15; Berne Scholiast on Lucan 2.173; Bobbio Scholiast 176 (Stangl); Augustine of Hippo, De civitate Dei 3.27.
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Orion, Et.Mag. p. 57, Scholiast on Ar. Birds 217, cited by .
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Nonnus, Dionysiaca 33.67Vatican Scholiast on Euripides' Rhesus, 895 (ed. Dindorf)Scholiast on Pindar's Pythian Odes 4.313Alciphron, Epistles 1.13.3Tzetzes. Chiliades 8.599 Cupid standing (left), and Hymen sitting (right). Hymen's burning torch on a Napoleonic wedding medal of 1807.
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25; scholiast on Aristophanes, Frogs 479 (Rutherford, p. 332); PMG 879 (Page, p. 466). According to the scholiast, the command to call on the god, was proclaimed by the Daduchos, a high Eleusinian official (Farnell, p. 149; Guía, p. 103).
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Smith, after Harpocration, s.v. , ; Suda, s.v. ; Scholiast ad Aristoph. Eccl. 102; Dem. c. Timocr.
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Gantz, p. 351; Scholiast on Apollonius of Rhodes Argonautica 2.178 [= Sophocles fr. 704]. A scholiast on Antigone says that Sophocles in his Tympanistai mentions Eidothea, sister of Cadmus, along with Idaea, daughter of Dardanus, as alternate possibilities for Phineus' second wife.Gantz, p. 351; Scholiast on Sophocles Antigone 981 [= Sophocles fr. 645]. The same scholiast mentions versions of the story (perhaps Sophoclean) where the stepmother blinds the sons (as in Antigone) and imprisons the sons in a tomb,Gantz, p. 351. or accused the sons of rape (and so they are blinded by Phineus as in the scholion to Argonautica).
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Nonnus, Dionysiaca 33.67Vatican Scholiast on Euripides' Rhesus, 895 (ed. Dindorf)Scholiast on Pindar's Pythian Odes 4.313Alciphron, Epistles 1.13.3Tzetzes. Chiliades 8.599 In Seneca's play Medea, he is stated to be the son of Dionysus.Seneca, Medea 56 ff Other stories give Hymen a legendary origin.
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The Bobbio Scholiast notesBobbio Scholiast 94 (Stangl). that Decianus was condemned for his "seditious and tumultuous tribunate," to which may be compared similar remarks by Cicero on Sextus Titius, a tribune the same year as Furius.Gruen, "Political Prosecutions," p. 38, note 38.
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Apollonius (), son of Chaeris, was a writer of ancient Greece, who is referred to by the scholiast on Aristophanes,Aristophanes, The Wasps 1231 and the Venetian Scholiast on Homer.Homer, Iliad 3.448Johann Albert Fabricius, Bibliotheca Graeca iv. p. 275 He is otherwise unknown.
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Deipnosophists, 9.392 and Hecateaccording to Musaeus as cited Scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 3.467 by Zeus.
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Plato, First Alcibiades p. 118, e., with the scholiast on the passagePlato, Protagoras p. 319, e.
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'Agroetas (Gr. ') was an ancient Greek historian who wrote a work on Scythia (), from the thirteenth book of which the scholiast on Apollonius of Rhodes quotes,Scholiast on Apollonius, ii. 1248 and one on Libya (), the fourth book of which is quoted by the same scholiast.Scholiast on Apollonius, , iv.
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53; Bremmer, p. 140. A scholiast, quoting the fifth-century BC historian Hellanicus, tells us that, in addition to the Hesiodic Cyclopes (whom the scholiast describes as "the gods themselves"), and the Homeric Cyclopes, there was a third group of Cyclopes: the builders of the walls of Mycenae.Fowler 2013, pp. 35-36, p.
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Plato (Laws, I, 633), a scholiast to Plato, and Heraclides Lembos (Fr. Hist. Gr., II, 210) also describe the krypteia.
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A scholiast on Cicero says, that Quintus Arrius thereafter went to Sicily to take over this province from Verres but died on the way there.Scholiasta Gronovianus in Cicero, Divinatio in Q. Caecilium 3, p. 382 ed. Orelli. However, the scholiast does not seem to be well informed, and the veracity of his assertion is doubtful.
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640-641; Scholia on Odyssey 11.521; Scholiast on Euripides, Trojan Women 822 = Little Iliad fr. 6 West (West, pp. 128, 129). According to the Euripides scholiast, the author of the Little Iliad said that a golden vine was made by Hephaestus for Zeus, and that Zeus gave it to Laomedon in compensation for Ganymede.
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According to the Scholiast on Aristophanes the pay was subsequently increased to two oboli,Scholiast on Aristophanes, Ran. 140 but this seems to be merely an erroneous inference from the passage of his author. Three oboli or the triobolon () occurs as early as 425 BC in the comedies of Aristophanes, and is afterwards mentioned frequently.
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224; Tripp, s.v. Iacchus, p. 313; Rose, Oxford Classical Dictionary s.v. Iacchus; scholiast on Aristophanes, Frogs 324 (Rutherford 1896, p. 316).
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Plutarch, De Recta Rat. Aud. c. 10; De Adulat. et Amico, c. 35 He is also quoted by the scholiast on Homer.
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Originally Pandia may have been an epithet of Selene,Willetts, p. 178; Cook, p. 732; Roscher, p. 100; Scholiast on Demosthenes, 21.39a.
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Cruquianus or Commentator Cruquianus was an anonymous writer of ancient Rome known primarily as a scholiast on the Roman lyric poet Horace.
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Lucian Gallus 3. For the myth, see also the scholiast to Aristophanes Av. 835; Eustathius, Ad Odysseam 1.300; Ausonius, 26.2.27; Libanius, Progymnasmata 2.26.
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4John Tzetzes, ad. Lycophron 266.Scholiast and Eustathius, ad Il. iii. 314 His Cynaedi, or Ionic poems (), are mentioned by StraboStrabo, xiv. p.
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The Bobbio Scholiast (commonly abbreviated schol. Bob.) was an anonymous scholiast working in the 7th century at the monastery of Bobbio and known for his annotations of texts from classical antiquity. He is a unique source for some information about ancient Rome, particularly biographical data and certain details of historical events, and appears to have had access to sources now lost. Although many commentaries and scholia were produced at the monastery, which was famous for its literary culture and vast library, the label "Bobbio Scholiast" has attached itself mainly to the scholia on a selection of Cicero's speeches.
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Parker, p. 358 n. 139; scholiast on Aristides, Vol. 3, p. 648 213, 18 Dindorf. By other accounts apparently, Iacchus was the husband of Demeter.
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Scholiast on Lycophron, p. 648. The story is also alluded to in HyginusHyginus, Astronomica Part 1, 6. The kneeler: Poet. Astr. ii. 6 and Dionysius.
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Roman-era mosaics show the bident for hare hunting (Villa Romana del Casale, Sicily, ca. 300 AD) The spear of Achilles is said by a few sources to be bifurcated.By Lesches of Lesbos (7th century BC) in the Little Iliad (Ilias parva), frg. 5 in the edition of Kinkel, as preserved by the scholiast to Pindar, Nemean Ode 6.85 and the scholiast to the Iliad 16.142.
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Two lines of iambic trimeter attributed to Sulpicia are quoted by a scholiast on Juvenal. The quotation mentions Calenus, identifying the Sulpicia named by the scholiast with the satirist. These lines are generally accepted as the only surviving fragment of Sulpicia's poetry. A seventy-line hexameter poem on the expulsion from Rome of Greek philosophers by Domitian was for a long time attributed to Sulpicia.
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"Mormo" and "Gello" were also aliases for Lamia according to one scholiast, who also claimed she was queen of the Laestrygonians, the race of man-eating giants.
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110, suggests that at the Lenaia, Iacchus, in addition to being a young man, and torchbearer, was possibly personified as a child, 'The son of Semele'. According to the scholiast on the Frogs of Aristophanes, participants at the Lenaia, responding to the command to "Invoke the god", replied with the invocation: "Hail, Iacchos, son of Semele, thou giver of wealth."Translation by Farnell, p. 149 (citing scholiast on Frogs 482).
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55; Hellanicus, fr. 88 Fowler [= FGrHist 4 fr. 88]; a scholiast to Aelius Aristides 52.10 Dindorf p. 408 describes a similar three-fold distinction, see Storey, p. 401.
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Latomus 70 Bruxelles 1964 p. 611-618. though being of Greek origin,Lycophron Alexandra 39 and scholiast, end of the 4th century; Diodorus Siculus IV 9; Hyginus Poet. Astr.
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Scholiast, On Theocritus ii. 12. In Sparta, she was known as Demeter-Chthonia (chthonic Demeter).Pausanias I 31,4- III 14,5 The Athenians called the dead "Demetrioi",Harrison, Jane Ellen.
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681, f, &c.;Scholiast On Apollonius of Rhodes, ii. 384, 1284Ludolf Küster, On Hesychius of Alexandria s.v. Words of Amerias have survived in the writings of Hesychius and Athenaeus.
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On the association of the cults of Prometheus and Hephaestus, see also Scholiast to Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 56, as cited by Robert Parker, Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 472. The race then travelled to the heart of the city, where it kindled the sacrificial fire on the altar of Athena on the Acropolis to conclude the festival.Pausanias 1.30.2; Scholiast to Plato, Phaedrus 231e; Dougherty, Prometheus, p.
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The scholiast says that Dionysus caused the vine to trip Telephus because Telephus had failed to properly honor him.Platter, p. 148; Gantz, p. 579; Frazer's note to Apollodorus, E.3.17.
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Schachter 1967, p. 4. In some traditions perhaps, the Thebans Melia and Ismenus were siblings, rather than mother and son. A scholiast on Pindar says that Ismenus was Melia's brother.Larson, p.
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178; Cook, p. 732; Roscher, p. 100; Scholiast on Demosthenes, 21.39a. but by at least the time of the late Homeric Hymn, Pandia had become a daughter of Zeus and Selene.
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The Scholiast on Pindar mentions a river Opus in Elis.Schol. ad Pind. Ol. 9.64. Its site has not been located, also some suggest it may be the ruins near modern Gartsiko.
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'Alexander (Gr. ') of Athens was a comic poet, the son of Aristion, whose name occurs in an inscription given in Böckh,Philipp August Böckh, Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum i. p. 765 who refers it to the 145th Olympiad in 200 BC. There seems also to have been a poet of the same name who was a writer of the Middle Comedy, quoted by the Scholiast on Homer,Scholiast on Homer, Iliad ix. 216 and AristophanesScholiast on Aristophanes, Ran.
