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1000 Sentences With "Ruthenian"

How to use Ruthenian in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "Ruthenian" and check conjugation/comparative form for "Ruthenian". Mastering all the usages of "Ruthenian" from sentence examples published by news publications.

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First up is Edward O'Toole, a British expat living in a Ruthenian village somewhere in Slovakia, and author of The Tao of Prepping.
He said he would strive for better education for the underprivileged Roma minority, and wanted the Roma, Hungarian and Ruthenian minorities to feel equal.
Caputova started her acceptance speech by thanking voters in Slovak, as well as in the Hungarian, Czech, Roma and Ruthenian languages, turning to all main minority groups.
Warhol's parents both spoke Ruthenian, and the artist understood it enough to use it in 1980, when he met Pope John Paul II, who knew the language from his upbringing in southern Poland.
Sherman's subjects included a Ruthenian woman wearing a sheepskin vest and traditional linen shirt; a Romanian piper posed with his instrument and wearing a traditional sheepskin cloak; and a boy from India whose long hair os brushed back beneath a cap known as a topi.
The Ruthenian Church continued to suffer. The Soviet authorities initiated persecution of the Ruthenian Church in the newly acquired region. In 1946 the Uzhorod seminary was closed. In 1949 the Ruthenian Catholic Church was integrated into the Russian Orthodox Church.
After the partitions of Poland, the Ruthenian nobility from Ukrainian and other lands of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth were also incorporated into dvoryanstvo. The same way that the Ruthenian nobility had been incorporated in Polish nobility, high nobility of Ruthenian and Cossack descent more and more associated themselves with the Russian nation, rather than Rusyn (Ruthenian, Cossack, Ukrainian) nation. Because most of the education was primarily taught in Russian and French, and soon Ruthenian nobility started speaking Russian instead of the Rusyn language. Through intermarriages and service, the Ruthenian nobility became a large donor for Russian nation.
In culture and social life, both the Polish language and Catholicism became dominant for the Ruthenian nobility, most of whom were initially Ruthenian-speaking and Eastern Orthodox by religion. However the commoners, especially the peasants, continued to speak their own languages and after the Union of Brest converted to Eastern Catholicism. This eventually created a significant rift between the lower social classes and the nobility in the Lithuanian and Ruthenian areas of the Commonwealth. Some Ruthenian magnates resisted Polonization (like the Ostrogskis) by adhering to Orthodox Christianity, giving generously to the Ruthenian Orthodox Churches and to the Ruthenian schools.
Olgerd himself, married twice the Ruthenian princesses, allowed his sons to baptize into Ruthenian religion and, as the Ruthenian Chronicles speak, had himself baptized and died as a monk. As such, the princes that replaced the St. Vladimir's [Rurikid] line in Ruthenia, became as Ruthenian by religion and by the ethnicity they adopted, as the princes of the line that preceded them. The Lithuanian state was called Lithuania, but of course it was purely Ruthenian and would have remained Ruthenian if only the successor of Olgerd in the Great Princehood, the Jagiello wouldn't have married in 1386 to the Polish queen Jadwiga" Nikolay Kostomarov, Russian History in Biographies of its main figures, section Knyaz Kostantin Konstantinovich Ostrozhsky (Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski) The Lithuanian nobility became largely Ruthenian,"Within the [Lithuanian] Grand Duchy, the Ruthenian lands initially retained considerable autonomy. The pagan Lithuanians themselves were increasingly converting to Orthodoxy and assimilating into Ruthenian culture.
As such, the princes that replaced the St. Vladimir's [Rurikid] line in Ruthenia, became as Ruthenian by religion and by the ethnicity they adopted, as the princes of the line that preceded them. The Lithuanian state was called Lithuania, but of course it was purely Ruthenian and would have remained Ruthenian if only the successor of Olgerd in the Great Princehood, the Jagiello wouldn't have married in 1386 to the Polish queen Jadwiga" Nikolay Kostomarov, Russian History in Biographies of its main figures, section Knyaz Kostantin Konstantinovich Ostrozhsky (Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski) In the effect of the processes, Lithuanian higher nobility became largely Ruthenian,"Within the [Lithuanian] Grand Duchy, the Ruthenian lands initially retained considerable autonomy. The pagan Lithuanians themselves were increasingly converting to Orthodoxy and assimilating into Ruthenian culture. The grand duchy's administrative practices and legal system drew heavily on Ruthenian customs, and Ruthenian (Old Belarusian) became the official state language.
Ruthenian sobor, or Ruthenian Congress () was a Polonophile Political Committee, based in Lviv and created on May 23, 1848 by Polish nobleman of Ukrainian origin "in the name of supporting harmony and unity in peace Motherland". Ruthenian sobor had 64 members strongly opposed the Polish- Ukrainian administrative partition of Galicia (Eastern and Western Galicia) and collaborated with the Polish People's Council. Ruthenian sobor was opposite of the Supreme Ruthenian Council. It operated during the Spring of Nations time, and was dissolved with the reestablishment of the government control by fall that year.
Bishop Andriy Bachynskyi Andriy Bachynskyi (; 11 November 1732 – 19 November 1809) was a Ruthenian Greek Catholic hierarch. He was bishop of the Ruthenian Catholic Eparchy of Mukacheve from 1773 to 1809.
Michael Rohoza (, , , ) (died 1599) was the Ruthenian Metropolitan of Kiev, Galychyna and All-Ruthenia from 1588 to his death in 1599. In 1595 he signed the Union of Brest which moved the Ruthenian Church from the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople to the jurisdiction of the Pope, thus forming the Ruthenian Uniate Church.
Between the 12th and 15th centuries, the area was probably colonized by Eastern Orthodox groups of Vlach highlanders with accompanying Ruthenian populations. All the groups, including local Slavic population, blended together creating distinctive culture from main Ruthenian-speaking areas. Over the time, because of geographical and political isolation from the main Ruthenian-speaking territory, the inhabitants developed distinctive features.
In 1877 he released the first Bukovina almanac Ruthenian hut. Sydir Vorobkevych was one of the creators and chief-editors of the magazine Bokovinian dawn. In Chernivtsi University he headed the "Ruthenian Literary Association" and, starting in 1876, the students' union - "Soyuz". In 1887, Vorobkevych was the leader of the association "Ruthenian house public" in Chernivtsi.
Her poems have been translated into Ruthenian, Romanian and Swedish.
Pazak was born in Gary, Indiana, on August 13, 1946, to Stephen Pazak, an American of Ruthenian descent, and Johanna Hennessy, who was of Irish descent, both members of the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church.
The northern part of Transnistria had Ruthenian (Ukrainian) and Moldavian villages.
The Ruthenian lands under his sovereignty were divided between princes. However, Olgerd, the person of a strong character, controlled them. In Kyiv, he installed his son, Vladimir, who started the new line of Kiev princes that reigned there for over a century and called commonly the Olelkoviches, from Olelko, Aleksandr Vladimirovich, the grand-son of Olgerd. Olgerd himself, married twice the Ruthenian princesses, allowed his sons to baptize into Ruthenian religion and, as the Ruthenian Chronicles speak, had himself baptized and died as a monk.
The Ruthenian Catholic Apostolic Administration of Târgul-Siret was a short- lived 20th century Interbellum permanent Apostolic Administration (pre- diocesan missionary jurisdiction) of the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church sui iuris (Eastern Catholic, notably Byzantine Rite) in Romania.
Dialects of Ruthenian slowly developed into modern Belarusian, Rusyn and Ukrainian languages.
Upon the death of Lev I of Galicia the whole Kingdom went into decline due to a civil war. In 1323 the fall of the Polish-Ruthenian coalition against the Lithuanians the local boyars installed Boleslaw-Yuri II of Galicia. That move only strained the Ruthenian-Polish relationships which after short conflict ended the sovereignty of the Ruthenian Kingdom and the Halych Principality was annexed to the Kingdom of Poland in 1349. The partition of the Ruthenian Kingdom ensued the Galicia–Volhynia Wars as both Lithuania and Polish states fought for their expansion east.
Notwithstanding, the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople continued to appoint his metropolitans for dioceses of the Ruthenian Orthodox ChurchSlocombe, G. Poland. T. C. & E. C. Jack. 1916FRICK, D.A. Meletij Smotryc'kyj and the Ruthenian Question in the Early Seventeenth Century.
Mykhaylo Bradach (; 2 April 1748 – 20 December 1815) was a Ruthenian Greek Catholic hierarch. He was titular bishop of Dorylaeum, auxiliary bishop (from 1808) and Apostolic Administrator of the Ruthenian Catholic Eparchy of Mukacheve from 1812 to 1815.
Following the Partitions of Poland, most of Ruthenian Voivodeship, except for its northeastern corner, was annexed by the Habsburg Monarchy, as part of the province of Galicia. Today, the former Ruthenian Voivodeship is divided between Poland and Ukraine.
The Byzantines sent a squadron of 14 ships to pursue the dispersed monoxyla of the Rus'. They were sunk by the Ruthenian admiral Ivan Tvorimich, who also managed to rescue Prince Vladimir after the shipwreck. A 6,000-strong Ruthenian contingent under Vyshata, which did not take part in naval action, was captured and deported to Constantinople. Eight hundred of the Ruthenian prisoners were blinded.
The transfer of Ruthenian lands from the Grand Duchy to Poland occurred with the strong support of the Ruthenian nobility, who were attracted to the Polish culture and desired the privileges of the Polish nobility. Thus the Ruthenian nobility gravitated from the Lithuanian noble tradition towards the Polish noble one, described by Stone as a change from "wealth without legal rights" to "defined individual and corporate rights".Stone, p. 225. The Lithuanian, Polish and Ruthenian nobility gradually became more and more unified, particularly with regards to their standing as a socio-political class. By the 19th and 20th centuries, the Ruthenian aristocracy became so heavily Polonized, that the eventual national resurgence of Belarus and Ukraine was mostly spurred by middle and lower classes of the nobility, that later was joined by the growing national consciousness of the new middle class, rather than of the former upper class of Ruthenian nobility.
Nathan (Nata) ben Moses Hannover () was a Ruthenian Jewish historian, Talmudist, and kabbalist.
See also naming of the Ruthenian language. Since the late 16th – early 17th century, the number of the documents composed in Polish and in Latin, had been steadily increasing, until the complete elimination of the Ruthenian from the office use in the GDL, and further official ban on the Ruthenian for the official use (1696). The language of the 17–18th century Metrica is mostly Polish and partly Latin.
Republic of Three Nations according to the 1658 proposal 19th-century design for a coat of arms of a proposed Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth which never came into being. It consists of the Polish White Eagle, the Lithuanian Pahonia and the Ruthenian Archangel Michael Administrative division of the Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth after the Hadiach Agreement The Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth (, Republic of Three Nations) was a proposed (but never actually formed) European state in the 17th century that would have replaced the existing Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The establishment of the Grand Duchy of Ruthenia was considered at various times, particularly during the 1648 insurrection against Polish rule by the Cossacks who primarily lived in those territories (see Khmelnytsky Uprising). Such a Ruthenian duchy, as proposed in the 1658 Treaty of Hadiach, would have been a full-fledged member of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which would thereby have become a tripartite Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth.
Thereafter, the Ukrainian national movement spread rapidly among the Ruthenian peasantry and, despite repeated setbacks, by the early years of the twentieth century this movement had almost completely replaced other Ruthenian groups as the main rival for power with the Poles. Throughout this period, the Ukrainians never gave up the traditional Ruthenian demands for national equality and for partition of the province into a western, Polish half, and an eastern, Ukrainian half.
St Michael Greek Catholic Church (Ruthenian Catholic Church) was first of that denomination in the United States. On 21 November 1886, the church was dedicated to Saint Michael the Archangel. The new parish was started four years earlier when a group of seventy Galician and Subcarpathian Ruthenian families gathered together and agreed to petition the Ruthenian Catholic Metropolitan of Galicia. St. George Lithuanian Roman Catholic Church is the oldest Lithuanian parish in the United States.
In Europe, Ruthenian Catholics are immediately subject to the Holy See. The European branch has an eparchy in Ukraine (the Eparchy of Mukacheve) and another in the Czech Republic (the Ruthenian Apostolic Exarchate of Czech Republic). The Ruthenian Catholic Church is rooted among the Rusyn people who lived in Carpathian Ruthenia. This part of the Carpathian Mountains straddles the borders of the present-day states of Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Romania and Ukraine.
Anthony of Supraśl () was a Ruthenian monk and martyr, now venerated in the Polish Orthodox Church.
The written form of the Ruthenian language formed from the interaction of the ancient Slavic language with the local elements of the Ruthenian language. Such a Ruthenian language became the main language of the Chancery of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 14th and 15th centuries and maintained its dominant position until the middle of the 17th century. Latin and Polish languages were also widely used in the Chancery of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In the second part of the 17th century, the Polish language ousted the Ruthenian language from the written sources and the Lithuanian language from most areas of the public life.
Kyiv Oblast was officially created as part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic on February 27, 1932 among the first five original oblasts in Ukraine. It was established on territory that historically was known as Ruthenian land.Tolochko, O.P. Ruthenian land (РУСЬКА ЗЕМЛЯ). Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine.
The Ruthenian Catholic Apostolic Administration of Bosnia-Hercegovina was a short-lived (1914-1924) pre-diocesan Eastern Catholic jurisdiction, covering Bosnia and Hercegovina. It was exempt, i.e. directly dependent on the Holy See, not part of any ecclesiastical province. It practiced the Byzantine Rite in Ruthenian language.
Kyrylo Stavrovetsky-Tranquillon (died 1646) was a Ruthenian (Ukrainian) church figure of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, poet, publisher, archimandrite of the Yelets Dormition Monastery in Chernihiv. He is better known for his publishing efforts which provided Ruthenian citizens of the Commonwealth with literature in native language.
Dukhnovych supported education and cultural revival of Carpathian Ruthenians. He saw his role as a defender of Ruthenian culture against Magyarization. In 1850 Dukhnovych established the first Ruthenian cultural association, the Eperjes (now Prešov) Literary Society. The society under his guidance published a series of books.
In 1837, the so-called Ruthenian Triad led by Markiian Shashkevych, published The Nymph of the Dniester, a collection of folksongs and other materials in the common Ruthenian tongue. Alarmed by such democratism, the Austrian authorities and the Greek Catholic Metropolitan banned the book. In 1848, revolutionary actions broke out in Vienna and other parts of the Austrian Empire. In Lemberg, a Polish National Council, and then later, a Ukrainian, or Ruthenian Supreme Council were formed.
The Lithuanian annexation of Ruthenian lands between the 13th and 15th centuries was accompanied by some Lithuanization. A large part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania remained Ruthenian; due to religious, linguistic and cultural dissimilarity, there was less assimilation between the ruling nobility of the pagan Lithuanians and the conquered Orthodox East Slavs. After the military and diplomatic expansion of the duchy into Ruthenian (Kievan Rus') lands, local leaders retained autonomy which limited the amalgamation of cultures.Orest Subtelny Ukraine.
Konstantyn Sabov (; 4 January 1926 – 18 November 1982) was a Ruthenian Greek Catholic clandestine hierarch. He was an auxiliary bishop of the Ruthenian Catholic Eparchy of Mukacheve from 1977 to 1982. Born in Simerky, Czechoslovakia (present day – Ukraine) in 1926, he was clandestinely ordained a priest on 7 November 1956 by Bishop Alexander Chira for the Ruthenian Catholic Eparchy of Mukacheve. He never served openly as priest, because the Communist regime abolished the Greek-Catholic Church.
Petro Parfenii was an Orthodox Bishop and a Basilian monk who united the Ruthenian Church with Rome.
Trubetsky is a Ruthenian-Polish-Russian coat of arms. It has been used by the Trubetsky family.
The 1588 Statutes of Lithuania were still written in the Ruthenian Chancery Slavonic language, just as earlier legal codifications were.Snyder (2003), p. 44 From about 1700, Polish was used in the Grand Duchy's official documents as a replacement for Ruthenian and Latin use.Norman Davies, Europe: A History, p.
Thus the Lithuanian state was able to function because of the contributions of the Ruthenian culture representatives. Historical territories of the former Ruthenian dukedoms were preserved under the Lithuanian rule, and the further they were from Vilnius, the more autonomous the localities tended to be.Eidintas et al. (2013), p.
The Uniate Church, created for the Ruthenian population of the Commonwealth, in its administrative dealings gradually switched to the Polish language use. From about 1650, the majority of the Church's archival documents generated were in the Polish, rather than in the otherwise used Ruthenian (its Chancery Slavonic variety), language.
The Trubetskoy family (English), Трубецкой (Russian), Трубяцкі (Belarusian), Trubic (Croatian), Trubecki (Polish), Trubetsky (Ruthenian), Трубецький (Ukrainian), Troubetzkoy (French), Trubezkoi or Trubetzkoy (German), is a Ruthenian Gediminid gentry family of Black Ruthenian stock, like many other princely houses of Grand Duchy of Lithuania, later prominent in Russian history, science, and arts. They are descended from Algirdas's son Demetrius I Starshy (1327 – 12 August 1399 Battle of the Vorskla River). They used the Pogoń Litewska coat of arms and the Trubetsky coat of arms.
In 1772 the Order had over 200 monasteries and over 1000 monks, six seminaries, twenty schools and colleges, and four printing houses. In the last years of the 18th century most of the Ruthenian lands came under the Russian Empire, where the Order along with the whole Ruthenian Church was persecuted. Eventually the monasteries were subjected to the Russian Orthodox Church. A small part of modern-day Ukraine came under Austrian rule where the fate of the Ruthenian Church was much better.
The Statue of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina The Pannonian Rusyns themselves call their language Bačvan'ska ruska bešeda (бачваньска руска бешеда), or Bačvan'ski ruski jazik (бачваньски руски язик), both meaning "the Rusyn language of Bačka". Pannonian Rusyn has also sometimes been known as Yugoslavo-Ruthenian, Vojvodina-Ruthenian or Bačka-Ruthenian. There is controversy regarding whether Pannonian Rusyn is a distinct microlanguage, or a dialect of the Rusyn (or Carpathian Rusyn) language, which is spoken in a trans-border region of Ukraine, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Romania. Like most other Rusyns, and unlike Serbs or Croats, most Pannonian Rusyns were traditionally members of the Ruthenian Catholic Church, an Eastern Catholic church using the Byzantine Rite.
During the period of Polish dominance, many artistic and literary movements that originated in Europe made their way to Ukraine and Poland but not the Tsarist lands, as the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth forcefully isolated them. During the period of increased European cultural influence, the Ruthenian identity appears among ethnic Belarusians and Ukrainians, whose lands had been transferred to the administration of Lithuania and Poland, respectively. Ruthenian and Polish nobles often spoke Polish, Latin, and Church Slavonic in court, which added to the feeling that the Ruthenian language was the lingua franca of the peasants. The defining mark of a Ruthenian under Poland was therefore religion, as Poles are traditionally Catholic.
The Ruthenian language, also called Chancery Slavonic in its written form, was used to write laws alongside Polish, Latin and German, but use varied between regions. From the time of Vytautas, there are fewer remaining documents written in Ruthenian than there are in Latin and German, but later Ruthenian became the main language of documentation and writings, especially in eastern and southern parts of the Duchy. In the 16th century at the time of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Lithuanian lands became partially polonized over time and started to use the Polish language for writing much more often than the Lithuanian and Ruthenian languages. Polish finally became the official chancellery language of the Commonwealth in 1697.
41 Lithuanian soldiers and Ruthenians together defended Ruthenian strongholds, at times paying tribute to the Golden Horde for some of the outlying localities. Ruthenian lands may have been ruled jointly by Lithuania and the Golden Horde as condominiums until the time of Vytautas, who stopped paying tribute.Eidintas et al. (2013), p.
Vyshenskyi wrote not in the common Church Slavonic language, but in the Ruthenian language, an older form of Ukrainian.
During the 15th century, Ruthenian language anchored more in all machinery of the state. As it was common European tendency of the 15th to 17th centuries to make the transition from feudalism to bigger state dominance, the role of the state grew, and prestige of Lithuanian language decreased. Documents of Lithuanian law were written in Ruthenian, and it looked normal. Usage of Ruthenian however never reached amounts of official language usage in modern sense, and stayed comparable with usage of Latin in Medieval Europe.
1588 codification of Lithuanian law, which regulated the official use of the "ruskiy" language Ruthenian Language Grammar, by Stepan Smal-Stotsky and Theodor Gartner Ruthenian Bible Printed by Dr.Francysk Skaryna from the Glorious City of Polatsk In modern texts, the language in question is sometimes called "Old Ukrainian" or "Old Belarusian" () and (). As Ruthenian was always in a kind of diglossic opposition to Church Slavonic, this vernacular language was and still is often called prosta(ja) mova (Cyrillic проста(я) мова), literally "simple speech".
Olena Papuga () is a politician in Serbia. She has served in the National Assembly of Serbia since 2008 as a member of the League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina (LSV). She is a member of Serbia's Ruthenian (also called Rusyn) community and also serves as an elected member of the Ruthenian National Council.
Metropolitan M. Levytsky began to introduce the Ruthenian language in elementary schools, developed grammar books, insisted on instruction in University in Ruthenian and founded "Ruska Troyka" Society. The Lemko-Rusyn Republic, after World War I, attempted to join Lemko territories to Russia, and later to similar areas of the newly formed Czechoslovakia.
The artist's father, Mihail Śmigielski, came from Partitioned Poland. According to historian Nicolae Iorga, the family descended from chorąży (standard-bearers) to the Polish king.Gogâlea, p. 15 Another writer suggests a Ruthenian background; Mihail was an Eastern-rite Catholic, and the Austrian Partition of Poland was home to numerous Ruthenian Greek-Catholics.
Between 1349 and 1434, the territory along with the Western Podolie was known as Ruthenian Domain of the Crown and in such manner the King of Poland were titled as the Lord of Ruthenian lands.Mykhailovskyi, V.M. (РУСЬКИЙ ДОМЕН КОРОЛЯ). Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine. Western Podolie was added to the domain in 1394.
At age 14 Regina married Polish magnate of Ruthenian origin Michał Wiśniowiecki in 1603 in the city of Suceava, Moldavia.
The mineral names iridosmine, osmiridium, rutheniridosmium, ruthenian osmium, osmian ruthenium, ruthenium iridium and iridian ruthenium were proposed to be retired.
Before 1914, the Jews and the Ruthenian (Ukrainian) population of the town and the surrounding villages co-existed in peace.
The preserve includes numerous churches, a system of defense structures, and various other historical artifacts of the ancient Ruthenian capital.
Trade routes linking the Baltic to the Black Sea favored the development of settlements with Yotvingia-Ruthenian-Polish cultural characteristics.
In an effort to stop further Polonization processes and recent recognition of the Moscow Patriarchate by Jeremias II of Constantinople, in 1596 the Ruthenian Orthodox Church signed the agreement with the Holy See. The union was not accepted by all the members of the Ruthenian Orthodox Church in these lands, and marked the creation of Greek Catholic Church and separate eparchies that continued to stay Orthodox among which were Lviv eparchy, Peremyshel eparchy, Mukachevo eparchy and Lutsk eparchy that at first accepted the union but later oscillated back and forth. The conflict between Orthodox and Greek Catholics tried to be extinguished by adopting "Articles for Pacification of Ruthenian people" in 1632.Sas, P.M. Articles for Pacification of Ruthenian People (ПУНКТИ ДЛЯ ЗАСПОКОЄННЯ РУСЬКОГО НАРОДУ).
This sense of democracy played a key part of the sense of ethnic identity. Bohdan Khmelnytsky spoke of the liberation of the "entire Ruthenian people" and recent research has confirmed that the concept of a Ruthenian nation as a religious and cultural community had existed before his revolution.Serhy Yekelchyk. Ukraine Birth of a Modern Nation.
Frontpage of the book "Ruskoje wesile" (Ruthenian wedding, 1835) by Yosyp Lozynskyi which was a presentation of his Latin alphabet for Ruthenian (Ukrainian) language. A Latin alphabet for the Ukrainian language (called Latynka) has been proposed or imposed several times in the history in Ukraine, but has never challenged the conventional Cyrillic Ukrainian alphabet.
However, the Ruthenian peasants continued to speak their own language and remained faithful to the Belarusian Greek Catholic Church. Statutes were initially issued in the Ruthenian language alone and later also in Polish. Around 1840 the Statutes were banned by the Russian tsar following the November Uprising. Modern Ukrainian lands used it until 1860s.
With the Polish influence in the mix gradually increasing it soon became mostly like the Polish language superimposed on the Ruthenian phonetics. The total confluence of Ruthenia and Poland was seen coming. As the Eastern Rite Greek-Catholic Church originally created to accommodate the Ruthenian, initially Orthodox, nobility, ended up unnecessary to them as they converted directly into the Latin Rite Catholicism en masse, the Church largely became an hierarchy without followers. The Greek Catholic Church was then used as a tool aimed to split even the peasantry from their Ruthenian roots, still mostly unsuccessfully.
