal end of the peduncle has two arm-like extensions of unequal length, and a sac-like structure is attached to the peduncle by a short stalk, in the direction of the shorter of the two arms.
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Caulerpa flexilis is a species of seaweed in the Caulerpaceae family. The seaweed has a thick stolon with erect dark green primary fronds that are about long and wide. The species is found around much of the Australian coast as well as in New Zealand. In Western Australia, it is found along the coast in a large area extending from around the Abrolhos Islands in the Mid West, south as far as Esperance in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia.
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Sanderia malayensis has a complex life cycle with a number of types of asexual reproduction. New polyps can bud off existing polyps, with a moveable stolon developing at the same time on the opposite side of the mother polyp. These stolons may develop a knobbed end, curl up and attach themselves to the substrate, before detaching from the mother polyp and developing into a new polyp. Strobilation of the polyp may occur with ephyrae being formed which separate from the mother polyp.
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Minuartia stolonifera is a rare species of flowering plant in the pink family known by the common names Scott Mountain sandwort and stolon sandwort. It is endemic to Siskiyou County, California, where it is known from only two occurrences in the Scott Mountains of the Klamath Range. It is a member of the serpentine soils flora in the area, growing amidst Jeffrey Pines with other rare local plants such as the Mt. Eddy lupine (Lupinus lapidicola).Nelson, T. W. and J. P. Nelson. (1991).
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Coptis laciniata is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family known by the common name Oregon goldthread. It is native to Washington, Oregon, and northern California on the west coast of the United States, where it grows in wet habitat in the understory of mountain and coastal coniferous forests. It is a small perennial herb creeping on a yellow stolon through other vegetation and leaf litter. There are a few leaves on its short stem which are divided into leaflets subdivided into several toothed lobes.
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Perophora viridis is found in the tropical western Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. In the Caribbean it is plentiful in nutrient-rich lagoons where the creeping stolon spreads like a vine across the seabed, over seaweed and oysters and around mangrove roots. It often grows intertwined with the tree-like bryozoan Amathia vidovici and less often with another bryozoan, Zoobotryon verticillatum. The stolons of tunicate and bryozoan run parallel with and round each other, making the whole resemble a single organism.
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Zoanthids (order Zoantharia also called Zoanthidea or Zoanthiniaria) are an order of cnidarians commonly found in coral reefs, the deep sea and many other marine environments around the world. These animals come in a variety of different colonizing formations and in numerous colors. They can be found as individual polyps, attached by a fleshy stolon or a mat that can be created from small pieces of sediment, sand and rock. The term "zoanthid" refers to all animals within this order Zoantharia, and should not be confused with "Zoanthus", which is one genus within Zoantharia.
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N. peltata is an aquatic bottom-rooted perennial species with underwater creeping stolons that extend up to 2 meters. Each node on a stolon can produce a new shoot and roots. N. peltata has cordate floating leaves that are 3-15 cm in diameter, green to yellow-green in color, have purple-tinted undersides, and are attach to submerged rhizomes. The leaves have slightly wavy margins and support a lax, or loose, inflorescence of two to five yellow, five-petal flowers (2-4 cm in diameter) with fringed petal margins.
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Bryophyllum daigremontianum (Kalanchoe daigremontiana) Vegetative propagation is a type of asexual reproduction found in plants where new individuals are formed without the production of seeds or spores and thus without syngamy or meiosis. Examples of vegetative reproduction include the formation of miniaturized plants called plantlets on specialized leaves, for example in kalanchoe (Bryophyllum daigremontianum) and many produce new plants from rhizomes or stolon (for example in strawberry). Other plants reproduce by forming bulbs or tubers (for example tulip bulbs and Dahlia tubers). Some plants produce adventitious shoots and may form a clonal colony.
