Eight banks have already approved their transformation into joint stock companies.
|
|
In order to buy back their own stock, companies borrow money as a funding strategy.
|
|
Rome, joint stock companies association Assonime holds biennial assembly, Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte attends (0900 GMT).
|
|
Foreigners also owned more than a quarter of the market capitalisation of all Italian joint-stock companies.
|
|
Her response was to exploit an obscure commercial innovation — joint stock companies — introduced by her sister, Mary Tudor.
|
|
Indeed, one of the first joint stock companies became one of the biggest - and one of the worst.
|
|
Larger "popolari" banks have been forced to shed their status and become regular joint-stock companies following a 2015 government reform.
|
|
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has been clamping down on other small stock companies that've profited from crypto name changes.
|
|
The government has already forced big cooperative lenders to convert into joint-stock companies, hoping this would prompt them to merge.
|
|
Despite the commercial success of the joint stock companies, the British economy was unable to sustain its reliance on far-flung trade.
|
|
Second, Italian bankers reckon that a reform of co-operative banks, turning them into joint-stock companies, should have sparked a merger wave.
|
|
"We also envisage that the groups should not become joint stock companies which could be possible takeover targets for foreign banks," the minister said.
|
|
Italy passed a new law last year which compelled the 10 largest "popolari" banks to become regular joint-stock companies to improve governance and profitability.
|
|
Last year Mr Renzi introduced a reform obliging Italy's ten biggest popolari, or co-operative banks, to become joint-stock companies by the end of 23.5.
|
|
The Veneto lenders are among 10 cooperative banks targeted by a government reform aimed at encouraging mergers by forcing them to convert to joint stock companies.
|
|
Popolare di Bari is one of Italy's large cooperative banks which are part of a reform of the sector to convert them into joint stock companies.
|
|
Xinhua reported that 69 of the enterprises, holding assets totaling 7.97 trillion yuan ($1.2 trillion), have not registered themselves as either joint-stock companies or limited liability firms.
|
|
He also called for the completion of a reform passed by the previous government forcing the larger, so-called "popolari" or co-operative banks, to become joint stock companies.
|
|
Meanwhile the Omani capital market authority ordered joint-stock companies and investment funds to refrain from holding ordinary general assemblies until further notice, the state news agency ONA reported.
|
|
The constitutional court has set a hearing on the reform of Italy's Popolari banks aimed at transforming them into joint stock companies for March 1003, Il Sole 24 Ore said.
|
|
Of the 10 "popolari banks" targeted by the reform, the two are the only ones yet to comply with demands they shed their mutual status and turn into regular joint-stock companies.
|
|
MILAN, Dec 2 (Reuters) - Italy's top administrative court on Friday suspended some aspects of a landmark reform the government passed in early 2015 to force large cooperative banks to become joint-stock companies.
|
|
The government's lawyers also ask that, once the reform is unblocked, the two remaining large "popolari" banks — Popolare di Sondrio e Popolare di Bari — complete their transformation into joint-stock companies within 42 days.
|
|
Last year it decreed that the ten biggest banche popolari—mutual banks with local political ties—be transformed into joint stock companies by the end of 2016, making them much easier to take over.
|
|
DUBAI, March 18 (Reuters) - Oman's capital market authority (CMA) ordered joint-stock companies and investment funds to refrain from holding ordinary general assemblies until further notice, the state news agency ONA reported on Wednesday.
|
|
The two 'popolari' banks are the only ones left, among the 10 targeted by the reform, that are yet to comply with demands they shed their mutual status and turn into regular joint-stock companies.
|
|
Left also gave investors lessons that he learned last year; reminding himself and others to stay away from what he calls "big story 'cult stock"' companies and sticking with what he does best: exposing fraud.
|
|
A government measure forcing big cooperative lenders to convert into joint-stock companies last year may finally bear fruit soon if a potential merger between Banco Popolare and Banca Popolare di Milano (BPM) goes ahead.
|
|
ROME (Reuters) - An Italian parliamentary commission on Friday approved an amendment that extends by one year, to the end of 2019, the dateline for mutual banks to turn into joint stock companies, a political source said.
|
|
In 2015 the government of former Prime Minister Matteo Renzi passed a reform forcing large Italian mutual lenders to become joint-stock companies, in an effort to improve governance and boost their appeal for potential investors.
|
|
Italy's top administrative court has set a hearing for July 2100 to decide on a new deadline for the transformation of mutual, or "popolari", banks into joint stock companies, two sources close to the matter said.
|
|
Every state in the developed world has a central bank that issues paper money, manipulates the supply of credit in the interest of commerce, uses fractional-reserve banking, and features joint-stock companies that pay dividends.
|
|
ROME (Reuters) - The lawyers for the Italian government argued that the country's top administrative court should unblock a landmark reform to transform the large "popolari" banks into joint-stock companies, a legal document seen by Reuters showed.
|
|
She was once a principal in a firm called Global Media Fund, which received stakes in "penny stock" companies — speculative ventures whose shares may be worth a few cents — in exchange for providing them with promotional services.
|
|
BPM and Banco Popolare also voted on Saturday in favor of shedding their cooperative status, which granted shareholders one vote each regardless of the size of their stake, becoming joint-stock companies as imposed by the government reform.
|
|
Italian cooperative banks have come into focus after the government brought in a new law last year which compelled the 10 largest "popolari" banks to become regular joint-stock companies in an effort to improve governance and profitability.
|
|
The world runs on the internet, and to ensure that their products are being run by the smartest of the tech talent stock, companies have to be prepared to offer quite a bit in salary, equity, and job perks.
|
|
The government of former Prime Minister Matteo Renzi passed in 2015 a long-awaited reform which forced large Italian mutual lenders to become joint-stock companies, in an effort to improve governance and boost their appeal for potential investors.
|
|
ROME (Reuters) - Italy's ruling coalition League party is pushing for a deadline forcing large "popolari" banks to transform into joint-stock companies to be put back to end-2020 from end-2019, a source close to the matter said on Friday.
|
|
The mid-Victorians were great institution-builders, creating everything from voluntary organisations to joint-stock companies ("little republics" in the phrase of Robert Lowe, a 19th-century British statesman) that were designed to fill the space between the state and society.
|
|
Renzi's cabinet passed a reform last year forcing the country's 10 biggest cooperative banks to turn into joint-stock companies by the end of 2016, a move aimed at reducing the number of lenders in Italy and making them more efficient.
|
|
ROME, Jan 13 (Reuters) - Itlay's top administrative court said Banca Popolare di Sondrio, one of just two cooperative lenders which are yet to comply with a law demanding they transform into joint-stock companies, will not have to adopt the required changes for now.
|
|
Next year will be an interesting year for Creval in terms of M&A, as it will be for other former cooperative banks that were transformed into joint stock companies, the lender's chairman Miro Fiordi told Reuters, adding that getting to a merger won't be easy.
|
|
"This is a reminder that investors should give heightened scrutiny to penny stock companies that have switched their focus to the latest business trend, such as cryptocurrency, blockchain technology, or initial coin offerings," Michele Wein Layne, director of the Los Angeles regional office for the commission, said in a statement.
|
|
She also played in stock companies in Boston and other cities.
|
|
Therefore, joint-stock companies are commonly known as corporations or limited companies. Some jurisdictions still provide the possibility of registering joint-stock companies without limited liability. In the United Kingdom and in other countries that have adopted its model of company law, they are known as unlimited companies. In the United States, they are known simply as joint- stock companies.
|
|
He published Law of Winding-up and Reconstruction of Joint- Stock Companies.
|
|
In Norway a joint-stock company is called an aksjeselskap, abbreviated AS. A special and by far less common form of joint-stock companies, intended for companies with a large number of shareholders, is the publicly traded joint-stock companies, called allmennaksjeselskap and abbreviated ASA. A joint-stock company must be incorporated, has an independent legal personality and limited liability, and is required to have a certain capital upon incorporation. Ordinary joint-stock companies must have a minimum capital of NOK 30,000 upon incorporation, which was reduced from 100,000 in 2012. Publicly traded joint-stock companies must have a minimum capital of NOK 1 million.
|
|
In 1855, the number of joint-stock companies and companies with a capital of 41.4 million rubles did not exceed 50. By 1880, 506 commercial, industrial, banking insurance, shipping and railway joint-stock companies and companies with a capital of 862.5 million credit and 1 271 300 000 rubles.
|
|
The Joint Stock Companies Act 1844 permitted the incorporation of joint-stock companies, previously only possible by the mechanisms of royal charter or private act, which had meant few companies were formed. The act required that all companies formed under it were recorded on a public register, and created the office of Registrar of Joint Stock Companies to be responsible for maintaining the register. Company registration in Scotland commenced in 1856, with the first company registered being 'The Daily Bulletin Limited'. The first Registrar of Joint Stock Companies for Scotland was George Deane, from 1856 to 1858, before he was transferred to the London office of Companies House to be Chief Clerk to the Registrar for England and Wales.
|
|
The Registrar of Joint Stock Companies And Firms (RJSC) is an organization of Government of People's Republic of Bangladesh.
|
|
There were two types of corporations at work in the Upper Canadian economy: the legislatively chartered companies and the unregulated joint stock companies. These two business forms had different legal standing; chartered corporations had a "separate personality" - they were a legal person quite distinct from its members or shareholders, a legal fiction which protected those shareholders with limited liability. In contrast, joint stock companies were made illegal by the English Bubble Act of 1720. Joint stock companies were considered extensive partnerships under common law, and English legislation limited these to a maximum of six partners.
|
|
Media service providers (radio and TV broadcasters) can only be set up as joint stock companies. Only joint- stock companies have to disclose information to the trade registry, under the Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102. Media companies entering in the category of public joint-stock companies also have to respect the Capital Market Law No. 2499 (1981) and the Communiqué on Financial Reporting of the Capital Markets Board. These public enterprises should regularly draw financial statements to the Capital Markets Board, and annual reports should be disclosed to the public.
|
|
Any consequent litigation had to be carried out in the joint names of all the members and was almost impossibly cumbersome. Though Parliament would sometimes grant a private act to allow an individual to represent the whole in legal proceedings, this was a narrow and necessarily costly expedient, allowed only to established companies. Then, in 1843, William Gladstone became the chairman of a Parliamentary Committee on Joint Stock Companies, which led to the Joint Stock Companies Act 1844, regarded as the first modern piece of company law.Report of the Parliamentary Committee on Joint Stock Companies (1844) in British Parliamentary Papers, vol.
|
|
Four years later, the Joint Stock Companies Act 1856 provided for limited liability for all joint-stock companies provided, among other things, that they included the word "limited" in their company name. The landmark case of Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd established that a company with legal liability, not being a partnership, had a distinct legal personality that was separate from that of its individual shareholders.
|
|
More than 6,300 Englishmen invested in joint-stock companies between 1585 and 1630, trading in Russia, Turkey, Africa, the East Indies, the Mediterranean, and North America.
|
|
Constructive Bureau later also acquired stakes in Perm-based joint-stock companies Halogen and Minudobrenia, Berezniki Azot and Volgograd-based Khimprom (transferred to Renova in 2006).
|
|
The Joint Stock Companies Act 1856 (19 & 20 Vict. c.47) was a consolidating statute, recognised as the founding piece of modern United Kingdom company law legislation.
|
|
Carew acted on stage, including work in stock companies and in musical comedies, and she was a vaudeville performer. She acted on film with MGM and Universal.
|
|
One of the offices of Uztelecom company in the city of Tashkent Uzbektelecom was established in 1992. In 1995—1996, the state enterprise began to be privatized through the formation of multiple joint stock companies, including Uzbektelecom International. In 1997, the Ministry of Communications of the Republic of Uzbekistan was reorganized into the Uzbek Post and Telecommunications Agency, followed by the establishment of regional joint stock companies providing telecommunications services.
|
|
He did numerous plays throughout the 1920s, including running several of his own stock companies. He appeared in productions of Abie's Irish Rose (on tour for two years), Stella Dallas, Up in Mabel's Room, Elmer the Great, Seventh Heaven, White Cargo and Lilac Time. He acted in stock companies in Colorado, Rhode Island, Florida, and Massachusetts. In 1930, he appeared on Broadway in Love, Honor, and Betray, alongside Clark Gable.
|
|
The MMM scandal led to increased regulation of the Russian stock market, but the legacy of the fraud led many to become extremely suspicious of any joint stock companies.
|
|
Georg Johan Casimir Ehrnrooth (born 16 January 1966) is a Finnish investor, the major owner with his brothers of Finnish HEX exchange stock companies EQ Bank, YIT and Pöyry.
|
|
The Joint Stock Companies Act 1844 (7 & 8 Vict. c.110) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that expanded access to the incorporation of joint-stock companies. Before the Act, incorporation was possible only by royal charter or private Act and was limited owing to Parliament's protection of the privileges and advantages thereby granted. As a result, many businesses came to be operated as unincorporated associations with possibly thousands of members.
|
|
During the ministerial debates in 1913–14, his ministry did not oppose the expansion of joint-stock companies in the industry, but fought to limit their role in the land purchases. His ministry also got a ban on Jews holding managerial positions in stock companies involved in the land purchases. In 1915, Krivoshein headed the "Special Council for Discussion and Coordinating Measures for Food Supply". He was a moderate politician,Leroy Allen.
|
|
Currently there are several joint-stock companies in the city. They include Barion, Paxta tolasi, and Chustmash. There are also bakeries, a printing house, and several small businesses in Chust.
|
|
Originally named Imperial Steel Car, the name was changed before the end of 1912. Today National Steel Car is one of a few remaining rolling stock companies left in Canada.
|
|
Laura Nelson Hall (born Laura Barnhurst, July 11, 1876 - July 11, 1936) was an actress in theater and vaudeville stock companies in the late 19th century and early 20th century.
|
|
Josef Swickard (26 June 1866 - 29 February 1940) was a German-born veteran stage and screen character actor, who had toured with stock companies in Europe, South Africa, and South America.
|
|
Blanche Crozier (1881– May 31, 1957) was a Canadian actress, working in Canadian and American stock companies in the early twentieth century. She later married the Scotch-American film director James Colin Campbell.
|
|
In Romania, a joint- stock company is called "societate pe acțiuni". According to Law 31/1991 there are two types of joint-stock companies: "societatea pe acțiuni" and "societate în comandită pe acţiuni".
|
|
Odell, George C. D. "Some Theatrical Stock Companies of New York", in Corin, Blanche A. (ed.) The Theatre Annual 1951 (Vol. IX), pp. 9, et. seq. The house became known as Mitchell's Olympic Theatre.
|
|
Stock companies stayed for as long as a month, performing a repertory of plays. In 1876 the Masons appointed a building committee to enlarge their building. The original building was 40 ft. x 100 ft.
|
|
With this character, Conklin broke into vaudeville, and spent several years touring with various stock companies, doing vaudeville shows and minstrel shows. He also performed as a clown with the Al G. Barnes Wild Animal Show.
|
|
Solidium is 100% Finnish state owned unit that controls 11 state owned stock companies. According to Solidium in November 2012 the state ownership in Talvivaara was 8,9 % with value of €31 million.Salkku 9.11.2012. Solidium. Viitattu 10.9.
|
|
There are three types of business entity in Russia: private limited companies (, abbreviated OOO), joint-stock companies (, abbreviated ПАО; in English as JSC), which may either be public, open (OJSC) or private, closed (PJSC), and partnerships ().
|
|
As of 2009, 13,767 businesses were registered in the district. 11,168 these were private farms, 1,585 individual businesses, 492 limited liability companies, 28 joint stock companies, 13 state-owned enterprises, 257 "public ventures", and 224 other types.
|
|
The general meeting of shareholders is held once a year, usually in April. Owing to the SNB's public mandate, the powers of the shareholders' meeting are not as extensive as in joint-stock companies under private law.
|
|
The modern history of corporate insolvency law in the UK began with the first companies legislation in 1844.See the Joint Stock Companies Act 1844 and the Joint Stock Companies Winding-Up Act 1844. However, many principles of insolvency are rooted in bankruptcy laws that trace back to ancient times. Regulation of bankruptcy was a necessary part of every legal system, and is found in the Hammurabi Code (18th century BC), the Twelve Tables of the Roman Republic (450 BC), the Talmud (200 AD), and the Corpus Juris Civilis (534 AD).
|
|
The joint-stock company became a more viable financial structure than previous guilds or state-regulated companies. The first joint- stock companies to be implemented in the Americas were the London Company and the Plymouth Company. Transferable shares often earned positive returns on equity, which is evidenced by investment in companies like the British East India Company, which used the financing model to manage trade in India. Joint- stock companies paid out divisions (dividends) to their shareholders by dividing up the profits of the voyage in the proportion of shares held.
|
|
Prosecutors and the Federal Bureau of Investigation say that fraud is widespread in the penny stock market. Even though the penny stock companies are small, the scams that involve them can be for tens of millions of dollars. Another problem with the penny stock market is that it has little liquidity, so holders of shares in penny stock companies often find it difficult for them to cash out of positions. In the United States, the SEC and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) have specific rules to define and regulate the sale of penny stocks.
|
|
The system of registration was revised by the Joint Stock Companies Act 1856. The aim of the act was to place business and economy on a surer foundation and to increase public confidence in the honesty of business.
|
|
He also owned 30 various land properties. Bērziņš worked as an advisor to the president of the SEB Bank Latvian branch and was a board member of several joint-stock companies, including Valmieras stikla šķiedra and Lode Brickworks.
|
|
Foreign security holders are legally entitled to enjoy all the benefits of the ownership of securities of domestic joint-stock companies. They have voting rights on all matters submitted for approval, and receive dividends and other distributions tax free.
|
|
Only a limited number of multinational companies have explicitly embraced such policies, namely Goldman Sachs and IBM. Only a handful of local and China- based companies have extended non-discrimination protection to LGBT employees, including blue-chip stock companies.
|
|
He married Else Richter, a fellow lawyer, on 7 January 1950. Bohr was Chairman of the Board of joint stock companies Wiltax, Slagelse Dampmølle, and Øxenbjerg Dampmølle og Toldbodmøl, and a board member of A/S Møller & Landschultz and Juliet Fond.
|
|
Kyriazis, Nicholas C.; Metaxas, Theodore (2011), 'Path Dependence and Change and the Emergence of the First Joint-Stock Companies,'. Business History 53(3): 363–374. Petram, Lodewijk (2014); in Harold James, et al. (ed.), Financial Innovation, Regulation and Crises in History.
|
|
He acted for stock companies on the west coast then moved east and performed as the principal actor in Augustin Daly's comedy A Night Off. He then worked for the Thanhouser Company. He died of accidental asphysixiation from a broken heater.
|
|
Harold Joshua Binney was born in Kansas City. He studied at the University of Washington and was an actor in vaudeville productions and with stock companies before becoming a film actor. He acted in films for Biograph, IMP, and Vogue.
|
|
85The London Banks, Credit, Discount and Finance Companies, 1868, p. 2 The Joint Stock Companies Directory for 1867, London: Charles Barker & Sons, 1867, p. 1344Bankers' Magazine, Journal of the Money Market, and Commercial Digest, Volume 32, London: Richard Groombridge, 1872, p.
|
|
Gulshan Club was founded in December 1978. it was registered under the Joint Stock Companies Act of 1913. It is officially called Gulshan Club Limited. Membership to the club is restricted to the permanent residents of Baridhara, Banani, and Gulshan.
|
|
"Smith, B. Mark: A History of the Global Stock Market: From Ancient Rome to Silicon Valley. (University of Chicago Press, 2003, ), p. 17. As Mark Smith (2003) notes, "the first joint-stock companies had actually been created in England in the sixteenth century.
|
|
Britain's financial system developed rapidly between 1770 and the end of the Napoleonic Wars, coinciding with the country's industrialization. In 1770, only five stocks had been available on the London Exchange. But by 1824, investors could choose from 624 joint-stock companies.
|
|
The Securities and Commodities Authority (SCA) introduced a new corporate governance regulation (the Corporate Governance Code), which applies to all joint stock companies and institutions whose securities are listed on Dubai Financial Market (DFM) and Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange (ADX) in 2009.
|
|
Throughout the 1800s, Pittsburgh was home to various stock companies, beginning with the Theatre on Third Street, Pittsburgh's first free-standing playhouse, in 1813.Conner, Lynne (2007). Pittsburgh In Stages: Two Hundred Years of Theater. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 12. . Retrieved June 6, 2011.
|
|
He also promised to turn companies that comprise the geostrategic potential of Ukraine into joint-stock companies with a majority ownership by state. In the first round of the election he polled 10,242 votes, 0.03% of the total, and was eliminated from the second round.
|
|
The film is based on William Fairchild's play The Sound of Murder which premiered in 1959 in a production starring Peter Cushing and Elizabeth Sellars. The play became a favourite among stock companies. Filming started November 1967. It was also known as The Jolly Girls.
|
|
The shareholders are usually not liable for any of the company debts that extend beyond the company's ability to pay up to the amount of them. Joint-Stock Companies are separate legal existence which means it has other legal existence rather than the owner.
|
|
A player could also devote supply toward the construction of railroads, which allowed the movement of armies across continents. Once constructed, these also operated as joint stock companies; the builder would give shares to his allies, usually keeping the majority (and control) for himself.
|
|
Davis began acting on the stage, in Baltimore, at the age of 13. At 18 she moved to New York City. She appeared in several films, including The Other Girl (1915). She acted on stage, most notably on Broadway, but also with several regional stock companies.
|
|
He was the only son of John Wilks, by his wife Isabella (d. 19 Jan. 1846), and followed his father's profession as an attorney. In 1825 he earned the name of "Bubble Wilks" by floating a number of joint-stock companies, all of which were financial failures.
|
|
Weqaya (), known also as Weqaya Takaful Insurance and Reinsurance Company, is one of the largest joint stock companies in Saudi Arabia, with a paid up capital of SR 200 Million. Weqaya Head Offices are located in Riyadh and there are three Regional Offices in Jeddah and Khobar.
|
|
Syracuse: University Press, 1972. pp. 301-311. Oneida Community Ltd. was one of the earliest joint-stock companies in the United States. Its founders' religious philosophy helped inform the early development of the company, in which members of the former Oneida Community became shareholders in the company.
|
|
Between 1861 in 1873, businessmen set up 357 joint stock companies with a capital of 1.1 billion roubles. They included 73 banks, 53 railways and 163 factories. Foreign capital started arriving for the first time, although massive amounts had to wait for the alliance with France in the 1890s.
|
|
13 Sheridan toured with stock companies headed by the comedian John T. Raymond, actress Julia DeanJames, Edward T. editor Notable American Women 1607–1950 accessed 5.17.13 and British actors Mr. and Mrs. Rousby (William Wybert Rousby and Clara Marion Jesse Dowse).The Library of Nineteenth-Century Photography accessed 5.17.
|
|
This was done in the Bubble Act. The new chartered company then accepted subscriptions paid on shares in the old company in payment for those on its own shares.W. R. Scott, The Constitution and Finance of ... Joint-Stock Companies to 1720 (Cambridge University Press, 1911) III, 396-409.
|
|
Founded by the government in 2002 as a joint stock company KTZ’s task is to develop, operate, and maintain railway transportation in Kazakhstan. It is headquartered in Nur-Sultan. Related stock companies own the rolling stock, the hauling equipment, and the passenger transport division. Repair facilities have been privatized.
|
|
It left untouched the plantations owned by joint-stock companies, many of them British. In 1975 the Land Reform (Amendment) Law brought these estates under state control. Over 169,000 hectares comprising 395 estates were taken over under this legislation. Most of this land was planted with tea and rubber.
|
|
However, procrastination amongst the legislature meant that in the United Kingdom it was not until the Joint Stock Companies Act 1844 that the first equivalent of modern companies, formed by registration, appeared. Soon after came the Limited Liability Act 1855, which in the event of a company's bankruptcy limited the liability of all shareholders to the amount of capital they had invested. The beginning of modern company law came when the two pieces of legislation were codified under the Joint Stock Companies Act 1856 at the behest of the then Vice President of the Board of Trade, Mr Robert Lowe. That legislation shortly gave way to the railway boom, and from there the numbers of companies formed soared.
|
|
Its revenues and assets at that time were zero. Subsequently, the company did acquire lithium production/exploration properties, and addressed concerns raised in the press. Penny stock companies often have low liquidity. Investors may encounter difficulty selling their positions after the buying pressure has abated, and the manipulators have fled.
|
|
Laurell focused mainly on stage work for the remainder of her career. In 1922, she joined the production of Ladies Night. She remained with the play for a season before headlining the vaudeville circuit with stock companies in Yonkers and Washington. In December 1924, she joined the cast of Quarantine.
|
|
The Joint Stock Companies Winding-Up Act 1844 (7 & 8 Vict c 111) is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom. Section 1 enabled a company to be made bankrupt in the same way as an individual. The result was that remedies were available only against a company's property.
|
|
The concept of limited liability, for instance, was not considered. This omission was remedied by the Joint Stock Companies Act 1856, which also introduced the suffix "Ltd" to the company name. It is still in use today. The first South African company legislation was the Companies ActAct 46 of 1926.
|
|
By 1901 Birmingham had ten theatres. The Tivoli (later the Hippodrome) and the Lyceum (later the Alexandra Theatre) showed melodrama, pantomime, circus and variety acts. The Theatre Royal and the Prince of Wales, which had closed their stock companies, received touring modern and classical drama from leading national actor-managers.
|
|
Then in 1910 he became the chairman of the bank. In this position he was able to join the boards of a number of joint stock companies which the Azov-Don Bank financed: the Rossiya Insurance Company, the Russian Society for Export Trade, the Tokmakov Railway company, the Taganrog Metallurgical Company.
|
|
"But you see, there were a lot of stock companies. You learned an awful lot in stock. I played stock every year and learned by just doing." In 1984, Harrigan was production consultant for Harrigan and Hart, a stage show about the entertainment team formed by her father and Tony Hart.
|
|
In subsequent years he worked as the general director in joint-stock companies "Enisejkuzlitmash" and "Krasnoyarsk- Conversion". For 40 years he was elected deputy of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and Khakass regional councils. He was a People's Deputy of the USSR. He graduated from the Krasnoyarsk Agricultural Institute and the Moscow Higher Party School.
|
|
E. Goldsmid (Ed.), Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, and Discoveries of the English nation collected by Richard Hakluyt, Vol. XI: Africa (E. & G. Goldsmid, Edinburgh 1889), pp. 167–70.W.R. Scott, The Constitution and Finance of English, Scottish and Irish Joint-Stock Companies to 1720 (Cambridge University Press, 1912), II, pp. 1–9.
|
|
He was named Deputy Governor in the charter (dated 1692) of the Company for Digging and Working Mines, and was involved in ventures to recover treasure from wrecks off Broad Haven, Ireland, in the Bermudas, and in the region from Cartagena to Jamaica. All of these were floated as joint-stock companies.
|
|
Her tours with various stock companies put her in contact a rising actor and director, Colin Campbell. After Campbell took charge of Selig's studios in Los Angeles, they were married on March 2, 1912.California, County Birth, Marriage, and Death Records, 1830-1980. California Department of Public Health, courtesy of www.vitalsearch-worldwide.
|
|
According to Joint Stock Companies and Firms in Bangladesh, Bangladesh Computer Samity is the first ICT trade association of Bangladesh. In 1993 BCS registered with Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce & Industries as 'A' category member. And 1998 they are Registered as Member in WITSA. They are also Associate Member of ASOCIO.
|
|
Effie Germon's theatrical debut was made at the Holliday Street Theatre in Baltimore, Maryland, during the 1857-58 season. She played "Sally Scraggs" in Sketches in India. Germon acted with both the Baltimore and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania stock companies."Effie Germon Dead At 68", The New York Times, March 7, 1914, pg. 11.
|
|
However, the subscription of shares was below all expectations, so that by March 1927, only 10 percent of the required six million dinars that the state had initially prescribed was collected, this threatened to shut down the company, from the beginning, according to a law on joint-stock companies at that time.