Notable individuals who held the post of Voivode (Palatine) during the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Jerema Wiśniowiecki, a notable magnate and military commander with Ruthenian and Moldavian origin, voivode of the Ruthenian Voivodship. He was heir of one of the biggest fortunes of the state and rose to several notable dignities, including the position of Ruthenian voivode in 1646. Wiśniowiecki was a successful military leader as well as one of the wealthiest magnates of Poland, ruling over lands inhabited by 230,000 people. Although the title of Voivode was not hereditary, it often stayed in the family.
Yosyf Holovach (; 11 August 1924 – 18 June 2000) was a Ruthenian Greek Catholic hierarch. He was an auxiliary bishop of the Ruthenian Catholic Eparchy of Mukacheve from 1983 to 2000 as titular bishop of Sozopolis in Haemimonto (from 1991). Born in Imstychovo, Czechoslovakia (present day – Ukraine) in 1924, he was ordained a priest on 14 September 1947 by Blessed Bishop Theodore Romzha for the Ruthenian Catholic Eparchy of Mukacheve. He served as married parish priest in village Yarok from 1947 to 1949, until the Communist regime abolished the Greek-Catholic Church.
The territory, where this conflict broke out, was a part of the medieval Kievan Rus', and after the disintegration of this united Ruthenian state (in the middle of the 12th century) belonged to the Ruthenian princedoms of Halych-Volhynia, Polotsk, Lutsk, Terebovlia, Turov-Pinsk etc. The majority of these principalities have been ruined during the Tatar–Mongol invasion in the middle of the 13th century. Some territories in the Dnieper region and Black Sea Coast for long years lost Ruthenian settled population and became the so- called Wild Steppe (i.e., territory of the Pereyaslavl).
Sigismund Augustus maintained both Polish- and Lithuanian-speaking courts. From the beginning of the 16th century, and especially after a rebellion led by Michael Glinski in 1508, there were attempts by the Court to replace the usage of Ruthenian with Latin. The use of Ruthenian by academics in areas formerly part of Rus' and even in Lithuania proper was widespread. Court Chancellor of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Lew Sapieha noted in the preface of the Third Statute of Lithuania (1588) that all state documents to be written exclusively in Ruthenian.
The Ruthenian language was and remained in the Grand Duchy's official use even after the Union, until the takeover of Polish.
Cathedral of the Theotokos The Cathedral of the Theotokos in Vilnius () is the episcopal see of the Orthodox Christian Metropolitan of Vilnius and all Lithuania. In 1415 – 1795 it was a cathedral temple metropolitan bishops of Kiev of the Ruthenian Orthodox Church and the Ruthenian Uniate Church (following the 1596 Union of Brest) within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
In the direction of the forest was the Slavic colonization of land. Already at the beginning of the XVI century, Ruthenian settlements appeared in the vicinity of the forest, located in the area of the Prussian border. However, the Ruthenian enclaves did not exist there for long and disappeared after the devastating wars of the 17th – 18th centuries.
After almost a thousand years of Hungarian rule the region became, in part, incorporated in Czechoslovakia after World War I. Annexation to the Soviet Union after the war led to persecution of the Ruthenian Catholic Church. However, since the collapse of Communism the Ruthenian Catholic Church in Eastern Europe has seen a resurgence in numbers of faithful and priests.
D. Dąbrowski, Dwa ruskie małżeństwa Leszka Białego. Karta z dziejów Rusi halickowołyńskiej i stosunków polsko-ruskich w początkach XIII wieku [Two Ruthenian marriages of Leszek the White. A card from the history of Galician-Volhynian Rus’ and the Polish- Ruthenian relations in the early 13th century]. In Roczniki historyczne, [The historical annals], 2006, Vol 72, p. 67-93.
Acta Patriarchatus Constantinopolitan. Vienna, 1862, Vol. 2, p.12 and another patriarch, Philotheos, excommunicated all Ruthenian noblemen who helped the "impious" Algirdas.
Stanislaw Stepien. (2005). Borderland City: Przemyśl and the Ruthenian National Awakening in Galicia. In Paul Robert Magocsi (Ed.). Galicia: A Multicultured Land.
However, their resistance was gradually waning with each subsequent generation as more and more of the Ruthenian elite turned towards Polish language and Catholicism. Still, with most of the educational system getting Polonized and the most generously funded institutions being to the west of Ruthenia, the Ruthenian indigenous culture further deteriorated. In the Polish Ruthenia the language of the administrative paperwork started to gradually shift towards Polish. By the 16th century the language of administrative paperwork in Ruthenia was a peculiar mix of the older Church Slavonic with the Ruthenian language of the commoners and the Polish language.
The Ruthenian population formed a majority in GDL from the time of the GDL's expansion in the mid 14th century; and the adjective "Lithuanian", besides denoting ethnic Lithuanians, from early times denoted any inhabitant of GDL, including Slavs and Jews. The Ruthenian language, corresponding to today's Belarusian and Ukrainian, was then called Russian, and was used as one of the chancellery languages by Lithuanian monarchs. However, there are fewer extant documents written in this language than those written in Latin and German from the time of Vytautas. Later, Ruthenian became the main language of documentation and writing.
Following the Galicia–Volhynia Wars, the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia was divided between Poland and Lithuania. In 1349 the Polish portion was transformed into the Ruthenian domain of the Crown, while the Duchy of Volhynia was held by Prince Lubart. With the death of Casimir III the Great, the Kingdom of Poland was passed on to the Kingdom of Hungary and the Ruthenian domain was governed by Ruthenian starosta general, one of whom was Wladyslaw of Opole. The voivodeship was created in 1434 based on the 1430 Jedlnia-Cracow Privilege () on territory that belonged to the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia.
The Byzantine tradition allows for several orders of minor clerics. The sui iuris Byzantine Catholic Metropolitan Church of Pittsburgh, also called the Byzantine-Ruthenian Church, has the minor orders of candle bearer, cantor, lector and subdeacon, and in English uses the term "ordination" for their cheirothesis.Particular Law for the Byzantine-Ruthenian Church in the USA (29 June 1999). Retrieved 2008-11-11.
55-56 Such policies increased the pressure on the nobility to convert to Catholicism. Ethnic Lithuania proper made up 10% of the area and 20% of the population of the Grand Duchy. Of the Ruthenian provinces, Volhynia was most closely integrated with Lithuania proper. Branches of the Gediminid family as well as other Lithuanian and Ruthenian magnate clans eventually became established there.
The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 removed the quotas, allowing for the growth of other religious groups. The Roman Catholic Church is the largest Christian denomination in New York (31%). The largest Roman Catholic diocese is the Latin Church's Archdiocese of New York. The largest Eastern Catholic diocese is the Ruthenian Catholic Eparchy of Passaic of the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church.
Sylvester Kossów, Kosiv or Kosov (secular name Stefan-Adam Kosaw, ; born Zharobychi, Vitebsk Voivodeship, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, died 13 April 1657) was a Ruthenian Orthodox metropolitan of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Polish-Ruthenian writer. He served as metropolitan of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia (1647–1657) during the Khmelnytsky uprising. His official title was Metropolitan of Kiev, Galicia and All-Ruthenia.
Michael I Jeremi Wiśniowiecki Wiśniowiecki (, Vyshnevetski; ) was a Polish princely family of Ruthenian-Lithuanian origin, notable in the history of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. They were powerful magnates with estates predominantly in Ruthenian lands of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, and they used the Polish coat of arms of Korybut. The family is a cadet branch of the House of Zbaraski.
Polish language became more actively used, especially by Magnates while minor szlachta remained Old Ruthenian-speaking. Since that time the Ruthenian szlachta actively adopted Polish noble customs and traditions, such as Sarmatism. However, despite that, the nobility stayed politically loyal to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and defended it autonomy in disputes with the Polish crown within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Primate of Galicia and Lodomeria () − was the Catholic Church historical title of honor, that existed in the Austrian Empire from 1817 until 1858 for the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lviv (1817–1848) and the Ruthenian Catholic Archeparchy of Lviv (1848–1858). Under this Primate were three ecclesiastical provinces of the different Catholic traditions: Armenian, Latin and Ruthenian (present day Ukrainian) in Halychyna.
In the years following the union, the process of gradual Polonization of both Lithuanians and Ruthenians gained steady momentum. In culture and social life, both the Polish language and Catholicism became dominant, and in 1696, Polish replaced Ruthenian as the official language—with the Ruthenian language being banned from administrative use."Belarusian": UCLA Language Materials Project , ucla.edu; accessed 4 March 2016.
It appeared in 1596 with the signing of the Union of Brest between the Ruthenian Orthodox Church (Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) led by Michael Rohoza and the Holy See.Church Union of Berestia. Encyclopedia of Ukraine Following the partitions of Poland, in 1808 the eparchies of the original Ruthenian Uniate Church ()The Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church’s Name. St Sophia Church websiteCanonical aspects.
Rusovce (, (both means "Russian (Ruthenian) castle"), ) is a borough in southern Bratislava on the right bank of the Danube river, close to the Austrian border.
Narbutt claimed that the reverse of the last page said that it is a Lithuanian chronicle translated from the Ruthenian language into Polish. In fact, it is in Ruthenian transcribed in the Polish alphabet.ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ (ПСРЛ, ТОМ 32, 1975) The chronicle is missing a beginning and an end. The first page was reconstructed by editors of the Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles using the writings of Maciej Stryjkowski.
In the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795), Chełm Land was an exclave of the Ruthenian Voivodeship, completely separated from the main part of it by the Bełz Voivodeship. The region's most important town was Chełm. In the Commonwealth, Chełm Land enjoyed a special status, and even though it belonged to the Ruthenian Voivodeship, in some documents it was described as a separate, Chełm Voivodeship (Latin: Palatinatus Chelmensis).
John Stephen Pazak, C.Ss.R. (born August 13, 1946 in Gary, Indiana) is an American-born member of the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer, commonly known as the Redemptorists, who serves as an eparch of the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church. Since July 2016 he has served as the Eparch of the Ruthenian Catholic Eparchy of the Holy Protection of Mary, which is based in Phoenix, Arizona.
The Ruthenian (Greek) Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of the Czech Republic, also known as the Apostolic Exarchate in the Czech Republic, is an Eastern Catholic institution overseeing Catholics of the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church. It uses the localized Byzantine Rite in archaic Slavonic language and is based in the Czech Republic. It's cathedral episcopal see is Katedrála sv. Klimenta, located in the Czech national capital, Prague.
In 1042 Grand Prince Yaroslav forced Duke Casimir of Poland to settle for a peaceful deal. Casimir recognised Ruthenian control of Red Ruthenia and returned 800 Ruthenian prisoners who had been in Polish custody since being captured two decades before by Boleslaw. Peace was secured by two marriages. Casimir was married to Yaroslav's sister, while Casimir gave his own sister Gertruda to Yaroslav's son, Izyaslav.
Petro Oros (; 14 July 1917 – 27 August 1953) was a Ruthenian Greek Catholic clandestine hierarch. He was an auxiliary bishop of the Ruthenian Catholic Eparchy of Mukacheve from 1944 to 1953. Born in Biri, Austria-Hungary Empire (present day – Hungary) in 1917 in the family of the Greek-Catholic priest. He lost a father in age 2 years old and a mother in age 9 years old.
64–65 Subsequently, Ruthenian language schools were established, Ruthenian political parties formed, and the Ruthenians began attempts to develop their national culture.H. V. Kas'ianov, A Laboratory of Transnational History: Ukraine and Recent Ukrainian Historiography, Central European University Press, 2009 , p. 199 This came as a surprise to some Poles, who until the revolution believed, along with most of the politically aware Ruthenians, that Ruthenians were part of the Polish nation (which, at that time, was defined in political rather than ethnographic terms). In the late 1890s and the first decades of the next century, the populist Ruthenian intelligentsia adopted the term Ukrainians to describe their nationality.
Before the Khmelnytsky Uprising, the sejmiks of the Kiev Voivodeship and Bratslav Voivodeship deliberated in the majority Ruthenian language, despite the increasing proportion of the Polish and Lithuanian szlachta settled there. Among the one hundred researched Ruthenian noble families from the region, most were opposed to the Union of Brest and almost all fought under Bohdan Khmelnytsky's command. d.The extreme deterioration of the condition of the Polish and Ruthenian serfs caused the degeneration of their status into a form of slavery, referred to in Polish historiography as wtórna pańszczyzna or wtórne poddaństwo [secondary serfdom]. Peasants were basically free people, capable of upward mobility, until the 15th century.
The Rus or Rusyn identity was left to Muscovy and the Tsars as the divide between Rus and Ruthenia widened in correlation to greater Polish influence. The final straw in severing the link of association between Rusyn and Ruthenian was the Orthodox split between the Metropolitans of Moscow and Kyiv. By the 17th century, Ruthenian identity and culture have grown independent of their previous associations, and is called the Ruthenian Revival. Although many aspects of modern Ukrainian society are still being formed or would be greatly influenced by the forthcoming Cossack Revolts, Ukrainian identity had distinctly defined itself a niche in the society of the day.
After the turbulent revolutions of 1848 that shook the empires of Europe to their core, concessions were made to Ukrainians in Galicia. In the same year, serfdom was abolished. By 1849, the General Ruthenian Council had laid out a programme of Ukrainian aspirations which included the codification of uniform Ukrainian spelling and the division of East Slavic linguistic group into three branches: Ukrainian, Belarusian and Russian (Doroshenko 578). During the course of these events, the Ruthenian Council made a historic declaration: “[we] are part of a great Ruthenian people that speaks the same language and numbers 15 millions, of whom two and half million live in Galicia” (Wilson 106).
Meanwhile, by 1890, an agreement was worked out between the Poles and the "Populist" Ruthenians or Ukrainians which saw the partial Ukrainianization of the school system in eastern Galicia and other concessions to Ukrainian culture. Thereafter, the Ukrainian national movement spread rapidly among the Ruthenian peasantry and, despite repeated setbacks, by the early years of the 20th century this movement had almost completely replaced other Ruthenian groups as the main rival for power with the Poles. Throughout this period, the Ukrainians never gave up the traditional Ruthenian demands for national equality and for partition of the province into a western, Polish half and an eastern, Ukrainian half.
Ruthenian or Old Ruthenian (also see other names) was the group of varieties of East Slavic spoken in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later in the East Slavic territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The written form is also called Chancery Slavonic by Lithuanian and Western European linguists.e.g., Elana Goldberg Shohamy and Monica Barni, Linguistic Landscape in the City (Multilingual Matters, 2010: ), p. 139: "[The Grand Duchy of Lithuania] adopted as its official language the literary version of Ruthenian, written in Cyrillic and also known as Chancery Slavonic"; Virgil Krapauskas, Nationalism and Historiography: The Case of Nineteenth-Century Lithuanian Historicism (East European Monographs, 2000: ), p.
Kamianka used to be 'the royal city'. It was also ‘starostwo niegrodowe’. Until the Partitions of Poland (1772), it was part of the Lwow Land, Ruthenian Voivodeship.
Main concentrations of the Ruthenian Catholic Church are in Trans-Carpathia near the Hungarian border. This community has multiple ties in Hungary, Slovakia and the United States.
Following the end of Civil War a large number of Ruthenian, Polish (e.g. Zavadovsky, Dunin-Borkovsky, Modzalevsky), Lithuanian (e.g. Narbut, Zabily, Hudovych), Tatar (e.g. Kochubey), Serbian (e.g.
The Union of Uzhhorod, also referred to as Union of Ungvár, was the 1646 decision of 63 Ruthenian Orthodox priests from the south slopes of the Carpathian Mountains, then within the Kingdom of Hungary, to join the Catholic Church on terms similar to the Union of Brest from 1596 in the lands of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The modern result of this union is the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church.
This expansion shows a great political potential of the Lithuanian ruling classes, and this potential could not be reached without respective cultural basis. Christian Ruthenian rulers became some kind of vassals of non-Christian Lithuanian rulers, but culturally the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (G.D.L.) remained bipolar. It consisted of a non-Christian Lithuanian part in North-West (later known as Lithuania Propria) and Eastern Christian Orthodox Ruthenian regions (partial Duchies).
On the other hand, not only Ruthenian, but Latin and Polish also narrowed Lithuanian language usage. The Great Duke of Lithuania (later, also the king of Poland) Alexander (as the Great Duke reigned 1492–1506) was taught "Lithuanian language". Even if "Lithuanian" does not mean "Ruthenian", Alexander would have been the last Great Duke who knew Lithuanian. The loss of ethnic basis did not reduce patriotism among nobles.
The aforementioned families were granted corresponding Polish coats of arms under the Union of Horodlo in 1413. While at the beginning the nobility was almost all Lithuanian, with territorial expansion more Ruthenian families joined the Lithuanian nobility. As early as the 16th century, several Ruthenian noble families began to call themselves gente Ruthenus, natione Lithuanus. A good example is the Chodkiewicz family, which attributed its ancestry to the House of Gediminas.
The Union of Brest (; ; ) as the 1595-96 decision of the Ruthenian Orthodox Church eparchies (dioceses) in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth to break relations with the Eastern Orthodox Church and to enter into communion with, and place itself under the authority of the Pope of Rome. The Eparchy of Mukachevo that was located in the Kingdom of Hungary was left out of the process. The union established the Ruthenian Uniate Church.
A History. Second edition, 1994. p. 70 When some localities received appointed Gediminids (rulers), the Lithuanian nobility in Ruthenia largely embraced Slavic customs and Orthodox Christianity and became indistinguishable from Ruthenian nobility. The cultures merged; many upper-class Ruthenians merged with the Lithuanian nobility and began to call themselves Lithuanians (Litvins) gente Rutenus natione Lituanus,Marshall Cavendish, "The Peoples of Europe", Benchmark Books, 2002 but still spoke Ruthenian.
Zawadzki bookstore on the present-day Pilies Street. The store banners are printed in five languages: Russian, Polish, Lithuanian, French, German. About 1520, Francysk Skaryna, who is the author of the first Ruthenian Bible, established a printing house in Vilnius – the first in Eastern Europe. In 1522, he prepared and published the first printed book of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, titled the Little Traveller's Book (Ruthenian language: Малая подорожная книжка).
The prevailing language of the documents of the 15th and the most of the 16th century Metrica had been the Ruthenian language. Alternatively, the prevailing use of the Ruthenian language in the Metrica is extended up to the mid-17th century. The documents, concerned with the Western Europe, had been issued in Latin, occasionally in German. The documents, concerned with the Roman Catholic Church, had been issued in Latin.
Dr V.A. Perediyenko (2001) In 16th century the chancellery language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was Old Ruthenian ("руска мова", commonly called "simple speech" ("проста мова".). According to Christian Stang, it was based on the Ruthenian dialects of the region around Vilnius. Also, the Podlachian microlanguage is referred to by locals as "our speech" (Своя мова), "simple speech" (проста мова), or "local speech" (тутейша мова) (cf. "Tutejszy").svoja.
The Cathedral of St. John the Baptist is a Byzantine Catholic (Ruthenian) cathedral located in Parma, Ohio, United States. It is the cathedral for the Eparchy of Parma.
"Naukova Dumka". Kiev 2008Kostiantyn Korniakt at the Litopys Publishing Already at the time Moldavia in Lviv was closely associated with Walachia.Dormition Church. Ruthenian- Walachian holy landmark of Lviv.
As of 2016, there are 4,733 registered Catholic churches, among which 3,799 belong to the two Byzantine Rite (Ukrainian & Ruthenian) Churches and 933 belong to the Latin Church.
Rafajil Nikolai Korsak (, , ) (c. 1599 - 28 August 1640) was the Metropolitan of Kiev, Galicia and Russia of the Ruthenian Uniate Church from 1637 to his death in 1640.
Often considered a derivative of a mixture of old Polish and Old Ruthenian, as was spoken in Red Ruthenia in the Middle Ages. See especially, the Lwów dialect, .
Ruthenian nobility (, , , ) refers to the nobility of Kievan Rus and Galicia–Volhynia, which found itself in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Ruthenia, Samogitia, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and later Russian and Austrian Empires, and became increasingly polonized and later russified, while retaining a separate, cultural identity.Stone, pp. 12-13.Stone, pp. 45-46. Ruthenian nobility, originally characterized as East Slavic language speaking and Orthodox, found itself ruled by the expanding Grand Duchy of Lithuania, where it rose from second class status to equal partners of the Lithuanian nobility. Following the Polish-Lithuanian union of the 14th century, the Ruthenian nobles became increasingly polonized, adopting the Polish language and religion (which increasingly meant converting from the Orthodox faith to Roman Catholicism).
In 1924, the church had been established by the Holy See as an exarchate, known as the '"Apostolic Exarchate of Pittsburgh for Faithful of the Oriental Rite (Ruthenian)'". Exarchate is an ecclesiastical term which indicates a "missionary diocese" or territory. This move separated the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church in the United States into two distinct groups: one for those originating from Galicia (in modern-day Ukraine) with its see in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the other for those who were from the Carpathian Mountain region (in modern-day Ukraine and Slovakia), as well as those from Hungary and Croatia. In time, the two groups would come to be known as Ukrainian Greek Catholics and Ruthenian Byzantine Catholics, respectively.
The Ruthenian Church originally developed among the Rusyn people of Carpathian Ruthenia as a result of the missionary outreach of Saints Cyril and Methodius who brought Christianity and the Byzantine Rite to the Slavic peoples in the 9th century. After the separation of the Catholic and Orthodox churches in 1054, the Ruthenian Church retained its Orthodox ties. With the 1646 Union of Uzhhorod, 63 Ruthenian clergy were received into the Catholic Church, and in 1664 a union reached at Munkács (today Mukacheve, Ukraine) brought additional communities into the Catholic communion. The resulting dioceses retained their Byzantine patrimony and liturgical traditions, and their bishops were elected by a council composed of Basilian monks and eparchial clergy.
The Rusyn priest Basil Takach was appointed and ordained in Rome on his way to America as the new eparchy's bishop. Bishop Takach is considered the first bishop of Ruthenian Catholics in America, and his appointment as the official founding of the Byzantine Catholic Metropolitan Church of Pittsburgh. Clerical celibacy of American Eastern Catholics was restated with special reference to the Byzantine/Ruthenian Church by the 1 March 1929 decree Cum data fuerit, which was renewed for a further 10 years in 1939. Due to this and other similar factors, 37 Ruthenian parishes transferred themselves into the jurisdiction of the Greek Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarch in 1938, creating the American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese.
Soon thereafter, the Russophile priests of the St George Cathedral Circle came to dominate the local hierarchy of the Greek Catholic Church, thereby transforming that Church into an instrument of their cause. Russophiles took over Ruthenian academic institutions (such as the Stauropegion Institute, with its printing press and large collection of archives) and the venerable Ruthenian newspaper Slovo ('The Word'), and under their leadership, it became the most widely circulated newspaper among Western Ukrainians. In 1870, the Russophiles formed a political organization, the Ruthenian Council (Ruska Rada) which represented the population of Western Ukraine. From the 1860s until the 1880s Western Ukrainian political, religious, and cultural life came to be dominated by the Russophiles.
The Cathedral of St. Michael the Archangel is a Byzantine Catholic (Ruthenian) cathedral located in Passaic, New Jersey, United States. It is the cathedral for the Eparchy of Passaic.
Pustomyty () is a city in Lviv Oblast (region) of Ukraine. It is administrative center of the Pustomyty Raion. Population: . For centuries Pustomyty belonged to Ruthenian Voivodeship, Kingdom of Poland.
Khyriv was first mentioned in documents from 1374. At that time it was the private property of the noble Polish family of Herburt and belonged to Poland's Ruthenian Voivodeship.
He died at some point between 873 and 882. Since the 19th century, there have been attempts to identify him with Rurik, the founder of the Ruthenian royal dynasty.
Ukraine: a history. University of Toronto Press. 2000. pp. 94–96, 102. Among the most famous Ruthenian families who polonized themselves were the Wiśniowiecki, Zbarascy, Zasławski, and Czartoryski families.
The Basilica of St. Josaphat was dedicated to Josaphat Kuncevyc, a Ruthenian martyr and saint of the Roman Catholic Church, as well as of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.
Gedeon Brolnitskyj (Polish: Gedeon Brolnicki, 1528 - 1618) was a bishop of the Ruthenian Uniate Church and a monk belonged to the Lauryshava Monastery and since 1601 Archbishop of Polotsk.
He was the son of Prince August Aleksander Czartoryski, voivode of the Ruthenian Voivodeship, and Maria Zofia Sieniawska. He married Izabela Fleming on 18 November 1761, in Wołczyn, Poland.
Daniel Eugene Ivancho (March 30, 1908-August 2, 1972) was the second bishop of the Byzantine Catholic Metropolitan Church of Pittsburgh, the American branch of the Ruthenian Catholic Church.
Basil Takach (October 27, 1879 - May 13, 1948) was the first bishop of the Byzantine Catholic Metropolitan Church of Pittsburgh, the American branch of the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church.
Milan Šašik CM (17 September 1952 – 14 July 2020)Щойно відійшов до Господа наш батько…. was a Slovak-born Ukrainian Ruthenian Catholic hierarch, Bishop of the Eparchy of Mukacheve.
He consecrated following bishops Peter Bielański, Michael Stadnicki and Theodosius Rostocki. Smogorzewski died in 1788 in Radomyshl where he started to build new metropolitan complex for the Ruthenian Church.