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31; Athenaeus, x. 436, xi. 468, xiv. 634 Besides his tragedies, we are told by the scholiast on Aristophanes, that Ion also wrote lyric poems, comedies, epigrams, paeans, hymns, scholia, and elegies.
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Cispius may have been a praetorCIL 4, 1278. sometime after 54.General sources on Marcus Cispius: Cicero, Pro Sestio 76, Pro Plancio 77–75; Bobbio Scholiast 165 Stangl; MRR2 pp. 202, 544.
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However a scholiast on Apollonius of Rhodes' Argonautica says that, in a (now lost) Sophoclean play, the stepmother was named Idaea, and Phineus himself blinded his sons as a result of Idaea's slander.
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According to the scholiast on Apollonius of Rhodes, the legendary seventh-century BC poet Cinaethon apparently knew both names for the Hundred-Hander. The name also appears in the lost epic poem the Titanomachy.
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Euripides' treatment of the story is according to the scholiast on Sophocles, Ajax 1297, citing Euripides' Cretan Women, see: Collard and Cropp, pp. 520, 521; Webster, pp. 37-38; Jebb's note to Ajax 1295 Κρήσσης.
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Antipater () was a Greek physician and author of a work titled On the Soul, of which the second book is quoted by the Scholiast on Homer,Il. L. 115. p. 306, ed. Bekker; Cramer, Anc.cd.
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Naxos or Naxus (Ancient Greek: )Suda, under . was a town of ancient Crete, according to the Scholiast (ad Pind. Isth. vi. 107) celebrated for its whetstones. Some classicists have doubted the existence of this city.
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But Menander, preferring the independence of his villa in the Piraeus and the company of his mistress Glycera, refused.Alciphron: Letters, 2.3–4 According to the note of a scholiast on the Ibis of Ovid, he drowned while bathing,Scholiast on Ibis.591 and his countrymen honored him with a tomb on the road leading to Athens, where it was seen by Pausanias.Pausanias, Description of Greece, 1.2.2 Numerous supposed busts of him survive, including a well-known statue in the Vatican, formerly thought to represent Gaius Marius.
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100; Scholiast on Demosthenes, 21.39a. but by at least the time of the Homeric Hymn to Selene,Hymn to Selene (32) 15-16. Pandia ("all brightness")Fairbanks, p. 162. Regarding the meaning of "Pandia", Kerenyi, p.
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Tzetzes' comments are not readily available but are discussed by Gantz (1993: p.601) and Boitani (1989: p.17). Lycophron's scholiast also says that Apollo started to plan Achilles' death after the murder.Sommerstein (2007: p.201).
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Hystoe or Hystoë was a town of ancient Crete, which the Scholiast on Aratus connects with the Idaean nymph Cynosura, one of the nurses of Zeus.Phaen. vol. ii. p. 40, ed. Buhle Its site is unlocated.
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Antipater () of Acanthus was a grammarian of ancient Greece, of uncertain date,Ptolemaeus Chennus, ap. Phot. Cod.Eustathius of Thessalonica, ad Hom. Od. xi. p. 453 probably the same as the one mentioned by the Scholiast on Aristophanes.
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663 According to a scholiast on Homer' s Iliad, Polyidus had two sons, Euchenor and Cleitus, by Eurydameia, daughter of Phyleus. Pausanias makes Polyeidus father of Coeranus, Manto and Astycrateia, and calls Euchenor his grandson through Coeranus.
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Compare with Photius, s.v. Ἴακχος and Suda, s.v. Ἴακχος (iota,16), which identify Iacchus with Διόνυσος ἐπὶ τῷ μαστῷ ('Dionysus at the breast'). A scholiast on the 2nd-century AD Aristides, explicitly names Demeter as Iacchus' mother.
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This is based on an ancient scholiast's annotation of a copy of Aeschines's works. The scholiast notes that the Athenians met disaster at the 'Nine-Ways' in the archonship of Lysitheus (known to be 465/464 BC).
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A scholiast on Apollonius says that, according to Epimenides, Endymion, having fallen in love with Hera, asked Zeus to grant him eternal sleep.Gantz, p. 35. The same scholiast gives another story involving Endymion's love for Hera, this time attributed to the Great Ehoiai, saying that "Endymion was carried up by Zeus to heaven, but that he was seized by desire for Hera and was deceived by the phantom of a cloud, and that because of this desire he was thrown out and went down to Hades", see Most, fragment 198, p. 275.
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Eustathius of Thessalonica, on the Odyssey xvi. 118 Similar poems, and with the same title, were written by other poets also, such as Eumelus of Corinth,Scholiast, ad Pind. Ol. xiii. 31 Anticleides of Athens,Athenaeus iv. p.
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Another refers to Merope as the daughter of Minos and not of Oenopion.Kerenyi, Gods of the Greeks, pp. 201–204; for Merope as the wife of Oenopion, he cites the scholiast on Nicander, Theriaca 15. Frazer's notes to Apollodorus.
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Scholiast on Homer's Odyssey λ.547. Alternatively, the Trojans and Pallas Athena were the judgesHomer, Odyssey λ 542.Proclus, Chrestomathy 3, Little Iliad. in that, following Nestor's advice, spies were sent to the walls to overhear what was said.
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Sinon, an Achaean spy, signaled the fleet stationed at Tenedos when "it was midnight and the clear moon was rising"Scholiast on Lycophroon, 344. and the soldiers from inside the horse emerged and killed the guards.Apollodorus, Epitome 5.19–20.
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Several of his medical prescriptions are preserved by Oribasius and Aëtius. Another of Adamantius' works, (Lat. De Ventis), is quoted by the Scholiast to Hesiod, and an extract from it is given by Aëtius Amidenus.Aëtius Amidenus. tetrab. i. serm.
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Scholiast ad Arist. Ran. 504John Tzetzes, Chiliades vii. 154, viii. 191—-for the names and are unquestionably merely corruptions of , as was first observed by Johannes Meursius, with whom Johann Joachim Winckelmann, Friedrich Thiersch, and Müller agree Myron, and Polykleitos.
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A Commentary on the Odyssey by a certain Theon is quoted in the Etymologicum Magnum.Etymologicum Magnum s.v. In one of the Scholia on Aristophanes,Scholiast on Aristophanes, The Clouds 397 (the authenticity of which is debated)see Dindorf, Annot. ad loc.
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The Lycian King Iobates sent Bellerophon against the Amazons, hoping that they would kill him, but Bellerophon killed them all.Homer, Iliad vi. 186, &c.;Scholiast On Lycophron 17 The tomb of Myrine is mentioned in the Iliad;Homer, Iliad, Book ii.
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Vaticanus Mons (or Vaticanus CollisFestus, p. 519 in the edition of Lindsay.) was most often a name in Classical Latin for the Janiculum.Horace, Carmen 1.20.7–8, with a further note by a scholiast; Juvenal 6.344; Richardson, New Topographical Dictionary, p. 405.
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The Bibliotheca makes Aesacus son of Priam's first wife Arisbe, daughter of Merops.Pseudo-Apollodorus. Bibliotheca, Book 3.12.5. Apollodorus and Tzetzes also make Aesacus a seer who has learned the interpretation of dreams from his grandfather Merops.Tzetzes. Scholiast on Lycophron, 224.
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The Scholiast on Apollonius of Rhodes cites Phorcys and Ceto as the parents of the Hesperides, but this assertion is not repeated in other ancient sources. Homer refers to Thoosa, the mother of Polyphemus, as a daughter of Phorcys, with no mother specified.
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The derivation of the festival's name and exactly whom the festival may have honored have been the subject of considerable discussion.For example see Willetts, pp. 178-179; Smith, "Pandia"; Harpers, "Pandia"; Photius, Lexicon s.v. Πάνδια; Scholiast on Demosthenes, 21.39a; Lexicon Patmense s.v.
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Galaton (Ancient Greek: ) was an ancient Greek painter, whose picture representing Homer vomiting with other poets gathering up the vomit, is mentioned by Aelian ( V. H. xiii. 22) and by a scholiast to Lucian (i. p. 499, ed. Wetstein), who calls the painter Gelaton.
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For she would fail with fear if she should fight. > (Scholiast on Aristophanes, Knights 1056 and Aristophanes ib) According to Pindar, the decision was made by secret ballot among the Achaeans.Pindar, Nemean Odes 8.46(25). In all story versions, the arms were awarded to Odysseus.
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But the Scholiast on Aristophanes (Lysistr. 758) derives its name from the fact that the guests, whilst the name was given to the child, walked or danced around it. This festival is sometimes called from the day on which it took place.Hesych. and Aristoph.
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The scholiast on Horace who was historically called Cruquianus speaks of an Antonius Rufus who wrote plays both praetextatae and togatae,Cruquianus, ad Hor. Ar. Poet. 288 but whether he is the same as the grammarian is uncertain. This reference is considered by some scholars altogether unreliable.
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Pindar says that a lyric by Archilochus was sung at Olympia, and a scholiast to the passage gives a quotation. The performance of these songs seems to have led in the 6th century BC to aristocratic commissions for more elaborate numbers.Robbins, "Public Poetry," pp. 242 and 244.
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Hyginus, Fabulae, 14 Apollonius describes Teleon as "virtuous" (),Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, 1. 96 but beyond that, no information on this figure is available. A scholiast on Argonautica considers Teleon, father of Butes, and Teleon, father of Eribotes, to be two distinct figures.Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, 1.
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If Cleitagora was Spartan, this would explain why the song "Cleitagora" was said to be more appropriate to sing than "Telamon" when the Spartan women are visiting in Lysistrata. However, the scholiast on the Wasps says that Cleitagora was Thessalian, and Hesychius says that she was from Lesbos.
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Scholiast on Aristophanes Av. 1403 Some scholars consider this Antipater to be entirely fictional, and a source fabricated by Ptolemaeus Chennus, to assert the existence of a version of the Iliad that predates Homer's, written, Ptolemaeus said, by Dares Phrygius, a participant in the events of the Trojan War.
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Telephus routed the Greeks, killing Thersander, son of Polynices, and forcing the Greeks back to their ships. But Telephus was tripped by a vine and wounded in the thigh by Achilles' spear. According to Apollodorus, and a scholiast on Homer's Iliad, Telephus was tripped while fleeing from Achilles' attack.
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Flaccus was a military tribune, a senior military position, sometime before 100 BC. In 99 BC, he was curule aedile, a junior political position.Cicero, Pro Flacco 77; Bobbio Scholiast 95 and 105 (Stangl). On completion of his term he was unsuccessfully prosecuted by Decianus.Cicero, Pro Flacco 51, 70ff.
