As the Gawker trial sludges on, there's no better time to reflect on just how normal it felt to turn to the internet for commentary on bleak minutiae like sex tapes, microcelebrity news, and deep dives into fringe content that traditional media didn't have time for.
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The third layer is sand that can be between 10 and 15 centimeters thick and acts as filter between sludge and gravel. Sludge dries up and water percolates to the first layer and collected at the drainage pipe located below every layer. Fecal sludges behave differently during dewatering processes than wastewater sludges. The amount of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) can be an important predictor for faecal sludge dewatering performance.
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Scan Electron Microsc. 1981;4:115-24. Dudley DJ, Guentzel MN, Ibarra MJ, Moore BE, Sagik BP. Enumeration of potentially pathogenic bacteria from sewage sludges. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1980 Jan;39(1):118-26.
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US to produce 40%; Peru 30%; Japan 20% and Canada 10%. The anode sludges contain the selenides and tellurides of the noble metals in compounds with the formula M2Se or M2Te (M = Cu, Ag, Au). At temperatures of 500 °C the anode sludges are roasted with sodium carbonate under air. The metal ions are reduced to the metals, while the telluride is converted to sodium tellurite. :M2Te + O2 \+ Na2CO3 → Na2TeO3 \+ 2 M + CO2 Tellurites can be leached from the mixture with water and are normally present as hydrotellurites HTeO3− in solution.
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Burlington Northern signed an administrative order on consent with the U.S. EPA and the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) in 1985. Prior to that time, wastewater and liquid creosote had been removed from a lagoon and transported to a wastewater treatment plant and additional creosote was reused by an on-site plant. The remedy selected by EPA included on-site treatment and capping of remaining contaminated soils and sludges, and a groundwater gradient control system to address contaminated groundwater by using groundwater pump-out wells. Visibly contaminated soils and sludges were excavated from the site and placed in the on-site treatment area.
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When a liquid sludge is produced, further treatment may be required to make it suitable for final disposal. Sludges are typically thickened and/or dewatered to reduce the volumes transported off-site for disposal. Processes for reducing water content include lagooning in drying beds to produce a cake that can be applied to land or incinerated; pressing, where sludge is mechanically filtered, often through cloth screens to produce a firm cake; and centrifugation where the sludge is thickened by centrifugally separating the solid and liquid. Sludges can be disposed of by liquid injection to land or by disposal in a landfill.
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Chemosphere 81, 1171-1183Guo R., Lee I., Kim U., Oh J. Occurrence of synthetic musks in Korean sewage sludges. Science of the Total Environment 408, 1634-1639. have been conducted in various environmental compartments and humans. In most studies, DPMI was not detected.
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Density meters have many applications in various parts of various industries. Density meters are used to measure slurries, sludges, and other liquids that flow through the pipeline. Industries such as mining, dredging, wastewater treatment, paper, oil, and gas all have uses for density meters at various points during their respective processes.
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Solid bowl centrifuge designs are divided into three different types based on the solid bowl shapes, which are conical, cylindrical, and cylindrical-conical. The choice of the centrifuge design in a particular industry is determined by the characteristics of the slurry and solids.Orris E. A, Eugene E.G. (1969). Centrifugation of Waste Sludges.
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PEAT International constructed a plasma arc waste disposal facility at National Cheng Kung University (NCKU) in Tainan City, Taiwan, which uses its proprietary Plasma Thermal Destruction Recovery method. The facility is able to handle of waste per day from a variety of waste streams, including incinerator fly ash, medical waste, organic industrial process waste and inorganic sludges. It can also process waste consumer batteries and other materials, including heavy metal sludges, and refinery catalysts (waste streams that would generate valuable metal alloys), but no energy recovery efforts are reported. The facility was constructed as part of a comprehensive resource recovery facility funded by the Taiwanese government, marking the first time the government of Taiwan committed financial and technical resources to the utilization of plasma technology.
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Vacuum truck. A vacuum truck or vacuum tanker is a tank truck that has a pump and a tank. The pump is designed to pneumatically suck liquids, sludges, slurries, or the like from a location (often underground) into the tank of the truck. The objective is to enable transport of the liquid material via road to another location.
