The term originated during the use of early supersonic wind tunnels. “Starting” the supersonic wind tunnel is the process in which the air becomes supersonic; unstart of the wind tunnel is the reverse process. The shock waves that develop during the starting or unstart process may be visualized with schlieren or shadowgraph optical techniques.
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The series ran for 18 episodes. Myth & Roid performed the series' opening theme song "shadowgraph," while Riko Azuna performed the series' ending song "Whiteout." Crunchyroll streams the series. Named Boogiepop and Others, the series adapts not only the titular novel, but also Boogiepop Returns: VS Imaginator, Boogiepop at Dawn, and Boogiepop Overdrive: The King of Distortion.
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Ground Zero Indicator, showing the interior graticules (and the insert at bottom left shows the instrument mounted with its cover in place) The Ground Zero Indicator, known by the acronym GZI was a specially designed shadowgraph instrument used by the British Royal Observer Corps during the Cold War to locate the Ground Zero of any nuclear explosion.
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Sections of the tank can also be configured to simulate possible flight conditions such as rain or snow. Currently the facility offers a wide variety of instruments for hyperballistic testing. Instruments are available for making measurements related to the flight of the projectile and the target impact event. Instrumentation includes shadowgraph cameras, high speed video cameras, and multiple plane digital x-ray sensors.
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The Hypervelocity Free-Flight (HFF) Range currently comprises two active facilities: the Aerodynamic Facility (HFFAF) and the Gun Development Facility (HFFGDF). The HFFAF is a combined Ballistic Range and Shock-tube Driven Wind Tunnel. Its primary purpose is to examine the aerodynamic characteristics and flow-field structural details of free-flying aeroballistic models. The HFFAF has a test section equipped with 16 shadowgraph-imaging stations.
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He was with Zancig for a number of years playing the blindfolded medium. He completed his education in the United States and went to England to continue his studies, but instead began training to be a professional magician. In 1921, he returned to the US and appeared in various magical acts, before finding success in Europe. He presented his original comedy shadowgraph act in Vienna, subsequently touring all of Europe.
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The opening act of London Calling! utilised Laurens Hammond's patented 3-D shadowgraph process, which required the patrons to wear special colour-tinted glasses. American inventor Hammond had earlier developed a Teleview sequential viewing system for use as part of the successful productions of the Ziegfeld Follies (1907–1931). Its use influenced producer André Charlot, who was in the United States at the time of the Follies, to attempt something similar in Europe.
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Typical models in the 11-ft are either a full span (sting mounted), or half span (floor mounted) configuration. A sting-mounted model support is capable of moving the test article to various AOA and AOS setpoints within at 15 degree cone. Typical model measurements acquired may include: Forces and Moments, Steady-State Pressures, Temperatures. Multiple optical test techniques are offered which include: Shadowgraph (which is closely related to Schlieren), Infrared, and Pressure-sensitive paint.
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London Calling! was a musical revue, produced by André Charlot with music and lyrics by Noël Coward, which opened at London's Duke of York's Theatre on 4 September 1923. It is famous for being Noël Coward's first publicly produced musical work and for the use of a 3-D stereoscopic shadowgraph as part of its opening act. The revue's song "Parisian Pierrot", sung by Gertrude Lawrence, was Coward's first big hit and became one of his signature tunes.
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Schlieren flow visualization of a Lockheed SR-71 Pratt & Whitney J58 engine inlet at Mach 2 Schlieren flow visualization is based on the deflection of light by a refractive index gradientSettles, G. S., Schlieren and shadowgraph techniques: Visualizing phenomena in transparent media, Berlin:Springer-Verlag, 2001. The index gradient is directly related to flow density gradient. The deflected light is compared to undeflected light at a viewing screen. The undisturbed light is partially blocked by a knife edge.
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The photogram was applied by Man Ray, Moholy-Nagy and Chargesheimer after its introduction by Christian Schad, according to the author. However, this is not substantiated through further reference by Matzner. The Dutch catalogue was also issued in German by the Leopold Museum in Vienna (2008). Variations of the technique have also been used for scientific purposes, in shadowgraph studies of flow in transparent media and in high-speed Schlieren photography, and in the medical X-Ray.
