They used these fibres to build cardiac scaffolds, then soaked the scaffolds in suspensions of the golden particles for an hour, during which period most of the particles attached themselves to the scaffolds.
|
|
Cellular agriculture companies are also devising scaffolds from naturally occurring materials, such as cellulose, starch and alginate, which may be more affordable than engineering scaffolds from scratch.
|
|
The scaffolds we have created foster this success, at every level.
|
|
She had sat alongside mothers at the scaffolds of their sons.
|
|
Today, scaffolds, which are also known as sidewalk sheds, have proliferated.
|
|
This done, they tried attaching the scaffolds to hearts taken from pigs.
|
|
Prellis instantaneously prints high-resolution tissue scaffolds that grow into functioning human organs.
|
|
The only natural question is whether the staff climb the scaffolds at night.
|
|
Each short story has a porno-thin setup on which Kuso scaffolds its horrors.
|
|
The Harvard scientists are not the only ones testing scaffolds for cell-based meat.
|
|
As research into tissue engineering advances, so too do ways of printing the scaffolds.
|
|
Next to it, the blue scaffolds of an indoor crane resemble a launchpad gantry.
|
|
Students are provided with scaffolds until they demonstrate that they no longer need them.
|
|
Some scaffolds have been up in New York City for more than 10 years.
|
|
There's a lot of potential here for personalized skin or scaffolds that fit people perfectly.
|
|
All of the these promising technologies require suitable scaffolds for the growth of grafted cells.
|
|
Mr. Kallos said he sponsored the bill because he had received many complaints about scaffolds.
|
|
Another said it made him think of the scaffolds and pikes of the Terror of 1793.
|
|
Energy Scaffolds and Information Architecture continues at the Drawing Center (35 Wooster Street, Soho, Manhattan) through March 20.
|
|
Silk material is now also being used for sutures, scaffolds, grafts and a vast selection of biomedical implants.
|
|
Prellis is actually pitching its pre-made vascular scaffolds to researchers for their work on 3D printed biologics.
|
|
Researchers are also coming up with new ways to print tiny scaffolds onto which human cells are grown.
|
|
Scenes show men digging away with shovels and building scaffolds in large mining operations that upheave the earth.
|
|
To provide this, tissue engineers are turning to 3D printers to make tiny bespoke scaffolds onto which cells are "seeded".
|
|
This might be dealt with by cell-sorting techniques, or even by synthesising artificial scaffolds that behave similarly to cells.
|
|
As they had hoped, this softened the scaffolds, which then moulded themselves to the surrounding tissue and subsequently remained in place.
|
|
The bulk of these inspections are still performed on scaffolds or cranes, but that is changing for a number of reasons.
|
|
Unhappy residents in neighboring buildings argue that the scaffolds block views, blot out the sun and limit access to outdoor space.
|
|
A Union Pacific train passed on the south side of the river, where scaffolds are similarly positioned, and did not stop.
|
|
Alongside the funding, the company announced the successful implantation of tumors in animal subjects that were made using the company's vascular scaffolds.
|
|
To do these inspections crews install 150-foot scaffolds and climb up the walls in search of areas in need of repair.
|
|
But most stories are flimsy scaffolds, and the second you start messing with them too much, the audience's suspension of disbelief collapses.
|
|
With steep, narrow terrain in the gorge, there were no obvious, alternative route to the fish scaffolds if a train parked up.
|
|
At Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, scientists are investigating how to engineer replacement kidneys using either human or pig kidneys as scaffolds.
|
|
In construction, you're not making 1 million refrigerators but moving around a lot, climbing on scaffolds, laying down palettes, and that's a challenge.
|
|
Huge lettering hangs from the scaffolds, in Dari and Pashto, reading, "We Can Do It." Significantly, there is no such sign in English.
|
|
"Secondly, the materials that are used for these scaffolds remain in the body for a long time: up to four years," he said.
|
|
But construction has picked up and wooden scaffolds have begun to cover the facades of government buildings, businesses and hotels across the island.
|
|
" Samuel Ross, the latest recipient of the Fashion Award's British Emerging Men's Wear Designer prize, examined what he called "the scaffolds of society.
|
|
As its title suggests, Energy Scaffolds and Information Architecture, curated by the Drawing Center's Executive Director Brett Littman, connects the immaterial with the physical.
|
|
Peault and his colleagues in the U.K. and U.S. have been working on a similar project using 3D-printed scaffolds to grow new ears.
|
|
Then, they inserted a biodegradable scaffolds into the broken shins, says co-author Gadi Pelled, a professor of surgery at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center.
|
|
What Levin said he doesn't want to see is another Second Avenue Subway scenario, where solutions were short, while scaffolds stayed up for years.
|
|
From the scaffolds hang oversize yarn pompoms, vintage quilts (sourced from private auctions in Pennsylvania, where Mr. Ruby grew up) and a tin pail.
|
|
More importantly, when they analysed the patched hearts in situ for health and function, they noted that the scaffolds were not impeding them at all.
|
|
"The silk-collagen scaffolds provide the right environment to produce cells with the genetic signatures and electrical signaling found in native neuronal tissues," Kaplan said.
|
|
To mimic this cellular environment, Dr. Parker and his colleagues decided to make scaffolds out of different concentrations of gelatin, a protein product derived from collagen.
|
|
They have transformed spinach leaves into scaffolds by removing all the plant's cells and using the empty cell walls as a frame for growing animal tissue.
|
|
There are boats moving about on wheeled scaffolds as well as projections onto a sail-like screen; a two-person band supplies an omnipresent live score.
|
|
Back then, some slept on subways; others stayed in "cardboard condos," hidden away under scaffolds and near major transit terminals—whatever it took to stay warm.
|
|
Nermin Er's "Side by Side" (2017), the third work to intervene in an old cave, features delicate paper ladders and scaffolds cascading down the rock face.
|
|
So the roadmap for new products begins with the vascular scaffolds, runs through vascularized skin grafts and developing insulin-producing cells and vascular shunts for dialysis patients.
|
|
Flexible nanowire-based probes, flexible neuron scaffolds and glassy carbon interfaces may also allow biological and technological computers to happily coexist in our bodies in the future.
|
|
Researchers from Worcester Polytechnical Institute in Massachusetts, Arkansas State University-Jonesboro, and the University of Wisconsin-Madison hope to use plants as "scaffolds" to grow human tissue.
|
|
Adam Pendleton will transform the Museum of Modern Art's atrium this summer into a theatrical stage set framed by three 60-foot-tall scaffolds displaying his work.
|
|
On each of the plant's four machine lines, a team of up to six people would roll in motorized lifts and build scaffolds to reach the gantries.
|
|
Our cells also grow at different temperatures from mammalian systems, so the scaffolds we develop need to be really optimized for fish cells in all of these regards.
|
|
In this the team applied the scaffolds to the hearts of living rats, fused them into place with the laser and then studied those hearts for cell damage.
|
|
"We are actually printing the scaffolds and the cells together," said Dr. Anthony Atala of the Wake Forest University Institute for Regenerative Medicine, who led the study team.
|
|
He came in and I had my men on scaffolds, and all of a sudden I came in to check on my guys and they're not there anymore.
|
|
They placed human stem cells into a number of scaffolds 3D-printed from hyperelastic bone (the same type of structure that might be used as an implant in surgery).
|
|
Through wide-scale rezoning efforts, and city-financed incentives to build high into the sky, developers have responded in kind, placing this section of Brooklyn under scaffolds, seemingly forever.
|
|
Photographs of 21922/23-scale sketches (above) were distributed to the artists, who worked on scaffolds under the direction of the lead artist, filling in grids projected onto Belgian linen.
|
|
But ispace has a functional rover, a mission plan that scaffolds itself toward a space city, big backing, international aims, and a solid "go get 'em" from its home country.
|
|
The TapeScape project has appeared around the world from America to Dubai, and now it's Australia's turn to play in tunnels made from nothing more than building scaffolds and tape.
|
|
The cells not only grew without any difficulty on the scaffolds, filling up the available space in a matter of weeks, but also ended up producing their own bone minerals.
|
|
Some researchers have been inspired by the field of regenerative medicine, where scaffolds are used to help grow tissue that may one day be used for repairing organs or replacing grafts.
|
|
Furthermore, cellulosic tissue engineering scaffolds derived from decellularized apple slices have shown the ability for mammalian cell attachment and proliferation and were found to be biocompatible when implanted subcutaneously in vivo.
|
|
Brison, who was not involved in the study, noted that the use of decellularized scaffolds is common in regenerative medicine, where tissues derived from stem cells are transplanted back into patients.
|
|
In recent weeks, Boeing has also introduced custom-built, self-driving work platforms similar to scaffolds that hug an airframe so mechanics can work as a jetliner pulses along the assembly line.
|
|
It's the kind that scaffolds autocratic governments, in which the ruler's power is always dependent on a network of unstable personal alliances — and all hints of potential disloyalty must be flamboyantly purged.
|
|
Produced in his unique homemade medium — stove soot and saliva on paper scraps — they reflect his peculiar blend of delicacy and rawness, with scratchy scaffolds of lines containing remarkably subtle and atmospheric tones.
|
|
The songs here work as loose scaffolds, and Mr. Mahanthappa's trio-mates — the guitarist Rez Abbasi and the drummer and tabla player Dan Weiss — fill the space with low-slung body and warmth.
|
|
As fans would later see in a behind-the-scenes documentary, she's in a studio on Long Island, working on the scaffolds and melodies of her agenda-shifting album, A Seat at the Table.
|
|
Playing with Mr. Sorey here, he often reduced Monk's song themes to scaffolds and wisps; his own chiming, splintery swing feels attested to Monk's long shadow, even in a context dominated by free improvisation.
|
|
The department has a limited arsenal of tools to prod owners into action, including fines, ordering scaffolds, and, in extreme cases sending in a city contractor to do the repairs at the owner's expense.
|
|
Sidewalk sheds are those scaffolds of aluminum or steel, topped with plywood and often accessorized with duct tape, graffiti and pigeon droppings, that cling by the thousands to the sides of buildings, darkening countless blocks.
|
|
Stabilizing it is likely to involve removing the damaged scaffolds, erecting new ones, and taking steps to protect the mortar between stones, which may have been weakened by the fire, from eroding when it rains.
|
|
"The concept is sound, as scaffolds have been used for decades in medical research and proved to be beneficial to cell regrowth in certain situations," says Michael Lane, assistant professor at Drexel University College of Medicine.
|
|
In 2018, CollPlant signed an agreement with United Therapeutics Corp for the use of CollPlant's BioInk for 3D bioprinting of lung scaffolds with a long-term goal of making transplantable lungs, subject to U.S. regulatory approval.
|
|
Arriving at the entrance to the power station, the action was pretty simple: a handful of scaffolds tied together and plonked in the middle of the road, blockading it, while a guy scaled to the top.
|
|
Sensitivity to flood risk after Katrina, he said, led energy companies to elevate some pieces of equipment like pumps on scaffolds so they would not suffer permanent water damage and be back on line that much faster.
|
|
Beginning decades ago, even when security was looser and Mr. Kaplan was fortified by $5 million in liability insurance, he would often have to spend months negotiating for dispensation to clamber up scaffolds, bridge cables and antennas.
|
|
Perhaps part of a 21st Century tradition that will go down in history, this 3D-printed Christmas tree from researcher Richard Zhang at Simon Frasier University takes a new approach to additive manufacturing by printing around pyramid-shaped scaffolds.
|
|
In The Magnificent Cuckold, the dynamic geometric forms that she had practiced in her paintings morphed into movable wooden platforms, stairs, rigging, slides, scaffolds, ladders, gears, blades and bridges for gesticulating, tottering, charging men and women in loose-fitting, everyday clothes.
|
|
Anthony Notaro, the chairman of the community board that represents the area, said he knew of at least a dozen scaffolds that had been up for more than two years, in some cases with no visible building work being done.
|
|
The city law that requires them had the best intention — to protect people from falling terra cotta and other dangers — but it lacks a mechanism to compel building owners to get on with facade repairs and take the scaffolds down.
|
|
"We demonstrated that human mesenchymal stem cells were able to adhere, survive, and differentiate… on sintered and smoothed PCL surfaces, suggesting that Open SLS has the potential to produce PCL scaffolds useful for cell studies," the authors wrote in their PLOS One paper.
|
|
Rather than using bulky swing-stage scaffolds, like the ones for window washing, or hydraulic cranes that block traffic, an increasing number of design and engineering firms are training their staff to rappel down the side of skyscrapers in search of dangerous defects.
|
|
The metal scaffolds that workers used to apply mud paste to the minarets are too heavy and rigid to assemble around the dome, so a type of bamboo scaffolding, which was used for conservation work in the 1940s, is being considered instead.
|
|
A few months after the scaffolds and neural progenitor cells were implanted, nerve fibers from the rats' brains had connected to the new cells, which in turn connected with nerve fibers coming up from the rodents' lower extremities, allowing the rats to move their legs in a deliberate way.
|
|
The fencing and wood planks are likely to remind the viewer that New York has become a city of myriad scaffolds, of demolition and construction sites, while gold-leaf shackle resonates with the pyramidal gilded roof of the nearby New York Life Insurance Building designed by Cass Gilbert in 1926.
|
|
What we assumed to be true three years ago was you had cell lines that you had to cause to multiply and grow, you had scaffolds that they would multiply and grow on as you fed them, and then you have to put them into bioreactors and make the bioreactor bigger and bigger.
|
|
They erected scaffolds for the lighting and the basic contours of the main beach, boardwalk and dunes and installed a pinewood-and-vinyl lip around the stage to contain the water — enough to fill a 25-meter swimming pool — whose tide originated from a mechanical cylinder tucked behind the cyclorama, the circumference of which was 919 feet.
|
|
Scaffolds are used to display the heterologous protein on the bacterial cell surface. There are various scaffolds which have been used such as outer membrane proteins, fimbriae/flagella proteins and CPX (circularly permuted OmpX). The CPX scaffold allows peptide fusion at both termini of the scaffold. OMPs are common scaffolds for bacterial display.
|
|
3-D porous scaffolds can be manufactured through 3-D printing or various polymers, ranging from polyglycolic acid (PGA) and polylactic acid (PLA) to more natural polymers such as collagen. Fibrous scaffolds have the potential to closely match the structure of ECM through its use of fibers, which have a high growth factor. Techniques to produce fibrous scaffolds include electrospinning, in which a liquid solution of polymers is stretched from an applied high electric voltage to produce thin fibers. Conversely to the 3-D porous scaffolds, fibrous scaffolds have a very small pore size that prevents the pervasion of cells within the scaffold.
|
|
The use of scaffolds for teaching higher-level cognitive strategies. Educational Leadership, 49(7), 26–33. # The application of scaffolds during the learning task: Scaffolds could be organized in "simple skill acquisition or they may be dynamic and generative". # The consideration of emotional issues: Scaffolding is not limited to a cognitive skill and can also support emotional responses (affect).
|
|
Additionally, several scaffolds are used in the MAPKKK cascade in order to ensure that a specific cascade is used. These scaffolds have a binding site for the MAPKKK, MAPKK, and MAPK, ensuring that the signal occurs rapidly.
|
|
The aim of virtual screening is to identify molecules of novel chemical structure that bind to the macromolecular target of interest. Thus, success of a virtual screen is defined in terms of finding interesting new scaffolds rather than the total number of hits. Interpretations of virtual screening accuracy should, therefore, be considered with caution. Low hit rates of interesting scaffolds are clearly preferable over high hit rates of already known scaffolds.
|
|
Scaffolds, successive contigs intersected by a gap, can be localized in the same manner.
|
|
Scaffolds are positioned along the physical map of the chromosomes creating a "golden path".
|
|
There are also current approaches that are manufacturing scaffolds and coupling them with biological cues. Fabricated scaffolds can also be manufactured using either biological, synthetic, or a combination of both materials from scratch to mimic the native heart valve observed using imaging techniques. Since the scaffold is created from raw materials, there is much more flexibility in controlling the scaffold's properties and can be more tailored. Some types of fabricated scaffolds include solid 3-D porous scaffolds that have a large pore network that permits the flow through of cellular debris, allowing further tissue and vascular growth.
|
|
Many hypotheses about how scaffolds coordinate positive and negative feedback come from engineered scaffolds and mathematical modeling. In three-kinase signaling cascades, scaffolds bind all three kinases, enhancing kinase specificity and restricting signal amplification by limiting kinase phosphorylation to only one downstream target. These abilities may be related to stability of the interaction between the scaffold and the kinases, the basal phosphatase activity in the cell, scaffold location, and expression levels of the signaling components.
|
|
Peptide scaffolds formed from LEGO peptides has been used extensively for 3D cell culturing as they closely resemble the porosity and the structure of extra- cellular matrices. These scaffolds have also been used in cell proliferation and differentiation into desired cell types. Experimentations with rat neurons demonstrated LEGO peptides’ usefulness in cell culturing. Rat neurons that were attached to the peptides projected functional axons that followed the contour as set out by the peptide scaffolds.
|
|
A hybrid scaffold is a skin substitute based on a combination of synthetic and natural materials. Examples of hybrid scaffolds are HYAFF® and Laserskin®. These hybrid scaffolds have been shown to have good in-vitro and in-vivo biocompatibilities and their biodegradability is controllable.
|
|
Bone matrix composed of collagen fibrils. Nanofiber scaffolds are able to mimic such structure. In tissue engineering, a highly porous artificial extracellular matrix is needed to support and guide cell growth and tissue regeneration. Natural and synthetic biodegradable polymers have been used to create such scaffolds.
|
|
Signaling pathways are often inactivated by enzymes that reverse the activation state and/or induce the degradation of signaling components. Scaffolds have been proposed to protect activated signaling molecules from inactivation and/or degradation. Mathematical modeling has shown that kinases in a cascade without scaffolds have a higher probability of being dephosphorylated by phosphatases before they are even able to phosphorylate downstream targets. Furthermore, scaffolds have been shown to insulate kinases from substrate- and ATP-competitive inhibitors.
|
|
Furthermore, immunoassays on thiol-ene "synthetic paper" micropillar scaffolds have shown to generate a superior fluorescence signal.
|
|
Compound collagen-based scaffolds have been developed in an attempt to improve the function of these scaffolds for tissue engineering. An example of a compound collagen scaffold is the collagen-chitosan matrix. Chitosan is a polysaccharide that is chemically similar to cellulose. Unlike collagen, chitosan biodegrades relatively slowly.
|
|
The support and guidance provided to the learner is compared to the scaffolds in building construction where the scaffolds provide both "adjustable and temporal" support to the building under construction.Palincsar, A. S. (1986). The role of dialogue in providing scaffolded instruction. Educational Psychologist, 21(1 & 2), 73–98.
|
|
However, emerging innovations span from bioprinting of cells or extracellular matrix deposited into a 3D gel layer by layer to produce the desired tissue or organ. In addition, 3D bioprinting has begun to incorporate the printing of scaffolds. These scaffolds can be used to regenerate joints and ligaments.
|
|
Lalwani et al. have reported a novel radical initiated thermal crosslinking method to fabricated macroscopic, free- standing, porous, all-carbon scaffolds using single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes as building blocks. These scaffolds possess macro-, micro-, and nano- structured pores and the porosity can be tailored for specific applications. These 3D all-carbon scaffolds/architectures may be used for the fabrication of the next generation of energy storage, supercapacitors, field emission transistors, high-performance catalysis, photovoltaics, and biomedical devices and implants.
|
|
Fibrin-based scaffolds contain fibrin which gives the keratinocytes stability. Moreover, they are simple to reproduce and handle.
|
|
Their scaffolds have been shown to allow meat marbling, is compatible with multiple cell lines and is scalable.
|
|
The addition of PDGF at specific time‐points has been shown to stabilise vasculature in collagen‐glycosaminoglycan scaffolds.
|
|
These scaffolds possess macro-, micro-, and nano-structured pores, and the porosity can be tailored for specific applications. These 3D all-carbon scaffolds/architectures may be used for the fabrication of the next generation of energy storage, supercapacitors, field emission transistors, high-performance catalysis, photovoltaics, and biomedical devices, implants, and sensors.
|
|
It can also aid in assembling early-build genomes and assigning orphan scaffolds to locations within late-build genomes.
|
|
AMCs have also showed promise in craniofacial bone regeneration. In 2014, George K. Sándor performed a small size clinical trial (n = 13) on patients with craniomaxillofacial defects where AMCs were transplanted with scaffolds of either bioactive glass or β-tricalcium phosphate in an attempt to reconstruct the defect. β-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds are characterized by their porous three-dimensional synthetic scaffold structures that stimulate growth, migration, and differentiation in human cells leading to bone reparation. This study saw 10 out of the 13 patients successfully integrate the AMCs and scaffolds.
|
|
Recent advances in organ printing using SLS include 3D constructs of craniofacial implants as well as scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering.
|
|
Other research using spongin scaffolds for the immobilization of Trametes versicolor Laccase has shown similar results in phenol degradation.Zdarta, Antecka, Frankowski, Zgoła-Grześkowiak, Ehrlich, and Jesionowski. "The Effect of Operational Parameters on the Biodegradation of Bisphenols by Trametes Versicolor Laccase Immobilized on Hippospongia Communis Spongin Scaffolds." Science of the Total Environment 615 (2018): 784-95. Web.
|
|
However, chitosan is not very biocompatible with fibroblasts. To improve the stability of scaffolds containing gelatin or collagen and the biocompatibility of chitosan is made by crosslinking the two; they compensate for each other's shortcomings. Collagen- elastine membrane, collagen-glycosaminoglycane (C-GAG) matrix, cross-linked collagen matrix Integra™ and Terudermis® are other examples of compound collagen scaffolds.
|
|
Altast Foods Co. is using solid state fermentation in order to grow mushroom tissue on mycelium scaffolds. They then harvest this tissue and use it to create bacon analogs. Nanomaterials are materials which exhibit unique properties at the nanoscale. Biomimetic Solutions — a London based scaffold currently involved in the SoSV incubator — is leveraging nanomaterials in order to create scaffolds.
|
|
Scaffold based cultures utilize an acellular 3D matrix or a liquid matrix. Scaffold-free methods are normally generated in suspensions. There are a variety of platforms used to facilitate the growth of three-dimensional cellular structures including scaffold systems such as hydrogel matrices and solid scaffolds, and scaffold-free systems such as low- adhesion plates, nanoparticle facilitated magnetic levitation, and hanging drop plates. 3D cell culture in scaffolds Eric Simon, in a 1988 NIH SBIR grant report, showed that electrospinning could be used to produced nano- and submicron-scale polystyrene and polycarbonate fibrous scaffolds specifically intended for use as in vitro cell substrates.
|
|
Collagen scaffolds are used in tissue regeneration, whether in sponges, thin sheets, or gels. Collagen has the correct properties for tissue regeneration such as pore structure, permeability, hydrophilicity, and being stable in vivo. Collagen scaffolds are also ideal for the deposition of cells such as osteoblasts and fibroblasts, and once inserted, growth is able to continue as normal in the tissue.
|
|
Some phosphate glasses are bio-compatible and water-soluble and are suited for use as degradable tissue and bone scaffolds within the human body.
|
|
Spiroligomers have been utilized for a variety of applications which include catalysis, protein binding, metal-binding, molecular scaffolds, and charge- transfer studies, et al.
|
|
Perhaps the most important future application for RNA origami is building scaffolds to arrange other microscopic proteins and allow them to work with one another.
|
|
Chromosome scaffolds play an important role to hold the chromatin into compact chromosomes. Loops of 30 nm structure further condense with scaffold, into higher order structures. Chromosome scaffolds are made of proteins including condensin, topoisomerase IIα and kinesin family member 4 (KIF4). The physical strength of chromatin is vital for this stage of division to prevent shear damage to the DNA as the daughter chromosomes are separated.
|
|
The third component of tissue engineering is a scaffold. Scaffolds play a major role in regulating stem cell differentiation by local release of growth factors, or by the signaling cascade that is triggered when stem cells bind to the extracellular matrix and to each other. Scaffolds may be endogenous, such as collagen, dentin, etc., or synthetic substances, such as hydrogels, MTA or other compounds.
|
|
As a scaffolding protein, IQGAP1 binds and regulates many targets—its role is to integrate and mediate signaling from diverse pathways and insulate key pathway members from crosstalk. IQGAP1 integrates diverse signaling pathways. Scaffolds organize signaling pathways—help regulate how various extracellular signals can be transduced by the same canonical pathway members into various cellular outputs. Generally, scaffolds regulate output, localization, and selectivity of pathways.
|
|
This process creates a natural biomaterial to act as a scaffold for cell growth, differentiation and tissue development. By recellularizing an ECM scaffold with a patient’s own cells, the adverse immune response is eliminated. Nowadays, commercially available ECM scaffolds are available for a wide variety of tissue engineering. Using peracetic acid to decellularize ECM scaffolds have been found to be false and only disinfects the tissue.
|
|
For over 30 years researchers have been trying to grow heart valves in vitro. These tissue‑engineered valves involve seeding human cells on to a scaffold. The two main types of scaffold are natural scaffolds, such as decellularized tissue, or scaffolds made from degradable polymers. The scaffold acts as an extracellular matrix, guiding tissue growth into the correct 3D structure of the heart valve.
|
|
The decrease in the mechanical properties was attributed to the partial conversion of the glass filaments in the scaffolds into a layer mainly composed of a porous hydroxyapatite-like material. Another work by Kolan and co-workers used selective laser sintering instead of conventional heat treatment. After the optimization of the laser power, scan speed, and heating rate, the compressive strength of the sintered scaffolds varied from 41 MPa for a scaffold with ~50% porosity to 157 MPa for dense scaffolds. The in vitro study using SBF resulted in a decrease in the compressive strength but the final value was similar to that of human trabecular bone.
|
|
This includes analysis and control of cells such as osteoblasts, chondrocytes, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, myoblasts and macrophages on a variety of materials and scaffolds. Her research also involves the development of scaffolds for tissue repair using novel hydrogels and magnesium alloys as various porous and fibrous materials. Gough has worked on the advisory board of the journal Biomaterials Science, and as part of the local organising committee for the World Biomaterials Congress.