|
|
Akciju sabiedrība must be registered with the Register of Enterprises of Latvia to start a business activity. On August 1, 2019, 1053 stock companies were registered in the Commercial Register. Akciju sabiedrība is a legal person. It shall have legal personality on the date on which it is entered in the Commercial Register.
|
|
He worked for various stock companies, and in 1934 set up his own which later became Long Island's Red Barn Playhouse. He later directed So Proudly We Hail (1936). During these years he met and married his first wife Mildred when they both worked at Macy's department store in New York City.
|
|
The Ukrainian Exchange holds trading in block of stocks of open joint stock companies in a form of a privatization auctions in accordance with "Provisions on the order for sale on the exchange stocks of the open joint stock companies owned by the state" and Trading Rules on The Ukrainian Exchange. The State Property Fund of Ukraine acts at the auctions as a Seller, and both legal entities and individuals who in accordance with the current legislation of Ukraine have a right for acquisition of property in the process of privatization can act as Buyers. In order to become a buyer at the privatization auction on The Ukrainian Exchange, residents need to fill in the documents, given below. Non-residents can contact one of members of exchange.
|
|
The first step was the Joint Stock Companies Act 1844, which allowed companies to be created through registration rather than a Royal Charter. It was accompanied by the Joint Stock Companies Winding-Up Act 1844, which envisaged a separate procedure to bring a company to an end and liquidate the assets. Companies had a legal personality separate from its incorporators, but only with the Limited Liability Act 1855 would a company's investors be generally protected from extra debts upon a company's insolvency. The 1855 Act limited investors' liability to the amount they had invested, so if someone bought shares in a company that ran up massive debts in insolvency, the shareholder could not be asked for more than he had already paid in.
|
|
CBS News. September 27, 2004 An early example of a landscape-style cemetery is Père Lachaise in Paris. This embodied the idea of state- rather than church-controlled burial, a concept that spread through the continent of Europe with the Napoleonic invasions. This could include the opening of cemeteries by private or joint stock companies.
|
|
Strigino's intense passenger traffic rate increase provoked an interest from multiple stock companies, including Basel Aero and HC Airports of Regions. AoR (Airports of Regions) won their bid on the investment project in Strigino in 2011. That same year they developed a 10-year reconstruction plan from 2011-2021, broken down into 3 phases.
|
|
After the war, Betz returned to Carnegie Tech and earned a degree in drama. After graduation, he worked as a radio announcer and disk jockey before moving to New York City. Betz continued working in summer and winter stock companies and also worked for a while as a doorman at Radio City Music Hall.
|
|
The Library also receives Annual Reports of about 800 Joint Stock companies. It has a special collection on Pakistan to support research in the Area Studies Programme (Pakistan). The Library has been designated as a repository of United Nations publications. It has a fairly large and well- organized collection of State and Central Government publications.
|
|
In addition, the Soviets re-organised enterprises as joint-stock companies in which the Soviets possessed the controlling interest. Using that control vehicle, several enterprises were required to sell products at below world prices to the Soviets, such as uranium mines in Czechoslovakia and East Germany, coal mines in Poland, and oil wells in Romania.
|
|
They were sponsored by common stock companies such as the chartered Virginia Company financed by wealthy Englishmen who exaggerated the economic potential of this new land. Penn's Treaty with the Indians However, if discovering riches was the sole purpose of colonizing the native land, the British could have returned to Europe like the Spanish did.
|
|
In October 1993 Koltsovo was granted international status. On December 28, 1993, as a result of the division and privatization of the First Sverdlovsk Air, two joint-stock companies were set up: OJSC (now JSC) "Airport Koltsovo" and JSC "Ural Airlines". Later JSC Koltsovo Airport was renamed to JSC "Koltsovo Invest", Koltsovo's current owner company.
|
|
Many of these took the form of "joint agricultural enterprises," entities that somewhat resembled stock companies. Some cooperative organizations specialized in such activities as fattening of hogs or cattle, production of eggs or drying and production of feed mixtures. Others offered agrichemical, construction, land improvement, or marketing services. A large number engaged in multiple activities.
|
|
Sir Francis Drake. Leicester was happy to invest in his ventures and invite him to play cards.Gristwood 2007 p. 292 Robert Dudley was a pioneer of new industries; interested in many things from tapestries to mining, he was engaged in the first joint stock companies in English history.Wilson 1981 p. 146; Adams 2002 p.
|
|
Brown was born on March 10, 1887, to John and Fannie Brown of Portland, Oregon. He began his career in show business in local vaudeville productions and stock companies, such as the Baker Stock Company in Spokane, Washington. In 1916, at the suggestion of Charlie Chaplin, he moved to Hollywood to start a film career.
|
|
They began to tour with two or three actors, and then eventually whole companies would tour with them and they would perform a repertory of plays (Wilmeth 200-201). This switch to companies that support the stars for the whole tour was one more step in the transition from stock companies to combination companies.
|
|
Woodbridge Strong Van Dyke II was born on March 21, 1889 in San Diego, California. His father was a Superior Court judge who died the day his son was born. His mother, Laura Winston, returned to her former acting career. As a child actor, Van Dyke appeared with his mother on the vaudeville circuit with traveling stock companies.
|
|
Its subsidiaries were the newly transformed Joint- stock companies. The city's main source of heating is the power station of Mosenergo which was reformed in 2005, when around ten subsidiaries were separated from it. One of the newly independent companies was the District Heating Network Company (MTK) (). In 2007 the Government of Moscow bought controlling stakes in the company.
|
|
Watkin began performing in the late 1900s as a stage actor. He continued to tour the Midwest with various stock companies, before forming his own theatrical troupe, the Pierre Watkin Players. The group was first headquartered in Sioux City, before moving to Lincoln, Nebraska, in 1927. However, the troupe disassembled when Watkin went East to pursue a Broadway career.
|
|
Damon began acting in the early 1930s traveling with different stock companies in and out of the United States. Damon first started acting with the Albee Stock Company in Providence. In 1934, Damon became an apprentice with the Old Vic Company in Lambeth, England. He remained there for a year until he came back to the United States.
|
|
To prevent the reconsolidation of farmland, joint-stock companies cannot own farmland; agricultural cooperatives can own farmland only if they do the actual farming. Currently the average rice farmer works only 1.65 acres (whereas the typical American farm is 160 times larger). As part of the government’s control of rice, rice imports are banned except in processed forms.
|
|
According to the company's December 31, 2010, form 10-Q (filed within months of the direct mail promotion), LEXG was a lithium company without assets. Its revenues and assets at that time were zero. Subsequently, the company did acquire lithium production/exploration properties, and addressed concerns raised in the press. Penny stock companies often have low liquidity.
|
|
He also created another popular role for the vaudeville stage, portraying the devil in The Devil, The Servant and The Man on the Orpheum and Keith circuits. Bowman then returned to the legitimate stage and spent several seasons in Chicago serving as a leading man in productions presented by The Imperial and Bush Temple stock companies.
|
|
Fax was born in Toronto, Canada on January 4, 1893. Her father, Jimmy Fax, was a noted Canadian actor and comedian. She began working with her father as a singer, pianist, and monologuist when she was 16, then left her father's troupe after five seasons to work in vaudeville and traveling stock companies. She moved to Hollywood in 1949.
|
|
However, in 2012 the signal box was closed and the crossing gates were renewed with automatic barriers and warning lights. The signal box is due to be relocated to Wymondham Abbey railway station on the heritage Mid-Norfolk Railway. In 2015, the Government nationalised Network Rail so only the Train Operating Companies (TOC’s) and Rolling stock companies remained private.
|
|
1:129 During the early 17th century, several European explorers charted the area, including Samuel de Champlain and John Smith.Hart, pp. 1:127–128 Plans began in 1606 for the first permanent British settlements on the east coast of North America. On April 10, 1606, King James I of England granted a charter forming two joint-stock companies.
|
|
21, No. 1 (June 1994), pp. 137-143 and was further refined in medieval Europe. With the development of joint-stock companies, accounting split into financial accounting and management accounting. The first published work on a double-entry bookkeeping system was the Summa de arithmetica, published in Italy in 1494 by Luca Pacioli (the "Father of Accounting").
|
|
These included credits for the purchase of Soviet-built railway equipment, rails, and mining machinery.Ballis, "The Pattern of Sino-Soviet Treaties, 1945–1950." Page 169. In addition the treaty also set up joint stock companies to manage railway border crossings between the USSR and China, allowing China to have access to Eastern Europe via the Soviet Railway system.
|
|
Ramesh Pai hailed from a family of Bankers, his father Upendra Anantha Pai founded Syndicate Bank. He was the chairman of Maharashtra Apex Corporation Ltd. He was also Director of Several Joint Stock Companies, including Reliance Industries Ltd. Even a number of Industrial Units and financial institutions had the blessings and involvement of this great leader.
|
|
There also exists a minimum tax (Mindestkörperschaftssteuer) for both limited liability companies (LLC) and joint-stock companies that is equal to 5% of their registered capital. i.e. €1,750 and €3,500 annually. Banks and insurance companies are subject to a different amount - €5,452. For new firms, there is a decreased tax of €1,092 in the first year of their existence.
|
|
Briceni District in the National Development Complex of the Republic of Moldova, is presented as an agrarian-industrial district. In 2004, 20,000 were active economic agents, including industrial enterprises of 1070, 18,000 peasant farms, joint stock companies 27, 185 limited liability companies, cooperatives 32, 20 trade enterprises, 19 state companies, insurance associations 20 associations households peasant 2 and budgetary organizations 186.
|
|
This agreement was signed on 25 January 1927, but subscription of shares was still low. The planned and required 24,000 shares (i.e. the then six million dinars required to purchase aircraft) by the end of March 1927, there were subscribed and paid only about 10% of the shares, which, in accordance with the law of joint stock companies, threatened Aeroput to be abolished.
|
|
ASTRA Arad is the name of a group of industrial engineering and rolling stock companies originated in Arad, Romania. Operating as a single entity until 1995, the company then split into other independent companies, Astra Vagoane for freight cars production (integrated later in Astra Rail Industries), Astra Vagoane Călători for passenger coaches, and Astra Bus for bus and trolleybus manufacturing.
|
|
Dorothy Dalton (September 22, 1893 – April 13, 1972) was an American silent film actress and stage personality who worked her way from a stock company to a movie career. Beginning in 1910, Dalton was a player in stock companies in Chicago, Terre Haute, Indiana and Holyoke, Massachusetts. She joined the Keith-Albee-Orpheum Corporation vaudeville circuits. By 1914 she was working in Hollywood.
|
|
RanksTel () is a Bangladeshi telecom company. It is a private public switched telephone network (PSTN) operator in Bangladesh and nation's second largest PSTN operator. Ranks Telecom Limited, a member of Rangs Group, launched its fixed line operation under the brand name of RANKSTEL on 14 April 2005. RANKSTEL is registered with Registrar of Joint Stock Companies under Companies Act 1995 (Revised).
|
|
The South Sea Company was by no means the only company seeking to raise money from investors in 1720. A large number of other joint-stock companies had been created making extravagant (sometimes fraudulent) claims about foreign or other ventures or bizarre schemes. Others represented potentially sound, although novel, schemes, such as for founding insurance companies. These were nicknamed "Bubbles".
|
|
In 1912, W.L. Nicholas and Billy Hay became the managers, changed its name to the Haynic Theater, and began to show movies there. In 1926, the house was remodeled to accommodate live stock companies, road shows, and movies. Billy Hay died in 1926, and the opera house was rechristened the Nicholas Theatre, with a grand opening on July 27, 1927.
|
|
There are such joint stock companies as 'Ukrindustry' that has won contracts for conducting coke battery reconstruction at the plants of metallurgy in Rourkela and Bokaro. There are also Azovmash and Novokramatorskyi machine building plants that supply oxygen converter manufacturing equipment. India-Ukraine trade relations has also been successful in increasing co-operation between the two countries in technology and scientific field.
|
|
Joh, née Kim Sam-sik (김삼식), was born in Seoul in 1904. She was the daughter of Kim Ik-seung, the founder of one of Korea's first joint-stock companies, and a niece of Kim Kyu- sik.전우용 [Jeon U-yong].《서울은 깊다 : 서울의 시공간에 대한 인문학적 탐사》[Deep Seoul: A humanistic exploration of place and time in Seoul], 돌베개 [Dolbegae], 2008, p. 364.
|
|
Participating policies are typically (although not exclusively) issued by Mutual life insurance companies. However, Stock companies sometimes issue participating policies. Premiums for a participating policy will be higher than for a comparable non-par policy, with the difference (or, "overcharge") being considered as "paid-in surplus" to provide a margin for error equivalent to stockholder capital. Illustrations of future dividends are never guaranteed.
|
|
Warren's Opera House is a historic building in Friend, Nebraska. It was built by John Lanahan for Joshua Warren in 1885–1886. With Inside, there is an auditorium with a proscenium and a balcony supported by four columns. It hosted performances by "touring stock companies; comic opera; companies; musical concerts; dialect comedies" as well as local performers and Memorial Day celebrations.
|
|
In a December 2006 article, The Economist identified the development of the joint stock company as one of the key reasons why Western commerce moved ahead of its rivals in the Middle East in post-renaissance era."Long ago, the region's failure to develop joint- stock companies was one reason why it fell behind the West." from "Think local". The Economist.
|
|
Leaving the family stage company at age 17, McHugh went to Pittsburgh as leading man and stage manager at the Empire Theater there. He spent nine years in stock companies and road troupes before appearing on Broadway. McHugh debuted on Broadway in The Fall Guy, written by George Abbott and James Gleason in 1925. He also appeared in Show Girl (1929), a musical.
|
|
The Australian Joint Stock Bank was created in 1852 by an Act of the New South Wales Parliament. It issued its first banknotes in 1862. In 1910, the Australian Bank of Commerce was registered in New South Wales under the Joint Stock Companies Act to take over the Australian Joint Stock Bank. In 1917, it acquired the City Bank of Sydney.
|
|
Kibbee began his entertainment career on Mississippi riverboats. He became an actor in traveling stock companies. He began to lose his hair at 19, and in his early days on stage he was a romantic leading man. In 1930, he made his debut on Broadway in the play, Torch Song, which won acclaim in New York and attracted the interest of Hollywood.
|
|
However, in 2000 the government passed the "Law on Organization and Functioning of Local Governments, No. 8652" which gave the exclusive responsibility for water supply and sanitation to the municipalities. Thus the government sent what appears to be contradictory signals: keeping the shares of joint stock companies in the hands of central government, while passing the responsibility for the sector to the municipalities. It is thus perhaps not surprising that the transformation of regional water companies to joint stock companies was slow: as of 2003 only 10 had completed the transformation and the by-laws necessary for the implementation of the local government law were not yet issued. The continued strong role of central government is shown by the fact that in the privatization process the central government, and not local governments, selected the private companies and signed the contracts with them.
|
|
PKP Cargotabor, a member company of PKP Cargo Corporate Group, provides locomotive and wagon maintenance services. PKP Cargotabor employs approximately 2,800 people and is one of the largest companies of its type in Europe.Powstanie PKP Cargo Tabor. Jedna z największych spółek taborowych w Europie PKP Cargotabor was established in mid-2014 as a result of the consolidation of rolling stock companies within PKP Cargo Corporate Group.
|
|
She acted with stock companies and posed as a model for commercial painters and cigarette advertising. Kaaren appeared in dramatic parts in New York theaters and trained at the Hedgerow Theatre in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Early on, Kaaren was a Ziegfeld Girl and later was one of the original Rockettes. She performed on stage on December 27, 1932, the night Radio City Music Hall opened.
|
|
Badr Mohamed Al Rajhi، TechCrunch site. With more than twenty-five years of experience, Mr. Al Rajhi has held several leading positions in areas of administration, industry and real estate investment.Bader bin Mohammed bin Abdul Aziz Al Rajhi، Bloomberg L.P site. He has served as a member of boards of directors of joint-stock companies, and has headed the boards of a number of private companies.
|
|
Freel was born Aleta Freile in Jersey City, New Jersey, the daughter of a physician, Dr. William Freile and his wife, the former Minnie Uchtman. She was educated at the Bergen School for Girls in Jersey City. She graduated from Smith College in 1928. She played leading roles in several eastern stock companies, including the University Players of Old Silver Beach and the Palm Beach Players.
|
|
There are 13 institutions offering welfare services in Valga County. Hellenurme Manor is the biggest institution with 390 bed seats. Four institutions are registered as non-profit organizations, two as joint-stock companies and one as a limited-liability company. The rest is being maintained without corporate bodies. As of 2014, welfare services can be offered to 981 people, 818 bed seats have been occupied.
|
|
The cited issue of the directory was also published earlier in 1916 by MPN, in its January 29 issue. Internet Archive, San Francisco, California. Retrieved September 16, 2019. Then, during the early 1900s, Lingham acted with several stock companies in Indianapolis, Buffalo, Louisville, and Boston as well as being featured in a variety of Broadway plays, including an "all-star cast" adaptation of The Three Musketeers.
|
|
Internet Archive. Retrieved April 29, 2020. That article by staff writer Al Ray informs his readers, "Grace Cunard...when very young, begged for a stage life until her mother took her to a manager who gave her the title part in 'Dora Thorne.'" Her other early stage performances included traveling with stock companies to theatres in Cleveland and St. Louis and appearing in vaudeville in various cities.
|
|
In 1990s many state-owned factories were made joint-stock companies, some underwent job cuts and/or relocation. Several buildings in the western and central parts of the street were converted into rented office spaces. To the east of the street two large city blocks of modern tall apartment buildings started to be built, changing its panorama. School 104 underwent reconstruction and was supplied with modern technology.
|
|
Ford dealership, Adelaide 1937 Dalgety, Du Croz and CoDalgety and Company, Limited. The Times, Monday, Jan 11, 1909; pg. 15; Issue 38853 and their various partnerships were forced into incorporation as a joint-stock company by their clients' increasing demand for capital and the competition from other joint-stock companies and banks. Dalgety and Company Limited was registered in London on 29 April 1884.
|
|
The Club was opened in 1951 by a selected number of "elite" women. The founder of the club was Shamsia Shahbuddin who was the wife of the then Chief Justice' of East Pakistan Justice Shahabuddin. In 1955 one acre of land was bought in Eskaton, Dhaka by the then President of the club, Begum Amiruddin. The club was registered under Joint Stock companies Act in 1960.
|
|
Dall spent six years acting in various stock companies, notably Clare Tree Major's Children's Theatre. He also worked in companies headed by Aline MacMahon, Arthur Byron, Ruth Weston and Edith Atwater. Dall had small roles on Broadway during the 1941–42 season in R.U.R. and Janie. In 1942–43 he played the lead of Quizz Martin in the touring company The Eve of St Mark.
|
|
During the first decade of the 20th century, Mace Greenleaf played leading roles in stock companies on both coasts and middle America. He returned to Broadway in 1905 to play the prince of Wales in the romantic musical Edmund Burke. In 1911, he joined the fledgling motion picture industry where he would appear in at least 18 films over the last year or so of his life.
|
|
Sinnott was well known in Indianapolis, Indiana because of her association with the Murat Theater summer stock companies. She was first seen in support of Louis Mann in The Man Who Stood Still, at English's Theater in Indianapolis. This was in December 1909 and again in April 1910. She returned to the city again and joined the Murat players in ingénue parts during the summer of 1911.
|
|
The Tampere cargo station is located south from the passenger station. It includes one of the busiest railway organisation yards in Finland. The green building on the east side of the tracks, opposite the old passenger station is the old cargo station. A track leads from the cargo station, over the highway to Helsinki, to the Nekala district, which previously contained many private tracks servicing stock companies.
|
|
The organizational structure of Falun Mine created under the 1347 charter was advanced for its time. Free miners owned shares of the operation, proportional to their ownership of copper smelters. The structure was precursor to modern joint stock companies, and Stora Enso, the modern successor to the old mining company, is often referred to as the oldest joint stock company still operational in the world.
|
|
After his death, Edith Ellis took back her maiden name and resumed directing, acting, and writing. Several times Ellis was head of her own stock companies, travelling or stationary, and wrote, produced, directed, and acted in many plays. In 1908, Ellis acquired the New York Playhouse in Brooklyn. In 1909, Edith Ellis joined the Society of Dramatic Authors, a feminist group for women dramatics.
|
|
Gallia was a member of the boards of directors of Borsa Italiana, MTS S.p.A., (an electronic fixed income trading market provider) Associazione Bancaria Italiana, Assonime (Association of Italian Joint Stock Companies), Coesia, Ariston Thermo, and Telethon Foundation, as well as member of the steering committee of Assogestioni (the Italian association of asset management companies) and member of the committee of chairmanship of Associazione Civita.
|
|
William Robert Scott, The Constitutions and Finance of English, Scottish and Irish Joint-stock Companies to 1728, p. 58 In 1578 Spinola acted as agent for an English loan to the Union of Brussels. The gargoyle in its context at Magdalene On 15 June 1580, Spinola sold a tenement and in the parish of St Botolph's Aldgate, London, to the Earl of Oxford, for £2,500.
|
|
Wharton was born April 12, 1875 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He was the younger brother of Leopold Wharton (1870–1927), who was also became a film director. In 1890, Wharton started in both the business side of the theater as well as acting in Dallas, Texas. He worked for a number of stock companies, including that of Augustin Daly until 1899, and then became a stage manager.
|
|
A general director is the highest executive position in a Russian company, analogous to a US chief executive officer (CEO), or a UK managing director. The position exists for all Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) legal forms (e.g. joint stock companies (AO) and limited- liability companies (OOO)), except for sole proprietorships (IP). The general director is the "single-person executive body" of a company.
|
|
The transfer letter from 1288 through which Bishop Peter of Västerås reacquires an eighth of Tiskasjöberg, Kopparberget. The original can be found at Riksarkivet (National Archive) in Stockholm. Replica of an East Indiaman of the Dutch East India Company/United East India Company (VOC). Founded in 1602, the VOC was a pioneering early model of joint-stock companies at the dawn of modern capitalism.
|
|
"Jack and the Giant Joint-Stock", a cartoon in Town Talk (1858) satirizing the 'monster' joint-stock economy that came into being after the Joint Stock Companies Act 1844. The British Bubble Act 1720's prohibition on establishing companies remained in force until its repeal in 1825. By this point, the Industrial Revolution had gathered pace, pressing for legal change to facilitate business activity.See Bubble Companies, etc.
|
|
After three years she left the college to continue her stage acting, graduating from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in 1910.New York Clipper, 26 March 1910, p. 156, "Graduation Exercises of American Academy of Dramatic Arts." Between 1910 and 1915 she performed with the Orpheum Players and other stock companies in Newark, New York, Montreal, St. Louis and other cities, under the name Jean Marcet.
|
|
During the war, the German occupation authorities had taken over all major industrial plants. After the war, the reconstituted Czechoslovak government took control of these plants. Immediately after the war, the Soviet Union began to transfer large amounts of industrial and other assets from Eastern Bloc countries, including Czechoslovakia. In addition, the Soviets reorganized enterprises as joint-stock companies in which the Soviets possessed the controlling interest.
|
|
Brenman-Gibson 1982, p. 92 O'Casey's work would prove to be a powerful influence on Odets as a playwright. In the early 1920s, Odets spent four summers as a dramatics counselor at Jewish camps in the Catskills and the Poconos. He toured extensively with stock companies, in particular Philadelphia's popular Mae Desmond Company, playing a large variety of character roles at their theater in Chester, Pennsylvania.
|
|
Instead, they are required to lease these from the three rolling stock companies (ROSCOs), with train maintenance carried out by companies such as Bombardier and Alstom. In Great Britain there are of gauge track, reduced from a historic peak of over . Of this, is electrified and is double or multiple tracks. The maximum scheduled speed on the regular network has historically been around on the InterCity lines.
|
|
Georgia Neese began her acting career with various stock companies. Gray pursued an acting career from 1921 to 1931, living in New York City, getting to know Helen Hayes and Charlie Chaplin, touring the country and earning $500 a week. When the Depression and the onset of "talkies," motion pictures with sound, cut short her stage career, she returned home to care for her sick father.
|
|
In the second half of the nineteenth century, they rather concentrated on school books.History of J.W. Cappelens Forlag Cappelen was the first chairman of the Norwegian Booksellers Association, serving in that capacity from 1851 to 1870. After his death the business was taken over by his son Jørgen Wright Cappelen, Jr. (1857-1934). The publishing house and bookshop was split into two stock companies in 1957.
|
|
Mr Turquand was the official manager (liquidator) of the insolvent Cameron's Coalbrook Steam, Coal and Swansea and Loughor Railway Company. It was incorporated under the Joint Stock Companies Act 1844. The company had given a bond for £2,000 to the Royal British Bank, which secured the company's drawings on its current account. The bond was under the company's seal, signed by two directors and the secretary.
|
|
When formed, the company included most companies and design bureaus, save for some defence companies. The corporation initially consisted of nine federal unitary enterprises to be turned into open joint-stock companies. The URSC's authorized capital included the shares of 13 other companies. Subsequently, each of them was expected to contribute 100 percent of their shares minus one share to the new corporation's authorized capital.
|
|
In recent decades, states modeled some of their assets and enterprises after business enterprises. In 2003, for example, the People's Republic of China modeled 80% of its state-owned enterprises on a company-type management system.Major Industries. People.com Many state institutions and enterprises in China and Russia have transformed into joint-stock companies, with part of their shares being listed on public stock markets.
|
|
Runner Automobiles Limited is a public company limited by shares and is domiciled in Bangladesh. The Company was formed and incorporated with the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies and Firms in Bangladesh on July 4, 2000 incorporation no C-40658 (17)/2000 under Companies Act 1994 as a private company limited by shares. The company was converted into a public limited company on January 26, 2012 under the Companies Act, 1994.
|
|
The government also decided that 6 companies would enter into public-private partnerships with foreign companies through 3 contracts. Water privatization thus never covered more than a fifth of the country’s population. The water supply for the capital Tirana was not privatized. In 1998 the government instructed 18 of the 52 regional water enterprises to transform themselves into joint stock companies whose shares were held by the central government.
|
|
Lloyd B. Carleton (1872 – August 8, 1933) was an early film director with Thanhouser. Carleton and Barry O'Neil were directors at the film company from its start in 1909. Born in New York City as Carleton B. Little, he studied at Columbia College before starting a stage career and becoming a director with stock companies. He was a producer for a Peter Pan production in Australia in 1908.
|
|
But after that, he was sold to Yugra Khanty-Mansiysk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) on 24 October 2011 for financial reasons. The main reason for this was that the Swedish Police Authority decided, just one week earlier, that the police should earn money for their efforts during sports events held by joint-stock companies (JSC). This mainly affected the Stockholm clubs Djurgårdens IF as well as AIK.
|
|
It was the first foreign-made aircraft in the Russian Far East; Vladivostok Air flew up to 7 of them. JSC Vladivostok International Airport was separated from Vladivostok Air on 15 February 2008; Vladivostok International Airport was then included in the Russian register of open joint stock companies. One of the most significant achievements of 2008 was the successful accreditation for compliance with IATA safety requirements (IOSA).Vladivostok Air Performance . vladivostokavia.ru.
|
|
17-18 The best group was between 1820 – 1850, when the graduates took positions in joint-stock companies, banks, etc.Huceeva, p.19 In 1841 the position of a director was replaced by a trustee. The first trustee (only for a year) was Prince Oldenburgsky, while patronage remained with Empress Aleskandra Fedorovna, wife of Nikolai I.Baranenko, p.39 That same year, the College also changed its Charter and the length of education.
|
|
Earle (1979) p. 201 Phips, after paying out £8,000 in crew shares, received £11,000. Phips was treated as a hero in London, and the find was the talk of the town. Some economic historians argue that Phips' find significantly affected history because it led to a major increase in the formation of joint-stock companies, and even played a role in the eventual formation in the Bank of England.
|
|
The 1844 Joint Stock Companies Act, pioneered by Sir Robert Peel made it possible for a group of workers to combine to form a legal company. This became a popular thing to do: the New Bacup and Wardle Commercial Company was one of the first. Some groups included in their articles of association 'co-operative principles' such as 'democracy'. Each worker invested a sum of money in shares in the company.