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Filtration may occur through underdrains in a sand drying bed or as a separate mechanical process in a belt filter press. Filtrate and centrate are typically returned to the sewage treatment process. After dewatering sludge may be handled as a solid containing 50 to 75 percent water. Dewatered sludges with higher moisture content are usually handled as liquids.
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Asphalt was used starting in the 1960s as a hydrophobic matrix aiming to encapsulate radioactive waste such as medium-activity salts (mainly soluble sodium nitrate and sodium sulfate) produced by the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuels or radioactive sludges from sedimentation ponds.Rodier, J., Scheidhauer, J., & Malabre, M. (1961). The conditioning of radioactive waste by bitumen (No. CEA-R1992).
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Types of waste generated offshore vary and include drill cuttings and powder, recovered oil, crude contaminated material, chemicals, drums, containers, sludges, tank washings, scrap metal and segregated recyclables. The majority of wastes produced offshore are transferred onshore where the main routes of disposal are landfill, incineration, recycling and reuse. Drill cuttings are also re-injected into wells offshore.
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The Alberta Taciuk process (ATP; known also as the AOSTRA Taciuk process) is an above-ground dry thermal retorting technology for extracting oil from oil sands, oil shale and other organics-bearing materials, including oil contaminated soils, sludges and wastes. The technology is named after its inventor William Taciuk and the Alberta Oil Sands Technology and Research Authority.
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Theoretically, any biomass can be converted into bio-oil using hydrothermal liquefaction regardless of water content, and various different biomasses have been tested, from forestry and agriculture residues, sewage sludges, food process wastes, to emerging non- food biomass such as algae. The composition of cellulose, hemicellulose, protein, and lignin in the feedstock influence the yield and quality of the oil from the process.
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Sludge treatment in the sewage treatment of Birsfelden. The sludges accumulated in a wastewater treatment process must be treated and disposed of in a safe and effective manner. The purpose of digestion is to reduce the amount of organic matter and the number of disease- causing microorganisms present in the solids. The most common treatment options include anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion, and composting.
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In Hong Kong, wastes generated can be categorised as municipal solid waste, construction and demolition waste, chemical waste and other special waste, including: clinical waste, animal carcasses, livestock waste, radioactive waste, grease trap waste and waterworks/sewage sludges. Current (2016), according to Waste Atlas 1st Report waste generation in Hong Kong is around 6.4 million tonnes per year or 900 kg/cap/year.
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The principal source of tellurium is from anode sludges from the electrolytic refining of blister copper. It is a component of dusts from blast furnace refining of lead. Treatment of 1000 tons of copper ore typically yields one kilogram (2.2 pounds) of tellurium. alt=Grey and white world map with four countries colored to show the percentage of worldwide tellurium production.
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Common secondary technologies are activated sludge systems, trickling filters, and constructed wetlands. The optional tertiary treatment stage may include processes for nutrient removal (nitrogen and phosphorus) and disinfection. Microplastics have been detected in both the primary and secondary treatment stages of the plants. A groundbreaking 1998 study suggested that microplastic fibers would be a persistent indicator of sewage sludges and wastewater treatment plant outfalls.
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Further research, however, is needed. There is concrete data linking the use of organic waste materials to synthetic fibers being found in the soil; but most studies on plastics in soil merely report its presence and do not mention origin or quantity. Controlled studies on fiber-containing land-applied wastewater sludges (biosolids) applied to soil reported semiquantitative recoveries of the fibers a number of years after application.
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Many sludges are treated using a variety of digestion techniques, the purpose of which is to reduce the amount of organic matter and the number of disease- causing microorganisms present in the solids. The most common treatment options include anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion, and composting. Sludge digestion offers significant cost advantages by reducing sludge quantity by nearly 50% and providing biogas as a valuable energy source.
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It applies to substances that have a complex microstructure, such as muds, sludges, suspensions, polymers and other glass formers (e.g., silicates), as well as many foods and additives, bodily fluids (e.g., blood) and other biological materials, and other materials that belong to the class of soft matter such as food. Newtonian fluids can be characterized by a single coefficient of viscosity for a specific temperature.