|
|
An ex vivo histological examination showed that certain pore geometry and the pre-growing of chondrocytes (Cho) prior to implantation significantly improves the performance of the created 3D scaffolds. The achieved biocompatibility was comparable to the commercially available collagen membranes. The successful outcome of this study supports the idea that hexagonal-pore-shaped hybrid organic-inorganic microstructured scaffolds in combination with Cho seeding may be successfully implemented for cartilage tissue engineering.
|
|
The structure is most similar to the HEAT-repeat motif that functions as scaffolds for protein-protein interactions. The pore size was estimated to be about 6.5 Å.
|
|
It may also be combined with autologous materials for a bone graft. Porous beta-Tricalcium phosphate scaffolds are employed as drug carrier systems for local drug delivery in bone.
|
|
Pillared graphene represents a class of three-dimensional carbon nanotube architectures. 3D carbon scaffolds Recently, several studies have highlighted the prospect of using carbon nanotubes as building blocks to fabricate three-dimensional macroscopic (>100 nm in all three dimensions) all-carbon devices. Lalwani et al. have reported a novel radical-initiated thermal crosslinking method to fabricate macroscopic, free-standing, porous, all-carbon scaffolds using single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes as building blocks.
|
|
When muscle is cultivated in vivo, this issue is circumvented as the ECM delivers nutrients into the muscle through blood vessels. As such, many emerging scaffolds are aiming to replicate such networks. Similarly, scaffolds must simulate many of the other characteristics of the ECM, most notably porosity, crystallinity, degradation, biocompatibility and functionality. Few materials which emulate all these characteristics have been identified leading to the possibility of blending different materials with complementary properties.
|
|
Carbon nanotubes are among the numerous candidates for tissue engineering scaffolds since they are biocompatible, resistant to biodegradation and can be functionalized with biomolecules. However, the possibility of toxicity with non-biodegradable nano-materials is not fully understood. To achieve the goal of tissue reconstruction, scaffolds must meet some specific requirements. High porosity and adequate pore size are necessary to facilitate cell seeding and diffusion throughout the whole structure of both cells and nutrients.
|
|
Scaffolds act as three-dimensional artificial templates in which the tissue targeted for reconstruction is cultured to grow onto. The high porosity of hydrogels allows for the diffusion of cells during migration, as well as the transfer of nutrients and waste products away from cellular membranes. Scaffolds are subject to harsh processing conditions during tissue culturing. These include mechanical stimulation to promote cellular growth, a process which places stress on the scaffold structure.
|
|
The results from the ABySS assembly were used to create the assembly graph, which were used to generate scaffolds using the filtered BLASR data . The advantages of cerulean are that it requires minimal resources and results in assembled scaffolds with high accuracy. These characteristics make it better suited for up-scaling to be used on larger eukaryotic genomes, but the efficiency of cerulean when applied to larger genomes remains to be verified.
|
|
Accident Statistics. Stanfordchildrens.org. Stanford Children's Health. Retrieved 29 November 2019. In 2000, in the USA 717 workers died of injuries caused by falls from ladders, scaffolds, buildings, or other elevations.
|
|
Some well known examples include scaffolds for the preparation of glycosidase inhibitors (VIII)Rommel, M.; Ernst, A.; Koert, U. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2007, 4408-4430. and GABA-AT inhibitors (IX).
|
|
Decellularized tricuspid biological heart valve Biological scaffolds can be created from human donor tissue or from animals; however, animal tissue is often more popular since it is more widely accessible and more plentiful. Xenograft, from a donor of a different species from the recipient, heart valves can be from either pigs, cows, or sheep. If either human or animal tissue is used, the first step in creating useful scaffolds is decellularization, which means to remove the cellular contents all the while preserving the ECM matrix, which is advantageous compared to manufacturing synthetic scaffolds from scratch. Many decellularization methods have been used such as the use of nonionic and ionic detergents that disrupt cellular material interactions or the use of enzymes to cleave peptide bonds, RNA, and DNA.
|
|
This particular function is considered a scaffold's most basic function. Scaffolds assemble signaling components of a cascade into complexes. This assembly may be able to enhance signaling specificity by preventing unnecessary interactions between signaling proteins, and enhance signaling efficiency by increasing the proximity and effective concentration of components in the scaffold complex. A common example of how scaffolds enhance specificity is a scaffold that binds a protein kinase and its substrate, thereby ensuring specific kinase phosphorylation.
|
|
Although the sugar is relatively rare, recent work with glycosyltransferases suggests that obscure sugars such as colitose can be incorporated into existing natural-product scaffolds, thereby constructing novel and potentially therapeutic compounds.
|
|
Synthetic cartilage can be composed of many different materials that mimic its functional properties. Tissue engineering principles include the use of cells, growth factors, and synthetic scaffolds in order to do this.
|
|
Farrugia B, Brown TD, Hutmacher DW, Upton Z, Dalton PD, Dargaville TR. (2013) Dermal fibroblast infiltration of poly(ε–caprolactone) scaffolds fabricated by melt electrospinning in a direct writing mode. Biofabrication 5, 025001.
|
|
Muscle tissue is developed from the growth medium and organized in a three-dimensional structure by the scaffold for end product. In the case of structured meat products - products which are characterized not only by the kind of cells present but their overall configuration - cells must be seeded to scaffolds. Scaffolds are essentially molds meant to reflect and encourage the cells to organize into a larger structure. When cells develop in vivo, they are influenced by their interactions with the Extracellular Matrix (ECM).
|
|
Advancements in the clinical understanding of wounds and their pathophysiology have commanded significant biomedical innovations in the treatment of acute, chronic, and other types of wounds. Many biologics, skin substitutes, biomembranes and scaffolds have been developed to facilitate wound healing through various mechanisms. This includes a number of products under the trade names such as Epicel, Laserskin, Transcyte, Dermagraft, AlloDerm/Strattice, Biobrane, Integra, Apligraf, OrCel, GraftJacket and PermaDerm.Vyas KS, Vasconez HC. Wound Healing: Biologics, Skin Substitutes, Biomembranes and Scaffolds . Healthcare.
|
|
Research has demonstrated that nano scaffolds may be an effective tool for repairing spinal cord injuries (SCIs). Such studies have utilized rat models to show that electrospun nanofibers and SAPNSs can effectively serve as guidance channels for regeneration of neural tissue lost at sites of SCI.Gelain, F.; Panseri, S.; Antonini, S.; Cunha, C.; Donega, M.; Lowery, J.; Taraballi, F.; Cerri, G.; Montagna, M.; Baldissera, F.; Vescovi, A. Transplantation of Nanostructured Composite Scaffolds Results in the Regeneration of Chronically Injured Spinal Cords. ACS Nano.
|
|
In order to restore joint cartilage after injury due to chondrocyte loss, cell therapy and chondrocyte replenishment has been shown to work in certain studies. Lying self-assembled MSCs (mesenchymal stem cells) on top of chondrocyte-laden hydrogel scaffolds has shown cell-mediated regeneration of hyaline-like cartilage. However, one drawback of this is that implantation of these scaffolds requires open-joint surgery to gather donor chondrocytes from non-weight-bearing joint cartilage areas. This makes it difficult to apply to the elderly.
|
|
Additionally, its high molecular weight enables it to overlap at low concentrations. These synergistic behaviors create effective gel matrices that are suitable for several biomedical applications, such as scaffolds, medical electrodes, and drug delivery systems.
|
|
Ribaudo (2015) proposed pomiferin and osajin as potential lead compounds for the development, starting from natural scaffolds, of a new class of PDE-5A inhibitors with vasorelaxant properties to treat pulmonary hypertension and erectile dysfunction.
|
|
These scaffolds are structurally analogous to extracellular matrix (ECM) found in normal/un- injured dermis. Fundamental conditions required for tissue regeneration often oppose conditions that favor efficient wound repair, including inhibition of (1) platelet activation, (2) inflammatory response, and (3) wound contraction. In addition to providing support for fibroblast and endothelial cell attachment, biodegradable scaffolds inhibit wound contraction, thereby allowing the healing process to proceed towards a more-regenerative/less- scarring pathway. Pharmaceutical agents have been investigated which may be able to turn off myofibroblast differentiation.
|
|
As with natural bone, the primary issue with bone scaffolds is brittle failure. They typically follow linear elastic behavior, and under compressive forces experiences a plateau and recovery reminiscent of cellular solids as well as trabecular bone. The elastic modulus of natural bone ranges from 10 to 20 GPa; it requires a high stiffness to withstand constant mechanical load. Bone scaffolds must therefore be as stiff as natural bone, or the scaffold will fail through crack nucleation and propagation before the host tissue can regenerate.
|
|
It is also used in oil-in-water emulsions to enhance droplet coalescence. Xanthan gum is under preliminary research for its potential uses in tissue engineering to construct hydrogels and scaffolds supporting three-dimensional tissue formation.
|
|
There are also various outcomes of PBL that can be measured including knowledge acquisition and clinical competence. Additional studies are needed to investigate all the variables and technological scaffolds, that may impact the efficacy of PBL.
|
|
Advancements in understanding of wounds have commanded biomedical innovations in the treatment of acute, chronic, and other types of wounds. Many biologics, skin substitutes, biomembranes and scaffolds have been developed to facilitate wound healing through various mechanisms.
|
|
Ferrocene and its numerous derivatives have no large-scale applications, but have many niche uses that exploit the unusual structure (ligand scaffolds, pharmaceutical candidates), robustness (anti-knock formulations, precursors to materials), and redox (reagents and redox standards).
|
|
Bidai medicine men were herbalists and performed sweatbathing. Patients could be treated by being raised scaffolds over smudge fires. While other Atakapan bands are known for their ritual cannibalism, the practice was never recorded among the Bidai.
|
|
Scaffold techniques include the use of solid scaffolds, hydrogels and other materials. In a recent study potentiality of human CD34+ stem cells explored by generating in vitro agarose gel 3D model to understand the bone ossification process.
|
|
The objective was to figure out how agronomic traits, low alkaloid traits, and protein content are manifested in the genome. The genome was sequenced in two cultivars, the poorly adapted tanjil and the better adapted unicrop. The genome was sequenced as such; whole genome shotgun sequencing dataset for this species with 26.9x (average amount of overlapping scaffolds) coverage of the genome, then NGS-based RAD-sequencing technology was used to obtain 8,244 sequence-defined markers. A total of 4,214 scaffolds from the genome sequence was assembled and aligned with the genetic map.
|
|
Linder and Craig were pronounced dead of broken necks, and over 80 were injured, about 22 seriously. After the accident, the Speedway banned "bootleg" homemade scaffolds at the track, a rule that still exists to this day. The track management was scrutinized by the state fire marshal and other officials for allowing the scaffolds to be constructed without permits, inspections, or any sort of safety rules. Other reports even criticized spectators who witnessed the tragedy and did little to offer help, whereas many in attendance were totally unaware of the accident.
|
|
The attractiveness of the algae as a model organism has recently increased with the release of several genomic resources to the public domain. The Chlre3 draft of the Chlamydomonas nuclear genome sequence prepared by Joint Genome Institute of the U.S. Dept of Energy comprises 1557 scaffolds totaling 120 Mb. Roughly half of the genome is contained in 24 scaffolds all at least 1.6 Mb in length. The current assembly of the nuclear genome is available online. The ~15.8 Kb mitochondrial genome (database accession: NC_001638) is available online at the NCBI database.
|
|
Scaffolds consist of overlapping contigs separated by gaps of known length. The new constraints placed on the orientation of the contigs allows for the placement of highly repeated sequences in the genome. If one end read has a repetitive sequence, as long as its mate pair is located within a contig, its placement is known. The remaining gaps between the contigs in the scaffolds can then be sequenced by a variety of methods, including PCR amplification followed by sequencing (for smaller gaps) and BAC cloning methods followed by sequencing for larger gaps.
|
|
Her work has integrated fulleretic accepting molecules, such as π‐bowls or π‐balls, to tune electronic properties, achieving semiconductive behavior in normally insulating materials. Shustova has also attempted to design artificial photosynthetic scaffolds for light harvesting. In one case, Shustova and her group utilized a MOF in a multifunctional system for efficient chromophore coupling, facilitating highly efficient energy transfer mimicking the protein beta-barrel structure. Her research group is also interested in tuning rigidity and linker installation in photochromic scaffolds, specifically in spiropyran-based MOF photoswitches, and the control of cycloreversion kinetics.
|
|
Printed scaffolds of this material proved to be successful foundations for human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (hMSCs) growth. This material's strong qualities of shape memory effect and biocompatibility lead researchers to believe that it will strongly advance the development of biomedical scaffolds. This research article is one of the first that explore the use of plant oil polymers as liquid resins for stereolithography production in biomedical applications. Research team of Leonid Ionov (University of Bayreuth) has developed novel approach to print shape-morphing biocompatible/biodegradable hydrogels with living cells.
|
|
SEPT8 is a member of the highly conserved septin family. Septins are 40- to 60-kD GTPases that assemble as filamentous scaffolds. They are involved in the organization of submembranous structures, in neuronal polarity, and in vesicle trafficking.
|
|
The resorcinarene is also the basic structural unit for other molecular recognition scaffolds, typically formed by bridging the phenolic oxygens with alkyl or aromatic spacers. A number of molecular structures are based on this macrocycle, namely cavitands and carcerands.
|
|
1-72, p. 10. Like- a-Fishhook Village was now 20 years old and a burying ground with scaffolds to the dead, called open-air tombs,Trobriand, Philippe Regis de: Military Life in Dakota. St. Paul, 1951, p. 81.
|
|
The Tutor also scaffolds (provides support for) key processes in reading. It explains unfamiliar words and concepts by presenting short factoids (that is, comparisons to other words). It can provide both spoken and graphical assistance when the student has a problem.
|
|
The well-known "Bokkomlaan" (Bokkom avenue) along the banks of the Berg river in Velddrif is a place where tourists can see large numbers of bokkoms strung up in bunches on rows of reed scaffolds along the side of the road.
|
|
GALE belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily of proteins. This family is characterized by a conserved Tyr-X-X- X-Lys motif necessary for enzymatic activity; one or more Rossmann fold scaffolds; and the ability to bind NAD+.
|
|
A scaffold or matrix serves as a temporary supporting structure (extracellular matrix), the initial architecture, on which the cells can grow three-dimensionally into the desired tissue. A scaffold must provide the environment needed for cellular growth and differentiation; it must provide the strength to withstand mechanical stress and guide their growth. Moreover, scaffolds should be biodegradable and degrade at the same rate as the tissue regenerates to be optimally replaced by the host tissue. There are numerous scaffolds to choose from and when choosing a scaffold biocompatibiltiy, porosity and stability should also be held into account.
|
|
In recent years, a number of academic research groups and companies have emerged in order to figure out what raw materials have the characteristics which would make them suitable scaffolds as well as how best to turn them into scaffolds. Cellulose is the most abundant polymer in nature and constitutes the exoskeletons of plant leaves. Due to its abundance, it can be obtained at a relatively low cost. It is also versatile and biocompatible. Through a process called “decellularization”, it is coated in an SDS surfactant which creates pores. These pores then release the plant’s cellular components, and it becomes decellularized plant tissue.
|
|
Historically, research on electrospun fibrous scaffolds dates back to at least the late 1980s when Simon showed that electrospinning could be used to produced nano- and submicron-scale fibrous scaffolds from polymer solutions specifically intended for use as in vitro cell and tissue substrates. This early use of electrospun lattices for cell culture and tissue engineering showed that various cell types would adhere to and proliferate upon polycarbonate fibers. It was noted that as opposed to the flattened morphology typically seen in 2D culture, cells grown on the electrospun fibers exhibited a more rounded 3-dimensional morphology generally observed of tissues in vivo.
|
|
13-93 porous glass scaffolds were synthesized using a polyurethane foam replication method in the report by Fu et al. The stress-strain relationship was examined in obtained from the compressive test using eight samples with 85 ± 2% porosity. The resultant curve demonstrated a progressive breaking down of the scaffold structure and the average compressive strength of 11 ± 1 MPa, which was in the range of human trabecular bone and higher than competitive bioactive materials for bone repairing such as hydroxyapatite scaffolds with the same extent of pores and polymer-ceramic composites prepared by the thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) method.
|
|
One of the resounding arguments against the validity of in vitro results of cell culture on 2D plastic plates is that the environment does not accurately reflect that of the cells in the organism. This problem is being dealt with by developing 3D cell cultures using a wide variety of substrates as the scaffolds or environments for the cells. In this kind of setting the expression of ECM genes has the potential to more closely resemble that of the native expression profile. 3D scaffolds, the structures on which the cultured cells grow, can be composed of other cells, i.e.
|
|
The Colosseum in Rome, Italy As munera grew larger and more popular, open spaces such as the Forum Romanum were adapted (as the Forum Boarium had been) as venues in Rome and elsewhere, with temporary, elevated seating for the patron and high status spectators; they were popular but not truly public events: > A show of gladiators was to be exhibited before the people in the market- > place, and most of the magistrates erected scaffolds round about, with an > intention of letting them for advantage. Caius commanded them to take down > their scaffolds, that the poor people might see the sport without paying > anything. But nobody obeying these orders of his, he gathered together a > body of labourers, who worked for him, and overthrew all the scaffolds the > very night before the contest was to take place. So that by the next morning > the market-place was cleared, and the common people had an opportunity of > seeing the pastime.
|
|
Indiana University Math. Journal, 39 (3):877-936, 1990. It can be approximated by the implicit surface : \cos(x) + \cos(y) + \cos(z) = 0 \ . The P surface has been considered for prototyping tissue scaffolds with a high surface-to-volume ratio and porosity.
|
|
He financed the project and worked on scaffolds himself. In 2011 the church was robbed and desecrated. On the next day Belov suffered a stroke from which he never fully recovered. Vasily Belov died on 4 December 2012, aged 80, in Vologda.
|
|
In architectural sculpture the term is frequently employed to describe sculpture that is carved on a building, frequently from scaffolds, after the building has been erected. Also commonly used to describe the site specific dance festival "Insitu". Held in Queens, New York.
|
|
Hydrogel scaffolds are created by cross-linking hydrophilic polymers through various reaction such as free radical polymerization or conjugate addition reaction. Hydrogels are beneficial because they have a high water content, which allows the ease of nutrients and small materials to pass through.
|
|
The Krogh Length, \lambda_K, is the distance between capillaries at which nutrients diffuse to based on cellular consumption of the nutrients.Fournier, R. L. Basic Transport Phenomena in Biomedical Engineering 1st edn (Taylor & Francis, London, 1999).Choi et al. Microfluidic scaffolds for tissue engineering.
|
|
Cameron's research considers materials which interact therapeutically with the body. She is interested in musculoskeletal repair. Her research considers bioactive biodegradable composites, biodegradable polymers, tissue engineered scaffold and surface patterning. Cameron works with Serena Best on collagen scaffolds for the spin-out company Orthomimetics.
|
|
Although synthetic materials have been shown to achieve cell infiltration and nerve regeneration, preclinical data demonstrate that such materials are positive for smooth muscle actin staining, which indicates activated myofibroblasts and the potential for scarring. NFB develops scaffolds and scaffold-free approaches for cornea regeneration.
|
|
Several hundred seats were moved to a balcony and two boxes, further improving sightlines and acoustics. Vomitoria (colloquially, "voms"), the traditional name for entryways for actors from under the seating area, were added and the lighting scaffolds were eliminated.Oregon Shakespearean Festival Association. Shakespeare 1970.
|
|
Focuses on studying biomaterials for delivery of therapeutics, scaffolds for orthopedic tissue engineering applications, and the interaction of biomaterials and tissues. Unmanned Aircraft System Test Site Research and operations facility to accelerate safe and responsible application of unmanned aerial vehicles in private and public industry.
|
|
As thiolated polymers exhibit biocompatibility, cellular mimicking properties and efficiently support proliferation and differentiation of various cell types, they are used as scaffolds for tissue engineering. Furthermore thiolated polymers such as thiolated hyaluronic acid and thiolated chitosan were shown to exhibit wound healing properties.
|
|
Tissue engineered vascular graft Tissue engineered heart valve A number of different methods have been described in the literature for preparing porous structures to be employed as tissue engineering scaffolds. Each of these techniques presents its own advantages, but none are free of drawbacks.
|
|
A setback to using Bioglass 45S5 is that it is difficult to process into porous 3D scaffolds. These porous scaffolds are usually prepared by sintering glass particles that are already formed into the 3D geometry and allowing them to bond to the particles into a strong glass phase made up of a network of pores. Since this particular type of bioglass cannot fully sinter by viscous flow above its Tg, and its Tg is close to the onset of crystallization, it is hard to sinter this material into a dense network. 45S5 glass also has a slow degradation and rate of conversion to an HA-like material.
|
|
Scaffolds are materials that have been engineered to cause desirable cellular interactions to contribute to the formation of new functional tissues for medical purposes. Cells are often 'seeded' into these structures capable of supporting three-dimensional tissue formation. Scaffolds mimic the extracellular matrix of the native tissue, recapitulating the in vivo milieu and allowing cells to influence their own microenvironments. They usually serve at least one of the following purposes: allow cell attachment and migration, deliver and retain cells and biochemical factors, enable diffusion of vital cell nutrients and expressed products, exert certain mechanical and biological influences to modify the behaviour of the cell phase.
|
|
This study employed two different methods for hybrid genome assembly: a scaffolding approach that supplemented currently available sequenced contigs with PacBio reads, as well as an error correction approach to improve the assembly of bacterial genomes. The first approach in this study started with high-quality contigs constructed from sequencing reads from second-generation (Illumina and 454) technology. These contigs were supplemented by aligning them to PacBio long reads to achieve linear scaffolds that were gap-filled using PacBio long reads. These scaffolds were then supplemented again, but using PacBio strobe reads (multiple subreads from a single contiguous fragment of DNA Ritz, Anna, Bashir, Ali, & Raphael, Benjamin J. (2010).
|
|
In tissue engineering, neo-organ is a final structure of procedure based on transplantation of constructs consisting of endogenous stem/progenitor cells grown ex vivo within predesigned matrix scaffolds. The scaffold eventually is resorbed, leaving transplanted cells and the stroma that they produce in the body.
|
|
Mechanical properties are one of the most important considerations when designing scaffolds for medical use. If the mechanical properties, in particular the elastic modulus, of the scaffold do not align with those of the host tissue, the scaffold is more likely to inhibit regeneration or mechanically fail.
|
|
With high surface energy, PLA has easy printability which makes it widely used in 3-D printing. The tensile strength for 3-D printed PLA was previously determined. There is also poly(L-lactide-co-D,L-lactide) (PLDLLA) – used as PLDLLA/TCP scaffolds for bone engineering.
|
|
Gillian Reid is a British chemist who is Professor of Inorganic Chemistry and Head of the Department of Chemistry at the University of Southampton. Her research considers coordination chemistry, inorganic semiconductors and metal fluoride scaffolds. In 2020 she was appointed the President-elected of the Royal Society of Chemistry.
|
|
This protein is localized in the cytoplasm at focal adhesion sites. It functions as a central protein for fatty acids and development of cystoskeletal structure. In fatty acids, they act as scaffolds for many binding partners. The LIM domain at the c-terminal bind protein tyrosine phosphatase-PEST.
|
|
According to tradition, the builder of the vault had a deal with the devil to finish the construction. When the builder saw the vault finished he was amazed by its size. Full of fear that the vault would collapse he hanged himself on the supporting scaffolds. The vault survived.
|
|
The Brassica napus (oil seed rape) and Sinapis alba (white mustard) inhibitors, inhibit the catalytic activity of bovine beta-trypsin and bovine alpha-chymotrypsin, which belong to MEROPS peptidase family S1 (). This group of proteins is now used in the creation of insecticides, vaccines, and protein engineering scaffolds.
|
|
Vunjak-Novakovic's numerous scholarly accomplishments have substantially impacted the field of tissue engineering in specific and the field of biomedical engineering in general. The focus of her research is on engineering functional human tissues, by an integrated use of stem cells, biomaterial scaffolds and bioreactors, which are culture systems designed to regulate and stimulate tissue development. In her work she has laid the theoretical and experimental foundation for the development of new biomaterials and scaffold architecture to regenerate tissue. For example, a series of 5 papers on bioreactors, seeding of polymer scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering, cultivation parameters, and tissue construct characterization, published in 1998 and 1999 have been cited over 2,000 times.
|
|
By the arrival of biocompatible photopolymers (as SZ2080 and OMOCERs) many scaffolds have been realized by multiphoton lithography, to date. They vary in key parameters as geometry, porosity and dimension to control and condition, in a mechanical and chemical fashion, fundamental cues in in vitro cell cultures: migration, adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. The capability to fabricate structures having a feature size smaller than the cells' one, have dramatically improved the mechanobiology field, giving the possibility to combine mechanical cues directly into cells microenvironment. Their final application range from stemness maintenance in adult mesenchymal stem cells, such as into the NICHOID scaffold which mimics in vitro a physiological niche, to the generation of migration engineered scaffolds.
|
|
More specifically, polypeptides like collagen and silk, are biocompatible materials that are being used in ground breaking research, as these are inexpensive and easily attainable materials. Gelatin polymer is often used on dressing wounds where it acts as an adhesive. Scaffolds and films with gelatin allow for the scaffolds to hold drugs and other nutrients that can be used to supply to a wound for healing. As collagen is one of the more popular biopolymer used in biomedical science, here are some examples of their use: Collagen based drug delivery systems: collagen films act like a barrier membrane and are used to treat tissue infections like infected corneal tissue or liver cancer.
|
|
Since high concentrations of stem cells are delivered into the root canal space when lacerating the apical papilla in the immature permanent tooth, this clinical procedure accomplishes one major element of the triad of tissue engineering. Ongoing research has evaluated combinations of stem cells, growth factors, and scaffolds that result in histological regeneration of pulp tissues. On the contrary, the concept of revascularization focuses only on the delivery of blood into the root canal space to allow the pulp space to be filled with vital tissue as a means of prompting wound healing. Therefore, a focus on “revascularization” would disregard the potential role of growth factors and scaffolds in histological recapitulation of the pulp-dentin complex.
|
|
PIDA, monomer, and host scaffolds used. Applications utilizing properties of conjugated polymers emerged from work done by Heeger, McDiaramid, and Shirakawa with the discovery that polyacetylene is a conducting, albeit difficult to process material. Since then, work has been done to mimic this conjugated polymer’s backbone (e.g., poly(p-phenylenevinylene)).