|
|
On occasion, Pringle operated resident theater stock companies in some towns.. However, she toured for most of her career, appearing in 32 states. Her performances included shows high in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado to one inside an Arizona gold mine. Pringle had her own Pullman car for these tours. While touring, she escaped death three times in railroad and stage coach accidents as well as theater fires.
|
|
Under the Act, shareholders were still liable directly to creditors, for the unpaid portion of their shares. The modern principle that shareholders are liable to the corporation was introduced by the Joint Stock Companies Act 1844. The 1855 Act allowed limited liability to companies of more than 25 members (shareholders). Insurance companies were excluded from the act, though it was standard practice for insurance contracts to exclude action against individual members.
|
|
In 2007, he became a scientist at the First Faculty of Medicine at Charles University. In 2008, Hilšer led protests against plans by Minister of Health Tomáš Julínek to turn teaching hospitals into joint-stock companies. Prime Minister Mirek Topolánek later announced the plans would not be implemented. Hilšer also led protests against university reforms by Minister of Education Josef Dobeš in 2012, known as "a week of unrest".
|
|
The article is based on extensive correspondence and interviews with Brissac and various people she worked with in San Diego, and it focuses primarily on her decade long celebrity there. But the article also includes reminiscences of her early career and provides insights into the history and workings of West Coast Stock companies in the early 1900s. Brissac's professional scrapbooks were donated to the San Diego History Center in 2016.
|
|
Siidas are governed like stock companies, where the reindeerholders elect a board of directors and a chief executive officer (poroisäntä, "reindeer master") every three years, voting with as many votes as they have reindeer.INARIN PALISKUNNAT - Poronhoidon organisaatio In Russian arctic peoples were forcibly relocated to Kolchoz'es (collective communities) by the state between 1927 and 1940. The Sami were moved to Kolchoz'es in the pogost Kamensky, Iokangsky, Kildinsky, Lovozersky and Voronensky.
|
|
I had one objective: To get together a dime a week to see the Saturday matinee at one of three Brooklyn stock companies in our neighborhood. In 1916, Smith was able to see Sara Bernhardt perform as part of her farewell tour of the United States. Despite Bernhardt having lost a leg to infection, her memories of the performance and of Bernhardt's "lovely speaking voice and her limpid gestures" remained everlasting.
|
|
In 1927 Lord Teynham also had an address at 8, Hertford Street, Westminster, W1, and he was chairman of Glebofi Grosny Petroleum Company Ltd, Kuranti Syndicate Ltd, Peacehaven Estates Ltd, and Peacehaven Water Company Ltd, and a director of the Fanti Consolidated Investment Company Ltd.The Directory of Directors for 1927: A List of the Directors of the Joint Stock Companies of the United Kingdom (Thomas Skinner & Company, 1927) p.
|
|
Her ability to play almost any part quickly caught the attention of more prolific companies, and she made her Broadway debut in 1888. She then became a leading lady with some of the best stock companies in America, scoring triumphs in San Francisco, Boston, and other cities. She eventually ran her own successful stock company. On the New York stage, she was known for her range and versatility.
|
|
Gainsborough has a long-standing history of industry. It was the manufacturing base of Marshall, Sons & Co., a boiler-maker founded by William Marshall in 1848, who died in 1861 and was buried in the cemetery in Ropery Road. His business became one of the new joint-stock companies run by his sons James and Henry. It occupied the 16-acre Britannia Ironworks, the biggest in Europe when built.
|
|
Their appearance was associated with the development of the stock exchange. The emergence of the first joint-stock companies can be attributed to the beginning of the 17th century: the Dutch East India Company in 1602 and after its success the English East India Company in 1613. The shares of these companies were, however, registered. The first bearer shares appeared with the establishment of John Law in France in 1717.
|
|
The privatisation of the company started after the GDR published its Directive on converting state- owned combines, companies and facilities to stock companies on 1 March 1990. The company was converted into a GmbH (limited liability company). Business continued to be conducted under the company’s Kranbau Eberswalde GmbH name. In 1991 the slewing crane product range was extended to include container loading equipment and hydraulically operated balance cranes in 1992.
|
|
Page 3. Retrieved June 2, 2017. He was a part of traveling and stock companies in England before obtaining more stable positions in Birmingham and Liverpool in 1845. Actress Charlotte Cushman enticed Couldock to travel to the United States in 1849, where he made a successful American debut on 8 October 1849 in The Stranger. He played in the stock company of Philadelphia's Walnut Street Theatre from 1850–55.
|
|
Some aspects of environmentally sound packaging are required by regulators while others are decisions made by individual packagers. Investors, employees, management, and customers can influence corporate decisions and help set policies. When investors seek to purchase stock, companies known for their positive environmental policy can be attractive.Benefits For Being Green Potential stockholders and investors see this as a solid decision: lower environmental risks lead to more capital at cheaper rates.
|
|
In 1886 a third brother Ludford joined Docker Brothers and the death of his father in 1887 brought more capital into the firm. The varnish business grew into more general paint supply, and in 1894 the company opened a London office reflecting their success in winning orders from railway and rolling stock companies and Docker developed his interest and success in making deals. In 1902 he arranged the amalgamation of five rolling stock companies into the Metropolitan Amalgamated Carriage and Wagon Company, one of the largest business combines of the time which in 1911 employed 14,000 people and occupied of factory space. Economic and Social History: Industry and Trade, 1880–1960, A History of the County of Warwick: Volume 7: The City of Birmingham (1964), pp. 140–208. Date accessed: 14 February 2009 In 1906 he became a director of Birmingham Small Arms Company, the arms manufacturer which also grew into a leading motorcycle company.
|
|
After the failure of the Dorchester Company in founding a settlement on Cape Ann the settlers and shareholders of the company wished to form another colonial settlement this time further south.moore 1851, p.23. The colony was to be settled between the Charles River and the Merrimack River in New England. The Massachusetts Bay Company, like other colonial joint-stock companies, was to be a corporate entity as well as a governmental one.
|
|
Bangladesh's company law has its roots in the Joint Stock Companies Act 1844 enacted by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was later influenced by the Companies Act 1857, Companies Act 1913 and Companies Act 1929. The Securities and Exchange Ordinance, 1969 was the most important piece of legislation incorporating corporate activities during the Pakistan period. After the independence of Bangladesh, post partition Indian company law served as a model for reforms.
|
|
The Financial Revolution was a set of economic and financial reforms in Britain after the Glorious Revolution in 1688 when William III invaded England. The reforms were based in part on Dutch economic and financial innovations that were brought to England by William III. New institutions were created: a public debt (first government bonds were issued in 1693) and the Bank of England (1694). Soon thereafter, English joint-stock companies began going public.
|
|
Military industries and those owned by the state, by Nazi party members, and by war criminals were confiscated. These industries amounted to approximately 60% of total industrial production in the Soviet zone. Most heavy industry (constituting 20% of total production) was claimed by the Soviet Union as reparations, and Soviet joint stock companies (German: Sowjetische Aktiengesellschaften - SAG) were formed. The remaining confiscated industrial property was nationalized, leaving 40% of total industrial production to private enterprise.
|
|
But neither the conversion into joint stock companies nor into state property deprives the productive forces of their character as capital. [...] The modern state, whatever its form, is then the state of the capitalists, the ideal collective body of all the capitalists. The more productive forces it takes over as its property, the more it becomes the real collective body of the capitalists, the more citizens it exploits. The workers remain wage-earners, proletarians.
|
|
Privatization of the oil sector was regulated by presidential decree No.1403 approved on November 17, 1992. Vertically integrated companies were created by joining some oil- producing enterprises and refineries into open-stock companies. Starting in 1994 many former state oil companies were privatized. This privatization has been partial because the federal government has obtained ownership positions in several companies and has also retained full control over the transport of oil to lucrative world markets.
|
|
Gordon was born on 16 May 1882 in Glasgow, Scotland, the fifth of seven children of Mary and Robert Gilmour, a wire weaver.Scottish Census for 1901, v Roll CSSCT1891_283 She worked as a dressmaker before finding work on the stage. Joining a company bound for an American tour, she came to the U.S. in her twenties, apparently making a few appearances on Broadway in small roles, but primarily touring in stock companies.
|
|
By 1909, he had gone into the theatre. He appeared in at least two plays on Broadway between 1909 and 1912, and made his motion picture debut in Cecil B. DeMille's 1914 original film version of The Virginian in a bit part. By 1923, when the film was remade, Simpson had progressed to playing the lead villain. Throughout his career, Simpson worked for 12 years in road shows, stock companies, and on Broadway.
|
|
Other main items are professional, scientific and technical consultancies (232 enterprises), manufacture (154), construction (151), social and health assistance (131), accommodation and restaurants (124). As it concerns their status, 21 are stock companies, 274 are limited companies, 19 co-op companies, 1,490 one-man business, professionals and freelances. In 2011 they have been recorded 16.067 income tax returns with a total amount of €346,410,631, that is €21,560 per single declarer and €6,471 per capita.
|
|
Commerce expanded, together with innovations such as joint stock companies and various financial institutions. New military technologies favored larger units, leading to a concentration of power in states whose finances relied on trade. France and Spain developed absolute monarchies reliant on high taxes and state-backed monopolies, leading to economic decline. The Dutch Republic was controlled by merchants, while Parliament gained control of England after a long struggle culminating in the Glorious Revolution.
|
|
Private sector participation in urban water supply is limited to Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) contracts for drinking water treatment plants. In Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), a Malaysian firm has been operating the Binh An plant since 1994. The Thu Duc 2 treatment plant in HCMC and a raw water pumping station supplying water to Ha Noi, including a transmission main from Hoa Binh, are owned and operated by Joint Stock Companies.
|
|
Berman began as a straight actor, receiving his training at the Goodman Theatre in Chicago, honing his acting skills in stock companies in and around Chicago and New York City. In the mid-1950s, he became a member of Chicago's Compass Players, which later evolved into The Second City. While performing improvised sketches with Compass, Berman began to develop solo pieces, often employing an imaginary telephone to take the place of an onstage partner.
|
|
Before the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, various German states established chartered companies to set up trading posts; in some instances they also sought direct territorial and administrative control over these. After 1806, attempts at securing possession of territories overseas were abandoned; instead, private trading companies took the lead in the Pacific while joint-stock companies and colonial associations initiated projects elsewhere, although many never progressed beyond the planning stage.
|
|
By the end of 1589 the immediate threat of a Spanish invasion of England had been abated. Attempts were now made by privateering expeditions or joint stock companies to raid the Spanish Main. In the Spring of 1590 a privateering expedition had been raised and financed in London by merchant John Watts. Watts gathered a naval force with a mixture of armed merchants ships and naval vessels loaned by the English crown.
|
|
She began her career in the theater in 1905 and toured in stock companies for the next several years. She began her film career in 1915, but never ventured too far away from the legitimate stage. In 1929, she appeared in her first talkie and had sporadic parts in films for the next three years whereupon which she returned to the theatre. In 1949, Valentine made her first television appearance on Chevrolet Tele-Theater.
|
|
The earliest recognized joint-stock company in modern times was the English (later British) East India Company, one of the most notorious joint-stock companies. It was granted an English Royal Charter by Elizabeth I on December 31, 1600, with the intention of favouring trade privileges in India. The Royal Charter effectively gave the newly created Honourable East India Company (HEIC) a 15-year monopoly on all trade in the East Indies.
|
|
He was replaced by Paolo Baffi, his main collaborator - although the views were not always coincident - as general manager of the issuing institution since 1960. From 1976 to 1980 he was president of Confindustria. He was elected Senator as an independent among the ranks of the Christian Democracy in 1983 and in 1987; in 1992 he was not re-elected. He was president of Assonime (Association of Italian Joint Stock Companies) from 1989 to 1991.
|
|
Croatian Post was founded as an independent joint stock company on 1 January 1999 after splitting of the public company HPT-Hrvatska pošta i telekomunikacije (HPT Croatian Post and Telecommunications) into two joint stock companies: one for the business area of postal services (Croatian Post) and the other for the business area of telecommunications (Croatian Telecommunication). Today's business activities of Croatian Post are the continuation of the tradition and continuity of postal business in Croatia.
|
|
First joint-stock companies appeared on the Ural in the second half of the 19th century, including those with foreign capital. Many old ironworks were reconstructed and a number of new ones were built. The development accelerated not only in the traditional gold and platinum industries, but also in the coal mining and engineering. Mechanical factories were established in Yekaterinburg, Perm, Izhevsk and others cities, and chemical industry was developed in Berezniki.
|
|
Akciju sabiedrība (Latvian pronunciation: [ˈaktsiju ˈsabiɛdri:ba]; abbreviated AS, pronounced [ˈaːˈes]) is a Latvian word for a legal form of a corporation in Latvia. In English, the Latvian term akciju sabiedrība is translated as stock company by the Commercial Law of Latvia. In Latvia, stock companies (akciju sabiedrība or AS) are being registered by the Register of Enterprises of Latvia. Akciju sabiedrība (AS) is a company whose shares or stocks may be publicly traded.
|
|
Melville W. Brown (March 10, 1887 – January 31, 1938), also known simply as Melville Brown, was an American film director, screenwriter and occasional actor. He began his career on the local stage in Oregon, in stock companies and vaudeville, before moving to California and working in the silent film industry in 1916, at the suggestion of Charlie Chaplin. His career was cut short when he died of a heart attack in January 1938.
|
|
The stocks of all Uzbek joint stock companies (around 1,250) are traded on RSE. The number of listed companies as of January 2013 exceeds 110. Securities market volume reached 2 trillion in 2012, and the number is rapidly growing due to the rising interest by companies of attracting necessary resources through the capital market. According to Central Depository as of January 2013 par value of outstanding shares of Uzbek emitters exceeded nine trillion.
|
|
The VOC was also the first company to actually issue stocks and bonds through a stock exchange.Funnell, Warwick; Robertson, Jeffrey (2013). Accounting by the First Public Company: The Pursuit of Supremacy (Routledge New Works in Accounting History) In 1602, the VOC issued shares that were made tradable on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange. This invention enhanced the ability of joint-stock companies to attract capital from investors as they could now easily dispose their shares.
|
|
Roche was born in the small village of Penn Yan, New York, on February 6, 1893. He graduated from the University of Rochester, after which he began his acting career touring with stock companies during the 1910s and early 1920s. In 1922, he broke into the film industry with a featured role in The Good Provider. During the 1920s, he acted in both films and on stage, including several roles in Broadway productions.
|
|
The management and the board of directors in such state-owned corporations were appointed by the Council of Ministers/the government and included top government officials and ministers. The largest of such corporations were initially incorporated as Russian joint-stock companies (, abbreviated as RAO). Best known examples were RAO UES and RAO Gazprom. But they have since been converted to public JSCs (OAO), even though their shares remain the property of the government.
|
|
There were two types of corporate actors at work in the Upper Canadian economy: the legislatively chartered companies and the unregulated joint-stock companies. The joint stock company was popular in building public works, since it should be for general public benefit, as the benefit would otherwise be sacrificed to legislated monopolies with exclusive privileges. or lie dormant. An example of the legislated monopoly is found in the Bank of Upper Canada.
|
|
After graduating from college, Fadden joined a theater company in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1915. He acted in stock companies and vaudeville during the 1910s and 1920s. In 1924 he made his Broadway debut, starring as Peter Jekyll in The Wonderful Visit. Over the next fifteen years he appeared in almost two dozen productions on the Great White Way, including Nocturne (1925), The Butter and Egg Man (1925–26), Elmer Gantry (1928), The Petrified Forest (1935) and Our Town (1938).
|
|
The dairy industry was placed under control of the Central Union of Dairy Farmers. On April 9, 1935 a state controlled Credit Bank of Latvia was created which reduced the role of foreign capital by creating many state owned industry monopolies and joint stock companies. Buyouts and liquidations of foreign, Baltic German and Jewish owned companies become a norm. In place of many competing companies large state owned companies were created. In 1939 the state owned 38 such companies.
|
|
See, for example, the advertisement Management of Equitable Fire acknowledged that their company had been "brought out under the powerful auspices" of the National Loan. Note that this item appears incongruously in the magazine's section on "Life Assurance Companies". Equitable Fire was established in June 1849, but did not commence operations until mid 1850. It was registered under the Joint Stock Companies Act of 1844 and, as such, was required to file financial statements with Britain's Board of Trade.
|
|
The most important development, was the Limited Liability Act 1855, which allowed investors to limit their liability in the event of business failure to the amount they invested in the company. These two features – a simple registration procedure and limited liability – were subsequently codified in the first modern company law Act, the Joint Stock Companies Act 1856. A series of Companies Acts up to the present Companies Act 2006 have essentially retained the same fundamental features.
|
|
They invested another £35 million in 46 stock companies set up to operate primarily in Latin America. The bubble soon burst, but the survivors operated quietly and profitably for many decades. In the 1820s–1850s, over 260 British merchant houses operated in the River Plate or Chile, and hundreds more in the rest of Latin America.J.F. Rippy, The Evolution of international Business 1800–1945: vol 1: British Investments in Latin America, 1822–1949 (1949) p 17.
|
|
After the war, Britain and other West European countries and the United States imposed drastic restrictions on trade with the Soviet Union. Thus, Soviet foreign trade corporations limited their efforts to Eastern Europe and China, establishing Soviet-owned companies in these countries and setting up joint-stock companies on very favorable terms. Comecon, founded in 1949, united the economies of Eastern Europe with that of the Soviet Union. Soviet trade changed considerably in the post-Stalin era.
|
|
It enabled the sale of stock in joint stock companies, and the redemption of those shares in the paper. However, these advantages are held within their disadvantages. First, since a note has no intrinsic value, there was nothing to stop issuing authorities from printing more of it than they had specie to back it with. Second, because it increased the money supply, it increased inflationary pressures, a fact observed by David Hume in the 18th century.
|
|
The British East India Company (1600) and the Dutch East India Company (1602) launched an era of large state chartered trading companies. These companies were characterized by their monopoly on trade, granted by letters patent provided by the state. Recognized as chartered joint-stock companies by the state, these companies enjoyed lawmaking, military, and treaty-making privileges. Characterized by its colonial and expansionary powers by states, powerful nation-states sought to accumulate precious metals, and military conflicts arose.
|
|
These unique organizations can also be historically significant, even forming major pillars of an economic system. In European history, for instance, the decline of guilds and rise of joint-stock companies goes hand-in-hand with other changes, like the growth of centralized states and capitalism. In industrialized economies, labor unions are another significant organization. In isolation, a worker that is easily replaceable in the labor market has little power to demand better wages or conditions.
|
|
As a result of this exploration joint stock companies were set up, such as the Muscovy (Russia) Company, the Honourable East India Company (1599), the Levant Company and the Hudson's Bay Company. Trading "factories" were set up in India by the British in several ports. Similar companies were set up by the Dutch and Portuguese, which led to rivalries. The first modern underwater boat proposal was made by the Englishman William Bourne who designed a prototype submarine in 1578.
|
|
Anderson was ambitious and wanted to leave Australia. Most local actors went to London but the war made this difficult so she decided on the US. She travelled to California but was unsuccessful for four months, then moved to New York, with an equal lack of success. After a period of poverty and illness, she found work with the Emma Bunting Stock Company at the Fourteenth Street Theatre in 1918–19. She then toured with other stock companies.
|
|
This name he eventually assumed by royal licence. When the inexperienced Irving got stage fright and was hissed off the stage the actor Samuel Johnson was among those who supported him with practical advice. Later in life Irving gave them all regular work when he formed his own Company at the Lyceum Theatre. For 10 years, he went through an arduous training in various stock companies in Scotland and the north of England, taking more than 500 parts.
|
|
The development of joint-stock companies (especially from about 1600) built wider audiences for accounting information, as investors without first-hand knowledge of their operations relied on accounts to provide the requisite information.Carruthers, Bruce G., & Espeland, Wendy Nelson, Accounting for Rationality: Double-Entry Bookkeeping and the Rhetoric of Economic Rationality, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 97, No. 1, July 1991, pp. 40-41,44 46, This development resulted in a split of accounting systems for internal (i.e.
|
|
Irmina Matonytė, From Liberal to Predatory Mass Media in Post-Communist Lithuania, in Journalism Research, Science Journal (Communication and Information), 2009 N. 2, p. 168. The hundreds of joint stock companies that emerged in the first years of Lithuanian independence were first sold to local businessman and companies. These were then bought by large publishing companies or foreign investors by the end of the 1990s. Today a small number of domestic and foreign companies owns the media in Lithuania.
|
|
Chinese cargo ships; Chinese ships of the Song period featured hulls with watertight compartments. During the Song dynasty, the merchant class became more sophisticated, well-respected and organized than in earlier periods of China. Their accumulated wealth often rivaled that of the scholar-officials who administered the affairs of government. For their organizational skills, Ebrey, Walthall, and Palais state that Song merchants: > ...set up partnerships and joint stock companies, with a separation of > owners (shareholders) and managers.
|
|
After the Meiji Restoration, Godai became a San'yo (junior councilor), and used his foreign experience to defuse a number of incidents created against foreigners by xenophobic ex-samurai. He resigned from government service in 1869, and turned his full attention to business. Basing himself in Osaka, he created several major joint stock companies involved in international trade, commerce and shipping, which he operated simultaneously. Godai went on to found the Osaka Chamber of Commerce and the Osaka Stock Exchange.
|
|
These societies, along with the Joint Stock Companies Acts of 1855-56, laid the foundation for the popularity of limited liability companies. The pioneer company was the Oldham Building and Manufacturing Co. Ltd., formed by skilled workers who sought to gain a greater equality of income and wealth through cooperation. Having shares in the company was seen as a form of profit sharing, and indeed by about 1875, about 75 percent of mill workers held shares in the limiteds.
|
|
The Tecumseh Opera House brought a variety of entertainment to the people of Tecumseh and the surrounding areas. As a center for the performing arts, the Tecumseh Opera House, was home to productions such as musical concerts, touring stock companies, performers such as Maude Atkinson, Katie Putnam, and John Dillon, classics such as Monte Cristo , Uncle Tom's Cabin , and East Lynn, minstrel shows such as the Tecumseh Ticklers, grand and comic opera, dialect comedies, and home talent shows.
|
|
Insurance companies are generally classified as either mutual or proprietary companies. Mutual companies are owned by the policyholders, while shareholders (who may or may not own policies) own proprietary insurance companies. Demutualization of mutual insurers to form stock companies, as well as the formation of a hybrid known as a mutual holding company, became common in some countries, such as the United States, in the late 20th century. However, not all states permit mutual holding companies.
|
|
Similar private non- denominational cemeteries were established near industrialising towns with growing populations, such as Manchester (1821) and Liverpool (1825). Each cemetery required a separate Act of Parliament for authorisation, although the capital was raised through the formation of joint-stock companies. In the first 50 years of the 19th century the population of London more than doubled from 1 million to 2.3 million. The small parish churchyards were rapidly becoming dangerously overcrowded, and decaying matter infiltrating the water supply was causing epidemics.
|
|
It has a license for the exchange activity given by State committee of competitionInfos at www.gki.uz and regulated under the Laws of Uzbekistan on exchanges (1992), on joint stock companies (1996), on securities market(2008)as well as a number of under-law legal acts of government and securities commission.Infos at csm.gov.uz. According to presidential decree dated March 19, 2012 Korea Exchange (KRX) is expected to become a shareholder of Tashkent RSE in 2014 by acquiring 25 percent in the equity capital.
|
|
Southeast Bank Limited was established as a Public Limited Company on March 12, 1995. In the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies and Firms issued the Certificate of Commencement of Business of the Bank on the same date. The Southeast Bank received its Banking License from the Bangladesh Bank on March 23, 1995. The Bank's first branch was opened by M. Saifur Rahman, the then Finance Minister of Bangladesh as the Chief Guest at 1, Dilkusha Commercial Area, Dhaka on May 25, 1995.
|
|
Spencer Bonaventure Tracy (April 5, 1900 – June 10, 1967) was an American actor, known for his natural performing style and versatility. One of the major stars of Hollywood's Golden Age, Tracy won two Academy Awards for Best Actor from nine nominations. Tracy first discovered his talent for acting while attending Ripon College, and he later received a scholarship for the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. He spent seven years in the theatre, working in a succession of stock companies and intermittently on Broadway.
|
|
Dudley Docker had joined the board in 1906 and was appointed deputy chairman of BSA in 1909. He had made a spectacular financial success of a merger of five large rolling-stock companies in 1902 and become the leader of the period's merger movement. Believing he could buy the missing management skills that could not be found within BSA he started merger talks with The Daimler Company Limited of Coventry. Daimler and Rover were then the largest British car producers.
|
|
Hale's stage work was limited to several seasons in stock companies and some work as a dancer and Ziegfeld girl. In the summer of 1935, Hale and her friend Rosamond Pinchot, another New York socialite and aspiring actress, opened in Abide with Me, a psychological drama written by their friend Clare Boothe Luce. Though the three friends enjoyed the experience tremendously, the play was panned and it died quietly. Pinchot went on to take her life by carbon monoxide poisoning in January 1938.
|
|
Originally, two English joint-stock companies had been created to settle North America, then known as the Colony of Virginia. In June 1606, the London Company was granted a charter for a section of the continent south of that given to the Plymouth Company. Both companies established settlements in 1607 - the London Company in Jamestown, and the Plymouth Company in Plymouth. Soon, the term Virginia came to refer only to that part of North America covered by the London Company's original charters.
|
|
So the legislative scheme of this period came to roughly resemble the modern law. While the general principle remained pari passu among the insolvent company's creditors, the claims of liquidators expenses and wages of workers were given statutory priority over other unsecured creditors.The Joint Stock Companies Act 1856 s 104 and then the Companies Act 1862 ss 44, 110, extended liquidators’ priority to all insolvency procedures. The Bankruptcy Act 1869 s 32 gave priority for wages, as well as taxes.
|
|
These measures were publicly billed as reforms rather than socioeconomic transformations. Throughout the whole of eastern Europe, except for Czechoslovakia, organizations such as trade unions and associations representing various social, professional and other groups, were erected with only one organization for each category, with competition excluded. Those organizations were managed by communist cadres, though some diversity was permitted initially. Soviet and local concerns formed "joint stock companies" permitting Soviet officials to exercise direct control over important sections of the economy.
|
|
The center of life shifted from the countryside to the towns where opportunities for trade and business were in greater abundance. The center of power shifted from the aristocracy to the business class, which employed the growing power of money to gain political influence. During the vital stage, the rule of law becomes more formal and binding, providing a secure and safe environment for business to flourish. Banks, shipping companies and joint-stock companies increase in numbers to make use of the opportunities.
|
|
A number of English colonies were established under a system of proprietary governors, who were appointed under mercantile charters to English joint stock companies to found and run settlements. England also took over the Dutch colony of New Netherland (including the New Amsterdam settlement), renaming it the Province of New York in 1664. With New Netherland, the English came to control the former New Sweden (in what is now Delaware), which the Dutch had conquered from Sweden earlier. This became part of Pennsylvania.
|
|
One of the earliest stock by the Dutch East India Company During the Roman Republic, the state contracted (leased) out many of its services to private companies. These government contractors were called publicani, or societas publicanorum as individual companies.Livy, Ab Urbe Condita These companies were similar to modern corporations, or joint-stock companies more specifically, in a couple of aspects. They issued shares called partes (for large cooperatives) and particulae which were small shares that acted like today's over-the-counter shares.(Cic.
|
|
Building on the success and lessons learned from the pilot, the BBLT program was encapsulated within the framework of a non-profit organization, the Bangladesh Youth Leadership Center (BYLC). In early 2009, BYLC was registered with the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies and Firms in Bangladesh as a non-partisan social venture. The signature program of BYLC, BBLT, expanded into a four-month program for BBLT 4 in July 2010. The first month consists of intensive classroom training in leadership skills after school.
|
|
Thanks to several eye surgeries, by her teens, Stickney was able to continue her education and pursue a career in the theater. Stickney attended the North Western Dramatic School in Minneapolis, Minnesota. She sang and danced as one of the four Southern Belles in vaudeville and began acting in summer stock companies including Atlanta's Forsyth Players in the early 1920s before she married Howard Lindsay. In 1927, Stickney and Lindsay were married, and the two stayed married until Lindsay's death in 1968.