Podlaskie is the land of the confluence of cultures – Polish, Belarusian, Ukrainian and Lithuanian – and is indicative of the ethnic territories limits. Eastward of Podlaskie lie ethnically non-Polish lands, while westward ethnically non-West Ruthenian (Ukrainian and Belarusian) and non-Lithuanian lands too. Today, mainly Polish and Ruthenian (Ukrainian and Belarusian) is spoken in Podlaskie, while Lithuanian is preserved by the small but compact Lithuanian minority concentrated in the Sejny County.
Historical linguists trace the origin of the Ukrainian language to the Old East Slavic of the early medieval state of Kyivan Rus'. After the fall of the Kyivan Rus' as well as the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, the language developed into a form called the Ruthenian language. Along with Ruthenian, on the territory of modern Ukraine, the Kyiv version (izvod) of Church Slavonic was also used in liturgical services.Viktor Hrebeniuk. (ПЦУ і церковнослов’янська мова).
As a result, in the eastern territories a Polish (or Polonized) aristocracy dominated a peasantry whose great majority was neither Polish nor Catholic. Moreover, the decades of peace brought huge colonization efforts to nowadays Ukraine, heightening the tensions among nobles, Jews, Cossacks (traditionally Orthodox), Polish and Ruthenian peasants. The latter, deprived of their native protectors among the Ruthenian nobility, turned for protection to cossacks that facilitated violence that in the end broke the Commonwealth.
The union brought about the Polish colonization of Ruthenian lands and increasing enserfment of Ruthenian peasantry by the szlachta. Ukraine, Encyclopædia Britannica. Nataliia Polonska-Vasylenko, History of Ukraine, "Lybid", (1993), , Section: Evolution of Ukrainian lands in the 15th–16th centuriesNatalia Iakovenko, Narys istorii Ukrainy s zaidavnishyh chasic do kincia XVIII stolittia, Kiev, 1997, Section: 'Ukraine-Rus, the "odd man out" in Rzeczpospolita Obojga NarodowOrest Subtelny. Ukraine: A History, University of Toronto Press, , pp.
On the website, the Ruthenian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Czech Republic is mentioned in a list of Eastern churches, of which all the rest are autonomous particular churches. This is a mistake, since recognition within the Catholic Church of the autonomous status of a particular church can only be granted by the Holy See. It classifies this church as one of the constituent local particular churches of the autonomous (') Ruthenian Catholic Church.
The province was > governed by royal starostas, the first one of whom was a man named Jasiek > Tarnowski. Most probably in final years of reign of King Władysław II > Jagiełło, it was named the Ruthenian Voivodeship, as at that time the > voivodes of Przemysl began calling themselves the voivodes of Rus'. Firs > such voivode was Jan Mezyk of Dabrowa. > The Ruthenian Voivodeship consisted of five ziemias: those of Lwów, > Przemysl, Sanok, Halych and Chelm.
Born in Galicia. He was born in 1513 in the village Orikhivtsi (Przemyśl Land of the Ruthenian Voivodeship) in the family of a Ruthenian Catholic nobleman, Stanislav Orikhovsky (Orzechowski), a courtier at the court of King Jan I Olbracht. Later Stanislav Orikhovsky became a clerk of the Przemysl land. The mother is a noblewoman, Yadviga Baranetska, the daughter of an Orthodox priest. According to the researchers, he could have up to 12 siblings.Redakcja.
200px Jason Smogorzewski (born as Jan Smogorzewski; ; 23 August 1717 – 13 May 1779) was a bishop of the Ruthenian Uniate Church, Metropolitan bishop of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia. He became the first ethnic Polish who headed the Ruthenian Church. Smogorzewski became the first metropolitan being elected and confirmed following Russian annexation of Polotsk where he was archbishop. In 1731 he joined the Order of Basilians and changed from Latin-rite to Byzantine-rite.
Julije Drohobeczky (; 5 November 1853 – 11 February 1934) was a Ruthenian and Croatian Greek Catholic hierarch. He was the bishop from 1891 to 1917 (in fact – until 1914) of the Eastern Catholic Eparchy of Križevci. From 1917 he was the titular bishop of Polybotus. Born in Gany, near Uzhhorod, Austrian Empire (present day – Ukraine) in 1853, he was ordained a priest on 27 March 1881 for the Ruthenian Catholic Eparchy of Mukacheve.
Some "Ruthenian letters" found in one version of St. Cyril's life are explainable as misspelled "Syrian letters" (in Slavic, the roots are very similar: rus- vs. sur- or syr-), etc.
Marcin Król (c. 1422–1460), also Martinus Ruthenus, Marcin z Żurawica, Marcin Król z Przemyśla, Martinus Polonus, Martinus Rex de Premislia was a Ruthenian- born Polish mathematician, astronomer, and doctor.
Thomas Victor Dolinay (July 24, 1923 - April 13, 1993) was the second Metropolitan Archbishop of the Byzantine Catholic Metropolitan Church of Pittsburgh, the American branch of the Ruthenian Catholic Church.
Petro Mohyla coat of arms Metropolitan Peter (, , , ; 21 December 1596 – ) was an influential Ruthenian Orthodox theologian and reformer, Metropolitan of Kiev, Halych and All Rus' from 1633 until his death.
The St. Stephen Cathedral is a Byzantine Catholic (Ruthenian) cathedral located in Phoenix, Arizona, United States. It is the cathedral for the Holy Protection of Mary Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Phoenix.
Michael Joseph Dudick (February 24, 1916 – May 30, 2007) was an American priest and bishop of the Byzantine Catholic Metropolitan Church of Pittsburgh, the U.S. branch of the Ruthenian Catholic Church.
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1648 In 1569 the Union of Lublin granted the southern Lithuanian-controlled Ruthenian voivodeships of Volhynia, Podolia, Bracław and Kiev—to the Crown of Poland under the agreement forming the new Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Kingdom of Poland already controlled several Ruthenian lands which formed the voivodeships of Lviv and Belz. Although the local nobility was granted full rights within the Rzeczpospolita, their assimilation of Polish culture alienated them from the lower classes. It was especially important in regard of powerful and traditionally influential great princely families of ruthenian origins, among them Wiśniowieccy, Czartoryscy, Ostrogscy, Sanguszkowie, Zbarascy, Koreccy and Zasławscy, which acquired even more power and were able to gather more lands, creating huge latifundia.
It was given the Magdeburg law by Boleslaw-Yuri II of Galicia in 1339. In a Ruthenian chronicle can be found the Hypatian Codex, where at the date of 1150 one can read: The Hungarian King Géza II of Hungary crossed the mountains and seized the stronghold of Sanok with its governor as well as many villages in the Przemyśl area. The same chronicle refers to Sanok twice more, stating that in 1205 it was the meeting place of a Ruthenian princess Anna and a Hungarian king and that in 1231 a Ruthenian prince made an expedition to "Sanok - Hungarian Gate". After 1339 Galicia–Volhynia was seized by King Casimir III of Poland, who reconfirmed the municipal status of Sanok on 25 April 1366.
Ever since the end of the 16th-century Ruthenian nobility moved to Russia because in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth they were suppressed by the Catholic Polish szlachta and were unable because of that reach high social and political status. After Khmelnytsky Uprising and Pereyaslav Treaty was signed, a large number of Ruthenian nobility and Cossacks became citizens of the Hetmanate state, which was self-governed but was part Tsardom of Russia. Following the merge of Cossacks and Ruthenian nobility into Cossack Nobility, a lot of them sought to receive larger political, social and military status in Russia. From the beginning of the 18th century and until the beginning of the 19th century they played a large role in the Tsardom of Russia, and then the Russian Empire.
The dissatisfaction of many Ruthenian Catholics had already given rise to some groups placing themselves under the jurisdiction of what is today the Orthodox Church in America (at that time a mission of the Russian Orthodox Church). The leader of this movement was the widowed Ruthenian Catholic priest Alexis Toth, whose mistreatment by Archbishop John Ireland of Saint Paul, Minnesota, led to Toth's transfer to Eastern Orthodoxy. He brought with him many Ruthenian Catholics, around 20,000 by the time of his death with many who followed afterward, and was canonized a saint by the Orthodox Church in America in 1996. The situation with Alexis Toth and the Latin Catholic bishops highlighted the need for American Eastern Catholics to have their own bishop.
Area of the Lithuanian language in the 16th century Ruthenian and Polish languages were used as state languages of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, besides Latin and German in diplomatic correspondence. Vilnius, Trakai and Samogitia were the core voivodeships of the state, being part of Lithuania Proper, as evidenced by the privileged position of their governors in state authorities, such as the Council of Lords. Peasants in ethnic Lithuanian territories spoke exclusively Lithuanian, except transitional border regions, but the Statutes of Lithuania and other laws and documentation were written in Ruthenian, Latin and Polish. Following the royal court, there was a tendency to replace Lithuanian with Polish in the ethnic Lithuanian areas, whereas Ruthenian was stronger in ethnic Belarusian and Ukrainian territories.
There is Sigismund von Herberstein's note left, that there were in an ocean of Ruthenian language in this part of Europe two non-Ruthenian regions: Lithuania and Samogitia. Panegyric to Sigismund III Vasa, visiting Vilnius, first hexameter in Lithuanian language, 1589 Since the founding of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the higher strata of Lithuanian society from ethnic Lithuania spoke Lithuanian, although since the later 16th century gradually began using Polish, and from Ruthenia – Ruthenian language. Samogitia was exclusive through state in its economic situation – it lay near ports and there were fewer people under corvee, instead of that, many simple people were money payers. As a result, the stratification of the society was not as sharp as in other areas.
The St. Clement's CathedralCathedral of St. Clement in Praha () or the Church of St. Clement, is the name given to a Catholic church of the Byzantine Rite (Ruthenian) located in Prague, Czech Republic, and functions as the cathedral of the Ruthenian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Czech Republic (Exarchatus Apostolicus Reipublicae Cechae). The church was erected as a cathedral with the Bull "Quo aptius" by Pope John Paul II of March 13, 1996, which established the Exarchate.
This the list of voivodes of Kiev. A Kiev voivode () was the major administrative position in Kiev Voivodship, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1471 until 1569 and in of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland from 1569 until 1793. In the 15–16th centuries, all of the voivodes were of Lithuanian or Ruthenian origin. From the beginning of the 17th century, the voivodes of Polish origin, along with Ruthenian, were chosen for the office.
A Ruthenian quarter populated by Lithuania's Orthodox subjects, and containing their church, existed in Vilnius from the 14th century. The grand dukes' chancery in Vilnius was staffed by Orthodox churchmen, who, trained in the Church Slavonic language, developed Chancery Slavonic, a Ruthenian written language useful for official record keeping. The most important of the Grand Duchy's documents, the Lithuanian Metrica, the Lithuanian Chronicles and the Statutes of Lithuania, were all written in that language.Eidintas et al.
Sasiv (Ukrainian: /, Polish: , Ruthenian/Ruś.: Sassíw, Russian: /) is a town in Lviv Oblast, Ukraine, since 1945. Until 1772 the town was located in the historical territory of Ruthenia, in the Ruthenian Voivodeship of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, thereafter until 1919 became part of the Austro- Hungarian Cisleithanian crown lands in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (Galicia). From 1919 until 1945 the town was once again part of Poland within the Tarnopol Voivodeship.
The Proto-Cathedral of St. Mary or Proto-Cathedral of St. Mary Byzantine Catholic Church is a parish church and proto-cathedral of the Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Phoenix, serving the Ruthenian Eastern Catholic population of Los Angeles, California, United States. It was the first Byzantine church in California. It is located on Sepulveda Boulevard in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, California. It is the only Byzantine Ruthenian Church in the territory of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles.
Bishop Mikuláš Tóth Mikuláš Tóth (; 10 August 1833 – 21 May 1882) was a Slovak Greek Catholic hierarch. He was the bishop of Slovak Catholic Eparchy of Prešov from 1876 to 1882. Born in Mukacheve, Austrian Empire (present day – Ukraine) in the Ruthenian family in 1833, he was ordained a priest on 18 December 1857 for the Ruthenian Catholic Eparchy of Mukacheve. He was appointed as the Bishop of Eparchy by the Holy See on 3 April 1876.
Bishop Jozef Gaganec Jozef Gaganec (25 March 1793 – 22 December 1875) was a Rusyn Greek Catholic hierarch. He was the bishop of Slovak Catholic Eparchy of Prešov from 1843 to 1875. Born in Vyšný Tvarožec, Austrian Empire (present day – Slovakia) in the Ruthenian family in 1793, he was ordained a priest on 8 March 1817 for the Ruthenian Catholic Eparchy of Mukacheve. He was confirmed as the Bishop of Eparchy by the Holy See on 30 January 1843.
Peter Bielański (, ; 1736 – 29 May 1798) was a Ukrainian Greek Catholic hierarch. He was the Eparchial Bishop of the Ruthenian Catholic Eparchy of Lviv, Halych and Kamianets-Podilskyi from 1798 to 1805.
Milan Lach, SJ (born November 18, 1973) is a Slovak bishop of Rusyn ethnicity. He is the fifth and current Bishop of the Eparchy of Parma in the Ruthenian Byzantine Catholic Church.
Szamotuły - Halszka Tower Jan Matejko - Kazanie Skargi Princess Elizaveta Ostrogska (1539–1582), also known as Elżbieta or Halshka, was a Ruthenian heiress, the only child of Prince Illia Ostrogski and Beata Kościelecka.
Gabrijel Palković, O.S.B.M. (15 April 1715 – 25 February 1759) was a Ruthenian and Croatian Greek Catholic hierarch. He was the titular bishop Drizipara and Vicar Apostolic of Marča from 1752 to 1759.
Pogoń Ruska is a Polish coat of arms with Ruthenian roots. It was used by several princely families of the stock from the Rurik dynasty in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Herman Zahorskyj (? - 1600 or 1601) was a bishop of the Ruthenian Uniate Church. Since 1595 he was Archbishop of Polotsk (originally Orthodox) and in 1596 accepted the Union of Brest, became Greek Catholic.
P. R. Magocsi. A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its People. University of Toronto Press. 2010. p. 471. Beginning with the 20th century, national consciousness reached a large number of Ruthenian peasants.
Mykhaylo Mykhaylovych Koman (; 1 April 1928 – 21 February 2015) was a Ukrainian footballer and coach of Lemko-Ruthenian origin. He was an Honoured Master of Sports and Honoured Coach of the Soviet Union.
They were obligated to provide crafts and numerous contributions and services; for not paying these types of debts (or for other offences), one could be forced into slavery.Ochmański (1982), pp. 60–62 The Ruthenian princes were Orthodox, and many Lithuanian princes also converted to Orthodoxy, even some who resided in Lithuania proper, or at least their wives. The masonry Ruthenian churches and monasteries housed learned monks, their writings (including Gospel translations such as the Ostromir Gospels) and collections of religious art.
Coffee appetite brewing, but far behind Europe Kyiv Post. December 10, 2008 According to modern Ukrainian authors, he was born into an old Orthodox-Ruthenian noble family, Kulchytsky-Shelestovych, although his father had converted to Catholicism, the state religion of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. As a young man, Kulczycki joined the Zaporozhian Cossacks during which time he demonstrated a gift for languages and worked as an interpreter. He was fluent in Polish, Ruthenian, Serbian, Turkish, German, Hungarian and Romanian languages.
Ziemia Sanocka was a part of the Ruthenian Voivodeship (Red Ruthenia of Lesser Poland) with the capital at Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine). Little is known about the area of Sanok in the early years of Polish history. According to archaeological findings, a number of gords already existed here when the region was under possible control of Great Moravia. Following several Polish - Ruthenian conflicts, Sanok became part of Red Ruthenia, and in 1150, the town was ransacked in a Hungarian raid.
The legacy of Kievan Rus' was recognized, as was the heritage of the East Slavic Ruthenian language. Cossacks felt being members of the "Rus' Orthodox nation" (the Uniate Church was practically eliminated in the Dnieper region in 1633). But seeing themselves also as members of the (Polish) "Republic-Fatherland", they dealt with sejms and kings as its subjects. Cossacks and the Ruthenian nobility, until recently subjects of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, were not formally or otherwise connected to the Tsardom of Russia.
200px Dionysius Balaban (monastic name - Hilarion; ; ? – 10 May 1663, Chyhyryn) was a Ruthenian Orthodox metropolitan (official title – Metropolitan of Kiev, Galicia and All-Ruthenia) of an old noble family from Volhynia and Galicia. He was known religious and political leader, defender of the Ruthenian Orthodox Church against the attempts of its liquidation by the Moscow Patriarchate Balaban studied at the Kiev Mohyla College. He was a bishop of Kholm (1650–52), Lutsk (1655) and later the metropolitan of Kiev (1657–63).
On 2 May 1848, the Supreme Ruthenian (Ukrainian) Council was established. The Council (1848–1851) was headed by the Greek-Catholic Bishop Gregory Yakhimovich and consisted of 30 permanent members. Its main goal was the administrative division of Galicia into Western (Polish) and Eastern (Ruthenian/Ukrainian) parts within the borders of the Habsburg Empire, and formation of a separate region with a political self-governance.Kost' Levytskyi, The History of the Political Thought of the Galician Ukrainians, 1848–1914, (Lviv, 1926), 26.
This eastern group, Maksymovych divided into two independent languages, South Russian and North Russian. The South Russian language, he divided into two major dialects, Ruthenian and Red Ruthenian/Galician. The North Russian language, he divided into four major dialects of which he thought the Muscovite the most developed, but also the youngest. In addition to this, he also seems to have considered Belarusian to be an independent language, intermediate between North and South Russian, but much closer to the former.
In 1859, following Austrian military defeat in Italy, the Empire entered a period of constitutional experiments. In 1860, the Vienna Government, influenced by Agenor Goluchowski, issued its October Diploma, which envisioned a conservative federalization of the empire, but a negative reaction in the German-speaking lands led to changes in government and the issuing of the February Patent which watered down this de- centralization. Nevertheless, by 1861, Galicia was granted a Legislative Assembly or Galicia Diet. Although at first pro-Habsburg Ruthenian and Polish peasant representation was considerable in this body (about half the assembly), and the pressing social and Ruthenian questions were discussed, administrative pressures limited the effectiveness of both peasant and Ruthenian representatives and the Diet became dominated by the Polish aristocracy and gentry, who favoured further autonomy.
Mykola Skorodynskyi (, ; 15 January 1751 – 23 May 1805) was a Ukrainian Greek Catholic hierarch. He was the Eparchial Bishop of the Ruthenian Catholic Eparchy of Lviv, Halych and Kamianets-Podilskyi from 1798 to 1805.
According to the military census of 1528, ethnic Lithuanian lands had 5730 horsemen, whereas the army of the Ruthenian lands of the Grand Duchy consisted of 5372.Jerzy Ochmański, Dawna Litwa, Wydawnictwo Pojerzierze. Olsztyn, 1986.
Part of the river forms the Russia–Ukraine border. According to Ruthenian chronicles, in 1068 at Snov River took place a battle between Duke of Chernihiv Sviatoslav Yaroslavich and Cumans led by their Duke Sharukan.
The original populations were Finnic tribes Meshchyora and Muroma, Mordvins. The land was under Kievan Rus' and Volga Bulgaria's influence. Local tribes were tributaries of Ruthenian dukes. Later, the area was incorporated into Vladimir-Suzdal.
The Ruthenian Voivodeship (, , ) was a voivodeship of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland from 1434 until the 1772 First Partition of Poland.Geografia historyczna ziem dawnej Polski. by Zygmunt Gloger 1903. [in] Biblioteka Literatury Polskiej.
The Tyszkiewicz family (, singular: , , singular: , , singular: , , singular: , , singular: ) was a wealthy and influential Polish-Lithuanian magnate family of Ruthenian origin, with roots traced to the times of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. They held the Polish coat of arms Leliwa. Their nobility was reaffirmed in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Russian Empire. The family traces its roots to a 15th-century Ruthenian boyar Kalenik Mishkovich and derives from the name of his son, Tysha with the addition of the patronymic, resulting in Tyszkiewicz-Kalenicki.
Papuga was born in Ruski Krstur, Vojvodina, in what was then the Socialist Republic of Serbia in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. She graduated from the University of Novi Sad Faculty of Philosophy, with a focus on Russian and Serbo-Croatian language and literature. Papuga previously worked for the publisher Ruske slovo and is currently a columnist and translator. Her ethnology, Old Ruthenian House, has been published by the Society for Ruthenian Language in Novi Sad and by Društvo Rusina in Rijeka, Croatia.
It is the capital of Sanok County in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship. Previously, it was in the Krosno Voivodeship (1975–1998) and in the Ruthenian Voivodeship (1340–1772), which was part of Red Ruthenia and, in wider sense, of the Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown (not of Lesser Poland proper). Historically it was part of the Land of Sanok and the Ruthenian Voivodeship. This historic city is situated on the San River at the foot of Castle Hill in the Lesser Poland (Małopolska) region.
There and in the Kiev area Polish fortunes also began to develop, often through intermarriage with Ruthenian clans. In 1630, the great Ukrainian latifundia were dominated by Ruthenian families, such as the Ostrogski, Zbaraski and Zasławski. At the outset of the great civil war of 1648, the Polish settlers comprised barely 10% of the middle and petty nobility, for example in the well-researched Bracław Voivodeship and Kiev Voivodeship. The early Cossack rebellions were, therefore, instants of social uprising, rather than national anti-Polish movements.
In order to educate a new generation of Greek- catholic priests, the University established the Ruthenian Scientific Institut for non-Latin speaking students in 1787. These students were required to learn Philosophy for two years in their native language, Ruthenian and Polish, before studying Theology in Latin. The importance of the institute declined in 1795 after Austria annexed the Polish city of Krakow, which had an ancient and well-established university. Both schools were merged in 1805, and Lviv lost its status as a university city.
After her father's death in 1726, Maria Zofia inherited his Ruthenian estates including 35 towns, 235 villages and Berezhany fortress, she was also the only heir of her first husband's estates and of her mother's fortune.
In 1715 there were only 4 families living here. After withdrawal of the Turks, the possessor of the village Szirmay let Hungarian families settle here. Afterwards, Slovak, Polish, and Ruthenian settlers also came to the area.
The Greek Catholic Eparchy of MukachevoGreek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo. Official site. is an eparchy (diocese) associated with the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church under an unidentified statusGreek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo . World Academy of Carpatho-Rusyn Culture.
Ivan Bradach, O.S.B.M. (; 14 February 1732 – 4 July 1772) was a Ruthenian Greek Catholic hierarch. He was the titular bishop of Rhosus and last Vicar Apostolic for the Ruthenians from 1768 to 1771 and the first epachial bishop of the new created Ruthenian Catholic Eparchy of Mukacheve from 1771 to 1772. Born in Torysky, Habsburg Monarchy (present day – Slovakia) in 1732, he was ordained a priest on 30 September 1755 for the Basilian Order. Ivan Bradach was an older brother of a future Bishop Mykhaylo Bradach and nephew of Bishops Stefan Olshavskyi and Manuil Olshavskyi.
After this, the Ruthenian szlachta refrained from plans to have a Moscow Tsar as king of the Commonwealth, its own Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki later becoming king. The last, ultimately unsuccessful, attempt to rebuild the Polish–Cossack alliance and create a Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth was the 1658 Treaty of Hadiach. The treaty was approved by the Polish king and the Sejm, and by some of the Cossack starshyna, including hetman Ivan Vyhovsky. The treaty failed, however, because the starshyna were divided on the issue, and it had even less support among rank-and-file Cossacks.
Kaunas: Vytautas Magnus University, 2002. p.21. During the latter part of the history of the Grand Duchy, Polish was increasingly used in State documents, especially after the Union of Lublin. By 1697, Polish had largely replaced Ruthenian as the "official" language at Court, although Ruthenian continued to be used on a few official documents until the second half of the 18th century. Usage of the Lithuanian language still continued at Court after the death of Vytautas and Jogaila while Grand Duke Alexander I could understand and speak Lithuanian.
Gregor Tarkovič (; 19 November 1754 – 16 January 1841) was a Slovak Greek Catholic hierarch. He was the first bishop of the new created Slovak Catholic Eparchy of Prešov from 1818 to 1841. Coat of arms of Bishop Gregor Tarkovič Born in Pasika, Kingdom of Hungary (present day – Ukraine) in the Ruthenian family in 1754, he was ordained a priest on 1 January 1779 for the Ruthenian Catholic Eparchy of Mukacheve. He was confirmed as the first Bishop of the new created Eparchy by the Holy See on 2 October 1818.
The list shows that an individual autonomous, particular church may have distinct jurisdictions (local particular churches) in several countries. The Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church is organized in an exceptional way because of a constituent metropolia: the Ruthenian Catholic Metropolitan Church of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania, United States. The latter is also, unofficially, referred to as the Byzantine Catholic Church in America. Canon law treats it as if it held the rank of an autonomous (') metropolitan particular church because of the circumstances surrounding its 1969 establishment as an ecclesiastical province.
