Many commercial insurers offer stand-alone cyber coverage, but it is not yet a standard addition to most other policies, such as property and casualty.
|
|
Many commercial insurers offer stand-alone cyber coverage, separate from other property and casualty policies, but cyber coverage is not yet a standard addition to most other policies.
|
|
How to make a standard addition plot Example standard addition plot. This graph is an example of a standard addition plot used to determine the concentration of calcium in an unknown sample by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The point at zero concentration added Ca is the reading of the unknown, the other points are the readings after adding increasing amounts ('spikes') of standard solution. The absolute value of the x-intercept is the concentration of Ca in the unknown, in this case 1.69E-6 g/mL.
|
|
The method of standard addition is used in instrumental analysis to determine concentration of a substance (analyte) in an unknown sample by comparison to a set of samples of known concentration, similar to using a calibration curve. Standard addition can be applied to most analytical techniques and is used instead of a calibration curve to solve the matrix effect problem.
|
|
When an additional lexicalisation is present, instead of following the standard addition of -s to pluralise the noun, instead the lexicalisation rule takes over in the following manner: geese ↔ [PlP [NP GOOSE] [ Pl .
|
|
Since the release of Mac OS X Leopard, simple arithmetic functions can be calculated from Spotlight feature. They include the standard addition, subtraction, division, multiplication, exponentiation and the use of the percent sign to denote percentage.
|
|
Paris: Verdier, 1989. The Greek version of the Hebrew word "to take" is (he was transferred). (RON) is a standard addition to (Metatron) and other angelic names in the Jewish faith. According to Mopsik, (MTT) is a transliteration from the Greek .
|
|
In this case, the matrix may interfere with or attenuate the signal of the analyte. Therefore, a comparison between the standards (which contain no interfering compounds) and the unknown is not possible. The method of standard addition is a way to handle such a situation.
|
|
The standard addition approach involves spiking the same sample extract with several known concentrations of analyte. This technique is more robust and effective than using matrix matched standards but is labor- intensive since each sample must be prepared several times to achieve a reliable calibration.
|
|
Trends in Sample Preparation. Nova Publishers, 2006, p. 15-18. . In cases with complex or unknown matrices, the standard addition method can be used. In this technique, the response of the sample is measured and recorded, for example, using an electrode selective for the analyte.
|
|
Then, a small volume of standard solution is added and the response is measured again. Ideally, the standard addition should increase the analyte concentration by a factor of 1.5 to 3, and several additions should be averaged. The volume of standard solution should be small enough to disturb the matrix as little as possible.
|
|
The simplest example of a vector space over a field is the field itself, equipped with its standard addition and multiplication. More generally, all -tuples (sequences of length ) : of elements of form a vector space that is usually denoted and called a coordinate space. The case is the above-mentioned simplest example, in which the field is also regarded as a vector space over itself. The case and was discussed in the introduction above.
|
|
The method of standard addition is a type of quantitative analysis approach often used in analytical chemistry whereby the standard is added directly to the aliquots of analyzed sample. This method is used in situations where sample matrix also contributes to the analytical signal, a situation known as the matrix effect, thus making it impossible to compare the analytical signal between sample and standard using the traditional calibration curve approach.Harris, Daniel C. (2003). Quantitative Chemical Analysis 6th Edition.
|
|
It is interesting to analyze the group law in elliptic curve cryptography, defining the addition and doubling formulas, because these formulas are necessary to compute multiples of points [n]P (see Exponentiation by squaring). In general, the group law is defined in the following way: if three points lies in the same line then they sum up to zero. So, by this property, the group laws are different for every curve shape. In this case, since these curves are special cases of Weierstrass curves, the addition is just the standard addition on Weierstrass curves.
|
|
This technique is not perfectly reliable; if the infrared lamp is a bit brighter during the reference measurement, then a bit dimmer during the sample measurement, the measurement will be distorted. More elaborate methods, such as a "two-beam" setup (see figure), can correct for these types of effects to give very accurate results. The Standard addition method can be used to statistically cancel these errors. Nevertheless, among different absorption based techniques which are used for gaseous species detection, Cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) can be used as a calibration free method.
|
|
Adding known quantities of analyte(s) of interest is a distinct technique called standard addition, which is performed to correct for matrix effects. This ratio for the samples is then used to obtain their analyte concentrations from a calibration curve. The internal standard used needs to provide a signal that is similar to the analyte signal in most ways but sufficiently different so that the two signals are readily distinguishable by the instrument. For example, deuterated chlorobenzene (C6D5Cl) is an internal standard used in the analysis of volatiles on GC-MS because it is similar to Chlorobenzene but does not occur naturally.
|
|
These matrix effects have been shown to decrease the signal in methods such as PI and ESI by amounts as much as 60% depending on the sample being analyzed. The matrix effect can also cause an increase in signal, producing false positive results. This can be corrected by purifying the sample as much as possible before LC is performed, but in the case of analyzing environmental samples where everything in the sample is of concern, sample preparation may not be the ideal solution to fix the problem. Another method that can be applied to correct the issue is by using the standard addition method.
|
|
Standard addition is frequently used in chemical instrumental analysis such as atomic absorption spectroscopy and gas chromatography. Suppose that the concentration of silver in samples of photographic waste is to be determined by atomic-absorption spectrometry. Using the calibration curve method, an analyst could calibrate the spectrometer with some aqueous solutions of a pure silver salt and use the resulting calibration graph in the determination of the silver in the test samples. This method is only valid, however, if a pure aqueous solution of silver, and a photographic waste sample containing the same concentration of silver, give the same absorbance values. In other words, in using pure solutions to establish the calibration graph it is assumed that there are no ‘matrix effects’, i.e.
|
|
Perry, Helga J. "Lost Pinafore Song Found", "Reflect my Child" reconstruction, The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, 15 April 1999, accessed 21 April 2009 In April 1999, Sullivan scholars Bruce I. Miller and Helga J. Perry announced that they had discovered a nearly complete orchestration – lacking only the second violin part – in a private collection of early band parts. These materials, with a conjectural reconstruction of the partially lost vocal lines and second violin part, were later published and professionally recorded.Miller, Bruce. "Comments on the Lost Song Discovery", at The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, 17 April 1999, accessed 21 April 2009 This piece has now been performed a number of times by amateur and professional companies, although it has not become a standard addition to the traditional scores or recordings.
|
|
From the advent of very- large-scale integration (VLSI) computer-chip fabrication technology in the 1970s until about 1986, speed-up in computer architecture was driven by doubling computer word size—the amount of information the processor can manipulate per cycle. Increasing the word size reduces the number of instructions the processor must execute to perform an operation on variables whose sizes are greater than the length of the word. For example, where an 8-bit processor must add two 16-bit integers, the processor must first add the 8 lower-order bits from each integer using the standard addition instruction, then add the 8 higher-order bits using an add-with-carry instruction and the carry bit from the lower order addition; thus, an 8-bit processor requires two instructions to complete a single operation, where a 16-bit processor would be able to complete the operation with a single instruction. Historically, 4-bit microprocessors were replaced with 8-bit, then 16-bit, then 32-bit microprocessors.
|
|