|
|
Furthermore, the context of the quote points to the complications inherent in chartered joint-stock companies. Each company had a Courts of Governors and day-to-day duties were overseen by local managers. Governor supervision of day-to-day operations was minimal and was exacerbated by the poor communications of the 18th century. Bribery and corruption were inherent in this type of corporate model as the local managers sought to avoid close supervision by the Courts of Governors, politicians, and Prime Ministers.
|
|
In Northampton is Avon Products UK; its products reach 6m women per week. East Midlands Railway has its head office in Derby. Porterbrook, one the UK's three rolling stock companies is in Derby. The former East Midlands Electricity is now owned by E.ON UK (supply, since Powergen bought EME in June 1998) and Western Power Distribution (distribution, who bought Central Networks in April 2011), which is based in Long Whatton and Diseworth; the area has around a 5,000 MW demand for electricity.
|
|
Even as the company was headed consciously toward extinction, it became embroiled in its most infamous scandal. The Committee of Public Safety had banned all joint-stock companies on 24 August 1793, and specifically seized the assets and papers of the East India Company.Soboul, pp.360–363. While its liquidation proceedings were being set up, directors of the company bribed various senior state officials to allow the company to carry out its own liquidation, rather than be supervised by the government.
|
|
Dudley Docker had joined the board in 1906 and was appointed deputy chairman of BSA in 1909. He had made a spectacular financial success of a merger of five large rolling-stock companies in 1902 and become the leader of the period's merger movement. Believing he could buy the missing management skills that could not be found within BSA, he started merger talks with The Daimler Company Limited of Coventry. Daimler and Rover were then the largest British car producers.
|
|
He eventually joined the Ulster Group Theatre where he learned the behind-the-scenes tasks of the theatre. He became well known in Belfast for his contributions as a gravel- voiced policeman on the Ulster Radio program "The McCooeys", the story of a Belfast family written by Joseph Tomelty.The Journal News – White Plains New York, 9 Jul 1969 Boyd eventually worked his way up to character parts and then starring roles. By nineteen he had toured Canada with summer stock companies.
|
|
His family moved from Mississippi to New Orleans, Louisiana, around 1925. He started acting at an early age, beginning his tenure as a spear carrier rounding out productions at many New Orleans theaters. He mostly played small roles with stock companies, where he not only starred in traveling shows, but also worked at a movie theater, selling tickets and cleaning the stage floors. His family moved to Dallas, Texas, where he joined a repertory theater company under Margo Jones in 1938.
|
|
The Stock companies would cancel their normal repertory programs for a few nights to allow for the show of the star. The star would be supported by the local company of actors in the play, which proved to be very frustrating to them (Poggi 5). After the star left, the company returned to its repertory schedule as per usual. Yet annoyed by the lack of talent from regional companies, the stars began to search for companies to tour with them.
|
|
In repudiating the 1943 Mukaj agreement under pressure from the Yugoslavs, Albania's communists had consented to restore Kosovo to Yugoslavia after the war. In January 1945, the two governments signed a treaty reincorporating Kosovo into Yugoslavia as an autonomous province. Shortly thereafter, Yugoslavia became the first country to recognize Albania's provisional government. Relations between Albania and Yugoslavia declined, however, when the Albanians began complaining that the Yugoslavs were paying too little for Albanian raw materials and exploiting Albania through the joint stock companies.
|
|
Around 1887, when Ince was about seven, the family moved to Manhattan to pursue theater work. Ince's father worked as both an actor and musical agent and his mother, Ince himself, sister Bertha and brothers, John and Ralph all worked as actors. Ince made his Broadway debut at 15 in a small role of a revival 1893 play, Shore Acres by James A. Herne. He appeared with several stock companies as a child and was later an office boy for theatrical manager Daniel Frohman.
|
|
Meantime, shareholders of RSE are local largest commercial banks and state. Historically, securities market of Uzbekistan formed due to massive privatization in 1990s of state owned enterprises after collapse of Soviet Union and gaining independence from Moscow. Unlike Russian Federation, Uzbek government gradually privatized SOE, first reorganized them into joint stock companies and then sold only part of shares in equity capital through stock exchange. As a result, there are no extremely wealthy business magnates so called "oligarchs" in Uzbekistan, while number of shareholders exceeds 1.2 million.
|
|
Formerly known as the Jose Theater, built in 1904, is the oldest theater in San Jose, located on Second Street, near San Fernando Street. Construction of the Jose was started in 1903, under the ownership of David Jacks, a Monterey landowner (who was the namesake of Monterrey Jack cheese). At that time, the theater was a popular showcase for stock companies and vaudeville acts. Despite rumors, neither Charlie Chaplin, or Harry Houdini ever perform at this location, although both have toured through San Francisco.
|
|
"Going public" enabled the company to raise the vast sum of 6.5 million guilders. The earliest form of a company which issued public shares was the case of the publicani during the Roman Republic. Like modern joint-stock companies, the publicani were legal bodies independent of their members whose ownership was divided into shares, or partes. There is evidence that these shares were sold to public investors and traded in a type of over- the-counter market in the Forum, near the Temple of Castor and Pollux.
|
|
Skinner was educated in Hartford with an eye towards a career in commerce but a visit to the theater left him stage-struck. He secured his father's blessing for a theatrical career, and his father not only approved but also obtained from P. T. Barnum an introduction to William Pleater Davidge. Davidge employed him at eight dollars a week, and Skinner's career was launched. In the latter half of the 1870s, he played various bit roles in stock companies, and alongside stars such as John Edward McCullough.
|
|
376 Later, he was with Kyrle Bellew in Brigadier Girard and with S. Miller Kent in Raffles. Between productions, he worked with a number of stock companies including those at the Alcazar Theatre in San Francisco and the Auditorium Theatre in Chicago. Among his appearances on stage, Garwood considered his work with Dustin Farnum in the traveling company of Cameo Kirby, to be one of his early career highlights in stage acting. This was his last appearance on stage prior to his debut in films.
|
|
Canny, p. 70. The British Empire began to take shape during the early 17th century, with the English settlement of North America and the smaller islands of the Caribbean, and the establishment of joint-stock companies, most notably the East India Company, to administer colonies and overseas trade. This period, until the loss of the Thirteen Colonies after the American War of Independence towards the end of the 18th century, has subsequently been referred to by some historians as the "First British Empire".Canny, p. 34.
|
|
The ongoing success of firm was marked in 1915 when the Articles of Association of Bolands Limited were filed at the office of the Register of Joint Stock Companies and a branch store in Babinda was opened. In 1923, however, the firm suffered the loss of Michael Boland, who died of a heart condition in 1923. Control of the department store passed to his three sons: Thomas, William and James. Thomas assumed the position of head manager while the other brothers acted as departmental managers.
|
|
The World Bank provides support through 12 projects approved between 1997 and 2013 with a total lending of more than US$1 billion. One of them is the Red River Delta rural water supply and sanitation projects that promoted participatory approaches through the creation of joint- stock companies. The World Bank-administered Global Partnership for Output- Based Aid (GPOBA) supports public-private partnerships for water supply in 75 villages in Central Vietnam through a US$4.5 million grant for the East Meets West Foundation.
|
|
533-534 compiled from editions originally published annually by John Parker; 1976 edition by Gale Research He later attended Ilchester College. Much stage work appearing as Sheik Ilderim on Broadway in Ben-Hur in 1899 and as Simonides in a 1900 revival of Ben-Hur.Parker,...Who Was Who He did much touring in stock companies up until he started appearing in silent films. One of his last stage appearances was as Captain Flagg in 1925 in a San Francisco stage version of What Price Glory?.
|
|
Born in Shoshoni, Wyoming, on July 19, 1907, Jewell was the daughter of Emory Lee Jewell and Livia A. Willoughby Jewell. Her father was "a prominent ... doctor and medical researcher." She was educated at St. Mary's Academy in Minnesota and at Hamilton College in Kentucky. After years in theater stock companies, including an 87-week stint in Lincoln, Nebraska, she hit the big time after getting a part on Broadway in Up Pops the Devil (1930). She received glowing critical reviews for Blessed Event (1932) as well.
|
|
Later that year McGlynn toured in a road production of Under the Red Robe, a story based on Stanley Weyman's novel that was adapted for the stage by Edward Everett Rose. Over the next two decades McGlynn performed mostly in supporting roles with stock companies and in early silent films. De Forest's 1924 short McGlynn's first film role in which he impersonated Abraham Lincoln was in 1915 in The Life of Abraham Lincoln directed by Langdon West for the Edison Studios in New York.
|
|
Price would insure that publicity for the season would keep audiences coming to the theatre, employing such tactics as putting the car driven by Countiss onstage in a local department store window and having her personally award a pair of silver spurs to the winner of the Great Horse Race of 1908. Throughout the next several seasons, Countiss headed several stock companies in Denver and Grand Rapids in multiple roles. She also created the role of Mrs. Howard Jeffries in The Third Degree on tour.
|
|
The state began to develop industry based on processing of animal husbandry products and crop raising on state farms. Transportation, communications, domestic and foreign trade, and banking and finance were nationalized with Soviet assistance; they were placed under the control of Mongolian state and cooperative organizations or Mongolian-Soviet joint-stock companies. Ulaanbaatar became the nation's industrial center. During the second period, called the "construction of the foundations of socialism," agriculture was collectivized, and industry was diversified into mining, timber processing, and consumer goods production.
|
|
A 1938 local newspaper photograph shows Kovacs as a member of the Prospect Players, not yet wearing his trademark mustache. Like any aspiring actor, Kovacs used his class vacation time to pursue roles in summer stock companies. While working in Vermont in 1939, he became so seriously ill with pneumonia and pleurisy that his doctors didn't expect him to survive. During the next year and a half, his comedic talents developed as he entertained both doctors and patients with his antics during stays at several hospitals.
|
|
Also, in the playoffs, there were quarterfinals every day (the four quarterfinal series were split into two quarterfinals per day). A significant change in this Elitserien season was that the clubs wouldn't be fined for supporter incidents as long as the clubs correctly followed the security rules. On 17 October 2011, the Swedish Police Authority decided that the police should be economically compensated for their efforts during sports events held by joint-stock companies (JSC). This mainly affected the league's two Stockholm clubs Djurgårdens IF and AIK.
|
|
He was awarded a medal by shah for his performance in one of the Iranian assemblies. Alasgar Abdullayev was invited by the "Sport-Record" and "Extrafon" joint-stock companies in 1913-1914 to Tbilisi and Kiev. He sang "Chahargah", "Rast", "Mahur-Hindi", "Zabul-Segah", "Rahab", "Shushtar", "Hasar" mughams, a number of Azerbaijani, Georgian and Armenian songs and was accompanied by Gurban Pirimov and Tevos in tar, and by Sasha Okanezashvili and Moses Guliyans in kamancha. He has been accompanied by Shirin Akhundov for many years.
|
|
Eventually he saved up enough money to take a drama course at the Feagin School of Dramatic Art in New York. He worked briefly in radio, then got a job in a stock company on Long Island as an actor and stage manager. He worked for two years in stock companies, including a performance of The Trojan Horse opposite the famous singers and actors Gordon MacRae and his wife Sheila MacRae, who became his good friends."Troy on Long Island" New York Times October 31, 1940: 28.
|
|
Nevertheless, membership of such associations was usually for a short term so their nature was constantly changing. Consequently, registration and incorporation of companies, without specific legislation, was introduced by the Joint Stock Companies Act 1844. Initially, companies incorporated under this Act did not have limited liability, but it became common for companies to include a limited liability clause in their internal rules. In the case of Hallett v Dowdall, the English Court of the Exchequer held that such clauses bound people who have notice of them.
|
|
Credit Rating Information and Services Limited Credit Rating Information and Services Limited (CRISL)CRISL, website "Credit Rating Information and Services Limited (CRISL)", Crisl Website, accessed April 19, 2011. is the first credit rating company in Bangladesh. This company was incorporated with the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies in 1992 and Credit Rating Company rules 1996 as a recognized ECAI,ECAI Meaning, website "ECAI Definition", ECAI Definition, accessed April 19, 2011. and has been operating as the first rating company in the country since 1995.
|
|
Non- participating policies are typically issued by Stock companies, with stockholder capital bearing the risk. Since whole life policies frequently cover a time span in excess of 50 years, it can be seen that accurate pricing is a formidable challenge. Actuaries must set a rate which will be sufficient to keep the company solvent through prosperity or depression, while remaining competitive in the marketplace. The company will be faced with future changes in Life expectancy, unforeseen economic conditions, and changes in the political and regulatory landscape.
|
|
Just as at first the capitalist mode of production displaced the > workers, so now it displaces the capitalists, relegating them to the > superfluous population even if not in the first instance to the industrial > reserve army.Engels, Friedrich (1962) [1877]. Anti-Duhring. Foreign > Languages Publishing House. pp. 329–330. Engels argued that the tools for ending capitalism are found in state capitalism, further writing: > But neither the conversion into joint stock companies nor into state > property deprives the productive forces of their character as capital.
|
|
Reindeer herding continues to be the main source of employment in the locality, although the imposition of a Soviet, centrally planned reindeer husbandry system has had a devastating effect on traditional indigenous practices. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, then-President Boris Yeltsin issued a number of decrees, which obliged all state-run enterprises, including sovkhozes, to re-organize themselves as joint-stock companies or private farms.Wegren, S.K. Yel'tsin's Decree on Land Relations: Implications from Agrarian Reform. 1994. Post-Soviet Geography 35(3):166–183.
|
|
' Here he suggested the creation of joint-stock companies that would invest in the farmers' land and rent them living places at low rents. He died without issue on 1 June 1830, at Weymouth, England aged 59, and was buried four days later in Melcombe Regis, Dorset, England;Complete Baronetage: Great Britain and Ireland, 1707-1800, and Jacobite .. his wife had died on 29 November 1827. His motto Hic fructis virtutis. His heir was his nephew, Edmund Waller, 4th Baronet, who had been born in 1797.
|
|
Tonse Ramesh Upendra Pai, son of Tonse Upendra Ananth PaiThe Pais of Manipal – from village to overseas education was the Chairman of MahaRashtra Apex Corporation Ltd. He was also the Director of several Joint stock Companies, including Reliance Industries. He was awarded the Karnataka Rajyotsava Award in 1998. He was the recipient of 'State Award' from the Government of Karnataka in 1998 for his contribution in education, and recipient of the highest honour award of Rotary International for Rotarians "Service Above self Award" for 2001–02.
|
|
The members of Parliament are working together on the draft bills aimed to solve middle class problems in Ukraine. In particular, creating a favorable legal environment for business, private property protection and fair trial. Andrii Artemenko authored 37 bills, of which 17 were voted into laws. Some of representative bills are: number 1601 "On Amendments to the administrative-territorial system of Luhansk region, changing and setting boundaries of Popasnjansky and Slavyanoserbsk districts of Luhansk region", number 1310 "On Amendments to Article 41 of the Law of Ukraine" On Joint Stock Companies" (with respect to the quorum of the general meetings of joint stock companies with majority state corporate rights), the bill number 1736 "On the appeal of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine to the European Parliament, the Parliament of the Council of Europe and the national parliaments of the EU Member States, the USA, Canada, Japan and Australia on the issue of the mass shooting of people near Volnovakha", the Resolution number 2066 "On holding parliamentary hearings entitled: "Perspectives of introducing visa free regime for the citizens of Ukraine by the European Union" (May 21–22, 2015).
|
|
In 1840 Field came forward as an advocate of chancery reform. His Observations of a Solicitor attracted much attention. In 1841 two of his suggestions were carried out, by the abolition of the Exchequer of pleas as a court of equity, and the appointment of two additional Vice-Chancellors. The energy with which he continued to press his views had much to do with the passing of the Court of Chancery Act 1842,5 & 6 Vict. c. 103 by which the Six Clerks and Sworn Clerks were abolished, and the path was opened for further improvements in the efficiency and economy of chancery proceedings. In 1844 Field was in communication with the Board of Trade on the subject of a winding-up act for joint-stock companies. The Joint Stock Companies Act 1848 substantially embodied the proposals contained in a draft bill laid before the legal adviser of the Board of Trade on 27 April 1846, by Field and his friend Rigge, who had formerly been in his office. As early as 1846 Field took up the question of reform in the system of legal remuneration, advocating an ad valorem system, with the option of special contract.
|
|
The Vietnam National Textile and Garment Group (Vinatex) (Tập đoàn dệt may Việt Nam) is a large Vietnamese textile company, and one of Vietnam's largest companies overall.(vn) VNR500 Listing, Government owned, ranked 8th The company's 'productive sector' consists of over 50 joint stock companies, and 40 joint venture companies, principally involved in manufacture; other listed company sectors include fashion magazines, fashion design institutes and textile-industry vocational schools, universities, real estate, supper market.Vinatex, Vinatex' Organization Chart Vinatex operates several import- export companies. Company central offices are located in Ha Noi.
|
|
In the latter case captured crews were often sold as slaves. To finance the ransoming of these slaves so-called slavenkassen (slave treasuries) were set up with the support of the government, some of which still exist as charitable foundations, like the one in Zierikzee. Other examples of self-insurance were the partnerships of ship owners, known as partenrederijen (which is probably best translated as "managed partnership", although these were precursors of joint stock companies). These spread the financial risks over a large number of investors, the participanten.
|
|
Whilst he was trying to establish his acting career, Karloff had to perform years of manual labour in Canada and the U.S. in order to make ends meet. He was left with back problems from which he suffered for the rest of his life. Because of his health, he did not enlist in World War I. During this period, Karloff worked in various theatrical stock companies across the U.S. to hone his acting skills. Some acting companies mentioned were the Harry St. Clair Players and the Billie Bennett Touring Company.
|
|
The agent or general manager was Thomas Jones, who had assisted Barker in his search for slate. On 27 June 1853, the partnership became the Rhosydd Slate Company, which negotiated the conversion of the take-note into a lease in September. Finished slates were carried by the Ffestiniog Railway in 1854, and in 1855 some Rhosydd slates were shipped from Porthmadog. In the following year, the Joint Stock Companies Act 1856 was passed by parliament, and the quarrying company became the Rhosydd Slate Company Ltd on 7 November, under the terms of that act.
|
|
Panda Retail Company was founded in 1978, and is 92% owned by Savola forming the food retailing arm of theٍ Savola Group. It is one of the most important organizations in the retail sector in Saudi Arabia, operating a network of hypermarkets, supermarkets and convenience stores in the Kingdom and has entered the Dubai retail scene. In its own right Panda is considered to be one of the largest Saudi joint-stock companies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Of particular note is that Panda helped found the Saudi Institute for Retail Sales and Marketing.
|
|
She began her acting career with stock companies, and then won bit parts in movies including Anna and the King of Siam (1946), and toured with Tallulah Bankhead in Noël Coward's play Private Lives from 1946 to 1948. At 19, she married attorney Greg Bautzer, the first of her four husbands, divorcing him after six months. At 20, she married her second husband, actor William Eythe, in Manhattan in 1947. She sued for divorce after seven months, but reconsidered two days laterTime, June 9, 1947, and January 19, 1949, via SwarthoutFamily.org.
|
|
In this session he was chairman of the Judiciary Committee and leader of the House. Later in the same year, 1878, Andrews was elected the Governor of Connecticut by a legislative vote, and served from January 9, 1879 to January 5, 1881. During his term, the governor's office was granted the power to recommend judges for the State Supreme Court and a resolution passed that ended an ongoing boundary line dispute. A bill was constituted that established the incorporation of joint-stock companies and a progressive jury law was formed.
|
|
They all related to law, involving acts and orders for joint stock companies, jurisdiction, practice and pleading, settled land acts and acts and rules of insolvency.List of George Rogers Harding's Published Books: A Handy Book of Ecclesiastical Law, Especially Adapted for the Use of the Clergy and Solicitors.1862. The Acts and Orders Relating to the Jurisdiction, Practice, and Pleading of the Supreme Court of Queensland (Exclusive of its Criminal Jurisdiction). 1885. The Acts and Orders Relating to the Jurisdiction, Practice, and Pleading of the Supreme Court of Queensland (On the Crown Side).1887.
|
|
In Germany, through most of the 19th century the Kommanditgesellschaft (société en commandite in France) was the typical form of business organisation. A "KG" had at least one member with unlimited liability, but other investors' liability was limited to their contribution. A special concession was not required for setting up this company. The first German public company statute was the Prussian Act of 1794. In 1861 the Allgemeines Deutsches Handelsgesetzbuch or the General Commercial Code for all of Germany, as well as Austria, was enacted, which devoted a section to joint stock companies.
|
|
There have been multiple adaptations for stage, radio, films and television. East Lynne has been adapted for the stage many times; the play was so popular that stock companies put on a performance whenever they needed guaranteed revenue. It became so common that theaters stuck with a badly received play famously would assuage audiences with the hopeful promise, "Next week, East Lynne!" The play was staged so often that critic Sally Mitchell estimates some version was seen by audiences in either England or North America every week for over forty years.Mitchell (1984), xiii.
|
|
A later paragraph begins with the words, "[H]er relatives and friends in Reading have always followed her work closely…""A New Leading Woman" (The Reading Eagle, September 6, 1914, page 11) There is no indication that the two Betty Farringtons were related, although the write-up in the Internet Movie Database for the film actress, a native of Kansas City, Missouri, who was 16 years old in 1914, states that "[S]he had formerly been with various stock companies and was a leading performer on the Orpheum vaudeville circuit in the 1910s".
|
|
Natural Resources. Jamuna Oil Company Limited was registered with the registrar of Joint Stock Companies & Firms as fully Government owned Private Limited Company on 12 March 1975 under Companies Act 1913 with authorized capital of Tk. 10.00 crore and paid-up capital of Tk. 5.00 crore. Subsequently, in the year 1976 the assets and liabilities of the company were transferred & handed over to Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation (BPC) as per schedule stated in clause 31(c) of BPC Ordinance No. LXXXVIII (published in Bangladesh Gazette extra ordinary on 13 November 1976).
|
|
Centrally owned SOEs were reformed into joint-stock companies with the aim of delegating more authority to SOE managers. SOEs at all levels shifted their primary focus to profitability and shed their social welfare function of providing social services and benefits to their workers in what was known as the "Iron Rice Bowl" system. The State- owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC) was formed in 2003 to oversee the management of the large centrally owned state enterprises. Modern SOEs are operationally very different from those in the 1990s.
|
|
Any consequent litigation had to be carried out in the joint names of all the members and was almost impossibly cumbersome. Though Parliament would sometimes grant a private act to allow an individual to represent the whole in legal proceedings, this was a narrow and necessarily costly expedient, allowed only to established companies. The 1844 Act created the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies, empowered to register companies by a two-stage process. The first, provisional, stage cost £5 () and did not confer corporate status, which arose after completing the second stage for another £5.
|
|
308 After this, he became interested in acting and joined several stock companies where he gained experience and training as an actor in professional stage productions. This allowed him to secure his first film role in 1918 in Vitagraph's The Beloved Impostor, however, he obtained his big break from D. W. Griffith in The White Rose (1923). In 1924, he traveled to Germany with Griffith and made a film about the incredibly harsh living conditions in post-World War I Germany, Isn't Life Wonderful. While filming America in 1924, a soldier's arm was blown off.
|
|
Memon men, from Photographs of Western India Series 1855-1862 Due to the mercantile nature of the community, Memons began a significant migration beyond the borders of India in the 18th and 19th centuries. This led to communities developing in the Middle East, South Africa, Sri Lanka and East Asia. Memon traders set up a network of joint stock companies acting in coordination with other members in an area ranging from Central Africa to China. Memon donors made significant financial contributions to construct mosques during this time, including Juma Masjid Mosque and Jamia Mosque.
|
|
Disused assets of a liquidating business require buyers, but ultimately the government bears the cost of cleaning up. Battersea Power Station was decommissioned by the CEGB in 1975, and a series of private buyers since 1986 have abandoned their projects or gone into administration. Liquidation is the final, most frequent, and most basic insolvency procedure. Since registered companies became available to the investing public, the Joint Stock Companies Winding-Up Act 1844 and all its successors contained a route for a company's life to be brought to an end.
|
|
The Fairmont Opera House in Fairmont, Minnesota was built in 1901. Frank A. Day, editor of the Fairmont Sentinel, prodded local businessmen to establish an opera house starting in 1899. The Fairmont Opera House Company acquired the land in July, 1901 and began construction. The first grand opening was on February 11, 1902, with the opening show being "The Chaperone" performed by the Frank L. Perley Singing Comedians. From 1902 through 1912, it housed a variety of events such as traveling stock companies, local talent shows, graduation ceremonies, musicals, conventions, and political meetings.
|
|
As Peter J. Taylor notes, "the Dutch developed a social formula, which we have come to call modern capitalism, that proved to be transferable and ultimately deadly to all other social formulations." and England: traders in Amsterdam and London created the first chartered joint-stock companies driving up commerce and trade, and the first stock exchanges and banking and insurance institutions were established.Gordon, John Steele (1999). The Great Game: The Emergence of Wall Street as a World Power: 1653–2000. (Scribner, ). John Steele Gordon notes: “The Dutch invented modern capitalism in the early seventeenth century.
|
|
After graduating from New York's American Academy of Dramatic Arts, Lupton acted with stock companies in Ocean City, New Jersey, and Saratoga Springs, New York. Lupton was tall, lanky and handsome very much like James Stewart or Henry Fonda but never achieved similar fame while accumulating over 260 credits in film productions and on television. He was signed as a contract player at MGM in Hollywood and made his first film appearance in On the Town in 1949. He co-starred in 1956 with Fess Parker in Disney's The Great Locomotive Chase.
|
|
A sculpture of the Nawab's royal peacock barge, Los Angeles County Museum The authority of the Mughal Court rapidly disintegrated in the 18th century, following the rise of the Maratha Empire in India and foreign invasions by Nader Shah of Persia and Ahmad Shah Abdali of Afghanistan. In Bengal, the system saw most wealth hoarded by the elites, with low wages for manual labour. The Nawabs of Bengal entered into treaties with numerous European colonial powers, including joint-stock companies representing Britain, Austria, Denmark, France and the Netherlands.
|
|
In April 2019 Armenian parliament approved reforms of management of joint stock companies effectively enacting a blocking minority shareholders stake of 25% to cope with shareholder oppression. Following the advice of economic advisers who cautioned Armenia's leadership against the consolidation of economic power in the hands of a few, in January 2001, the Government of Armenia established the State Commission for the Protection of Economic Competition. Its members cannot be dismissed by the government.Competitive Edge: The pitfalls of monopolies, and the challenges of a business-influenced parliament, ArmeniaNow.
|
|
Such listing rules discuss duties of board secretary in details. According to “Special Provisions of the State Council Concerning the Flotation and Listing Abroad of Stocks by Limited Stock Companies”, “Guidance for the Articles of Listed Company”, “Stock Listing Rules of the Shanghai Stock Exchange” and “Stock Listing Rules of the Shenzhen Stock Exchange”, the secretary of the Board is classified as the senior management team. From those listing rules, the board secretary, or the secretary of the board of directors, in China is comparable as the company secretary in many other countries.
|
|
Internal tariffs, licensing for enterprises, special taxes, lack of legislation to promote joint-stock companies that protected investors, lack of enforcement to collect loans or enforce contracts, lack of patent protections, and the lack of a unified court system or legal framework to promote business made creating an enterprise a lengthy and fraught process.Haber, "Assessing the Obstacles to Industrialisation", p. 6. The Mexican government could not count on revenues from silver mining to fund its operations. The exit of Spanish merchants involved in the transatlantic trade was also a blow to the Mexican economy.
|
|
The Song dynasty had one of the most prosperous and advanced economies in the medieval world. Song Chinese invested their funds in joint stock companies and in multiple sailing vessels at a time when monetary gain was assured from the vigorous overseas trade and domestic trade along the Grand Canal and Yangtze River. Prominent merchant families and private businesses were allowed to occupy industries that were not already government-operated monopolies. Both private and government-controlled industries met the needs of a growing Chinese population in the Song.