|
|
15 Scaffolds for a Murderer or The Dirty Fifteen () is a 1967 action drama mystery Spaghetti Western film directed by Nunzio Malasomma, scored by Francesco De Masi, and starring Craig Hill, Andrea Bosic, George Martin and Margarita Lozano. It was the last film of Nunzio Malasomma, who died in 1974.
|
|
J Non-Cryst Solids 2010;356:517-24. However, the influence of the composition on the properties and compatibility of bioactive and biodegradable glasses is not fully understood. The scaffolds fabricated by melt quench technique have much less porosity which causes healing and defects in tissue integration during in-vivo testing.
|
|
Many of Held's modern artwork includes large symmetric non-objective structures with vivid colors. Using an acrylic medium, he created interlocking scaffolds that overlap with a deep consideration of architecture. The ancient buildings of Rome and the idea of the renaissance inspired Held as he returned to New York.Irving, Sandler. (1984).
|
|
With easily controlled porosities and microstructures, ceramic foams have seen growing use in evolving electronics applications. These applications include electrodes, and scaffolds for solid oxide fuel cells and batteries. Foams can also be used as cooling components for electronics by separating a pumped coolant from the circuits themselves.W. Behrens, A. Tucker.
|
|
In Kentucky, instead of curing tobacco attached to laths in vented tobacco barns as they once did, farmers are increasingly curing tobacco on "scaffolds" in the fields.Stull, Donald D. Tobacco barns and chicken houses: Agricultural transformation in western Kentucky, Human Organization, Summer 2000. (via Find Articles). Retrieved 10 February 2007.
|
|
The sense of agency plays a pivotal role in cognitive development, including the first stage of self- awareness (or pre-theoretical experience of one's own mentality), which scaffolds theory of mind capacities.Rochat, P. (1999). Early Social Cognition: Understanding Others in the First Months of Life. Mahawah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
|
|
Faulk DM, et al. "Role of the extracellular matrix in whole organ engineering" These scaffolds can then be re-cellularized in an attempt to regenerate whole organs for transplant. This method works primarily for organs with a complex vasculature, as it allows detergent to be fully perfused through the material.
|
|
The company spun off Harvard Apparatus Regenerative Technology, Inc., which is now known as Biostage, in 2013. They produce trachea scaffolds and bioreactors. Biostage has litigation over wrongful death pending that may affect Harvard Bioscience. In 2014, the company acquired Multi Channel Systems MCS GmbH (MCS) and Triangle BioSystems, Inc. (TBSI).
|
|
In the new paradigm of tissue engineering, professionals are trying to develop new textiles so that the body can form new tissue around these devices so it’s not relying solely on synthetic foreign implanted material. Graduate student Jessica Gluck has demonstrated that viable and functioning liver cells can be grown on textile scaffolds .
|
|
The electrical and thermal conductivity and magnetic property of metals enhance the electrical conductivity and antibacterial property of nanocomposite hydrogels when incorporated. The electrical conducting property is necessary for the hydrogels to start forming functional tissues and be used as imaging agents, drug delivery systems, conductive scaffolds, switchable electronics, actuators, and sensors.
|
|
Angiogenesis of vessels from the host body into an implanted tissue engineered constructs is essential. Successful integration is often dependent on thorough vascularisation of the construct as it provides oxygen and nutrients and prevents necrosis in the central areas of the implant. PDGF has been shown to stabilize vascularisation in collagen-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds.
|
|
She was awarded the John Wuff Award for Excellence in Teaching. In 2003, two years after graduating her PhD, she was nominated to the TR100 list. Lavik was an assistant professor at Yale University, where she developed polymer scaffolds that imitate the spinal cord. She was nominated for a 2004 WIRED RAVE Award.
|
|
D-motifs can even be found in certain MAPK pathway regulators and scaffolds (e.g. in the mammalian JIP proteins). Other, less well characterised substrate-binding sites also exist. One such site (the DEF site) is formed by the activation loop (when in the active conformation) and the MAP kinase-specific insert below it.
|
|
But nobody seemed to care about the times of Antiquity. Ufa rail bridge1919 The restoration works involved approximately 2,500 builders, workers and railway engineers. Day by day, week after week made their work. And the iron mass of the bridge buttressed by scaffolds from a beach didn't towered so hopelessly above the Belaya anymore.
|
|
The children can float around or cross the lake with rafts or a wooden ferry. The lake is surrounded by little wooden houses which serve as climbing scaffolds and as a reminder of the pile dwellings. The houses are connected through suspension bridges and studs. In addition, there are water channels and mud tables.
|
|
As the Paiute party lift their dead onto the scaffolds, the pray and sing. The beautiful woman who lost her child holds up her dead baby's cradleboard onto the scaffold. Matt is helping Little Doe deliver their child as she dies. Suddenly the young baby cries as the Paiutes leave their sacred burial ground.
|
|
It is also hoped that recent findings from TFM will contribute to the design of optimal scaffolds for tissue engineering and regeneration of the peripheral nervous system, artery grafts,George, J. C., et al. "The contractile strength of vascular smooth muscle myocytes is shape dependent." Integrative Biology 6.2 (2014): 152-163. and epithelial skin cells.
|
|
C. P. Carroll, E. Zhmayev, V. Kalra, Y. L. Joo, Korea-Australia Rheology Journal 2008, 20, 153. # PolypropyleneL. Larrondo, R. S. J. Manley, Journal of Polymer Science Part B-Polymer Physics 1981, 19, 909. # Polyethylene # Poly(caprolactone-block- ethylene glycol) # PolyurethaneKarchin A, Simonovsky FI, Ratner BD, Sanders JE. (2011) Melt electrospinning of biodegradable polyurethane scaffolds.
|
|
Scaffolds produced using nanotechnology have enabled researchers to investigate clinically relevant applications that involve the promotion of tissue regeneration at sites of acute damage. In nano neuro knitting, these methods are applied specifically to the repair of tissues of the nervous system.Ellis-Behnke, R.; Jonas, J.B. Redefining tissue engineering for nanomedicine in ophthalmology. Acta Ophthalmol.
|
|
Increased research and knowledge regarding the organization, structure of properties of collagen and hydroxyapatite have led to many developments in collagen-based scaffolds in bone tissue engineering. The structure of hydroxyapatite is very similar to that of the original bone, and collagen can act as molecular cables and further improve the biocompatibility of the implant.
|
|
Meinong oil-paper umbrella scaffolds are made mainly from bamboo sticks, which are translocated from places such as Puli, Zhushan, Nantou County and the Cishan District of Kaohsiung. Especially the famous moso bamboo of the Qushan district. Moso bamboo is famous for its strength and elasticity. Thus the scaffold is mainly made of moso bamboo.
|
|
Strong winds were reported, including a gust up to at Tai Mo Shan. Many scaffolds, signboards, trees, and boughs were knocked down. Fire broke out around 15:00 UTC on August 16 at a large power sub-station in Kwun Tong. Due to the strong winds, firefighters were unable to sometimes unable to control the flames.
|
|
Collagen is the primary component of the extracellular matrix. Collagen scaffolds efficiently support fibroblast growth, which in turn allows keratinocytes to grow nicely into multilayers. Collagen (mainly collagen type I) is often used as a scaffold because it is biocompatible, non-immunogenic and available. However, collagen biodegrades relatively rapidly and is not good at withstanding mechanical forces.
|
|
LIM genes encode two 60 amino acid cysteine and histidine-rich LIM domains and a homeodomain. The LIM domains function in protein-protein interactions and can bind zinc molecules. LIM domain proteins are found in both the cytosol and the nucleus. They function in cytoskeletal remodeling, at focal adhesion sites, as scaffolds for protein complexes, and as transcription factors.
|
|
Fused filament fabrication (FFF) has been used to create microstructures with a three- dimensional internal geometry. Sacrificial structures or additional support materials are not needed. Structure using polylactic acid (PLA) can have fully controllable porosity in the range 20%–60%. Such scaffolds could serve as biomedical templates for cell culturing, or biodegradable implants for tissue engineering.
|
|
"Scaffolding and validation of bacterial genome assemblies using optical restriction maps." Bioinformatics 24.10 (2008):1229–35. To serve as scaffolds for assembly, assembled sequence contigs can be scanned for restriction sites in silico using known sequence data and aligning them to the assembled genomic optical map. Commercial company, Opgen has provided optical mappings for microbial genomes.
|
|
Omadacycline was invented at Tufts University School of Medicine by a research team led by Mark L. Nelson with Mohamed Ismail while at Tufts and Kwasi Ohemeng and Laura Honeyman at Paratek Pharmaceuticals, Boston. The team applying their chemistry methods to the tetracycline scaffolds created over 3000 new derivatives, leading to the novel third generation compounds omadacycline and sarecycline.
|
|
2011, 5, 227—236. Using these scaffolds with integrated, slowly-released proregenerative cytokines showed that SCI rat models could repair contused spinal cord tissue. After six months, the spinal cord cysts were shown to be replaced by bundles of myelinated axons, ECM, and vascularization. In addition, the rat models have been shown to regain motor control after this treatment.
|
|
An enormous amount of wood was consumed in Gothic construction for scaffolding, platforms, hoists, beams and other uses. They particularly consumed durable hard woods such as oak and walnut. This led to a shortage of these trees, and eventually led to the practice of using softer pine for scaffolds, and reusing old scaffolding from worksite to worksite.
|
|
Molecular self-assembly is one of the few methods for creating biomaterials with properties similar in scale and chemistry to that of the natural in vivo extracellular matrix (ECM), a crucial step toward tissue engineering of complex tissues. Moreover, these hydrogel scaffolds have shown superiority in in vivo toxicology and biocompatibility compared to traditional macroscaffolds and animal-derived materials.
|
|
If successful, the team hopes to reduce platinum use by 25%.Nanotechnology to provide cleaner diesel engines . RDmag.com. September 2014 Nanotechnology also has a prominent role in the fast developing field of Tissue Engineering. When designing scaffolds, researchers attempt to mimic the nanoscale features of a cell's microenvironment to direct its differentiation down a suitable lineage.
|
|
For example, when creating scaffolds to support the growth of bone, researchers may mimic osteoclast resorption pits. Researchers have successfully used DNA origami-based nanobots capable of carrying out logic functions to achieve targeted drug delivery in cockroaches. It is said that the computational power of these nanobots can be scaled up to that of a Commodore 64.
|
|
This method begins with alignment of homologous genes, followed by identification of regions of polymorphism. Next the top strand of the gene is divided into small degenerate oligonucleotides. The bottom strand is also digested into oligonucleotides to serve as scaffolds. These fragments are combined in solution are top strand oligonucleotides are assembled onto bottom strand oligonucleotides.
|
|
Molecular capsules are chemical scaffolds designed to capture and hold a guest molecule (see molecular encapsulation). Szumna and coworkers developed a novel molecular capsule with a chiral interior. This capsule is made of two halves, like a plastic easter egg (Figure 6). Salt bridge interactions between the two halves cause them to self-assemble in solution (Figure 7).
|
|
Acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor, neurotrophin 3, transforming growth factor beta 1, transforming growth factor beta 2, nerve growth factor, brain derived neurotrophic factor can be given as examples for such growth factors. For some tissues like cartilage, highly dense polymeric scaffolds such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) are essential due to mechanical stress and that can be achieved by combining them with natural biodegradable cell-adhesive scaffolds since cells can not attach to synthetic polymers and take proper signals for normal cell function. Various scaffold combinations with PEG-based hydrogels are studied to assess the chondrogenic response to dynamic strain stimulation in a recent study. PEG-Proteoglycan, PEG-Fibrinogen, PEG-Albumin conjugates and only PEG including hydrogels are used to evaluate the mechanical effect on bovine chondrocytes by using a pneumatic reactor system.
|
|
Studies performed seeded scaffolds made of polymers with various cell lines in vitro, in which the scaffolds degraded over time while leaving behind a cellular matrix and proteins. The first study on tissue engineering of heart valves was published in 1995. During 1995 and 1996, Shinoka used a scaffold made of polyglycolic acid (PGA), approved by the FDA for human implantation, and seeded it with sheep endothelial cells and fibroblasts with the goal of replacing a sheep's pulmonary valve leaflet. What resulted from Shinoka's study was an engineered heart valve that was much thicker and more rigid, which prompted Hoerstrup to conduct a study to replace all three pulmonary valve leaflets in a sheep using a poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB) coated PGA scaffold and sheep endothelial cells and myofibroblast.
|
|
This will induce the formation of membrane-bound annexin networks. These networks can induce the indentation and vesicle budding during an exocytosis event. While different types of annexins can function as membrane scaffolds, annexin A-V is the most abundant membrane-bound annexin scaffold. Annexin A-V can form 2-dimensional networks when bound to the phosphatidylserine unit of the membrane.
|
|
Wilgie Mia is the largest and deepest historic Aboriginal ochre mine in Australia. It is located in a hillside of the Weld Range, near the northwest town of Cue. Worked to a depth of 20 metres, scaffolds had lined the seam face beyond an opening 30 metres across. Archaeological excavations have recovered tools and equipment used in the exploitation of the resource.
|
|
Brian Derby FIMMM (born 1957) is professor of materials science at Manchester University. He has been at the forefront of research into inkjet printing and 3D bioprinting, winning the Edward de Bono Medal for Original Thinking in 2007 for his work on Printing Skin and Bones: using inkjet printing technology to fabricate complex tissue scaffolds on which cells can be grown.
|
|
Once the compartments were finished, their interior surface was plastered and then painted. The construction of a medieval rib vault was a complex operation involving a team of specialized workers. The masons included hewers (), who cut the stone; , who set the stones in place; and layers (), who cemented the pieces together. These craftsmen worked alongside carpenters who built the complex scaffolds and models.
|
|
The main goal in biological augmentation is to enhance healing. There are a number of potential options. These include injecting an individual's own stem cells, growth factors or platelet rich plasma (PRP) into the repair site, and installing scaffolds as biological or synthetic supports to maintain tissue contour. A 2013 Cochrane review evaluated PRP and found insufficient evidence to make recommendations.
|
|
The various kinds of LSm rings function as scaffolds or chaperones for RNA oligonucleotides, assisting the RNA to assume and maintain the proper three-dimensional structure. In some cases, this allows the oligonucleotide RNA to function catalytically as a ribozyme. In other cases, this facilitates modification or degradation of the RNA, or the assembly, storage, and intracellular transport of ribonucleoprotein complexes.
|
|
Hydrogels are created from crosslinked polymers that are water-insoluble. Polymer hydrogels absorb significant amounts of aqueous solutions, and therefore have a high water content. This high water content makes hydrogel more similar to living body tissues than any other material for tissue regeneration. Additionally, polymer scaffolds using self-healing hydrogels are structurally similar to the extracellular matrices of many of the tissues.
|
|
In 1907, Kosyakov brothers switched to producing detailed drawings and instructions to craftsmen and suppliers of interior finishes. 19 August 1908, they presented the revised album of these drawings to the Romanovs. Nicholas and Alexandra responded with numerous amendments and changes that were implemented by spring of 1909. In summer of 1909 the external finishes were completed, and the scaffolds removed.
|
|
Human gamma-B crystallin, wild-type (). The beta strands making up the beta sheets are coloured blue. Two proteins, gamma-B crystallin and ubiquitin, have been described as scaffolds for Affilin proteins. Certain amino acids in these proteins can be substituted by others without losing structural integrity, a process creating regions capable of binding different antigens, depending on which amino acids are exchanged.
|
|
PDZ and LIM domain protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PDLIM5 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a LIM domain protein. LIM domains are cysteine-rich double zinc fingers composed of 50 to 60 amino acids that are involved in protein-protein interactions. LIM domain-containing proteins are scaffolds for the formation of multiprotein complexes.
|
|
For cancer therapy, research has suggested that manipulation of ELPs, through the addition of functional groups, can enable the ELP to conjugate with cytotoxic drugs. Also, ELPs may be able to function as polymeric scaffolds, which promote tissue regeneration. This capacity of ELPs has been studied particularly in the context of bone growth. ELPs can be engineered to recognize specific proteins in solution.
|
|
Such strong hydrogels, when bathed in minimal cell media, have been found to promote the growth of human mesencyhmal stem cell populations. The ability of these arrested ELP networks to promote cell growth may prove indispensable in the production of tissue scaffolds that promote cartilage production, for example. Such an intervention may prove useful in the treatment of bone disease and rheumatoid arthritis.
|
|
This stress may lead to localized rupturing of the scaffold which is detrimental to the reconstruction process. In a self-healing hydrogel scaffold, ruptured scaffolds have the ability for localized self-repair of their damaged three-dimensional structure. Current research is exploring the effectiveness of using various types of hydrogel scaffolds for tissue engineering and regeneration including synthetic hydrogels, biological hydrogels, and biohybrid hydrogels. In 2019, researchers Biplab Sarkar and Vivek Kumar of the New Jersey Institute of Technology developed a self-assembling peptide hydrogel that has proven successful in increasing blood vessel regrowth and neuron survival in rats affected by Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI). By adapting the hydrogel to closely resemble brain tissue and injecting it into the injured areas of the brain, the researchers’ studies have shown improved mobility and cognition after only a week of treatment.
|
|
Further materials can be applied in form of filters, foils, nets, fleeces and scaffolds (Fig. 1a). For an easy handling and to prevent damage during development the selected specimens are placed in the base part of a Minusheet tissue carrier (Fig. 1b). Pressing down a tension ring the biomaterial is held in position (Fig. 1c). After mounting a tissue carrier is enveloped in a bag and sterilized.
|
|
These important scientific findings may begin to shift the neuron-specific perspective into a more holistic view of the brain which encompasses the glial cells as well. For the majority of the twentieth century, scientists had disregarded glial cells as mere physical scaffolds for neurons. Recent publications have proposed that the number of glial cells in the brain is correlated with the intelligence of a species.
|
|
It is 26.5 m high, 100.4 m long and consists of three spans. 253 t of steel were used for the bridge. It was built in a very innovative way as a projected bridge supported by auxiliary scaffolds. For this purpose, the individual sections of the bridge were mounted on the projections of the viaduct and moved over the bridge piers by being hauled by cable.
|
|
Lack of scaffolds, problems with obtaining funds and the short deadline forced the artistsExcept Józef Gosławski sculptures in new Warsaw district were designed by Kazimierz Bieńkowski and Leon Machowski. to write a letter to the chief architect of Warsaw - Józef Sigalin. After that, the conditions were improved and work was completed on time. The image of Music Group was on one of the postcards published in 1952.
|
|
The condemned soldiers (one sergeant, four corporals, and eight privates) were transferred to a barracks on December 10. That evening, motor trucks carried new lumber for scaffolds to some bathhouses built for the soldiers at Camp Travis near a swimming pool in the Salado Creek. The designated place of execution was several hundred yards away. Army engineers completed their work by the light of bonfires.
|
|
Cornerstones were included in the design, to join the walls together and to support the higher floors. Interior scaffolds used in erecting the walls probably rested on those cornerstones, in which corbels were made for the purpose. Stones and beams were lifted with a windlass known as chIagIarg or zerazak. Large stones—some weighing several tonnes—were brought to the site by oxdriven sleds.
|
|
The genome size was sequenced using Illumina HiSeq 2000 and found to be 3.7 Mb. Scaffold assembly was conducted using whole genome shotgun sequencing and 13 scaffolds were found in the complete genome. The G/C content for this particular species of Legionella is 38.8 mol%. About 3,111 protein coding genes, four rRNA genes, and 36 tRNA genes were also discovered in the genome.
|
|
Lazarovici, together with his collaborators, obtained many patents for his inventions. His patents include : Three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering made by processing complex extracts of natural extracellular matrices (US20150079143A1), Near-infrared fluorescent particles and uses thereof (WO2012032524A9), Soy-derived bioactive peptides for use in compositions and methods for wound healing, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine (EP3325029A4), and Viperistatin-derived peptides and uses thereof (WO2015087334A1).
|
|
Scaffolds are placed inside bioreactors so that cell growth and specialization can occur. Bioreactors are large machines similar to brewery tanks which expose the cells to a large variety of environmental factors which are necessary to promote either proliferation or differentiation. The temperature of the bioreactor must replicate in vivo conditions. In the case of mammalian cells, this requires heating to 37 degrees Celsius.
|
|
Other solid-phase indole syntheses were also reported, some of which use different scaffolds and metal catalysts to drive the reaction to completion. There are also a variety of other reactions that result in the same indole skeleton. In a review article, Taber et al. categorize these reactions into nine basic types of indole syntheses: Fischer, Mori, Hemetsberger, Buchwald, Sundberg, Madelung, Nenitzescu, van Leusen and Kanematsu.
|
|
However, bioactivity of bioinert ceramics can be achieved by forming composites with bioactive ceramics. Bioactive ceramics, including bioglasses must be non-toxic, and form a bond with bone. In bone repair applications, i.e. scaffolds for bone regeneration, the solubility of bioceramics is an important parameter, and the slow dissolution rate of most bioceramics relative to bone growth rates remains a challenge in their remedial usage.
|
|
By study of connexins still in membranes lipids associated with the connexins have been studied. It was found that specific connexins tended to associate preferentially with specific phospholipids. As formation plaques precede connexins these results still give no certainty as to what is unique about the composition of plaques themselves. Other findings show connexins associate with protein scaffolds used in another junction, the zonula occludens ZO1.
|
|
Miller also works in biomedical engineering, creating three-dimensional scaffolds through the control of proteins and peptides. She explores the relationship between mesoscopic structure, material properties and cell response. She has studied how proteins self-assemble, including what causes them to unfold and form fibril structures. The morphology (roughness, porosity) and mechanical properties (such as Young's modulus and viscosity) can be controlled through self-assembly.
|
|
Pretty Eagle died on November 11, 1903. His remains were placed in a wagon box instead of the more common and traditional scaffolds. During the early 1900s his remains, along with sixty other Crows, were exhumed from their resting place along the Bighorn River by Dr. W. A Russell and sold to various museums around the U.S. with some selling for as little as $500.
|
|
The Ras→Raf→MEK→ERK MAPK signaling pathway plays an integral part in the processes of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. This pathway is conserved across all eukaryotes. Various extracellular signals induce the ERK MAPK pathway including EGF, IGF-1, PDGF, and NGF. The various scaffolds of this pathway, including IQGAP1, are responsible for modulating the cellular response to the activity of this pathway.
|
|
Nanofiber is a biodegradable and synthesized material. It is able to provide a good framework for the cells to grow. The surface of nanofiber provides a suitable environment for the cells to adhere. Even though most of the drugs have a long protein chain, they can still stick well on the surface of nanofiber Therefore, nanofibers are used as scaffolds for musculoskeletal tissue engineering.
|
|
Viola Ingrid Birss is a Professor of Chemistry at the University of Calgary. She works on electrochemistry and the development of nanomaterials for sustainable energy and sensing applications. She has demonstrated a metal oxide perovskite that can be used as the air and fuel electrode in solid oxide fuel cells, as well as creating nanoporous carbon scaffolds to be used in batteries and capacitors.
|
|
The institute contains the Sara and Moshe Zisapel Nanoelectronics Center, equipped with state-of-the-art clean rooms and individual labs. It complements the Wolfson Microelectronics Centre with approximately 700 m2 of clean rooms. In cooperation with the Technion Lorry I. Lokey Center for Life Science and Engineering, RBNI has invested in equipment facilitating advanced mechanical characterization and manipulation of tissue and tissue scaffolds, and bio- rheology.
|
|
Allograft bone is a logical alternative to autograft. However, it must be rigorously processed and terminally sterilized prior to implantation to remove the risk of disease transmission or an immunological response. This processing removes the osteogenic and osteoinductive properties of the graft, leaving only an osteoconductive scaffold. These scaffolds are available in a range of preparations (such as morselized particles and struts) for different orthopaedic applications.
|
|
Collagen fibers in a cross-sectional area of dense connective tissue. Due to their high porosity and large surface area-to-volume ratio, nanofibers are widely used to construct scaffolds for biological applications. Major examples of natural polymers used in scaffold production are collagen, cellulose, silk fibroin, keratin, gelatin and polysaccharides such as chitosan and alginate. Collagen is a natural extracellular component of many connective tissues.
|
|
Its fibrillary structure, which varies in diameter from 50-500 nm, is important for cell recognition, attachment, proliferation and differentiation. Using type I collagen nanofibers produced via electrospinning, Shih et al. found that the engineered collagen scaffold showed an increase in cell adhesion and decrease in cell migration with increasing fiber diameter. Using silk scaffolds as a guide for growth for bone tissue regeneration, Kim et al.
|
|
He has used these as scaffolds for anchoring functional materials, thus creating new materials structures with specific attributes needed for applications in biotechnology, printed electronics, energy storage and generation. He is the author of more than 400 research articles, published with approximately 1000 coauthors. He has been one of the most highly cited scientists in the world with about 35,000 citations to his work.
|
|
Owing to the high global incidence of degenerative diseases as well as numerous limitations of transplant biology (pain, cost, rejection, shortage of donors, etc.), 3D Tissue engineering is projected as a plausible answer! In this context, these north-east Indian silk varieties have instigated tremendous research interest for fabricating different biomaterials (electrospun mats, hydrogels, scaffolds, 3D bioprinted materials) for application in tissue engineering, drug delivery, microfluidics as well as device designing.
|
|
In veterinary medicine, osteotomies are frequently performed to address rupture of the canine cranial cruciate ligament, which is analogous to the anterior cruciate ligament. The tibial plateau leveling osteotomy and tibial tuberosity advancement are two of the most common osteotomy procedures performed in the United States. Recovery is often 6–8 weeks and the osteotomy can be filled with autologous bone grafts, scaffolds (hydroxyapatite, TR Matrix, etc.) or ceramics.
|
|
She developed hollow polymeric nanocages that could selectively recognise substrates. She joined the University of Warwick in 2009 as an Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council career-acceleration fellow. Her fellowship explored water-soluble responsive polymer scaffolds that contained domains for catalysis as well as responsive polymers that could trigger the release of catalysts into the media surrounding them. She was appointed Professor in 2012 at the age of 34.
|
|
The tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) is a structural motif. It consists of a degenerate 34 amino acid tandem repeat identified in a wide variety of proteins. It is found in tandem arrays of 3–16 motifs, which form scaffolds to mediate protein–protein interactions and often the assembly of multiprotein complexes. These alpha-helix pair repeats usually fold together to produce a single, linear solenoid domain called a TPR domain.