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Although often referred to as a skolion, its context as a short tombstone inscription scarcely suggests such a characterisation. It is, rather, an epigram. The confusion about this piece in modern scholarship is due to the association made by the scholiast to Plato's Gorgias 451e between the epigram and the skolion.
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The Bobbio Scholiast describes the first provision:Hildebrandt, P. Scholia In Ciceronis Orationes Bobiensia. Stuttgart, Germany: B. G. Teubner, 1971. pp. 106. "The Caecilian and Didian law decreed that the period of trinundium be observed for promulgating laws."Caecilia est autem et Didia, quae iubebant in promulgandis legibus trinundium tempus observari.
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Kerenyi, Gods of the Greeks, pp. 201–204; for Merope as the wife of Oenopion, he cites the scholiast on Nicander, Theriaca 15. Frazer's notes to Apollodorus. The Hungarian mythographer Károly Kerényi, one of the founders of the modern study of mythology, wrote about Merope in Gods of the Greeks.
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13, p. 201 online. regarded by ancient literary sources as one of the most important tenets of Celtic religionJulius Caesar, Bellum Gallicum 4.13–14; Pomponius Mela, Chorographia 3.2.18; Iamblichus, Life of Pythagoras 30; Valerius Maximus, 2.6.10–11; Lucan, Bellum Civile 1.453ff and 448ff. and scholiast; Diodorus Siculus 5.28; Strabo 4.4.4.
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The drama in which Philyllius was attacked was the Potamioi. According to the scholiast of Aristophanes,Schol. Aristoph. Pint. 1195. this drama was performed before Aristophanes' Ecclesiazusae. Therefore, this could not be later than 394/3 BC. Also, in his Anthroporrhaistes, Strattis attacked Hegelochus, the actor of the Orestes of Euripides.
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Apollodorus of Cyrene () was a grammarian of ancient Greece who was often cited by other Greek grammarians, as by the Scholiast on Euripides,Euripides, Oresteia 1485 in the Etymologicum Magnum,Etymologicum Magnum, s. v. βωμολόχοι and in the Suda.Suda, s. vv. ά̀ντικρυς, βωμολόχος, Νάνιον, and βδελύσσω From AthenaeusAthenaeus, Deipnosophistae xi. p.
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1144: it appears that the scholiast believed her to be mother of Phrixus and Helle as well.Tzetzes on Lycophron, 22 In other sources there were but two: Sphincius and Orchomenus,Hyginus, Fabulae, 1 or else Schoeneus and Leucon.Nonnus, Dionysiaca, 9. 314 Some say that the father of Leucon was Poseidon (see also Leuconoe).
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Iacchus, when identified with Dionysus, as he was at the Lenaia in Athens (see above), was considered to be the son of Zeus and Semele,Scholiast on Aristophanes, Frogs 479 (Rutherford, p. 332). and when identified with Dionysus Zagreus, was considered to be the son Zeus and Persephone.Parker, p. 358; Grimal, s.v. Iacchus.
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Apollonius of Rhodes mentions the "great tomb of Aegaeon", seen by the Argonauts when "they were passing within sight of the mouth of the Rhyndacus ... a short distance beyond Phrygia".Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 1164-1166. The scholiast on Apollonius, says that the tomb marked the spot where Aegaeon's defeat occurred.Hasluck, p. 54.
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Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2.5.10Pomponius Mela, 2.5.39 It was this kneeling position of Heracles, when he prayed to his father Zeus, that gave the name Engonasin (Ἐγγόνασιν, derived from ἐν γόνασιν), meaning "on his knees" or "the Kneeler" to Hercules' constellation. The Scholiast on Lycophron writes that the brother of Alebion was named Ligys.
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The mythographers Pseudo-Apollodorus and Hyginus leave open the question which of the two was her father, with Pseudo-Apollodorus adding a third alternative option: Hecuba's parents could as well be the river god Sangarius and Metope.Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, 3. 12. 5Hyginus, Fabulae, 91, 111, 249 Some versions from non-extant works are summarized by a scholiast on Euripides' Hecuba:Scholia on Euripides, Hecuba, 3 according to those, she was a daughter of Dymas or Sangarius by the Naiad Euagora, or by Glaucippe the daughter of Xanthus (Scamander?); the possibility of her being a daughter of Cisseus is also discussed. A scholiast on Homer relates that Hecuba's parents were either Dymas and the nymph Eunoe or Cisseus and Telecleia;Scholia on Iliad, 16.
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Alfenus Varus (whose praenomen might have been Publius) was a pupil of Servius Sulpicius Rufus, and the only pupil of Servius from whom there are any excerpts in the Pandects. Nothing is known about him except from a story preserved by the scholiast Helenius Acron, in his notes on the satires of Horace.Horace, Satires i. 3. 130 The scholiast assumes the "Alfenus Vafer" of Horace to be the lawyer, and says that he was a native of Cremona, where he carried on the trade of a barber or a botcher of shoes,Both readings are present, the Latin tonsor and sutor that he came to Rome to become a student of Servius, attained the dignity of consulship, and was honored with a public funeral.
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Another tradition involving Catreus' daughter Aerope, followed by Euripides in his lost play Kressai,Hard, p. 355; Gantz, p. 271. Euripides' treatment of the story is according to the scholiast on Sophocles, Ajax 1297, citing Euripides' Cretan Women, see: Collard and Cropp, pp. 520, 521; Webster, pp. 37-38; Jebb's note to Ajax 1295 Κρήσσης.
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Iacchus; scholiast on Aristophanes, Frogs 324 (Rutherford, p. 316). And according to Nonnus, Iacchus was the son of Dionysus and the nymph Aura, who was the daughter of the Titan Lelantos and the Oceanid Periboia (or Cybele?).Bernabé and García-Gasco, p. 109; Nonnus, Dionysiaca 1.26-28 I pp. 4, 5, 48.245-247 III pp.
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1.2; Asterius "having died childless" III.1.3; scholiast on Iliad XII.292. who assumed the form of the Cretan bull to accomplish his role. Asterion brought up his stepsons: Minos, the just king in Crete who judged the Underworld; Rhadamanthus, presiding over the Blessed Island or in the Underworld; and Sarpedon, king in Lycia.
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Later, penis becomes the standard word in polite Latin, as used for example by the scholiast to Juvenal and by Arnobius, but did not pass into usage among the Romance languages.Adams, pp. 35–36. It was not a term used by medical writers, except for Marcellus of Bordeaux.Marcellus, De medicamentis 7.20, 33.2, 33.36Adams, p. 36.
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Marcus Tullius Cicero, Pro Sestio 53Marcus Tullius Cicero, In Pisonem 36Bobbio Scholiast, Pro Sestio p. 304 He stayed there one or possibly two years. Nothing more is known of his rule or his successors; the next known ruler of the province is Titus Antistius in 50 BCE. One of Cicero's letters is written to Ancharius.
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Androetas () of Tenedos was a geographer of ancient Greece of uncertain date. He was the author of a work The Circumnavigation of Marmara (Περίπλους τῆς Προποντίδος), which was referenced by the Scholiast on Apollonius of Rhodes.Scholiast On Apollonius of Rhodes ii. 159 This work is now lost, and nothing more is known of him.
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Scholia (singular scholium or scholion, from , "comment, interpretation") are grammatical, critical, or explanatory comments — original or copied from prior commentaries — which are inserted in the margin of the manuscript of ancient authors, as glosses. One who writes scholia is a scholiast. The earliest attested use of the word dates to the 1st century BC. Cicero Ad Atticum 16.7.
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9th to 11th century, cited by It is also supposed to have a human head upon a serpent's body, according to a scholiast to Ovid. The poem indicates that the ker was entombed in the city of the tripod (Tripodiscium) to stand as a monument to commemorate Psamathe, and that its slayer Coroebus is interred right underneath the monster.
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They were sometimes called the Cleonaean Games after the first location. The judges who awarded the prizes were dressed in black robes, and an instance of their justice, when the Argives presided, is recorded by Pausanias.Pausanias, viii. 40. §3 Regarding the time of year the Nemean Games were celebrated, the Scholiast on PindarScholiast on Pindar, Argum.
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731-732; and Frazer's note to Apollodorus, E7.20. Neither Homer nor Ovid mention a father for Scylla, but Apollodorus says that the father was either Trienus (Triton?) or Phorcus (a variant of Phorkys), similarly the Plato scholiast, perhaps following Apollodorus, gives the father as Tyrrhenus or Phorcus, while Eustathius on Homer, Odyssey 12.85 gives the father as Triton.
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95; that he was there in 83 is attested by Julius Caesar, Bellum Gallicum 1.47.4. He was acclaimed imperator and retained his province until he celebrated a triumph over Celtiberia and Gaul in 81.Granius Licinianus, 36.31.5. Cicero, Pro Quinctio 24 and 28; Bobbio Scholiast 96 (in Stangl); Brennan, The Praetorship in the Roman Republic, p.
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From other scholia on the same Odyssey passage, and a scholiast on Euripides, we learn that Astyoche was Priam's sister, and that the golden vine was a family heirloom, made by Hephaestus, and given by Zeus to an earlier king of Troy (either Tros or Laomedon) in compensation for Zeus' abduction of his son Ganymede.Hard, p. 472; Gantz, pp.
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He was the son of Lysis, and the brother of the comic poet Myrtilus. He was younger than Telecleides and older than Eupolis and Aristophanes. According to the Suda, he wrote forty plays Suda ε 3044, and his chief actor was Simeron, according to the scholiast of Aristophanes. The titles and fragments of nine of his plays are preserved.
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After the death of his father, he escaped and joined his uncle Gaius in Gaul.Bobbio Scholiast 96.3 (Stangl 11), Cicero, Pro Flacco 63 and 100; Christoph F. Konrad, Plutarch's Sertorius: A Historical Commentary (University of North Carolina Press, 1994), p. 85–86 online. In 84 BC Sulla crossed over from Greece into Asia and made peace with Mithridates.
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Antenorides () was a patronymic of ancient Greece, used in Greek mythology, from the mythological Antenor, and applied to his sons and descendants, the Antenoridae.Virgil, Aeneid vi. 484Homer, Iliad xi. 221 Pindar and the scholiast on Pindar suggest that the Antenoridae were worshipped in ancient Cyrene because of the legend of their migration to Cyrene from Troy.
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Fine, p. 344. The one firmly accepted date is 465 BC for the beginning of the Siege of Thasos. This is based on an anonymous ancient scholiast's annotations to one of the existing manuscripts of Aeschines's works. The scholiast notes that the Athenians met disaster at 'Nine-Ways' in the archonship of Lysitheus (known to be 465/464 BC).