|
|
Birdie Sherman Crooks (16 July 1873 – 27 October 1955), known professionally as Cathrine Countiss — often misspelled in media as Catherine Countiss — was an American actress at the beginning of the 20th century. She appeared in multiple Broadway productions, traveling stock companies, vaudeville tours, and silent films, traveling across the United States and portions of Canada during her career that spanned the years 1901 through 1915. She was married three times including to Edward D. (E. D.) Price, who was also her theatrical agent during their time of marriage.
|
|
The old model with the NTH professor as SINTEF leaders ended, though some continued in dual roles, and SINTEF now had its own managers. The SINTEF Group was established in the mid-1980s, when three new institutes were placed under the SINTEF umbrella. The Norwegian Ship Engineering Research Institute (MARINTEK), the Electricity Supply Research Institute (EFI) and the Institute for Continental Shelf Surveys (IKU) were transformed into joint stock companies with SINTEF as their largest owner. A fourth limited company, SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture, was established in 1999.
|
|
Before the Industrial Revolution, companies were a relatively rare business form. Until 1844, there was no comprehensive legislation governing companies, so that they had to be incorporated by a specific Act of Parliament, or by the granting of a royal charter in Europe. Such was the case with the British East India Company in 1600 and the Dutch East India Company in 1602. The Joint Stock Companies Act 1844 was the first piece of legislation which would be recognised as modern company law, but it was fairly limited in scope.
|
|
Fyodorov ran as the candidate of the Party of Workers' Self-Government in the 1996 Russian presidential election As a presidential candidate, Fyodorov advocated for the mass creation of joint stock companies to guarantee workers a share of profits and allow them to actively participate in management of their companies. He dubbed this concept "democratic capitalism" or "popular socialism". Fyodorov advocated for economic freedom, simple and moderate taxation, stimulation of production, and a ban on exports of most raw materials. Fyodorov promised that his policies would double the nation's GDP within five years.
|
|
Soon afterwards, in 1602, the Dutch East India Company issued shares that were made tradable on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange. That invention enhanced the ability of joint-stock companies to attract capital from investors, as they could now easily dispose of their shares. In 1612, it became the first 'corporation' in intercontinental trade with 'locked in' capital and limited liability. During the period of colonialism, Europeans, initially the British, trading with the Near East for goods, pepper and calico for example, enjoyed spreading the risk of trade over multiple sea voyages.
|
|
VII The Act created the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies, empowered to register companies by a two-stage process. The first, provisional, stage cost £5 and did not confer corporate status, which arose after completing the second stage for another £5. For the first time in history, it was possible for ordinary people through a simple registration procedure to incorporate. The advantage of establishing a company as a separate legal person was mainly administrative, as a unified entity under which the rights and duties of all investors and managers could be channeled.
|
|
By the 15th century, English law had awarded limited liability to monastic communities and trade guilds with commonly held property. In the 17th century, joint stock charters were awarded by the crown to monopolies such as the East India Company. The world's first modern limited liability law was enacted by the state of New York in 1811. In England it became more straightforward to incorporate a joint stock company following the Joint Stock Companies Act 1844, although investors in such companies carried unlimited liability until the Limited Liability Act 1855.
|
|
From 1841 to 1844 he wrote for The Times, and he helped to found The Guardian in 1846; he also did a good deal to assist the Tractarian movement. But he eventually settled down to the life of a government official. He began in 1844 as registrar of joint-stock companies, and in 1846 became commissioner of lands and emigration. Between 1857 and 1859 he was engaged in government missions abroad, connected with colonial questions, and in 1860 he was appointed permanent Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies.
|
|
In August 2007, a $750,000 in-world Linden Dollar bank or Ponzi scheme called Ginko Financial collapsed due to a bank run triggered by Linden Lab's ban on gambling. The aftershocks of this collapse caused severe liquidity problems for other virtual "Linden Dollar banks", which critics had long asserted were scams. On Tuesday, January 8, 2008 Linden Lab announced the upcoming prohibition of payment of fixed interest on cash deposits in unregulated banking activities in-world. All banks without real-world charters closed or converted to virtual joint stock companies by January 22, 2008.
|
|
Arun Joshi was raised in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, where his father A C Joshi was Vice Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University. On returning to India, he began working at Delhi Cloth & General Mills, North India's first textile factory and among the earliest joint-stock companies of the country, as chief of its recruitment and training department. He married Rukmini Lal, a daughter of a shareholder. He resigned from D.C.M. in 1965 while continuing to be the executive director of Shri Ram Centre for Industrial Relations and Human Resources in Delhi.
|
|
"Jack and the Giant Joint-Stock", a cartoon in Town Talk (1858) satirizing the 'monster' joint-stock economy that came into being after the Joint Stock Companies Act 1844. Companies, almost inevitably, returned to the forefront of commerce, although in England to circumvent the Bubble Act 1720 investors had reverted to trading the stock of unincorporated associations, until it was repealed in 1825. However, the cumbersome process of obtaining Royal charters was simply insufficient to keep up with demand. In England there was a lively trade in the charters of defunct companies.
|
|
By expanding into new territories and enslaving indigenous cultures, primitive accumulation became a source of quick and easy capital. Famine even became a tool for capitalists in 1769–1770 when England raised the price of rice in India so that only the rich could afford it. National debt soon became a tool of control for capitalists who turned unproductive money into capital through lending and exchange. Encouraged to participate in the creation of debt, each worker participates in the creation of "joint-stock companies, the stock-exchange, and modern bankocracy".
|
|
According to the State Statistical Committee (SSC) 01.01.2001, 1169 state-owned enterprises with a charter capital of 2445.9 billion manat, including 117 state-owned enterprises with a total charter capital of 543.3 billion manat in the industry, 321 enterprises with a charter capital of 1082.9 billion manat in the agrarian sector, 140 enterprises with a charter capital of 155.0 billion manat in transport section, 135 state-owned enterprises with a charter capital of 157.6 billion manat in the construction section and other enterprises have been transformed into joint-stock companies.
|
|
At the end of the 1990s, the operational business of Deutsche Bahn was reorganised into five legally independent joint-stock companies. This measure formed part of the second stage of the German rail reform. Within the scope of the reform, a precursor company was initially established in 1997 to facilitate a transformation of the rail freight transport division structured under public law into a private enterprise company before the company DB Cargo AG was ultimately founded on 1 January 1999. The headquarters of DB Cargo AG were established in Mainz.
|
|
Redmond's first professional work in acting was with musicals performed by stock companies in the Cleveland area. Beyond that, her theatrical experience ranges from appearing with Nancy Walker in the 1955 revue Phoenix '55 to understudying both Angela Lansbury in the original Broadway production of Stephen Sondheim's Sweeney Todd and Judy Holliday in Bells Are Ringing. Coincidentally, she parodied Lansbury's Jessica Fletcher character on a 1988 episode of Hunter, entitled "Murder, He Wrote". She played a supporting role in the 1981 Broadway production of Ronald Harwood's The Dresser, which starred Tom Courtenay.
|
|
See Henry James Sumner Maine, Ancient Law (1861) However, freedom of contract did not, as the economist Adam Smith observed, change a worker's factual dependency on employers. As its height, the businesses and corporations of Britain's industrial revolution organised half the world's production across a third of the globe's surface and a quarter of its population. Joint Stock Companies, building railways, canals and factories, manufacturing household goods, connecting telegraphs, distributing coal, formed the backbone of the laissez faire model of commerce. Industrialisation also meant greater urbanisation, and inevitably miserable conditions in the factories.
|
|
The building was built in the Art Nouveau style in the early twentieth century. A characteristic feature of the tenement houses of the late nineteenth – early twentieth centuries is the location of the commercial premises on the ground floor of the building. The first floor of the house rented, commercial and industrial company "Link", engaged in sale of cars "Lorelei" joint stock companies "Rudolf Ley". In the 1920s, the building was nationalized — the upper floors were reserved for residential purposes, and in the basement was placed a student cafeteria.
|
|
On February 10 existing import licenses were revoked and importers had to reapply for new ones. On March 4 all banks had to become joint stock companies owned by UAR Arab citizens. Of the 16 banks operating in Syria at this time, 6 were UAR- Arab owned, 6 were owned by non-UAR Arabs and 7 were owned by non-Arabs. From February 20 until March 8 1961, Nasser was on his fifth and final visit in Syria, where he made speeches denouncing liberal economy and promoting a more socialist, state controlled model.
|
|
The glory of the goods of Gabrovo became known throughout the Ottoman Empire, and beyond that, in Bucharest even nowadays there is a street named "Gabroveni". Shortly before and after the Liberation of Bulgaria in 1878, Gabrovo developed as a centre of industry on the basis of its economic traditions. Joint-stock companies emerged, factories were constructed and connections to the large stock exchanges were created, prompting some to label the town "The Bulgarian Manchester".Gabrovo in Encyclopædia Britannica The Bulgarian National Revival church of Gabrovo, an architectural monument.
|
|
Born in a priests family, Ivan Vyshnegradsky graduated from the Tver Theological Seminary and later from the Main Pedagogical Institute. He later taught maths and mechanics at St. Petersburg military educational institutions. He specialized in mechanics and among his contributions was a set of criteria for identifying the stability of steam engine speed governors. By the time he was appointed a government minister his fortune was nearly a million roubles due to his participation in several joint-stock companies as well as being a renowned and talented entrepreneur.
|
|
The distribution of profits by other forms of mutual organization also varies from that of joint-stock companies, though may not take the form of a dividend. In the case of mutual insurance, for example, in the United States, a distribution of profits to holders of participating life policies is called a dividend. These profits are generated by the investment returns of the insurer's general account, in which premiums are invested and from which claims are paid. The participating dividend may be used to decrease premiums, or to increase the cash value of the policy.
|
|
This in one fell swoop put the English public debt on the same footing of creditworthiness in the eyes of Dutch investors, as the Dutch one. In the following decades wealthy Dutch investors invested directly in British government bonds, and also in British joint-stock companies like that Bank of England, and the Honourable East India Company. This was facilitated as after 1723 such stock, and certain government bonds, were traded jointly on the London and Amsterdam Stock Exchanges.De Vries and Van der Woude, p. 142 But this applied to a safely controlled ally like England.
|
|
As a result, the central government passed legislation to allow for the construction of more private railways. A Royal Commission, ordered by Hall, had removed plans for a railway line on the west coast of the North Island from Foxton to Wellington. Instead, in August 1881 the Railways Construction and Land Act was passed, allowing joint-stock companies to build and run private railways, as long as they were built to the government's standard rail gauge of and connected with the government railway lines. The Act had the effect of authorising the Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company to build the Wellington-Manawatu Line.
|
|
During the late 1990s more than 10,500 small enterprises had been privatized, and although privatization of medium- and large-sized firms had been slow, more than 1,200 medium - and large-sized companies had been set up as joint stock companies. A law and a decree establishing the legal basis and procedures for state property privatization reduced the number of companies controlled by the state. The United States began assisting Georgia in the process of reform soon after the country gained independence from Soviet Union. Gradually, the focus shifted from humanitarian to technical and institution-building programs.
|
|
The institute, which has a Royal Charter purpose of leading ‘effective and efficient governance and administration of commerce, industry and public affairs’, has over 125 years’ experience of educating and supporting governance professionals. Thomas Brown founded the London-based Institute of Secretaries in 1891 to represent the interests of corporation secretaries who had emerged to govern the administration of joint stock companies following the introduction of limited liability in 1855. The royal charter was granted in 1902. In 1970, the Institute of Secretaries merged with the Corporation of Secretaries becoming the Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators (ICSA) in 1971.
|
|
On his death his son Martin (1814–1880) succeeded him and formed a partnership with Joseph Brookes and they just ran Clarence Mill – though later Martin and his brother George built the Adelphi Mill. These mills were privately financed. The Swindells did not build tied cottages for their workers, but were generous benefactors of the local Methodist church. Joint stock companies that limited the capital at risk appeared in East Cheshire around 1866, when Samuel Greg and Company was formed. Brookes Swindells and Company Ltd was formed in 1876 and this enabled the financing of the 1877 expansion.
|
|
Elmer began acting in touring stock companies as a teenager and achieved great success in the stock company at the Central Theater in San Francisco from 1903-1906. Between 1910 and 1915 he starred in 40 movies; one of those was D. W. Griffith's The Musketeers of Pig Alley (1912), cited by many film experts as the first gangster movie. Playing "The Snapper Kid", a Manhattan street tough engaged in a turf war on the Lower East Side, Booth interpreted the gangster as a cocky, entertaining antihero, far different from the standard teeth-gnashing movie bad guys of his time.Edwards, Bobb (n.d.). . Ancestry.
|
|
This was initially not under the direction of local or central government, but under Joint Stock Companies for profit. For example, Key Hill Cemetery in Birmingham’s Jewellery Quarter, founded in 1834, was a local example of such a Joint Stock venture. However, these efforts by private enterprise could not, by themselves, solve the overall problem, and as a direct result of the cholera epidemics of 1831-1832 and 1848-1849 central government had to take action. Between 1852 and 1857 a series of Burial Acts were passed, which established a national system of public cemeteries under the direction of local Burial Boards.
|
|
Robert Lowe, then Vice President of the Board of Trade has been dubbed the "father of modern company law" for his role in drafting the 1855 reforms. By the 1820s the Industrial Revolution had gathered pace, pressing for legal change to facilitate business activity. Restrictions were gradually lifted on ordinary people incorporating until, under the Joint Stock Companies Act 1844, it was possible through a simple registration procedure to incorporate. The advantage of establishing a company as a separate legal person was mainly administrative, as a unified entity under which the rights and duties of all investors and managers could be channeled.
|
|
He was knighted in the 1902 Coronation Honours, receiving the accolade from King Edward VII at Buckingham Palace on 24 October that year, and made a Baronet, of Queen's Gate in the Royal Borough of Kensington in 1907. He was a member of a number of parliamentary and other governmental committees including the Indian Currency Committee, the Advisory Committee on Commercial Intelligence and the Committee on Joint Stock Companies. From 1908 - 1910 was acting Chairman of Ways and Means. He was also a commissioner for the international exhibitions held in Paris in 1900, Milan in 1906 and Brussels in 1910.
|
|
Fort St. George was founded at Madras in 1639. At the end of the 16th century, England and the Netherlands began to challenge Portugal's monopoly of trade with Asia, forming private joint-stock companies to finance the voyages—the English, later British, East India Company and the Dutch East India Company, chartered in 1600 and 1602 respectively. The primary aim of these companies was to tap into the lucrative spice trade, an effort focused mainly on two regions; the East Indies archipelago, and an important hub in the trade network, India. There, they competed for trade supremacy with Portugal and with each other.
|
|
Gable was inspired to become an actor after seeing the play The Bird of Paradise at age 17, but unable to make a start in acting until turning 21 and receiving his $300 inheritance from a Hershelman trust. After his stepmother died in 1920, his father moved to Tulsa, Oklahoma, going back into the oil business. He worked with his father for some time in Oklahoma wildcatting and sludge removing in the oil fields before traveling to the Pacific Northwest. Gable toured in second-class stock companies, finding work with traveling tent shows, lumber mills and other odd jobs.
|
|
The new regulations were seen as an effort to break state farms into smaller units and address critical food shortages in the Soviet Union. The legislation also enabled these enterprises to withdraw from associations on their own, which led to the process of so-called spontaneous privatization in which control over some industrial assets was acquired by their managers. However, this accounted for only several thousand enterprises, a small fraction of the Soviet industry. In September 1990, the Soviet parliament granted Gorbachev emergency privatization powers, including the authority to transform state enterprises into joint-stock companies with shares offered on stock exchanges.
|
|
Rail Operations Group (ROG) specialises in ad-hoc movement of rolling stock for rolling stock companies and train operating companies as well as locomotive spot hire services and the operation of charter trains. It has its headquarters and main offices based in Derby. ROG was established during 2014, and received its operating licence from the Office of Rail and Road (ORR) during March 2016, commencing rail operations immediately thereafter. Early on, ROG operated a small fleet of leased locomotives, and has quickly diversified its fleet to include both newer and more powerful types such as the , and .
|
|
George Barbier, Willard Robertson, Claude Cooper, Allen Jenkins and William Foran in the original Broadway production of The Front Page (1928) Barbier began his career in light opera and spent several years in repertory and stock companies. He eventually played on Broadway, where he appeared in seven productions between 1922 and 1930, among them The Hunchback of Notre Dame, The Front Page and The Man Who Came Back. He signed a contract with Paramount Pictures in 1929 and later worked as a character actor for most of the major studios. His first film was The Big Pond (1930).
|
|
To develop and market this new software, the Ryshpan-Côté couple launched the joint-stock company Ryshco media inc.According to the Quebec enterprise register, this joint-stock company was incorporated on June 14, 2000 under the Canadian Law on joint stock companies; it operated until 2007. DubStudio integrated a voice recognition device developed by the "Centre de recherche en informatique de Montréal" (English: Montreal Computer Research Center) (CRIM), in close collaboration with the designers of DubStudio, for the needs of post- synchronization.Article "Dubstudio software/ Dubsynchro", by Huguette Gervais, Spring 2010, Circuit magazine of the Société des traducteurs du Québec.
|
|
In 1884, with advancing age, the increasing demand for capital and competition from joint- stock companies and banks, Dalgety incorporated his private partnerships as a joint-stock company, called Dalgety & Co, which was listed on the London Stock Exchange. By that time it had operations in London, Melbourne, Geelong, Launceston, Dunedin, Christchurch and Sydney. In the next three years Dalgety branches were opened in Queensland and Western Australia, and the properties and assets of the company increased by 50 per cent. Dalgety continued in active management as largest shareholder and chairman of directors until his death in 1894.
|
|
Because of the predominance of private farms in communist Poland, privatization of agriculture was not a major necessity during the reform period, as it was in the other postcommunist countries. Excessively large state farms were to be split into more efficient units and sold; some state farms would be converted into modern agrobusinesses operating as limited stock companies; and a certain number were to be retained as state experimental farms. In all cases, however, rapid modernization and improvement in agrotechnology were urgent requirements. The streamlining of agriculture faced serious obstacles in the early 1990s, notably because of the existing agrarian structure.
|
|
From its very outset, Western colonialism was operated as a joint public-private venture. Columbus' voyages to the Americas were partially funded by Italian investors, but whereas the Spanish state maintained a tight rein on trade with its colonies (by law, the colonies could only trade with one designated port in the mother country and treasure was brought back in special convoys), the English, French and Dutch granted what were effectively trade monopolies to joint-stock companies such as the East India Companies and the Hudson's Bay Company.Bob Moore, and Henk van Nierop. Colonial Empires Compared: Britain and the Netherlands, 1750–1850 (2017).
|
|
However, Company stock rose greatly in value as it expanded its operations dealing in government debt, and peaked in 1720 before suddenly collapsing to little above its original flotation price. The notorious economic bubble thus created, which ruined thousands of investors, became known as the South Sea Bubble. The Bubble Act 1720 (6 Geo I, c 18), which forbade the creation of joint-stock companies without royal charter, was promoted by the South Sea Company itself before its collapse. In Great Britain, many investors were ruined by the share-price collapse, and as a result, the national economy diminished substantially.
|
|
In some cases, the co-op follows Rochdale Principles where each shareholder has only one vote. Most cooperatives are incorporated as limited stock companies where the number of votes an owner has is tied to the number of shares owned by the person. Whichever form of voting is employed it is necessary to conduct an election among shareholders to determine who will represent them on the board of directors (if one exists), the governing body of the co-operative. The board of directors is generally responsible for the business decisions including the financial requirements and sustainability of the co-operative.
|
|
He was successful in finding investors, but the legal form of the company was a more difficult problem. By the Bubble Act of 1720, all joint-stock companies above a certain number of shareholders in England needed to receive a royal charter to incorporate, which meant that an act of Parliament was required. Winsor waged his campaign intermittently to 1807, when the investors constituted a committee charged with obtaining an act of Parliament. They pursued this task over the next three years, encountering adversities en route, the most important of which was the resistance by Boulton & Watt in 1809.
|
|
As the industrial revolution expanded, the board's work became increasingly executive and domestic and from the 1840s a succession of acts of parliament gave it regulatory duties, notably concerning railways, merchant shipping, and joint- stock companies. This department was merged with the Ministry of Technology in 1970, to form the Department of Trade and Industry. The Secretary of State for Trade and Industry (from 2009 Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills) was also President of the Board of Trade. The full board has met only once since the mid-20th century, during commemorations of the bicentenary of the board in 1986.
|
|
The number of farms had decreased steadily in West Germany, from 1.6 million in 1950 to 630,000 in 1990. In East Germany, where farms were collectivized under the socialist regime in the 1960s, there had been about 5,100 agricultural production collectives with an average of 4,100 hectares under cultivation. Since unification, about three-quarters of the collectives have remained as cooperatives, partnerships, or joint-stock companies. Other East German collectives were broken up, ownership reverting primarily the individual farmers who had been accorded post-war title to their lands; or were privately sold, becoming about 14,000 private farms.
|
|
The Commission reviewed the Wellington - Manawatu line in March 1880, and concluded that work should be abandoned. In response, John Plimmer, considered the "father of Wellington", proposed the formation of a private company to build and operate the line. The Wellington Chamber of Commerce supported the move, and the Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company was formed in May 1881. That year the government passed the Railway Construction and Land Act, which allowed joint stock companies to build and run private railways, so long as they were built to the government's specified gauge and connected with a government line.
|
|
Before the Victorian Era, all of London's dead were buried in small urban churchyards, which were so overcrowded and so close to where people lived, worked, and worshipped that they were causing disease and ground water contamination. An Act of Parliament was passed which allowed joint-stock companies to purchase land and set up large cemeteries outside the boundaries of the City of London. There were seven great cemeteries (the "Magnificent Seven") laid out about the same time (1832-41). Highgate Cemetery is the most well known; the others are Nunhead, West Norwood, Kensal Green, Brompton, Abney Park.
|
|
Specific types of enterprises, that are undergoing pilot verification within CIP EQUAL projects and that are already functioning in the Czech Republic, are social firms employing seriously disadvantaged target groups, and municipal social cooperatives as a suitable form of entrepreneurship with the view of development of local communities and microregions. :The legal form a social enterprise takes may not always be seen as important—however, they must be subject of private law. According to the existing legal system, they can function in a form of cooperatives, civic associations, public benefit associations, church legal entities, Ltd., stock companies and sole traders.
|
|
A number of company secretaries joined together in the United Kingdom in 1891 to form a society which promoted their professional interests. The society obtained incorporation under a Royal Charter in 1902 and the members of the Chartered Institute of Secretaries of Joint Stock Companies and other Public Bodies become known as Chartered Secretaries. An amendment to the Institute's Charter gave it the name of the Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators (ICSA) in 1971. Established in Australia in 1909, the Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators — Australian Division changed its name to Governance Institute of Australia in 2013.
|
|
In > the case of joint-stock companies this is obvious. And the modern state, > too, is only the organization with which bourgeois society provides itself > in order to maintain the general external conditions of the capitalist mode > of production against encroachments either by the workers or by individual > capitalists. The modern state, whatever its form, is then the state of the > capitalists, the ideal collective body of all the capitalists. The more > productive forces it takes over as its property, the more it becomes the > real collective body of the capitalists, the more citizens it exploits.
|
|
Executives are also compensated with restricted stock, which is stock given to an executive that cannot be sold until certain conditions are met and has the same value as the market price of the stock at the time of grant. As the size of stock option grants have been reduced, the number of companies granting restricted stock either with stock options or instead of, has increased. Restricted stock has its detractors, too, as it has value even when the stock price falls. As an alternative to straight time vested restricted stock, companies have been adding performance type features to their grants.
|
|
Beesfund is one of the first crowdfunding platforms in Central and Eastern Europe, operating in the model of selling shares of joint-stock companies. Companies that issue shares on Beesfund are able to build an investor community around their ideas, and run campaigns to promote the offerings. In open public equity-crowdfunding issuances, the legally available amount for Polish entities is currently . The issuer is not obliged to issue an issue prospectus or investment memorandum, which is why Beesfund is dominated by companies with a ready business model that depends on the dispersion of capital and shareholders.
|
|
The act of writing petitions asking the courts for freedom has been a practice within North America dating back to the late 1600s. Some of the first petitions for freedom were not directed at the courts, but to the various colonial joint stock companies, such as the Dutch West India Company, which operated in the Northeast and mid-Atlantic area. During the early importation of enslaved laborers, the West India Company had no strict laws governing their status and condition. Enslaved persons were allowed to marry and raise families as long as they continued to work for the company.
|
|
Brennan, alongside other Fenians based in Connacht, successfully campaigned for John O'Connor Power in the 1874 general election, despite strong opposition to Power's candidacy from the Irish Catholic Church. Brennan moved to Dublin in 1876 to work at the head office of Murtagh Bros, which had been renamed the North City Milling Company and was one of the largest stock companies in Ireland. The company was led by fellow IRB member Patrick Egan, who appointed Brennan as his secretary. During this time Brennan also became secretary of the Leinster IRB, and honorary secretary of the Dublin Mechanics Institute.
|
|
The son of a pharmacist, Roseman was born in Terre Haute, Indiana, christened Ernest Frederick Roseman. His father died of tuberculosis when he was seven years old so Edward and his two siblings, Jenny May and Henry, were raised in Terre Haute by his mother, Mary Lucinda. As a young adult, Roseman worked on a railroad before succumbing to the lure of vaudeville and traveling theater stock companies, including the Margaret Bird Stock Company and those founded by playwrights Lincoln J. Carter and Wright Lorimer. Between 1913 and 1921, Roseman was a popular actor in silent films, appearing in about 50 motion pictures during that span.
|
|
The Joint Stock Companies Bill was introduced to Parliament by the then Vice President of the Board of Trade, Robert Lowe. In doing so he proclaimed the right of every citizen to have freedom of contract and with it obtain limited liability for operating a business. Companies had until recently been prohibited, as a result of the Bubble Act and the stock market panics of the early 18th century. There was still a lot of suspicion of companies, but Lowe rejected the idea that a limited company is inherently subject to fraud, and proposed the suffix "Ltd" to make businesses aware of limited liability.
|
|
German occupation authorities nationalized the property of Aeroput in Knez Mihailova Street 32, where they moved their national airlineDeutsche Luft Hansa (DHN). After the war Aeroput renewed work on 2 July 1945, and a general meeting of shareholders elected the first post- war management of the company. The meeting was attended by delegates of the new government of Democratic Federative Yugoslavia (DFY), and with the participation of then the Head of State Ivan Ribar, who was a pre-war shareholder and board member. However, the later communist government of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia adopted a decree prohibiting private joint-stock companies, and on 24 December 1948 Aeroput was liquidated.
|
|
Excerpt of an advertisement published in the 1851 edition of the Farmer's Almanac and Calendar Although the Equitable Fire Insurance Company was not a subsidiary of the National Loan, the two companies were related. Both were stock companies owned by a large number of investors, and ownership might have been shared by the same investors. But regardless of whether or not there were common owners, there were five individuals who were directors of both companies and one of them was T. Lamie Murray (who also was chairman of both boards of directors). The two companies appeared together in the same advertisements and initially shared the same address in London.
|
|
It was under Thatcher's successor John Major that the railways themselves were privatised, using the Railways Act 1993. The operations of the BRB were broken up and sold off, with various regulatory functions transferred to the newly created office of the Rail Regulator. Ownership of the infrastructure including the larger stations passed to Railtrack, while track maintenance and renewal assets were sold to 13 companies across the network. Ownership of passenger trains passed to three rolling stock companies (ROSCOs) – the stock being leased out to passenger train operating companies (TOCs) awarded contracts through a new system of rail franchising overseen by the Office of Passenger Rail Franchising (OPRAF).