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Landfarming is an ex-situ waste treatment process that is performed in the upper soil zone or in biotreatment cells. Contaminated soils, sediments, or sludges are transported to the landfarming site, incorporated into the soil surface and periodically turned over (tilled) to aerate the mixture. Landfarming commonly uses a clay or composite liner to intercept leaching contaminants and prevent groundwater pollution, however, a liner is not a universal requirement.
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The company produces approximately 10,000 tons of cu-anodes, 1,500 tons of lead-ingots and 800 tons of tin-ingots per month. It is the leading producer of pure tin in Europe. All Metallo- Chimique final products are made out of scrap and by-products. The company buys and processes a wide range of different scrap grades and qualities including complex materials such as ashes, slags, oxides, and sludges.
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Mark Harrington, "Sad Memories of '56 Sylvania Explosion", New York Newsday, August 17, 2003, archived at the Wayback Machine, February 4, 2012. Sylvania was experimenting with large-scale production of thorium metal from thorium dioxide. Part of the process of shutting down this experiment was the reprocessing and burning of thorium metal powder sludges that went unprocessed during the experiment. It was during the incineration of this material that the explosion occurred.
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Shorter chains (n<100) are more water sensitive and less thermally stable than longer chains (n>1000), but short polymer chains (e.g. pyro-, tripoly-, and tetrapoly-) are more soluble and show increasing solubility with increasing chain length. Ammonium polyphosphate can be prepared by reacting concentrated phosphoric acid with ammonia. However, iron and aluminum impurities, soluble in concentrated phosphoric acid, form gelatinous precipitates or "sludges" in ammonium polyphosphate at pH between 5 and 7.
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Originating in North America, this insect has spread around the world. Its range includes Europe, western Asia and South America. It had become established in Britain by 2000, in Brazil by 2006, in Norway by 2011, in Iraq and Croatia by 2013 and in Spain by 2016. The larvae develop in moist areas rich in organic matter such as drains and trickling filter systems, but also in ditches and sludges of decaying organic matter.
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As the molecular weight of the compound increases, so does the resistance to biodegradation. Common approaches for providing oxygen above the water table include landfarming, composting and bioventing. During landfarming, contaminated soils, sediments, or sludges are incorporated into the soil surface and periodically turned over (tilled) using conventional agricultural equipment to aerate the mixture. Composting accelerates pollutant biodegradation by mixing the waste to be treated with a bulking agent, forming into piles, and periodically mixed to increase oxygen transfer.
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Such deposition may be made to get rid of unwanted material, such as the offshore dumping of material dredged from harbours and navigation channels. The deposition may also be to build up the coastline, for artificial islands, or for beach replenishment. Climate change also affect siltation rates. Another important cause of siltation is the septage and other sewage sludges that are discharged from households or business establishments with no septic tanks or wastewater treatment facilities to bodies of water.
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Diagram of a belt filter: sludge in the feed hopper is sandwiched between two filter cloths (shown green and purple). Fluid is extracted initially by gravity, then by squeezing the cloth through rollers. Filtrate exits through a drain, while solids are scraped off into a container. The belt filter (sometimes called a belt press filter, or belt filter press) is an industrial machine, used for solid/liquid separation processes, particularly the dewatering of sludges in the chemical industry, mining and water treatment.
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The containers are mostly drums with volumes from or concrete vessels. The declared total activity at the time of storage was 1.8·1015 Bq. Around 50% of the containers came from the former Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe nuclear reprocessing plant, 20% from nuclear power plants and 10% from the former Jülich Research Centre. The containers typically included mixed and laboratory waste, rubble, scrap, filter residues and combustion residues. Liquids such as evaporator concentrates, sludges, oils, resins and solvents had to be bound as solids.
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The behavior of MIM feedstock is governed by rheology, the study of sludges, suspensions, and other non-Newtonian fluids. Due to current equipment limitations, products must be molded using quantities of 100 grams or less per "shot" into the mold. This shot can be distributed into multiple cavities, making MIM cost-effective for small, intricate, high-volume products, which would otherwise be expensive to produce. MIM feedstock can be composed of a plethora of metals, but most common are stainless steels, widely used in powder metallurgy.