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Scholiast on Homer's Iliad; Hyginus, Fabulae 54; Ovid, Metamorphoses 11.217. Possibly for one or both of these reasons,Apollodorus, Library 3.168. Thetis was betrothed to an elderly human king, Peleus son of Aeacus, either upon Zeus' orders,Pindar, Nemean 5 ep2; Pindar, Isthmian 8 str3–str5. or because she wished to please Hera, who had raised her.
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In Greek mythology, Laophonte (Ancient Greek: Λαοφόντη) was the daughter of Pleuron and Xanthippe and thus sister to Agenor, Sterope and Stratonice.Apollodorus. Bibliotheca i. 7. § 7 She was also said to be the mother of Iphiclus, Leda and Althaea by Thestius but Alcman attested that Leda's father was Glaucus.Alcman. Fragment 15 as cited in Scholiast on Apollonius of Rhodes.
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The fact of an Alfenus being a native of Cremona, and of an Alfenus having been a pupil of Servius, and a learned jurist, and of an Alfenus having been consul, is quite enough to enable a scholiast with the assistance of the passage in Horace to fabricate the whole story of Alfenus, as he has given it.
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Occasionally the term is also used as a feminine form of the Greek term orphanos, or "orphan". Although a scholiast of Aeschines, or a later writer amending the text, stated that the term could also be used of a daughter who was given to a man in marriage on her father's deathbed, there is no extant use of the term in that sense in literature, and the scholiast has probably misunderstood a scenario from the comic playwright Aristophanes. The term in Athens seems to have always been somewhat loosely used in legal proceedings. Apollodorus, an Athenian politician and litigant from the 4th century BCE,Trevett "Apollodorus" Oxford Classical Dictionary in one of his speeches attempted to use an Athenian law about betrothal to make his mother an epikleros.
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Almost nothing is known about the early history of Antissa. The late 1st century AD writer Herennius Philo claimed that Antissa was named after the homonymous daughter of Macar, the legendary king of Lesbos.Philo, Brill's New Jacoby 790 F 26 = Stephanus of Byzantium s.v. Ἄντισσα. An anonymous scholiast commenting on Homer alternatively claimed that the Antissa in question was Macar's wife.
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Demeter taught the residents of the island how to grow cereal grain.Conner, Nancy. "The Everything Book of Classical Mythology" 2ed According to a scholiast commenting on verses in Argonautica, the island she fled to was subsequently named after her. Apollonius Rhodius, who composed Argonautica, only refers to the island as Drepane but he does mention its connection with Macris and Demeter.
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A Publius Magius was tribune of the plebs in 87 BC with M. Marius Gratidianus. and both Appuleius DecianusBobbio Scholiast 95 (Stangl). Appian is misleading, or the text has been misread, when he calls Magius and Fannius "Sertorians"; see Konrad, Plutarch's Sertorius, pp. 191–192. and the senator AttidiusAppian, Mithridatic Wars 90; this long friendship, however, ended with Attidius's execution in a conspiracy.
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Bibliotheca, Epitome 1.3 quoted Pausanias. Description of Greece, 1.39.3; The Scholiast on Lucian, l.c. says that it was near Eleutherae, but he is probably in error; for if the place were near Eleutherae, it must have been on the road from Eleusis to Thebes, which is not the road that Theseus would take on his way from the Isthmus of Corinth to Athens.
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286 West [= Dio Chrysostom, 60.1], fr. 287 West [= Scholiast on Homer, Iliad 21.237]. Compare with Apollodorus, 2.7.5 [= Pherecydes of Athens fr. 42 Fowler], which says that the horn of Amalthea which Acelous traded for his broken-off horn, was also a bull's horn which, "according to Pherecydes, had the power of supplying meat or drink in abundance, whatever one might wish".
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Apollonius Eidographus () was a writer referred to by the Scholiast on Pindar respecting a contest in which Hiero won the prize.Pindar, P. 2.1 Some writers have thought he was a poet, but from the Etymologicum Magnum,Etymologicum Magnum s. v. εἰδοΔέα it is probable that he was some learned grammarian. He was head of the Library at Alexandria after Aristophanes of Byzantium.
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3; Hyginus, Fabulae 49, which adds that Apollo, because he could not attack his father directly, chose to exact his revenge on the Cyclopes "instead". According to a scholiast on Euripides' Alcestis, the fifth-century BC mythographer Pherecydes supplied the same motive, but said that Apollo, rather than killing the Cyclopes, killed their sons (one of whom he named Aortes) instead.Fowler 2013, p.
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According to the Suda, Philocles wrote 100 tragedies. Philocles is best known for winning first prize in the competition against Sophocles' Oedipus Rex. Philocles also wrote a play on the subject of Tereus, which was parodied in Aristophanes' The Birds along with Sophocles' treatment of the same subject. A scholiast has noted that Philocles' Tereus was part of his Pandionis tetralogy.
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Archermus was a sculptor of Chios working in the middle of the 6th century BC.chioslife.gr website [Retrieved 2011-09-15] His father, Micciades, and his sons, Bupalus and Athenis, were sculptors of marble. A scholium on Aristophanes' Birds, cites a scholiast on Aristophanes’ Birds, v. 573. credits Archermus with having been the first to represent Nike and Eros with wings.
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Xenagoras () was a Greek historian from Heraclea PonticaSuda Encyclopedia, nu.598 quoted by Dionysius of Halicarnassus,Dionysius of Halicarnassus, i. 72 from whom we learn that Xenagoras wrote that Odysseus and Circe had three sons, Rhomos, Anteias, and Ardeas, who founded the three cities which were called by their names. He wrote a work titled Chronicle (Χρόνοι),Scholiast on Apollonius of Rhodes iv.
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Suda, ka.1763 Aside from these few mentions, nothing is known of either Cleitagora or the song named after her. Sarah Pomeroy argues that Cleitagora was probably Spartan, as a scholiast on Lysistrata claims. As Spartan women, unlike other Greek women, drank wine in their daily life rather than only at religious festivals, it makes sense to name a drinking song after a Spartan woman.
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The saying "those whom the gods love die young" comes from this story.pp 84, The Greek Myths, Volume 1, by Robert Graves, Penguin, Dec 1, 1990 Google Books link They also built a treasury of Hyrieus, king of Hyria in Boeotia. The scholiast on Aristophanes gives a somewhat different account from Charax of Pergamum,Nub. 508 and makes them build the treasury for King Augeas.
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7 & 5.18.2;Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1.8.2Pseudo-Plutarch. De fluviis, 1.8 According to some writers, Evenus, like Oenomaus, used to set his daughter's suitors to run a chariot race with him, promising to bestow her on the winner; but he cut off the heads of his vanquished competitors and nailed them to the walls of his house. Scholiast on Homer, Iliad 9.557Eustathius on Homer, Iliad 9.557 p.
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Since Pegasus could fly, Bellerophon shot the Chimera from the air, safe from her heads and breath.Pindar: Olympian Odes, 13.84-90; Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2.3.2; Hesiod, Theogony 319 ff. A scholiast to Homer adds that he finished her off by equipping his spear with a lump of lead that melted when exposed to the Chimera's fiery breath and consequently killed her, an image drawn from metalworking.
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The Lex Junia Licinia or Lex Junia et Licinia was an ancient Roman law produced in 62 BC that confirmed the similar Lex Caecilia Didia of 98 BC.Cicero, Philippics 5.8, Pro Sextio 64.135, In Vatinium 14.33, Ad Atticum 2.9.1 and 4.16.5; Bobbio Scholiast 140 (Stangl). The Lex Junia Licinia was a consular law of Decimus Junius Silanus and Lucius Licinius Murena enacted during their consulship.
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Macrobius (Saturnalia, vi. I, 39; 2, 19) states that Varius composed an epic poem De Morte, some lines of which are quoted as having been imitated or appropriated by Virgil; Horace (Sat. i.10, 43) probably alluded to another epic, and, according to the scholiast on Epistles, i.16, 2 729, these three lines were taken bodily from a panegyric of Varius on Augustus.
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Some have supposed from two passages in the Suda that we ought to read "Anagallis" in this passage of Athenaeus.Suda, s.v. and The scholiast on Homer and Eustathiusad Il. xviii. 491 mention a grammarian of the name of Agallias, a pupil of Aristophanes the grammarian, also a Corcyraean and a commentator upon Homer, who may be the same as Agallis, or perhaps her father.
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There were contradictory ancient accounts concerning Philoxenus' inspiration for the poem.Hopkinson, p. 36. According to a Scholiast on Theocritus' Idyll 6, the historian Duris (c. 340-c. 260 BC) said that there was a shrine to Galatea near Mount Etna built by Polyphemus, and that when Philoxenus visited the shrine and could think of no reason for it, he invented the story of Polyphemus' love for Galatea.
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The second of the references by Plutarch is in his Platonic Questions:Heath (1913, p. 305). The remaining references to Aristarchus' heliocentrism are extremely brief, and provide no more information beyond what can be gleaned from those already cited. Ones which mention Aristarchus explicitly by name occur in Aëtius' Opinions of the Philosophers, Sextus Empiricus' Against the Mathematicians, and an anonymous scholiast to Aristotle.Dreyer (1906, p.
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Similarly the Plato scholiast, perhaps following Apollodorus, gives the mother as Crataeis and the father as Tyrrhenus or Phorcus, while Eustathius on Homer, Odyssey 12.85 gives the father as Triton. Homer, Odyssey 12.124–125; Ovid, Metamorphoses 13.749, have Crataeis as mother with no father mentioned; see also Servius on Virgil Aeneid 3.420; and schol. on Plato, Republic 588c. For discussions of the parentage of Scylla, see Fowler 2013, p.
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The date for Antigone has not been definitively established. However, metrical analysis on the extant fragments, particularly the incidence of resolutions, by Cropp and Fick indicates that the play was likely written in the latter part of Euripides' life, between 420 BCE and 406 BCE. In addition, a scholiast remark indicates that another play of Euripides, Antiope, was produced after 412. However, metrical analysis of the extant fragments of Antiope indicate a much earlier date.
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According to the Scholiast on Euripides,Euripides, Orestes 1087 Acrisius was the founder of the Delphic amphictyony. Strabo believes that this amphictyony existed before the time of Acrisius,Strabo, Geographica 9. p. 420 and that he was only the first who regulated the affairs of the amphictyons, fixed the towns which were to take part in the council, gave to each its vote, and settled the jurisdiction of the amphictyons.Comp. Libanius, Orat. vol. iii.