Daniel reconciled with Mindaugas in 1254; the Black Ruthenian lands were transferred to Roman, the son of Daniel. Vaišvilkas, the son of Mindaugas, decided to join a monastery. Tautvilas recognized Mindaugas' superiority and received Polatsk as a fiefdom.
ICC, Paris, 1996. pp. 107, 115. (French). In 1492, Prince Fedir Mykhailovych Chetvertynsky was the Lithuanian-Ruthenian ambassador to Wallachia. Over time, the family were Polonized and Catholicized, but some members remained adherent to the Eastern Orthodox religion.
After becoming metropolitan, Rutski consecrated Jasaphat as coadjutor of the Archbishop of Polotsk with the title of Bishop of Vitebsk.Ludvik Nemec, “The Ruthenian Uniate Church in Its Historical Perspective,” Church History; Vol. 37, No. 4 (Dec., 1968), pp.
The poet-monk who published several cultural studies noted that Litvins, perhaps after an older pagan tradition, worked on Sundays and rested on Fridays.Artifacts of Ukrainian-Ruthenian language and literature / Shevchenko Scientific Society Archaeographic Commission. - Lviv, 1912. - Vol.7.
Among the notable club's coaches there was Otto Mazal-Skvajn who during the World War II coached Wisla Krakow (1939–46). Among the notable club's players there was a Czechoslovakian goalkeeper of Ukrainian (Ruthenian) origin Alexa Boksay (1911–2007).
40 Gediminas' state provided a counterbalance against the influence of Moscow and enjoyed good relations with the Ruthenian principalities of Pskov, Veliky Novgorod and Tver. Direct military confrontations with the Principality of Moscow under Ivan I occurred around 1335.
Equality of their rights was also guaranteed by the Lithuanian Statutes of 1529, 1566 and 1588. As time passed, the differences between Lithuanian and Ruthenian factions of the nobility of the inside the Grand Duchy of Lithuania practically disappeared.
During the jubilee of 1600, three million pilgrims visited the holy places. The Synod of Brest was held 1595 in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, by which a great part of the Ruthenian clergy and people were reunited to Rome.
Most of the key monuments (churches, synagogue) were all built in impressive defensive style. In its early years, the town was governed according to Ruthenian and Polish law. In 1539 it was granted the right to use Magdeburg law.
Due to the longstanding history of common statehood, some noble families often described as "Polish" actually originated in Grand Duchy of Lithuania and are of Lithuanian or Ruthenian descent. Some houses are more correctly described as being of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
The sons of priests who served in the bishop's administration were given the same rights to state offices as had the sons of nobles.Stanislaw Stepien. (2005). Borderland City: Przemysl and the Ruthenian National Awakening in Galicia. In Paul Robert Magocsi (Ed.).
The Principality of Vitebsk () was a Ruthenian principality centered on the city of Vitebsk in modern Belarus, that existed from its founding in 1101 until it was inherited into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1320, and only nominally until 1508.
Part of a table of letters of the alphabet for the Ruthenian language, from Ivan Uzhevych's Hrammatyka Slovenskaja (1645). Columns show the letter names printed, in manuscript Cyrillic and Latin, common Cyrillic letterforms, and the Latin transliteration. Part 2, part 3.
The SSJK is affiliated with the Society of St. Pius X and Holy Orders are conferred by the latter society's bishops in the Roman Rite. The SSJK clergymen, however, exclusively follow a version of Slavonic Byzantine Rite in the Ruthenian recension.
The establishment of a Soim, an autonomous parliament for the Ruthenian region, had been stipulated in the 11th article of the 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. But the establishment of the autonomous parliament was delayed for many years.
Myloradovych), Greek (e.g. Kapnist) etc. noble families moved to Hetmanate. Via intermarriage between Cossacks, Ruthenian and other nobilities, and by nobilitation by reaching high positions in both Hetmanate state and Russia, Cossacks formed Cossack nobility, also known as Cossack Starshyna.
God's Playground: A History of Poland, Vol. 1: The Origins to 1795. Columbia University Press. The 1658 Treaty of Hadiach envisaged Kyiv becoming the capital of the Grand Duchy of Rus' within the Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth,Magocsi, Paul Robert (1996).
Prince Wladysław Dominik Zasławski-Ostrogski (ca. 1616 - 1656) was a Polish nobleman (szlachcic) of Ruthenian stock. Prince of the Princely Houses of Poland, Ostroh Ordynat, Grand Koniuszy of The Crown. Zasławski was the mightiest magnate in Volhynia at that time.
Władysław III introduced some liberal reforms. He expanded the privileges to all Ruthenian nobles irrespective of their religion, and in 1443 signed a bull equalizing the Orthodox church in rights with the Roman Catholicism thus alleviating the relationship with the Orthodox clergy. These policies continued under the next king Casimir IV Jagiellon. Still, the mostly cultural expansion of the Polish influence continued since the Ruthenian nobility were attracted by both the glamour of the Western culture and the Polish political order where the magnates became the unrestricted rulers of the lands and serfs in their vast estates.
As ruler of the Hetmanate, Khmelnytsky engaged in state-building across multiple spheres: in the military, administration, finance, economics, and culture. He invested the Zaporozhian Host under the leadership of its hetman with supreme power in the new Ruthenian state, and he unified all the spheres of Ukrainian society under his authority. This would involve building a government system and a developed military and civilian administration out of Cossack officers and Ruthenian nobles, as well as the establishment of an elite within the Cossack Hetman state. The Hetmanate used Polish currency, and Polish as an administrative language and a language of command.
Ruthenians and Ruthenes are Latin exonyms formerly used in Western Europe for the ancestors of modern East Slavic peoples, especially the Rus' people with an Eastern Orthodox or Ruthenian Uniate Church religious background. The corresponding word in the Polish language is "rusini" and in Ukrainian language is "русини" (rusyny). Along with Lithuanians and Samogitians, Ruthenians constituted the main population of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which at its fullest extent was called the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Ruthenia and Samogitia (Ruthenian: Великое князство Литовское, Руское, Жомойтское и иных).Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1529), Part. 1.
During the 10–11th centuries, Lithuanian territories were among the lands paying tribute to Kievan Rus', and Yaroslav the Wise was among the Ruthenian rulers who invaded Lithuania (from 1040). From the mid-12th century, it was the Lithuanians who were invading Ruthenian territories. In 1183, Polotsk and Pskov were ravaged, and even the distant and powerful Novgorod Republic was repeatedly threatened by the excursions from the emerging Lithuanian war machine toward the end of the 12th century. From the late 12th century, an organized Lithuanian military force existed; it was used for external raids, plundering and the gathering of slaves.
Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania in Vilnius, Lithuania The dynastic link to Poland resulted in religious, political and cultural ties and increase of Western influence among the native Lithuanian nobility, and to a lesser extent among the Ruthenian boyars from the East, Lithuanian subjects.Lukowski & Zawadzki (2001), p. 40-41 Catholics were granted preferential treatment and access to offices because of the policies of Vytautas, officially pronounced in 1413 at the Union of Horodło, and even more so of his successors, aimed at asserting the rule of the Catholic Lithuanian elite over the Ruthenian territories.Lukowski & Zawadzki (2001), p.
Gediminas' Tower in Vilnius, built under Vytautas The Lithuanian state of the later 14th century was primarily binational, Lithuanian and Ruthenian (in territories that correspond to the modern Belarus and Ukraine). Of its 800,000 square kilometers total area, 10% comprised ethnic Lithuania, probably populated by no more than 300,000 inhabitants. Lithuania was dependent for its survival on the human and material resources of the Ruthenian lands.Ochmański (1982), p. 60 The increasingly differentiated Lithuanian society was led by princes of the Gediminid and Rurik dynasties and the descendants of former kunigas chiefs from families such as the Giedraitis, Olshanski and Svirski.
Even before Vienna had acted, the remnants of serfdom were abolished by the Governor, Franz Stadion, in an attempt to thwart the revolutionaries. Moreover, Polish demands for Galician automomy were countered by Ruthenian demands for national equality and for a partition of the province into an Eastern, Ruthenian part, and a Western, Polish part. Eventually, Lemberg was bombarded by imperial troops and the revolution put down completely. A decade of renewed absolutism followed, but to placate the Poles, Count Agenor Goluchowski, a conservative representative of the eastern Galician aristocracy, the so-called Podolians, was appointed Viceroy.
Saint Paul Seminary's Metropolitan Cross In 1891, Ireland refused to accept the clerical credentials of Byzantine Rite, Ruthenian Catholic priest Alexis Toth, despite Toth being a widower. Ireland then forbade Toth to minister to his own parishioners, despite the fact that Toth had jurisdiction from his own bishop and did not answer to Ireland. Ireland was also involved in efforts to expel all non-Latin Church Catholic clergy from the United States. Forced into an impasse, Toth went on to lead thousands of Ruthenian Catholics out of the Roman Communion and into what would eventually become the Orthodox Church in America.
Saint Alexis Toth (or Alexis of Wilkes-Barre; March 18, 1853 - May 7, 1909) was a Ruthenian Orthodox Church in America (then North American diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church) leader in the Midwestern United States who, having resigned his position as a Byzantine Catholic priest in the Ruthenian Catholic Church, became responsible for the conversions of approximately 20,000 Eastern Rite Catholics to the Russian Orthodox Church, which contributed to the growth of Eastern Orthodoxy in the United States and the eventual establishment of the Orthodox Church in America. He was canonized by the Orthodox Church in 1994.
While most Oriental Christians belong to an Orthodox Church, some, such as the Armenian Catholic Church, Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church, are united with Rome, which allowed them to keep their own Oriental liturgy and Church laws. After World War II, the Russian Orthodox Church was given some freedom by the government of Joseph Stalin but not the Orthodox Oriental Churches, united with Rome. Leaders of the Orthodox Oriental Churches faced intense pressure to break with Rome and to unite with Moscow. Pope Pius addressed specifically the Ruthenian Catholic Church in Ukraine.
She was born Teresa Demjanovich in Bayonne, New Jersey, on March 26, 1901, the youngest of the seven children of Alexander Demjanovich and Johanna Suchy, Ruthenian immigrants to the United States from what is now eastern Slovakia. She received Baptism, Chrismation, and First Holy Communion in the Ruthenian Rite of her parents. Demjanovich grew up beside the oil refineries that mark the landscape of this portion of New Jersey. She completed her grammar school education by the age of eleven, and received her high school diploma in January 1917, from Bayonne High School (at that time located in the present- day Robinson School).
Ruthenian nobility, however, retained a distinct identity within the body of the Polish-Lithuanian szlachta, leading to the Latin expression gente Ruthenus, natione Polonus or gente Rutheni, natione Poloni (translated as "of Polish nationality, but Ruthenian origin", "of Ruthenia race and Polish nation", or in various similar veins), although the extent to which they retained and maintained this separate identity is still debated by scholars, and varied based on time and place.Stone, p. 25. Eventually, following the Union of Lublin in 1569, most of the territories of Ruthenia became part of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
In some chronicles Feodor is called Dux Fethko de Ostrog.Jan Długosz Annales seu cronici incliti regni Poloniae in 1432 year Their dominions in Volynia, Galicia, and Podolia included 24 towns, 10 townlets, and more than 100 villages. Possessions of Ostrogski are marked in pink The most notable among Feodor's descendants was Grand Hetman of Lithuania, Prince Konstanty Ostrogski, who defeated Muscovy in the Battle of Orsha (1514) and his son Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski (or Konstantin Konstantinovich Ostrozhski). Unlike other Ruthenian magnates, the Ostrogskis refused to give up Eastern Orthodoxy for Roman Catholicism despite the cultural pressure that led to Polonization of Ruthenian nobility.
He was consecrated on 21 November of that year by the Metropolitan of Lviv, Mykhaylo Levitsky. He was appointed bishop of the Ruthenian Catholic Eparchy of Przemyśl, Sambir and Sanok on 5 September 1848, and consecrated on 25 March 1949. During the revolutions of 1848, Yakhimovich was the leader of the Supreme Ruthenian Council, which supported the Ukrainian National Revival and the pro-Austrian position of the Western Ukrainian clergy, as opposed to the Western Ukrainian Russophiles. He was consecrated as the Metropolitan of Lemberg on 23 March 1860, which made him the primate of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.
Those historic regions, which once belonged to the Kievan Rus', were disputed between Lithuania and Russia. However, the Ruthenian nobles were eager to capitalise on the political or economic potential offered by the Polish sphere and agreed to the terms. Previously, the Kingdom of Ruthenia or "Ukraine" was abolished in 1349, after Poland and Lithuania split modern-day Ukraine in the aftermath of the Galicia–Volhynia Wars. Now, under the Union of Lublin, all Ukrainian and Ruthenian territories which were alien in culture, customs, religion and language to the Polish people would be annexed by Catholic Poland.
Religions in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1573: Religions in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1750: This situation continued for some time, and in the intervening years what is now Western and Central Ukraine came under the rule of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Polish king Sigismund III Vasa was heavily influenced by the ideals of the Counter-Reformation and wanted to increase the Catholic presence in Ukraine. Meanwhile, the clergy of the Ruthenian lands were ruled from distant Constantinople, and much of the population was loyal to Ruthenian Orthodoxy rather than to the Polish Catholic monarch. Persecution of the Orthodox population grew, and under pressure of Polish authorities the clergy of the Ruthenian Church agreed by the Union of Brest in 1595 to break from the Patriarchate of Constantinopole and unite with the Catholic Church under the authority of the ruler of the Commonwealth, Sigismund III Vasa, in exchange for ending the persecution.
On June 22, 1711, the defenders of the castle put down the gun. The Austrians were ruthlessly vindicated by the insurgents, and dozens of Ruthenian and Hungarian villages were destroyed in the vicinity of the castle, which had lost its strategic importance.
Until the 14th century the area was part of pro-Kyivan Ruthenian states, and was later annexed by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In 1569, after the Union of Lublin, the western part of Podlaskie was ceded to the Kingdom of Poland.
Herburt was an author of many rebellion-related and anti-magnate treaties. He was also a founder of the Kudryntsi Castle. Jan Szczęsny Herburt hailed from a Polonized German-Ruthenian family and called himself as Rusin.Dziuba, O. Jan Szczęsny Herburt (ГЕРБУРТ ЯН-ЩАСНИЙ).
Holovak, one of six children and the youngest of five sons of Slovak/Hungarian/Ruthenian immigrants, grew up in the coal mining town of Lansford, Pennsylvania. During his high school playing days, he helped defeat a team coached by future legend Vince Lombardi.
Very Reverend Oleksiy Bazyuk (; 26 March 1873 – 12 June 1952) was a Greek Catholic hierarch. He served as the single Apostolic Administrator of the Ruthenian Catholic Apostolic Administration of Bosnia-Hercegovina from its establishing on 9 October 1914 until its dissolution in 1925.
On one side, many recognise that the period enabled the Litvin and Ruthenian identity to transform into a modern Belarusian nationality. On the other, in doing so, many traits, though coming via Poland of the Belarusian culture were lost under Tsarist pressure.
Polish and, to a lesser extent (mostly in early diplomatic communication), Latin and German. The Court used Ruthenian to correspond with Eastern countries while Latin and German were used in foreign affairs with Western countries.Kamuntavičius, Rustis. Development of Lithuanian State and Society.
In 13th century Ruthenian documents, Przeworsk was spelt Pereworesk. In the 14th and 15th centuries, its name was subject to variation. It was called Preworsko, Przeworsko, Przeworszko, Przeworscho, Przeiworsko, Przyworsko and Prziborsko. Since the 15th century, the name Przeworsko was most often used.
Ruthenian [Bread-producing] Peasants Party (, Ruska khliborobska partiya) was a political party in Czechoslovakia. The party was founded in 1920. The most prominent personality in the party was Avgustyn Voloshyn, a renowned linguist from Uzhhorod. The party published the weekly newspaper Svoboda.
Prince Aleksander Ostrogski ( ) (c. 1571–1603) was a Ruthenian (Ukrainian) nobleman of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Son of voivode of Troki and Hetman Prince Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski and Zofia Tarnowska h. Leliwa, the daughter of voivode of Ruthenia and Kraków Hetman Jan Amor Tarnowski h.
The river Nemunas became a frontier, which Teutonic Order was not able to cross for 200 years of fight. Starting the reign of Gediminas, Lithuania also started rapid expansion to the East, conquering Ruthenian lands and gaining more resources for the long lasting wars.
T. I : Kamieniec nad Smotryczem. Warszawa: nakładem Gebethnera i Wolffa, 1880, s. 10. pol. In 1349, the region of Halychyna (Galicia) became part of the Kingdom of Poland. As a part of Ruthenian Voivodeship remained in Poland from 1434 until 1772 (see Partitions of Poland).
The name is of Slavic origin. Jozef Martinka suggested the origin in Ruthenian vyharj/vyhar (Slovak: výhor) - a burned forest with a groupping suffix -ať. Vygarljať, Vyhorljať - a mountain with many burned places. The Hungarian name Vihorlát derives from Slovak as an intermmediate language.
During 966 - 1018, 1340 - 1772 (Ruthenian Voivodeship) and during 1918 - 1939 the region was a part of Poland. While during 1772 - 1918 it belonged to Austrian empire. Before World War II, the Osława line, was designated as the wild frontier between Poles and Lemkos.
Isaiah Kopinsky (; b ? in Galicia region – 5 October 1640) was a Ruthenian Orthodox metropolitan (official title – Metropolitan of Kiev, Galicia and All- Rus'). Orthodox church figure and Kievan metropolitan. He studied at the Lviv Dormition Brotherhood School and entered a monastery as a youth.
Princess Kateryna Ostrozka (, , ) (1560–1579) was a Ruthenian noblewoman. She was famed for the Siege of Dubna in 1577, which was sieged by nomads with the purpose of take to her prisoner. She married Krzysztof Mikołaj "the Thunderbolt" Radziwiłł on 22 July 1578 in Dubno.
In demographic terms, these war-time and post-war-time factors changed the region's ethnic composition. Today the number of Jews, Germans and Poles is negligible, while the number of Romanians has decreased substantially. Ruthenian communities in Bukovina date back to at least 16th century.
Herburt is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several distinct and unrelated szlachta families such as the Pawcz family of Ruthenian Galicia. A coat of arms is an individual or family heirloom the origins of which lie in the 12th century.
Saint Anne Byzantine Catholic Church is a Catholic Christian parish of the Byzantine Ruthenian Tradition located in the City of San Luis Obispo, California. It was founded in 1986. It is a parish of the Holy Protection of Mary Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Phoenix.
Nil Lushchak O.F.M. (; born May 22, 1973 Uzhhorod, Ukrainian SSR) is a Ukrainian Ruthenian Catholic hierarch, who sevres as an Apostolic Administrator of the Eparchy of Mukacheve. Previously served as Auxiliary Bishop of the same eparchy since 19 November 2012 until 20 July 2020.
Alexander Vasilyevich Dukhnovych (, Aleksander Vasyl’jevyč Duxnovič; , Oleksandr Vasylovych Dukhnovych; ; , Aleksandr Vasilevich Dukhnovich; 24 April 1803 – 30 March 1865) was an Transcarpathian Ruthenian priest, poet, writer, pedagogue, and social activist of the Russophile orientation. He is considered as the awakener (Rusyn: Будитиль, Budytyl’) of the Rusyns.
Gerichts-Bezirk ( Bukowsko Rural Commune) Bukowsko bis 1918. An 1898 map shows the location of Płonna (click in it to enlarge). Płonna was founded in 1433 by Bal. During 966–1018, 1340–1772 (Ruthenian Voivodeship) and during 1918–1939 Płonna was part of Poland.
There he named himself a Hetman of Cossacks and started a revolt against Polish rule in Ukraine and the rule of local Ruthenian nobility and magnates in the lands of Kiev and Bratslav. What started as a private act of revenge soon turned into a full-scale civil war between local Ruthenian nobility and the Cossacks. By 1592 a large part of the society of Ukraine supported the revolt and it spread to Volhynia. However, the conflict was seen by Polish hetman and chancellor Jan Zamoyski as yet another struggle for power in Ukraine and the Polish forces of hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski did not enter the war.
East of the Baltic tribes: Kievan Rus' From the 9th to the 11th centuries, coastal Balts were subjected to raids by the Vikings, and the kings of Denmark collected tribute at times. During the 10–11th centuries, Lithuanian territories were among the lands paying tribute to Kievan Rus', and Yaroslav the Wise was among the Ruthenian rulers who invaded Lithuania (from 1040). From the mid-12th century, it was the Lithuanians who were invading Ruthenian territories. In 1183, Polotsk and Pskov were ravaged, and even the distant and powerful Novgorod Republic was repeatedly threatened by the excursions from the emerging Lithuanian war machine toward the end of the 12th century.
There are also communities belonging to the Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church and other Old Believers, to the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia, to the Ruthenian Orthodox Church, to various branches of the True Orthodox Church-Catacombism (including the Ruthenian True Orthodox Church, the Ukrainian True Orthodox Church and the Church of the GothsNygren, Isak. "The Gothic versus the Russian. The conflict between the Church of the Goths and the Russian Orthodox Church". Study of Religions - C Specialization: Contemporary Studies, Södertörn University, Fall 2014.), to the Romanian Orthodox Church (Metropolis of Bessarabia), to the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church Canonical, and to a variety of other minor Christian Orthodox churches.
As a result, in the eastern territories a Polish (or Polonized) aristocracy dominated a peasantry whose great majority was neither Polish nor Roman Catholic. Moreover, the decades of peace brought huge colonization efforts to Ukraine, heightening the tensions among nobles, Jews, Cossacks (traditionally Orthodox), Polish and Ruthenian peasants. The latter, deprived of their native protectors among the Ruthenian nobility, turned for protection to cossacks that facilitated violence that in the end broke the Commonwealth. The tensions were aggravated by conflicts between Eastern Orthodoxy and the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church following the Union of Brest, overall discrimination of Orthodox religions by dominant Catholicism, and several Cossack uprisings.
Pope John Paul II appointed Pazak eparch of the Slovak Catholic Eparchy of Saints Cyril and Methodius of Toronto on December 2, 2000. The Ukrainian Catholic Archbishop of Winnipeg, Michael Bzdel, C.Ss.R., consecrated him a bishop on February 14, 2001; the co-consecrators were Milan Chautur, C.Ss.R., Apostolic Exarch of Košice and Basil Schott, O.F.M., the Ruthenian Eparch of Parma. Pope Francis named Pazak the Eparch of the Ruthenian Catholic Eparchy of the Holy Protection of Mary in Phoenix on May 7, 2016. On the same day he was appointed Apostolic Administrator of the Eparchy of Saints Cyril and Methodius of Toronto, until the appointment of a successor.
The Ruthenian Catholic Eparchy of Parma (), commonly but inaccurately called Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Parma, a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the Metropolitan Archeparchy of Pittsburgh (depending on the Roman Congregation for the Oriental Churches), is the eparchy (Eastern Catholic diocese) of the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church in the Midwestern United States, in practice governing most Byzantine Rite Catholics in the Midwestern United States, hence informally also known as Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Parma. Its headquarters are located in Parma, Ohio. The Eparchy's Bishop is Milan Lach, SJ. Its episcopal seat is the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist in Parma, Ohio.
The Third Statute was accepted in 1588 in response to the Union of Lublin, which created the Polish- Lithuanian Commonwealth. The main author and editor of this statute was the great Chancellor of Lithuania Lew Sapieha of Ruthenian origin. The statute was the first one to be printed (in contrast to the handwritten statutes before) in Ruthenian language using Cyrillic alphabet. Translations of the statute were printed in Muscovite Russia and also in Poland, where at that time laws were not thoroughly codified and the Lithuanian statute was consulted in some cases where the corresponding or comparably similar Polish laws were unclear or missing.
Family shield Coat of Arms Josaphat Kuntsevych, O.S.B.M., ( – 12 November 1623) (, , , ) was a Polish–Lithuanian monk and archeparch (archbishop) of the Ruthenian Catholic Church, who on 12 November 1623 was killed by an angry mob in Vitebsk, Vitebsk Voivodeship, in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (present day Belarus). He is "the best-known victim" of anti-Catholic violence related to implementing the Union of Brest, and is declared a martyr and saint of the Catholic Church. His death reflects the conflict among Christian Orthodox and Catholics that had intensified after the Ruthenian Orthodox Church (Kiev Metropolitanate) confirmed its communion with the Roman Catholic Church through the 1596 Union of Brest.
Ivan Margitych (; 4 February 1921 – 7 September 2003) was a Ukrainian Greek Catholic hierarch. He was an auxiliary bishop of the Ruthenian Catholic Eparchy of Mukacheve from 1987 to 2002 and titular bishop of Scopelus in Haemimonto from 1991 to 2003. Born in Velyka Chynhava, Czechoslovakia (present day – Borzhavske, Ukraine) in 1921 in the peasant family of Anton Margitych and Tereza (née Kostak), he was ordained a priest on 18 August 1946 by Blessed Bishop Theodore Romzha for the Ruthenian Catholic Eparchy of Mukacheve. He served as parish priest in Rakhiv from 1946 to 1949, until the Communist regime abolished the Greek-Catholic Church.