|
|
Later, leather safety belts attached to anchor bolts were introduced and then scaffolds. For example, the Otis Elevator Company built an electrically operated scaffold for use at Lever House. Three window cleaners were working at the World Trade Center at the time of the September 11 attacks. Jan Demczur, working in the North Tower, survived and helped save five other people who had been trapped in an elevator with him.
|
|
1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions have emerged as powerful tools in the synthesis of complex cyclic scaffolds and molecules for medicinal, biological, and mechanistic studies. Among them, [3+2] cycloaddition reactions involving carbonyl ylides have extensively been employed to generate oxygen-containing five-membered cyclic molecules.Synthetic Reactions of M=C and M=N Bonds: Ylide Formation, Rearrangement, and 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition; Hiyama, T. W., J., Ed.; Elsevier, 2007; Vol. 11.
|
|
During extrusion, the solution forms a jet which elongates and aligns as it is shot through the air gap. The jet is directed into a vortex-controlled precipitation bath which chemically cross links or precipitates polymer nanofibers. By adjusting parameters like air gap, rotation and the solution, we can change the diameter of the resulting fibres. This method can spin scaffolds out of PPTA, nylon, DNA and nanofiber sheets.
|
|
A nanofibrous scaffold made this way out of alginate and gelatin was able to support the growth of C2C12 cells. Rabbit and bovine aortic smooth muscle myoblasts were also able to adhere to the gelatin fibres. They formed aggregates on shorter fibres, and aligned tissue on the longer ones. A company called Matrix Meats is using electrospinning — a process which uses electric force to turn charged polymers into fibres for scaffolds.
|
|
Melt electrospinning is used to process biomedical materials for tissue engineering research. Volatile solvents are often toxic so avoiding solvents has benefits in this field. Melt electrospun fibers were used as part of a "bimodal tissue scaffold", where both micron-scale and nano- scale fibers were deposited simultaneously. Scaffolds made via melt electrospinning can be fully penetrated with cells, which in turn produce extracellular matrix within the scaffold.
|
|
There are many superfamilies of Znf motifs, varying in both sequence and structure. They display considerable versatility in binding modes, even between members of the same class (e.g. some bind DNA, others protein), suggesting that Znf motifs are stable scaffolds that have evolved specialised functions. For example, Znf-containing proteins function in gene transcription, translation, mRNA trafficking, cytoskeleton organisation, epithelial development, cell adhesion, protein folding, chromatin remodelling and zinc sensing.
|
|
Xenograft ligament cartilage, bone, and tendon transplantation. FDA-Approved ACL Replacement Study 2003 - PRESENT CE Mark issued April 2014. Stone's experience with collagen scaffolds sourced from bovine Achilles tendons led him to focus on other animal tissues that might be useful for orthopaedic reconstruction. In 1996 he initiated a research program to determine if the carbohydrates that cause rejection of animal tissues could safely be removed without damaging the tissues.
|
|
Environmental Shotgun Sequencing (ESS) is a key technique in metagenomics. (A) Sampling from habitat; (B) filtering particles, typically by size; (C) Lysis and DNA extraction; (D) cloning and library construction; (E) sequencing the clones; (F) sequence assembly into contigs and scaffolds. Metagenomics is the study of metagenomes, genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples. The broad field may also be referred to as environmental genomics, ecogenomics or community genomics.
|
|
Biodegradability (also known as biodegradation)—the ability to be disintegrated by biological approaches, including bacteria, fungi, and cells—is another significant property of biomaterials today. Biodegradable materials can minimize the pain of patients from surgeries, especially in tissue engineering, there is no need of surgery in order to remove the scaffold implanted. Wang et al. showed the in vivo degradation of silk via aqueous 3-D scaffolds implanted into Lewis rats.
|
|
In 1988, workers began placing scaffolding along the building's entire facade in preparation for the first large-scale restoration of the facade, which was to begin the next year. The renovation was expected to cost $58 million and required of steel tubes to support the massive scaffolds. The facade restoration was undertaken by the architects Wank Adams Slavin. Another restoration of Civic Fame took place during this time.
|
|
The pressure required for insertion can be generated using pressure vessels, scaffolds or a "chip unit". Hot water or steam can be used to accelerate the curing rate of the resin. If a fiberglass tube is used, the curing of the resin can be triggered though the use of UV light introduced into the tube. As the resin cures, it forms a tight-fitting, joint less and corrosion-resistant replacement pipe.
|
|
Retrieved 10 February 2007. As tobacco barns disappear, farmers have been forced to change their methods for curing the crop. In Kentucky, instead of curing tobacco attached to laths in vented tobacco barns as they once did, farmers are increasingly curing tobacco on "scaffolds" in the fields. The 1805 Tracy's Landing Tobacco House No. 2 located at Tracy's Landing, Maryland, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
|
|
In addition to his academic accomplishments, Athanasiou is known for his significant contributions in co-founding fifteen companies based on technologies co-developed by his group. His first company Osteobiologics, founded in 1993, was based, among other inventions, on the development of acellular scaffolds for the treatment of focal cartilage lesions. This was the first ever implant for this application. The company was acquired by Smith & Nephew in 2006.
|
|
The Alexander Column in the Palace Square "The Alexander Column in scaffolds" (1832-1834), by Grigory Gagarin. The Alexander Column (, Aleksandrovskaya kolonna) also known as Alexandrian Column (, Aleksandriyskaya kolonna), is the focal point of Palace Square in Saint Petersburg, Russia. The monument was raised after the Russian victory in the war with Napoleon's France. The column is named for Emperor Alexander I of Russia, who reigned from 1801-25\.
|
|
Gelation is influenced by temperature, polymer concentration, and solvent properties. Temperature regulates the structure of the fiber network: low gelation temperature results in formation of nanoscale fiber networks while high gelation temperature leads to the formation of a platelet-like structure. Polymer concentration affects fiber properties: an increase in polymer concentration decreases porosity and increases mechanical properties such as tensile strength. Solvent properties influence morphology of the scaffolds.
|
|
These scaffolds can be used to deliver bioactive agents that promote tissue regeneration. These bioactive materials should ideally be osteoinductive, osteoconductive, and osseointegratable. Bone substitute materials intended to replace autologous or allogeneic bone consist of bioactive ceramics, bioactive glasses, and biological and synthetic polymers. The basis of bone tissue engineering is that the materials will be resorbed and replaced over time by the body’s own newly regenerated biological tissue.
|
|
After 2008, the match would no longer be contested due to safety concerns. Rhino has participated in and won both matches as he defeated AJ Styles the first year and James Storm in the second and final year of the match. After the match was scrapped, the scaffolds would be occasionally used for Ultimate X matches, especially when there was a high number of wrestlers in the match.
|
|
For cells to form tissue, it is helpful for a material scaffold to be added to provide structure. Scaffolds are crucial for cells to form tissues larger than 100 µm across. An ideal scaffold must be non-toxic for the cells, edible, and allow for the flow of nutrients and oxygen. It must also be cheap and easy to produce on a large scale without the need for animals.
|
|
Despite the birth of experimental science, the methods of construction in this period remained largely medieval. The same types of crane that had been used in previous centuries were still being employed. Flying scaffolds were employed at St Paul's Cathedral, England and in the dome of St Peters, Rome, but otherwise the same types of timber scaffolding that had been in use centuries before were retained. Cranes and scaffolding depended on timber.
|
|
With the scaffold rotten and on the ground, the bones were wrapped in a hide and buried in the refuse at the Mandan village or in a riverbank. The skull would be placed among other clan skulls arranged in circles on the ground near the scaffolds. Newborns, who died unnamed, were not considered members of the society and hence placed in trees (or buried) away from the common burial ground outside the village.
|
|
For productions with small budgets the frame would be stationary and for productions with large budgets the frame would be dynamic, moving. In Oliver! the frame consisted of multi-level scaffolding built on a rotating turntable and two rotating side wagons, properly called ring fragments, that followed the curve of the turntable. In Pickwick, the frame was four multi-level scaffolds on wagons that could move in any direction, like four rolling houses.
|
|
Additionally, some signaling proteins require multiple interactions for activation and scaffold tethering may be able to convert these interactions into one interaction that results in multiple modifications. Scaffolds may also be catalytic as interaction with signaling proteins may result in allosteric changes of these signaling components. Such changes may be able to enhance or inhibit the activation of these signaling proteins. An example is the Ste5 scaffold in the mitogen- activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.
|
|
Scaffolds localize the signaling reaction to a specific area in the cell, a process that could be important for the local production of signaling intermediates. A particular example of this process is the scaffold, A-kinase anchor proteins (AKAPs), which target cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) to various sites in the cell. This localization is able to locally regulate PKA and results in the local phosphorylation by PKA of its substrates.
|
|
3D structures can be fabricated by using either CVD or solution-based methods. A 2016 review summarized the techniques for fabrication of 3D graphene and other related two-dimensional materials. These 3D graphene (all-carbon) scaffolds/foams have potential applications in fields such as energy storage, filtration, thermal management and biomedical devices and implants. In 2016, a box-shaped graphene (BSG) nanostructure resulted from mechanical cleavage of pyrolytic graphite has been reported.
|
|
TESEE is an approach to the processes of awareness/introspection, meta-representation and attention. It is continuous with the embedded and embodied approach to memory, cognitive development, and theory of mind. Its complicated processes of awareness extend beyond the immediate subject in space and time. They exploit information-rich external bits of language and navigation equipment (the scaffolds) and rely on dynamic relations between the subject's body and the environment in which it is located.
|
|
Though after injury mammals can completely regenerate spontaneously, they usually do not completely regenerate. An example of a tissue regenerating completely after an interruption of morphology is the endometrium; the endometrium after the process of breakdown via the menstruation cycle heals with complete regeneration. In some instances, after a tissue breakdown, such as in skin, a regeneration closer to complete regeneration may be induced by the use of biodegradable (collagen-glycoaminoglycan) scaffolds.
|
|
According to Berry this was the first professional playhouse in the British Isles specifically built for that purpose 'since Roman times'. It consisted of a stage, with scaffolds for seating the audience, and Brayne is thought to have spent no more than £15 on its construction. The first play scheduled to be performed there was The Story of Sampson, on 8 July 1567, but nothing further is known about the performance or the theatre itself.
|
|
Carbon monoxide releasing materials (CORMAs) are essentially novel drug formulations and drug delivery platforms which have emerged to overcome the pharmaceutical limitations of most CORM species. An exemplary CORMA developed by Hubbell consists of a formulation of micelles prepared from triblock copolymers with a CORM entity, which is triggered for release via addition of cysteine. Other CO-releasing scaffolds include polymers, peptides, silica nanoparticles, nanodiamond, magnetic nanoparticles, nanofiber gel, metallodendrimers, and CORM-protein (macromolecule) conjugates.
|
|
Annealing is a crucial step in forming bulk parts, due to high thermal expansion of the material. Heat treatment of Bioglass reduces the volatile alkali metal oxide content and precipitates apatite crystals in the glass matrix. However, the scaffolds that result from melt quench techniques are much less porous compared to other manufacturing methods, which may lead to defects in tissue integration when implanted in vivo. The second method is sol-gel synthesis of Bioglass.
|
|
Subsequently, it was primarily used for announcing the tsar's and for religious ceremonies. Despite a common misconception, the circular platform itself was never a place for executions. Sometimes scaffolds were placed by it, but usually public executions were carried out at Vasilevsky Spusk behind St. Basil's Cathedral. In the Russian Empire, during Holy Week, the Palm Sunday procession called "donkey walk" would end at the Lobnoye Mesto where a depiction of Calvary had been erected.
|
|
Phylogenetic trees were constructed to visually demonstrate the novelty of the DHVE2 group as well as A. boonei. A draft genome of A. boonei strain T469 resulted in 31 scaffolds averaging approximately 47kbp (kilo- basepairs) in size, with a G+C% content of 39%. The reconstruction pieced together a map of genes involved in flagella formation, and show that the organism's novel organization resembles both prevailing architectures of flagellar genes in archaea; fla1 and fla2.
|
|
These include stem cell therapy, growth factors, morphogens, tissue scaffolds and biologically active delivery systems. Closely related to the field of regenerative endodontics, are the clinical procedures apexification and apexogenesis. When the dental pulp of a developing adult tooth dies, root formation is halted leaving an open tooth apex. Attempting to complete root canal on a tooth with an open apex is technically difficult and the long-term prognosis for the tooth is poor.
|
|
An emerging field is to use DNA strands as scaffolds for metallic nanowire synthesis. This method is investigated both for the synthesis of metallic nanowires in electronic components and for biosensing applications, in which they allow the transduction of a DNA strand into a metallic nanowire that can be electrically detected. Typically, ssDNA strands are stretched, whereafter they are decorated with metallic nanoparticles that have been functionalised with short complementary ssDNA strands.
|
|
In many hydraulic fracturing treatments, a delayed gel-cross-linker fluid is used to carry out fracture treatment of the rock. The earliest examples of crosslinking, linking long chains of polymers together to increase strength and mass, involved tires. Rubber was vulcanized with sulfur under heat, which created a link between latex models. Novel uses for crosslinking can be found in regenerative medicine, where bio-scaffolds are crosslinked to improve their mechanical properties.
|
|
Nedd9 interacts directly with the EGFR effector protein Shc, positioning it to affect downstream signaling relevant to EGFR; mice lacking Nedd9 have depressed activity of the EGFR effectors ERK and AKT. NSP proteins are also multidomain scaffolds, which bind activated RTKs in response to extracellular stimuli and recruit both NEDD9 and BCAR1 to assist in integrating signaling between RTKs and integrins. NEDD9 is also activated by PDGF and other RTKs, although more study is required.
|
|
Wolf MT, et al. "A hydrogel derived from decellularized dermal extracellular matrix"Sawkins MJ, et al. "Hydrogels derived from demineralized and decellularized bone extracellular matrix" Though hydrogels do not yet have direct clinical relevance, they have shown promise as a method of assisting in organ regeneration.Barker TH "The role of ECM proteins and protein fragments in guiding cell behavior in regenerative medicine" Similarly, whole organs can be decellularized to create 3-D ECM scaffolds.
|
|
RNA origami is a new concept and has great potential for applications in nanomedicine and synthetic biology. The method was developed to allow new creations of large RNA nanostructures that create defined scaffolds for combining RNA based functionalities. Because of the infancy of RNA origami, many of its potential applications are still in the process of discovery. Its structures are able to provide a stable basis to allow functionality for RNA components.
|
|
Self expanding mesh stent Andreas Gruentzig had already recognized the problem of abrupt closure and restenosis after angioplasty. The need for a suitable form of intraluminal support in the hope of reducing or preventing this problem became obvious. Several investigators envisioned such devices during the first years of clinical application of angioplasty. Following reassuring animal work with self expanding mesh stents in Lausanne Sigwart reported the first human implants of such vascular scaffolds.
|
|
TJ proteins could be divided in different groups according to their function or localization in tight junction. TJ proteins are mostly described in the epithelia and endothelia but also in myelinated cells. In the central and peripheral nervous system are TJ localized between a glia and an axon and within myelin sheaths, where they facilitate the signaling. Some of TJ proteins act as a scaffolds, that connect integral proteins with the actin in a cytoskeleton.
|
|
The elastic fiber is formed from the elastic microfibril (consisting of numerous proteins such as microfibrillar-associated glycoproteins, fibrillin, fibullin, and the elastin receptor) and amorphous elastin. The microfibril scaffolds and organizes the deposition of amorphous elastin. Amorphous elastin forms from monomers of soluble tropoelastin which is insolubilized and crosslinked into amorphous elastin by lysyl oxidase. Lysyl oxidase reacts with specific lysine residues and by oxidative deamination generates reactive aldehydes and allysine.
|
|
Further branches were eventually built to all the other dam sites. Engines and trucks reached the top of the dams on wooden trestle scaffolds supported by concrete parapets. The line went as far as the site where the foundations of the Dol-y-mynach dam were being built (lower down the valley from the later Claerwen dam). At its height, the railway had a total length of with six locomotives transporting up to 1,000 tons of materials a day.
|
|
In particular, Maurizio Prato, in a longstanding collaboration, initially with Alberto Bianco and later with Kostas Kostarelos, demonstrated the utility of carbon nanotubes to serve as efficient scaffolds for the delivery of vaccines and drugs. Carbon nanotubes are very well suited to act as drug carriers, because of their extraordinary capability to cross cell membranes.Pantarotto, D.; Briand, J.-P.; Prato, M.; Bianco, A. “Translocation of bioactive peptides across cell membranes by carbon nanotubes” Chem. Commun. 2004, 16-17.
|
|
Function of scaffold proteins In biology, scaffold proteins are crucial regulators of many key signalling pathways. Although scaffolds are not strictly defined in function, they are known to interact and/or bind with multiple members of a signalling pathway, tethering them into complexes. In such pathways, they regulate signal transduction and help localize pathway components (organized in complexes) to specific areas of the cell such as the plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, the nucleus, the Golgi, endosomes, and the mitochondria.
|
|
Vaclavske Namesti (Wenceslas Square) was covered in such scaffolds for over a decade, with little repair ever being accomplished. True renovation began after the collapse of communism. The durability of renovations was aided by the fact that Prague converted almost entirely from coal heating in homes to electric heating. The coal burnt during the communist period was a major source of air pollution that corroded and spotted building façades, giving Prague the look of a dark, dirty city.
|
|
Muscle tissue engineering is a subset of the general field of tissue engineering, which studies the combined use of cells and scaffolds to design therapeutic tissue implants. The major motivation for muscle tissue engineering is to treat a condition called volumetric muscle loss (VML). VML can be caused by a variety of injuries or diseases, including general trauma, postoperative damage, cancer ablation, congenital defects, and degenerative myopathy.VanDusen KW, Syverud BC, Williams ML, Lee JD, Larkin LM. 2014.
|
|
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the immunophilin protein family, which play a role in immunoregulation and basic cellular processes involving protein folding and trafficking. This encoded protein is a cis-trans prolyl isomerase that binds the immunosuppressants FK506 and rapamycin. It is thought to function as an ER chaperone and may also act as a component of membrane cytoskeletal scaffolds. This gene has two alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode the same isoform.
|
|
A well studied pioneer factor family is the Groucho-related (Gro/TLE/Grg) transcription factors that often have a negative effect on transcription. These chromatin binding domains can span up to 3-4 nucleosomes. These large domains are scaffolds for further protein interactions and also modify the chromatin for other pioneer factors such as FoxA1 which has been shown to bind to Grg3. Transcription factors with zinc finger DNA binding domains, such as the GATA family and glucocorticoid receptor.
|
|
Environmental Shotgun Sequencing (ESS). (A) Sampling from habitat; (B) filtering particles, typically by size; (C) Lysis and DNA extraction; (D) cloning and library construction; (E) sequencing the clones; (F) sequence assembly into contigs and scaffolds. Viral metagenomics is the study of viral genetic material sourced directly from the environment rather than from a host or natural reservoir. The goal is to ascertain the viral diversity in the environment that is often missed in studies targeting specific potential reservoirs.
|
|
This bridge is a shorter distance for axonal growth than the original route. Once the axon has innervated both sites, it continues growing in a retrograde direction (toward the injury site) to innervate other affected NMJs. PSCs have a large role in creating growth scaffolds from one injured NMJ to another. These PSC bridges are seen in vivo following complement-mediated injury in a murine model, showing that this role of PSCs are present in mammalian NMJs.
|
|
As such, viruses are commonly used in materials science as scaffolds for covalently linked surface modifications. A particular quality of viruses is that they can be tailored by directed evolution. The powerful techniques developed by life sciences are becoming the basis of engineering approaches towards nanomaterials, opening a wide range of applications far beyond biology and medicine. Because of their size, shape, and well-defined chemical structures, viruses have been used as templates for organising materials on the nanoscale.
|
|
Bone grafting materials can be divided into several categories. Autografts (bone harvested from patient’s own body), is considered the gold standard and all other materials are generally compared to it. Other types of grafting material include xenograft (bone grafts or collagen from bovine or porcine origin), allograft (block bone graft from cadaver), and alloplast (synthetic biomaterials such as fibrin scaffolds, PLGA, synthetic biodegradable polymer, hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, bioglass). Barrier membranes can be either resorbable, or non-resorable.
|
|
It is incorporated into various siderophores, which are molecules that strongly complex iron ions for absorption into bacteria. 2,3-DHB consists of a catechol group, which upon deprotonation binds iron centers very strongly, and the carboxylic acid group by which the ring attaches to various scaffolds through amide bonds. A famous high affinity siderophore is enterochelin, which contains three dihydroxybenzoyl substituents linked to the depsipeptide of serine. It is a potentially useful iron-chelating drug and has antimicrobial properties.
|
|
Synthetic antibodies are affinity reagents generated entirely in vitro, thus completely eliminating animals from the production process. Synthetic antibodies include recombinant antibodies, nucleic acid aptamers and non- immunoglobulin protein scaffolds. As a consequence of their in vitro manufacturing method the antigen recognition site of synthetic antibodies can be engineered to any desired target and may extend beyond the typical immune repertoire offered by natural antibodies. Synthetic antibodies are being developed for use in research, diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
|
|
A common type of architecture in homes and buildings is called mud architecture. They dig the clay from the ground, break it up, mix it with water, work thoroughly, and also mix other substances like straw. The clay will then pile up while still wet, pressed on to the scaffolds made out of wood , or cast in molds of various sizes into bricks. When the mud dries up in the molded shape, the process is complete.
|
|
I-motifs may also act as molecular scaffolds to aid in transcription factor binding during gene transcription by aiding promoters such as BCL2 in attaching to the correct DNA sequence. Increased i-motif expression did not coincide with increased G-quadruplex expression, which instead increases during the S phase. This indicates that G-quadruplex and i-motifs are not complementary structures despite their complementary sequences and are instead mutually exclusive and serve opposite roles in gene expression regulation.
|
|
Many factors can be bound to fibrin scaffold and those can be released in a cell- controlled manner. Its stiffness can be managed by changing the concentration according to needs of surrounding or encapsulated cells. Additional mechanical properties can be obtained by combining fibrin with other suitable scaffolds. Each biomedical application has its own characteristic requirement for different kinds of tissues and recent studies with fibrin scaffold are promising towards faster recovery, less complications and long-lasting solutions.
|
|
Learning, then, can also be supported by instructors in an educational setting. Piaget specified that knowledge cannot truly be formed until the learner has matured the mental structures to which that learning is specific, and thereby development constrains learning. Nevertheless, knowledge can also be "built" by building on simpler operations and structures that have already been formed. Basing operations of an advanced structure on those of simpler structures thus scaffolds learning to build on operational abilities as they develop.
|
|
In 2009 the genomes of both S. mansoni and S. japonicum were published, with each describing 11,809 and 13,469 genes, respectively. S. mansoni genome has increased protease families and deficiencies in lipid anabolism; which are attributed its parasitic adaptation. Portease included the invadolysin (host penetration) and cathepsin (blood-feeding) gene families. In 2012, an improved version of the S. mansoni genome was published, which consisted of only 885 scaffolds and more than 81% of the bases organised into chromosomes.
|
|
These overlapping reads can be merged, and the process continues. Genome assembly is a very difficult computational problem, made more difficult because many genomes contain large numbers of identical sequences, known as repeats. These repeats can be thousands of nucleotides long, and some occur in thousands of different locations, especially in the large genomes of plants and animals. The resulting (draft) genome sequence is produced by combining the information sequenced contigs and then employing linking information to create scaffolds.
|
|
The frozen emulsion is subsequently freeze-dried to remove the dispersed water and the solvent, thus leaving a solidified, porous polymeric structure. While emulsification and freeze-drying allow for a faster preparation when compared to SCPL (since it does not require a time-consuming leaching step), it still requires the use of solvents. Moreover, pore size is relatively small and porosity is often irregular. Freeze-drying by itself is also a commonly employed technique for the fabrication of scaffolds.
|
|
Radial glial cells, or radial glial progenitor cells (RGPs), are bipolar- shaped progenitor cells that are responsible for producing all of the neurons in the cerebral cortex. RGPs also produce certain lineages of glia, including astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Their cell bodies (somata) reside in the embryonic ventricular zone, which lies next to the developing ventricular system. During development, newborn neurons use radial glia as scaffolds, traveling along the radial glial fibers in order to reach their final destinations.
|
|
Drop-based bioprinting makes cellular developments utilizing droplets of an assigned material, which has oftentimes been combined with a cell line. Cells themselves can also be deposited in this manner with or without polymer. When printing polymer scaffolds using these methods, each drop starts to polymerize upon contact with the substrate surface and merge into a larger structure as droplets start to coalesce. Polymerization can happen through a variety of methods depending on the polymer used.
|
|
P. Spada, S. Lena, S. Masiero, S. Pieraccini, M. Surin, P. Samorì, Guanosine based H-bonded scaffolds: controlling the assembly of oligothiophenes, Adv. Mater. 20, 2433 (2008) and metal-ligandM. Surin, P. Samorì, A. Jouaiti, N. Kyritsakas, M.W. Hosseini, Molecular tectonics on surfaces: bottom-up fabrication of 1-D coordination networks that form 1D and 2D arrays on graphite, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46, 245 (2007) interactions to control the patterning of functional groups in two- dimensions.
|
|
During her undergraduate research she looked at new synthesis pathways for drug scaffolds with Peter G. Schultz. She moved to Massachusetts Institute of Technology for her doctoral research, where she worked on V(D)J recombination with David Baltimore. During her research she recognised that, contrary to what was previously thought, demethylation was not responsible for the activation of V(D)J recombination. It was under the guidance of Baltimore that Cherry became fascinated by virology.
|
|
Exploration involves giving students room to problem solve on their own and teaching students exploration strategies. The former requires the teacher to slowly withdraw the use of supports and scaffolds not only in problem solving methods, but problem setting methods as well. The latter requires the teacher to show students how to explore, research, and develop hypotheses. Exploration allows the student to frame interesting problems within the domain for themselves and then take the initiative to solve these problems.