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The Little Iliad, another poem in the Epic Cycle, also perhaps referred to the battle, see Little Iliad, fr. 4 West, pp. 126, 127 = Scholiast on Iliad 19.326, which says that Achilles after leaving Telephus, landed at Scyros. Pindar (c. 522-443 BC), knew the story of Telephus' wounding by Achilles, presumably after being tripped by a vine: "Achilles, who stained the vine- covered plain of Mysia, spattering it with the dark blood of Telephus".
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Denarius with three-bayed arch, struck in Tarraco in 18 BCE. Cassius Dio mentions an ovatio and another triumphal arch granted to Augustus after he recovered the eagles lost in the battles of Carrhae and during Antony's campaign in AtropateneCassius Dio, Roman History 54, 8 without specifying its location. A Veronese scholiast commenting on Vergil's Aeneid situates the structure next to the Temple of Caesar.Briar Rose, The Parthian in Augustan Rome, p. 29.
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4, 5, 6 From the Suda and the Scholiast on Aristophanes (Nubes, 260), it appears to have been a split reed or cane, which clattered when shaken with the hand. According to Eustathius (Il. XI.160), it was made of shell and brass, as well as wood. Clement of Alexandria attributes the instruments invention to the Sicilians, and forbids the use thereof to the Christians, because of the motions and gestures accompanying the practice.
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The Scholiast, commenting on the passage, says that there exist on Mt. Haemus certain writings of Orpheus on tablets. There is also a reference, not mentioning Orpheus by name, in the pseudo-Platonic Axiochus, where it is said that the fate of the soul in Hades is described on certain bronze tablets which two seers had brought to Delos from the land of the Hyperboreans. This is the only evidence for any ancient Orphic writings.
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Bucephalus (, from ', "ox", and ', "head") was a type of branding mark anciently used on horses. It was one of the three most common, besides Ϻ, San, and Ϙ, Koppa. Those horses marked with a San were called Σαμφόραι, Samphórai; those with a Koppa, ', Koppatíai; and those with an ox's head, Βουκέφαλοι, Bucéphaloi. This mark was stamped on the horse's buttocks, and his harnesses, as appears from the scholiast on Aristophanes's The Clouds, Hesychius, etc.
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According to a scholiast on Juvenal, Pegasus and his brother Griphus were named by their father after ships he commanded as a trierarch, or naval commander. Professor Edward Champlin of Princeton University provides evidence to show that ships of the imperial fleet were often named after swift and powerful winged beasts. He makes the suggestion that their father should be identified with a "M.Plotius Paulus qui et Zosimus", whose tombstone was recovered at Rome.
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366 Voigt: "οἶνος, ὦ φίλε παῖ, καὶ ἀλάθεα" (oinos, ō phile pai, kai alāthea), "Wine, dear boy, and truth...". Nothing is known about the poem except for these words, which are quoted by a later scholiast. See G. Tsomis, Zusammenschau der Frühgriechischen Monodischen Melik: Alkaios, Sappho, Anakreon (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1999), pp. 160-161. Herodotus asserts that if the Persians decided something while drunk, they made a rule to reconsider it when sober.
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Argura (), called Argissa (Ἄργισσα) in Homer's Iliad, was a town and polis (city-state) in Pelasgiotis in ancient Thessaly, on the Peneus, and near Larissa. The name of the town was also given as Argusa (Ἆργουσσα) in some ancient sources. The distance between this place and Larissa is so small as to explain the remark of the Scholiast on Apollonius of Rhodes, that the Argissa of Homer was the same as Larissa.Schol. in Apoll. Rhod. 1.40.
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Apollo as punishment then sends the child- devouring monster to Argos. In Statius' version, the monster had a woman's face and breasts, and a hissing snake protruding from the cleft of her rusty- colored forehead, and it would slide into children's bedrooms to snatch them.Statius, Thebaid, I. 562–669, quoted by ; Latin text: I; Bailey, D. R. Shackleton tr. (2003) , Book I. According to a scholiast to Ovid, it had a serpent's body carrying a human face.
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12 referring to Sophron The story of Angelos is cited by the scholiast in a series of rare myths concerning the birth of Hecate, which makes it possible to think that Angelos was essentially equal to Hecate. This is to some extent confirmed by the fact that, according to Hesychius,Hesychius s. v. , again referring to Sophron Angelos was a surname of Artemis in Syracuse, being that Artemis as goddess of the moon was identified with Hecate.Cf. e. g.
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A scholiast on Pindar' s odes provides a list of seven completely different names: Anicetus, Chersibius, Mecistophonus, Menebrontes, Patrocles, Polydorus, Toxocleitus.Scholia on Pindar, Isthmian Ode 3 (4), 104 Other well- known children of Heracles include Telephus, king of Mysia (by Auge), and Tlepolemus, one of the Greek commanders in the Trojan War (by Astyoche). According to Herodotus, a line of 22 Kings of Lydia descended from Hercules and Omphale. The line was called Tylonids after his Lydian name.
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According to the same scholiast, Hipponax retaliated in verse so savagely that Bupalus hanged himself.Pseudo-Acron on Horace, Epodes, cited by Douglas Gerber, Greek Iambic Poetry, Loeb Classical Library (1999), page 351 Hipponax in that case closely resembles Archilochus of Paros, an earlier iambic poet, who reportedly drove a certain Lycambes and his daughters to hang themselves after he too was rejected in marriage.Christopher G. Brown, 'Hipponax', in A Companion to the Greek Lyric Poets, Douglas E. Gerber (ed.), BRILL, 1997. .
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74), Photius, Lexicon s. v. Melite; Suda, s. v. Melite, with references to Hesiod and Musaeus According to a scholiast on Aristophanes, Melite was a lover of Heracles who was initiated into the lesser mysteries during his stay in Attica; there was a temple of Heracles the Protector from Evil (Alexikakos) in the deme Melite.Scholia on Aristophanes, Frogs, 501 Heracles and Melite have been recognized in the figures portrayed alongside Demeter on the right half of the west pediment of the Parthenon.
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In 1842, by then a deacon in the Episcopal Church, he went to the frontier of Wisconsin with two classmates, under the direction of Bishop Jackson Kemper, to found Nashotah House, intended as a monastic community, a seminary, and a center for theological work. It continues today as a seminary. Breck was ordained into the priesthood later that year by the Missionary Bishop, Jackson Kemper at the Oneida Indian settlement 150 miles north of Nashotah.Nashotah Scholiast Vol.4 No.2, 1886, p.
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417); and the Scholiast on PindarPyth. i. 121. speaks of six Doric towns, Erineus, Cytinium, Boium, Lilaeum, Carphaea, and Dryope. Some have thought Lilaeum (Lilaea) to have been a Doric town in the time of the Persian invasion, since it is not mentioned among the Phocian towns destroyed by Xerxes; however, modern scholarship based on numismatic and epigraphic evidence contradicts that view. Carphaea is probably Scarphea near Thermopylae; and by Dryope is probably meant the country once inhabited by the Dryopes.
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Scholia, on Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 3.309 Although most accounts are uniform as to the number, names, and main myths concerning the Pleiades, the mythological information recorded by a scholiast on Theocritus' Idylls with reference to CallimachusScholia on Theocritus, Idyll 13, 25 has nothing in common with the traditional version. According to it, the Pleiades were daughters of an Amazonian queen; their names were Maia, Coccymo, Glaucia, Protis, Parthenia, Stonychia, and Lampado. They were credited with inventing ritual dances and nighttime festivals.
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Hordern, p. 447; Scholiast on Theocritus 6 = FGrHist 76 F 58 = Philoxenus fr. 817 Campbell = PMG 817 . However in what is probably the earliest account, that of Phaenias', by way of Athenaes, Philoxenus' Cyclops was written, while the poet was imprisoned in the quarries, as a court satire, where, in the manner of a Roman à clef, the characters in Philoxenus' dithyramb: Polyphemus, Odysseus and the sea nymph Galatea, were meant to represent Dionysius, Philoxenus, and Dionysius' mistress, the aulos-player Galatea, respectively.
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The Ludi Plebeii were presented by the plebeian aediles and celebrated plebeian political liberty, but tradition varied as to freedom from what: either the tyranny of the Tarquins in the Regal period, or the dominance of the patricians, the hereditary ruling class of early Republican Rome (see "Conflict of the Orders").T.P. Wiseman, "The Games of Hercules," in Religion in Archaic Republican Rome and Italy: Evidence and Experience (Edinburgh University Press, 2000), p. 112. A scholiast to Cicero offers both causes.
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Phidias supposedly weighed the gold robe of the Athena Parthenos to prove his innocence, but was then accused of impiously portraying himself and Pericles on the shield of the statue, which was apparently true. Plutarch records that Phidias was imprisoned and died in jail. Aristophanes' play Peace () mentions an unfortunate incident involving Phidias, but little context is provided. According to Philochorus, as quoted by a scholiast on Aristophanes, Phidias was put to death by the Eleans after he completed the Statue of Zeus at Olympia for them.
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Aedon accidentally killed Itylus "in her madness" and was stricken with grief and guilt. In pity, the gods turned her into a nightingale, which cries with sadness every night. In an explanatory scholium on this passage, an anonymous scholiast, echoed by Eustathius, explains that Aedon attempted to kill the son of her sister-in-law and rival, Niobe, but accidentally killed her own son instead: thus, the gods changed her into a nightingale to weep for eternity. The setting of the episode is Thebes.
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Theogenes was an Athenian, who, in 425 BC, was appointed together with Cleon to repair to Pylos, and investigate the truth of the tidings, which had been brought thence, as to the difficulties of the blockade of Sphacteria. Cleon, however, prudently persuaded the people to abandon the proposed inquiry. (Thuc. iv. 27) It is possible that this Theogenes should be identified with the person who is mentioned by Aristophanes ( Vesp. 1183), and who, the scholiast tells us, was an Acharnian (Arnold, ad Thuc. I.e.).
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Hellotia was an epithet of Athena at Corinth. Hellotia also refers to the goddess Europa, known as Hellotis in Crete, where she was honoured with the Hellotia festival. According to the scholiast on Pindar (Ol. xiii. 56), the name was derived from the fertile marsh (helos) near Marathon, where Athena had a sanctuary ; or from Hellotia, one of the daughters of Timander, who fled into the temple of Athena when Corinth was burnt down by the Dorians, and was destroyed in the temple with her sister Eurytione.
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Primary sources for the life of Nigidius Figulus include several references in Cicero's letters, and the scholiast on Lucan, Bellum civile I. 639. Major sources for the fragments include Aulus Gellius,Leofranc Holford-Strevens looks at several references to Nigidius in Aulus Gellius: An Antonine Scholar and His Achievement (Oxford University Press, 2005), limited preview online; search Nigidius. Pliny, and Nonius. Important 19th-century scholarship on Nigidius includes Teuffel, History of Roman Literature, 170, and M. Hertz, De N. F. studiis atque operibus (1845).