Sources indicate that Hurrem Sultan was originally from Ruthenia, which was then part of the Polish Crown. She was born in the town of Rohatyn southeast of Lwów, a major city of the Ruthenian Voivodeship in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. According to late 16th-century and early 17th-century sources, such as the Polish poet Samuel Twardowski (died 1661), who researched the subject in Turkey, Hurrem was seemingly born to a man surnamed Lisovsky, who was an Orthodox priest of Ruthenian origin."The Speech of Ibrahim at the Coronation of Maximilian II", Thomas Conley, Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric, Vol.
The flowering shoots of pussy willow are used both in Europe and America for spring religious decoration on Palm Sunday, as a replacement for palm branches, which do not grow that far north. Ukrainian and Russian Orthodox; Ruthenian, Polish, Romanian, Czech, Slovak, Bavarian, and Austrian Roman Catholics; Finnish and Baltic Lutherans and Orthodox; and various other Eastern European peoples carry pussy willows on Palm Sunday instead of palm branches. This custom has continued to this day among Ukrainian Orthodox Church, Romanian Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, Ruthenian Catholic, Ukrainian Catholic, Kashubian Catholic and Polish Catholic émigrés to North America. Sometimes, on Palm Sunday they will bless both palms and pussy willows in church.
Black Ruthenia (), Black Rus' (, , ) identified a historical region around Navahrudak (Nowogródek), in the western part of present-day Belarus on the upper reaches of the Neman River. Besides Navahrudak, other important cities of the Black Ruthenian region included Hrodna (Grodno), Slonim (Słonim), Vawkavysk (Wołkowysk) and Niasvizh (Nieśwież).
In the years 1772-1918 the town belonged administratively to the Ruthenian Voivodeship.of the Habsburg crownland Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. From 1945 to 1975 the town administratively belonged to the Rzeszów voivodship. In the years 1975–1998 the town belonged administratively to the Przemyśl voivodship.
Samuel Korecki (c. 1586 - June 27, 1622), Ruthenian duke, nobleman (szlachcic) of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, adventurer and military commander carrying a titular rank of colonel. His coat of arms was Pogonia. His spent his life as a military men, fighting both private and state sponsored wars.
In about 1511, Tarnowski married Barbara Tęczyńska, daughter of Mikołaj Tęczyński, voivode of the Ruthenian Voivodeship. She was the niece of his mother's first husband. After her death, Tarnowski married Zofia Szydłowiecka in 1530. He had four children, among them Zofia Tarnowska and Jan Krzysztof Tarnowski.
The town's original Polish name Sasów also written as Sassów is derived from the Jan Daniłowicz family coat of arms "Sas" (Saxon) clan, itself derived from the medieval 12th-century German migrants of Saxony, see Transylvanian Saxons. In Ruthenian (Ruś) language the town name was Sassíw.
Velykyi Liubin settlements the first have been mentioned in Ruthenian chronicles as the city Lyubynhorod, (). The Army by Prince Danylo Romanovych has destroyed the settlement in 1241. At the beginning of the 15th century was inhabited the village Liubin. Today this is an urban-type settlement.
Lew Sapieha, the most prominent member of the family Jan Fryderyk Sapieha Adam Stefan Sapieha – Archbishop of Kraków. Sapieha (; Lithuanian: Sapiega; , Sapeha) is a Polish and Lithuanian noble and magnate family of Lithuanian and Ruthenian origin,Энцыклапедыя ВКЛ. Т.2, арт. "Сапегі"Саверчанка І.В. Канцлер Вялікага княства.
The society, which was given an old name for Bukovina,Vatamaniuc, Ștefănescu, p.258 was founded on December 22, 1875, at the newly established Czernowitz University. Meanwhile, similar organizations were set up for German, Polish and Ruthenian students, as well as a pan-national group.Turczynski, p.
Garmash (or Harmash in Ukrainian, Belarusian), (Cyrillic: Гармаш) — is a Ruthenian (Ukrainian and Belarusian) last name derived from the word гармата (Ukr., Bel. harmáta, "gun, cannon"). It was originally the name given to Cossack gunners (artillerymen) as well as gunsmiths (cannon founders) at the Zaporozhian Sich.
Tomasz Kempa, "Akademia i Drukarnia Ostrogska", , Biały Dunajec - Ostróg 2006. The family spanned from the 14th century Ruthenian noble Daniil Ostrogski to the 17th century Polish members. After the death of Janusz Ostrogski, the last male heir, most of the family's possessions passed to the Zasławski family.
Kuncewicz is a Polish-Ruthenian gentry family, like many other Szlachta houses of the Kingdom of Poland and the Duchy of Ruthenia, later prominent in Polish history, science, and arts. They are descended from Jakub Kuncewicz (16th century – 1523). The family used the Łabędź Coat of Arms.
In the 1800s, the archeparchy was classified by the Catholic Church as a Ruthenian jurisdiction. The Russian imperial government suppressed the archeparchy on 25 March 1839 at the Council of Polotsk,Ієрархія Київської церкви (861-1996), Львів, Каменяр, 1996, pp. 281-288 which has no Catholic successor.
20, No. 3 (Summer 2002), 266.Kemal H. Karpat, Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History: Selected Articles and Essays, (Brill, 2002), 756. Her native language was Ruthenian. In the 1510s, Crimean Tatars kidnapped her during one of their Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe.
Nicholas Duchnowski (; 12 December 1733 – 25 June 1805) was a bishop of the Ruthenian Uniate Church, Bishop of Suprasl and all unites in New East Prussia. After the death of Theodosius Wislocki, Nicholas Duchnowski was selected locum tenens bishop of Suprasl until he was consecrated in 1804.
The Gediminid symbol in Rambynas Hill, Lithuania The Eastern Orthodox branches of the family were mostly Ruthenian, which also was one of the two main languages of their established state. Some of these families (e.g., Czartoryski) later converted to Roman Catholicism and became Polonized. Others (e.g.
P.148-150 In the years 1605-1633, for example, Red Ruthenian lands suffered 100,000 people taken captive by the Ottomans, and 24,000 dead; in the first half of the 17th century, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, controlling Zaporizhia, lost approximately 300,000 of people due to the Ottoman raids.
Alexis Nour, "Ce este Basarabia?", in Viața Romînească, Nr. 1–3/1916, p. 251 Romanian politician Duiliu Zamfirescu, who met and debated with Vladimir Vladimirovich in 1918, claimed that the Tsygankos were "Ruthenian". He and his adversary talked in French, as Tsyganko "could not speak a word of Romanian".
Until the Partitions of Poland (1772), it was part of Poland's Ruthenian Voivodeship. In 1623, Przemyslany received Magdeburg rights. In 1772 - 1918, it belonged to Austrian Galicia, and in 1918, it returned to Poland. In the Second Polish Republic, it was the seat of a county in Tarnopol Voivodeship.
Halytskyi District () is an urban district of the city of Lviv, named after Ruthenian king and founder of the city Daniel of Galicia (Danylo Halytskyi). Halytskyi District covers territory of Old City with the center in Market Square and some other central neighborhoods like Snopkiv, Sofiyivka and Citadel.
These new outskirts of the city came to be known as the Meshchanskaya sloboda, after Ruthenian meshchane "town people". The term meshchane (мещане) acquired pejorative connotations in 18th-century Russia and today means "petty bourgeois" or "narrow-minded philistine".П.В.Сытин, "Из истории московских улиц", М, 1948, p. 296.
Nick Rock'n'Roll (right) Nick Rock'n'Roll (real name Nikolay Frantsevich Kuntsevich, ; born 7 August 1960 in Simferopol) is a Russian punk-rocker and anarchist of Ruthenian-Polish ancestry. He is the lead singer of the Masochist and Nick Rock'n'Roll & Trite Dushi, as well as creating the band Nochniye Snaiperi.
Smolník was a Ruthenian village in eastern Slovakia, within Snina District. The first mention of the village was in 1568. In 1980 the village was destroyed, along with six other villages, to make way for the Starina reservoir. Before its destruction, it had 72 houses and approximately 360 people.
Bishop Hornyak was born on 7 October 1919 in Kucura, Voivodina in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. In 1940, Bishop Dionisije Njaradi persuaded Hornyak to train for the priesthood and, in 1940, Hornyak was sent by the bishop to study in Rome, at the Pontifical Ruthenian College of St. Josaphat's.
The court was allowed to hand down either 10 years of forced labour, or death penalty. Several Ruthenian leaders, including Andrej Bródy and Shtefan Fentsyk, were condemned and executed in May 1946. Avgustyn Voloshyn also died in prison. The extent of the repression showed to many Carpatho-Ruthenian activists how it would not have been possible to find an accommodation with the coming Soviet regime as it had been with all previous ones. After breaking the Greek Catholic Church in Eastern Galicia in 1946, Soviet authorities pushed for the return to Orthodoxy of Greek-Catholic parishes in Transcarpathia too, including by engineering the accident and death of recalcitrant bishop Theodore Romzha on 1 November 1947.
It retains most of the distinctive differences that the earlier version has from the Greek, with none of the more drastic changes that may be found in the next version. This version was once used throughout the Kievan metropolia, as well as in the Orthodox Churches of Central Europe (Ukraine, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Austria and so on), but later dropped out of use, and the next version adopted. It is currently only used (either in the original Slavonic or in vernacular translations) by those churches that use the Ruthenian recension—the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church, the Belarusian Greek Catholic Church, the Hungarian Greek Catholic Church, and the Slovak Greek Catholic Church.
The international situation of the Cossacks and Polish-Lithuanian control over the vast areas of Kiev Voivodeship was further complicated by the fact that the rulers of Muscovy and Austria (Feodor I and Rudolf II, respectively) wanted to win the support of Cossacks in their struggle against the Turks. In 1591 the so-called Kosiński Uprising started. What started as a private quarrel between one disgruntled Polish noble and some local Ruthenian magnates soon turned into a full-scale civil war between local Ruthenian nobility and the Cossacks. Despite initial successes, the Cossacks started to lose ground and were ultimately defeated by Polish-led levée en masse in the battle of Piątek near Zhitomir.
The center of the Ukrainian national movement was in Galicia, which is today divided between Ukraine and Poland. On 19 April 1848, a group of representatives led by the Greek Catholic clergy launched a petition to the Austrian Emperor. It expressed wishes that in those regions of Galicia where the Ruthenian (Ukrainian) population represented majority, the Ukrainian language should be taught at schools and used to announce official decrees for the peasantry; local officials were expected to understand it and the Ruthenian clergy was to be equalized in their rights with the clergy of all other denominations.Kost' Levytskyi, The History of the Political Thought of the Galician Ukrainians, 1848–1914, (Lviv, 1926), 17.
Polish map of 1927 indicating location of Rusini and Bialo Rusini Constitutional Law on the Autonomy of Subcarpathian Rus' (1938) Carpatho-Ukraine in 1939 Stepan Klochurak Map of territories occupied by Ruthenes in the Carpathian region near Huszt, Munkács, Ungvár Sign reads "House of Subcarpathian Rusyns" (Dom Podkarpatskikh Rusinov) in Mukacheve The Rusyns have always been subject to larger neighboring powers, but in the 19th century a Rusyn national movement was formed which emphasized distinctive ethnic identity and literary language. During the Spring of Nations on 2 May 1848 in Lemberg (today Lviv) was established the first political representation of the Galician Rusyns, the Main Ruthenian Council (, Holovna Ruska Rada).Ihor Melnyk. Main Ruthenian Council (Головна Руська Рада). Zbruc.
A circle of activists, primarily Greek Catholic seminarians, affected by the romantic movement in Europe and the example of fellow Slavs elsewhere, especially in eastern Ukraine under the Russians, began to turn their attention to the common folk and their language. In 1837, the so-called Ruthenian Triad (Markiyan Shashkevych, Yakiv Holovatsky, and Ivan Vahylevych) published "Русалка Днѣстровая", Rusalka dnistrova ("The Mermaid of the Dnister"), a collection of folksongs and other materials in the common Ruthenian tongue. Alarmed by such democratism, the Austrian authorities and the Greek Catholic Metropolitan banned the book. Flag of Galicia (1849) Flag of Galicia (1890—1918) In 1848, revolutions occurred in Vienna and other parts of the Austrian Empire.
26: "By the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries Chancery Slavonic dominated the written state language in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania"; Timothy Snyder, The Reconstruction Of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999 (Yale University Press, 2004: ), p. 18: "Local recensions of Church Slavonic, introduced by Orthodox churchmen from more southerly lands, provided the basis for Chancery Slavonic, the court language of the Grand Duchy." Scholars do not agree whether Ruthenian was a separate language, or a Western dialect or set of dialects of Old East Slavic, but it is agreed that Ruthenian has a close genetic relationship with it. Old East Slavic was the colloquial language used in Kievan Rus' (10th–13th centuries).
In the 1569 Union of Lublin, the Ruthenian territories controlled by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were transferred to the newly formed Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.Staff writer, Encyclopædia Britannica (2006). "Ukraine." Retrieved 3 June 2006. The non- Polish ethnic groups found themselves under strong influence of the Polish culture and language.
To date HLC recorded and described the fate of 7,636 Albanians, 845 Serbs, 109 Roma, 64 Bosniaks, 34 Montenegrins, 22 Ashkali, six Gorani, 13 Kosovo Egyptians, six Turks, two Russians, one Croat, two Hungarians, one Macedonian, one Bulgarian, one Ruthenian, two Slovenians, one Yugoslav, and six victims of undetermined nationality.
In the 15th century, the castle was changed from being a defense point, to simply a getaway for aristocracy. In 1605, the castle was bought by the nobleman Jan Daniłowicz h. Sas, a wealthy local landowner and Voivode of the Ruthenian Voivodeship. It was then sold to the family of Koniecpolski.
A Rusyn minority remained after World War II in eastern Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia). According to critics, the Ruthenians rapidly became Slovakized. In 1995 the Ruthenian written language became standardized.Paul Robert Magocsi: A new Slavic language is born, in: Revue des études slaves, Tome 67, fascicule 1, 1995, pp. 238–240.
Saint Sofia, princess of Slutsk The Olelkovich (, , , ) family was a 15th–16th-century princely family from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Their main possession was the Duchy of Slutsk–Kapyl. They are sometimes known as Slutsky. They were descended from the Lithuanian Gediminids (male line) and Ruthenian Rurikids (female line).
In 1897, Dmytriw travelled from the United States to Canada at Joseph Oleskow’s request.Marunchak, M.H. The Ukrainian Canadians: A History. Ukrainian Free Academy of Sciences, Winnipeg, Ottawa, 1970, page 39. Through the Ruthenian National Association, Dmytriw arrived in April 1897 to serve the spiritual needs of the Ukrainian Canadian settlers.
They bore the Chodkiewicz coat of arms. In 1572, Jan Hieronimowicz Chodkiewicz converted from Calvinism to Roman Catholicism with his two sons, which made them the first Polonized generation of the once Lithuanian-Ruthenian family. Emperor Charles V granted the title of "Count" of the Roman Empire to the whole family.
About 2/3 of the Statutes concerned the criminal law; the rest, private (civil) law. Characteristically, most statutes contain not only the law, but explanation (justification) for why it exists. The Statutes were written in Latin. In the early 15th century they were translated into Polish and later, into Ruthenian.
Canadian Slavonic Papers. Vol. 34, No. 4 (December 1992), pp. 391-412 In 1924 the Polish government under Władysław Grabski excluded the Ukrainian language from use in government institutions. It also avoided the official use of the word "Ukrainian", replacing it with the historical name "Ruthenian".Paul Robert Magocsi. (2010).
Kesterska Sergescu, pp. 262–263 News of this reached Polish King Sigismund II Augustus, who, preferring to maintain Lăpușneanu as his subservient ally, ordered this "mutiny" quashed. Despot's force was attacked by troops from the Ruthenian Voivodeship, and arrested by Mikołaj Sieniawski before even reaching the Moldavian border.Iorga (1925), p.
The film has several inaccuracies. Redl is said to be a Ruthenian, while in fact his family was of German-Czech origin. Redl is shown as coming from a poor family. In fact, his father was a senior employee of the railways which made his family a middle- class family.
Historic names of village: Boyscza 1361, Boyska 1398, Boyschcze 1402, Bogiska 1437, Szboyska 1539, Zboiska alias Uhrynowce 1676. From 1340 to 1772 it belonged to Sanok Land, Ruthenian Voivodship. From 1772 to 1852 cyrkuł leski (administration unit similar to county), then cyrkuł sanocki. From 1867 Sanok county, borough Bukowsko in Galicia.
In 1205, he and his brother, Duke Leszek I the White of Sandomierz, had their greatest military victory at Battle of Zawichost against Prince Roman the Great of Galicia–Volhynia. The Ruthenian army was crushed and Roman was killed in battle. The Rurik princess Agafia of Rus became his wife.
1916 Advertisement for membership of the Ruthenian National Union. Transcarpatia, February 1939 The Ukrainian National Association (UNA) () is a North American fraternal organization founded in Shamokin, Pennsylvania on February 22, 1894 when the first wave of immigrants from the Western regions of Ukraine came to the United States and Canada.
The House of Wojtowicz from Volhynia (plural form: Wojtowiczowie) was a part of the nobility of Poland (the family's roots were probably in the Lithuanian- Ruthenian nobility). The village of Wojtowice of Ostróg County in Volhynia is the origin of this house.Dunin-Borkowski, Jerzy Seweryn. Genealogies of the living Polish houses.
Lithuanian primer for kids, published in Vilnius, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 1790 edition Numerous languages were used in state documents depending on which period in history and for what purpose. These languages included Lithuanian, Ruthenian,Stone, Daniel. The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386–1795. Seattle: University of Washington, 2001. p. 4.
Konstantyn Franciszek Korniakt was born in Sośnica in 1582, the son of the noble Polish merchant Konstanty Korniakt (the elder, b. 1520, h. Krucina) and Ruthenian noblewoman Anna Dzieduszycki h. Sas. Konstanty Korniakt (the elder) had moved to Lviv in 1554, inheriting the property of his elder brother Michael Kornakt.
His last years were devoted to development of education and schooling among local Ruthenians. In an effort to forestall the Magyarization of the Ruthenian population Dukhnovych founded in Eperjes (Prešov) together with Adolf Dobryansky the St. John the Baptist Society (1862). On March 30, 1865 Dukhnovych died in Eperjes (Prešov).
134 Linguistically, the Polish language was predominant in Galicia. According to the 1910 census 58.6% of the combined population of both western and eastern Galicia spoke Polish as its mother tongue compared to 40.2% who spoke a Ruthenian language.Anstalt G. Freytag & Berndt (1911). Geographischer Atlas zur Vaterlandskunde an der österreichischen Mittelschulen.
The overlapping of religious denominations presented the community as integrated to a considerable degree. Meanwhile, the overwhelming majority of Ruthenian speakers were Greco Catholics, like Ukrainians, and only 7,625 of them were Roman Catholics.Central Statistical office of the Polish Republic, 1931 Census of Poland; Table 10 at Wikimedia Commons (extract).
The earliest bearers of the coat of arms settled in Stanisławów (Ruthenian Voivodeship) in 1670. They received indigenate and their Wallachian coat of arms was accepted. Around 1730 Abgar-Soltan, an Armenian merchant, had two sons. One of them, Krzysztof Abgarowicz adopted the coat of arms' name as his surname.
Much like other Ruthenian lands, the Minsk voivodeship signed its documents with the Pogoń (Chase) coat of arms. The flag was Or, in field Gules a chase Carnation. The official uniform was a crimson kontusz and żupan, with a navy blue collar. The powiat of Rechytsa adopted a white żupan with white collar.
Vilnius' castles were held by Skirgaila, commanding combined Polish, Lithuanian, and Ruthenian troops. The Knights reduced much of the outer city to ruins and managed to destroy the Crooked Castle, which was never rebuilt. Vytautas' brother Tautvilas Kęstutaitis and Jogaila's brother Karigaila died during the siege. The besiegers ran into various difficulties.
Prior to 1598 it was part of Częstochowa. After 1589 Mikulice was a noble village, owned by Konstanty Korniakt (the father). It was administratively located in the Przemyśl county of the Ruthenian province. In the 1628 conscript records the village was part of the Białoboki key owned by the Korniakt family of Białobok.
The village, called Gliniany, belonged to Lwow Land of the Ruthenian Voivodeship. It received a town charter in 1397, from Voivode of Sandomierz and Starosta of Red Ruthenia, Jan z Tarnowa. In 1425, King Wladyslaw Jagiello confirmed Gliniany's charter. In summer 1537, it was one of centers of the so-called Chicken War.
He began to Polonize the local administration and managed to have Ruthenian ideas of partitioning the province shelved. He was unsuccessful, however, in forcing the Greek Catholic Church to shift to the use of the western or Gregorian calendar, or among Ruthenians generally, to replace the Cyrillic alphabet with the Latin alphabet.
In 1807, the Duchy of Warsaw was created, and Drohiczyn was once again divided between the duchy and Russian Empire. In 1808, Russian authorities created Drohiczyn County, part of Grodno Governorate. In 1861, the population of both parts of Drohiczyn was 1700, with 1400 living in Polish district, and 300 inhabiting Ruthenian district.
Job Boretsky (, ; unknown, Bircza, Ruthenian Voivodeship – 2 March 1631, Kiev, Cossack Hetmanate) was a Ukrainian Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Eastern Orthodox metropolitan (official title – Metropolitan of Kyiv, Galicia and all- Rus). He was known as an outstanding church leader and educator, defender of the Orthodox faith and the Orthodox Metropolitan of Kyiv (1620–31).
Czetwertyński or Chetvertynsky (also Czetwertyński-Światopełk and Sviatopolk- Chetvertynsky) is a Polish princely family of Ruthenian origin that was founded in modern-day Volhynia within the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, now Ukraine. The family takes its name from the village of Chetvertnia, Lutsk county, in modern-day Manevychi Raion, Volyn Oblast.
The first attempt to codify the laws of Grand Duchy of Lithuania took the form of Statutes of Lithuania, with the First Statute in power in 1529. The document, written in Ruthenian language, fulfilled the role of the supreme law of the land, even including provisions that no other law could contradict it.
According to Serhiy Yefremov, Święcicki's treatise on Ukrainian literature in 19th century is considered to be the first review of modern Ukrainian language literature. However, it were his Ukrainian language fables that earned him his name in contemporary literature. In 1869 Święcicki became an instructor of Ukrainian (Ruthenian) language in Lviv Academic Gymnasium.
Ostroh Academy was an academy located in Ostroh, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It is considered to be the first institution of higher education in Ukraine, dating to 1576 and founded by Polish nobleman of Ruthenian descent Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski. The university was closed in 1636 soon after opening the Jesuit College in Ostroh.
He specifically authorized the purchase of Zyklon B for use at Auschwitz. Carpathian Ruthenian Jews arrive at Auschwitz–Birkenau, May 1944. Most were murdered in gas chambers hours after arriving. Already in 1943 the SS-TV units began to receive orders to conceal as much of the evidence of the Holocaust as possible.
He was confirmed by the Holy See as an Eparchial Bishop of the Ruthenian Catholic Eparchy of Lviv, Halych and Kamianets-Podilskyi on 28 September 1798. He was consecrated to the Episcopate on 10 March 1799. The principal consecrator was Bishop Porfyriy Skarbek-Vazhynskyi. He died in Lviv on 23 May 1805.
200px Theodosius Rostocki (born as Tadeusz Teodozy Bołbas-Rostocki; ; 1725 – 25 January 1805) was a bishop of the Ruthenian Uniate Church, Metropolitan bishop of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia. He became the first unite bishop who was a member of the Polish Senate.Dzyuba, O. Theodosius Rostocki (РОСТОЦЬКИЙ ТЕОДОСІЙ). Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine.
In 1511, the rural settlement of Komarów (Ukrainian Комарiв) became the property of Anna Sienieńska and was a key part of the commune of Olesko, located in the historical state of Ruthenia, Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia. In 1605, Olesko and Olesko Castle became the property of wealthy landowner and nobleman Jan Daniłowicz herbu Sas, Voivode of the Ruthenian Voivodeship and grandfather of later King Jan III Sobieski. With the sanction of King Sigismund III Vasa, Sasów town was founded in place of the settlement of Komarów in 1615 by Jan Daniłowicz and granted town charter status in the Ruthenian Voivodeship, the town was named Sasów (Sassów) after Jan Daniłowicz' Sas clan coat-of-arms. With its town charter status modeled on the Magdeburg rights, Sasów was permitted a degree of internal autonomy, hold fairs three times a year which took place at ceremonies of Saint Stanislaus, Saint Michael and Saint Nicholas, as well as trade fairs and auctions every Wednesday and Saturday, its residents (burghers) were also exempt from public taxation for a period of 4 years, and perpetually from tolls and customs duties applicable on Ruthenian lands, with exception of the frontier duty.
Later Jeremias stopped in Vilnius and consecrated Michael Rohoza as Metropolitan of Kyiv, Halych and all Ruthenia, thus again confirming division of the former Russian Orthodox Church. Soon thereafter, in 1596 the Metropolitan of Kyiv and other top clergymen of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth signed the Union of Brest turning the Russian (Ruthenian) Orthodox Church under jurisdiction of the Latin Church and converting to the Ruthenian Uniate Church. As the previous Florentine union, the Union of Brest was not accepted by all orthodox clergymen causing some eparchies (dioceses) to continue their operations as Eastern Orthodox. In 1620 the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem Theophanes consecrated Job as the new Metropolitan of Kyiv, Halych and all Ruthenia and Exarch of Ukraine.