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Then the wound itself was laid bare, and with > the patient stretched at full length in bed, and perfectly at ease, the > fluorescent rays were flashed intermittently, and a splendid shadowgraph > picture was the result. The bones of the leg were clearly defined, and the > bullet itself equally so. A second exposure from a slightly different > position was afterwards taken with another full plate for the purpose of > showing the exact angle of the embedded bullet.
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If a knife edge is not used, the system is generally referred to as a shadowgraph system, which measures the second derivative of density. Diagram of classical schlieren imaging using a parabolic concave mirror If the fluid flow is uniform, the image will be steady, but any turbulence will cause scintillation, the shimmering effect that can be seen over heated surfaces on a hot day. To visualise instantaneous density profiles, a short-duration flash (rather than continuous illumination) may be used.
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The Ground Zero Indicator, or GZI or shadowgraph, consisted of four horizontally mounted cardinal compass point pinhole cameras within a metal drum, each 'camera' contained a sheet of photosensitive paper on which were printed horizontal and vertical calibration lines. The flash from a nuclear explosion would produce a mark on one or two of the papers within the drum. The position of the mark enabled the bearing and height of the burst to be estimated. With triangulation between neighbouring posts these readings would give an accurate height and position.
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Schlieren photo/Shadowgraph of the detached shock or bow shockwave around a bullet in supersonic flight, published by Ernst Mach in 1888. Mathematical models, such as computational fluid dynamics, are used for calculating the effects of drag or air resistance; they are quite complex and not yet completely reliable, but research is ongoing.Prediction of Projectile Performance, Stability, and Free-Flight Motion Using Computational Fluid Dynamics, Weinacht, US Army Research Laboratory, 2003 The most reliable method, therefore, of establishing the necessary projectile aerodynamic properties to properly describe flight trajectories is by empirical measurement.
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Around the same time, Bull and Murphy started discussing the idea of firing scale aircraft models from their guns. Both started working on the idea, but Bull beat Murphy when he successfully fired a model of the Gloster Javelin from his gun and managed to take shadowgraph photos of it showing supersonic shock cones. Bull then used the same method to work on the Avro Arrow, discovering an instability that led to the use of a stability augmentation system. Work on the Avro Arrow was soon cancelled, which angered Bull.
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In the play the play Krapp becomes fascinated by the word "spool" and repeats it several times. On December 27, 2001, Spool was given national notice in an article in The Globe and Mail by Canadian jazz critic Mark Miller, who said "It's work supported not by the majors, but by smaller companies -- as small as Uxbridge, Ont., label Spool which released two of the most interesting Canadian CDs of 2001, West Coast guitarist Tony Wilson's melancholic Lowest Note and a boisterous collaboration between George Lewis and Vancouver's NOW Orchestra, The Shadowgraph Series."Globe and Mail, December 27, 2001, p. R3.
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The classical implementation of an optical schlieren system uses light from a single collimated source shining on, or from behind, a target object. Variations in refractive index caused by density gradients in the fluid distort the collimated light beam. This distortion creates a spatial variation in the intensity of the light, which can be visualised directly with a shadowgraph system. In classical schlieren photography, the collimated light is focused with a converging optical element (usually a lens or curved mirror), and a knife edge is placed at the focal point, positioned to block about half the light.
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In time Maxwell (as Max Holden) became successful performing his magic act in America on the Keith-Albee-Orpheum and Marcus Loew circuits. He was known for his Shadowgraphy shows that he improved in 1914 with an invention of his own that added an array of colors onto the shadowgraph screen.Magic: A Pictorial History of Conjurers in the Theater (Front Cover David Price), 1985.New York Times, July 6, 1949 Maxwell would go on to spend a number of years touring abroad and was said to have crossed the Atlantic some eighty-six times over his near quarter century career.
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The asymmetry sends waves back to the nozzle, which sets up a class III feedback loop and a strong periodic dipole sound field; it is called screech tone. Powell first described the phenomenon and because of application to military aircraft and potential structural fatigue, much subsequent work has been done. The sound field is sufficiently intense for it to appear on a shadowgraph as shown in the figure on the right (from M. G. Davies) for a rectangular supersonic jet. The dipole nature of the source is clear by the phase reversal on either side of the jet.
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In 2019, the band's song "Shadowgraph" was used as the opening theme for the anime Boogiepop and Others. Its coupling track, "Remembrance", was featured in the first theatrical movie release of "The Saga of Tanya the Evil". The band's song "Tit for Tat" was used as the opening for the anime Cautious Hero: The Hero Is Overpowered but Overly Cautious In December 2019, it was announced that the band would release a single titled "Forever Lost"; the title song would be used as the ending theme to the film Made in Abyss: Dawn of the Deep Soul.