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After leaving the Island of the Blessed, they deliver a letter to Calypso given to them by Odysseus explaining that he wishes he had stayed with her so he could have lived eternally. They then discover a chasm in the Ocean, but eventually sail around it, discover a far-off continent and decide to explore it. The book ends abruptly with Lucian stating that their future adventures will be described in the upcoming sequels, a promise which a disappointed scholiast described as "the biggest lie of all".
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Hellenistic) and Syrian, and also praised Tyre for having "made [him] a man" and Kos for taking "care of [him] in [his] old age". The scholiast to the Palatine manuscript of the Greek Anthology says he flourished in the reign of Seleucus VI Epiphanes (95 - 93 BC). The uppermost date of his compilation of the Anthology is 60 BC, as it did not include Philodemus of Gadara, though later editors added thirty- four epigrams. Some writers classed him among the Cynics,Athenaeus, Deipnosophists iv. 157.
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Ptolemaeus Chennus, 147e; Philostratus, Heroicus 696, per Sergent, 1986, p. 163. A scholiast commenting on Apollonius' Argonautica lists the following male lovers of Heracles: "Hylas, Philoctetes, Diomus, Perithoas, and Phrix, after whom a city in Libya was named".Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, 1. 1207 Diomus is also mentioned by Stephanus of Byzantium as the eponym of the deme Diomeia of the Attic phyle Aegeis: Heracles is said to have fallen in love with Diomus when he was received as guest by Diomus' father Collytus.
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For this new departure he apologizes in the introductory verses, states preserved in the scholiast on Aristotle, Rhetoric, iii. 14. where he says that the subjects of epic poetry being all exhausted, it was necessary to strike out a new path. The story of his intimacy with Herodotus is probably because he imitated him and had recourse to his history for the incidents of his poem. The Perseis was at first highly successful and was said to have been read, together with the Homeric poems, at the Panathenaea, but later critics reversed this favorable judgment.
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According to the post Homeric stories, Diomedes was given immortality by Athena, which she had not given to his father. Pindar mentions the hero's deification in Nemean X, where he says "the golden-haired, gray-eyed goddess made Diomedes an immortal god." In order to attain immortality, a scholiast for Nemean X says Diomedes married Hermione, the only daughter of Menelaus and Helen, and lives with the Dioscuri as an immortal god while also enjoying honours in Metapontum and Thurii.J.B. Bury, Pindar: Nemean Odes (Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert, 1965), 199.
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Therefore, if Ageladas was born about 540, he may very well have been the instructor of Phidias. On the other hand, Pliny says that Ageladas, with Polykleitos, Phradmon, and Myron, flourished in the 87th Olympiad. This agrees with the statement of the scholiast on Aristophanes, that at Melite there was a statue of Heracles (), the work of Ageladas the Argive, which was set up during the great pestilence at the 87th Olympiad. To these authorities must be added a passage of Pausanias,Pausanias, Description of Greece iv. 33.
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12, 13); Gantz, p. 446. The Apollonius scholia refers to a "Gigantomachia" in which the Titan Cronus (as a horse) sires the centaur Chiron by mating with Philyra (the daughter of two Titans), but the scholiast may be confusing the Titans and Giants.Since Chiron did apparently figure in a lost poem about the Titanomachy, and there is no obvious role for the centaur in a poem about the Gigantomachy, see Gantz, p. 447. Other possible archaic sources include the lyric poets Alcman (mentioned above) and the sixth-century Ibycus.
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Scholiast on Basil, Genesis, cited by David A. Campbell, Greek Lyric III, Loeb Classical Library (1991), page 283C.M.Bowra, Greek Lyric Poetry from Alcman to Simonides, Oxford University Press (1961, reprinted 2000), page 241 Suda's extraordinary account of the poet's death is found in other sources, such as PlutarchPlutarch, De Garrulitate 14 (Steph. 509 E-F) and Antipater of SidonPalatine Anthology 7.745: Antipater of Sidon xix Gow-Page and later it inspired Friedrich Schiller to write a ballad called "The Cranes of Ibycus"Campbell, David David A. Greek Lyric Poetry. MacMillan 1967, p. 305 – 306.
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Some remnants of his elegies are in the Greek Anthology. His prose works, mentioned by the scholiast on Aristophanes, are one called Presbeutikon (Πρεσβευτικόν), which some thought spurious; Ktisis (Κτίσις); Kosmologikos (Κοσμολογικός); Hypomnemata (Ὑπομνήματα); and some others, which are not specified. The nature of the first of these works is not known. The full title of the Ktisis was Chiou Ktisis (Χίου Κτίσις): it was a historical work, in the Ionic dialect, and apparently in imitation of Herodotus: it was probably the same as the Syngraphe (Συγγραφή), which is quoted by Pausanias.
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Female attendant carrying piglet and torch, a terracotta figurine from Eleusis The Scholia to LucianNote on the reference to the Thesmophoria in Lucian's Dialogues of the Courtesans 2.1. say that Eubuleus was a swineherd who was feeding his pigs at the opening to the underworld when Persephone was abducted by Hades. His swine were swallowed by the earth along with her. The scholiast presents this narrative element as an aition for the ritual at the Thesmophoria in which piglets are thrown into a sacrificial pit (megara) dedicated to Demeter and Persephone.
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Some post-Homeric sourcesEuripides, Skyrioi, surviving only in fragmentary form; Philostratus Junior, Imagines i; Scholiast on Homer's Iliad, 9.326; Ovid, Metamorphoses 13.162–180; Ovid, Tristia 2.409–412 (mentioning a Roman tragedy on this subject); Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3.13.8; Statius, Achilleid 1.689–880, 2.167ff. claim that in order to keep Achilles safe from the war, Thetis (or, in some versions, Peleus) hid the young man at the court of Lycomedes, king of Skyros. There, Achilles is disguised as a girl and lives among Lycomedes' daughters, perhaps under the name "Pyrrha" (the red-haired girl).
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In Greek mythology, Ornytion (Ancient Greek: Ὀρνύτιων) or Ornytus (Ὄρνυτος)Scholia on Iliad, 2. 517 was a son of Sisyphus, brother of Glaucus, Almus and Thersander, and father of Phocus and Thoas.Pausanias, Description of Greece, 2. 4. 3 A scholiast on Euripides relates of him that he came from Aonia to join the people of Hyampolis in the battle against the Opuntian Locrians over Daphnus and won himself the kingdom, which he handed over to Phocus and returned to Corinth with his other son Thoas, who later succeeded him.
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Pomponius also states that Varus attained consulship, but this will not prove the rest of the scholiast's story to be true. The Publius Alfenius Varus who was consul in 2 AD can hardly be the pupil of Servius; and it is conjectured that he may have been the jurist's son. It is impossible to determine what credit is due to the scholiast on Horace: he must have found the story somewhere, or have invented it. Indeed, he and other scholiasts do sometimes favor us with a commentary which tells us nothing more than the text.
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La Ninfa Aretusa by Alexandre Crauk According to Pausanias, Alpheus was a passionate hunter and fell in love with the nymph Arethusa, but she fled from him to the island of Ortygia near Syracuse, and metamorphosed herself into a well, after which Alpheus became a river, which flowing from the Peloponnese under the sea to Ortygia, there united its waters with those of the well Arethusa.Pausanias, Description of Greece v. 7. § 2Comp. Scholiast on Pindar's Nemean Odes i. 3 The well of Arethusa is a symbol of Syracuse.Roman, L., & Roman, M. (2010).
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See text and figure 37 in At Google Books. Enyalios is mentioned nine times in Homer's Iliad and in four of them it is in the same formula describing Meriones who is one of the leaders of warriors from Crete. Homer calls Ares by the epithet Enyalios in Iliad, book xx. A scholiast on Homer declares that the poet Alcman sometimes identified Ares with Enyalius and sometimes differentiated him, and that Enyalius was sometimes made the son of Ares by Enyo and sometimes the son of Cronus and Rhea.A. Bernabé Poetae Epici Graeci, 44, Berlin, 1983- .
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In the ancient tradition, the city was said to have been founded by the Hyantes after their expulsion from Boeotia by the Cadmeians. Yet a scholiast on Euripides mentions Hyamus, son of Lycorus, as the eponymous founder of Hyampolis.Scholia on Euripides, Orestes, 1094 The city is mentioned in Homer's Iliad (Catalogue of Ships). Hyampolis lay in a valley in east Phocis, about eight kilometers from Abae, north-northwest of Orchomenus, situated on the road leading from Orchomenus to Opus, As it stood at the entrance of a valley which formed a convenient passage from Locris into Phocis and Boeotia.
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These three volumes include a thorough and scientific study of Jewish coins, weights, and measures; and a reconstruction of the Temple and the City of Jerusalem from the very few data at hand. Cardinal Nicholas Wiseman found the work of Prado to be "still the greatest repertory to which every modern scholiast must recur, in explaining the difficulties of the book".Science and Revealed Religion, II, London, 1851, 199 The younger Rosenmüller calls these volumes "a work replete with varied erudition, and most useful to the study of antiquity".Ezechielis Vaticinia, I, Leipzig, 1826, 32, in Wiseman, I, c.
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Stephanus of Byzantium s. v. Termera A scholiast on Euripides relates that Termera was founded by Termerus and took its name after him. The same source informs that Termerus and Lycus, two Lelegians "of beastly nature", were said to be notorious robbers that raided Caria and also sailed as far as the island Kos for the same purpose; the saying "Termerian mischief" was accordingly inspired by their deeds.Scholia on Euripides, Rhesus, 509 According to the dictionary Suda, however, the proverbial expression "Termerian mischief" () was due to a fortified dungeon located in Caria near Mount Termerion lying between Myndus and Halicarnassus.
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According to the tradition followed by Euripides in his lost play Cretan Women (Kressai), Catreus, the king of Crete, found his daughter Aerope in bed with a slave and handed her over to Nauplius to be drowned, but Nauplius spared Aerope's life and she married Pleisthenes, who was the king of Mycenae.Hard, p. 355; Gantz, p. 271; Euripides' treatment of the story is according to the scholiast on Sophocles Ajax 1297, citing Euripides' lost play Cretan Women (Kressai), see Collard and Cropp (2008a), pp. 520, 521, Jebb's note to Ajax 1295 Κρήσσης, Webster, pp. 37-38\.