He was not so successful with regard to the Bishop of Vilnius and Livonia Ignacy Jakub Massalski. In the negotiations for the third partition of Poland, he tried to have the three states guarantee the preservation of the Church organization and property -- guarantees which were violated by Catherine II of Russia. On her death Litta was sent on an extraordinary mission to Moscow for the coronation of Paul I of Russia, whence he was transferred as ambassador of Pius VI to St. Petersburg, to settle, according to Paul's wish, the affairs of the Latin and the Greek Catholic Ruthenian (Belarusian and Ukrainian) church. He secured the restoration of six dioceses of the Latin Rite and three of the Ruthenian (Połacak, Lutsk, and Brest).
There is virtually no biographical information about Joannis beyond his poetic works and related correspondence with his teacher, Pavel the Ruthenian, and most of biographical details are uncertain or deduced indirectly."O JANIE Z WIŚLICY I JEGO "WOJNIE PRUSKIEJ"" From his letter to Pavel the Ruthenian one may deduce he was a Pole (he called Poland his motherland: "patriae Poloniae cuius alumnum me fore profiteor") Kruczkiewicz, Bronisław, "O Pawle z Krosna i Janie z Wiślicy", Krakow, 1885, text online From his agnomen it is deduced he was born in a Wislica. Polish historians consider Wislica in Poland to be his birthplace. Belarusian historians claim Joannis Vislicensis was born in the Belarusian territory (then within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania), between Kletsk and Pinsk by the river .
In 1241 the city of Halych was destroyed during the Mongol invasion therefore the state capital was transferred to Kholm by the King Danylo Halytsky, while the destroyed Halych with the surrounding settlement was left as the bishop residence. Around this period the area was under series of conflicts involving the struggle between the Ruthenian factions as well as Kingdom of Poland, Kingdom of Hungary, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and Golden Horde. In the 13th century the Halych Principality as part of the Ruthenian (Rus) Kingdom stretched from Przemyśl to Podolia, form Mukacheve to Terebovl, and from Busk to the Southern Bucovina. By the end of the 13th century the Kingdom went into a heavy conflict with Lithuania, Poland, and Hungary with partial successes and failures.
He was awarded for that the Virtuti Militari Order. After the collapse of the Uprising he settled in Galicia, then part of the Austrian Empire. In 1835 Russian authorities confiscated his estates in Congress Poland as punishment for his participation in the failed Uprising. Leon Sapieha was one of the leaders of the Ruthenian sobor.
He was confirmed by the Holy See as an Eparchial Bishop of the Ruthenian Catholic Eparchy of Chełm–Belz on 15 November 1756. He was consecrated to the Episcopate on 24 February 1759. The principal consecrator was Metropolitan Florian Hrebnytskyi. With his initiative, a seminary for the Greek Catholics was opened in Chełm in 1759.
Ruthenian depiction of Christian Jogaila Catholic influence and contacts, including those derived from German settlers, traders and missionaries from Riga,Ochmański (1982), p. 67 had been increasing for some time around the northwest region of the empire, known as Lithuania proper. The Franciscan and Dominican friar orders existed in Vilnius from the time of Gediminas.
From 1932-1959 Sedniv was a village. Sedniv is located at the location of the Ruthenian city of Snovsk that was destroyed by the Tatars in 1239. It is unknown when the town changed its name. It is known that in 1648-1781 it was a district (sotnia) seat of the Chernihiv region (polk).
For seven months she defended the castle with his Hungarian, Ruthenian, Slovakian and German soldiers. Showing her personal heroism, she often appeared on the bastions with her ten-year-old son Francis, defying the strong gunfire. Her daughter Julianna took care of the wounded. In April 1686, General Caprara was forced to abandon the siege.
Thomas handed his own horse to his lord and thus George avoided "deadly peril". The invasion lasted for two months before the Mongols withdrew. Nogai and Talabuga invaded Lesser Poland in December 1287. In addition to looting, its purpose was to prevent High Duke Leszek II the Black from interfering in Hungarian and Ruthenian affairs.
Czerteż was founded in 1339 by prince Bolesław Jerzy II of Mazovia, and was originally named Czerteznyki ( en. Handicrafts ). During 966 - 1018, 1340 - 1772 (Ruthenian Voivodeship) and during 1918 - 1939 Czertez was part of Poland. Between 1772 and 1918 it belonged to Austrian empire, later Austrian-Hungarian empire when double monarchy was introduced in Austria.
Peter Mohyla, Ruthenian-Ukrainian metropolitan, noble, and cultural figure Macarius II, Metropolitan of Moscow (in office: 1912-1917). In the Russian Orthodox Church a white klobuk is distinctive of a metropolitan (). Cardinal Daniel DiNardo is the Metropolitan Archbishop of Galveston-Houston. In the Roman Catholic Church, the pallium is unique to a metropolitan bishop.
Sas or Szász (origin: Slavic for "Saxon", Polish: Sas, Hungarian: Szász, Romanian: Saș, Ukrainian: Сас) is a Central European coat of arms. It was borne since the medieval period by several Transylvanian-Saxon Hungarian, Ruthenian, Ukrainian,Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Entry: Petty Gentry, written by Yaroslav Isaievych Volume 3 (1993). Published by University of Toronto.
Myriv was an ancient (Iron Age) Scythian settlement in Ukraine. It was one of the largest Scythian cities in Ukraine between the rivers of Dniester and Dnieper. It was founded 800-750 BC. In 900-1250 AD it was a Ruthenian settlement of Kyivan Rus. The city was destroyed during the Mongol invasion of Rus.
Rushnyk Colour plays a very important symbolic role in traditional Slavic embroidery. Red is the colour of life, the sun, fertility and health. The majority of rushnyks are embroidered with red threads. The very word "red" means "beautiful" and "splendid" in Old Russian and Ruthenian: a red girl, a red sun or a red spring.
The Lithuania Proper (Lithuania Propria) was always distinguished from the Ruthenian lands, the Lithuanians differed from the Ruthenians in their language and faith (Paganism in the beginning and Catholicism since 1387). Гаучас П. К вопросу о восточных и южных границах литовской этнической территории в средневековье // Балто-славянские исследования. 1986. М., 1988. С. 195, 196.
Jan Barszczewski Jan Barszczewski (1794 (uncertain) - 12 March 1851) was a Polish-Lithuanian (Polish and Belarusian) writer, poet and editor. He wrote both in Ruthenian (Old Belarusian) and Polish languages.A website about Barszczewski His best-known work is Szlachcic Zawalnia, czyli Białoruś w fantastycznych opowiadaniach (1846) (Nobleman Zawalnia, or Belarus in Fantastic Stories).Szlachcic Zawalnia.
Stanisław Orzechowski Stanisław Orzechowski, also known among others Stanisław Orżechowski Roxolan, Stanislaus Orichovius Polonus, Stanislaus Orichovius Ruthenus,Orzechowski, Stanisław Okszyc (1513-1566). (Nazwa osobowa) // Biblioteka Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego, 2019 Stanislai Okszyc Orzechowski Roxolani,Stanislaus Okszyc Orzechowski. Fidelis subditus. 1696 Stanislas Orzechowski and Stanislaus Orzechowski (1513–1566) was a Ruthenian and Polish political writer.
Pomoryany (Ukrainian: Поморяни) is an urban-type settlement in Zolochiv Raion, Lviv Oblast, Ukraine. As of 2011, its population iss about 1300. The first mentions of Pomoryany reach 14th century when the town was transferred to the ownership of ruthenian nobles Svynka. The highest development of the town took place in the 16th -17th centuries.
Starina is a former Ruthenian village in eastern Slovakia, within Snina District. The first mention of the village was in 1557. The village originally belonged to the noble families of Humenné. The inhabitants of the village were evacuated in 1980, along with six other villages, in order to make way for the Starina reservoir.
Dara is a former Ruthenian village in eastern Slovakia, in Snina District. The first mention of the village was in 1598. The village originally belonged to the noble families of Humenné, later given to some other noble families. The village was destroyed for the construction of the Starina reservoir in 1986 with six other villages.
Veľká Poľana is a Ruthenian village in eastern Slovakia, in Snina District. The first mention of the village was in 1493. The village originally belonged to the noble families of Humenné, later given to some other noble families. The village was destroyed to make way for the Starina reservoir, along with six other villages.
In the National Assembly elections of 1935, the SPP supported Polish candidate Karol Junga from a Polish-Slovak-Ruthenian list, the Autonomy Bloc. On the other hand, Walter Harbich, leader of the German-language faction, supported Sudetendeutsche Partei. In 1938 Nazi Germany claimed the Opava Silesia and other Czechoslovak territories inhabited by ethnic German majorities.
Built in West Indianapolis, a city suburb at that time, it is the oldest frame Catholic church in the city in continuous use. Also known as Saint Mary of the Assumption Roman Catholic Church, it was later named Saint Athanasius the Great Byzantine-Ruthenian Catholic Church. Oscar also designed the parish's original school building (1895).
The village was located about halfway between Bukowsko and Płonna. Kamienne was founded in 1550 by Herburts family. From 966–1018, 1340- 1772 (Ruthenian Voivodeship) and from 1918-1939 Kamienne was part of Poland. While during 1772-1918 it belonged to Austrian empire, later Austrian- Hungarian empire when double monarchy was introduced in Austria.
The most exotic influence is Eastern (Karaite) cuisine, and the dish kibinai which became popular in Lithuania. Lithuanians and other nations that lived in Grand Duchy of Lithuania also share some dishes and beverages. Lithuanian cuisine also influenced Polish and Ruthenian cuisines. Despite the apparent richness of the cuisine, Lithuania has a very low prevalence of obesity.
The Battle of Hodów was a battle between the Kingdom of Poland and Crimean Khanate forces, fought in June 1694 in the Ruthenian Voivodeship of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, near the village of Hodów (now in Zboriv Raion, Ternopil Oblast, Ukraine). Often it is called the Polish Thermopylae, like the Battle of Wizna.
The Pope repeats assurances of his predecessors that the oriental rites will be honoured. There will be no attempt by the Vatican to change or abandon them. The Pope reviews the history of the Ruthenian Church, which led to the unification with Rome. The Church was in disarray and needed reform; it experienced decadence and abuses.
His troops burned down the settlement, but the citadel stayed safe. Several months later he was defeated by Puresh. During Purgaz's reign his land noted an influx of ruthenian slavic peasants into it. In the summer of 1237, he successfully resisted the advance of the Mongols, he was defeated between the autumn of 1238 and the winter of 1239.
The continued existence of the family is noted among charts of the Princely Houses of Poland. In 1882 the villages Zalavas and Kavarskas were bought by Michał Ogiński, an heir to the Ogiński family that had owned it in the eighteenth century. They also temporarily possessed Siedlce. They were the sponsors of Orthodox editions in Ruthenian and Slavonic languages.
A majority of the inhabitants of Southern Podlasie changed their faith from Orthodox to Roman Catholic. At present, very few people in Podlaskie continue speaking Ruthenian (Ukrainian) and nearly all consider themselves Poles. The counties along the border with Belarus are populated by Belarusians. Podlaskie is also the cultural center of Poland's Tatar minority as well.
The nave is capped by a small octagonal dome that is richly decorated with religious paintings and painted in white and light blue. The floor is carpeted. The iconostasis probably dates to the nineteenth century. The nobility had reserved benches on the left side of the church, while the Ruthenian peasants would sit or stand to the right.
Three days later the Polish army was already at the meeting place. The Lithuanian army marched out from Vilnius on 3 June and joined the Ruthenian regiments in Hrodna. They arrived in Czerwinsk on the same day the Poles crossed the river. After the crossing, Masovian troops under Siemowit IV and Janusz I joined the Polish–Lithuanian army.
Sudova Vyshnia was first mentioned in Galician–Volhynian Chronicle for 1230 as Vyshnia. In 1340, together with whole Red Ruthenia, it was annexed by the Kingdom of Poland. Until the 1772 Partitions of Poland, Sądowa Wisznia, as it was officially called, was part of Przemyśl Land, Ruthenian Voivodeship. Sudova Vyshnia received its Magdeburg rights town charter in 1368.
Volhynian Voivodeship (, ) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1566 until 1569 and of the Polish Crown within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 1569 Union of Lublin until the Third Partition of Poland in 1795. It was part of the Ruthenian lands in the Lesser Poland Province.
Rîbnița was founded in 1628 as a Ruthenian village Rybnytsia, its name meaning "fishery" (from рꙑба, "fish"). As early as 1657, Rîbnița was mentioned in documents as an important town, at the time part of the Kingdom of Poland. Strong Western European influences can be seen in this formerly Polish town. In 1793, Rîbnița passed from Poland to Russia.
There is no reliable information regarding Chodko's ancestry. His patronymic name Jurewicz is derived from George (Polish: Jerzy, Lithuanian: Jurgis, Ruthenian: Yuri). According to Polish historian Adam Boniecki, Chodko might be derived from Chodor and could be a broken form of Feodor (Theodore). Traditionally it was believed that Chodko was Eastern Orthodox and hailed from Kiev.
In 1431 Chodko was part of a Lithuanian delegation to Jogaila, King of Poland. In June 1431 he witnessed the Treaty of Christmemel between Švitrigaila and the Teutonic Knights. The treaty created an anti- Polish alliance and began the Polish–Teutonic War (1431–1435). Of the nine Lithuanian witnesses, Chodko (as Thudko Juriowicz) was seventh and the only Ruthenian.
Moisuc, pp. 286–287 Comnen continued to press for Yugoslavia to maintain the Little Entente, while also urging Jan Syrový's government to reconcile with the Ruthenian autonomists and the Slovak People's Party.Mareș, pp. 78, 335, 366–368, 377 The same month, he also approached Litvinov, promising that Romania would play no part in "anti-Soviet actions",Moisuc, p.
In 1364, Radom's obsolete Środa Śląska rights were replaced with more modern Magdeburg rights, and residents gained several privileges as a result. At that time, Radom was located along the so-called Oxen Trail, from Ruthenian lands to Silesia. In 1376, the city became the seat of a starosta, and entered the period of its greatest prosperity.
This negative turn of events is omitted in the only contemporary source, Thietmar of Merseberg's Chronikon.See VIII. chs 31—33; Warner (ed.), Chronicon, 383—5. By contrast, his summary of the expedition, written in a part of the Chronikon not devoted to the expedition, recounts that: > Duke Boleslav invaded the Ruthenian king's realm with his army.
From 966-1018, 1340-1772 (Ruthenian Voivodeship, Sanoker County) and from 1918-1939 Zboiska was part of Poland. From 1772 to 1918 it belonged to the Austrian empire. This part of Poland was controlled by Austria for almost 120 years. At that time the area (including west and east of Subcarpathian Voivodship) was known as Galicia.
Munich: Wilhelm Fink Verlag. from 1272 to 1349, when it was conquered by King Casimir III the Great of Poland. From 1434, it was the regional capital of the Ruthenian Voivodeship in the Kingdom of Poland. In 1772, after the First Partition of Poland, the city became the capital of the Habsburg Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria.
Gerald Nicholas Dino (born January 11, 1940) is an American prelate of the Ruthenian Catholic Church. He was the bishop of the Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Phoenix from 2008 to 2016. Dino was born in 1940 in Binghamton, New York. On March 21, 1965, he was ordained a priest for the Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Passaic.
Oleksander Barvinsky, founder of the Christian Social Party Its political party, founded in 1896, was originally named the Catholic Ruthenian People's Union. During this time, it was supported by Metropolitan Sembratovich, head of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, and by the Austrian government, which subsidized the newspaper Ruslan.Himka, John Paul. (1999). Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine.
Prince Janusz Ostrogski () (1554 – 17 September 1620 in Tarnów) was a Ruthenian noble and statesman of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He served as a voivode of Volhyn (1584-1593), as a castellan of Kraków (from 1593 on), and as a starosta of Bohuslav (from 1591), Biała Cerkiew (since 1592), Czerkasy and Kaniów (from 1594), Perejasław (1604 on) and Włodzimierz.
He argues that an important marriage to a Ruthenian or Polish princess like Jewna would have been noted in contemporary sources. The Bychowiec Chronicle mentions that after Jewna's death, brothers Algirdas and Kęstutis became displeased with Jaunutis, whom Gediminas chose as his heir. Soon they deposed Jaunutis. This episode is interpreted that weak Jaunutis was protected by his mother.
Petro Konashevych Sahaidachny («ВѢршѢ на жалосный погреб зацного рыцера Петра Конашевича Сагайдачного….»); title says "For coat of arms of the Strong Host of Zaporizhia" (На Гербъ Силного Войска Е.К.М. Запорозкого) Cassian Sakowicz, also known as Kasjan Sakowicz, (1578, Podteliszu near Lubaczów - 1647, Krakow) was a Polish-Ruthenian (Ukrainian) Orthodox activist and, later, a Catholic theologian, writer, and polemicist.
Polovets was born in an old Ruthenian (Ukrainian) village of Vepryk (Bobrovytsia Raion, Chernihiv Oblast) on 2 January 1937. In 1958 he graduated the history and philosophy faculty of the Nizhyn Gogol State University. In 1972 Polovets successfully defended his graduate thesis titled as "Development of economical cooperation of Union republics during years of the first five-year plan".
In November 1938, Carpathian Ruthenia gained autonomy within the Czechoslovak state. Shukhevych organized financial aid for the government of the fledgling republic and sent OUN members to set up the Carpathian Sich. In December 1938, he illegally crossed the border from Poland into Czechoslovakia, traveling to the Ruthenian city of Khust.(Кук В. Роман Шухевич… — С. 32 — 33).
The Archeparchy of Polotsk(-Vitebsk) was an eparchy of the Ruthenian Uniate Church in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1596 to 1839. Eastern Catholic eparchies within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772. The most northerly one, in brown, is the Archeparchy of Polotsk The cathedral of the archeparchy was Saint Sophia Cathedral in the city of Polotsk.
He was arrested again in the beginning of 1492. First Slavonic script On January 13, 1492, the Archbishop of Gniezno had recommended him to refrain from sharing and printing Ruthenian books. Fiol was released in June 1492. He was found not guilty, but had to sign a document stating that he would cease his printing of Cyrillic books.
Shaykh Qutb al-Din al-Nahrawali, a Meccan religious figure, who visited Istanbul in late 1557, noted in his memoirs that Hurrem Sultan was of Ruthenian origin. She had been a servant in the household of Hançerli Fatma Sultan, daughter of Şehzade Mahmud, son of Sultan Bayezid II. She was presented to Suleiman when he was still a prince.
The Ukrainian thinker Mykhailo Drahomanov wrote ironically of them, that "you Galician intellectuals really do think of creating some kind of Uniate Paraguay, with some kind of hierarchical bureaucratic aristocracy, just like you have created an Austro-Ruthenian literary language!" Paul Robert Magocsi. (2002). The Roots of Ukrainian Nationalism: Galicia as Ukraine's Piedmont. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Ostrožnica is a former Ruthenian village in eastern Slovakia, within Snina District. The first mention of the village was in 1585. The village originally belonged to the noble families of Humenné, later given to some other noble families. The village was destroyed in 1986 to make way for the Starina reservoir, along with six other villages.
Zvala is a former Ruthenian village in eastern Slovakia, within the Snina District. The first mention of the village was in 1543. The village originally belonged to the noble families of Humenné, later given to some other noble families. The village was destroyed in 1986 to make way for the Starina reservoir, along with six other villages.
Grand Chancellor Mikołaj Radziwiłł, written in Ruthenian. Grand Chancellor of Lithuania Lew Sapieha. Under his supervision the Lithuanian Metrica was reorganized. The Lithuanian Metrica or the Metrica of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (, , , or Metryka Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego; , ) is a collection of the 14–18th century legal documents of the Chancellery of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL).
Pobuh family, to which Petro Sahaidachny belonged. Petro Konashevych Sahaidachny, Hetman of the Host of Zaporizhia Petro Konashevych was born in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the village of Kulchytsy (Przemyśl land) three miles away from Sambir in the Ruthenian Voivodeship into a Ukrainian Eastern Orthodox noble family. His father's surname was Kononovych. He graduated from Ostroh Academy in Volhynia.
In 1668, a town hall was built here, and in the early 18th century, the local church was remodelled. Until 1772 (see Partitions of Poland), Sambir belonged to Przemysl Land, Ruthenian Voivodeship. From 1772 until late 1918, Sambir belonged to Austrian Galicia. In 1880, its population was 3,482, with 1,399 Greek-Catholics, 704 Roman Catholics, and 1,377 Jews.
George Martin Kuzma (July 24, 1925 – December 7, 2008) was an American Bishop for the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church. At the age of 30, Kuzma was ordained as a Priest. He was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Passaic, New Jersey on November 11, 1986. He was later appointed Bishop of Van Nuys, California on October 23, 1990.
There are also German-speaking Catholic Byzantine communities that meet in the church of Santa Barbara in Vienna (where there is a Hungarian Byzantine priest and another Ruthenian) and in Salzburg.Byzantinisches Ordinariat in Österreich In the decade of 1950 a small Russian Byzantine Catholic community existed in Salzburg, but it disappeared after the death of its priest.
The privilege was enhanced in 1531, when the Orthodox church was no longer responsible to the Catholic bishop and instead the Metropolite was responsible only to the sobor of eight Orthodox bishops, the Grand Duke and the Patriarch of Constantinople. The privilege also extended the jurisdiction of the Orthodox hierarchy over all Orthodox people. Литовско–русское государство (Litovsko–russkoye gosydarstvo) in Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary In such circumstances, a vibrant Ruthenian culture flourished, mostly in major present-day Belarusian cities. "Братства" (Bratstva) in Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary Despite the legal usage of the Old Ruthenian language (the predecessor of both modern Belarusian and Ukrainian languages) which was used as a chancellery language in the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the literature was mostly non- existent, outside of several chronicles.
Commonwealth Ukraine was being colonized, but the Kiev Voivodeship was among the many areas where Ruthenian, rather than Polish property owners predominated There weren't very many Cossacks in the mid 16th century in the south-eastern borderlands of Lithuania and Poland yet, but the first companies of Cossack light cavalry had become incorporated into the Polish armed forces already around that time. During the reign of Sigismund III Vasa, the Cossack problem was beginning to play its role as Rzeczpospolita's preeminent internal challenge of the 17th century. Conscious and planned colonization of the fertile, but underdeveloped region was pioneered in the 1580s and 1590s by the Ruthenian dukes of Volhynia. Of the Poles, only Jan Zamoyski, who penetrated the Bracław area, was economically active by the end of the 16th century.
The village, situated 14 km east of the city of Przemyśl was first mentioned in 1515 in a royal charter under the name of Szechinie. For most of its existence the village belonged to the Land of Przemyśl, itself part of Ruthenian Voivodeship of the Kingdom of Poland and then (since 1772) Austrian Galicia. From the very beginning the village belonged to the so-called key of estates including Medyka, Pozdziacz, Torki and Buców, centred on the manor in Medyka, all based on a local variant of Magdeburg law, dubbed Ruthenian law. Initially the peasants settled there were tasked with taking care of the royal stables in Medyka; with time their duty towards the owner of Medyka manor was modified to simple serfdom, with yearly rent paid in grain.
Differences between the Eastern Catholics of the Byzantine Rite and the bishops of the predominant Latin Rite Catholics, especially regarding a married priesthood and the form of the Divine Liturgy or Mass, led some of them out of Roman Catholicism and into the Orthodox Church. A particularly strident opponent of non-Latin practices was John Ireland the Archbishop of St. Paul, Minnesota from 1888-1918, who refused to permit Ruthenian clergy to function in his archdiocese. The diocese was founded in 1938 when a group of 37 Ruthenian Eastern Catholic parishes, under the leadership of Fr. Orestes Chornock, were received into the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. The year before, this group had officially renounced the Unia with the Holy See, primarily in protest over the Liturgical Latinisation occurring in their church life.
Yuriy Drohobych, 1494 year Yuriy Drohobych or Yuriy Kotermak, (, , , by birthname Yuriy Kotermak, Giorgio da Leopoli) (1450 in Drohobych - 4 February 1494 in Kraków) was a Ruthenian philosopher, astronomer, writer, medical doctor, rector of the University of Bologna, professor of Kraków Academy, first publisher of a Church Slavonic printed text. He is the author of Iudicium Pronosticon Anni 1483 Currentis.
By February 10, 1945 the formation was nearly wiped out by mass Belarusian desertion and by the Allies. Only one regiment was left. Some reinforcements came from other formations, but not enough. The battalion was renamed again as the 30th SS Grenadier Division (1st White Ruthenian) or Weißruthenische Nr. 1 (in German), but in April 1945, it was entirely disbanded.