|
|
Born in Xenia, Ohio, Charles Grapewin ran away from home to be a circus acrobat which led him to work as an aerialist and trapeze artist in a traveling circus before turning to acting. He traveled all over the world with the famous P. T. Barnum circus. Grapewin also appeared in the original 1903 Broadway production of The Wizard of Oz, 36 years before he would be featured in the famous Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film version. After this he continued in theatre, on and offstage, for the next thirty years, starting with various stock companies, and wrote stage plays as a vehicle for himself.
|
|
Complying with the recommendations of the Swiss Code of Best Practice for Corporate Governance 2014 issued by economiesuisse and meeting the requirements of the Ordinance Against Excessive Compensation in Listed Stock Companies, Swisscom opted for practicing effective and transparent corporate governance. At present, Swisscom's corporate responsibility strategy involves fostering long-standing partnerships in the areas of climate and environmental protection, sustainable living and working, social responsibility and media expertise. Swisscom was ranked 20th in the Global 100 Most Sustainable Corporations in the World in 2015. Swisscom has been granted the Sustainability Award 2020 by World Finance as the world's most sustainable organisation in the telecommunications industry.
|
|
MDM Bank was named the "Bank of the Year" by The Banker in 2002 and 2003. In 2003, Euromoney and, in 2004, Global Finance, named it the "Best Russian Bank". In 2000, Melnichenko, together with Sergei Popov, a former metals trader from Ural, co-founded the MDM Group for industrial investments into three areas: pipeline manufacturing, coal production and processing, production and processing of fertilizers. It was done through the acquisition of more than 50 independently run and owned businesses: joint-stock companies, plants and mines, which enabled to form three separate companies: SUEK, EuroChem and TMK (which he exited in 2006 through an IPO at the London Stock Exchange).
|
|
The primary form of financial business set up as a mutual company in the United States has been mutual insurance. Some insurance companies are set up as stock companies and then mutualized, their ownership passing to their policy owners. In mutual insurance companies, what would have been profits are instead rebated to the clients in the form of dividend distributions, reduced future premiums or paid up additions to the policy value. This is a competitive advantage to such companies—the idea of owning a piece of the company could be more attractive to some potential clients than the idea of being a source of profits for investors.
|
|
In all public stock companies (ASA) boards, either gender should be represented by at least 40%. This affects roughly 400 companies of over 300,000 in total. Seierstad & Opsahl in their study of the effects of affirmative action on presence, prominence, and social capital of women directors in Norway found that there are few boards chaired by a woman, from the beginning of the implementation of the affirmative action policy period to August 2009, the proportion of boards led by a woman has increased from 3.4% to 4.3%. This suggests that the law has had a marginal effect on the sex of the chair and the boards remain internally segregated.
|
|
Said bin Salim Al Shaksy (Arabic: سعيد بن سالم الشقصي) (born Zanzibar in 1934 - 2015) was the founder and chairman of The Shaksy Group.Sharikat HaniThe Shaksy Group - Board Al Shaksy has been a member and Managing Director of several Joint-Stock Companies, including Al Bank Al Ahli Al Omani SAOG, Oman Fisheries Co. SAOG and Oman Hotels Co. SAOG. Prior to starting his own business, Al Shaksy played a key role in the Omani government, he was the first Undersecretary at the Ministry of Health Sultanate of Oman in 1970. Later Al Shaky became the Consul General of the Sultanate of Oman, Karachi, Pakistan (1975).
|
|
Stehli's professional acting debut came with a stock theater company in Bayonne as he had understudy and bit-part responsibilities and worked with props. He worked there and with other stock companies until 1919, when he was invited to join the Theatre Guild. Stehli appeared in the films Boomerang, Executive Suite, Drum Beat, The Cobweb, The Brothers Karamazov, No Name on the Bullet, 4D Man, Cash McCall, Atlantis, the Lost Continent, Parrish, Pocketful of Miracles, The Spiral Road, Twilight of Honor, Seconds, The Tiger Makes Out and Loving, among others. His television appearances include: Perry Mason Season 1, Episode 39 (1958) as Daniel Reed in, “The Case of the Rolling Bones”.
|
|
Lee World Group is a business involving manufacturing, international trade, investment, mergers and acquisitions, real estate, general aviation, and education into one integrated group in with locations in New York, Beijing, Shanghai, Wuhan, Huailai, Ürümqi, Vientiane, Cincinnati and Vienna, totalling over 20 wholly owned companies, joint ventures and joint stock companies. Moreover, in nearly 30 years of the Sino-US economic and trade, Lee also acted as a bridge for cultural exchange, for which he was awarded the Peace Development Award. Dr. Lee donated one million RMB to the China Friendship Peace and Development Foundation. The donation was used to produce a 45-minute-long documentary titled “Touching The Tigers”.
|
|
This could not be given except to a society, and so a school society was subsequently formed and registered with the registrar of joint stock companies – U.P. in February 1924. Till 1947, the school taught only up to the middle school, and it was only the following year that the U.P. Government accorded the school the status of being a high school. The institution has always been co-educational throughout the 103 years of its existence. The same institute also has a sister concern school "St Jude's School" which was formerly established for pre-schooling and kindergarten till 2nd grade but went on to become a full-fledged senior secondary school.
|
|
According to Valery Makharadze, the government's chief inspector, many joint stock companies were formed to provide an illegal means for capital outflows from Russia, such as the Leningrad Association of Joint Ventures and KOLO.Dawisha p. 65 Numerous officials became wealthy Russian oligarchs including numerous former KGB officials, prominent Communists such as Oleg Belyakov and other former Communists who headed the party Central Committee department that dealt with the defense industry, as well as Leonid Kravchenko, who was the former head of the state television and radio company. Jules Kroll, the head of the Kroll Associates, uncovered hundreds of illicit transactions with massive capital outflows.
|
|
Soon, the Bourse became very active and contributed substantially to the funding requirements of new enterprises across the country. However, its success was clouded by a string of events, including the Great Depression of 1929 and the impending World War II abroad which had taken their toll in the just developing business world in Turkey. During the industrial drive of the subsequent decades, there was a continuous increase in the number and size of joint stock companies, which began to open up their equity to the public. Those mature shares faced a strong and growing demand from mostly individual investors and some institutional investors.
|
|
She was its first vice-president and the president of the ladies' art and science class. One of the first stock companies of women for revenue owes its existence to Hiles. She originated and propounded to the club the idea of a stock company of women for the building of a permanent woman's club home, which building idea was afterwards extended by the stock company to facilities for revenue other than that derived from the club. She was one of the active incorporators of the Wisconsin Training School for nurses, and had several times been a delegate to the National Conference of Charities and Reforms.
|
|
During the period before the war, all companies with the exception of Alkett (which was under the control of Rhine-Metal Borsig, a subsidiary of the government-controlled Hermann Göring Works) were privately owned stock companies with the stock available for purchase by the public. All these companies, with the exception again of Alkett, produced tanks in addition to their normal peacetime manufacture of trucks, locomotives, and other heavy equipment. From 1935 onward, the government progressively increased its control over industries engaged in rearmament. The Nazi Party's Four Year Plan introduced in 1936 placed Hermann Göring in leadership of the state's efforts to bring industry into state control.
|
|
The NSSSA began as an idea in 1986 among two students at Halifax West High School in Halifax, Nova Scotia. The idea was based on an already established organization in Ontario known as the OSSSA (which has since been retired). The NSSSA was officially registered with the joint stock companies of Halifax in 1992, and the first Provincial Conference was held that same year. Known as L.I.N.K. (Leadership In Nova Scotia Kicks), it was sparsely attended, lasted for one day, and barely resembled the current structure of the NSSSA, but the enthusiasm generated by the conference was carried over to the next year, and conferences have been held every year.
|
|
Prior to the World War I, ZIBA took a minority holding in Serbian Credit Bank. Just before the outbreak of World War I, ZIBA had 1,068 employees, 11 branches in Bohemia and Moravia, and branches in Vienna, Cracow, Lviv, and Trieste. At that time ZIBA alone accounted for almost a third of the total capital of the Czech banking system. After the formation of the Czechoslovak Republic in 1918, ZIBA grew rapidly because of its role as the new state's key bank. The Nostrification Law of 1920 forced joint-stock companies to transfer their head offices to the territory of the new state where they had their factories and plants.
|
|
At the age of 25, Deloitte opened his own office opposite the Bankruptcy Court in Basinghall Street. Three momentous Companies Acts created joint-stock companies, laying the foundation for modern company structures, and Deloitte was in his element. He made his name with the industry of the day—the railways—and in 1849 at the Great Western Railway, amidst a great commotion; he became the first independent auditor ever appointed. He discovered fraud perpetrated on the Great North Railway by Leopold Redpath, invented a system for railway accounts that protected investors from mismanagement of funds, and was to become the grand old man of the profession.
|
|
When Knighthood Was in Flower (1922) After high school, he left home for New York and the American Academy of Dramatic Arts at the age of 18. In 1912, Powell graduated from the AADA, and worked in some vaudeville and stock companies. After several successful experiences on the Broadway stage, he began his Hollywood career in 1922, playing a small role as an evil henchman of Professor Moriarty in a production of Sherlock Holmes with John Barrymore. He later performed as Francis I in When Knighthood Was in Flower with Marion Davies, which was considered the most expensive film ever produced at the time.Life, Volume 80, p.
|
|
Clandon Park House was transformed from a large manor house to a lavish English country house by this Lord Onslow, but the 3rd Lord Onslow had its interiors finished. It features a two-storey Marble Hall and marble chimney and other pieces by the Flemish sculptor Michael Rysbrack, but the interior was gutted by fire in 2015. As Lord Onslow he was a leading participant in an insurance business known as Onslow's Insurance or Onslow's Bubble, which secured incorporation under the Bubble Act as Royal Exchange Assurance Corporation.W. R. Scott, The Constitution and Finance of ... Joint-Stock Companies to 1720 (Cambridge University Press, 1911) III, 396-409.
|
|
Since 1955, KB-1 developed such air defence missile systems as the S-25 Berkut, S-75 Dvina, S-125 Neva/Pechora, S-200 Angara/Vega/Dubna, S-300, S-400 Triumf, S-300PMU, S-300PMU2, and S-350E Vityaz. On 30 November 2009, the board of directors of Almaz-Antey voted to reorganize the joint-stock companies NIEMI, NIIRP, MNIIRE Altair and MNIIPA, merging them with NPO Almaz to form GSKB joint venture. GSKB became the head R&D; arm of Almaz-Antey holdings, becoming its Head System Design Bureau (). NIIRP scientific & research center is developing the Joint system of air and ballistic missile defense ().
|
|
The years after the Russian conquest, Azerbaijan saw significant economic development, especially in the city of Baku after the second half of the 19th century. The separate currencies of the former khanates were replaced by the ruble and the tariffs between them were abolished. These reforms encouraged further investment in the region. Russia started investing joint-stock companies in the region and by the 1840s the steamships first sailed on the Caspian. The port of Baku saw an increase from an average of 400,000 rubles of trade in the 1830s to an average of 500,000 in the 1840s and between 700,000 and 900,000 rubles in the wake of the Crimean War.
|
|
However, by this time the Chinese had figured out how to use bituminous coke to replace the use of charcoal, and with this switch in resources many acres of prime timberland in China were spared. This switch in resources from charcoal to coal was later used in Europe by the 17th century. The economy of the Song dynasty was one of the most prosperous and advanced economies in the medieval world. Song Chinese invested their funds in joint stock companies and in multiple sailing vessels at a time when monetary gain was assured from the vigorous overseas trade and indigenous trade along the Grand Canal and Yangzi River.
|
|
He went to China as an assistant to his father David Sassoon, and later served as head of David Sassoon & Co. until his death. He also served as Chairman of the Sassoon Spinning and Weaving Co. and the Sassoon and Alliance Silk Co.. He also served as Chairman of the Board of the Port Canning and Land Improvement Co. and the Oriental Life Assurance Co., two Joint-stock companies. He sat on the Board of Directors of the Bank of Bombay and the Mumbai Port Trust. Sir James Fergusson, 6th Baronet (1832–1907) appointed him twice to the Council of the Governor of Bombay.
|
|
Lowe's previous university reputation and connections combined with his colonial experience stood him in good stead; The Times was glad to employ him, and, as one of its ablest leader-writers, he made his influence widely felt. In 1852, he was returned to Parliament for Kidderminster in the Liberal interest. In the House of Commons, his acute reasoning made a considerable impression, and, under successive Liberal ministries (1853–1858), he obtained official experience as Secretary to the Board of Control and Vice-President of the Board of Trade. During his time there, he saw the Joint Stock Companies Act 1856 passed – the first nationwide codification of company law in the world.
|
|
Created in 1855 by a group of directors of mutual insurance companies in order to hold exchanges regarding their status as mutual organisations and to defend the provision of insurance services in the mutual form, as an alternative to joint-stock companies. Today, this professional French association brings together 46 companies all of whom are subject to the regulations of the Insurance Code and to the supervision of the ACAM (Insurance Supervisory Authority in France). ROAM gathers mutual insurance companies (MIC) : an MIC is insurance company that does not have its capital divided into shares, is collectively managed by it policyholders who are also its members and which acts in their best interests.
|
|
Smith's Mill, or Lane End Mill, took on both young women and young men, their parents sticking to hand loom weaving. The 200 paid jobs it provided set new expectations of income for teenagers in the district. 'Harle Syke Shed, the next mill to open in 1858, has an interesting history, not so much for the architecture but the means by which it was financed over the 150 years of its existence. The Haggate Joint Stock Commercial Company was a collaborative venture set up under Sir Robert Peel's Joint Stock Companies Act of 1844. 64 wage-earning men and women signed the deed of settlement and agreed to take up one £10 share paying a one shilling deposit.
|
|
Many non-Serbs were dismissed from their jobs in the period after the takeover. The general tendency is reflected in a decision of the Serb regional authorities i.e. Crisis Staff of the Autonomous Region of Krajina (ARK) dated 22 June 1992, which provides that all socially-owned enterprises, joint-stock companies, state institutions, public utilities, Ministries of the Interior, and the Army of the Serbian Republic may only be held by personnel of Serbian nationality. The announcements broadcast on the radio, from 31 May 1992 onward, also obliged non-Serbs to hang white bed sheets outside their homes and wear white armbands, as a demonstration of their loyalty to the Serbian authorities.
|
|
Summer stock companies flocked to Maine each year, and in 1929 Flavin was asked to fill in for an actor. He did well with the part and the company manager offered him $150 per week to accompany the troupe back to New York. Flavin accepted and by the spring of 1930 was living in a rooming house at 108 W. 87th Street in Manhattan.United States Census records for 1930, New York, New York Flavin didn't manage to crack Broadway at this time; his Broadway debut would not occur for another 39 years, in the 1969 revival of The Front Page, in which he played Murphy and briefly took over the lead role of Walter Burns from Robert Ryan.
|
|
The Character Actresses, Alice Fleming, The Old Coral Born in Brooklyn, New York,Alice Fleming, Movies & TV, The New York Times Fleming was the leading actress with the Harry Davis, Baker, and Percy G. Williams stock companies. Her Broadway credits included When We Are Married (1939), Window Shopping (1938), 30 Days Hath September (1938), Stick-in-the-Mud (1935), One More Honeymoon (1934), The Pelican (1925), Thrills (1925), So this is Politics (Strange Bedfellows) (1924), The Lullaby (1923), Morphia (1923), The Masked Woman (1922), and As Ye Mould (1921). Fleming appeared in several silent films, usually playing a young society matron. In the 1921 film His Greatest Sacrifice, she played William Farnum's wife.
|
|
Although the commissariat remained the controlling center, the regime established other organizations to deal directly with foreign partners in the buying and selling of goods. These organizations included state import and export offices, joint stock companies, specialized import and export corporations, trusts, syndicates, cooperative organizations, and mixed-ownership companies. The end of the NEP period, the beginning of the first five-year plan (1928–32), and the forced collectivization of agriculture beginning in 1929 marked the early Stalin era. The government restructured foreign trade operations according to Decree Number 358, issued in February 1930, which eliminated the decentralized, essentially private, trading practices of the NEP period and established a system of monopoly specialization.
|
|
Bryant appeared in stock companies in Los Angeles and San Francisco, and spent several seasons on tour. She also played on Broadway, appearing in the then non-singing role of Morgan le Fay in Rodgers and Hart's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, before working in films. Her other Broadway credits included Marriage Is for Single People (1945), Baby Pompadour (1934), A Ship Comes In (1934), The First Apple (1933), The Dubarry (1932), The Stork is Dead (1932), Heigh-Ho, Everybody (1932), The Padre (1926), The Wild Rose (1926), No More Women (1926), The Firebrand (1924). Bryant had a supporting role in the Frank Morgan Show, a summer replacement for Jack Benny's program in 1946.
|
|
As Aeroposta expanded its network southwards and incorporated the Douglas DC-3 into its fleet, another three mixed-stock companies were in operation at the time: Aviación del Litoral Fluvial Argentino (ALFA) mainly operated flying boats northwards to the Mesopotamia, Flota Aérea Mercante Argentina (FAMA) operated overseas services with DC-4s as its mainstay equipment, and Zonas Oeste y Norte de Aerolíneas Argentinas (ZONDA) was mainly concerned with operations in the northwest region. These carriers became unprofitable and President Juan Perón had them amalgamated into a single state-owned company on . The state holding was officially rebranded as Aerolíneas Argentinas-Empresa del Estado. The four companies comprising the state holding ceased independent operations on .
|
|
Like the turnpikes, the early canals were constructed, owned, and operated by private joint-stock companies but later gave way to larger projects funded by the states. The Erie Canal, proposed by Governor of New York De Witt Clinton, was the first canal project undertaken as a public good to be financed at the public risk through the issuance of bonds. When the project was completed in 1825, the canal linked Lake Erie with the Hudson River through 83 separate locks and over a distance of . The success of the Erie Canal spawned a boom of other canal-building around the country: over of artificial waterways were constructed between 1816 and 1840.
|
|
He graduated from the law school of the University of New York in 1860, served as librarian at the Mercantile Library, New York, in 1869-72, and then for ten years managed the Union Square Theatre. After traveling in Europe he returned to New York in 1884 and then took charge of the Madison Square Theatre and later also of Palmer's Theatre at Broadway and Thirtieth Street. Richard Mansfield for a time appeared under his management, as well as Clara Morris, Evelyn Campbell, and many other notable stage people who played in his famous stock companies. His traveling companies made the plays Jim the Penman, Saints and Sinners, A Pair of Spectacles, and Elaine known throughout the country.
|
|
The laws of the United States hold that a legal entity (like a corporation or non-profit organization) shall be treated under the law as a person except when otherwise noted. This rule of construction is specified in 1 U.S.C. §1 (United States Code), which states: > In determining the meaning of any Act of Congress, unless the context > indicates otherwise— the words "person" and "whoever" include corporations, > companies, associations, firms, partnerships, societies, and joint stock > companies, as well as individuals; This federal statute has many consequences. For example, a corporation is allowed to own property and enter contracts. It can also sue and be sued and held liable under both civil and criminal law.
|
|
Her stage career began at age 17 in San Francisco and she worked in stock companies from Honolulu to Milwaukee before making her New York debut in 1900 as Bonita, the ranchman's daughter in Augustus Thomas's Arizona. Her ten-year career as a leading Broadway actress included top roles in such plays as Robert Browning's In a Balcony (1900), Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet (1903) opposite Kyrle Bellew, Israel Zangwill's Merely Mary Ann (1903–04 and 1907), Oliver Goldsmith's She Stoops to Conquer (1905), Zangwill's Nurse Marjorie (1906), and Paul Armstrong's adaptation of Bret Harte's Salomy Jane (1907).Mantle, Burns and Garrison P. Sherwood, eds., (1944) The Best Plays of 1899–1909, Philadelphia: The Blakiston Company, pp. 375,377,429,449,478,531.
|
|
High-end appraisal services are principally represented by valuation arms of the International "Big-four" consultancies in the country, but there also exist reputable national corporate valuation brands. Most of valuations in the country tend to be performed for statutory purposes envisaged by the Federal Valuation Law (the latest amendment in 2016) and other related laws, such as the Joint Stock Companies Law. Such pieces of legislation provide for more than 20 so-called "mandatory cases of valuation", including valuations for privatization purposes, lending purposes, bankruptcy and liquidation etc. Valuations for corporate accounts used to be much more prominent before 2000, when the national accounting regulator ceased to incentivize the accounting fair value option.
|
|
During his reign, Sheikh Ali oversaw the very first shipment of onshore Qatari oil from the port city in Mesaieed on 31 December 1949, marking Qatar's entry into the oil age. Aside from overseeing the first shipment of oil in Qatar, Sheikh Ali's reign saw the establishment of the first regular school for boys, the first regular school for girls, the funding of university places and the construction of the very first permanent hospital. In addition to these, Sheikh Ali also oversaw the construction of the Doha International Airport, several road networks, and water, electricity and port facilities. He also established additional government departments and ministries as well as the first joint stock companies.
|
|
Dividends subject to the tax are dividends from corporations, investment trusts, and mutual funds, including capital gains distributions from mutual funds. Taxable forms of interest include interest on bonds issued by persons, corporations, churches, joint stock companies, business trusts, U.S. states and local political subdivisions outside Tennessee, and foreign governments; and interest on mortgages, commercial paper, and other written obligations that mature more than six months after the date of issue. The tax does not apply to income from government obligations issued by the U.S. federal government and Tennessee state or local governments. Dividends from stock in banks and similar institutions (but not bank holding companies), as well as several types of Tennessee business, are exempt from the tax.
|
|
As a result, using the Merseyrail Electrics Network Order 2002 the Secretary of State for Transport exempted the system from being designated as a railway franchise under the privatisation legislation (the Railways Act 1993). This allowed the PTE to contract out the lines themselves, which it did with Merseyrail operated by Serco-Abellio commencing a 25-year contract on 20 July 2003.House of Common Briefing Paper SN6521 Railways: franchising policy, 30 September 2015, Louise ButcherMerseyrail franchise goes Dutch The Daily Telegraph 24 April 2003 Unlike most rolling stock that is owned by private sector rolling stock companies, Merseytravel owns the Class 507 and Class 508 fleets operated by Merseyrail and will likewise do so with the Class 777s.
|
|
She died on August 8, 1941, in Bourne, Massachusetts. Arthur Lincoln Howard was born on October 20, 1865, at New York City and later became a prominent Boston lawyer after graduating from Harvard. He married Emily Stewart in 1895 and became the father of a daughter and two sons. Arthur died in 1929 on January 19 at Cambridge. Walter Scott Howard was born on June 26, 1868, at New York City and later became an actor with Joseph Jefferson’s company before going on to play in a number of Shakespearean productions. He was a member of several New York stock companies and at one time he served as actress Ada Rehan’s manager.
|
|
John Cromwell (seated) as John Brooke with Alice Brady as Meg in the Broadway production of Little Women (1912) Upon leaving school, Cromwell immediately began his stage career touring with stock companies in Chicago, then made his way to New York City in his early 20s. Billed as Elwood Dager in his youth, he changed his name to John Cromwell at the age of 26 following a 1912 New York stage appearance.Canham, 1976 p. 60: "changed his name to John Cromwell…" Cromwell made his Broadway debut in the role of John Brooke in Little Women (1912) an adaptation of Louisa May Alcott's novel. The production was an immediate hit and ran for 184 performances.
|
|
A large number of qianzhuang had made several large investments in rubber companies, at the time there was a general perception that these companies were very profitable. The shareholders of large qianzhuang like the Zhengyuan Qianzhuang, Zhaokang Qianzhuang, and the Qianyu Qianzhuang had invested all the money they had in the Shanghai stock market and even went so far to borrow money from foreign banks to invest into rubber stocks. Together these shareholders bought 13,000,000 taels of silver worth of rubber stocks. In the year 1910 the total number of investments made in rubber stock companies was as high as 60,000,000 taels of silver, consequently the Shanghai financial market suffered because there wasn't enough cash to make loans.
|
|
He participated in stock companies and acted in productions of Hamlet, Othello, and Much Ado About Nothing with the American Shakespeare Company on Long Island. In 1965, while acting in a role in The Knack at the Red Barn Theater on Long Island, at a salary of $100 per week plus room and board, Maunder signed a contract with a management agency. Maunder made his first ever screen appearance on February 4, 1967, as Michael Duquesne in the episode "Race for the Rainbow" of the ABC western The Monroes, starring Michael Anderson, Jr., and Barbara Hershey. Maunder was credited as John Wilder on The Monroes but decided thereafter to return to his own name.
|
|
He provided for the development and implementation of an inter-agency portal for the interaction of state bodies, enterprises, and members of the management bodies of joint- stock companies. He took an active part in the implementation of the reform of management systems of organizations with public participation and the development and implementation of new tools and institutions in the field of corporate governance. He actively participated in the largest public offerings of shares of Russian companies, including the IPO of Rosneft in 2006 and the privatization of VTB Bank in 2011. He supported projects to create vertically integrated structures for companies with state participation, the formation of United Shipbuilding Corporation and United Aircraft Building Corporation.
|
|
In 1868 she had become an experimental travelling star, acting Rosalind, Bulwer's Pauline, and Knowles' Julia; but she was not successful at first, and during the next three or four years she took a variety of jobs, sometimes acting in metropolitan stock companies, and sometimes taking better positions. One of the expedients that she early adopted was that of a dramatic recital, given at St. James' Hall, London. Long afterwards she repeated that recital in America, with brilliant effect. Some of the parts that she played, at various London theatres, were: Lillian, in Dr Marston's Life for Life; Madame Vidal, in A Life Chase, by John Oxenford and Horace Wigan; and Mary Belton, in Uncle Dick's Darling.
|
|
Professional Stage Directors and Choreographers become members of SDC in order to unite with one another and be legally protected in their work. SDC covers the employment of Directors and Choreographers working on Broadway, National Tours, Off-Broadway, Association of Non-Profit Theatre Companies in New York City (ANTC), Resident Theatre or League of Resident Theatres (LORT), Resident Summer Stock Companies or Council of Resident Stock Theatres (CORST/TSS), Dinner Theatre or Dinner Theatre Agreement (DTA), Regional Musical Theatre (RMT) and Outdoor Musical Stock (OMS). SDC provides the options of a Tier, Regional Commercial or Special contract for its members whom would like to work for other theatres that it does not deal with directly.
|
|
The promoters of privatisation expected that the rolling stock companies (ROSCOs) would compete against each other to provide the TOCs with the rolling stock they required. In practice, in most cases the individual TOCs required specific classes of trains to run their services, and often only one of the ROSCOs would have that class of train, resulting in their having to pay whatever the ROSCO concerned cared to charge for leasing the trains. Old rolling stock was extremely profitable to the ROSCOs, as they were able to charge substantial amounts for their hire even though British Rail had already written off their construction costs. As trains grow older, the cost of their lease does not decrease.
|
|
The zone cancels out a number of financial requirements for setting up a company in China, including the minimum registration capital of RMB30,000 for limited liability companies, the RMB100,000 minimum for single shareholder companies, and the RMB5 million minimum for joint stock companies. Moreover, under the FTZ's new capital registration system, foreign investors are no longer required to contribute 15 percent capital within three months and full capital within two years of the establishment of a foreign invested enterprise (FIE)."Establishing a Company in the Shanghai FTZ", China Briefing, Shanghai, 12 March 2014. Instead, shareholders of companies established in the zone may agree upon the contribution amount, form, and period of contribution at their own discretion.
|
|
Born Ardel Mockbee on October 28, 1907, in Spokane, Washington, Ardel Wray was the only child of Virginia Brissac and Eugene Mockbee, both stage actors working in West Coast stock companies in the early 1900s. When her parents separated, she was brought to live with her maternal grandparents in San Francisco while her mother continued her career. She spent most of her childhood moving back and forth between her grandparents' home and a boarding school, and was raised primarily by her grandfather, B. F. Brisac, a prominent San Francisco businessman who was a surrogate father and mentor until his death in 1940.Ardel Wray estate records and family history (Courtesy of Stefani Warren, Executor).