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The hydroid form is usually colonial, with multiple polyps connected by tubelike hydrocauli. The hollow cavity in the middle of the polyp extends into the associated hydrocaulus, so that all the individuals of the colony are intimately connected. Where the hydrocaulus runs along the substrate, it forms a horizontal root-like stolon that anchors the colony to the bottom. The hydroid Tubularia indivisa, fertile, Gulen Dive resort, Norway The colonies are generally small, no more than a few centimeters across, but some in Siphonophorae can reach sizes of several meters.
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Caulerpa brachypus is a green seaweed with a horizontal creeping stolon which sends up blade-like fronds on short rhizoids at intervals. These thalli are tongue-like or strap-like in shape, up to long and mainly green, sometimes with yellowish margins. Where they occur together, it is difficult to distinguish this species from other members of the genus Caulerpa, especially as there is considerable variation between different populations of Caulerpa brachypus growing in different habitats. Where conditions suit it, it can become very profuse and form dense stands.
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There are still many questions regarding graptolite locomotion but all these mechanisms are possible alternatives depending on the species and its habitat. For benthic species, that lived attached to the sediment or any other organism, this was not a problem; the zooids were able to move but restricted within the tubarium. Although this zooid movement is possible in both planktic and benthic species, it is limited by the stolon but is particularly useful for feeding. Using their arms and tentacles, which are close to the mouth, they filter the water to catch any particles of food.
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The spores that PMTV is vectored in can live in the soil for up to 18 years giving the virus a long period of survival. The critical period for infection of S. subterranea and consequently PMTV is earlier in the potato growth cycle, during stolon formation and tuber set, which lasts 3–4 weeks. The disease cycle of PMTV begins with the virus entering the host plant's cell and disassembling its capsid to release the viral RNA into the cell. As a pomovirus, PMTV uses the host plant's machinery for replication and translation which both follow positive-stranded RNA models.
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Vasa is also present in chicken embryonic stem cells where it induces expression of germ line genes. This function still supports the most important role of Vasa in germ line development. In Cnidarians, Vasa has a role in nerve cells and gland cells. Other examples include Vasa in multipotent stem cell cluster of Polyascus polygenea buds and stolon, Vasa in auxiliary cells of oyster ovaries, Vasa in non-germ-line lineages in the snail Ilyanassa, Vasa in progenitor mesodermal posterior growth zone of the polychaete annelid Platynereis dumerilii, and Vasa present in non-genetical segments during Oligochaete development.
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Especially in early growing stages of the crop and the weed and when broadcast seeding instead of row seeding is applied (as often the case in East Africa), the two species are very difficult to distinguish. Besides Eleusine indica, the species Xanthium strumarium, which is animal dispersed and the stolon-owning species Cyperus rotondus and Cynodon dactylon are important finger millet weeds. Measures to control weeds include cultural, physical, and chemical methods. Cultural methods could be sowing in rows instead of broadcast sowing to make distinction between finger millet seedlings and E. indica easier when hand weeding.
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In the genus Cephalodiscus, asexually produced individuals stay attached to the contractile stalk of the parent individual until completing their development. In the genus Rhabdopleura, zooids are permanently connected to the rest of the colony via a common stolon system. They have a diverticulum of the foregut called a stomochord, previously thought to be related to the chordate notochord, but this is most likely the result of convergent evolution rather than a homology. A hollow neural tube exists among some species (at least in early life), probably a primitive trait that they share with the common ancestor of chordata and the rest of the deuterostomes.
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The sepals and petals are 12 to 20 mm long and 4 to 6 mm wide, the sepals having a broad, reddish-brown band on their outer surface. The column is 5 to 6 mm long and 2 to 3 mm wide with dark brown arms that are ear-like and held high above the column. As with others in the genus, it reproduces by seeds but is unusual in that it is one of the few that develops tubers on the end of stolon-like roots, allowing it to form new colonies. The flowers are insect pollinated and open readily, even on cool days and are long-lasting.