Born on November 2, 1754 in Ruthenian Voivodeship, Zaborowski attended Piarists school in Zolochiv. He joined the Piarists order and after that he taught mathematics in Piarists school in Waręż and Łomża. After moving to Warsaw, he became a teacher of mathematics and measuring, and then rector (1799–1801) of Collegium Nobilium. In 1777 he went to Vienna for supplementary studies.
The Lithuanian nobles and clergy were granted equal rights with the Polish nobility and clergy. However, this extended only to Catholics; many Ruthenian nobles, who were Eastern Orthodox, were excluded. Selected Lithuanian nobles, 47 in total, were adopted into Polish heraldic families and granted Polish coats of arm. This symbolic gesture signified their desire to adopt Western customs and integrate into Western society.
Jerzy Jazłowiecki (1510–1575) was a Polish nobleman (szlachcic) and magnate. Great Crown Hetman 1569–1575, Field Crown Hetman in 1569. Jerzy was voivode of the Podole Voivodeship since 1567, of the Ruthenian Voivodeship since 1569, and castellan of Kamieniec Podolski since 1564 as well. Surname is derived from its feudal possession - city Yazlovets (now village in Buchach Raion, Ternopil region, Ukraine).
He worked as a parish priest in the Ruthenian St. Barbara's church in Vienna from 1813 to 1818. He was confirmed by the Holy See as an Eparchial Bishop of the Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Przemyśl, Sambir and Sanok on 30 March 1818. He was consecrated to the Episcopate on 30 August 1818. The principal consecrator was Metropolitan Mykhajlo Levitsky.
Leiden: Brill, 2013. Print. p.145 The founder of the Hetmanate, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, declared himself as the ruler of the Ruthenian state (or Rus' state) to the Polish representative Adam Kysil in February 1649. His contemporary Metropolitan Sylvestr Kosiv recognized him as "the leader and the commander of our land". In his letter to Constantin Șerban (1657) he referred to himself as '.
During the revolution of 1848, he supported the creation of the Supreme Ruthenian Council, which supported the Ukrainophile and pro-Habsburg positions of the Western Ukrainian Clergy, and encouraged the clergy to work on the education of the people On 16 June 1856 he was created Cardinal priest by Pope Pius IX. He died in the Univ Lavra on 14 January 1858.
In 1600 in the city was built the first kosciol (Polish word for the Roman Catholic church). Local population was persecuted for holding Eastern Orthodox rite services. The traditionally Eastern Orthodox Ukrainian peasantry around the town were forcibly converted, by Poland, to the Ruthenian Uniate Church. In 1626, during the Counter-reformation, a Dominican church and monastery were founded by Lukasz Sapieha.
Towards the end of the 16th century, it became obvious that there was no hope of achieving renewal and reform of the Ruthenian Church except by restoring union with the Apostolic See.Orientales omnes Ecclesias 8. Prolonged and difficult negotiations were necessary before a unity application could be achieved in 1596. Pope Clement VIII on December 23, 1595, met the emissaries.
86 The Lithuanian language survived, however, in spite of encroachments by the Ruthenian, Polish, Russian, Belarusian and German languages, as a peasant vernacular, and from 1547 in written religious use.Norman Davies, Europe: A History, p. 228 Western Lithuania had an important role in the preservation of the Lithuanian language and its culture. In Samogitia, many nobles never ceased to speak Lithuanian natively.
The horse went on a campaign and Svyatoslav returned with a victory and glory. Then the prince thanked Hysch and gave him a will to found the Ruthenian Order of Knights in honor of the Iron Spures. Ivan Tsiapka, the future Grand Komtur of the Order, had seen a dream about that and decided to implement the Will of Sviatoslav.
Gerichts-Bezirk ( Bukowsko Rural Commune) bis 1918. An 1898 map shows the location of Wolica (click in it to enlarge) Church in Wolica Wolica was founded in 1361 by Bals family. From 966-1018, 1340-1772 (Ruthenian Voivodeship) and from 1918-1939 Wolica was part of Poland. While during 1772-1918 it belonged to Austrian empire, later the Austrian-Hungarian empire.
Austria took the southern parts of the Kraków and Sandomierz Voivodeships and the Ruthenian Voivodeship, a total of 83,000 km2 and 2.65 million residents. Vienna bureaucrats gave the occupied area the name of Galicia and Lodomeria. The Russian partition amounted to 92,000 km2 and 1.3 million people. The army of the Commonwealth, 10,000 men at the most, attempted no resistance.
Uzhhorod, 2001; pg. 381. After the treaty of Trianon he became the member of a Czechoslovak political party, the Ruthenian Peasants Party. It was as a member of this organization that he was elected member of the Senate of Czechoslovakia, serving from 1935 to 1938. After the Hungarian annexion of Carpathian Ruthenia, Feldesi was elected member of the Diet of Hungary.
Mogilyov was the largest urban centre of the territory of present-day Belarus, followed by Vitebsk, Polotsk, Pinsk, Slutsk, and Brest, whose population exceeded 10,000. In addition, Vilna (Vilnius), the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, also had a significant Ruthenian population. Внутриполитические результаты Люблинской унии (Vnutripolitičeskie rezul'tati Lyublinskoy unii), Belarus.by portal With time, the ethnic pattern did not evolve much.
Offended by Jadwiga's demand, Vytautas sought the opinion of the Lithuanian and Ruthenian lords who refused Jadwiga's claim to a tribute. On 12 October 1398, he signed a peace treaty with the Teutonic Knights, without referring to Władysław-Jogaila's right to confirm it. Oscar Halecki says that Posilge's "sensational story" is either an invention based on gossip or a guess by the chronicler.
Jan Tarło became the legal guardian, voivode of Lublin, father of Anna. From 1575 the leaseholder of the Białobok key was Mikołaj Sienieński of the Sanok sub-chamber. According to agreements of that time there was already a defensive fortification in Białoboki. The gentry village was located here in 1589 in Przemyśl which at that time was land of the Ruthenian province.
It is a beautiful example of the Gothic style in architecture while the most precious buildings of its kind in southern Poland. Also, it is the finest example of very rare two-aisled type churches. The Basilica interior is richly decorated by precious and unique wall paintings. They were commissioned around 1400 by the king Vladislau Jagiello in his favourite Ruthenian-Byzantine style.
The first written reference to Białoboki (Byelaboki) was in 1424. During the times of the Rzeczpospolita Szlachecka – the Republic of the Nobility – the district of Przeworsk was part of the Region of Przemyśl, which in turn constituted part of the Voivodeship of Ruthenia. The village was first mentioned in the Przeworsk Land Register in 1439 when it was the property of Ruthenian nobility.
2012 stamp of Ukraine dedicated to the Battle of Blue Waters The battle has received comparatively little attention from historians. Some of it is attributed to lack of historical sources. It received a handful of fragmentary mentions in Ruthenian and Russian chronicles. The most important source of information is the Tale about Podolia, which was incorporated into the Lithuanian Chronicles.
To become "educated in aristocratic manner" a Lithuanian had to learn at least three languages: Ruthenian, Polish and Latin. German with variety of its dialects and Italian were also used. In reality, this educational objective could not usually be realised, so knowledge of languages (and even cultural orientation) depended on estate of person. Priests and humanitarians learned Latin, merchants learnt German.
There is nothing known about his origin and family relationships. Historian Tamás Kádár assumes a possible Slavic (Ruthenian) descent. His father was a certain Petenye (also Petene or Pethune), who served as Master of the treasury in the court of Elizabeth, spouse of junior king Stephen. The family's landholdings laid in the surrounding lordship of Patak Castle (today ruins near Sátoraljaújhely).
Churches are presently located in the states of Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, and Washington. It is a suffragan of the Archeparchy of Pittsburgh. Currently, Holy Protection Eparchy of Phoenix has 19 parishes and one mission under its canonical jurisdiction. Most parishes follow the Ruthenian recension, although the eparchy includes one parish of the Italo- Greek tradition.
Soon after occupation of Ukraine (Cossack Hetmanate), in 1685 the Ruthenian Orthodox Church was transferred from under jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople to under jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Moscow. The newly appointed metropolitan Gedeon was titled as Metropolitan of Kyiv, Galich and all Little Rus. This transfer successfully terminated any remnants of the original Russian Orthodox Church centered in Kyiv.
The Alphabet (Bukvar), printed at the Giovanni Antonio Rampazzetto Press in Venice in two editions in 1597, was composed by Inok Sava under the patronage of Stefan Paštrović. There was an earlier Азбука or Читанка (ABC (Reader)), the first Ruthenian language textbook, printed by Ivan Fyodorov in 1574. The primer featured the Old Church Slavonic or so-called Cyrillic alphabet as well.
Miniature of St Luke from the Peresopnytsia Gospels (1561). After the fall of Galicia–Volhynia, Ukrainians mainly fell under the rule of Lithuania and then Poland. Local autonomy of both rule and language was a marked feature of Lithuanian rule. In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Old Slavic became the language of the chancellery and gradually evolved into the Ruthenian language.
The town was inhabited by three communities - Polish, Jewish and Ruthenian. Since 1795, Suraź belonged to the Russian Empire. Its area was one of centres of the 1863 January Uprising: here a clash between rebels and Russians took place in May 1863. After the rebellion, the Russians imposed heavy taxes on its residents, and the population of the town rapidly declined.
It was a property of Greek Catholic metropolitan bishops of Lvov. In 1880 it had 4294 inhabitants, mostly Ruthenian. The facilities included numerous sawmills utilising wood from surrounding forests and exporting it via the Łomnica (Limnitsia) river, navigable for 6 months in a year. Although the mountainous region's soils were unsuitable for farming, it contained significant amounts of iron ore.
400; Tiron, p. 31 In the months following the new arrangement, Mocioni and Babeș participated in the drafting of another protest, also signed by the Diet's Serb, Slovak and "Ruthenian" deputies. The resolution, which demanded guarantees for the minorities, was supposed to be read by Mocioni. He stepped down to make way for a more popular deputy, the Serb Milán Manojlovics.
In 1635 he became bishop of Mstislavl, Orsha, and Mahiliow. Following the Union of Brest, the eparchy of Mstislawl, Orsha, and Mahiliow became the only Eastern Orthodox eparchy within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In 1647 he became the metropolitan of Kiev. It happened just before the Khmelnytsky Uprising, a time of uncertainty in Ukraine and in the Ruthenian church.
The Governorate of Subcarpathia (Kárpátalja) was a special case. It was given the status of Regent's Commissariat (Kormányzói Biztosság) with the intention that it would be governed by the Ruthenian minority population. It was divided into Administrative Delegations (Közigazgatási Kirendeltség), which were analogous to Counties. In practice, due to wartime restrictions, Sub-Carpathia was administered by officials appointed by the central government.
Princess Zofia Ostrogska () (1595–1622) was a Polish–Lithuanian noblewoman of Ruthenian origin, known as the heiress of one of the greatest fortunes in Poland. She was the wealthiest woman in Poland. She married Stanisław Lubomirski in 1613. Through this marriage he became an owner of 18 towns, 313 villages and 163 granges in the provinces of Kraków, Sandomierz, Ruthenia and Volhynia.
The decision to choose Warsaw was seen as a success of the Catholic camp, as unlike Lesser Poland, Mazovia was dominated by Roman Catholic nobility. Lithuanians did not appear at the Convocation Sejm, sending only their observers. Once again, they demanded the return of Ruthenian provinces, but did not decide to void the Union of Lublin, due to threat from Ivan the Terrible.
The family tradition would trace their descent to the Gediminids, but modern historians believe there is more evidence for them to have descended from the Rurikids. According to the Gediminids relation theory, the ancestor of the family was Duke Kaributas (Ruthenian: Dymitr Korybut),Mytsyk, Yu. Vyshnevetski. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine. a son of the Grand Duke of Lithuania, Algirdas.
Images of Jesus from The Last Supper cycle (1986). Warhol made almost 100 variations on the theme, which the Guggenheim felt "indicates an almost obsessive investment in the subject matter." Warhol was a practicing Ruthenian Catholic. He regularly volunteered at homeless shelters in New York City, particularly during the busier times of the year, and described himself as a religious person.
The family lived at 55 Beelen Street and later at 3252 Dawson Street in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh. The family was Ruthenian Catholic and attended St. John Chrysostom Byzantine Catholic Church. Andy Warhol had two elder brothers—Pavol (Paul), the eldest, was born before the family emigrated; Ján was born in Pittsburgh. Pavol's son, James Warhola, became a successful children's book illustrator.
Nicholas Thomas Elko (December 14, 1909 - May 18, 1991) was the third bishop of the Byzantine Catholic Metropolitan Church of Pittsburgh, the American branch of the Ruthenian Catholic Church. At the age of 46 he became the first American-born Bishop of the Greek Catholic Church. He later served as Auxiliary Bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cincinnati, Ohio.
Alexander Onischuk, a chess grandmaster. The Ukrainian community in the Baltimore metropolitan area numbered 10,806 as of 2000, making up 0.4% of the area's population. In the same year, Baltimore city's Ukrainian population was 1,567, which is 0.2% of the city's population. In 1920, 151 foreign-born White people in Baltimore spoke the Ukrainian language, then referred to as the Ruthenian language.
The term "Magyaron" and "Magyaronian", meaning national betrayal or treason, originated in the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century in Ruthenian environments and was used to describe magyarized Ruthenians.Rostislav Mayor. Features of the mentality of Ukrainians in Transcarpathia (mid XIX - early XX centuries). Scientific works of the Kamyanets-Podilsky National University named after Ivan Ogienko.
Historya świata część 1sza – Stworzenie Aniołów, Paris: Ed. A. Reiff. The second work tells the heroic story of a Ruthenian princess, Sophia Olelkovich Radziwill, who was declared a saint by the Eastern Orthodox Church in 1983. His subtext seemed to be that Christian denominations, especially Roman Catholic and Russian Orthodox should cooperate in the face of perceived common threats.Korwin Szymanowski, Teodor, (1891).
Born in Beňatina, Habsburg Monarchy (present day – Slovakia) in 1732 in the family of the Ruthenian priest Teodor Bachynskyi. He was ordained a priest on 2 September 1756 for the Vicariate Apostolic for Ruthenians by Bishop Manuil Olshavskyi. He was confirmed as the Bishop by the Holy See on 8 March 1773. He was consecrated to the Episcopate on 6 June 1773.
Joakim Segedi (27 October 1904 – 20 March 2004) was a Ruthenian and Croatian Greek Catholic hierarch. He was auxiliary bishop as Titular Bishop of Gypsaria from 1963 to 1984 of the Eastern Catholic Eparchy of Križevci. In 17 March 2004, three days before his death, was elevated in rank of the titular archbishop with the same titular see of Gypsaria.
They also were used by Ruthenian princes for the defense of their southern borders against Cumans and took part in the political life of Ruthenia. After the Mongol invasion they were partially assimilated by neighboring people and partially deported by the Golden Horde rulers such as Uzbeg Khan (between 1340-1390) to the Central Asia.Antique root of sharovary. Ukrayinska Pravda.
Hitler then asked Tiso to meet him. On the evening of 13 March 1939, Tiso and Ferdinand Ďurčanský met Hitler, Ribbentrop and Generals Walther von Brauchitsch and Wilhelm Keitel in Berlin. Meanwhile, aware of the German position, Hungary was preparing for action on the adjacent Ruthenian border. During the afternoon and the night of 14 March, the Slovakian Parliament proclaimed independence from Czechoslovakia.
Hudyma and fr. Sandovich, began March 9, 1914 in Lvov and lasted three months. All accused in this trial were charged with espionage and betrayal of state expressed in the desire to detach "Ruthenian lands" from Austro-Hungary and join them in the Russian Empire. Both clerics were also accused of illegally celebrating the service and preaching and unlawful travel to Russia.
Because of that Patriarch Gregory III of Constantinople reorganized the Ruthenian Church in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (until 1569 the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) and its new primates were titled as Metropolitans of Kyiv, Halych and all Ruthenia. He appointed Gregory II Bulgarian as the new Greek Catholic primate who in 1470 rejoined the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople under Dionysius I of Constantinople.
After 1346, the region comprised a Polish possession divided into a number of voivodeships. This began an era of Polish settlement among the Ruthenian population. Armenian and Jewish immigration to the region also occurred in large numbers. Numerous castles were built during this time and some new cities were founded: Stanisławów (Stanyslaviv in Ukrainian, now Ivano-Frankivsk) and Krystynopol (now Chervonohrad).
It is possible that Zimorowic published them as a tribute to his wife on the tenth anniversary of her death. Zimorowic acknowledges the most important earlier Polish pastoral poet Szymon Szymonowic, whose Sielanki appeared in 1614, as his master, but his own poems are notable for their local, "Ruthenian" (i.e. Ukrainian) colour and are clearly set in the landscape around Lwów.
Later, in 1833-1838, he worked as a Greek Catholic priest in remote villages of Carpathian Ruthenia (present-day Zakarpattia oblast of Ukraine) and as a notary in Ungvár (Uzhhorod) (1838–1844). Dukhnovych started to write poems in his early years. He wrote in the Ruthenian, Russian, and Hungarian languages. His early works are said to have been influenced by Hungarian Romanticism.
Dukhnovych is regarded to be one of the outstanding Ruthenian humanists and educators. In the words of Ivan Franko "he made everything so that forgotten Ruthenians revived spiritually".litopys.org.ua - Oleksandr Dukhnovych His views were based on Christian principles and idealism. Dukhnovych also actively participated in the Russophile movement in the territory of today's Western Ukraine at the end of the 19th century.
An 1898 map shows the location of Tokarnia Tokarnia was founded in 1526 by Herburt. From 1340-1772 (Ruthenian Voivodeship) and from 1918-1939 Tokarnia was part of Poland. While during 1772-1918 it belonged to Austrian empire, later Austrian-Hungarian empire when double monarchy was introduced in Austria. This part of Poland was controlled by Austria for almost 120 years.
Since 1470, it was the seat of the Land court for the western territory of Przemyśl Land in the Ruthenian Voivodeship. Przeworsk became the second largest town in the area after Przemyśl, prospering in the period known as, the Polish Golden Age. It was situated on a round hill, above sea level. Its center was protected by a rampart with a moat.
Teofila Ludwika Zasławska was an heiress of the Ostrogski family, one of the great Ruthenian princely families of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. She was the fifth ordinate of the Ostrogski Ordination (one of the largest landed estates in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth). Her father was the third, and one of her sons would become the sixth ordinate of it.
During the years 966–1018, 1340–1772 (the Ruthenian Voivodeship) and 1918–1939, the region was part of Poland. Between 1772 and 1918 it belonged to the Austrian empire, which became the Austro- Hungarian empire when the double monarchy was introduced. This region, including the area west and east of the Subcarpathian Voivodship, was controlled by Austria for almost 120 years.
After casting lot, bishop Hermann of Buxhoeveden was given rule over Ugaunia while Sackala was given to the order. Otepää was happy over the rule of bishop Hermann but Tarbatu was still ruled by Vetseke and his Ruthenians. Later that year however, Tarbatu was conquered and all its Ugaunian and Ruthenian defenders killed. Bishop Hermann started to fortify Otepää and Tarbatu.
According to the 2011 census, there were 1.08 million Catholics in the country representing about 1/10 of the total population. There are eight dioceses including two archdiocese. In addition, there is a separate jurisdiction for those of the Byzantine Rite called the Ruthenian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Czech Republic. The Catholic Church is the largest single religious denomination in the country.
St. Nicholas Roman Catholic church in Kyiv. The Catholic Church in Ukraine () is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome. The majority of Catholics in Ukraine belong to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, while significant numbers of others belong to the Latin Church (known as Roman Catholic), Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church, or Armenian Catholic Church.
Protasewicz was born in a family of Ruthenian nobles (szlachta) in a small village of Shushkova (, ) near in the Minsk Voivodeship of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. His family used the Drzewica coat of arms. It is unknown where he received his education or when he was ordained as a priest. He was friends with Stanislovas Kęsgaila, Elder of Samogitia.
The Council of the Bishops' Conferences of Europe () (CCEE) is a conference of the presidents of the 33 Roman Catholic episcopal conferences of Europe, the Archbishop of Luxembourg, the Archbishop of Monaco, Maronite Catholic Archeparch of Cyprus, the Roman Catholic Bishop of Chişinău, the Ruthenian Catholic Eparch of Mukacheve, and the Apostolic Administrator of Estonia. The Secretariat is located in St. Gallen, Switzerland.
Stanisław Odrowąż (1509-1545) was a Polish noble (szlachcic). He married to Katarzyna Górka in 1530 and Anna of Masovia from the Piast dynasty in February 1536. He had one child with Anna, Zofia Odrowąż. He was castellan of Lwów since 1533, starost of Lwów since 1534, voivode of Podole Voivodship since 1535, voivode of Ruthenian Voivodship since 1542 and starost of Sambor.
The eparchy claims its heritage to the original eparchy of Kyiv that dates back to the establishment of the Old Russian (Ruthenian) Church under the jurisdiction of Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. Old Russian (Ruthenian) Kyiv diocese (or archdiocese) is first mentioned in 891, as the 60th by ranks of honor in the list of departments subordinate to the Patriarch of Constantinople, and 61st in the charter of Emperor Leo (886-911). From its beginnings, eparchy of Kyiv was central or primatial diocese of the Metropolitanate, which also included a number of other dioceses, created after the baptism of Kyivan Rus during the rule of Great Prince Vladimir in 988. In reality the eparchy history starts since 1685-1686, when the eparchy of Kyiv, along with all the Metropolitan of Kyiv, has been "transferred" from the Patriarchate of Constantinople to the Moscow.
Prince Jeremi Wiśniowiecki ( - Yarema Vyshnevetsky; 1612 – August 20, 1651) nicknamed Hammer on the Cossacks or Iron Hand, was a notable member of the aristocracy of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Prince of Wiśniowiec, Łubnie and Chorol in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the father of the future King of Poland, Michael I. A notable magnate and military commander with Ruthenian and RomanianGeorge Vernadsky, Michael Karpovich A History of RussiaФ. А. Брокгауз, И. А. Ефрон Енциклопедический словарь, Том 12ГЕНЕАЛОГІЧНІ ДОЛІ КНЯЖИХ РОДІВ ВОЛИНІ У ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯХ ПОЛЬСЬКИХ ІСТОРИКІВ ХІХ ст. origin, Wiśniowiecki was heir of one of the biggest fortunes of the state and rose to several notable dignities, including the position of voivode of the Ruthenian Voivodship in 1646. His conversion from Eastern Orthodoxy to Roman Catholicism caused much dissent in Ruthenia and Ukraine (parts of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth).
During this period, an important factor in the Ruthenian cultural identity, namely religion, came to the fore. The Unions of Brest-Lytovsk (1595) and of Ungvár (Uzhorod) (1646) were instituted, causing the Byzantine Orthodox Churches of Carpathian and Transcarpathian Rus' to come under the jurisdiction of Rome, thus establishing so-called "Unia", or Eastern Catholic churches in the region, the Ruthenian Catholic Church and the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. In the 17th century (until 1648) the entire region was part of Principality of Transylvania, and between 1682 and 1685, its north-western part was administered by the vassal Ottoman Principality of the prince Imre Thököly, while south-eastern parts were remained administered by Transylvania. From 1699, the entire region became part of the Habsburg Monarchy and was divided between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Principality of Transylvania.
In return, the Tsar guaranteed them his protection; recognized the Cossack starshyna (nobility), their property, and their autonomy under his rule; and freed the Cossacks from the Polish sphere of influence and the land claims of the Ruthenian szlachta."In 1651, in the face of a growing threat from Poland and forsaken by his Tatar allies, Khmelnytsky asked the tsar to incorporate Ukraine as an autonomous duchy under Russian protection ... the details of the union were negotiated in Moscow. The Cossacks were granted a large degree of autonomy, and they, as well as other social groups in Ukraine, retained all the rights and privileges they had enjoyed under Polish rule." Only some of the Ruthenian szlachta of the Chernigov region, who had their origins in the Moscow state, saved their lands from division among Cossacks and became part of the Cossack szlachta.
Constitution of 3 May, one of the first official state documents issued in both the Polish and Lithuanian languages, Lithuanian language edition In the 13th century, the centre of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was inhabited by a majority that spoke Lithuanian, though it was not a written language until the 16th century. In the other parts of the duchy, the majority of the population, including Ruthenian nobles and ordinary people, used both spoken and written Ruthenian languages. Nobles who migrated from one place to another would adapt to a new locality and adopt the local religion and culture and those Lithuanian noble families that moved to Slavic areas often took up the local culture quickly over subsequent generations. Ruthenians were native to the east-central and south-eastern parts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
Following the Union of Berestia, in the 16th century the Eastern Orthodox Metropolitan of Kyiv, Halych and all Rus located in the Polish-Lithuania Commonwealth broke relations with the Patriarch of Constantinople and placed themselves in communion with the Patriarch of the West, thus establishing what later was known as "Ruthenian Uniate Church" or "Ruthenian Catholic Church". Certain dioceses in the Carpathian region including Halychyna and Subcarpathian Ruthenia stayed loyal to the Patriarch of Constantinople for another 100 years. In 17th century dioceses in Halychyna eventually joined the Union of Brest, while the Orthodox diocese in Subcarpathian Ruthenia came under communion with the Pope of Rome through the Union of Uzhhorod and was temporarily placed under the Latin bishop of Eger. Following the partitions of Poland, the Russian Empire occupied most of the territory of the Polish- Lithuanian Commonwealth.