|
|
5-(S)-HETE acylated into the phosphatidylethanolamines fraction of human neutrophil membranes is associated with the inhibition of these cells from forming neutrophil extracellular traps, i.e. extracellular DNA scaffolds which contain neutrophil-derived antimicrobial proteins that circulate in blood and have the ability to trap bacteria. It seems unlikely that this inhibition reflects involvement of OXER1. 5-Oxo-ETE relaxes pre-contracted human bronchi by a mechanism that does not appear to involve OXER1 but is otherwise undefined.
|
|
Many tribes peel them and dry them in the sun, such as the Menomini who have traditionally built scaffolds of cedar bark covered with mats to dry their tubers for winter use. The Menomini are recorded as having dried the tubers in maple syrup or making a preserve of Groundnut tubers by boiling them in maple syrup. The Potawatomi have traditionally boiled their tubers. The traditional Meskwaki and Chippewa preparation involves peeling, parboiling, slicing, and drying the tubers.
|
|
While many in vitro and in vivo studies have been tested in animal models, the translation from animal models to humans has not begun. Factors such as the size of surgical cut sites, duration of the procedure, and available resources and cost must all be considered. Synthetic nanomaterials have the potential to advance scaffoldings used in tissue engineering of heart valves. The use of nanotechnology could help expand beneficial properties of fabricated scaffolds such as higher tensile strength.
|
|
The sober facade, of smooth stone, has three stories, with mullioned windows with round arches on the second floor. Unlike earlier Gothic palaces, which often afforded transient wooden scaffolds for either balconies or awnings, this palace has a solid protruding ceiling cornice near the roofline with classical busts putatively of Roman emperors. The interior courtyard had a scenic stairwell leading to second floor. It faces a square with a statue of the Sienese scholar Sallustio Bandini (1882) by Tito Sarrocchi.
|
|
Nanofibrous scaffolds with aligned fibre orientation produce effects similar to those produced by microgrooves, suggesting that changes in cell morphology may be responsible for modulation of the epigenetic state. Role of cell adhesions in neural development. Image courtesy of Wikipedia user JWSchmidt under the GNU Free Documentation License Substrate rigidity is an important biophysical cue influencing neural induction and subtype specification. For example, soft substrates promote neuroepithelial conversion while inhibiting neural crest differentiation of hESCs in a BMP4-dependent manner.
|
|
The first level (C64) Bounty Bob is a member of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police on a mission to search through all of Nuclear Ned's abandoned uranium mines for the treacherous Yukon Yohan. Bob must claim each section of each mine by running over it. There are a wide variety of futuristic obstacles that he must deal with such as matter transporters, hydraulic scaffolds, and jet-speed floaters; plus, he must also avoid radioactive creatures that have been left behind in the mines.
|
|
In 1892 a series of subjective observations by workers falling from scaffolds, war soldiers who suffered injuries, climbers who had fallen from heights or other individuals who had come close to death (near drownings, accidents) was reported by Albert Heim. This was also the first time the phenomenon was described as clinical syndrome. In 1968 Celia Green published an analysis of 400 first-hand accounts of out-of-body experiences.Green, C., Out-of-the-body Experiences, London: Hamish Hamilton, 1968.
|
|
The Great Barrier Reef 'glue' is at risk from ocean acidification: a study in 2020 argues that in the present-day context of rapid global climate change, changes in dissolved carbon dioxide, pH and temperature, could lead to reduced microbial crust formation, thereby weakening reef frameworks in the future. The study involved extensive sampling of the Great Barrier Reef fossil record and has shown that the calcified scaffolds that help stabilize and bind its structure become thin and weaker as pH levels fall.
|
|
Enantioselectivity was strongly influenced by the nature of the halide/pseudohalide employed, with aryl triflates coupling partners giving moderate enantiomeric excess (ee) while aryl iodides demonstrated no enantioinduction. This supports hypotheses of both cationic and neutral pathways analogous to the classic Mizoroki–Heck reaction [7, 8]. The asymmetric coupling of azanorbornene scaffolds has also been successful. In particular, the reductive Heck coupling of azanorbornene 19 has allowed for short, enantioselective syntheses of the alkaloid epibatidine and structural analogues [35–38].
|
|
Researchers at Tufts developed scaffolds made of spongy silk that feel and look similar to human tissue. They are implanted during reconstructive surgery to support or restructure damaged ligaments, tendons, and other tissue. They also created implants made of silk and drug compounds which can be implanted under the skin for steady and gradual time release of medications. Researchers at the MIT Media Lab experimented with silkworms to see what they would weave when left on surfaces with different curvatures.
|
|
During the 1920s concrete gained popularity as a material for bridge construction since it was cheaper than stone yet similar in its compressive strength. Designers of the new Anoka–Champlin Bridge used an arch form and encased steel to compensate for concrete's low tensile strength. Since it did not require painting, as steel did, the bridge was considered relatively low maintenance. Construction workers built the Anoka–Champlin Bridge's concrete arches using falsework—scaffolds and wooden forms used to pour concrete.
|
|
Degradation would allow easy removal of the scaffold from the finished product so that it is purely animal tissue — thereby increasing its resemblance to in vivo meat. This degradation can be induced by exposure to certain enzymes which do not impact the muscle tissue. Edibility. If scaffolds are unable to be removed from the animal tissue, they must be edible to ensure consumer safety. In this way, it would also be beneficial if they are made out of ingredients which are nutritional.
|
|
Cass Materials in Perth, Australia is using a dietary fibre called Nata de Coco (derived from coconuts) to create nanocellulose sponges for their BNC scaffold. Nata de Coco is biocompatible, has a high porosity, facilitates cell adhesion and is biodegradable. Immersion Jet Spinning is a method of creating scaffolds by spinning polymers into fibres initially developed by the Parker Group at Harvard University. iRJS platform uses centrifugal force to extrude a polymer solution through an opening in a rotating reservoir.
|
|
A common challenge to bioreactors and scaffolds is developing system configurations which enable all cells to gain exposure to culture media while simultaneously optimizing spatial requirements. In the cell proliferation phase, prior to the introduction of the scaffold, many cell types need to be attached to a surface in order to support growth. As such, cells must be grown in confluent monolayers only one cell thick which necessitates a lot of surface area. This poses practicality challenges on large scales.
|
|
One obstacle for drug delivery to the brain is the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The small size of nanomaterials, however, allows nanotechnologies to pass through. The scaffolds that enable nano neuro knitting, hence, are able to bypass this boundary without affecting the BBB that serves the essential role of managing what can and cannot enter and leave the central nervous system (CNS).Ellis- Behnke, R.G.; Teather, L.A.; Schneider, G.E.; So, K.F. Using Nanotechnology to Design Potential Therapies for CNS Regeneration.
|
|
Marcaurelle received her B.A. in Chemistry from the College of the Holy Cross in 1997, where she worked with Prof. Timothy Curran on dipeptide scaffolds. She enrolled in UC-Berkeley to pursue a Ph.D. in Chemistry under Carolyn Bertozzi, working on a variety of new glycoside-linking technologies to produce glycoprotein mimetics for natural substances like mucin. Marcaurelle completed a one-year postdoctoral fellowship at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, working with Peter Seeberger on solid-phase synthesis of oligosaccharides.
|
|
SAM-IV riboswitches are a kind of riboswitch that specifically binds S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a cofactor used in many methylation reactions. Originally identified by bioinformatics, SAM-IV riboswitches are largely confined to the Actinomycetales, an order of Bacteria. Conserved features of SAM-IV riboswitch and experiments imply that they probably share a similar SAM-binding site to another class of SAM-binding riboswitches called SAM-I riboswitches. However, the scaffolds of these two types of riboswitch appear to be quite distinct.
|
|
In 2016, Wipf and McCabe completed an 8-step asymmetric synthesis of (–)-cycloclavine, and in 2018, they expanded this approach toward (+)-cycloclavine and a biological characterization of the binding profile of both enantiomers on 16 brain receptors. Natural (+)- and unnatural (–)-cycloclavine demonstrated significant stereospecificity and unique binding profiles in comparison to LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), psilocin, and DMT. Differential 5-HT receptor affinities, as well as novel sigma-1 receptor properties, suggest potential future therapeutic opportunities of clavine alkaloid scaffolds.
|
|
The Kennedy group also focuses on the novel structures obtained through the introduction of metals and heteroatoms into polyhedral boranes: these "disobedient skeletons", some described as "iso-nido" or "iso-closo", do not follow Wade's rules. These boron clusters may act as flexible scaffolds for catalytically active metals. Professor Kennedy is a leading authority on the reaction chemistry of metallaboranes. He has also been involved with the synthesis of relatively inert monocarborane derivatives as non-coordinating counter-anions for many industrial applications.
|
|
Today, it is common to use paired-end sequencing technology where both ends of consistently sized longer DNA fragments are sequenced. Here, a contig still refers to any contiguous stretch of sequence data created by read overlap. Because the fragments are of known length, the distance between the two end reads from each fragment is known. This gives additional information about the orientation of contigs constructed from these reads and allows for their assembly into scaffolds in a process called scaffolding.
|
|
Though RNA nanotechnology is still a burgeoning field, tectoRNAs and resulting nanostructures have already been shown to be useful in nanomedicine, nanotechnology, and synthetic biology. This includes the development of programmable nano-scaffolds and nano-particles for the delivery of RNA therapeutics. As such, RNA nanoparticles, like hexagonal nanorings, can be used as a delivery vehicle carrying therapeutic RNA to targeting cells. It is also possible to incorporate modified nucleotides within tectoRNAs in order to increase their chemical stability and resistant towards degradation.
|
|
Enantiomeric scaffolding is a related concept whereby a conceptually simple but synthetic core molecule of high enantiopurity with many functional groups is synthesized from which a diverse family of molecules can be constructed.Practical, Scalable, High-Throughput Approaches to 3-Pyranyl and 3-Pyridinyl Organometallic Enantiomeric Scaffolds Using the Achmatowicz Reaction Thomas C. Coombs, Maurice D. Lee, IV, Heilam Wong, Matthew Armstrong, Bo Cheng, Wenyong Chen, Alessandro F. Moretto, and Lanny S. Liebeskind J. Org. Chem. 73 (3), 882 -888, 2008.
|
|
While all the constructs showed significant direct activation, it decreased with increasing lncRNA-sgRNA length. These lncRNA domains could regulate the reporters independent of dCas9 with pRNA and RepA repressing the GLuc reporter expression (repressors) and TRERNA1, ncRNA-a3 and HOTTIP inducing activation (activators), but were properly targeted to an ectopic location of interest by using the CRISP-Disp system. Thus, CRISP-Disp enables control of gene expression with deployment of both artificial scaffolds as well as natural lncRNA domains.
|
|
DNA is a well-understood material that is suitable for creating scaffolds that hold other molecules in place or to create structures all on its own. DNA origami was the cover story of Nature on March 16, 2006.Nature, Volume 440 (7082) March 16, 2006 Since then, DNA origami has progressed past an art form and has found a number of applications from drug delivery systems to uses as circuitry in plasmonic devices; however, most applications remain in a concept or testing phase.
|
|
This adjustability is important for their application in drug delivery system in which the functional parameters need to be precisely controlled. Preliminary studies indicate that antibiotics and anticancer drugs may be encapsulated in electrospun nanofibers by adding the drug into the polymer solution prior to electrospinning. Surface-loaded nanofiber scaffolds are useful as adhesion barriers between internal organs and tissues post-surgery. Adhesion occurs during the healing process and can bring on complications such as chronic pain and reoperation failure.
|
|
Alphabodies are developed as scaffolds with a set of amino acid residues that can be modified to bind protein targets, while maintaining correct folding and thermostability. The Alphabody scaffold is computationally designed based on coiled-coil structures, but it has no known counterpart in nature. Initially, the scaffold was made of three peptides that associated non-covalently to form a parallel coiled-coil trimer. However, the scaffold was later redesigned as a single peptide chain containing three α-helices connected by linker regions.
|
|
Hydrogels have had a wide-range of applications in biomedical sciences. One commonly used type of hydrogel starting material are the elastin-like polypeptides. SpyTag/SpyCatcher chemistry has been used to produce tailored molecular networks (“networks of spies”) within these hydrogels that enable the encapsulation of living mammalian cells such as fibroblasts. Subsequent modifications have enabled photo-responsive hydrogel formation, user-defined control over cell-material interactions, combined hyaluronan-elastin-like polypeptides, as well creating protein scaffolds for enzyme flow biocatalysis.
|
|
Liprin-beta-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PPFIBP1 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the LAR protein-tyrosine phosphatase-interacting protein (liprin) family. Liprins interact with members of LAR family of transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatases, which are known to be important for axon guidance and mammary gland development. It has been proposed that liprins are multivalent proteins that form complex structures and act as scaffolds for the recruitment and anchoring of LAR family of tyrosine phosphatases.
|
|
Mark H. Schoenfisch ( ) is an American Analytical Chemist. He is the Peter A. Ornstein Distinguished Professor of Chemistry at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and is jointly appointed with the institution's Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy. His research interests include analytical sensors, biomaterials, and the development of macromolecular nitric oxide release scaffolds as novel therapeutics. Intellectual property originating from his research group is the basis of technology being commercialized by Novan, Diabetic Health, and Vast Therapeutics located in the Research Triangle Park.
|
|
In a scaffold subcomplex, both the cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm rings are made up of Y-complexes, a protein complex built out of, among others, NUP133 and NUP107. On each end of each of the eight scaffolds are two Y-complexes, adding up to 32 complexes per pore. The relationship of the membrane curvature of a nuclear pore with Y-complexes can be seen as analogous to the budding formation of a COPII coated vesicle. The proteins lining the inner pore make up the NUP62 complex.
|
|
It was estimated that to repair the facade to modern standards it would cost €4 million. The plain, classical façade alone would cost €2 million, as it covers an area of and special, high cranes and scaffolds, up to tall, will be needed. By that point, the tenants and the municipality collected only €110,000. They also had talks with the state government, but they refused to allow the construction of the plain facade as the energy efficient one is obligatory by the new laws.
|
|
Polymers exhibiting a melting point or glass transition temperature (Tg) are required for melt electrospinning, excluding thermosets (such as bakelite) and biologically derived polymers (such as collagen). Polymers melt electrospun so far include: # PolycaprolactoneBrown TD, Slotosch A, Thibaudeau L, Taubenberger A, Loessner D, Vaquette C, Dalton PD, Hutmacher DW. (2012) Design and fabrication of tubular scaffolds by direct writing in a melt electrospinning mode. Biointerphases, 7, 13, DOI 10.1007/s13758-011-0013-7. # Polylactic acidH. J. Zhou, T. B. Green, Y. L. Joo, Polymer 2006, 47, 7497.
|
|
After the buttresses were completed, the construction crews could then begin building the falsework on which the concrete would harden. While the concrete was drying, the roof was supported by a central steel tower, the buttresses around the periphery, a circular timber tower about from the center, and two movable timber scaffolds at the midpoints of and -span joists. These supports totaled at of wooden scaffolding. To aid in construction of the roof, a temporary steel tower was erected in the center of the stadium.
|
|
Nano neuro knitting is an emerging technology for repairing nervous system tissues via nano scaffolding techniques.Ellis-Behnke, R.G.; Liang, Y.X.; You, S.W.; Tay, D.K.C.; Zhang, S.; So, K.F.; Schneider, G.E. Nano neuro knitting: Peptide nanofiber scaffold for brain repair and axon regeneration with functional return of vision. PNAS. 2006, 103, 5054—5059. Currently being explored in numerous research endeavors, nano neuro knitting has been shown to allow partial reinnervation in damaged areas of the nervous system through the interactions between potentially regenerative axons and peptide scaffolds.
|
|
A. Blanton (Personal Communication, March 11, 2009). The superficial layer of the lamina propria is a structure that vibrates a great deal during phonation, and the viscoelasticity needed to support this vibratory function depends mostly on extracellular matrices. The primary extracellular matrices of the vocal fold cover are reticular, collagenous and elastic fibers, as well as glycoprotein and glycosaminoglycan. These fibers serve as scaffolds for structural maintenance, providing tensile strength and resilience so that the vocal folds may vibrate freely but still retain their shape.
|
|
Millet's The Gleaners was preceded by a vertical painting of the image in 1854 and an etching in 1855. Millet unveiled The Gleaners at the Salon in 1857. It immediately drew negative criticism from the middle and upper classes, who viewed the topic with suspicion: one art critic, speaking for other Parisians, perceived in it an alarming intimation of "the scaffolds of 1793." Having recently come out of the French Revolution of 1848, these prosperous classes saw the painting as glorifying the lower-class worker.
|
|
The purpose of the press is to ensure that the guts of the fish is pressed flat so that it does not go bad. After the third day in the tank, the fish is taken out and is then stringed up in bunches of 10 to 25 fish each on a rope, making use of a fish needle which is pushed through the eyes of the fish. The bunches are then dipped 2 to 3 times in fresh water, before it is hung on scaffolds to dry.
|
|
Another 10 years passed before the first haplotype-resolved human genomes began to appear. The Human Reference Genome Browser is a web application for the navigation and analysis of Venter's recently published genome. The HuRef database consists of approximately 32 million DNA reads sequenced using microfluidic Sanger sequencing, assembled into 4,528 scaffolds and 4.1 million DNA variations identified by genome analysis. These variants include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), block substitutions, short and large indels, and structural variations like insertions, deletions, inversions and copy number changes.
|
|
Printing materials must fit a broad spectrum of criteria, one of the foremost being biocompatibility. The resulting scaffolds formed by 3D printed materials should be physically and chemically appropriate for cell proliferation. Biodegradability is another important factor, and insures that the artificially formed structure can be broken down upon successful transplantation, to be replaced by a completely natural cellular structure. Due to the nature of 3D printing, materials used must be customizable and adaptable, being suited to wide array of cell types and structural conformations.
|
|
Thermal-induced phase separation separates a homogenous polymer solution into a multi-phase system via thermodynamic changes. The procedure involves five steps: polymer dissolution, liquid-liquid or liquid-solid phase separation, polymer gelation, extraction of solvent from the gel with water, and freezing and freeze-drying under vacuum. Thermal- induced phase separation method is widely used to generate scaffolds for tissue regeneration. The homogenous polymer solution in the first step is thermodynamically unstable and tends to separate into polymer-rich and polymer-lean phases under appropriate temperature.
|
|
013Ozkoc, G., Bayram, G. and Tiesnitsch, J. (2008), Microcompounding of organoclay–ABS/PA6 blend-based nanocomposites. Polym Compos, 29: 345–356. doi: 10.1002/pc.20392Ozkoc, G., Kemaloglu, S. and Quaedflieg, M. (2010), Production of poly(lactic acid)/organoclay nanocomposite scaffolds by microcompounding and polymer/particle leaching. Polymer Composites, 31: 674–683. doi: 10.1002/pc.20846Özkoç, G., Bayram, G. and Quaedflieg, M. (2008), Effects of microcompounding process parameters on the properties of ABS/polyamide-6 blends based nanocomposites. Polym Compos, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 107: 3058–3070.
|
|
The architectural sculptors would ascend ladders and scaffolds to carve the fine art pieces in public view. The sculptor credited for the general carving work on the building is Catherine Mawer, whose stoneyards were in Oxford Place on the east side of the building, and George Street (now Great George Street) on the north side. Her nephew William Ingle, who ran the stoneyards, carved all the sheep head reliefs, which represent the fleece. He was also responsible for the team that produced the general architectural sculpture.
|
|
50% of this assembly would be 10 + 9 + 8 = 27 (half the length of the sequence). Thus the N50=8, which is the size of the contig which, along with the larger contigs, contain half of sequence of a particular genome. Note: When comparing N50 values from different assemblies, the assembly sizes must be the same size in order for N50 to be meaningful. N50 can be described as a weighted median statistic such that 50% of the entire assembly is contained in contigs or scaffolds equal to or larger than this value.
|
|
This double structural constraint decreases the diversity of the conformations that the variable regions can adopt, and this reduction in conformational diversity lowers the entropic cost of molecular binding when interaction with the target causes the variable regions to adopt a single conformation. As a consequence, peptide aptamers can bind their targets tightly, with binding affinities comparable to those shown by antibodies (nanomolar range). Peptide aptamer scaffolds are typically small, ordered, soluble proteins. The first scaffold, which is still widely used, is Escherichia coli thioredoxin, the trxA gene product (TrxA).
|
|
Tax1-binding protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAX1BP3 gene. This name is in reference to the Tax1 protein of the Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) which was used to discover Tax1BP3 in a yeast 2-hybrid screen and subsequently verified by co-IP. TIP1, as it is also known, is a PDZ domain containing protein. However, unlike most PDZ domain proteins which act as scaffolds and often contain multiple PDZ domains as well as other protein domains, TIP1 is essentially just the PDZ domain.
|
|
The presence of the subways, combined with the fact that the Cunard site had been assembled from numerous separate plots, made construction more difficult. In one construction incident in February 1920, rock blasts from the building's excavation resulted in several subway passengers being injured. The designs of the interior artworks were devised off-site and then transferred to a studio within the Cunard Building. The paintings were then installed within the building in four months; the artists used scaffolds to paint the ceilings while the foundations were still being built beneath them.
|
|
Bone has a unique and well documented natural healing process that normally is sufficient to repair fractures and other common injuries. Misaligned breaks due to severe trauma, as well as treatments like tumor resections of bone cancer, are prone to improper healing if left to the natural process alone. Scaffolds composed of natural and artificial components are seeded with mesenchymal stem cells and placed in the defect. Within four weeks of placing the scaffold, newly formed bone begins to integrate with the old bone and within 32 weeks, full union is achieved.
|
|
In high performance systems, complex transmitter and receiver electronics must be located at the feed antenna. This feed equipment usually requires high maintenance; some examples are water cooling for transmitters and cryogenic cooling for sensitive receivers. With the large dishes used in these systems, the focus is high off the ground, and servicing requires cranes or scaffolds, and outdoor work with delicate equipment high off the ground. Furthermore, the feeds themselves have to be designed to handle outdoor conditions such as rain and large temperature swings, and to work while tipped at any angle.
|
|
When the nucleophile of TEV protease was converted from cysteine to serine, it protease activity was strongly reduced, but was able to be restored by directed evolution. Non-catalytic proteins have been used as scaffolds, having catalytic triads inserted into them which were then improved by directed evolution. The Ser-His-Asp triad has been inserted into an antibody, as well as a range of other proteins. Similarly, catalytic triad mimics have been created in small organic molecules like diaryl diselenide, and displayed on larger polymers like Merrifield resins, and self-assembling short peptide nanostructures.
|
|
It is one of several strategies in enantioselective synthesis and of some relevance to academic research. The first reported example of this type of catalysis is attributed to Dolling, Davis & Grabowski who in 1984 used a chiral cinchonidine based phase transfer catalyst in the synthesis of indacrinone.Efficient catalytic asymmetric alkylations. 1. Enantioselective synthesis of (+)-indacrinone via chiral phase-transfer catalysis Ulf H. Dolling, Paul Davis, and Edward J. J. Grabowski Journal of the American Chemical Society 1984 106 (2), 446-447 Important chiral cation scaffolds are quaternary ammonium cations and quaternary phosphonium cations.
|
|
The use of antibodies as the bio- recognition component of biosensors has several drawbacks. They have high molecular weights and limited stability, contain essential disulfide bonds and are expensive to produce. In one approach to overcome these limitations, recombinant binding fragments (Fab, Fv or scFv) or domains (VH, VHH) of antibodies have been engineered. In another approach, small protein scaffolds with favorable biophysical properties have been engineered to generate artificial families of Antigen Binding Proteins (AgBP), capable of specific binding to different target proteins while retaining the favorable properties of the parent molecule.
|
|
The teacher or more competent peer assists, "scaffolds," the child's actions or behavior by working collaboratively with the learner. This is different from the learner's actual abilities when working independently on the same task or goal. This concept captures the nature of dialogue journal communication, in which the goal of understanding is achieved by a collaborative effort, with the more competent partner ensuring its accomplishment. Authentic written communication in a first or second language over time develops learner competence in expressing oneself in the language and understanding the statements of the other person.
|
|
Neural engineering and rehabilitation applies neuroscience and engineering to investigating peripheral and central nervous system function and to finding clinical solutions to problems created by brain damage or malfunction. Engineering applied to neuroregeneration focuses on engineering devices and materials that facilitate the growth of neurons for specific applications such as the regeneration of peripheral nerve injury, the regeneration of the spinal cord tissue for spinal cord injury, and the regeneration of retinal tissue. Genetic engineering and tissue engineering are areas developing scaffolds for spinal cord to regrow across thus helping neurological problems (Schmidt & Leach 2003).
|
|
Richery destroyed all the buildings, vessels, and fishing-stages he found at Saint Pierre and Miquelon, claiming the islands for FranceRannie p.40 but leaving them unpopulated. Approximately 225 houses, 17 large scaffolds, 8 large buildings, 80 fishing boats and 80,000 quintals of cod were burnt to the ground. Admiral Richery hoisted the French flag on the island of St. Pierre, which had surrendered to a force from Halifax years before, but had been left without a garrison, though a number of British fishermen had taken possession and built a town.
|
|
A follower neuron is a nerve cell that arises in the developmental stage of the brain and which growth and orientation is intrinsically related to pioneer neurons. These neurons can also be called later development neurons or follower cells. In the early stages of brain development, pioneer neurons define axonal trajectories that are later used as scaffolds by follower neurons, which project their growth cones and fasciculate with pioneer axons, forming a fiber tract Chédotal A and Richards LJ (2010). Wiring the Brain: The Biology of Neuronal Guidance.
|
|
She stayed at MIT for her graduate studies, completing her master's degree and PhD in 2001. Lavik created polymer scaffolds were seeded with neural stem cells, and implanted them in to paralysed rats. These spinal implants were developed whilst Lavik was a graduate student at MIT, mimicking the anatomy of the spine by binding a porous piece of polymer fabric and a plastic cylinder and including narrow channels for axons. Lavik conducted the experiment on 50 female paraplegic rats, and 7 out of 10 rats fitted with Lavik's scaffold-stem cell design could walk again.
|
|
To earn a living, Karl found employment in the outdoor advertising industry. In the 1960s, Los Angeles, with its tremendous urban sprawl, had a large billboard industry and large, colorful billboards towered over the streets and freeways. In that era most of the boards were still hand painted and were essentially large murals that were painted in vast studios, or on site, by artists on scaffolds. Initially, Karl was hired as a 'helper' or apprentice at Foster & Kleiser, a large Los Angeles outdoor advertising firm that is now part of Clear Channel Outdoor.