|
|
Investment banks, such as Goldman Sachs or Morgan Stanley are frequently intermediaries in the equity issue process, and for some of these firms the fees associated with IPOs are a substantial part of their income. The role of these banks is to study the characteristics and business plans of the firm which is issuing equity and then recommend a minimum purchase price to investors. On the other hand, they are in charge of convincing investors that the purchase is a good opportunity and therefore the success of IPO placement partly hinges on the reputation of the investment bank that is doing it. Often it is done by joint stock companies to raise money.
|
|
Although father and son had long since died, the New York and London entities continued under the capable hands of their managing partners. From the mid 1940s to the early 1990s, the company witnessed significant growth in its catalogue and business. During this time, Stock companies, including the League of Resident Theatres were flourishing; so too were the Little Theatres, and the development of the Dinner theater, which was proving increasingly popular. Since the mid-1990s, the Samuel French catalogue has grown substantially with a focus on emerging playwrights carefully balanced by additional acquisitions of the most prominent American and British playwrights such as Neil Simon, Tom Stoppard, Edward Albee, August Wilson and David Mamet.
|
|
In 1859, the Crown Lands Department in the Province of Canada advertised a block of land for sale, comprising the townships of Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Gilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre, Clyde, and Longford. The purpose was to promote rapid settlement of the newly created townships in the district through private enterprise. The company, whose first chairman was Thomas Chandler Haliburton, was formed in April 1861 under the British Joint Stock Companies Act 1856,1865 Act, Preamble and acquired the above lands later that year, through the intermediary of an association formed by Richard Bethell, Samuel Gurney and George Lyall. Among its investors (who were approached by John Beverley Robinson to participate in the venture) were Sir Francis Bond Head, Henry Kingscote and Hugh Edmondstone Montgomerie.
|
|
In 1825 the government had repealed the Bubble Act, brought in after the near-disastrous South Sea Bubble of 1720, which had put close limits on the formation of new business ventures and, importantly, had limited joint stock companies to a maximum of five separate investors. With these limits removed anyone could invest money (and hopefully earn a return) on a new company and railways were heavily promoted as a foolproof venture. New media such as newspapers and the emergence of the modern stock market made it easy for companies to promote themselves and provide the means for the general public to invest. Shares could be purchased for a 10% deposit with the railway company holding the right to call in the remainder at any time.
|
|
The advantages of paper currency were numerous: it reduced the need to transport gold and silver, which was risky; it facilitated loans of gold or silver at interest, since the underlying specie (money in the form of gold or silver coins rather than notes) never left the possession of the lender until someone else redeemed the note; and it allowed a division of currency into credit- and specie-backed forms. It enabled the sale of stock in joint-stock companies and the redemption of those shares in a paper. But there were also disadvantages. First, since a note has no intrinsic value, there was nothing to stop issuing authorities from printing more notes than they had specie to back them with.
|
|
Tracing their modern history to the late Industrial Revolution, public companies now employ more people and generate more of wealth in the United Kingdom economy than any other form of organisation. The United Kingdom was the first country to draft modern corporation statutes,See Joint Stock Companies Act 1856. The French Code de Commerce of 1807, as part of the Napoleonic Code allowed for public company formation with limited liability after an express governmental concession, and the New York Act Relative to Incorporations for Manufacturing Purposes of 1811 allowed for free incorporation with limited liability, but only for manufacturing businesses. So, while necessarily drawing on ideas formulated in France and the US, the UK had the first modern company law.
|
|
Reform of state-owned enterprises has always been the key link of China's economic restructuring. The Chinese government has made various attempts to solve the problem of chronic extensive losses in this sector and by now almost every state-owned enterprise has adopted the company system. After being transformed into joint stock companies, the economic benefit of the state-owned enterprises increased steadily and their overall strength and quality were remarkably enhanced, gaining continuously in their control, influence and lead in the whole national economy. The role of free market forces has also been instrumental in altering China's sectoral make-up. After 1979, the forces of supply and demand meant that consumers could play a greater role in determining which crops would be planted.
|
|
In 1609 the Amsterdamsche Wisselbank (Amsterdam Exchange Bank) was founded which made Amsterdam the financial center of the world until the Industrial Revolution. In a notable example of crossover between stock companies and banks, the Bank of England, which opened in 1694, was a joint-stock company. Banking offices were usually located near centers of trade, and in the late 17th century, the largest centers for commerce were the ports of Amsterdam, London, and Hamburg. Individuals could participate in the lucrative East India trade by purchasing bills of credit from these banks, but the price they received for commodities was dependent on the ships returning (which often did not happen on time) and on the cargo they carried (which often was not according to plan).
|
|
Trade in this period was a risky business: war, weather, and other uncertainties often kept merchants from making a profit, and frequently an entire cargo would disappear all together. To mitigate this risk, the wealthy got together to share the risk through stock: people would own shares of a venture, so that if there was a loss, it would not be an all consuming loss costing the individual investor everything in one transaction. Other ways of dealing with the risk and expense associated with all of the new trade activity include insurance and joint stock companies which were created as formal institutions. People had been informally sharing risk for hundreds of years, but the formal ways they were now sharing risk was new.
|
|
Chinese boats from Zhang Zeduan's (1085–1145) painting Along the River During Qingming Festival; Chinese ships of the Song period featured hulls with watertight compartments instead of a keel with ribs During the Song dynasty, the merchant class became more sophisticated, well-respected, and organised. The accumulated wealth of the merchant class often rivalled that of the scholar- officials who administered the affairs of government. For their organisational skills, Ebrey, Walthall, and Palais state that Song dynasty merchants: > ... set up partnerships and joint stock companies, with a separation of > owners (shareholders) and managers. In large cities, merchants were > organised into guilds according to the type of product sold; they > periodically set prices and arranged sales from wholesalers to shop owners.
|
|
Highways in the USA circa 1825 Early toll roads were constructed between some commercial centers and were owned by joint-stock companies that sold stock to raise construction capital, such as the Lancaster Turnpike Company of Pennsylvania in 1795. In 1808 Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin's Report on the Subject of Public Roads and Canals suggested that the federal government should fund the construction of interstate toll roads and canals. While transportation needs were universally recognized, many Anti-Federalists opposed the federal government assuming such a role. The British coastal blockade in the War of 1812, and an inadequate internal capability to respond, demonstrated the United States' reliance upon such overland roads for military operations as well as for general commerce.
|
|
On this trip Shibusawa observed modern European societies and cultures for the first time, and realized the importance of industrial and economic development. After returning from Europe at the news of the change of governments now known as the Meiji Restoration, he established the Shōhō Kaishō, one of the first joint-stock companies in Japan, in Shizuoka Prefecture. Afterwards, he was invited by the Meiji government to become a member of the Ministry of Finance, where he became a driving force in the building of a modern Japan as head of the Kaisei Kakari, or office of the Ministry of Finance in charge of reform. In 1873 Shibusawa resigned from the Ministry of Finance and became the president of the Dai-ichi Bank (First National Bank).
|
|
After a short stint in the United States Marine Corps during his late teens, Carr launched his acting career with a role in a New Orleans production of Herman Melville's Billy Budd. By the middle 1950s, he was working on live television in New York City, including appearances on the popular Studio One and Kraft Television Theater, while continuing theatrical work in stock companies in Ohio and Michigan, including roles such as Peter Quilpe in The Cocktail Party, Haemon in Antigone, Jack in Tennessee Williams' The Rose Tattoo, and Hal Carter in William Inge's Picnic. He toured in summer stock with Chico Marx in Fifth Season. Carr made his film debut in 1955 with a small uncredited role in Alfred Hitchcock's thriller The Wrong Man.
|
|
In the 13th century, much of Europe experienced strong economic growth. The trade routes of the Italian states linked with those of established Mediterranean ports and eventually the Hanseatic League of the Baltic and northern regions of Europe to create a network economy in Europe for the first time since the 4th century. The city-states of Italy expanded greatly during this period and grew in power to become de facto fully independent of the Holy Roman Empire; apart from the Kingdom of Naples, outside powers kept their armies out of Italy. During this period, the modern commercial infrastructure developed, with double-entry book-keeping, joint stock companies, an international banking system, a systematized foreign exchange market, insurance, and government debt.
|
|
Private institutions devoted to education of the kinds and grades specified in the preceding section must be without exception in conformity with the provisions of sections I and II of the first paragraph of this article and must also be in harmony with official plans and programs. Religious corporations, ministers of religion, stock companies which exclusively or predominantly engage in educational activities, and associations or companies devoted to propagation of any religious creed shall not in any way participate in institutions giving elementary, secondary and normal education and education for laborers or field workers. The State may in its discretion withdraw at any time the recognition of official validity of studies conducted in private institutions. Elementary education shall be compulsory.
|
|
From its very outset, Western colonialism was operated as a joint public-private venture. Columbus' voyages to the Americas were partially funded by Italian investors, but whereas the Spanish state maintained a tight rein on trade with its colonies (by law, the colonies could only trade with one designated port in the mother country and treasure was brought back in special convoys), the English, French and Dutch granted what were effectively trade monopolies to joint-stock companies such as the East India Companies and the Hudson's Bay Company. The Massachusetts Bay Company, founded in 1628/9, swiftly established a form of self-governance following the Cambridge Agreement of August 1629, whereby subsequent meetings of the board of governors took place in Massachusetts itself.
|
|
Friedrich Engels, who argued that state ownership does not do away with capitalism by itself In the Anti-Duhring (1877), Friedrich Engels described state ownership, i.e. state capitalism, as follows: > If the crisis revealed the incapacity of the bourgeoisie any longer to > control the modern productive forces, the conversion of the great > organizations for production and communication into joint-stock companies > and state property shows that for this purpose the bourgeoisie can be > dispensed with. All the social functions of the capitalists are now carried > out by salaried employees. The capitalist has no longer any social activity > save the pocketing of revenues, the clipping of coupons, and gambling on the > stock exchange, where the different capitalists fleece each other of their > capital.
|
|
He was to become notorious for his violent assaults, which were usually unprovoked, but was invariably forgiven by the King. Montgomery took a keen interest in English colonial ventures, which were just taking off at this time, and was involved with several joint stock companies: he became a member of the council of the Virginia Company in 1612; was one of the original incorporators of the Northwest Passage Company in 1612; and became a member of the Honourable East India Company in 1614. Honours continued throughout the remainder of James' reign: Montgomery became keeper of the Palace of Westminster and St. James's Park in 1617; Lord Lieutenant of Kent in 1624; and finally, in December 1624, a member of the privy council.
|
|
The proposed canal, again surveyed in the 1790s as the private stock corporation Schuylkill and Susquehanna Navigation Company and its successor, the Union canal taken together with the Schuylkill Canal (1822) running W-E from Reading to Philadelphia (allowing large shipments of coal to Philadelphia), provided one of only two water routes between the Susquehanna River and the Delaware River. The other was the Chesapeake and Delaware canal. Using the canal, manufacturies in Philadelphia and New Jersey could ship goods west to the newly settled lands west of the gaps of the Allegheny, out to the midwest. The Union canal and the Schuylkill Canal companies were private stock companies and worked with the State built Pennsylvania Canal to tranship grain to Philadelphia.
|
|
Sarah Thorne was born in London in 1836, the eldest of ten children born to Richard Samuel Thorne (1813–1875), an actor and theatre manager who managed the Surrey Theatre, and his wife, Sarah née Rogers (1812–1896). Two of her younger brothers were Thomas Thorne, one of the founding managers of London's Vaudeville Theatre, and George Thorne, the singer and actor, best known for his performances in the comic baritone roles of the Savoy Operas with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company. Sarah Thorne made her stage debut aged 12 on 26 December 1848 in a pantomime produced by her father at the Pavilion Theatre, Whitechapel. Over the next few years she went on to appear in stock companies all over Great Britain.
|
|
Siemens Goole is a projected train factory located in Goole, East Riding of Yorkshire, England. Siemens Mobility scoped several sites in the United Kingdom before settling on Goole with an intent to build the plant if it were successful in gaining orders for new rolling stock. After a June 2018 announcement that Siemens had won the bid to build 94 New Tube for London trains for the Piccadilly Line, Siemens confirmed it would go ahead with building the factory, though this was then subject to further delays as other rolling stock companies objected to Siemens being given the contract. In November 2018, the High Court upheld the decision to award the contract to Siemens, but allowed the other train companies to pursue claims for damages.
|
|
In 1861 Harris was appointed Diocesan Registrar to the Bishop of Sodor and Man, Horatio Powys. In this capacity Harris became embroiled in the dispute between the Bishop and the Reverend Drury, Vicar of Braddan, concerning who was eligible in the appointment of the Vicar of St Thomas' Church, Douglas; a dispute which led to the church being closed for a number of years and which was only resolved following an expensive law suit. In June 1865, Samuel Harris was appointed Registrar of Deeds and following the passing of the Companies Act 1865, he became Registrar of Joint Stock Companies. Harris, together with Henry Noble, William Moore and William Callister founded the Isle of Man Bank in October 1865; Harris becoming the bank's Chairman in 1872.
|
|
Fragonset Railways class 47 at Virginia Water station April 2004 At the time of privatisation, the rolling stock of British Rail was sold to the new operators, as in the case of the freight companies, or to the three ROSCOs (rolling stock companies) which lease or hire stock to passenger and freight train operators. Leasing is relatively commonplace in transport since it enables operating companies to avoid the complication associated with raising sufficient capital to purchase assets; instead, assets are leased and paid for from ongoing revenue. Since 1994 there has been a growth in smaller spot-hire companies that provide rolling stock on short-term contracts. Many of these have grown thanks to the major selling-off of locomotives by the large freight operators, especially EWS.
|
|
Al Rajhi Bank branch 1985 Al Rajhi Bank branch 1996 - known then as Al Rajhi Banking and Investment Corporation Innovation Lab, in Mohammadia, Riyadh ATM Al Rajhi Bank Al Rajhi Bank e-branch in Al Sulaimaniya, Riyadh The Al Rajhi Bank () (previously known as Al Rajhi Banking and Investment Corporation)Al Rajhi Banking & Investment Corp, CEO launches new corporate identity and announces a name change. Albawaba is a Saudi Arabian bank and the world's largest Islamic bank by capital based on 2015 data. The bank is a major investor in Saudi Arabia's business and is one of the largest joint stock companies in the Kingdom, with over SR 330.5 billion in AUM ($88 billion) and over 600 branches. Its head office is located in Riyadh, with six regional offices.
|
|
Columbus' voyages to the Americas were partially funded by Italian investors, but whereas the Spanish state maintained a tight rein on trade with its colonies (by law, the colonies could only trade with one designated port in the mother country and treasure was brought back in special convoys), the English, French and Dutch granted what were effectively trade monopolies to joint-stock companies such as the East India Companies and the Hudson's Bay Company. In the exploration of Africa, there was the proliferation of conflicting European claims to African territory. By the 15th century, Europeans explored the African coast in search of a water route to India. These expeditions were mostly conducted by the Portuguese, who had been given papal authority to exploit all non- Christian lands of the Eastern Hemisphere.
|
|
The initial Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) network had heavy Japanese involvement in its construction, with 11 out of 30 civil contracts in the initial MRT construction being awarded local joint ventures with the Japanese firms. Many Japanese construction firms have since played a key role in the construction of subsequent MRT lines with examples including Taisei Corporation, Penta-Ocean, Nishimatsu and Tekken Corporation. Japanese rolling stock companies such as Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries have also been involved in supplying trains for the MRT. In particular, Kawasaki supplied 66 six-car MRT trains together with Nippon Sharyo, Tokyu Car Corp and Kinki Sharyo as part from 1986 to 1989 for the initial MRT network and later on, 21 additional trains with Nippon Sharyo from 1999 to 2001 to add capacity to the network.
|
|
These two features - a simple registration procedure and limited liability - were subsequently codified in the world's first modern company law, the Joint Stock Companies Act 1856. A series of Companies Acts up to the present Companies Act 2006 have essentially retained the same fundamental features. Over the 20th century, companies in the UK became the dominant organisational form of economic activity, which raised concerns about how accountable those who controlled companies were to those who invested in them. The first reforms following the Great Depression, in the Companies Act 1948, ensured that directors could be removed by shareholders with a simple majority vote. In 1977, the government's Bullock Report proposed reform to allow employees to participate in selecting the board of directors, as was happening across Europe, exemplified by the German Codetermination Act 1976.
|
|
Under Marxist ideology, capitalism refers to a stage of history in which there is a class system in which the proletariat is exploited by the bourgeoisie. Officially, according to the Chinese governments state ideology, China is currently in the primary stage of socialism. However, because of Deng Xiaoping and subsequent leaders' Chinese economic reforms, instituting pragmatism within policy, China has undertaken policies that are commonly considered capitalistic, including employing wage labor, increasing unemployment to motivate those who are still working, transforming state owned enterprises into joint stock companies and encouraging the growth of the joint venture and private capitalist sectors. A contrary Marxist view would describe China as just another variant of capitalism (state capitalism), much like the former Soviet Union, which was also claiming to be operating on principals of socialism.
|
|
Born and educated in Ohio, Emerson's earliest documented acting credits date from 1904, however like D. W. Griffith he probably played in regional stock companies before then. By 1912—the earliest known year for his involvement in film, as a writer—Emerson was working regularly as a director and writer on the Broadway stage. After periods with American Film Manufacturing Company, where he worked with Allan Dwan and Famous Players-Lasky, Emerson collaborated with George Nichols in making Ghosts, a Griffith production made for Reliance-Majestic Studios during the waning days of work on The Birth of a Nation. The result impressed Griffith to such an extent that Emerson stayed on as Reliance- Majestic changed its name to Fine Arts Film Company and came under the Triangle Film Corporation banner.
|
|
Railway stocks were particularly badly affected.The Times, 21 December 1866, p. 8; Issue 25687; col E, "Two embarrassed Railway Companies" (noting that railway joint stock companies had led the earlier boom, but in the subsequent revaluation both the London, Chatham and Dover Railway and the North British Railway fell insolvent during 1866) Overend Gurney's monetary difficulties increased, and it requested assistance from the Bank of England, but this was refused. The bank suspended payments on 10 May 1866. A run on the bank ensued as panic spread across London, Liverpool, Manchester, Norwich, Derby, and Bristol the following day, with large crowds around Overend Gurney's head offices at 65 Lombard Street.The Times, 12 May 1866, p. 12; Issue 25496; col C "The Panic". A further article on 14 May 1866, p.
|
|
Bubble Act 1720 (also Royal Exchange and London Assurance Corporation Act 1719)An Act for better securing certain Powers and Privileges intended to be granted by His Majesty by Two Charters for Assurance of Ships and Merchandizes at Sea, and for lending Money on Bottomry; and for restraining several extravagant and unwarrantable Practices therein mentioned, 6 Geo I, c. 18 was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain passed on 11 June 1720 that incorporated the Royal Exchange and London Assurance Corporation, but more significantly forbade the formation of any other joint-stock companies unless approved by royal charter. Its provisions were extended later by the Bubble Schemes, Colonies, Act 1740An Act for restraining and preventing several unwarrantable Schemes and Undertakings in His Majesty's Colonies and Plantations in America, 14 Geo. II, c.
|
|
Following the 1978 reforms, China developed what it calls a socialist market economy in which most of the economy is under state ownership, with the state enterprises organized as joint-stock companies with various government agencies owning controlling shares through a shareholder system. Prices are set by a largely free-price system and the state-owned enterprises are not subjected to micromanagement by a government planning agency. A similar system called socialist-oriented market economy has emerged in Vietnam following the Đổi Mới reforms in 1986. This system is frequently characterized as state capitalism instead of market socialism because there is no meaningful degree of employee self-management in firms, because the state enterprises retain their profits instead of distributing them to the workforce or government and because many function as de facto private enterprises.
|
|
Some town charters explicitly granted medieval towns the right of self-governance. Commercial endeavors were not among the entities incorporated in the medieval era, and even risky trading companies were originally run as common-law partnerships rather than corporations; the incorporation of the East India Company monopoly in 1600 broke new ground, and by the end of the century, commercial ventures frequently sought incorporation in Europe and the American continent. By the 19th century, the direction of British and American corporate law had diverged; British law of this period (such as the Joint Stock Companies Act 1856) appeared to focus more on corporations that more closely resembled traditional joint ventures, while American law was driven by the need to manage a more diverse corporate landscape.Blair, Margaret M. "Corporate personhood and the corporate persona".
|
|
However, there was still no limited liability and company members could still be held responsible for unlimited losses by the company.Re Sea Fire and Life Assurance Co., Greenwood's Case (1854) 3 De GM&G; 459 The next, crucial development, then, was the Limited Liability Act 1855, passed at the behest of the then Vice President of the Board of Trade, Mr. Robert Lowe. This allowed investors to limit their liability in the event of business failure to the amount they invested in the company – shareholders were still liable directly to creditors, but just for the unpaid portion of their shares. (The principle that shareholders are liable to the corporation had been introduced in the Joint Stock Companies Act 1844). The 1855 Act allowed limited liability to companies of more than 25 members (shareholders).
|
|
Ultimately the popular pressure that arose from the banking crisis and the recession that followed can be held partly responsible for the enfranchisement of 1.1 million people as a result of Disraeli's reform bill.Malcolm Pearce and Geoffrey Stewart, British Political History 1867–1990, published 1992 The Panic decimated shipbuilding in London, and the Millwall Iron Works holding company collapsed. Barely 16% of joint-stock companies weathered this tumult.George Robb, White-Collar Crime in Modern England: Financial Fraud and Business Morality, 1845–1929 (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1992), p. 71. The Companies Act 1862 created a financial boom which laid the groundwork for the larger banks of British finance during the latter half of the 19th century.Joshua Gooch, "On Black Friday, 11 May 1866", in BRANCH: Britain, Representation and Nineteenth-Century History, ed.
|
|
Between the 14th and 19th centuries, royal charters were used to create chartered companies – for-profit ventures with shareholders, used for exploration, trade and colonisation. Early charters to such companies often granted trade monopolies, but this power was restricted to parliament from the end of the 17th century. Until the 19th century, royal charters were the only means other than an act of parliament by which a company could be incorporated; in the UK, the Joint Stock Companies Act 1844 opened up a route to incorporation by registration, since when incorporation by royal charter has been, according to the Privy Council, "a special token of Royal favour or … a mark of distinction". The use of royal charters to incorporate organisations gave rise to the concept of the "corporation by prescription".
|
|
Its customer base continued to expand year after year over the following two decades to become one of the fastest growing and most innovative train manufacturing companies operating in Europe. Stadler Rail has become a serious competitor in several categories to traditional major rolling stock companies, such as Alstom, Bombardier and Siemens, and has successfully secured several major orders from the incumbent train operating companies of several nations. Regio- Shuttle RS1 During the 1990s, Stadler Rail partnered with multinational rolling stock company Adtranz to manufacture the Regio-Shuttle RS1. However, following Adtranz's acquisition by Bombardier during 2000, European Union regulators insisted that on the divestiture of the regional and tram product lines. As a consequence, Stadler Rail took 100% ownership of the Pankow factory in Berlin, becoming its first manufacturing base in Germany, in 2001.
|
|
Stamp dedicated to the State Bank of India in 2005 Share of the Bank of Bengal, issued 13 May 1876 188x188px The roots of State Bank of India lie in the first decade of the 19th century when the Bank of Calcutta later renamed the Bank of Bengal, was established on 2 June 1806. The Bank of Bengal was one of three Presidency banks, the other two being the Bank of Bombay (incorporated on 15 April 1840) and the Bank of Madras (incorporated on 1 July 1843). All three Presidency banks were incorporated as joint stock companies and were the result of royal charters. These three banks received the exclusive right to issue paper currency till 1861 when, with the Paper Currency Act, the right was taken over by the Government of India.
|
|
London financiers purchased £17 million in Latin American government bonds, especially those of Argentina, Chile, Peru and Mexico. They invested another £35 million in 46 stock companies set up to operate primarily in Latin America. The bubble soon burst, but the survivors operated quietly and profitably for many decades. In the 1820s-1850s, over 260 British merchant houses operated in the River Plate or Chile, and hundreds more in the rest of Latin America.J.F. Rippy, The Evolution of international Business 1800-1945: vol 1: British Investments in Latin America, 1822-1949 (1949) p 17.Manuel Llorca-Jaña, "The organisation of British textile exports to the River Plate and Chile: Merchant houses in operation, c. 1810–59." Business History 53#6 (2011): 821-865. The Latin American market was important for the cotton manufacturers of Lancashire.
|
|
However, the benefit of the joint-stock shareholders, as the risk takers, was whole and entire; and the general public benefitted only indirectly. As late as 1849, even the moderate reform politician Robert Baldwin was to complain that "unless a stop were made to it, there would be nothing but corporations from one end of the country to the other." Radical reformers, like William Lyon Mackenzie, who opposed all "legislated monopolies," saw joint stock associations as the only protection against "the whole property of the country... being tied up as an irredeemable appendage to incorporated institutions, and put beyond the reach of individual possession." As a result, most of the joint-stock companies formed in this period were created by political reformers who objected to the legislated monopolies granted to members of the Family Compact.
|
|
In the 13th century, much of Europe experienced strong economic growth. The trade routes of the Italian states linked with those of established Mediterranean ports and eventually the Hanseatic League of the Baltic and northern regions of Europe to create a network economy in Europe for the first time since the 4th century. The city-states of Italy expanded greatly during this period and grew in power to become de facto fully independent of the Holy Roman Empire; outside European powers kept their armies out of Italy. florin of Firenze started to be the main currency of European trade during the Duecento During this period, the modern commercial infrastructure developed, with the creation in Italy of the double-entry book- keeping, joint stock companies, an international banking system, a systematized foreign exchange market, insurance, and government debt.
|
|
In late 1906, Kuykendall was elected to his first term as a member of the West Virginia House of Delegates and represented Hampshire County from 1907 through 1908 in the 28th West Virginia Legislative Session. During his first term in the House of Delegates, Kuykendall served on the following standing committees: Education; Counties, Districts, and Municipal Corporations; Private Corporations and Joint Stock Companies; Arts, Science, and General Improvement; and State Boundaries. He was elected to a second term in the House of Delegates in 1918 and served in the 34th West Virginia Legislative Session from 1919 through 1920. In January 1920, Kuykendall participated in a conference between Maryland and West Virginia legislators, which recommended that the states' highway commissions be authorized to connect their state highway systems at one or more points crossing the Potomac River.
|
|
He was elected to the seat of East Adelaide in 1862 in company with Philip Santo, defeating Boucaut and Homersham. During his second period of Parliamentary duty he succeeded in passing an Act regulating the proceedings of Joint-Stock Companies, which became known as "Bakewell's Act". He twice visited England since his arrival in the colony, once in 1853, when he was away for between two and three years, and a second time in 1865, resigning his seat in the House of Assembly on 27 October 1864 for the purpose, his visit being in connection with the famous Moonta lawsuit, in which he was senior counsel for the Company. It was he who made the first speech before the Supreme Court on the motion for the original writ of scire facias which led to an appeal to the Privy Council.
|
|
In the 1830s, the growing liberal middle classes supported railways as a progressive innovation with benefits for the German people in general as well as for the shareholders in the joint stock companies that built and operated the railroads. Though private concerns such as the Nuremberg-Fürth Railway were superseded by state railway companies in the 1840s, the government companies copied many of the private companies' methods and organizational structures.David J. S. King, "The Ideology Behind a Business Activity: The Case of the Nuremberg-Fürth Railway," . Business and Economic History, 1991, Vol. 20, pp 162–170 Economist Friedrich List, speaking for the liberals, summed up the advantages to be derived from the development of the railway system in 1841: ::First, as a means of national defence, it facilitates the concentration, distribution and direction of the army. ::2.
|
|
In government monopoly, the holder of the monopoly is formally the government itself and the group of people who make business decisions is an agency under the government's direct authority. In government-granted monopoly, on the other hand, the coercive monopoly is enforced through law, but the holder of the monopoly is formally a private firm, or a subsidiary division of a private firm, which makes its own business decisions. Examples of government-granted monopolies include cable television and water providers in many municipalities in the United States, exclusive petroleum exploration grants to companies such as Standard Oil in many countries, and historically, lucrative colonial "joint stock" companies such as the Dutch East India Company, which were granted exclusive trading privileges with colonial possessions under mercantilist economic policy. Intellectual property such as copyrights and patents are government-granted monopolies.