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Homer, Iliad 7.136-150 According to scholia on the Argonautica, Ereuthalion was also vanquished by Lycurgus, who laid an ambush against him and overcame him in the ensuing battle. The Arcadians celebrated a feast known as Moleia in commemoration of this mythical event (mōlos being a word for "battle" according to the scholiast), and paid general honors to Lycurgus. Lycurgus outlived his sons and reached an extreme old age for Epochus fell ill and died while Ancaeus was wounded by the Calydonian boar. On his death, he was succeeded by Echemus, son of Aeropus, son of his brother Cepheus.
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For Shiva as the head or father of the group see: Apte, p. 804. For Rudra as the head of a host of "storm spirits, the Maruts" see: Basham (1989), p. 14. Rudra is mentioned along with a litany of other deities in RV 7.40.5. Here is the reference to Rudra, whose name appears as one of many gods who are called upon: One scholiast's interpretation of the Sanskrit word ', meaning 'ramifications' or 'branches', is that all other deities are, as it were, branches of Vishnu,For the scholiast interpretation of ' as "ramifications" or "branches" see: Arya and Joshi, p. 244.
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Here, the "five corners" are where the seeds of Chronos are placed within the Earth in order for the cosmos to appear."the divine products of Chronos' seed, when disposed in five recesses, were called πεντέμυχος (Pentemychos)" A Pythagorean "Hugieia Pentagram"Allman, G. J., Greek Geometry From Thales to Euclid (1889), p.26. In Neoplatonism, the pentagram was said to have been used as a symbol or sign of recognition by the Pythagoreans, who called the pentagram "health"Allman, G. J., Greek Geometry From Thales to Euclid, part I (1877), in Hermathena 3.5, pp. 183, 197, citing Iamblichus and the Scholiast on Aristophanes.
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According to Demosthenes, Ninos was a priestess, and was charged with bringing together thiasoi. One scholiast on this passage says that her crime was mocking the Dionysian Mysteries; another says that she made love potions. It is unclear where the scholiast's information about love potions comes from - Eidinow suggests that it is a misinterpretation of Demosthenes' text, while Professor Matthew Dickie says that the comment "does not emerge from anything in the text of Demosthenes" and may have been derived from an Atthidographer or another speech. Finally, Josephus lists Ninos as one of five Athenians put to death for asebeia (impiety).
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An old scholiast, in commenting on this word, derives the common word from the proper names; buffoons being called balatrones, because Servilius Balatro was a buffoon: but this is opposed to the natural inference from the former passage, and was said to get rid of a difficulty. Festus derives the word from blatea, and supposes buffoons to have been called balatrones, because they were dirty fellows, and were covered with spots of mud (blateae) with which they got spattered in walking;Pauli Diaconi excerpta ex libris Pompeii Festi de significatione verborum, liber II, sub voce. See also here. but this is opposed to sound etymology and common sense.
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In the Orphic tablets, Eubuleus is invoked four times along with Eucles ("Good Fame"), following a declaration in the first line to the Queen of the Underworld, Persephone. He is also invoked in the Gurôb Papyrus of the mid-3rd century BC. Graf and Johnston, Ritual Texts, p. 189. Because Eubuleus seems to be a human being in the narrative alluded to by the scholiast to Lucian, he has sometimes been considered a hero who received cult veneration, as are Triptolemus and even Iacchos.William Henry Denham Rouse, Greek Votive Offerings: An Essay in the History of Greek Religion (Cambridge University Press, 1902), p. 28.
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He is called a son of Simus;Scholiast ad Theocrit. xvi. 34 but besides the suggestion of Ovid that he had a tragic end, nothing is known about him.Ovid, Ibis 225 At the time when Xerxes invaded Greece, three sons of this Aleuas, Thorax, Eurypylus, and Thrasydaeus, came to him as ambassadors, to request him to go on with the war, and to promise him their assistance. When, after the Persian war, Leotychides was sent to Thessaly to chastise those who had acted as traitors to their country, he allowed himself to be bribed by the Aleuadae, although he might have subdued all Thessaly.
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Given that the dates of those individuals' victories are so nearly the same, this could be argued as being a very extraordinary coincidence. The most probable solution of the difficulty is that proposed by Friedrich Thiersch, who thinks that there were two artists of this name: one an Argive, the instructor of Phidias, born about 540; the other a native of Sicyon, who flourished at the date assigned by Pliny and was confused by the scholiast on Aristophanes with his more illustrious Argive namesake. Thiersch supports this hypothesis by an able criticism of a passage of Pausanias.v. 24. § 1 Other scholars assume that there were two artists with the name of Ageladas, but both were Argives.
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The piercing of the infant Oedipus' feet at the time he was abandoned may be considered a kind of maschalismos on the still-living. In Aeschylus' tragedy Choephori and Sophocles' tragedy Electra, Clytemnestra performs maschalismos on the body of Agamemnon after his murder, to prevent his taking vengeance on her. In the Argonautica of Apollonius of Rhodes, Jason performs maschalismos on the body of Medea's brother Apsyrtus after treacherously murdering him; in addition to cutting off the extremities, Jason licks the dead man's blood three times and spits it out three times. "The scholiast says that the blood was spat into the mouth of the deceased," according to a footnote in the Loeb edition.
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Hesiod's Theogony lists the children of Phorcys and Ceto as Echidna, The Gorgons (Euryale, Stheno, and the infamous Medusa), The Graeae (Deino, Enyo, Pemphredo, and sometimes Perso), and Ladon, also called the Drakon Hesperios ("Hesperian Dragon", or dragon of the Hesperides). These children tend to be consistent across sources, though Ladon is sometimes cited as a child of Echidna by Typhon and therefore Phorcys and Ceto's grandson. The Scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius cites Phorcys and Ceto as the parents of the Hesperides, but this assertion is not repeated in other ancient sources. Homer refers to Thoosa, the mother of Polyphemus in The Odyssey, as a daughter of Phorcys, but does not indicate whether Ceto is her mother.
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191, 217 We are told by a scholiast on Juvenal that Grypus, like his brother Pegasus, were named by their father, an officer in the Roman navy, for ships he commanded.Edward Champlin, "Pegasus", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 32 (1978), pp. 269f As an adult Grypus joined the military, and for siding with Vespasian during the strife of the Year of Four Emperors, the victorious emperor adlected him into the Roman senate late in the year 69.Tacitus, Histories 3.52 Then in January 70 he replaced Tettius Julianus as praetor, after Julianus was alleged to have deserted his post as legate of his legion in Dacia when it had declared for Vespasian.
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Suda s.v. Aphroi Chiron lived predominantly on Mount Pelion; there he married the nymph Chariclo who bore him three daughters, Hippe (also known as Melanippe meaning the "black mare" or Euippe, "good mare"), Endeïs, and Ocyrhoe, and one son Carystus. A different source also stated that his wife was called Nais while a certain Aristaeus was called his son.Greek Lyric IV: Bacchylides, Fragment 45 (from Scholiast on Apollonius of Rhodes) Like the other centaurs, Chiron was later expelled by the Lapithae from his home; but sacrifices were offered to him there by the Magnesians until a very late period, and the family of the Cheironidae in that neighbourhood, who were distinguished for their knowledge of medicine, were regarded as his descendants.Plutarch. Symposiacs. iii.
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The name of Cecrops was not of Greek origin according to Strabo,Strabo, Geographica 7.7.1 "Moreover, the barbarian origin of some is indicated by their names—Cecrops, Codrus..." or it might mean 'tail-face' (cerc-ops): it was said that he was born from the earth itself (an autochthon) and was accordingly called a γηγενής (gegenes "native"), and described as having his top half shaped like a man and the bottom half in serpent or fish-tail form. Hence he was called διφυής (diphues) or of two natures.Hyginus, Fabulae 48Antoninus Liberalis, Metamorphoses 6Aristophanes, The Wasps 438Ovid, Metamorphoses 2.555Euripides, Ion 1163 ffTzetzes, Scholiast on Lycophron 111 Diodorus rationalized that his double form was because of his double citizenship, Greek and barbarian.
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Desires are ranked as those that are both natural and necessary, such as hunger and thirst; those that are natural but unnecessary, such as sex; and those that are neither natural nor necessary, including the desire to rule over others and glorify oneself.A scholiast gives an example of an unnatural and unnecessary desire as acquiring crowns and setting up statues for oneself; see J.M. Rist, Epicurus: An Introduction (Cambridge University Press, 1972), pp. 116–119. It is within this context that Lucretius presents his analysis of love and sexual desire, which counters the erotic ethos of Catullus and influenced the love poets of the Augustan period.Philip Hardie, "Lucretius and Later Latin Literature in Antiquity," in The Cambridge Companion to Lucretius, p.
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Velleius' treatise was not intended as a careful and comprehensive study of history. The author acknowledged as much, and stated his desire to write a more detailed work, which he indicated would give a fuller account of the Civil War, and the campaigns of his patron, Tiberius, but there is no reason to believe that he ever did so. His history does not seem to have been widely known in antiquity. According to the scholiast, he was read by Lucan; the Chronica of Sulpicius Severus seems to have been modeled on Velleius' history; and he is mentioned by Priscian, but this seems to be the extent of his influence prior to the discovery of a badly damaged manuscript at Murbach Abbey in Alsace in 1515.
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It was originally among the Greeks a song in praise of bride and bridegroom, sung by a number of boys and girls at the door of the nuptial chamber. According to the scholiast on Theocritus, one form was employed at night, and another, to rouse the bride and bridegroom on the following morning. In either case, as was natural, the main burden of the song consisted of invocations of blessing and predictions of happiness, interrupted from time to time by the ancient chorus of Hymen o Hymenaee. Among the Romans a similar custom was in vogue, but the song was sung by girls only, after the marriage guests had gone, and it contained much more of what modern attitudes would identify as obscene.
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Some traditions credited either him or his mother with invention of the chariot. Tertullian informs that Trochilus (if indeed it was him, and not Erichthonius, who invented the chariot) was said to have dedicated his creation to Hera.Tertullian, De Spectaculis 9 Hyginus and the scholiast on Aratus relate that the constellation Auriga was thought by some to be the stellar image of Trochilus with which he was honored for his invention.Hyginus, Astronomica 2.13: some editors read "Orsilochus" instead of "Trochilus" Pausanias wrote that Trochilus was a priest of Demeter and that he had to flee Argos because of the crackdown of Agenor on him and settled in Attica, where he married a woman from Eleusis and became by her father of Triptolemus and Eubuleus.