|
|
The use of solid freeform fabrication in design of composite scaffolds When designing implanted biomaterials, key criteria are biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, high porosity and biomechanics compatibility. Artificial bone was initially made of materials like metals and solid ceramics, which are strong enough to sustain the loading in bone. However, the rigidity of those materials created an enormous burden on patients and was not consistent with the criteria for implanting biomaterials. Artificial bones made of metal and ceramic tend to do poorly in terms of biocompatibility since it is difficult to blend into bone tissues.
|
|
Research on material types in bone grafting has been traditionally centered on producing composites of organic polysaccharides (chitin, chitosan, alginate) and minerals (hydroxyapatite). Alginate scaffolds, composed of cross-linked calcium ions, are actively being explored in the regeneration of skin, liver, and bone. Alginate's ability to scaffold and makes it a novel polysaccharide. Even though many minerals can be adapted for bone composition, hydroxyapatite remains the dominant material, as its strength and the known Jager-Fratzl model of human bone provide a pre-existing framework for spacing and fabrication.
|
|
In addition, chitosan scaffolds are biocompatible and biodegradable, but have low toughness, and the material itself is not osteoconductive. Hydroxyapatite, on the other hand, features excellent biocompatibility but is hindered by its brittle nature. When implemented with hydroxyapatite as a composite, both the toughness and osteoconductivity significantly improve, making the composite a viable option for material for artificial bone. Chitosan can also be used with carbon nanotubes, which have a high Young's modulus (1.0–1.8 TPa), tensile strength (30–200 GPa), elongation at break (10–30%), and aspect ratio (>1,000).
|
|
It had to be ceremonially open, even though it was still covered with scaffolds. The first train from this station departed towards Zemun with courtly honours, on , at 3 p.m.Srpske novine, 21 August 1884 As Serbia was declared a kingdom in 1882, the first passengers were now King Milan, Queen Natalie and the Crown Prince Alexander, on the way to Vienna. More than 200 foreign guests and couple of thousands of citizens attended the opening ceremony.„Na mestu železničke stanice pre dva veka bila je bara“, 24 Sata , 5 March 2012.
|
|
Munsky started producing pictures of births in 1967, which violated a taboo and met with resistance. She painted these early depictions of embryos, bodily hints, photographs and birth scenes applying a soft flowing style captured in lattice-structures, scaffolds, cages and lines. Her works from this period sometimes recall the surrealist forms from the pictures of Salvador Dali or the works of Francis Bacon. In 1970, after undergoing an appropriate vetting process by a commission, she was permitted to spend nine months with the gynaecologist Erich Saling at the Gynaecological Clinic in Berlin-Neukölln.
|
|
By combining the two different types of materials, researchers are trying to create a synergistic relationship that produces a more biocompatible tissue scaffolding. Scaffolds may also be constructed from natural materials: in particular different derivatives of the extracellular matrix have been studied to evaluate their ability to support cell growth. Proteic materials, such as collagen or fibrin, and polysaccharidic materials, like chitosan or glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), have all proved suitable in terms of cell compatibility, but some issues with potential immunogenicity still remains. Among GAGs hyaluronic acid, possibly in combination with cross linking agents (e.g.
|
|
A 2011 study by El-Ayoubi et al. investigated "3D-plotting technique to produce (biocompatible and biodegradable) poly-L-Lactide macroporous scaffolds with two different pore sizes" via solid free-form fabrication (SSF) with computer-aided-design (CAD), to explore therapeutic articular cartilage replacement as an "alternative to conventional tissue repair". The study found the smaller the pore size paired with mechanical stress in a bioreactor (to induce in vivo-like conditions), the higher the cell viability in potential therapeutic functionality via decreasing recovery time and increasing transplant effectiveness.
|
|
One example of these unique uses is that SiNWs can be used as individual wires to be used for intracellular probes or extracellular devices or the SiNWs can be manipulated into larger macro structures. These structures can be manipulated into flexible, 3D, macropourus structures (like the scaffolds mentioned above) that can be used for creating synthetic extracellular matrices. In the case of Tian et al., cardiomyocytes were grown on these structures as a way to create a synthetic tissue structure that could be used to monitor the electrical activity of the cells on the scaffold.
|
|
Currently, these genomic sequences exist as scaffolds and include the following strains: Lysinibacillus fusiformis H1K, Lysinibacillus fusiformis ZB2, and Lysinibacillus fusiformis ZC1. According to the National Center for Biotechnology Information, L. fusiformis ZC1 (BioProject: PRJNA226204) is the current genomic representative for L. fusiformis. The L. fusiformis ZC1 genome was sequenced using the whole genome shotgun sequencing method. Genomic analysis of strain ZC1 shows a genome with an approximate length of 4.65 megabases that contains 4,729 protein-coding genes and maintains a relatively moderate GC content (mol%) of 37.3%.
|
|
The best characterized and first widely accepted function of radial glia is their role as scaffolds for neuronal migration in the cerebral and cerebellar cortexes. This role can be easily visualized using the electron microscope or high-resolution time- lapse microscopy, through which neurons can be seen tightly wrapped around radial glia as they travel upwards through the cortex. Additional evidence suggests that many neurons may move between neighboring radial glial fibers during migration. While excitatory neuronal migration is largely radial, inhibitory, GABAergic neurons have been shown to undergo tangential migration.
|
|
The Kröhnke method is featured in a solvent-free synthesis of triarylpyridines that proceeds via a homo-coupling of two diaryl substituted α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds.Adib, M.; Tahermansouri, H.; Koloogani, S. A.; Mohammadi, B.; Bijanzadej, H. R. Tetrahedron Lett.2006, 47, 5957-5960 This strategy offers a facile means for preparation of pyridnyl aryl systems that are important fragments of many useful drug scaffolds. center In 1992, Robinson and co- workers developed a similar pyridine synthesis using enamino nitriles as one of the three-carbon fragments in place of an α-pyridinium methyl ketone.
|
|
At the Salon of 1850, the monumental painting A Burial At Ornans by Gustave Courbet was denounced for the unflattering faces of the mourners and their plainness. The "explosive reaction" brought Courbet instant fame.Gustave Courbet's A Burial at Ornans, PBS Critics were divided in 1857 by The Gleaners painted by Jean-François Millet: some saw the gleaning women as a symbol of a popular uprising ("the scaffolds of 1793",) others complained about the realistic representation of the rural poor on a large canvas of the size reserved for religious scenes.
|
|
A further application of streptavidin is for purification and detection of proteins genetically modified with the Strep-tag peptide. Streptavidin is widely used in Western blotting and immunoassays conjugated to some reporter molecule, such as horseradish peroxidase. Streptavidin has also been used in the developing field of Nanobiotechnology, the use of biological molecules such as proteins or lipids to create nanoscale devices/structures. In this context streptavidin can be used as a building block to link biotinylated DNA molecules to create single walled carbon nanotube scaffolds or even complex DNA polyhedra.
|
|
Filamins are cytoplasmic proteins that regulate the structure and activity of the cytoskeleton. These proteins serve as scaffolds on which intracellular signaling and protein trafficking are organized. Filamin B has been found to be expressed in human growth plate chondrocytes, which are especially important in vertebrae segmentation and skeleton morphogenesis. Genetic analysis of patients with Larsen syndrome has found the syndrome is caused by missense mutations in the gene that codes for filamin B. These mutations cause an accelerated rate of apoptosis in the epiphyseal growth plates of individuals with the mutation.
|
|
A lively era of humanism and trade was ended, a phenomenon that would affect the rest of the peninsula in the following decades. The great Renaissance projects of Brescia were interrupted by the war. Even the Loggia palazzo, where Cairano had already established scaffolds to mount the figures on the second level, including two angular trophies, was not to see a resumption of work till fifty years later, under the direction of Ludovico Beretta. The town's priorities had changed from artistic pomp and cultural recovery to basic necessities and vital functions.
|
|
The assembly software then searches this database for pairs of overlapping reads. Assembling the reads from such a pair (including, of course, only one copy of the identical sequence) produces a longer contiguous read (contig) of sequenced DNA. By repeating this process many times, at first with the initial short pairs of reads but then using increasingly longer pairs that are the result of previous assembly, the DNA sequence of an entire chromosome can be determined. Overlapping reads from paired-end sequencing form contigs; contigs and gaps of known length form scaffolds.
|
|
Therefore, a number of label free detection methods are available, such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR), carbon nanotubes, carbon nanowire sensors (where detection occurs via changes in conductance) and microelectromechanical system (MEMS) cantilevers. All these label free detection methods are relatively new and are not yet suitable for high-throughput protein interaction detection; however, they do offer much promise for the future. Immunoassays on thiol-ene "synthetic paper" micropillar scaffolds have shown to generate a superior fluorescence signal. Protein quantitation on nitrocellulose coated glass slides can use near-IR fluorescent detection.
|
|
Lexicon uses solution-phase chemistry to generate diverse libraries of optically pure compounds that are built using highly robust and scalable organic reactions that allow the company to generate compound collections of great diversity and to specially tailor the compound collections to address various therapeutic target families. Lexicon’s medicinal chemists design these libraries by analyzing the chemical structures of drugs that have been proven safe and effective against human disease and using that knowledge in the design of scaffolds and chemical building blocks for the generation of large numbers of new drug-like compounds.
|
|
The earmouse, as it became known, was created by Charles A. Vacanti in the Department of Anesthesiology at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Joseph P. Vacanti in the Department of Surgery at Children's Hospital. Vacanti later moved to the Department of Anesthesiology at the University of Massachusetts Medical School. The results were based on the works of many others who seeded cells onto scaffolds to regenerate organs. The first work with cartilage regeneration was published in 1991 in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.
|
|
Monroe Street Bridge, Spokane, Washington, 1911 In the UK, BS 5975 gives recommendations for the design and use of falsework on construction sites. It was first introduced by the British Standards Institute in March 1982 and the third version was published in 2008 with Amendment 1 in 2011. The new revisions bring the code up to date with methodology developed in the new CDM 2007 regulations and also the requirements of the new European codes EN 12811-1:2003 Temporary works equipment - Part 1: Scaffolds, and EN 12812:2004, Falsework - Performance requirements and general design.
|
|
Recently there have been some new developments in the field of nanotechnology that will be more efficient than the poorly conducting stem- cell-based patch ("Nature Nanotechnology"). Scientists and researchers found a way for these stem cell patches (also known as tissue scaffolds) to be conductive and therefore become exponentially more effective ("Nature Nanotechnology"). They found that by growing gold nanowires into and through the patches, they were able to greatly increase the electrical conductivity. The nanowires are thicker than the original scaffold and the cells are better organized as well.
|
|
Her main contributions have been to the identification of the kinetics and mechanisms of oxidation and reduction in fuel cells using electrochemical methods, as well as developing new fuel cell materials. She has improved the performance and lifetime of low temperature PEMFCs through the development of carbon scaffolds. For high temperature SOFCs Birss has developed metal oxide perovskite catalysts that can be used as both the anode and cathode, allowing for carbon dioxide and water splitting. She has worked with Honeywell on electrodeposition of metal coatings to enhance their protection.
|
|
"A workshop," Siqueiros said "huge, big, full of machines, with mobile scaffolds, with chemical laboratories to prove the durability of the colors, with plastic materials, without the suffering of limitation, with a photograph department, with film cameras, with everything, everything that a muralist need, also with elements and accessories to dig in the dark field of the colors and the relativity of the geometrical forms in the active space. It will be an enormous barn with light, but without doors. To get in there, we will make an underground passage. Nobody would know the target".
|
|
Freeze casting is unique in its ability to produce aligned pore structures. Such structures are often found in nature, and consequently freeze casting has emerged as a valuable tool to fabricate biomimetic structures. The transport of fluids through aligned pores has lead to the use of freeze casting as a method towards biomedical applications including bone scaffold materials Freeze casting of hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. The alignment of pores in freeze cast structures also imparts extraordinarily high thermal resistance in the direction perpendicular to the aligned pores.
|
|
The fields of research of Boccaccini in the broad field of materials science and engineering focus on biomaterials for a variety of biomedical applications. In particular his research focuses on bioactive glasses and composites, bioactive coatings, tissue engineering scaffolds and drug delivery systems. He is also a pioneer of the field of electrophoretic deposition applied to biomedical and functional materials. Boccaccini is also member of the Advisory Board of the Network of Argentine Scientists in Germany and an international advisor to the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovative Production of Argentina since 2008.
|
|
Another option studied was using decellularized biological scaffolds and seeding them with their corresponding cells in vitro. In 2000, Steinhoff implanted a decellularized sheep pulmonary valve scaffold seeded with sheep endothelial cells and myofibroblasts. Dohmen then created a decellularized cryopreserved pulmonary allograft scaffold and seeded it with human vascular endothelial cells to reconstruct the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) in a human patient in 2002. Perry in 2003 seeded a P4HB coated PGA scaffold with sheep mesenchymal stem cells in vitro; however, an in vivo study was not performed.
|
|
There are three main issues preventing broader-scale carbon nanotube-based technology commercialization: Separating metallic and semiconducting nanotubes, high junction resistance due to very small contact area, and placing the nanotubes exactly (nanometer resolution) where they need to go in the circuit. There has been a great deal of work in reducing the contact resistance in carbon nanotube devices. Researchers at UC Berkeley found that adding an interfacial graphite layer during synthesis decreased junction resistance. Researchers at IBM Watson have also attached chemical scaffolds at the base contact point of the nanotube, to a similar effect.
|
|
From 2006 to 2008, the entire building was renovated, including a complete dis-assembly and reassembly of the bell tower, by J. P. Cullen & Sons, Inc., a construction manager and general contractor headquartered in Janesville, Wisconsin. Before the restoration began, the bell was rung rarely because of seismic concerns, and in the last few years an assembly of scaffolds with protective coverings had been in place around the building to protect pedestrians from falling stone and brickwork. The quality of the restoration was the subject of a lawsuit filed by the city of Milwaukee in 2012 against various parties involved in the work.
|
|
Completed multi-image productions were presented in a variety of venues ranging from temporary one-on-one settings to semi-permanent world's fair pavilions and museum exhibitions. Large multi-projector multi-image presentations required adequate projection space which was often from behind the screen for rear-screen projection. Setting up large show required control over the room lighting and often involved drapes and scaffolds. The actual presentations often were considered to be business theater, incorporating special effects such as pyrotechnics, breakaway screens, live entertainment, even breakaway screens such as having a vehicle crash through the screen to introduce a new model truck.
|
|
This example illustrates that one can sometimes increase the N50 length simply by removing some of the shortest contigs or scaffolds from an assembly. If the estimated or known size of the genome from the fictional species A is 500 kbp then the NG50 contig length is 30 kbp because 80 + 70 + 50 + 40 + 30 is greater than 50% of 500. In contrast, if the estimated or known size of the genome from species B is 350 kbp then it has an NG50 contig length of 50 kbp because 80 + 70 + 50 is greater than 50% of 350.
|
|
In these molecules, a single peptide of variable sequence is displayed instead of the Gly-Pro motif in the TrxA -Cys-Gly-Pro- Cys- active site loop. Improvements to TrxA include substitution of serines for the flanking cysteines, which prevents possible formation of a disulfide bond at the base of the loop, introduction of a D26A substitution to reduce oligomerization, and optimization of codons for expression in human cells,. Reviews in 2015 have reported studies using 12 and 20 other scaffolds. Peptide aptamer selection can be made using different systems, but the most used is currently the yeast two-hybrid system.
|
|
The Waterfall under the Brooklyn Bridge from the South Street Seaport The Waterfall at Pier 35 The sites chosen for the four waterfalls were the East River Esplanade's Pier 35 in Manhattan; beneath the Brooklyn Bridge in DUMBO between piers 4 and 5, also in Brooklyn; and Governors Island. Work on erecting the four support scaffolds began in mid-March, 2008. On the shore of Governors Island construction teams used pile driving to secure the scaffolding in place. This method was not used at the other locations for various reasons, including the effects of vibrations through car and subway tunnels.
|
|
Ecker's research focuses on computational drug design which not only led to the identification of highly active propafenone-type inhibitors of P-glycoprotein, but also paved the way for development of new descriptors and virtual screening approaches for identification of new scaffolds active at P-gp. With the increasing knowledge on the importance of P-gp for ADME, his interest moved towards the prediction of P-gp substrate properties. Around 2010 he extended the studies also on other antitargets, such as the hERG potassium channel, as well as on the serotonin transporter, the GABA receptor and the insulin receptor.
|
|
Silk can be formed into other shapes and sizes such as spherical capsules for drug delivery, cell scaffolds and wound healing, textiles, cosmetics, coatings, and many others. Spider silk proteins can also self-assemble on superhydrophobic surfaces to generate nanowires, as well as micron-sized circular sheets. It has recently been shown that recombinant spider silk proteins can self-assemble at the liquid air interface of a standing solution to form protein permeable, super strong, and super flexible membranes that support cell proliferation. Suggested applications include skin transplants, and supportive membranes in organ-on-a-chip.
|
|
The materials research concept is based on a "bottom-up" approach. Progressive building blocks, such as nano-objects, smart molecules, polymeric scaffolds, and active proteins, will be combined - preferentially by self- organization - to create fundamentally new classes of materials that are inspired by active, adaptive living matter, and that are environmentally friendly, highly efficient, low-cost devices serving multifunctional purposes for a steadily more diversified modern society. The paradigm shift from uniform bulk materials towards nanostructured multifunctional materials that emerge from combinations of smart molecules, proteins, and nano-objects is essential for future knowledge transfer from fundamental to applied sciences.
|
|
In a seminal study in 1980, Catellani took advantage of the diastereospecificity of migratory insertion and β-hydride elimination with norbornene substrates, allowing interception of the alkylpalladium(II) intermediate 11. In these systems, ligand exchange of the halide with formate results in formation of the norbornyl palladium species (12), which undergoes decarboxylation (12 → 13) and reductive elimination to afford the corresponding product. Later work improved the efficiency of the reaction with piperidine and tetraalkylammonium salt additives. Asymmetric reductive Heck couplings of norbornene scaffolds were first reported in 1991 using (R,R)-NorPhos, albeit with moderate enantioselectivity.
|
|
Derby's research interests span a wide range with a focus on the processing, structure and mechanical properties in relation to ceramics, glasses, biomaterials, nanostructured materials and implants. He has been at the forefront of research into the development of inkjet printing as a manufacturing tool. He has particular interest in developing methods of characterising materials and processes in conjunction with industry and research groups across the world. Derby won the Edward de Bono Medal for Original Thinking in 2007 for his Printing Skin and Bones project: using inkjet printing technology to fabricate complex tissue scaffolds on which cells can be grown.
|
|
It is also envisaged that water-soluble molecules and biological molecules would be able to be delivered to cells in this way. Self-assemblying LEGO peptides can form biologically compatible scaffolds for tissue repair and engineering. this area is of great potential as a large number of diseases cannot be cured by small molecule drugs; a cell-based therapy approach is needed and peptides could potentially play a huge role in this. Cyclic peptide nanotubes formed from self-assembly are able to act as ion channels, which forms pores through the cell membrane and causes cellular osmotic collapse.
|
|
Recombinant resilins have been studied for potential application in the fields of biomedical engineering and medicine. In particular, hydrogels composed of recombinant resilins have been utilized as tissue engineering scaffolds for mechanically-active tissues including cardiovascular, cartilage and vocal cord tissues. Early work has focused on optimizing the mechanical properties, chemistry and cytocompability of these materials, but some in vivo testing of resilin hydrogels has also been performed. Researchers at the University of Delaware and Purdue University have developed methods for creating elastic hydrogels composed of resilin that were compatible with stem cells and displayed similar rubber elasticity to that of natural resilin.
|
|
The Chapterhouse () reminds visitors of the military reason for the monastery's foundation: a military honor guard of two sentinels stands watch over the tombs of two unknown soldiers killed in World War I. This square room is especially notable for its star vault lacking a central support and spanning a space of 19 square meters. This was such a daring idea at the time that condemned prisoners were used to perform the task. It was completed after two failed attempts. When the last scaffolds were removed, it is said that Huguet spent the night under the vault to silence his critics.
|
|
The circle around the castle is labeled as a ditch, which the audience should not cross. The five short text blocks around the circle label scaffolds for some of the characters, including God, Belial, and World. The map is oriented with north towards the bottom, which suggests that it is not merely some abstract suggestion by the playwright or scribe, but rather a real set design that may have been implemented—if not merely an literal implementation of the trope of 'a world turned upside down'. Whether the drawing truly represents theatre in the round or not is debatable.
|
|
The lack of durable heart valve prostheses for young patients has driven forward research in tissue engineering approaches for valve replacement. Current tissue-engineering concepts are based on either artificial polymeric or biological scaffolds, derived from donated human tissue (allogeneic ) or animals (xenogenic). While more readily available, there have been reports of dramatic failure in the use of xenogeneic matrices in paediatric patients, leading to scepticism regarding their application.Kasimir MT, Rieder E, Seebacher G, Nigisch A, Dekan B, Wolner E, Weigel G, Simon P. Decellularization does not eliminate thrombogenicity and inflammatory stimulation in tissue-engineered porcine heart valves.
|
|
Phenyl thiocyanate and phenyl isothiocyanate are linkage isomers and are bonded differently Organic and transition metal derivatives of the thiocyanate ion can exist as "linkage isomers". In thiocyanates, the organic group (or metal ion) is attached to sulfur: R−S−C≡N has a S–C single bond and a C≡N triple bond. In isothiocyanates, the substituent is attached to nitrogen: R−N=C=S has a S=C double bond and a C=N double bond: Organic thiocyanates are valuable building blocks in organic chemistry and they allow to access efficiently various sulfur containing functional groups and scaffolds.
|
|
A successful tissue regeneration relies on an appropriate source of stem progenitor cells, growth factors and scaffolds to control the development of the specific tissue. The first component for tissue engineering is an appropriate source of progenitor/stem cells by using cells which are able to differentiate into the desired tissue component. The use of postnatal autologous stem cells, especially the mesenchymal stem cells is optimal in regenerative endodontic applications. These mesenchymal stem cells are found in dental pulp (DPSCs), the apical papilla (SCAP) and even in the inflamed periapical tissue (iPAPCs) collected during endodontic surgical procedures.
|
|
Also as an example, the use of silicon nanowires in nanoporous materials to create scaffolds for synthetic tissues allows for monitoring of electrical activity and electrical stimulation of cells as a result of the photoelectric properties of the silicon. The orientation of biomolecules on the interface can also be controlled through the modulation of parameters like pH, temperature and electrical field. For example, DNA grafted onto gold electrodes can be made to come closer to the electrode surface on application of positive electrode potential and as explained by Rant et al., this can be used to create smart interfaces for biomolecular detection.
|
|
Generally the carbohydrate part(s) play an integral role in the function of a glycoconjugate; prominent examples of this are NCAM and blood proteins where fine details in the carbohydrate structure determine cell binding or not or lifetime in circulation. Although the important molecular species DNA, RNA, ATP, cAMP, cGMP, NADH, NADPH, and coenzyme A all contain a carbohydrate part, generally they are not considered as glycoconjugates. Glycocojugates is covalent linking of carbohydrates antigens to protein scaffolds with goal of achieving a long term immunological response in body. Immunization with glycoconjugates successfully induced long term immune memory against carbohydrates antigens.
|
|
Nanotechnology may be used as part of tissue engineering to help reproduce or repair or reshape damaged tissue using suitable nanomaterial-based scaffolds and growth factors. Tissue engineering if successful may replace conventional treatments like organ transplants or artificial implants. Nanoparticles such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, molybdenum disulfide and tungsten disulfide are being used as reinforcing agents to fabricate mechanically strong biodegradable polymeric nanocomposites for bone tissue engineering applications. The addition of these nanoparticles in the polymer matrix at low concentrations (~0.2 weight %) leads to significant improvements in the compressive and flexural mechanical properties of polymeric nanocomposites.
|
|
Dr. Engelhardt is most widely known for his creation of new animal models for the study of cystic fibrosis. In the 1990s he developed the human tracheal xenograft models that allowed study of humanized airways on denuded rat tracheal scaffolds. However, he soon found that there were major limitation of mouse models to study CF. He later found that the ferrets represent a much better model for lung disease and in 2006 his laboratory became the first in the world to clone ferrets. Dr. Engelhardt's research has been geared towards finding gene therapies for cystic fibrosis.
|
|
The transcendental naturalism of some of Colin McGinn's work, which construes the mind-body connection (the 'world knot') as a natural feature of Homo sapiens but 'cognitively closed' to our epistemic horizons, is a philosophical analog of this outlook. Stevens comprehends the philosophical impulse to comprehend the transcendent but deems it doomed to fail. We can fill the sky with scaffolds and stairs, but they will not take us where we might want to go. Stevens's so-called 'pataphysics' could be viewed as a poetic redirection of the frustrated philosophical desire to know the transcendent nature of things.
|
|
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family, a class of proteins that functions as molecular scaffolds for the assembly of multiprotein complexes at specialized regions of the plasma membrane. This protein is also a member of the CARD protein family, which is defined by carrying a characteristic caspase-associated recruitment domain (CARD). This protein has a domain structure similar to that of CARD14 protein. The CARD domains of both proteins have been shown to specifically interact with BCL10, a protein known to function as a positive regulator of cell apoptosis and NF- κB activation.
|
|
A technique known as the Ross procedure uses an acellular heart valve to replace a defective valve, allowing native cells to repopulate a newly functioning valve. Decellularized allografts have been critical in bone grafts that function in bone reconstruction and replacing of deformed bones in patients. The limits to myocardial tissue engineering come from the ability to immediately perfuse and seed and implemented heart into a patient. Though the ECM scaffold maintains the protein and growth factors of the natural tissue, the molecular level specialization has not yet been harnessed by researchers using decellularized heart scaffolds.
|
|
His group has worked extensively on cartilages of the musculoskeletal system both in terms of characterization but also in efforts to achieve healing or repair of the clinically complex problems of cartilage afflictions, including trauma and osteoarthritis. Athanasiou and his colleagues published the book Articular Cartilage.Athanasiou, K.A.; Darling, E.; DuRaine, G.; Hu, J.; Reddi, A.H.: Articular Cartilage, Second Edition, , CRC Press, 2017 He published one of the first papers on the use of biodegradable scaffolds as carriers of growth factors to heal cartilage defects in vivo.Athanasiou, K.A.; Korvick, D.; Schenck, R.C.: Biodegradable implants for the treatment of osteochondral defects in a goat model.