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Since the mid-1940s, aircraft maintenance, fuel management, and fire training activities on the base have generated wastes that consist primarily of waste fuels, oils, solvents, and cleaners. Base activities also have generated lesser amounts of paints and plating wastes. The EPA has this base listed on their database due to bulk wastes such as solvents, oils, fuels, and sludges which were disposed in pits at landfills around the base until 1977. Fuel and waste oils were incinerated by the Air Force during fire training exercises.
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Many industries have a need to treat water to obtain very high quality water for demanding purposes such pure chemical synthesis or boiler feed water. Many water treatment produce organic and mineral sludges from filtration and sedimentation. Ion exchange using natural or synthetic resins removes calcium, magnesium and carbonate ions from water, typically replacing them with sodium, chloride, hydroxyl and/or other ions. Regeneration of ion exchange columns with strong acids and alkalis produces a wastewater rich in hardness ions which are readily precipitated out, especially when in admixture with other wastewater constituents.
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It has been found in several environments since such as from activated sludges, water treatment plant sludge rainforest soil, human saliva, in association with sponges, cockroaches, gold mines, acetate-amended aquifer sediment, and other environments (bar thermophilic), making it an abundant and widespread phylum. Recently, TM7 rDNA and whole-cells were detected in activated sludge with >99.7% identity to a human skin TM7 and 98.6% identity to the human oral TM7a, suggesting metabolically active TM7 isolates in environmental sites may serve as model organisms to investigate the role TM7 species play in human health.
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Abandoned drums found near the mill in 1982 led to the removal of several drums and tanks of wastes and sludges. The mill, the plating shed, and the dam were placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. However, the DEP demolished the mill in 1987 and the plating shed in 1988. Though some soils on the property have been contaminated by PCBs and metals, a preliminary investigation and site assessment in 1995 concluded that there was, at the time, no need to remove additional material from the site.
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Hazardous wastes are wastes with properties that make them dangerous or potentially harmful to human health or the environment. Hazardous wastes can be liquids, solids, contained gases, or sludges. They can be by-products of manufacturing processes or simply discarded commercial products, like cleaning fluids or pesticides. In regulatory terms, RCRA hazardous wastes are wastes that appear on one of the four hazardous wastes lists (F-list, K-list, P-list, or U-list), or exhibit at least one of the following four characteristics; ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity.
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Aerojet has also conducted a number of removal actions for onsite soils, liquids, and sludges. In 2003, groundwater sampling data revealed a plume of contamination extending northwest under Carmichael. Discovery of TCE contamination at the Sacramento facility also led Aerojet to look into possible contamination of the groundwater at Aerojet's Azusa facility, where much of the testing of JATO's and Rocket engines were conducted before moving those operations to Sacramento. In 1980, it was announced that there was TCE contamination in the groundwater at Aerojet's facility in Azusa in a hearing chaired by State Senator Esteben Torres.
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Figa is situated in a valley surrounded by the hills of Beclean. It is noted for its salt water and mud with properties similar to that of Techirghiol. It features a spa consisting of an outdoor saltwater pool, an indoor heated swimming pool, sauna, jacuzzi, massage, fitness and sports grounds. The microrelief of the old salt-mining areas, with numerous excavations or pits, occupied today by salty sludges, springs and ponds and halophytic vegetation, present in the Figa valley, witness the ancient exploitation of salt in excavations with diameters ranging from 4–15 m, respectively with depths of up to 10 m.
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'Bioremediation' of oil contaminated soils, marine waters and oily sludges in situ is a feasible process as hydrocarbon degrading microorganisms are ubiquitous and are able to degrade most compounds in petroleum oil. In the simplest case, indigenous microbial communities can degrade the petroleum where the spill occurs. In more complicated cases, various methods of adding nutrients, air, or exogenous microorganisms to the contaminated site can be applied. For example, bioreactors involve the application of both natural and additional microorganisms in controlled growth conditions that yields high biodegradation rates and can be used with a wide range of media.
