Some other historical engine controls, which are automated in modern passenger cars, were the choke valve, ignition timing, and spark arrestor.
|
|
The exhaust had a spark arrestor. The ignition used points. Parents could limit the speed the rider could go by placing an allen screw in 1 of 4 throttle stops on the throttle.
|
|
Cave, et al., p. 45 Those changes led to considerably increased tractive effort. The large spark-arresting chimneys originally fitted were replaced by a straight chimney, with a conical spark arrestor being located in the smokebox.
|
|
The smokestack has a Kobel spark arrestor. Later a Prüsmann chimney was used. The horizontally arranged two-cylinder, wet steam drive acted on the rearmost coupled axle. The Stephenson valve gear with crossed eccentric rods was also on the outside.
|
|
Rihosek won special acclaim for his development of railway brakes, where he preferred the use of compressed air brakes. He carried out this work in conjunction with the firm of Gebrüder Hardy A.G., on whose board he sat until his death. In addition he invented the spark arrestor and the exhaust steam preheater.
|
|
The four-stroke engine was quiet and almost all models were equipped with spark-arrestor exhausts. While targeted at off-road users, this was not a dirt bike in the conventional sense. It could be registered for road use, having a top speed in high-ratio road gear of around . Fuel economy was excellent, often around and above 100mpg.
|
|
Centrifugal type spark arrester A spark arrester (sometimes spark arrestor) is any device which prevents the emission of flammable debris from combustion sources, such as internal combustion engines, fireplaces, and wood burning stoves. Spark arresters play a critical role in the prevention of wildland fire and ignition of explosive atmospheres. Consequently, their use is required by law in many jurisdictions worldwide.
|
|
A secondary function is to prevent birds and squirrels from nesting in the chimney. They often also act as a rain guard to keep rain from going down the chimney. A metal wire mesh is sometimes added as a spark arrestor. Wooden cowls were used on oasts to prevent the ingress of rain into kilns, and create a flow of air through the kiln.
|
|
Even so, Suzuki found it prudent to fit heat shields on the outside of the pipe to further protect riders and pillions. The bike's sound is unique among its two- and four-stroke contemporaries but also quite loud. Early in production (December 1974, Frame #11901), Suzuki reduced the size of the spark arrestor tubes, which both reduced noise and horsepower, but the RE5 exhaust note remains distinctive.
|
|
Gauze used in bookbinding is called mull, and is used in case binding to adhere the text block to the book cover. Modern gauze is also made of synthetic fibers, especially when used in clothing. It can also be made of metal, such as a wire gauze placed on top of a Bunsen burner, used in a safety lamp or spark arrestor, or used as a fence.
|
|
He left the N&F; to become foreman of the Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1838. In this position, he was co-author on a patent for a spark arrestor in 1842 that has since become known as the "French and Baird stack". In 1854, Baird invested in a share of the Baldwin Locomotive Works, becoming a partner. At this time, he developed (but did not patent) a new fire arch to improve steam locomotive combustion.
|
|
These openings were known by a variety of terms, the most common being "cinder pocket" or "cleaning hole and cap". Its purpose was, most likely, to facilitate cleaning of the spark arrestor screens to overcome clogging without having to open the smokebox door. The cover handles were attached to the smokebox side by a small chain. Judging from photographs, these covers were removed and the openings closed off in the SAR era.
|
|
In 1962, Bulleid Battle of Britain class 4-6-2 34064 Fighter Command was fitted with a Giesl ejector on the grounds that a desired spark arrestor would "suffocate" an ordinary blastpipe. It quickly became apparent, following some adjustment, that the ejector improved the locomotive design, and it was held in high regard by the crews. A BR Standard Class 9F 2-10-0 92250 was also fitted with a Giesl ejector, but with "indifferent" results.
|
|
Just behind the pilot house was a small structure called the "", which contained cabins for the officers. Behind the was the vessel's single funnel, and on the front of the funnel was the steamer's whistle. In the case of Lytton, the funnel flared out in cone near the top, and may have been fitted with a spark arrestor. This detail was somewhat unusual and allows Lytton to be more readily identified in photographs of the period.
|
|
They often feature a rain guard to prevent rain or snow from going down the chimney. A metal wire mesh is often used as a spark arrestor to minimize burning debris from rising out of the chimney and making it onto the roof. Although the masonry inside the chimney can absorb a large amount of moisture which later evaporates, rainwater can collect at the base of the chimney. Sometimes weep holes are placed at the bottom of the chimney to drain out collected water.