|
|
In 1938, the Ahnenerbe's president, Walther Wüst, proposed a trip to Iran to study the Behistun Inscription, which had been created by order of the Achaemenid Shah Darius I—who had declared himself to have been of Aryan origin in his inscriptions. The inscriptions were recorded atop steep cliffs using scaffolding that was removed after the inscriptions were made. Unable to afford the cost of erecting new scaffolds, Wüst proposed that he, his wife, an amanuensis, an Iranian student, a photographer, and an experienced mountaineer be sent with a balloon-mounted camera. The onset of the war however, saw the trip postponed indefinitely.
|
|
Various biomaterials, whether they are biological, synthetic, or a combination of both, can be used to create scaffolds, which when implanted in a human body can promote host tissue regeneration. First, cells from the patient in which the scaffold will be implanted in are harvested. These cells are expanded and seeded into the created scaffold, which is then inserted inside the human body. The human body serves as a bioreactor, which allows the formation of an extracellular matrix (ECM) along with fibrous proteins around the scaffold to provide the necessary environment for the heart and circulatory system.
|
|
These powders can be used as "scaffolds for bone substitutions". Also, certain frits can be added to high-tech ceramics: such frits are made by milling zinc oxide (ZnO) and boric acid (H3BO3) with zirconium (Zr) beads, then heating this mixture to 1100 °C, quenching it, and grinding it.J. Liang and W. Lu (in press) 2009, "Microwave Dielectric Properties of Li2TiO3 Ceramics Doped with ZnO-B2O3 Frit," Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1. This frit is then added to a lithium titanate (Li2TiO3) ceramic powder, which enables the ceramic to sinter at a lower temperature while still keeping its “microwave dielectric properties.
|
|
The ability of femtosecond lasers to efficiently fabricate complex structures and devices for a wide variety of applications has been extensively studied during the last decade. State-of-the-art laser processing techniques with ultrashort light pulses can be used to structure materials with a sub-micrometer resolution. Direct laser writing (DLW) of suitable photoresists and other transparent media can create intricate three-dimensional photonic crystals (PhC), micro-optical components, gratings, tissue engineering (TE) scaffolds and optical waveguides. Such structures are potentially useful for empowering next-generation applications in telecommunications and bioengineering that rely on the creation of increasingly sophisticated miniature parts.
|
|
Under natural conditions a prerequisite for an optimal tissue development is a cell-specific interaction with the extracellular matrix, while under in vitro conditions a substitute for the extracellular matrix has to be selected. However, the crucial problem is that a biomaterial can influence the development of functional features within a maturing tissue in a good and in a bad sense. In consequence, the suitability of a decellularized extracellular matrix, newly developed synthetic polymers, biodegradable scaffolds, ceramics or metal alloys cannot be predicted but must be tested. To meet parameters positively influencing cell adhesion and communication, the technical concept is based on a Minusheet tissue carrier (Fig. 1).
|
|
The zone of proximal development is the field between what a learner can do by himself (expert stage) and the most that can be achieved with the support of a knowledgeable peer or instructor (pedagogical stage) (Ellis & Worthington, 1994). Vygotsky was convinced that a child could be taught any subject efficiently using scaffolding practices by implementing the scaffolds through the zone of proximal development. Students are escorted and monitored through learning activities that function as interactive conduits to get them to the next stage. Thus the learner obtains new understandings by building on their prior knowledge through the support delivered by more capable individuals (Raymond, 2000).
|
|
Several peer-reviewed studies have shown that when there is a deficiency in guided learning experiences and social interaction, learning and development are obstructed (Bransford, Brown, and Cocking, 2000). Moreover, several things influence the ZPD of students, ranging from the collaboration of peers to technology available in the classroom (Ebadi, Khatib, and Shabani, 2010) In writing instruction, support is typically presented in verbal form (discourse). The writing tutor engages the learner's attention, calibrates the task, motivates the student, identifies relevant task features, controls for frustration, and demonstrates as needed (Rodgers, 2004). Through joint activities, the teacher scaffolds conversation to maximize the development of a child's intrapsychological functioning.
|
|
Brik, one of ten children, was born and raised in Abu Snan in northern Israel. He received a bachelor's degree in chemistry from Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, a master's degree in chemistry from the Technion. He studied for his doctoral degree, in which he focused on research of chemical synthesis of proteins, from a joint course of the Technion and the Scripps Research Institute under the mentorship of Professor Chi-Huey Wong. Brik authored the thesis “Design and Synthesis of Novel Catalytic Proteins Based on Polypeptide Scaffolds”, under the supervision of professor Ehud Keinan (Technion) and professor Phillip Dawson (The Scripps Research Institute).
|
|
Waiatarau (or 'Reflecting Waters') was the Māori name for the bay that is now Victoria Park, although other names were used to refer to the area; such as Wai Kōtota ('The place where the cockles are harvested') and Te Koranga ('The scaffolds', referring to the racks upon which fish would be hung to dry in the sun). A stream called Waikuta ('Waters of the reed') discharged into the south eastern corner of the bay (bottom of College Hill Road) while the Tunamau ('To catch eels') stream came down from what is now Western Park and met the bay at the bottom of what is now Franklin Road.
|
|
Another plant genome that combined NGS with Sanger sequencing was the genome of Theobroma cacao, 2010, an economically important tropical fruit tree crop. The genome was sequenced in a consortium, “The International Cocoa Genome Sequencing consortium (ICGS) “ and produced a total of 17.6 million 454 single end reads, 8.8 million 454 paired-end reads, 398.0 million Illumina paired-end reads and about 88,000 Sanger BAC reads. First by using genome assembly software, Newbler, an assembly was produced with 25,912 contigs and 4,792 scaffolds from the reads obtained from Roche/454 and Sanger raw data. This had a total length of 326.9 Mb, which represents 76% of the estimated genome size.
|
|
Neural interfaces are a major element used for studying neural systems and enhancing or replacing neuronal function with engineered devices. Engineers are challenged with developing electrodes that can selectively record from associated electronic circuits to collect information about the nervous system activity and to stimulate specified regions of neural tissue to restore function or sensation of that tissue (Cullen et al. 2011). The materials used for these devices must match the mechanical properties of neural tissue in which they are placed and the damage must be assessed. Neural interfacing involves temporary regeneration of biomaterial scaffolds or chronic electrodes and must manage the body's response to foreign materials.
|
|
Once adequate numbers of new field guns such as the 7.7 cm FK 16 were being produced obsolete types such as the 9 cm Kanone C/73 and captured guns such as the 76 mm divisional gun M1902 and Canon de 75 modèle 1897 were withdrawn from front- line service and issued to anti-aircraft units. At first, all of the combatants employed field guns on improvised anti-aircraft mounts, which were typically earthen embankments or scaffolds to get the muzzle pointed skyward. Later in the war, specialized anti-aircraft mounts were developed. In 1918 it was estimated that there were still 614 C/73s and C79s deployed in that role.
|
|
The ECM is the 3-dimensional mesh of glycoproteins, collagen and enzymes responsible for transmitting mechanical and biochemical cues to the cell. Scaffolds need to simulate the characteristics of the ECM. Porosity. Pores are minute openings on the surface of the scaffold. They can be created in order on the surface of the biomaterial in order to release pre-existing cellular components that could interfere with tissue development. They also help diffuse gas and nutrients to the innermost layers of adherent cells which prevents developing a “necrotic centre” (created when cells which are not in direct contact with the culture medium have died due to a lack of nutrients). Vascularization.
|
|
Occupational hazards encountered by glaziers include the risks of being cut by glass or tools and falling from scaffolds or ladders or lead exposure from old lead paint on antique windows. The use of heavy equipment may also cause injury: the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) reported in 1990 that a journeyman glazier died in an industrial accident in Indiana after attempting to use a manlift to carry a thousand-pound case of glass which the manlift did not have capacity to carry.Journeyman glazier dies after being catapulted from manlift - Indiana, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (April 1990, 1-7), NIOSHTIC No. 20024470.
|
|
The MIOX enzyme has been the object of intense metabolic engineering efforts to produce glucaric acid through biosynthetic pathways. In 2004, the U.S. Department of Energy released a list of the top value-added chemicals from biomass which included glucaric acid—the direct product of the oxidation of glucuronic acid. The first biosynthetic production of glucaric acid was achieved in 2009 with use of the uronate dehydrogenase (UDH) enzyme. Since then, the MIOX enzyme has been engineered for improved glucaric acid production through numerous strategies including appendage of an N-terminal SUMO-tag, directed evolution and also the use of modular, synthetic scaffolds to increase its effective local concentration.
|
|
He also felt that he understood the difficult position they were in. Fraske never personally had anything other than peaceful encounters with them. In that era, the Army allowed a soldier to be discharged after three years and three months of service instead of serving the full five years, if requested by a soldier with excellent character, and so Fraske took advantage of that law and left the Army in 1897, at the age of 25. After his service ended, he returned to Chicago and worked as a building painter for nearly 40 years, retiring because union work rules didn't allow anyone over age 65 to climb scaffolds.
|
|
SpringBoard is a pre-Advanced Placement program created by the College Board to prepare students who intend to take AP courses or college-level courses in their scholastic career. Based on Wiggins and McTighe's "Understanding by Design" model, the SpringBoard program attempts to map knowledge into scholastic skill sets in preparation for Advanced Placement testing and college success. Units of instruction are titrated to students within and across all school grades, providing a vertically articulated curriculum framework that scaffolds learning skills and subject test knowledge. Implicit in the course curriculum, the program embeds pre-AP and AP teaching and learning strategies across grade school levels and classwork.
|
|
In the field of organic synthesis, ring expansions are considered valuable reactions since they allow the obtainment medium-size ring (7-9 atoms) which are difficult to synthesize through "classical" methods. To date, only few articles concerning the ring expansion of isatin derivatives has been reported. The first one is an acid-catalyzed one-pot multicomponent reaction involving isatins, aminouracils, and isooxazolones to form isoxazoquinolines, important scaffolds in medicinal chemistry. Isatin ring expansion In another one-pot multicomponent reaction, a unique two-carbon expansion has been achieved by reacting isatin with indene-1,3-dione and N-substituted pyridinium bromide to form dibenzo[b,d]azepin-6-ones.
|
|
Her research is focused on fracture in brittle materials and mechanisms by which they can be strengthened and toughened. Her current work comprises research into characterizing the behavior of high-temperature ceramic coatings under cyclic thermal loading, which has applications in improving engine efficiency and wear; and the creation of high-temperature porous ceramics with increased strength and toughness, which have applications in filtration, energy storage, insulation, and medical devices. Her research interests also include silicon- based ceramics and ceramic matrix composites; polymer-derived multifunctional ceramics; graphite- and silicon carbide-based cellular ceramics synthesized from natural scaffolds, such as pyrolyzed wood; and cultural heritage science, with emphasis on porcelains and jades.
|
|
The concession included the construction of the Belgrade–Niš railway, the railway bridge over the Sava and a railway which will connect Belgrade to Zemun, at the time, the border town of Austria- Hungary. Serbian state had the obligation to build the railway station but the works on the building lagged behind the construction of the railway and the bridge, so when the time came for the first train to pass through Belgrade, the object wasn't finished. It had to be ceremonially open, even though it was still covered with scaffolds. The first train from this station departed towards Zemun with courtly honors, on , at 3 p.m.
|
|
Some soldiers were shortly afterwards detached to support the townsfolk on the hill, and to defend the hills themselves. The principal objective became the capture of Castel Vecchio, to which end the people transported two artillery pieces from bastione di Spagna to porta Borsari and the roof of the teatro Filarmonico, on which wooden scaffolds were installed. Shortly afterwards the people were replaced there by Austrian soldiers, clearly more expert in this field. In the meantime other mortars taken from the enemy were used to besiege the castello, while from Bassano del Grappa conte Augusto Verità arrived at the head of 200 Austrian prisoners.
|
|
The task was completed after two failed attempts. When the last scaffolds were removed, it is said that Huguet spent the night under the vault to silence his critics who thought that vault could not hold. The stellar vault of the Founder's Chapel The carved tracery decoration in Gothic style (including quatrefoils, fleurs-de-lis and rosettes) by Huguet in the ambulatory of the cloister of King João I now forms a combination with the Manueline style in the arcade screens, added later by Mateus Fernandes. In 1437, towards the end of his life, he started the construction of the mausoleum for King Duarte.
|
|
This biofilm is a natural defense mechanism for the co- culture, and can withstand extreme conditions such as temperature and UV radiation. Two additional characteristics of the nanofibril cellulose SCOBY—its high purity and crystallinity—are currently a target in biomedical research in the formation of biocompatible tissue scaffolds, cardiovascular components such as blood vessels, bone grafts, and connective tissue replacements. The nanocellulose fibrils can also be extracted via acid hydrolysis and used in the food packaging, clothing, and wastewater treatment industries. The thickness of a kombucha SCOBY is contingent on all brewing conditions, but one study reported an average a thickness of two to five millimeters.
|
|
The content of phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2) in endosomal membranes changes dynamically with fission and fusion events that generate or absorb intracellular transport vesicles. The ArPIKfyve protein scaffolds a trimolecular complex to tightly regulate the level of PtdIns(3,5)P2. Other components of this complex are the PtdIns(3,5)P2-synthesizing enzyme PIKFYVE and the Sac1-domain-containing PtdIns(3,5)P2 5-phosphatase Sac3, encoded by the human gene FIG4. VAC14 functions as an activator of PIKFYVE. Studies in VAC14 knockout mice indicate that, in addition to increasing the PtdIns(3,5)P2-producing activity of PIKfyve, VAC14 also controls the steady-state levels of another rare phosphoinositide linked to PIKfyve enzyme activity – phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate.
|
|
In 1860, Dinnie undertook a feat of strength that was to give birth to a long-lasting legacy. He carried two granite boulders with a combined weight of , now known as the Dinnie Stones, for a distance of more than , across the width of the Potarch Bridge.Potarch Bridge was designed by Thomas Telford, is long with three spans, and was completed in 1813: Each boulder had an iron ring fixed to it, to counterweight scaffolds from which workmen could repair the bridge, over the River Dee near Kincardine O'Neil. As of August 2018, 90 men and three women have managed to lift the stones, and six men (including Donald and later his father) have carried them the full distance.
|
|
"Quoted in Bury employed the notion of "selective realism"; using one or two realistic props to emphasise the social dimensions of the narrative. In this case, such realism was manifested by a massive oval shaped iron council table which took up a large portion of the stage - the constantly changing group of figures who sit at the table visually emphasising the turbulence and political instability of the period. Peter Hall himself wrote of the set, "on the flagged floor of sheet steel tables are daggers, staircases are axe-heads, and doors the traps on scaffolds. Nothing yields: stone walls have lost their seduction and now loom dangerously - steel-clad - to enclose and to imprison.
|
|
A primary purpose of growing cells in 3D scaffolds and as 3D cell spheroids in vitro is to test pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of drugs and nanomaterials in preclinical trials. Toxicology studies have shown 3D cell cultures to be nearly on par with in vivo studies for the purposes of testing toxicity of drug compounds. When comparing LD50 values for 6 common drugs: acetaminophen, amiodarone, diclofenac, metformin, phenformin, and valproic acid, the 3D spheroid values correlated directly with those from in vivo studies. Although 2D cell cultures have previously been used to test for toxicity along with in vivo studies, the 3D spheroids are better at testing chronic exposure toxicity because of their longer life spans.
|
|
These molecules typically differ in structure to that of an antibody and can be generated either from nucleic acids, as in the case of aptamers, or from non- immunoglobulin protein scaffolds / peptide aptamers, into which hypervariable loops are inserted to form the antigen binding site. Constraining the hypervariable binding loop at both ends within the protein scaffold improves the binding affinity and specificity of the synthetic antibody to levels comparable to or exceeding that of a natural antibody. Common advantages of these molecules compared to use of the typical antibody structure include a smaller size, giving improved tissue penetration, rapid generation times of weeks compared to months for natural and recombinant antibodies and cheaper costs.
|
|
Fibrin glue or fibrin sealant is also referred to as a fibrin based scaffold and used to control surgical bleeding, speed wound healing, seal off hollow body organs or cover holes made by standard sutures, and provide slow-release delivery of medications like antibiotics to tissues exposed.Fibrin Sealants - test, blood, complications, time, infection, risk, rate, Definition, Purpose, Description, Preparation, Normal results Fibrin scaffold use is helpful in repairing injuries to the urinary tract, liver lung, spleen, kidney, and heart. In biomedical research, fibrin scaffolds have been used to fill bone cavities, repair neurons, heart valves, vascular grafts and the surface of the eye. The complexity of biological systems requires customized care to sustain their function.
|
|
Biodegradability is often an essential factor since scaffolds should preferably be absorbed by the surrounding tissues without the necessity of surgical removal. The rate at which degradation occurs has to coincide as much as possible with the rate of tissue formation: this means that while cells are fabricating their own natural matrix structure around themselves, the scaffold is able to provide structural integrity within the body and eventually it will break down leaving the newly formed tissue which will take over the mechanical load. Injectability is also important for clinical uses. Recent research on organ printing is showing how crucial a good control of the 3D environment is to ensure reproducibility of experiments and offer better results.
|
|
While all the complexes were functional and viable, and successfully deployed the RNA domains at endogenous loci, the efficacy changed with length and expression levels. This suggests that optimization of structure and sequence might be important required before designing the construct. To determine if artificial lncRNA scaffolds can be used with CRISPR-Display, dCas9 complexes were assembled with artificial RNA with a size comparable to lncRNAs. The constructs were expanded to ~650nt size with an additional P4-P6 domain with hairpin loops that can be recognized by another phage coat protein, MS2. These topology constructs were called double TOP0-2 with the two domains either together at 5’ or 3’end or separately at each end.
|
|
One variation of the Povarov reaction is a four component reaction.Straightforward Access to a Structurally Diverse Set of Oxacyclic Scaffolds through a Four-Component Reaction Oscar Jiménez, Guillermo de la Rosa, Rodolfo Lavilla Angewandte Chemie International Edition Volume 44, Issue 40 , Pages 6521 - 6525 2005 Abstract Whereas in the traditional Povarov reaction the intermediate carbocation gives an intramolecular reaction with the aryl group, this intermediate can also be terminated by an additional nucleophile such as an alcohol. Scheme 4 depicts this 4 component reaction with the ethyl ester of glyoxylic acid, 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran, aniline and ethanol with lewis acid scandium(III) triflate and molecular sieves. Scheme 4 Four component Povarov reaction.
|
|
This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the Shank family of synaptic proteins that may function as molecular scaffolds in the postsynaptic density (PSD). Shank proteins contain multiple domains for protein-protein interaction, including ankyrin repeats, an SH3 domain, a PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1 domain, a sterile alpha motif domain, and a proline-rich region. This particular family member contains a PDZ domain, a consensus sequence for cortactin SH3 domain-binding peptides and a sterile alpha motif. The alternative splicing demonstrated in Shank genes has been suggested as a mechanism for regulating the molecular structure of Shank and the spectrum of Shank-interacting proteins in the PSDs of adult and developing brain.
|
|
In his book, Schechner describes participation as the opening up of a play so that the audience/spectators can enter into the action—they are included in the world of the drama which is made all the more actual by their participation. As Schechner writes in Environmental Theater: “The transformation of an aesthetic event into a social eventor shifting the focus from art-and-illusion to the formation of a potential or actual solidarity among everyone in the theater, performers and spectators alike.” There were no seats, though the cast would chant "May I take you to your seat, sir?" The audience sat either on the floor, against a wall, or wooden scaffolds.
|
|
Eric Simon, in a 1988 NIH SBIR grant report, showed that electrospinning could be used to produced nano- and submicron-scale polymeric fibrous scaffolds specifically intended for use as in vitro cell and tissue substrates. This early use of electrospun fibrous lattices for cell culture and tissue engineering showed that various cell types would adhere to and proliferate upon polycarbonate fibers. It was noted that as opposed to the flattened morphology typically seen in 2D culture, cells grown on the electrospun fibers exhibited a more rounded 3-dimensional morphology generally observed of tissues in vivo. Plant tissue culture in particular is concerned with the growing of entire plants from small pieces of plant tissue, cultured in medium.
|
|
The two enzymes do not interact directly. Rather, they are brought together by an associated regulator of PIKfyve, called ArPIKfyve/VAC14, that scaffolds a ternary regulatory complex, known as the PAS complex (from the first letters of PIKfyve/ArPIKfyve/Sac3).Sbrissa D, Ikonomov OC, Fenner H, Shisheva A. ArPIKfyve homomeric and heteromeric interactions scaffold PIKfyve and Sac3 in a complex to promote PIKfyve activity and functionality. J Mol Biol. 2008 Dec 26;384(4):766-79. Epub 2008 Oct 11. PIKfyve attaches the PAS complex onto Rab5GTP/PtdIns3P-enriched endosomal microdomains via its FYVE finger domain that selectively binds PtdIns3P. Ikonomov OC, Sbrissa D, Shisheva A. Localized PtdIns 3,5-P2 synthesis to regulate early endosome dynamics and fusion.
|
|
Essex sent Christopher St Lawrence, son of Lord Howth, and a colonel of foot, to an island on the north-east, which carried two bridges connecting the castle to the west bank; the bridges were broken, and the island was victualled by bringing boats overland past the castle and setting them in the river upstream. In the evening, the cannon was reset on its carriage and the culverin drawn a little closer. On the 28th, the cannonade resumed at close quarters, and the east wall was breached. Preparations for an assault on the following morning were made: engineers made climbing ladders, scaffolds and sows (moveable protective screens); and petards (wooden cases of gunpowder, for blowing in doors or barricades) were assembled to undermine the walls.
|
|
Coronary angiography and angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction (left: RCA closed, right: RCA successfully dilated) Wellens' warning PCI is used primarily to open a blocked coronary artery and restore arterial blood flow to heart tissue, without requiring open-heart surgery. In patients with a restricted or blocked coronary artery, PCI may be the best option to re-establish blood flow as well as prevent angina (chest pain), myocardial infarctions (heart attacks) and death. Today, PCI usually includes the insertion of stents, such as bare-metal stents, drug-eluting stents, and fully resorbable vascular scaffolds (or naturally dissolving stents). The use of stents has been shown to be important during the first three months after PCI; after that, the artery can remain open on its own.
|
|
Monobodies are generated from combinatorial libraries in which portions of the FN3 scaffold are diversified using molecular display and directed evolution technologies such as phage display, mRNA display and yeast surface display. A large number of monobodies that have high affinity and high specificity to their respective targets have been reported. Monobodies belong to the class of molecules collectively called antibody mimics (or antibody mimetics) and alternative scaffolds that aim to overcome shortcomings of natural antibody molecules. A major advantage of monobodies over conventional antibodies is that monobodies can readily be used as genetically encoded intracellular inhibitors, that is you can express a monobody inhibitor in a cell of choice by simply transfecting the cell with a monobody expression vector.
|
|
Balasubramanian is a visiting scientist at the National Eye Institute, Bethesda and is a senior Fellow of ophthalmology at the University of Melbourne. He is the chairman of the Task Force on Stem Cell Research set up by the Department of Biotechnology of the Government of India. He is a former president of the Indian Academy of Sciences (2007-2010) and is the incumbent the chairman of the Biotechnology Advisory Council of the Government of Andhra Pradesh. A former secretary general of The World Academy of Sciences, he has served as the project coordinator of Translational Centre in Eye Diseases of Champalimaud Foundation (C-TRACER) and the Affordable Healthcare Project of the Wellcome Trust for finding solutions for the use of scaffolds for cultivating stem cells.
|
|
The 2,5-diketopiperazines (2,5-DKPs) are the smallest possible cyclic peptides, which are peptidomimetic in nature and bear resemblance with a constrained protein beta turn. These cyclic dipeptides incorporate both donor and acceptor groups for hydrogen bonding and are small, conformationally constrained heterocyclic scaffolds in which diversity can be introduced at up to six positions and stereochemistry controlled at up to four positions, and they are stable to proteolysis. These characteristics enable them to bind to a wide range of receptors which result in a widespread class of biologically active natural compounds. They have a rigid backbone, which can mimic a preferential peptide conformation and contain constrained amino acids embedded within their structures without the unwanted physical and metabolite properties of peptides.
|
|
Convection mediated transport is also supported by cryogels, enabling even distribution of nutrients and metabolite elimination, overcoming some of the shortcomings of hollow-fibre systems. Most importantly, cryogel scaffolds demonstrate good mechanical strength and biocompatibility without triggering an immune response, improving their potential for long-term inclusion in BAL devices or in-vitro use. Another advantage of cryogels is their flexibility for use in a variety of tasks, including separation and purification of substances, along with acting as extracellular matrix for cell growth and proliferation. Immobilisation of specific ligands onto cryogels enables adsorption of specific substances, supporting their use as treatment options for toxins, for separation of haemoglobin from blood, and as a localised and sustained method for drug delivery.
|
|
A recent study on related cystine knot proteins as drug candidates showed that cystine knots do permeate well through rat small intestinal mucosa relative to non-cystine knot peptide drugs such as insulin and bacitracin. Furthermore, enzymatic digestion of cystine knot peptide drugs was associated with only a few proteases and it was suggested that this limitation may be overcome by mutating out particular cleavage sites. Thus, certain cystine knot proteins satisfy the basic criteria for drug delivery and represent exciting novel candidates as scaffolds for peptide drug delivery. The diverse range of intrinsic activities of cyclotides also continues to hold promise for a wide range of applications in the agricultural fields against insects and nematodes, especially those from Clitoria ternatea.