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Emmell's Septic Landfill is located on 128 Zurich Ave,Galloway Township, taking up 38 acres. ESL was in operation from 1967 until 1979. During this time, disposing of waste wherever convenient was common practice and in 1974, the site received a facility permit that authorized them to dispose sewage and septic waste in near waters. Emmell's Septic Landfill began to accept septic and sewage sludge and throw the waste into trenches and lagoons on site. “[...] both solid and chemical waste was also disposed of at the landfill, including drums containing paint sludges, gas cylinders, household garbage, and construction debris”.
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The Dewey Loeffel Landfill is an EPA superfund site located in Rensselaer County, New York. In the 1950s and 1960s, the site was used as a disposal facility for more than 46,000 tons of industrial hazardous wastes, including solvents, waste oils, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), scrap materials, sludges and solids. Some hazardous substances, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and PCBs, have migrated from the facility to underlying aquifers and downstream surface water bodies, resulting in contamination of groundwater, surface water, sediments and several species of fish. There is currently a ban on fish consumption in Nassau Lake and the impacted tributaries.
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The site was then turned into a private landfill in 1969 and then a commercial solid waste landfill in 1971. At this point the landfill was used to dispose of liquid waste by companies, specifically Atlantic City Electric Company. The liquid waste consisted of industrial chemicals, oils and greases/sludges, septic tank and sewer wastes, which were disposed on the site for 8 years, ending altogether in 1976, but in the meantime, having contaminated the groundwater, soil, air, and nearby creeks, specifically Absecon Creek. Chemicals dumped on the site are believed to be 1,2-Dichloroethane, arsenic, benzene, chloroform, lead, and vinyl chloride, all of which contaminated the groundwater, soil, air, and nearby creeks.
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TM7 specific FISH probes identified species from a bioreactor sludge revealed the presence of a gram-positive cell envelopes and several morphotypes: a sheathed filament (abundant), a rod occurring in short chains, a thick filament and cocci; the former may be the cause of Eikelboom type 0041 (bulking problems of activated sludges). The majority of bacterial phyla are Gram-negative diderms, whereas only the Firmicutes, the Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi are monoderms. Candidate phylum TM7 is in fact a close relative of the Chloroflexi. Using a polycarbonate membrane as a growth support and soil extract as the substrate, microcolonies of this clade were grown consisting of long filamentous rods up to 15 μm long with less than 50 cells or short rods with several hundred cells per colony, after 10 days incubation.
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According to the New Jersey Department of Health “Contaminants detected in the sludges and sediments of the pit area in 1986 included di-n-octyl phthalate (77,000 ppb), di-n-butyl phthalate (790 ppb), xylenes (11,000 ppb) ethylbenzene (9,800 ppb), 1,1,1-tri-chloroethane (12,000 ppb), and numerous unidentified compounds.” According to the EPA, “The only contaminant-related ecological impact observed was to some flora in the lagoon-fed marsh. This stressed area was an isolated section adjacent to the lagoon. Obvious signs of phytotoxicity and adverse impacts were yellow, withered vegetation, and vegetation stained black from the overflow of lagoon contents.” In other words, the only impact on the environment observed was staining of vegetation, causing it to be yellow, black, or brown due to the different metals and chemicals that the wetlands were exposed to.
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Halogen compounds are also present in the product oxide. Increased use of galvanised steel has resulted in increased levels of zinc in steel scrap which in turn leads to higher levels of zinc in electric arc furnace flue dusts - as of 2000 the waelz process is considered to be a "best available technology" for flue dust zinc recovery, and the process is used at industrial scale worldwide. As of 2014 the Waelz process is the preferred or most widely used process for zinc recovery of zinc from electric arc furnace dust (90%). Alternative production and experimental scale zinc recovery processes include the rotary hearth treatment of pelletised zinc containing dust (Kimitsu works, Nippon Steel); the SDHL (Saage, Dittrich, Hasche, Langbein) process, an efficiency modification of the Waelz process; the "DK process" a modified blast furnace process producing pig iron and zinc (oxide) dust from blast furnace dusts, sludges and other wastes; and the PRIMUS process (multi-stage zinc volatilisation furnace).
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