|
|
The smokebox extended well forward of the blast pipe and chimney, to provide space for a spark arrestor, and baffle plates that were the forerunners of the self- cleaning smokebox. The driving position was on the right-hand side, with the valve gear controlled by a ‘Johnson Bar’ lever and ratchet system. The regulator was a typical American pull-out lever with notched sector plate and graduation. The regulator itself was of the balanced, conically-seated type which, in later years, became the standard for locomotives from the 2-8-2 X-class and onward.
|
|
The four Nelson locomotives were never fitted with superheaters. Instead, they were equipped with smokebox blowdown valves on the right-hand side of the locomotive, the only NZR locomotives to be fitted with this modification. This was intended to increase the steaming capacity of the locomotives, making it easier to eject the ash, cinders and soot that would collect in the smokeboxes of the locomotives. A small port on the left-hand side of the smokebox was opened to assist this process, allowing one of the crew to brush down the smokebox and clean the spark arrestor.
|
|
The internal pipe ends in a removable stinger drilled with numerous holes and wrapped in a fibreglass-like material. The stinger (or spark arrestor as Suzuki calls it) exits the exhaust system at the end of the external shell. At the front of each pipe was a small forward-facing grille which allowed cool ambient air to be forced into the pipe by the bike's forward motion and to travel the length of the exhaust between the internal and external pipes. It then flowed through the holes drilled in the stinger, mixing with the hot exhaust gasses before exiting the system.
|
|
Class NG G16A 141 & 155 on the climb from Bongwana to Nqabeni, circa 1992As part of their development to keep the railway competitive, the PSACR upgraded two of their existing Class NG G16 locomotives. The engineers incorporated developments proposed by L.D. Porta, including GPCS, Lempor exhaust, an improved spark arrestor, lightweight multi- ring articulated piston valves, improved valve events and improved mechanical lubrication. Two locomotives were modified: No. 141 in 1989 and No. 155 in 1990, and reclassified to Class NG G16A. In comparative testing No. 141 gave a fuel saving of 25% compared to a standard SAR Class NG G16 Garratt, and was easily maintained in regular service.
|
|
The trial was successful with the locomotive noted for its clean running and the elimination of smoke, spark hazard and spark arrestor cleaning. With the grate automatically stoked via a tender-mounted conveyor screw and blower motor, it was now possible to harness the full steam-raising potential of the locomotive's boiler without the stamina of the fireman being a limiting factor. The steam requirements for both engine and booster were able to be met for unlimited periods at maximum steam pressure even against the action of both injectors. Comparative performance tests with black coal-fired X30 revealed that X32 was able to generate a drawbar horsepower output of at , exceeding by 5 to 10% that which could be produced by X30 with good quality Maitland or Lithgow coals.
|
|
According to the Michigan Hand Book of Off- Road Vehicle Laws "Michigan law defines an ORV as any motor vehicle that can be operated cross-country (without benefit of a road or trail) over land, snow, and other natural terrain. This includes: multi-track or multi-wheeled vehicles; all-terrain vehicles (ATVs); motorcycles or related multi-wheeled vehicles; amphibious machines (water-to-land and back); hovercraft; and other vehicles that use mechanical power including 2- or 4-wheel-drive vehicles that are highway registered but operated off highways or off roads." This trail system is also patrolled to ensure that all ORV operators and all passengers wear a U.S. Department of Transportation– approved crash helmet and protective eyewear or goggles except when the ORV is equipped with an approved roof and the operator and passengers are wearing properly adjusted and fastened safety belts. Also, each rider must utilize a U.S. Forest Service–approved spark arrestor and muffler in good working condition, in constant operation, and meeting applicable sound-level standards.
|
|
Telephone menu messages provide open and closed trails information 24 hours a day. Operating conditions enforced under the Code of Federal Regulations prohibit the following: (a) Operating any vehicle, including any off-road vehicle: # Without a valid license as required by state law; # With an internal or external combustion engine not equipped with a properly installed spark arrestor or exhaust system; # Without an operable braking system, or properly installed and working exhaust system; # From one-half hour after sunset to one-half hour before sunrise unless equipped with working head and tail lights; # In violation of any applicable noise emission standard established by any federal or state agency. If standards overlap, the most stringent will govern. (b) Driving any vehicle, including off-road vehicles: # In excess of posted or established limits on speed, load, weight, length, or width; # While under the influence of alcohol or drugs; # In violation of state law; # In a manner that creates excessive or unusual noise or smoke; # Carelessly and without regard for the safety of others; # In a manner that endangers, or is likely to endanger, any person or property # In a manner creating excessive damage or disturbance of land, wildlife, or vegetation resources.
|
|