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Dr. Irving Greenfield's work has appeared in a variety of media. Greenfield's short stories have appeared in several publications, including Amsterdam Quarterly, The Vignette Review, A Thousand and One Stories, Maudlin House, Hippocampus Magazine, Electron Magazine, Chicago Literati, The Stone Canoe (electronic edition), The Stone Hobo, Contraposition, The Furious Gazelle, Festival Writer, Shadowgraph, Way Too Fantasy, Prime Mincer, Lavender Wolves Literary Journal, eFiction Mag, Foliate Oak Literary Magazine, The Note, Sleet Magazine, Barking Sycamores, Writing for Tomorrow, The Raven's Perch, Brawler, Runaway Parade, and Amarillo Bay. Universal International adapted his novel Tagget into a 1991 film for TV starring Daniel J. Travanti. Greenfield has additionally published one-act and full-length plays, to much critical acclaim.
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The activities of the AAAPT have covered many areas of experimental and theoretical plasma physics. To cater for the diverse research interest of the members the AAAPT had, up to July 2005, organised or co-sponsored 37 training activities, conferences, workshops and satellite meetings and coordinated numerous scientific exchange and attachment programmes. Besides developing the UNU/ICTP PFF, member institutions also developed the following equipment to assist in building up research resources: # Nitrogen Laser teaching and applications package # Optical Fibre Monochromator System # 3.5-Channel diode x-ray spectrometer # nanosecond Laser Shadowgraph demonstration and application package # Multi-purpose Plasma Device # Linear Theta Pinch Package Altogether 32 packages of equipment were transferred in the equipment assistance program.
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But Mach also made many contributions to psychology and physiology, including his anticipation of gestalt phenomena, his discovery of the oblique effect and of Mach bands, an inhibition-influenced type of visual illusion, and especially his discovery of a non-acoustic function of the inner ear which helps control human balance. One of the best-known of Mach's ideas is the so-called "Mach principle", concerning the physical origin of inertia. This was never written down by Mach, but was given a graphic verbal form, attributed by Philipp Frank to Mach himself, as, "When the subway jerks, it's the fixed stars that throw you down." Ernst Mach's historic 1887 photograph (shadowgraph) of a bow shockwave around a supersonic bullet Mach also became well known for his philosophy, developed in close interplay with his science.
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This shadowgraph of a bullet in supersonic flight was taken at the Edgerton Center (Strobe Alley, MIT), using a discharge from a high-speed flashtube The flashtube was invented by Harold Edgerton in the 1930s as a means to take sharp photographs of moving objects. Flashtubes were mainly used for strobe lights in scientific studies, but eventually began to take the place of chemical and powder flashbulbs and flash lamps in mainstream photography.Technology of our times: people and innovation in optics and optoelectronics By Frederick Su - SPIE -- The International Society for Optical Engineering 1990 Page 43-55 Because electrical arcs could be made that were much faster than mechanical-shutter speeds, early high-speed photographs were taken with an open-air, electrical-arc discharge, called spark photography, helping to remove blur from moving objects. This was typically done with the shutter locked open while in a dark or dimly lit room, to avoid overexposing the film, and a method of timing the flash to the event to be photographed.
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Nuclear explosion captured by Edgerton's Rapatronic camera Shadowgraph of bullet in flight using Edgerton's equipment and stroboscope In 1937 Edgerton began a lifelong association with photographer Gjon Mili, who used stroboscopic equipment, in particular, multiple studio electronic flash units, to produce strikingly beautiful photographs, many of which appeared in Life Magazine. When taking multiflash photographs this strobe light equipment could flash up to 120 times a second. Edgerton was a pioneer in using short duration electronic flash in photographing fast events photography, subsequently using the technique to capture images of balloons at different stages of their bursting, a bullet during its impact with an apple, or using multiflash to track the motion of a devil stick, for example. He was awarded a bronze medal by the Royal Photographic Society in 1934, the Howard N. Potts Medal from the Franklin Institute in 1941, the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1966, the David Richardson Medal by the Optical Society of America in 1968, the Albert A. Michelson Medal from the same Franklin Institute in 1969, and the National Medal of Science in 1973.
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