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According to a scholiast, commenting on the passage in Argonautica, the island was first of all called Macris after the nurse of Dionysus who fled there from Euboea.W.H. Race, Apollonius Rhodius: Argonautica, Loeb Classical Library (2008), p. 409 n. 125–27; verses 4.982–992 Others have asserted that Corfu was Taphos, the island of the Lelegian Taphians. According to Strabo (VI, 269), the Liburnians were masters of the island Korkyra (Corfu), until 735 BC, when they left it, under pressure of Corinthian ruler Hersikrates, in a period of Corinthian expansion to South Italy, Sicily and Ionian Sea. At a date no doubt previous to the foundation of Syracuse, Corfu was peopled by settlers from Corinth, probably 730 BC, but it appears to have previously received a stream of emigrants from Eretria.
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Prior to the Year of Four Emperors, Pegasus' life is unknown. Brian Jones, author of The Emperor Domitian, writes, "At all events, he and his brother were committed Flavians at the right time and, despite their comparatively humble background and possibly eastern origin, were amply rewarded." The scholiast to Juvenal states that Pegasus was governor of several provinces, but the only one we have evidence for is Dalmatia from the year 70 to 73. One of the military tribunes of the Legio IV Flavia stationed in Dalmatia at the time was Gaius Petillius Firmus, the younger son of Quintus Petillius Cerialis; since governors often appointed relatives to hold the commission of one of the military tribunes in their province, this has led some to speculate that Pegasus is somehow related to the young Firmus.
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The Delian League before the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War in 431 BC. Pentecontaetia (, "the period of fifty years") is the term used to refer to the period in Ancient Greek history between the defeat of the second Persian invasion of Greece at Plataea in 479 BC and the beginning of the Peloponnesian War in 431 BC. The term originated with a scholiast on Thucydides, who used it in their description of the period. The Pentecontaetia was marked by the rise of Athens as the dominant state in the Greek world and by the rise of Athenian democracy, a period also known as Golden Age of Athens. Since Thucydides focused his account on these developments, the term is generally used when discussing developments in and involving Athens.Victor Ehrenberg and P.J. Rhodes, "Pentecontaetia," from The Oxford Classical Dictionary, Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth, ed.
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57, Scholiast on Ar. Birds 217, cited by Modern critics often characterize him simply as a lyric poet. Although his work now only survives in fragments, he was revered by the ancient Greeks as one of their most brilliant authors, able to be mentioned in the same breath as Homer and Hesiod, yet he was also censured by them as the archetypal poet of blame – his invectives were even said to have driven his former fiancée and her father to suicide. He presented himself as a man of few illusions either in war or in love, such as in the following elegy, where discretion is seen to be the better part of valour: Archilochus was much imitated even up to Roman times and three other distinguished poets later claimed to have thrown away their shields – Alcaeus, Anacreon and Horace.
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According to one myth, Hera deprived Lamia of the ability to sleep, making her constantly grieve over the loss of her children, and Zeus provided relief by endowing her with removable eyes. He also gifted her with a shapeshifting ability in the process.Scholium from the Byzantine- Hellenistic period to Aristophanes, Peace 758, quoted by Bell, Robert E. (1993), Women of Classical Mythology, drawing upon Diodorus Siculus XX.41; Suidas 'Lamia'; Plutarch 'On Being a Busy-Body' 2; Scholiast on Aristophanes's Peace 757; Eustathius on Odyssey 1714) Diodorus's rationalization was that the Libyan queen in her drunken state was as if she could not see, allowing her citizens free rein for any conduct without supervision, giving rise to the folk myth that she places her eyes in a vessel. Heraclitus's euhemerized account explains that Hera, consort of King Zeus, gouged the eyes out of the beautiful Lamia.
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Gantz, p. 352. A scholiast to Homer, Odyssey 12.69, says that according to the Hellenistic mythographer Asclepiades (12F31), Phineus handed his sons over to their stepmother (here named Eurytia) to be killed, after they were slandered (presumably by her).Gantz, p. 352. A second-century BC Cyzicene temple contained a bas-relief depicting the stepsons (here named Polymedes and Clytius) killing their "Phrygian stepmother" while their mother Cleopatra looks on with delight.Gantz, p. 352; Palatine Anthology, 3.4 (Paton, pp. 152, 153). In the first-century BC account of the Greek historian Diodorus Siculus, the sons were imprisoned, but apparently not blinded.Gantz, p. 352; Diodorus Siculus, 4.43.3-4, 4.44.3-4. According to Diodorus, when the Argonauts landed in Thrace, they found Phineus' sons shut up inside a burial vault, where they had been continually whipped, having been falsely accused of rape by their stepmother Idaea, the daughter of the Scythian king Dardanus.
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Sealey, pp. 248-250. Thucydides mentions this attack on the 'Nine-Ways' in connection with the beginning of the Siege of Thasos, and since Thucydides says that the siege ended in its third year, the Siege of Thasos therefore dates to c. 465-463 BC. Similarly, the anonymous scholiast provides a probable date for the Siege of Eion. This annotation places the fall of Eion in the archonship of Phaidon (known to be 476/475 BC).Fine, p. 337. The Siege may therefore have been between either 477-476 BC or 476-475 BC; both have found favour. The Battle of Eurymedon may be dated to 469 BC by Plutarch's anecdote about the Archon Apsephion (469/468 BC) choosing Cimon and his fellow generals as judges in a competition. The implication is that Cimon had recently achieved a great victory, and the most likely candidate is Eurymedon.
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Again, trade winds (SE and NE) converge at a region called the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which is located close to Kerala and Sri Lanka, which might be another clue for this puzzle. Authors said their steps would be the analysis of intercontinental clouds using High-Efficiency Particulate Air Filters, using the similar DNA sequence based technique called “metagenomics”, which would reveal the entire microbial diversity of these clouds. While most ancient authors, such as Hesiod and Pliny, tended to ascribe the rain to the acts of gods, Cicero rejected the idea and instead suggested that the red rain may be caused by "ex aliqua contagione terrena", "from some earthly contagion". The two cases in the Iliad are explained by Heraclitus as simply red-coloured rain rather than literally blood; however, a later scholiast (a critical or explanatory commentator) suggests that it was precipitation of blood that had evaporated earlier: after a battle, blood would flow into nearby water courses, evaporate, and then fall as rain.
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The last years of the poet's life were spent in Sicily, where he became a friend and confidant of Hieron of Syracuse. According to a scholiast on Pindar, he once acted as peace-maker between Hieron and another Sicilian tyrant, Theron of Acragas, thus ending a war between them.Scholiast on Pindar, Ol. 2.29d, cited by D. Campbell, Greek Lyric III, Loeb Classical Library (1991), page 345 Scholiasts are the only authority for stories about rivalry between Simonides and Pindar at the court of Hieron, traditionally used to explain some of the meanings in Pindar's victory odesGeoffrey S. Conway, The Odes of Pindar, John Dent and Sons (1972), pages 10, 88-89 (see the articles on Bacchylides and Pindar). If the stories of rivalry are true, it may be surmised that Simonides's experiences at the courts of the tyrants, Hipparchus and Scopas, gave him a competitive edge over the proud Pindar and enabled him to promote the career of his nephew, Bacchylides, at Pindar's expense.
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Further, it is noted that the History also parodies Christian scripture. For instance, in the Life of Alexander Severus there is: "It is said that on the day after his birth a star of the first magnitude was visible for the entire day at Arca Caesarea", while "where, save at Rome, is there an imperial power that rules an empire?" is considered to be a response to 2 Thessalonians 2:6–7. Syme argued that it was a mistake to regard it as a historical work at all and that no clear propaganda purpose could be determined. He theorized that the History is primarily a literary product – an exercise in satire produced by a 'rogue scholiast' catering to (and making fun of or parodying) the antiquarian tendencies of the Theodosian age, in which Suetonius and Marius Maximus were fashionable reading and Ammianus Marcellinus was producing sober history in the manner of Tacitus.
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Pliny's Natural History and passages in Diodorus of Sicily's history. Most of the ancients, including the first two just mentioned, refer to his work by his name: "Pytheas says …" Two late writers give titles: the astronomical author Geminus of Rhodes mentions (ta peri tou Okeanou), literally "things about the Ocean", sometimes translated as "Description of the Ocean", "On the Ocean" or "Ocean"; Marcianus, the scholiast on Apollonius of Rhodes, mentions (periodos gēs), a "trip around the earth" or περίπλους (periplous), "sail around". Scholars of the 19th century tended to interpret these titles as the names of distinct works covering separate voyages; for example, Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology hypothesizes a voyage to Britain and Thule written about in "Ocean" and another from Cadiz to the Don River, written about in "Sail Around". As is common with ancient texts, multiple titles may represent a single source, for example, if a title refers to a section rather than the whole.
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Proclus, the scholiast to Euclid, knew Eudemus of Rhodes' History of Geometry well, and gave a short sketch of the early history of geometry, which appeared to be founded on the older, lost book of Eudemus. The passage has been referred to as "the Eudemian summary," and determines some approximate dates, which otherwise might have remained unknown.James Gow, A Short History of Greek Mathematics (1884) The influential commentary on the first book of Euclid's Elements of Geometry is one of the most valuable sources we have for the history of ancient mathematics, and its Platonic account of the status of mathematical objects was influential. In this work, Proclus also listed the first mathematicians associated with Plato: a mature set of mathematicians (Leodamas of Thasos, Archytas of Taras, and Theaetetus), a second set of younger mathematicians (Neoclides, Eudoxus of Cnidus), and a third yet younger set (Amyntas, Menaechmus and his brother Dinostratus, Theudius of Magnesia, Hermotimus of Colophon and Philip of Opus).
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The Suda's claim that Hesiod was the father of Stesichorus can be dismissed as "fantasy"Cambell, Loeb page 35 yet it is also mentioned by TzetzesTzetzes Vit.Hes. 18, cited by Campbell, Loeb page 35 and the Hesiodic scholiast ProclusProclus Hes. Op. 271a, cited by Campbell in Loeb page 35 (one of them however named the mother of Stesichorus via Hesiod as Ctimene and the other as Clymene). According to another tradition known to Cicero, Stesichorus was the grandson of HesiodCicero De Rep. 2.20, cited by Campbell in Loeb page 37 yet even this verges on anachronism since Hesiod was composing verses around 700 BC.Jasper Griffin, "Greek Myth and Hesiod", J. Boardman, J. Griffin and O. Murray (eds), The Oxford History of the Classical World, Oxford University Press (1986), page 88 Stesichorus might be regarded as Hesiod's literary "heir" (his treatment of Helen in the Palinode, for example, may have owed much to Hesiod's Catalogue of Women)Charles Segal, "Archaic Choral Lyric" in The Cambridge History of Classical Literature: Greek Literature, Cambridge University Press (1985), page 191 and maybe this was the source of confusion about a family relationship.
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