|
|
Since there is no European instrument to enable them to establish groupings at this level, then the French mutuals are at a competitive disadvantage compared to joint stock companies, since they do not have access to the same legal instruments: ROAM continues its efforts to promote the mutual status at the European level and calls for the introduction of a European Mutual status in order to allow mutuals to join forces with one another to create groupings at a cross-border level. In the context of Solvency II, this instrument becomes essential. In 2009, ROAM's Mutual insurance companies achieved a turnover of 11 billion Euros (direct business in France + reinsurance accepted + foreign activities), meaning that they therefore hold approximately 6% of the insurance market in France, but more than 39% of the builders liability market and more than 58% of medical malpractice liability market.
|
|
Saturday, May 18, 1901; Page: 2 By 1827, the mines in the Foxdale area were being worked by Michael Knott, of Kendal, Cumberland, who had secured a lease to search for metallic ore across the whole of the Isle of Man with the exception of the area around Laxey and the Bishop's Barony. Knott achieved only limited success and engaged the services of a mining agent in Mold with a view to selling his lease. Knott's interest was sold to a group of businessmen from Chester and Liverpool, who formed a private company, the Isle of Man Mining Company, originally divided into 16 equal shares but then reduced to 14 equal shares. This shareholding structure continued until it was made to conform to the Joint Stock Companies' Act. As a result, it was registered in 1853 as a limited company with 2,800 shares of £25 each and a capital of £70,000.
|
|
On December 10, 2015 he was appointed as Minister of Production of the Nation by Mauricio Macri. During its management, the SME Law, which gives tax benefits to small and medium-sized enterprises and the Entrepreneurs Law, which created a new corporate type, simplified stock companies (SAS), whose constitution demands less requirements than other companies, such as anonymous and limited liability. In this law the figure of the repentant was also instituted to denounce posters and the National Competition Authority was created, a decentralized body of the Executive Branch in which the Court of Defense of Competition and the Secretaries of Instruction for Anti-Competitive and Concentration Behaviors operate Economic, whose function is to impose fines and penalties. On June 16, 2018 he was replaced in his position by Dante Sica and appointed as president of the Investment and Foreign Trade Bank and Ad- Honorem advisor to President Mauricio Macri.
|
|
From 1400 to 1700, group litigation gradually switched from being the norm in England to the exception. The development of the concept of the corporation led to the wealthy supporters of the corporate form becoming suspicious of all unincorporated legal entities, which in turn led to the modern concept of the unincorporated or voluntary association. The tumultuous history of the Wars of the Roses and then the Star Chamber resulted in periods during which the common law courts were frequently paralyzed, and out of the confusion the Court of Chancery emerged with exclusive jurisdiction over group litigation. By 1850, Parliament had enacted several statutes on a case-by-case basis to deal with issues regularly faced by certain types of organizations, like joint-stock companies, and with the impetus for most types of group litigation removed, it went into a steep decline in English jurisprudence from which it never recovered.
|
|
Using his wife's dowry, he invested in a construction of a new factory, which begun operations in the following year. In partnership with Ludwik Meyer, in 1874, he bought the Hentschl's factory, damaged by the fire, and operated the "Kunitzer i Meyer" company. In 1879 he withdrew from that partnership, built cotton industry in the village of Widzew near Łódź, and begun a different one with Theodor Julius Heinzel. Over the next few decades his factory complex expanded, with a dedicated railway line, worker's housing (150 homes), a hospital, a school, church, shops, and other buildings, which saw Widzew transformed from rural village to a quarter of Łódź. Heinzel & Kunitzer factory, Łódź-Widzew (2011) Kunitzer was also involved in setting up an electric railway (the Koleje Elektryczne Łódzke S.A. and Łódzkie Wąskotorowe Elektryczne Koleje Dojazdowe S.A. stock companies) and in coal import company (Konsorcjum Węglowe "Kunitzer et Co.").
|
|
Legally Aare Seeland Mobil AG is called "Regionalverkehr Oberaargau AG (RVO)" (davor "Oberaargau-Jura-Bahnen (OJB) (Melchnau-Langenthal-Niederbipp)"), the share capital of which was increased as a result of the mergers. The capital increase and the name change took effect on 28 June with entry in the commercial register and retroactive effect as of 1 January 1999. The Solothurn-Niederbipp-Bahn (SNB) in Solothurn, the Biel-Täuffelen-Ins-Bahn AG in Täuffelen and the Oberaargauische Automobilkurse AG (OAK) in Wangen an der Aare were taken over—these three joint stock companies took part in the merger and became inactive and were deleted from the respective commercial registers in January 2003. A further capital increase became effective on 2 July 2003 with entry into the commercial register, under which the Ligerz-Tessenberg-Bahn AG (LTB) in Ligerz was retroactively taken over by asm on 1 January.
|
|
In World War II the company's business was seriously limited, while on the other hand Mitropa temporarily ran former CIWL services in territories controlled by the Wehrmacht, including a restaurant at Warsaw Main Station (Dworzec Główny) in occupied Poland. Dining car services discontinued in 1942 by order of State Secretary Albert Ganzenmüller, the last sleeping car connections were terminated in 1944. In the Cold War and the Division of Germany, Mitropa became the catering company for the Deutsche Reichsbahn, the national railway of East Germany. The Western section of Mitropa split off and named itself German Sleeper and Dining Car Company (Deutsche Schlafwagen- und Speisewagengesellschaft, DSG) to manage the sleeping and dining coaches on the Deutsche Bundesbahn railway lines in the Federal Republic. Mitropa sleeper in Dresden, 1972 Based at East Berlin, Mitropa AG was one of the very few stock companies that remained in existence during the Communist era in East Germany.
|
|
Such concessionary or mixed public-private form of financing and management was typical for the construction of railways in Russia. Against the background of the boom in the middle of the 19th century of the construction of railways, the Russian state combined a private way of building roads and building them at the expense of the treasury, periodically switching priority to a particular construction system. From the second half of the 19th century and before the revolution of 1917, several main branches of railways were laid and operated with the money of private founders with the participation of the state, which formed the basis of the modern railway network of Russia. The Sino-Eastern Railway (KVZhD), Kulundinskaya, and the Minusinsk Railway, the Akkerman Railway, the Southeast Railway network, the Olonets Railway \- all these roads were built with the involvement of the capitals of private entrepreneurs-concessionaires, united in the form of joint-stock companies.
|
|
A still from the silent film The Blindness of Divorce (1918), showing Bertha Mann, Charles Clary, and Nancy Caswell Bertha Mann started touring with stock companies as a young actress.Johnson Briscoe, "New Blood in Theatreland" Green Book (January 1914): 24. Broadway appearances by Mann included roles in When Claudia Smiles (1914),"When Blanche Ring Smiles and Sings" New York Times (February 4, 1914): 9. via ProQuest When the Young Vine Blooms (1915), The Weavers (1915-1916), One of Us (1918),Gerald Bordman, American Theatre: A Chronicle of Comedy and Drama 1914-1930 (Oxford University Press 1995): 87, 285. The Crimson Alibi (1919),"The Crimson Alibi" Theatre Magazine (September 1919): 151. The Man with the Load of Mischief (1925),Thomas S. Hischak, Broadway Plays and Musicals (McFarland 2012): 283. and The Virgin (1926). Films featuring Bertha Mann include The Blindness of Divorce (1918),"'The Blindness of Divorce' Has Remarkably Good Cast" Motography (May 4, 1918): 849.
|
|
In comparison with the Soviet-type planned economy, the Chinese socialist market model is based on the corporatization of state institutions, transforming them into joint-stock companies. As of 2008, there were 150 state-owned corporations directly under the central government. These state-owned corporations have been reformed and become increasingly dynamic and a major source of revenue for the state in 2008,David A. Ralston, Jane Terpstra-Tong, Robert H. Terpstra, Xueli Wang, "Today's State-Owned Enterprises of China: Are They Dying Dinosaurs or Dynamic Dynamos?" leading the economic recovery in 2009 during the wake of the global financial crises. This economic model is defended from a Marxist–Leninist perspective which states that a planned socialist economy can only emerge after first developing the basis for socialism through the establishment of a market economy and commodity-exchange economy; and that socialism would only emerge after this stage has exhausted its historical necessity and gradually transforms itself into socialism.
|
|
Edward Smith Willard (9 January 1853 – 9 November 1915) was an English actor. He was born at BrightonWho's Who on the Stage: the dramatic reference book and ..., Volume 1 edited by Walter Browne, Frederick Arnold Austin; 1906 pg. 227 and made his debut upon the stage at Weymouth in The Lady of Lyons in 1869. He then toured with E. A. Sothern and later joined various stock companies. Coming to London in 1875, he played Antonio in The Merchant of Venice with Charles Rice in 1876. After a varied experience in Shakespearean and other plays, in 1881 he was engaged by Wilson Barrett at the Princess Theatre, where he played in The Lights of London, The Silver King, and other well-known pieces. In 1886, he made a hit as Jim the Penman at the Haymarket. One of his greatest successes was his production of The Middleman by Henry Arthur Jones, at the Shaftesbury in 1889, he himself creating the part of Cyrus Blenkarn.
|
|
Mansoor Khan encouraged ulemas and other people with influence in the Muslim community to believe that it was a continuation of the same company founded in 2006 and was a successful business of several years' standing, promising them that the company would build hospitals and schools. Under the umbrella of the IMA Group, it later diversified into other businesses, including jewellery (with the name IMA Jewels a.k.a. IMA Jewellers), real estate (IMA Builders and Developers founded in 2017), bullion trading (IMA Bullion and Trading founded in 2014, IMA Bullion in 2015, and IMA Gold), groceries (Mulberry Greens), pharmacy (Frontline Pharma), hospitals (Frontline Multispeciality Hospital), and publishing. Amongst other things, the publishing company subsidiary published an edition of the Qur'an, and several books by author Muhammed Shuaibullah Khan (Goat of Charity, Features of the Islamic Marriage, and Investment in Joint Stock Companies); the construction company was involved in the construction of Madrassa Maseehul Uloom; and the educational subsidiary funded a computer lab in Darul Uloom Deoband.
|
|
Mowbray began his stage career in London in 1922, as an actor and stage manager. In 1923 he arrived in the United States and was soon acting with New York stock companies. He debuted on Broadway in The Sport of Kings (1926); in 1929 he wrote, directed and starred in the unsuccessful Dinner Is Served. Mowbray made his film debut in God's Gift to Women (1931) playing a butler, a role in which he was thereafter often cast. So often that famed ‘30s novelist and screenwriter Raymond Chandler lampooned Mowbray's screen persona in his pulp magazine story Mandarin's Jade (1937): Mowbray appeared in five more pictures in 1931, notably portraying George Washington in Alexander Hamilton. In 1935, he played one of the male leads in Becky Sharp, the first feature-length film in full-colour Technicolor, as well as playing the lead in the farcical Night Life of the Gods, based on a Thorne Smith novel.
|
|
Yonkers Fighting To Save Rail-Car Jobs, The New York Times, Elsa Brenner, 25 July 1993 The Taiwanese officials having visited Singapore earlier in 1988 to study the city-state's then-newly opened MRT, the trains were built to a very similar design as Singapore's C151 trains, which were built by a consortium of four Japanese rolling stock companies that included Kawasaki. Despite the promising prospects of the Taipei rolling stock contract for URC, URC was not successful in securing the contract of the next batch of 216 cars; this contract was instead awarded to Siemens of Germany. Reasons cited by Taipei's Department of Rapid Transit Systems (DORTS) for this decision was concern that URC might be just a front for a Japanese company. This became a point of contention in Yonkers, which had a 7.5% unemployment rate in May 1993, as the manufacturing sector in the United States was facing a decline.
|
|
The Company soon established its first trading post in the East Indies, at Bantam on the island of Java, and others, beginning with Surat, on the coasts of what is now India and Bangladesh. Most of the new English colonies established in North America and the West Indies, whether successfully or otherwise, were proprietary colonies with Proprietors, appointed to found and govern settlements under Royal charters granted to individuals or to joint stock companies. Early examples of these are the Virginia Company, which created the first successful English overseas settlements at Jamestown in 1607 and Bermuda, unofficially in 1609 and officially in 1612, its spin-off, the Somers Isles Company, to which Bermuda (also known as the Somers Isles) was transferred in 1615, and the Newfoundland Company which settled Cuper's Cove near St John's, Newfoundland in 1610. Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Massachusetts Bay, each incorporated during the early 1600s, were charter colonies, as was Virginia for a time.
|
|
He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and moved with his family to Barnegat, New Jersey around 1879 and as a teenager worked as a volunteer lifesaver on the Jersey shore, beginning an enthusiasm for sailing that became a lifelong pursuit. However, his fine baritone voice – heard in church and in local concert appearances – convinced Collins' family to send him back to Philadelphia for formal training. After concluding his studies, Collins spent some 15 years touring with various stock companies and appearing in summer opera in St. Louis. None of these ventures turned out any long term prospects for Collins, and when he married actress and singer Anna Leah Connelly in 1895 Collins swore off show business and decided to study for a career in bookkeeping. Taking occasional roles for extra money, Collins appeared in a production given by the DeWolf Hopper Opera Company in 1898, and talent scouts for Edison Records requested Collins audition which, according to his wife, took place on May 16, 1898.
|
|
Allegedly upset that Beldiman had chosen Mille's offer over his own, Anton Bacalbașa quit Adevărul, becoming one of Mille's most vocal critics. A third Bacalbașa, Constantin, stayed on, and, from 1895, was Mille's first editor. Z. Ornea, "Capitala de odinioară" , in România Literară, Nr. 13/2001 He became known for his anti-colonial stance, giving positive coverage to the 1896 Philippine Revolution.Gheorghe Unc, "1896 — Insurecţia filipineză şi ecourile ei în România", in Magazin Istoric, February 1975, p.49 In 1904, the board created Adevĕrul S. A., the first in a series of joint stock companies meant to insure its control of commercial rights. Florentina Tone, "Istorie zbuciumată în anii interbelici" , in Adevărul, December 28, 2008 In 1898, after Mille invested its profits into real estate, Adevărul left its crowded surroundings and moved to a specially designed new building on Sărindar Street (the present-day C. Mille Street, between Calea Victoriei and the Cișmigiu Gardens).
|
|
The formation of the International Settlement (foreign concession areas) in Shanghai was the result of the Treaty of Nanking of 1842 (which ended the First Opium War) and subsequent agreements between the Chinese and foreign governments were crucial to the development of foreign trade in China and of the foreign community in Shanghai. The market for securities trading in Shanghai begins in the late 1860s. The first shares list appeared in June 1866 and by then Shanghai's International Settlement had developed the conditions conducive to the emergence of a share market: several banks, a legal framework for joint-stock companies, and an interest in diversification among the established trading houses (although the trading houses themselves remained partnerships). In 1891 during the boom in mining shares, foreign businessmen founded the "Shanghai Sharebrokers' Association" headquartered in Shanghai as China's first stock exchange. In 1904 the Association applied for registration in Hong Kong under the provision of the Companies ordinance and was renamed as the "Shanghai Stock Exchange".
|
|
The government had proposed that the new "West Coast" line would go via Foxton, but the new company (William Travers) said in February 1881 that the route would to follow the most direct route to Palmerston North (via Fitzherbert, connecting with the NZR at Longburn), so bypassing Foxton. This was a shorter and more direct route to Napier and Auckland (72 not 82 miles), and avoided "unproductive country" in favour of a route with potentially better hinterland. As the company was raising money by selling shares, William Fox said that the terminus had not yet been decided and that Travers was not authorised to make an announcement, and consideration of engineering difficulties and cost would be required (although the company directors would then chose the shorter route!). In August 1881 the Railways Construction and Land Act was passed, allowing joint-stock companies to build and run private railways, as long as they were built to the government's standard rail gauge of and connected with the government railway lines.
|
|
Table A in UK company law is the old name for the Model Articles or default form of articles of association for companies limited by shares incorporated either in England and Wales or in Scotland before 1 October 2009 where the incorporators do not explicitly choose to use a modified form. Table A was first introduced by the Joint Stock Companies Act 1856 (as 'Table B'), and then under its current name of 'Table A' by the Companies Act 1862. The existing form of Table A was introduced in 1985 by the subsidiary legislationThe Companies (Tables A to F) Regulations 1985, SI 1985/805, the Companies (Tables A to F) (Amendment) Regulations 1985, SI 1985/1052, and The Companies (Tables A to F) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2007; they have also been amended ad hoc by other subsidiary legislation from time to time, for example under The Companies Act 1985 (Electronic Communications) Order 2000, SI 2000/3373. passed under the Companies Act 1985, although it has been updated on several occasions since its introduction.
|
|
A lock on the Erie Canal USA canals circa 1825 Highways in the USA circa 1825 Even as the country grew even larger with the admission of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio by 1803, the only means of transportation between these landlocked western states and their coastal neighbors was by foot, pack animal, or ship. Recognizing the success of Roman roads in unifying that empire, political and business leaders in the United States began to construct roads and canals to connect the disparate parts of the nation. Early toll roads were constructed and owned by joint- stock companies that sold stock to raise construction capital like Pennsylvania's 1795 Lancaster Turnpike Company. In 1808, Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin's Report on the Subject of Public Roads and Canals suggested that the federal government should fund the construction of interstate turnpikes and canals. While many Anti-Federalists opposed the federal government assuming such a role, the British blockade in the War of 1812 demonstrated the United States' reliance upon these overland roads for military operations as well as for general commerce.
|
|
After touring with several summer stock companies including the Belfry Players, Newman attended the Yale School of Drama for a year before studying at the Actors Studio under Lee Strasberg. His first starring Broadway role was in William Inge's Picnic, and he starred in smaller roles for a few more films before receiving widespread attention and acclaim for his performances in Somebody Up There Likes Me (1956) and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958), the latter of which also starred Elizabeth Taylor. Newman's major film roles include The Hustler (1961), Hud (1963), Harper (1966), Cool Hand Luke (1967), Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969), The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean (1972), and leading roles in The Sting (1973), The Towering Inferno (1974), Slap Shot (1977), The Verdict (1982), and voice role of Doc Hudson in the first installment of Disney-Pixar's Cars as his final acting performance, with voice recordings being used again in Cars 3 (2017). A ten- time Oscar nominee, Newman won the Academy Award for Best Actor for The Color of Money (1986).
|
|
Before the Civil War, theatres in New York City were primarily located along Broadway and the Bowery up to 14th Street, with those on Broadway appealing more to the middle and upper classes and the Bowery theatres attracting immigrant audiences, clerks and the working class. After the war, the development of the Ladies' Mile shopping district along Fifth and Sixth Avenues above 14th Street had the effect of pulling the playhouses uptown, so that a "Rialto" theatrical strip came about on Broadway between 14th and 23rd Streets, between Union Square and Madison Square. Union Square in 1908 At the same time, a transition from stock companies, in which a resident acting company was based around a star or impresario, to a "combination" system, in which productions were put together on a one-time basis to mount a specific play, expanded the amount of outside support needed to service the theatrical industry. Thus, suppliers of props, costumes, wigs, scenery, and other theatrical necessities grew up around the new theatres.
|
|
At the end of the 16th century, England and the United Netherlands began to challenge Portugal's monopoly of trade with Asia, forming private joint-stock companies to finance the voyages: the English (later British) East India Company, and the Dutch East India Company, which were chartered in 1600 and 1602 respectively. These companies were intended to carry on the lucrative spice trade, and they focused their efforts on the areas of production, the Indonesian archipelago and especially the "Spice Islands", and on India as an important market for the trade. The close proximity of London and Amsterdam across the North Sea, and the intense rivalry between England and the Netherlands, inevitably led to conflict between the two companies, with the Dutch gaining the upper hand in the Moluccas (previously a Portuguese stronghold) after the withdrawal of the English in 1622, but with the English enjoying more success in India, at Surat, after the establishment of a factory in 1613. Fort St. George was founded at Madras in 1639 The Netherlands' more advanced financial systemFerguson 2004, p. 19.
|
|
After so many failed colonizing attempts in the 16th Century such as the Roanoke Colony and with the ascension of King James to the throne of England on 24 March 1603 the effort to colonize was renewed, this time in the form of joint stock companies, which did not involve the public (King's) treasury thus from a Royal perspective a risk-free endeavor. Although a profit-driven enterprise, the King was motivated by international rivalry and the propagation of religion, and the individuals who undertook the risk of venturing to the new world were motivated by a chance to improve their economic and social standing. Thus King James awarded a patent to a group of investors which included detailed instructions for everything from where to place watchmen and with how many, to where to plant. It instructed Christopher Newport, captain of the Susan Constant, and Bartholomew Gosnold, captain of the Godspeed and leader of the expedition of three ships, on their duties upon reaching the land they named Virginia.
|
|
With Greta Garbo in Ninotchka (1939) Douglas developed his acting skills in Shakespearean repertory while in his teens and with stock companies in Sioux City, Iowa, Evansville, Indiana, Madison, Wisconsin and Detroit, Michigan. He served in the United States Army in World War I. He established an outdoor theatre in Chicago. He had a long theatre, film and television career as a lead player, stretching from his 1930 Broadway role in Tonight or Never (opposite his future wife, Helen Gahagan) until just before his death. Douglas shared top billing with Boris Karloff and Charles Laughton in James Whale's sardonic horror classic The Old Dark House in 1932. He was the hero in the 1932 horror film The Vampire Bat and the sophisticated leading man in 1935's She Married Her Boss. He played opposite Joan Crawford in several films, most notably A Woman's Face (1941), and appeared opposite Greta Garbo in three films: As You Desire Me (1932), Ninotchka (1939) and Garbo's final film Two-Faced Woman (1941).
|
|
The Burr Brothers and their associates had spun an extensive network of companies all over the country around Burr Brothers Inc., that was specialized for cheating large numbers of Americans upon their savings. This Ponzi scheme, due to its giant dimensions for its time being, received similar public attention as the Madoff investment scandal today. The Burr Brothers' case was followed by many newspapers. In 1911, when Burr Brothers were at trial, some inside went public to the mechanism of the scheme.The World's Work, March, 1911, pages 14112-14121: The Get-Rich-Quick Game It was a specialty of Burr Brothers to create mining stock companies with melodious and fanciful, phony names. Among many other, such companies had tip-off names like Rawhide Tarantula, capitalized at $1,000,000; others were Montezuma Mining and Smelting, $1,000,000; Montezuma Extension Gold Mining Co., $1,000,000. But one of their set up companies, referring to the reputation of Golden Fleece Mining and Milling Co., was the Golden Fleece Mining, Milling and Refining Company, endowed with a stock capital of $500,000.
|
|
Howard Kyle as Nathan Hale Kyle's debuted as Guildenstern and the Second Grave Digger in Shakespeare's Hamlet at the Meyer's Opera House in Janesville, Wisconsin, on September 10, 1884. He spent the following twelve seasons in tours with a number of large classical repertory companies and made his first appearance in New York in 1887 at the Windsor Theatre as Lucius in the James Sheridan Knowles play Virginius. During the mid-1890s Kyle played leading man roles with stock companies in Salt Lake City, Pittsburg and San Francisco. In late 1897 Kyle began a two-year run at the Manhattan Theatre and national tour of the Grismer and Parker pastoral play Way Down East, playing David Bartlett to Phoebe Davies' Anna Moore. During the season of 1900/01 he played the title role in a successful tour of the Clyde Fitch romantic drama Nathan Hale, with co-star Nanette Comstock as Alice Adams. Kyle was Sir Jasper Thorndyke, the lead character in a 1904 tour of Louis Parker's four-act comedy, Rosemary, and the next year played the title role in a tour of Louis Shipman's adaptation of the Frederic Remington western, John Ermine of the Yellowstone.
|
|
The allegations were confirmed in a confession by Humfrey's colleague, John Bull, Comptroller of the Mint, who admitted that he and Humfrey had attempted to discredit Stanley by stealing money under his control. An investigation followed, and a letter of 10 November from Thomas Smythe expressing the wish that he could deliver Humfrey from his 'unexpected thraldom' suggests that Humfrey was imprisoned for a time. In April 1567 the State Papers record that Humfrey was to be restored to his office of Assay Master. According to Challis, Humfrey could not have survived this episode had he not had the favour of Sir William Cecil. In May 1568 Elizabeth I granted charters for the incorporation of two joint-stock companies, the Society of the Mines Royal, and the Company of Mineral and Battery Works. Humfrey was one of the twenty- four original shareholders in the former Company, and he and Schutz were leading shareholders in the latter, which took over the patents they had obtained from the Queen in 1565 for the 'manufacture of brass, brass and iron wire, battery (the hammering of metal into plates and utensils), and the introduction of new mining and smelting technology'.
|
|
Crystal has been teaching and coaching professionally in Los Angeles for the last 20 years. Prior to that, she worked as an actress in 25 theatre repertory and summer stock companies; in several films including Who's That Girl with Madonna, starring in the cult spoof film, Killer Tomatoes Strike Back with John Astin, the lead actress in the suspense drama Eclipse, the female lead in the action-packed Cartel, the girl of the sweet boy meets girl story, Fade Away opposite Noah Blake, and Blue Star in the video game Blue Star with Lamont Bentley, among others. In television, Crystal appeared for 3 weeks on the award-winning episodic JAG, 6 weeks on the mega-hit Dallas, and had guest starring roles on Ellen, Charles in Charge, and Midnight Caller, Cheers, Thirtysomething, Simon & Simon and Night Court, to name a few. As for the above-mentioned role of “Julia Barrett” that Crystal portrayed on General Hospital, it was responsible for her being voted "Best New Female" by Soap Opera Digest and put on their cover as one of "Television's Most Beautiful Women", and then nominated for "Best Female Newcomer" on the Soap Opera Digest Awards in 1992.
|
|
October 4, 1826 letter by Harmar Denny, Representative of Pennsylvania, that discusses William Robinson Jr.'s "disgraceful conduct" in debate over the location of the Pennsylvania Canal's terminal The canal era began in Pennsylvania in 1797 with the Conewago Canal, which carried riverboats around Conewago Falls on the Susquehanna River near York Haven. Spurred by construction of the Erie Canal (construction between 1817 and 1825) and the perceived competitive advantage it would give New York State in moving people and materials to and from the interior of the continent, Pennsylvanians built hundreds of miles of canals during the early decades of the 19th century. These included the privately funded Lehigh Canal, technically a navigation (1818) improving water transport on the lower Lehigh River (Mauch Chunk to Easton at the confluence with the Delaware via Allentown and Bethlehem) and enabling the first regular reliable supplies of anthracite coal to reach eastern manufactories and two canals built later by Pennsylvania stock companies, the Schuylkill Canal from Philadelphia to Port Carbon and the Union Canal from Reading to Middletown. By 1834, the Main Line of Public Works, a system of interlocking canals, railways, and inclined planes, was hauling passengers and freight up to between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh.
|
|
He studied Law at University of Warsaw and international trade at SGH Warsaw School of Economics. He worked as a journalist from 1976 to 1990, first at the Polish Press Agency and then at the weekly Prawo i Życie (Law and Life). In 2008, he received a Doctor of Laws degree from Lazarski University and in 2015 habilitation from University of Białystok. Between 1990 and 1991 he was head of the Legal Department within the Capital Markets Development Division at the Ministry of Privatisation; and from 1991 until 1994 a Director of the Legal Department at the Warsaw Stock Exchange, eventually becoming Vice-Chairman of the Board of the Warsaw Stock Exchange in 1994, where he worked until June 2006. From 1994 until 2006, Czerniawski was a member of the Supervisory Board of the National Depository for Securities, and between 1998 and 2001 served as the board's Chairman. In the period 2001–2003, he was a member of the Supervisory Board of Centrum Giełdowe S.A. and the company's subsidiary Infogiełda SA. He was the author of numerous publications on securities trading, including the first edition of Commentary on the Privatisation Act (1990), Commentary on Commercial Companies' Code provisions relating to Joint Stock Companies (2001), and Commentary on the Bonds Act (2003).
|
|