|
|
W.C.A. Vrouwenvelder, C.G. Groot, K. Degroot, Better histology and biochemistry for osteoblasts cultured on titanium doped bioactive glass — Bioglass 45S5 compared with iron-containing, titanium-containing, fluorine containing and boron-containing bioactive glasses, Biomaterials 15 (1994) 97–106.Brink M, Turunen T, Happonen R-P, Yli- Urpo A. Compositional dependence of bioactivity of glasses in the system Na2O-K2O-MgO-CaO-B2O3-P2O5-SiO2. J Biomed Mater Res 1997;37:114-121.Haimi, S., Gorianc, G., Moimas, L., Lindroos, B., Huhtala, H., Räty, S., Kuokkanen, H., Sándor, G.K., Schmid, C., Miettinen, S. & Suuronen, R. (2009) 'Characterization of zinc-releasing three Dimensional bioactive glass scaffolds and their effect on human adipose stem cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation', Acta Biomaterialia, Vol. 5, No. 8, pp. 3122-3131.
|
|
" Héron de Villefosse denounced Haussmann's central market, Les Halles, as "a hideous eruption" of cast iron. Describing Haussmann's renovation of the Île de la Cité, he wrote: "the old ship of Paris was torpedoed by Baron Haussmann and sunk during his reign. It was perhaps the greatest crime of the megalomaniac prefect and also his biggest mistake...His work caused more damage than a hundred bombings. It was in part necessary, and one should give him credit for his self-confidence, but he was certainly lacking culture and good taste...In the United States, it would be wonderful, but in our capital, which he covered with barriers, scaffolds, gravel, and dust for twenty years, he committed crimes, errors, and showed bad taste.
|
|
Remarkably, the light harvester used during the stability test is classical methylammonium (MA) based perovskite, MAPbI3, but devices are built up without organic based selective layer neither metal back contact. Under these conditions, only thermal stress was found to be the major factor contributing to the loss of operational stability in encapsulated devices. The intrinsic fragility of the perovskite material requires extrinsic reinforcement to shield this crucial layer from mechanical stresses. Insertion of mechanically reinforcing scaffolds directly into the active layers of perovskite solar cells resulted in the compound solar cell formed exhibiting a 30-fold increase in fracture resistance, repositioning the fracture properties of perovskite solar cells into the same domain as conventional c-Si, CIGS and CdTe solar cells.
|
|
The commemorated spot on Tower Green where the execution scaffolds were erected Tower Green is a space within the Tower of London, a royal castle in London, where two English Queens consort and several other British nobles were executed by beheading. It was considered more dignified for nobility to be executed away from spectators, and Queens Anne Boleyn, Catherine Howard and Lady Jane Grey were among the nobility beheaded here. Queen Victoria asked for information on the exact location where the executions took place and had some granite paving laid to mark the spot. However, it is unclear whether the location is indeed correct because other sources place it on the current parade ground between the White Tower and the entrance to the current Waterloo Barracks.
|
|
Simon, in a 1988 NIH SBIR grant report, showed that electrospinning could be used to produced nano- and submicron-scale polystyrene and polycarbonate fibrous mats specifically intended for use as in vitro cell substrates. This early use of electrospun fibrous lattices for cell culture and tissue engineering showed that Human Foreskin Fibroblasts (HFF), transformed Human Carcinoma (HEp-2), and Mink Lung Epithelium (MLE) would adhere to and proliferate upon the fibers. Nanofiber scaffolds are used in bone tissue engineering to mimic the natural extracellular matrix of the bones. The bone tissue is arranged either in a compact or trabecular pattern and composed of organized structures that vary in length from the centimeter range all the way to the nanometer scale.
|
|
More recently a Pd-catalyzed cyclopentannulation followed by Scholl cyclodehydrogenation devised by Kyle Plunkett's research group has been found valuable for synthesizing the five-membered ring core poly aromatic contorted molecules. Based on the hypothesis that the five membered cyclopentaaceanthralene core is a part of the fullerene itself and can help assist conjugation in the molecule in its substituted form. Fig.10: C60 and C70 with their scaffolds used to develop contorted PAHs The resonance structures Figure 10 show that the five-membered aromatic ring core can accept a pair of electrons in one of its (anti aromatic) resonance structures to afford cyclopentadienyl anion (aromatic) rings and thus can behave as a good electron acceptor molecule. The tendency to achieve low energy aromatic structure makes it a good electron acceptor core.
|
|
The winning works were to be exhibited at the National Theater in an exhibition called La Tolteca. Aurora Eugenia Latapí was awarded fourth place with the picture Chalchiuhtlanetzin (the first place was won by Manuel Álvarez Bravo; Agustín Jiménez won second; and third was awarded to Lola Álvarez Bravo). Once again, the jury's decision, which Diego Rivera was part of, was widely criticized in Helios magazine by members of the Asociación de Fotógrafos de México.“Algo sobre la exposición de La Tolteca.” Helios: Revista mensual fotográfica (México) 3, no.18 (January, 1932): 2-3. Latapí's series “La Tolteca” (1931) presents different views of the cement factory. Many of the photos show architectural structures covered with cement: a great wall with attached cylinders, grids, chimneys, towers; all of which contrast with metallic scaffolds, staircases and pipes.
|
|
San Te finally corners him and forces him to leave, with a strange smile on his lips. Jen-chieh returns to town to find that the conditions of the workers have worsened: Their salary has been cut by nearly half, and any who have protested had been laid off to eke out a meager existence. Elated by his return, some of the ex-workers begin to pester Jen-chieh with their high expectations, which leads to Jen-chieh instinctively and to his own surprise fighting them off with his newly acquired kung fu skills. The next morning, Jen-chieh appears at the dye mill and thrashes the overseers, using bamboo fibers (like the ones he used when building the scaffolds) to tie them up and incapacitate them, introducing his style as "scaffolding kung fu".
|
|
At first, all of the combatants employed heavy machine guns and light field guns on improvised anti-aircraft mounts to combat reconnaissance and ground attack aircraft. Heavy machine guns were often placed on improvised pedestal mounts while light field guns were typically propped up on earthen embankments or scaffolds to point the muzzle pointed skyward. A heavy machine gun was capable of shooting down an attacking aircraft but the amount of time on target was brief and the probability of scoring a killing blow with rifle caliber rounds wasn't that great. While a medium caliber anti-aircraft gun was capable of destroying an attacking aircraft with one shot but its slow rate of fire combined with its slow elevation and traverse limited its usefulness against small fast moving targets at short range.
|
|
Enyne cycloisomerization, an alkyne variant of the Alder-ene reaction (figure 5), is an intramolecular rearrangement of 1,n–enynes to give the corresponding cyclic isomer. center Although the rearrangement may occur under thermal conditions, the scope of the thermal rearrangement is limited due to the requirement of high temperatures, thus transition metals such as Au, Pd, Pt, Rh and Ir are often employed as catalysts. As synthesis quarrels to build complex structural motifs in the presence of inductive, stereoelectronic and steric demands this rearrangement has recently been developed as a robust method for constructing carbo– and heterocyclic scaffolds with excellent chemo–, regio– and diastereoselective outcomes. There is not a single mechanism that can be used to describe enyne cycloisomerizations as the mechanism depends on reaction conditions and catalyst selection.
|
|
The difference between enzymatically active and inactive homologues has been noted (and in some cases, understood when comparing catalytically active and inactive proteins residing in recognisable families) for some time at the sequence level, and some pseudoenzymes have also been referred to as 'prozymes' when they were analysed in protozoan parasites. The best studied pseudoenzymes reside amongst various key signalling superfamilies of enzymes, such as the proteases, the protein kinases, protein phosphatases and ubiquitin modifying enzymes. The role of pseudoenzymes as "pseudo scaffolds" has also been recognised and pseudoenzymes are now beginning to be more thoroughly studied in terms of their biology and function, in large part because they are also interesting potential targets (or anti-targets) for drug design in the context of intracellular cellular signalling complexes.
|
|
How chitin interacts with the immune system of plants and animals has been an active area of research, including the identity of key receptors with which chitin interacts, whether the size of chitin particles is relevant to the kind of immune response triggered, and mechanisms by which immune systems respond. Chitin and chitosan have been explored as a vaccine adjuvant due to its ability to stimulate an immune response. Chitin and chitosan are under development as scaffolds in studies of how tissue grows and how wounds heal, and in efforts to invent better bandages, surgical thread, and materials for allotransplantation. Sutures made of chitin have been explored for many years, but , none were on the market; their lack of elasticity and problems making thread have prevented commercial development.
|
|
However, Europe once again proved the saviour of Arsenal, as a brace from Alexandre Lacazette laid the scaffolds for an impressive 3–1 comeback victory over Valencia in the first leg of the Europa League semi-final at the Emirates Stadium. However, it was the visitors who took the lead in North London, with Mouctar Diakhaby finishing off a clever Valencia set-piece move with a firm header, before Alexandre Lacazette slammed home Aubameyangs square ball to level it. Lacazette nodded home Granit Xhaka's cross before the break to make it 2–1 before Aubameyang wrapped up the win in the final minute of normal time, volleying home Sead Kolasinac's cross to ensure Arsenal took a healthy advantage to the second leg in Spain. The Gunners had one foot in the Europa League final, but the top-four looked unlikely.
|
|
3D cultures use sponge, models or scaffolds that resemble the elements of the extracellular matrix to achieve a more natural spatial structure of the seminiferous tubules and to better represent the tissues and the interaction between different cell types in an ex vivo experiment. Different components of the extracellular matrix such as collagen, agar and calcium alginate are commonly used to form the gel or scaffold which can provide oxygen and nutrients. To propagate 3D cultures, testicular cell cultures are imbedded into the porous sponge/scaffold and allowed to colonise the structure which can then survive for several weeks to allow spermatogonia to differentiate and mature into spermatozoa. In addition, shaking 3D cultures during the seeding process allows for an increased oxygen supply which helps overcome the issue of hypoxia and so improves the lifespan of cells.
|
|
Piaget, J., Psychology and Epistemology: Towards a Theory of Knowledge (New York: Grossman, 1971). Lev Vygotsky's (1896-1934) theory of social constructivism emphasized the importance of sociocultural learning; how interactions with adults, more capable peers, and cognitive tools are internalized by learners to form mental constructs through the zone of proximal development. Expanding upon Vygotsky's theory Jerome Bruner and other educational psychologists developed the important concept of instructional scaffolding, whereby the social or informational environment offers supports (or scaffolds) for learning that are gradually withdrawn as they become internalized. Views more focused on human development in the context of the social world include the sociocultural or socio-historical perspective of Lev Vygotsky and the situated cognition perspectives of Mikhail Bakhtin, Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger; Brown, Collins and Duguid; Newman, Griffin and Cole, and Barbara Rogoff.
|
|
Scientific advances in biomaterials, stem cells, growth and differentiation factors, and biomimetic environments have created unique opportunities to fabricate tissues in the laboratory from combinations of engineered extracellular matrices ("scaffolds"), cells, and biologically active molecules. Among the major challenges now facing tissue engineering is the need for more complex functionality, as well as both functional and biomechanical stability and vascularization in laboratory-grown tissues destined for transplantation. The continued success of tissue engineering and the eventual development of true human replacement parts will grow from the convergence of engineering and basic research advances in tissue, matrix, growth factor, stem cell, and developmental biology, as well as materials science and bioinformatics. In 2003, the NSF published a report entitled "The Emergence of Tissue Engineering as a Research Field", which gives a thorough description of the history of this field.
|
|
On the other hand, the two Mary Plays and the Passion Play were written for what is often called "place and scaffold" production in the round using "scaffolds" or raised stages and also the "platea" or the "place" between the stages.Introduction to N-Town The true nature of the manuscript has been hidden by the fact that the scribe arranged all the episodes in "chronological order" starting with Creation and ending with Judgment, simulating an episodic play presenting salvation history as in the two northern civic cycles from York and Chester. As he did this he buried the Mary Play inside the Nativity sequence and copied the Passion Play into place between the Raising of Lazarus and the Resurrection appearances. It has taken painstaking paleographic and codicologic examinations of the manuscript to determine what the scribe actually did.
|
|
Fireworks were first mentioned in Paris in 1581, and Henry IV had put on a small display at the Hôtel de Ville in 1598 after lighting the Fire of Saint Jean, but the first large show was given on April 12, 1612 following the Carrousel to mark the opening of the place Royale and the proposed marriage of Louis XIII with Anne of Austria. New innovations were introduced in 1615; allegorical figures of Jupiter on an eagle and Hercules, representing the King, were created with fireworks mounted on scaffolds next to the Seine and on a balcony of the Louvre. In 1618, the show was even more spectacular; rockets were launched into the sky which, according to one witness, the Abbot of Marolles, "burst into stars and serpents of fire." Thereafter fireworks, launched from the quays of the Seine, were a regular feature of the celebrations of holidays and special events.
|
|
At first, Ford believed that boats could be sent down a continuously moving assembly line like automobiles. The size of the craft made this too difficult, however, and a "step-by-step" movement was instituted on the line, entailing seven separate assembly areas, followed by the addition of a 200-foot (61 m) extension to the assembly facility, or B-Building, to support a pre-assembly stage. Unfortunately, the Eagles suffered from various issues due to Ford's institutional inexperience with shipbuilding: for instance, the Model T did not use electric arc welding, and the resulting workmanship on the Eagle boats was so poor that the superintending constructor requested that Ford workers do as little welding as possible on water-tight and oil-tight bulkheads. Additionally, the use of ladders instead of scaffolds caused major difficulties--the attempted bolting of plates, carried out by workers wielding short-handled wrenches on ladders meant that the bolters were unable to apply sufficient force to bring the plates together tightly.
|
|
While the NFB was initially established in 2003, the centre was incorporated into a Strategic Research Cluster (SRC) in 2007 with funding from Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) to establish collaborative partnerships with national and international universities and industries. NFB is continuously developing new technologies for use in gene delivery and drug delivery using a wide range of clinically relevant materials including naturally occurring biopolymers such as collagen, elastin, hyaluronic acid and chitosan; synthetic polymers, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), poly(lactic acid) (PLA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polydioxanone (PDO), polycaprolactone (PCL); as well as metals, alloys, and ceramics. NFB's researchers employ a range of nanotechnologies and micro-fabrication technologies (bottom-up or top-down) to create complex structures with topographical cues to be used as scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. State-of-the-art facilities are available to evaluate the bulk, surface and biological properties of the produced biomaterials.
|
|
The current research of Xia and his group centers on the development of new chemistry, physics, and technological applications of nanostructured materials – a class of materials which feature sizes less than 100 nm. His research includes the chemistry and physics of nanomaterial synthesis, the application of nanomaterials to biomedical research, and developing nanomaterials for energy- and environment-related applications. Xia co-invented soft lithography while he was a PhD student with George M. Whitesides at Harvard University. As an independent researcher, he and his group have made original and important contributions to the following areas: colloidal crystals and their photonic applications, colloidal assembly, one-dimensional nanostructures, electrospinning and alignment of nanofibers, electrospun nanofibers as scaffolds for tissue engineering, and shape-controlled synthesis of colloidal nanocrystals and their applications in plasmonics, spectroscopy, heterogeneous catalysis, and electrocatalysis, invention of silver nanostructures with many different morphologies such as nanowires and nanocubes, and invention of gold nanocages and exploration of their biomedical applications.
|
|
Signaling scaffolds bind to specific partners to promote efficient signal transduction by arranging sequential elements of a pathway near each other to facilitate interaction/information transfer, and also by holding these partner protein complexes in specific locations within the cell to promote local or regional signaling. In the case of αPIX, its SH3 domain binds to partner proteins with appropriate polyproline motifs, and particularly to group I p21-activated kinases (PAKs) (PAK1, PAK2 and PAK3). PAK is bound to the αPIX SH3 domain in the inactive state, and activated Rac1 or Cdc42 binding to this PAK stimulates its protein kinase activity leading to downstream target protein phosphorylation; since αPIX can activate the “p21’’ small GTPases Rac1 or Cdc42 through its GEF activity, this αPIX/PAK/Rac complex exemplifies a scaffolding function. Structurally, αPIX assembles as a trimer through its carboxyl-terminal coiled-coil domain, and further interacts with dimers of GIT1 or GIT2 through a nearby GIT-binding domain to form oligomeric GIT-PIX complexes.
|
|
Researchers have recently successfully produced dopaminergic neurons for transplant in patients with Parkinson's diseases with the hopes that they will be able to move again with a more steady supply of dopamine. Many researchers are building scaffolds that could be transplanted into a patient with spinal cord trauma to present an environment that promotes growth of axons (portions of the cell attributed with transmission of electrical signals) so that patients unable to move or feel might be able to do so again. The potentials are wide-ranging, but it is important to note that many of these therapies are still in the laboratory phase and are slowly being adapted in the clinic. Some scientists remain skeptical with the development of the field, and warn that there is a much larger chance that electrical prosthesis will be developed to solve clinical problems such as hearing loss or paralysis before cell therapy is used in a clinic.
|
|
Ingber's tensegrity theory also led to the prediction in the early 1980s that changes in extracellular matrix structure and mechanics play a fundamental role in tissue and organ development, and that deregulation of this form of developmental control can promote cancer formation. Ingber's contributions in translational medicine include discovery of one of the first angiogenesis inhibitor compounds (TNP-470) to enter clinical trials for cancer, creation of tissue engineering scaffolds that led to clinical products, development of a dialysis-like blood cleansing device for treatment of blood stream infections that is moving towards clinical testing,Phillip, Abby (September 16, 2014). "From E. coli to Ebola: A device that can filter deadly pathogens out of the body", The Washington Post. creation of a mechanically-activated nanotechnology for targeting clot-busting drugs to sites of vascular occlusion, and co- development of a new surface coating based on Slippery Liquid Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPS) for medical devices and implants that could eliminate the conventional dependency on anticoagulant drugs that pose life-threatening side-effect risks.
|
|
Additional malformation included reduced trabeculation, cytoskeletal dissaray and cardiac wall rupture. Further studies demonstrated that plakophilin-2 coordinate with E-cadherin is required to properly localize RhoA early in actin cytoskeletal rearrangement in order to properly couple the assembly of adherens junctions to the translocation of desmosome precursors in newly formed cell-cell junctions. Plakophilin-2 over time has shown to be more than components of cell-cell junctions; rather the plakophilins are emerging as versatile scaffolds for various signaling pathways that more globally modulate diverse cellular activities. Plakophilin-2 has shown to localize to nuclei, in addition to desmosomal plaques in the cytoplasm. Studies have shown that plakkophillin-2 is found in the nucleoplasm, complexed in the RNA polymerase III holoenzyme with the largest subunit of RNA polymerase III, termed RPC155. There are data to support molecular crosstalk between plakophilin-2 and proteins involved in mechanical junctions in cardiomyocytes, including connexin 43, the major component of cardiac gap junctions; the voltage-gated sodium channel Na(V)1.5 and its interacting subunit, ankyrin G; and the K(ATP).
|
|
Spiroligomer Scaffolds - (A) bis-amino acids (B) 3D Mock up of a bis-amino acids (C) Spiroligomer Trimer (D) 3D Mock up of a Spiroligomer Spiroligomers (also known as bis-peptides) are synthetic oligomers made by coupling pairs of bis-amino acids into a fused ring system. Christian E. Schafmeister, Zachary Z. Brown, and Sharad Gupta "Shape-Programmable Macromolecules" Accounts of Chemical Research, (2008), 41(10), 1387-1398 Spiroligomers are rich in stereochemistry and functionality because of the variety of bis-amino acids that are capable of being incorporated during synthesis. Zachary Z. Brown and Christian E. Schafmeister, "Synthesis of Hexa- and Pentasubstituted Diketopiperazines from Sterically Hindered Amino Acids" Organic Letters, (2010), 12(7), 1436-1439 Due to the rigidity of the fused ring system, Gregory H. Bird, Soraya Pornsuwan, Sunil Saxena, and Christian E. Schafmeister, "Distance Distributions of End-Labeled Curved Bispeptide Oligomers by Electron Spin Resonanace" ACSNano (2008), 2(9), 1857-1864 the three-dimensional shape of a spiroligomer – as well as the display of any functional groups – can be predicted, allowing for molecular modeling and dynamics.
|
|
Water is by far the most commonly used suspension media, and by freeze drying is readily conducive to the step of sublimation that is necessary for the success of freeze-casting processes. Due to the hgih level of control and broad range of possible porous microstructures that freeze-casting can produce, the technique has been adopted in disparate fields such as tissue scaffolds,, Bio-materials by freeze casting photonics, metal-matrix composites, dentistry, , Freeze Casting of High Strength Composites for Dental Applications materials science,, Dispersion, connectivity and tortuosity of hierarchical porosity composite SOFC cathodes prepared by freeze-casting, Processing of Hierarchical and Anisotropic LSM-YSZ Ceramics, Lightweight and stiff cellular ceramic structures by ice templating and even food science There are three possible end results to uni-directionally freezing a suspension of particles. First, the ice-growth proceeds as a planar front, pushing particles in front like a bulldozer pushes a pile of rocks. This scenario usually occurs at very low solidification velocities (< 1 μm s−1) or with extremely fine particles because they can move by Brownian motion away from the front.
|
|
Scionti's research activities in the fields of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials focused on the design and development of different bioengineering technologies for multiple biomedical applications, and on the generation of novel biomimetic materials with defined microstructure and physical properties, using a variety of natural and synthetic biomaterials. He participated in multiple biomedical research projects, with the objective of generating different soft and hard bioengineered tissues such as bone, cartilage, cornea, full-thickness skin, oral mucosa, peripheral nerve, tympanic membrane and blood vessels implants. In 2013, he was awarded the Award and the status of Correspondent Member by the Royal Academy of Medicine and Surgery of Oriental Andalusia, for a research study on the in vivo evaluation of a novel nano-technological human artificial skin model. In 2014, he co-authored a PCT International Patent on the development of magnetic field-sensitive biomaterials, based on the incorporation of biocompatible nanoparticles, generating the first smart magneto-rheological scaffolds for tissue engineering applications, whose mechanical properties can be controlled by non-contact magnetic forces.
|
|
Georgsson, C. Sköld, B. Plouffe, G. Lindeberg, M. Botros, M. Larhed, F. Nyberg, N. Gallo-Payet, A. Karlén, A. Hallberg: Angiotensin II pseudopeptides containing 1,3,5-trisubstituted benzene scaffolds with high AT2 receptor affinity. J Med Chem, 48 (2005) 6620-6631U. Rosenström, C. Sköld, G. Lindeberg, M. Botros, F. Nyberg, A. Karlén, A. Hallberg: Design, synthesis, and incorporation of a β -turn mimetic in angiotensin II forming novel pseudopeptides with affinity for AT1 and AT2 receptors. J Med Chem, 49 (2006) 6133-6137J. Georgsson, C. Sköld,, M. Botros, F. Nyberg, A. Karlén, A. Hallberg, M. Larhed: Synthesis of a new class of drug-like angiotensin II C-terminal mimics with affinity for the AT2 receptor. J Med Chem, 50 (2007) 1711-1715. The first drug-like selective and potent angiotensin II, type II receptor agonist with a high oral bioavailability was recently discovered.Y. Wan, C. Wallinder, B. Plouffe, H. Beaudry, A. K. Mahalingam, X. Wu, B. Johansson, M. Holm, M. Botros, A. Karlén, A. Pettersson, F. Nyberg, L. Fändriks, N. Gallo-Payet, A. Hallberg, M. Alterman: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of the first selective non-peptide AT2 receptor agonist. J Med Chem, 47 (2004) 5995-6008E.
|
|
He offers to help, but since he cannot actually do kung fu, he and the foreman's assistant, Ah Chao, devise a plan to trick the Manchu into reinstating the full salary pay, with Jen-chieh posing as the Shaolin's head abbot of 36th Chamber, San Te. At first the scheme works, but Wang quickly works out that this man is an impostor, and has him driven away and his Manchu hirelings retaliate against the workers. Feeling guilty about what has happened, Jen-chieh leaves and heads for the Shaolin temple to learn the real fighting arts. His first attempts to enter by stealth are thwarted by the vigilant monks and his own bumbling, but eventually he manages to sneak his way in, just to run into the real San Te. He, too, realizes that Jen-chieh is not what he claims to be, but he announces that he wants to give him a chance: Jen-chieh is to build a set of scaffolds all around the temple and renovate the entire complex. Somewhat reluctantly, Jen-chieh goes to work, but he is constantly distracted by the monks practicing martial arts in the 36th Chamber, which he can overlook from his high vantage point.
|
|
It has more facile viscous flow behavior and a lower tendency to crystallize upon being pulled into fibers. 13-93 bioactive glass powder could be dispersed into a binder to create ink for robocasting or direct ink 3D printing technique. The mechanical properties of the resulting porous scaffolds have been studied in various works of literature. The printed 13-93 bioactive glass scaffold in the study by Liu et al. was dried in ambient air, fired to 600 °C under the O2 atmosphere to remove the processing additives, and sintered in air for 1 hour at 700 °C. In the pristine sample, the flexural strength (11 ± 3 MPa) and flexural modulus (13 ± 2 MPa) are comparable to the minimum value of those of trabecular bones while the compressive strength (86 ± 9 MPa) and compressive modulus (13 ± 2 GPa) are close to the cortical bone values. However, the fracture toughness of the as-fabricated scaffold was 0.48 ± 0.04 MPa·m1/2, indicating that it is more brittle than human cortical bone whose fracture toughness is 2-12 MPa·m1/2. After immersing the sample in a simulated body fluid (SBF) or subcutaneous implantation in the dorsum of rats, the compressive strength and compressive modulus decrease sharply during the initial two weeks but more gradually after two weeks.
|
|
Paolo Samorì (born in Imola, Italy, 1971) is an Italian physical chemist and Distinguished Professor (PRCE) and director of the Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) of the Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA) & CNRS where he is also head of the Nanochemistry Laboratory. He obtained a Laurea (master's degree) in Industrial Chemistry at University of Bologna in 1995. In 2000 he received his PhD in Chemistry from the Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin (Prof. Jürgen P. Rabe). He was permanent research scientist at Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche of Bologna from 2001 till 2008, and Visiting Professor at ISIS from 2003 til 2008. He has published over 350 papers on applications of nanochemistry and materials chemistry with a particular focus on graphene and related 2D materials, supramolecular electronics, scanning probe microscopies beyond imaging, hierarchical self- assembly of hybrid functional architectures at surfaces and interfaces, and the fabrication of organic- and graphene-based nanodevices. He is using the supramolecular chemistry approach in order to generate ordered 1D, 2D and 3D architectures at surfaces and interfaces, with the ultimate goal of controlling an improving the properties of electronic devices. He exploited supramolecular scaffolds based on H-bondingG.
|
|