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Caulerpa webbiana, commonly known as bottlebrush green seaweed, is a species of seaweed in the family Caulerpaceae. The seaweed has an olive green to bright green thallus that spreads outward to around forming dense clumps on coral rubble among seagrasses. The stems are about in length and have small bristles composed of many fine branched filaments, that are arranged in whorls around the stolon in the middle so that it resembles a stiff bottlebrush. The species was first formally described in 1837 by the botanist Camille Montagne as part of the work Centurie de plantes cellulaires exotiques nouvelles as published in Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique, Seconde série.
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Bermuda is more common in regions that have very warm summers and mild winters, such as the Southern and Southwestern United States. Red Bridge Golf Course was the first course in North Carolina to utilize a special Bermuda called Mini Verde. A green is generally established from sod which has had the soil washed off of it (to avoid soil compatibility problems) and which is then laid tightly over the green, then rolled and topdressed with fine sand. Another common and more economical approach for establishing a putting green is to introduce hybrid Bermuda sprigs (the stolon of the grass which are raked out at the sod farm), which are laid out on the green.
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In the early 20th century, Albert Mathews seminally correlated regeneration of a cnidarian polyp with the potential difference between polyp and stolon surfaces, and affected regeneration by imposing countercurrents. Amedeo Herlitzka, following on the wound electric currents footsteps of his mentor, du Bois-Raymond, theorized about electric currents playing an early role in regeneration, maybe initiating cell proliferation. Using electric fields overriding endogenous ones, Marsh and Beams astoundingly generated double-headed planarians and even reversed the primary body polarity entirely, with tails growing where a head previously existed. After these seed studies, variations of the idea that bioelectricity could sense injury and trigger or at least be a major player in regeneration have spurred over the decades until the present day.
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Once the proper external cue is received, the planula stops swimming and attaches itself to a substrate via its aboral or aboral-lateral pole (what was previously the front end of the swimming planula). After attaching itself to a substrate, the planula contracts along its oral–aboral axis and so forms a flattened holdfast to anchor itself to the substrate. Once the planula is securely on its substrate, a stalk grows out of the holdfast and, eventually, a hydranth, also known as a gastrozooid (an individual polyp specializing in feeding) forms on the anterior end of the stalk. At this stage, the planula is now considered a primary polyp, and this polyp can propagate vegetatively by extending its stolon to form a connected colony of multiple polyps.
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Glechoma hederacea can be identified by its round to reniform (kidney or fan shaped), crenate (with round toothed edges) opposed leaves diameter, on long petioles attached to square stems which root at the nodes. The plant spreads either by stolon or seed, making it exceptionally difficult to eradicate. It is a variable species, its size being influenced by environmental conditions, from tall. Glechoma is sometimes confused with common mallow (Malva neglecta), which also has round, lobed leaves; but mallow leaves are attached to the stem at the back of a rounded leaf, where ground ivy has square stems and leaves which are attached in the center of the leaf, more prominent rounded lobes on their edges, attach to the stems in an opposite arrangement, and have a hairy upper surface.
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The plants growing in this forest have buttresses to support the trunks to stand on spongy ground as well as strong branch roots expanding with stilt roots intertwining to support each other. Interesting plant species in this forest include Egyptian white water-lily (Nymphaea lotus) and Kong (Hanguana malayana), a herbaceous plant with stolon that float in the water. Pa Phru To Daeng provides habitat to flat-headed cat (Prionailurus planiceps), hairy- nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana), rufous-tailed shama (Trichixos pyrropygus), Malaysian blue flycatcher (Cyornis turcosus), especially black hornbill (Anthracoceros malayanus), one of 13 hornbill species in Thailand. Fish species include Pseudeutropius indigens, which is the world's newest species of schilbeid catfish, slender walking catfish (Clarias nieuhofii), and rusty squarehead catfish (Chaca bankanensis), a small-sized catfish that looks like a flat-headed catfish, which is popular as ornamental fish.
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