The eparchy claims its heritage to the original eparchy of Kyiv that dates back to the establishment of the Old Russian (Ruthenian) Church under the jurisdiction of Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. Old Russian (Ruthenian) Kyiv diocese (or archdiocese) is first mentioned in 891, as the 60th by ranks of honor in the list of departments subordinate to the Patriarch of Constantinople, and 61st in the charter of Emperor Leo (886-911). From its beginnings, eparchy of Kyiv was central or primatial diocese of the Metropolitanate, which also included a number of other dioceses, created after the baptism of Kievan Rus during the rule of Great Prince Vladimir in 988. In reality the eparchy history starts since 1685-1686, when the eparchy of Kyiv, along with all the Metropolitan of Kyiv, has been "transferred" from the Patriarchate of Constantinople to the Moscow.
During the Khmelnytskyi Uprising, Zaporozhian Cossacks seized the town, and 188 families of local Ruthenian nobility recognized the Ukrainian hetman as a new governor. Starodub became the center of Starodub Cossack Regiment and enjoyed a large measure of autonomy between 1666 and 1686. Starodub remained rudiments of Cossack Hetmanate's administrative division until 1782 when it became an uyezd town. In 1796, Starodub was incorporated into Chernigov Governorate.
Skabichevsky was born in Saint Petersburg into the family of a minor state official, the descendant of an old noble Ruthenian family. He studied first at the Larin gymnasium, then (in 1856-1861) at the Saint Petersburg University. After graduation, Skabichevsky went to work for a short while at the office of Saint Petersburg governor Prince Suvorov. 1864 saw him editing the stock market bulletin in Yaroslavl.
Probably at the same time the castle's Chapel of the Holy Trinity was built to serve as a royal chapel. In the first decades of the 15th century king Władysław II commissioned a set of frescoes for the chapel. They were completed in 1418 and are preserved to this day. The author was a Ruthenian Master Andrej, who signed his work on one of the walls.
Neither the Moldavian chronicles nor the list of the voivodes of Moldavia recorded in the Bistrița Monastery refer to George, which implies that he only ruled parts of the developing Principality of Moldavia. On the other hand, Deletant says that George became voivode after the death of Lațcu of Moldavia. According to the Lithuanian-Ruthenian Chronicle, the Vlachs poisoned George. The date of his death is uncertain.
Country invested by Nicholas Herburt Odnowskiego around 1539, since 1635 to nearly Wallachia. Until 1772, the Ruthenian region, the land of Sanok. From 1772 belonged to cyrkułu Zaleski, and Sanok in Galicia. Village lying on the railway line Przemyśl-Lupkowski, between station: Mokre and Szczawne, at the confluence of the creek Płonki Osława, above sea level To 1914 in Sanok County Office, the judicial district in Bukowsko.
He led two consecutive rebellions against local Ruthenian nobility, known as the Kosiński Uprising. His forces were first defeated by Duke Janusz Ostrogski in the Battle of Piątek on 2 February 1593. Kosiński promised to subject his forces to the Polish Monarchy; however, he soon escaped to Zaporizhia, where he began organizing a new army. In 1593 he set out for Cherkasy but was soon killed.
62–63 A census conducted five years later reported that 7,000 "Ruthenian" families had been colonized into the area by Russia.Brătianu, pp. 71–72 Immigration continued at a steady pace, and was in large part a private enterprise, with hired hands needed for the "immense estates" of Moldo-Bessarabian boyars.Cazacu, p. 78 By 1900, Ukrainians were a likely majority of the area's population,Brătianu, p.
Warsaw's Kazimierz Palace, where Kościuszko attended the Corps of Cadets Modern Belarusian writers interpret his Ruthenian or Lithuanian heritage as Belarusian.Sanko & Saverchenko, 1999, p. 82. He once described himself as a Litvin, a term that denoted inhabitants of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Modern Belarusian writers interpret Litvin as designating a Belarusian, before the word "Belarusian" had come into use.
Rákóczi immediately moved in and headed for a freedom fight, which was a very important base for his strategic position. He therefore instructed Demoiseaux brigade engineer to prepare a plan for the modernization and reconstruction of the castle. In 1705 he began to strengthen the castle. Most of the work was carried out by Bereg County Hungarian and Ruthenian serfs; it continued until 1710.
Michał Wiśniowiecki or Mykhailo Vyshnevetsky (1529-1584) was a Ruthenian noble (szlachcic) of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . He was a prince at Wiśniowiec, magnate, Senior of Registered Cossacks, Hetman of Zaporozhian Cossacks, castellan of Bracław and Kijów,Filip Sulimierski, Bronisław Chlebowski, Władysław Walewski: Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, t. V. Warszawa: 1880-1902, s. 36. starost of Czerkasy, Kaniów, Lubeka and Łojów.
1238–1264) looked for support from the West. He accepted a crown as a "Rex Rusiae" ("King of Rus") from the Roman papacy, apparently doing so without breaking with Constantinople. In 1370, the patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Constantinople granted the King of Poland a metropolitan for his Ruthenian subjects. Lithuanian rulers also requested and received a metropolitan for Novagrudok shortly afterwards.
In 1528 Chyrow, as it is called in Polish, received town rights, and three years later, the first Roman Catholic church was funded hereby Andrzej Tarlo. The wooden church probably burned during the Great Northern War, and in 1710, it was replaced by a brick one. In 1740, a synagogue was opened here. For over 400 years Chyrow belonged to Przemysl Land, Ruthenian Voivodeship, Kingdom of Poland.
By the end of the 18th century Palanga was the center of the Russian Empire's amber industry. In the years preceding World War I about 2,000 kilograms of raw amber were processed in Palanga annually. In 1897 Feliks Tyszkiewicz, a member of an old Ruthenian/Lithuanian noble family that had long had a presence in Palanga, built the Neo-Renaissance-style palace that now houses the museum.
In the first place, absorption of ideas of Western cultural development in 13th – 16th centuries by nobles (especially, urban ones). Italian cultural ideas of Rinascemento had an especially big influence. They were reflected on literature (written mostly in Latin or Polish, or, in case of orthodox, in Ruthenian). The main reasons for such exceptional thoughts of Italy were conservatism of Lithuanians and position of the Royal court.
Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. 1984Frost, R.I. The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania: The Making of the Polish- Lithuanian Union, 1385-1569. Oxford University Press, 2015 in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The next hierarch of the Ruthenian Orthodox Church in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Gregory the Bulgarian was originally consecrated by a Latin Patriarch of Constantinople and received a title of Metropolitan of Kyiv, Halych and all Ruthenia.
Chyhyryn (, ) is a city and historic site located in the Cherkasy Oblast of central Ukraine. From 1648 to 1669 the city was a Hetman residence. After a forced relocation of the Ruthenian Orthodox metropolitan see from Kyiv in 1658, it became a full-fledged capital of the Cossack Hetmanate. Chyhyryn also became a traditional place for the appointment to the office of Hetman of Zaporizhian Host.
Following the Union of Horodło (1413), the Lithuanian nobility acquired the same rights as the ruling class of the Kingdom of Poland (szlachta). During the following centuries, the Lithuanian nobility began to merge with Polish nobility. The process accelerated after the Union of Lublin (1569), resulting in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Lithuanian nobility self-polonised, replacing Lithuanian and Ruthenian languages with Polish although the process took centuries.
The name of the castle is derived from Slavic zem (soil or earth). Zemnen in the meaning zemný hrad (literally "the earth castle", earthwork) was still recorded in the early 14th century. The original Slavic form has been preserved in the local Slovak and Ruthenian dialects as Zemno, Zemné resp. Žemno, Žemňe along with the official name until the 19th, rarely until the 20th century.
Dmytro Vyshnevetsky was born into the powerful family of Ruthenian magnate Ivan Wiśniowiecki (?-1542) (part of Gediminids bloodline and the youngest son of Michal Zbaraski) and Anastasia Semenivna Olizarovychevna (?-1536). The Wiśniowiecki family takes its roots from the princely family of Novhorod- Siverskyi, through Dmitriy Korybut (see Kaributas) and Anastasia of Ryazan. At first Dmytro Vyshnevetsky lived in the town of Vyshnivets of the Kremenets Powiat (county).
The parish was established in 1897 and the church, the parish's second, was built in 1903. By the 1920s the congregation had more than 700 families. In 1929 it was chosen as the cathedral for the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Exarchate in America. The congregation, then known as St. John the Baptist Byzantine Catholic parish, left the building in 1993 when it constructed a new suburban cathedral.
In 1918, he became head of the Subcarpathian National Council, which in 1919 asked Czechoslovakia to confederate Carpathian Ruthenia into Czechoslovakia. This was realised in Autumn 1919. In 1925, he was voted as MP in Houses of Parliament in Prague (as a leader of Ruthenian National Christian Party). On 26 October 1938, president Hácha named Voloshyn to the head of the government of Subcarpathian Autonomous Region.
It is estimated that Pavoloch was founded sometime in the Middle Ages, but it first appeared on Ruthenian chronicles in 1503. The majority of Pavoloch's inhabitants were Jews. The Jews in Pavoloch, as in many other shtetls, were victims of constant prejudice. When they got fed up with being harassed, the citizens build a wooden fort around their shtetl, which gave Pavoloch's inhabitants increased protection against invaders.
The concordat extended to the Latin Rite in five ecclesiastical provinces: Gniezno and Poznań, Warsaw, Wilno, Lwów and Cracow. It applied as well to united Catholics of the Greco-Ruthenian rite in Lwów, and Przemyśl, and to the Armenian Rite in Lwów. For religious celebration in the specific rites, Canon law was required to be observed. Catholic instruction was mandatory in all public schools, except universities.
Recent Issues in Polish Historiography of the Crusades Darius von Güttner Sporzyński. 2005 Beginning in 1147, the Polish duke Bolesław IV the Curly (securing the help of Ruthenian troops) tried to subdue Prussia, supposedly as punishment for the close cooperation of Prussians with Władysław II the Exile. The only source is unclear about the results of his attempts, vaguely only mentioning that the Prussians were defeated.
Jews from the area typically spent about two weeks in the ghetto before being deported. Conditions were extremely cramped with many families housed in a single room, a deliberate arrangement meant to cause suffering and disease. In 1944, Carpathian Ruthenia was occupied by Soviet Union and eventually became part of it in 1946. The city name became Vinogradovo (Russian), Vynohradiv (Ukrainian), or Vynohradovo (Ruthenian).
The original information about the tribe is scarce. Tivertsi and Ulichs are briefly mentioned in early Ruthenian manuscripts, 863 being the earliest reference, 944 being the latest. The Primary Chronicle from the Laurentian Codex (the oldest copy) mentions that they lived by the Dniester and Danube down to the sea (evidently, the Black Sea). The Hypatian Codex (later re-copy) replaces the Dniester with the Dnieper.
Symbols are roughly divided into animalistic and floral symbols. Holy images (on wood, glass) were decorated by Ukrainian, Ruthenian masters, with stylized symmetrical flowers, inflorescences and "apples", located in the upper part of an icon.. Among the motifs of decor of Ukrainian icons were such stylized flowers as clove, tulip, rose, lotus, pomegranate, lily, acanthus and vine. Among the objects-amulets (rushnyks and icons) floral patterns dominated.
Where appropriate, the alternatives in Lithuanian, Ruthenian (later Belarusian) and Polish are included. The state of Lithuania was formed in the 1230s: when threatened by the Livonian Order in the north and the Teutonic Knights in the west, the Baltic tribes united under the leadership of Mindaugas. He became the only crowned king of Lithuania. His state became known as the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
This meant that national ideas eclipsed class loyalties. At that time, most of the Ukrainian nobility in western Ukraine linked itself to the Ukrainian national movement. The nobility was represented by the Association of the Ruthenian Gentry, which allied itself with the conservative and religious elements within the Ukrainian national movement. Despite their allegiance to the Ukrainian national cause, these nobles maintained their separation from the peasants.
Yuriy Trubetskoy (Jurij Trubetsky, Jerzy Trubecki, Jurij Trubiacki, ', ', Juri Petrovitz Troebieskoy; ca 1643 – 12 July 1679 buried in Troitsky monastery) was a Ruthenian Prince, boyar of the Trubetsky family. In 1657, Prince Jurij Trubetsky went to Moscow with his uncle Aleksandr Yurievitch Trubetzkoy (? - Poland after 1657). Stolnik in Moscow in 1660, he was given a boyar title by Tsar Alexis I of Russia in 1673.
Ladislav Hučko (born February 16, 1948) is a Czech hierarch of the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church. Hučko was born in Prešov, Czechoslovakia (now in Slovakia) and ordained a priest on March 30, 1996. Hučko was appointed titular bishop of Horaea as well as Apostolic Exarch of the Apostolic Exarchate in the Czech Republic on April 24, 2003 and ordained a bishop on May 31, 2003.
The voivodeships with the predominant ethnic Lithuanian population, Vilnius, Trakai, and Samogitian voivodeships, remained almost wholly Lithuanian speaking, both colloquially and by ruling nobility. Ruthenian communities were also present in the extreme southern parts of Trakai voivodeship and south- eastern parts of Vilnius voivodeship. In addition to Lithuanians and Ruthenians, other important ethnic groups throughout the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were Jews and Tatars.
Peter Semenenko was born into a Ruthenian familyBilenky, Serhiy. Romantic Nationalism in Eastern Europe: Russian, Polish, and Ukrainian Political Imaginations, Stanford University Press, 2012, p. 153, on June 29, 1814 in Dzięciołowo in north-east Poland. In 1830, he started his studies at the University of Wilno in the Department of Philosophy, but soon interrupted them because he decided to join the November Uprising against Russian invaders.
He graduated from the medical faculty of the University of St. Petersburg. He wrote both in contemporary Belarusian and Polish languages. Writing in the modern Belarusian language he faced the problem of its being not standardized, as the written tradition of the Old Belarusian (Ruthenian) language had been largely extinct by that time. From 1827 Dunin-Marcinkievič lived and worked in Minsk as a bureaucrat.
As borders in Europe shifted at the end of World War I, the Ruthenian region of north-eastern Hungary was awarded to the new Czechoslovak Republic. Subcarpathian Rus' (also referred to as Carpathian Ruthenia, Transcarpathian Ruthenia, Transcarpathian Ukraine, etc., today constituting the Zakarpattia Oblast of Ukraine) hosted about 3.5% of the population of the Czechoslovak Republic. It was the least economically developed part of the Republic.
In 1352 the Kingdom of Poland annexed the Kingdom of Galicia and Volhynia as the Ruthenian Voivodeship (). The nucleus of historic Galicia lies within the modern regions of western Ukraine: the Lviv, Ternopil and Ivano-Frankivsk oblasts near Halych. In the 18th century, territories that later became part of the modern Polish regions of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Subcarpathian Voivodeship and Silesian Voivodeship were added to Galicia.
Lviv was officially founded in 1256 by King Daniel of Galicia in the Ruthenian principality of Halych-Volhynia and named in honour of his son Lev.Orest Subtelny. (1988) Ukraine: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, p62 The toponym may best be translated into English as Leo's lands or Leo's City (hence the Latin name Leopolis). In 1261, the city was invaded by the Tatars.
The exact date of establishment of the town is not known. Sambir, known in Polish as Sambor, was for the first time mentioned in documents in 1378. At that time, it was a private town of the noble Herburt family, part of Przemysl Land, Ruthenian Voivodeship, Kingdom of Poland. In 1501, a Roman Catholic church was opened here, and in 1553, Sambir received a town charter.
Teofil Pašić, O.S.B.M. (c.1700 – 1759) was a Ruthenian and Croatian Greek Catholic hierarch. He was the titular bishop Plataea and Vicar Apostolic of Marča from 1738 to 1746. Before his nomination as bishop, Fr. Pašić was the chaplain in Potsdam for the Greek-Catholic soldiers in the Army of Frederick William I of Prussia and then as teacher in the Greek-Catholic Theological Seminary in Zagreb.
This is a list of individuals who were born and lived in territories currently in Ukraine, both ethnic Ukrainians and those of other ethnicities. Throughout Eastern European history, Ukrainian lands were ethnically and culturally diverse, with a number of other ethnic groups living among the Ukrainians. Originally united with Belarus and Muscovy under the state of Kievan Rus', a schism took place after the Mongol invasion, as the Muscovite lands stayed under Mongol/Tatar rule for another century and Ruthenian (Ukrainian/Belarusian) lands were taken over by the ascendant Duchy of Lithuania, as it helped Ruthenians drive out the Mongol invaders. During this time a language separate from Old East Slavic evolved on the territory of the progenitor Russian principality Muscovy, while a Ruthenian language continued evolving on the territory of central Kievan Rus' (Ukraine and Belarus), whose people were known as the Ruthenians.
Young Mussorgsky as a cadet in the Preobrazhensky Regiment of the Imperial Guard. Mussorgsky was born in Karevo, Toropets Uyezd, Pskov Governorate, Russian Empire, south of Saint Petersburg. His wealthy and land-owning family, the noble family of Mussorgsky, is reputedly descended from the first Ruthenian ruler, Rurik, through the sovereign princes of Smolensk. However, his mother Julia Chirikova (1813–1865) was the daughter of a comparatively non-rich nobleman.
From 1340-1772 Tyrawa was part of Poland (Ruthenian Voivodship), while during 1772-1867 it belonged to the Austrian empire, and from 1867-1918 to Austria-Hungary. During the 120 years that this part of Poland was controlled by Austria, the area (including west and east of Subcarpathian Voivodship) was known as Galicia. In 1918 it returned to Poland. The region was under the Magdeburg rights since 1707.
This does not appear to reflect a conscious choice of the OCA to return to the Pre-Nikonian text or to imitate the Old Believers, but probably derives from the fact that many OCA parishes were founded by Orthodox (and Byzantine Rite Catholics) from Central Europe who used the Ruthenian Slavonic text of 1639, but with the оунынїѧ and небрежεнїѧ (line 1) inverted to conform to the Nikonian/Greek order.
Jews were assigned a specific "Street of the Jews" near the river, where they were allowed to live. The first Jewish cemetery was established in 1662. By 1672 a wooden synagogue had been built. The Chevra Kadisha burial society was also founded.Jewish Genealogy – The Jewish Settlement from its Inception until 1772 According to the 1709 census in the fortified midtown lived 62 Ruthenian families, 50 Armenian, 25 Jewish, and 9 Polish.
Jeremi Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki was born in 1612; neither the exact date nor the place of his birth are known. His father, Michał Wiśniowiecki, of the Lithuanian-Ruthenian Wiśniowiecki family,Lerski, Wróbel, Kozicki, p. 654 died soon after Jeremi's birth, in 1616. His mother, Regina Mohyła (Raina Mohylanka) was a Moldavian- born noble woman of the Movilești family, daughter of the Moldavian Prince Ieremia Movilă, Jeremy's namesake; she died in 1619.
Vilnius merchants enjoyed privileges that allowed them to trade over most of the territories of the Lithuanian state. Of the passing Ruthenian, Polish and German merchants (many from Riga), many settled in Vilnius and some built masonry residencies. The city was ruled by a governor named by the grand duke and its system of fortifications included three castles. Foreign currencies and Lithuanian currency (from the 13th century) were widely used.
Population: Kaniv is a historical town that was founded in the 11th century by Kyivan Prince Yaroslav the Wise. This pleasant city is known today mostly for the burial site of Taras Shevchenko, the great Ukrainian poet and artist. Picturesque and ancient, Kaniv was once one of Kyivan Rus’ largest cities. At that time, it was an outpost used for diplomatic meetings between Ruthenian princes and ambassadors of militant tribes.
O pagină din marea restaurare a națiunilor ("The Romanian-Ruthenian Issue. A Page from the Great Restoration of Nations"), published by Viața Românească in its October–November–December 1914 issue, inaugurated a series of such pieces, which talked about Ukraine's emancipation, the Bessarabian union, and, unusually in this context, the incorporation of Transnistria into Romania (with a new frontier on the Southern Bug).Boia, p.100-101, 258.
Michał Wiśniowiecki (; died 1616) was a Ruthenian Orthodox szlachcic, prince at Wiśniowiec, magnate, son of Michał Wiśniowiecki, grandfather of future Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth monarch, Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki. Starost of Owrucz. He took part in the Magnate wars in Moldavia and supported False Dmitriy I and False Dmitriy II during the Muscovite Time of Troubles and the Polish–Muscovite War (1605–18). He also was involved in extinguishing of Nalyvaiko Uprising.
Professional artisans, builders, craftsmen and lay-people also traveled to Moscow where they could more easily earn a living. The Southern Ruthenians found themselves within a new state of Grand Duchy of Lithuania. After the union of Jogaila and Kingdom of Poland in 1386 this state became officially Catholic in leadership. This isolated its majority Orthodox population, and soon many notable Ruthenian leaders began to leave for Moscow.
For most of its history the city belonged to the Kingdom of Poland. From the mid-14th century, to 1772 (see Partitions of Poland), it was part of Ruthenian Voivodeship. Monastyryska received a town charter in 1454, and in February 1653, a battle between Polish and Cossack troops took place here, during the Khmelnytsky Uprising. The Polish army under Stefan Czarniecki failed to capture the town, defended by Ivan Bohun.
Kalozha Church The Kalozha church of Sts. Boris and Gleb (Belarusian: Каложская царква, Царква Св. Барыса і Глеба) is the oldest extant structure in Grodno, Belarus. It is the only surviving monument of ancient Black Ruthenian architecture, distinguished from other Orthodox churches by prolific use of polychrome faceted stones of blue, green or red tint which could be arranged to form crosses or other figures on the wall.
Ivan Chodkiewicz; ( 1420 – 1484) was a Ruthenian noble from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Ruthenia and Samogitia. He was a son of Chodko Jurewicz and ancestor of the Chodkiewicz family. Ivan married Jawnuta (Agnieszka) Belska, first cousin of Casimir IV Jagiellon, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. The marriage into the royal line helped him to obtain positions of starosta of Lutsk (1473) and voivode of Kiev (1480).
Polish was preferred by the upper classes, but Ruthenian by the lower strata of nobles. Since the end of the 14th century, Lithuanians began to study in universities abroad, mostly in Kraków and Prague Universities and, sometimes, in Western European ones. Latin, being a church and humanitarian language, was studied by a number of Lithuanian citizens, mostly Catholics. Latin had a specific reason to be considered interesting for Lithuanian-speaking Lithuanians.
Wańkowicz was born on the family estate near Minsk, Russian Empire. His father was Melchior Wańkowicz, an agent working in Minsk judge. He was brought up in a Polish patriotic home, with Polish culture and Catholic faith, however, also with his Belarusian (Ruthenian) noble ancestry in mind. From 1811 the son attended, run by Jesuit Academy in Polotsk, where he was trained in civil and military architecture and drawing.
Drohiczyn was one of major cities of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, together with Trakai, Vilnius and Navahrudak. In the 15th century, most of town’s population was of Ruthenian heritage, with Polish, Jewish and Lithuanian minorities. In 1498, its position was officially recognized, when it was granted Magdeburg rights. During the reign of Zygmunt Stary, Drohiczyn was named capital and seat of administration of Podlasie Voivodeship, which was established in 1513.
After the German occupation of Hungary the pro-Nazi policies of the Hungarian government resulted in emigration and deportation of Hungarian-speaking Jews, and other groups living in the territory were decimated by war. During the Holocaust, 17 main ghettos were set up in cities in Carpathian Ruthenia, from which all Jews were taken to Auschwitz for extermination. Ruthenian ghettos were set up in May 1944 and liquidated by June 1944.
Komarno, which until the Partitions of Poland belonged to Ruthenian Voivodeship, received its town charter (Magdeburg rights) in the mid-15th century from King Kazimierz Jagiellonczyk. The town was under protection of Voivode Stanislaw de Chodecz, who in 1473 founded here a Roman Catholic church. Komarno was a local center of textile industry. The town was divided into several districts, and remained in private hands of several voivodes.
The Byzantine Discalced CarmelitesByzantine Discalced Carmelites are communities of cloistered nuns and friars (in Bulgaria only), belonging to several Eastern Catholic Churches – the Bulgarian Byzantine Catholic Church, the Melkite Greek Catholic Church, the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church, the Ordinariate for Eastern Catholics in France and the Romanian Greek Catholic Church, living committed to a life of prayer, according to the eremitic tradition and lifestyle of the Discalced Carmelites.
Do 14 Maia 1773 Its inhabitants referred to it in everyday speech as the "Rzeczpospolita" (Ruthenian: Рѣч Посполита Rech Pospolita, ). Western Europeans often simplified the name to Poland and in most past and modern sources it is referred to as the Kingdom of Poland, or just Poland.Name used for the common state, Henryk Rutkowski, Terytorium, w: Encyklopedia historii gospodarczej Polski do 1945 roku, t. II, Warszawa 1981, s. 398.
Ea Semper was an apostolic letter written by Pope Pius X in September 1907 that dealt with the governance of the Eastern Catholics in the United States. It dealt with the appointment of Soter Ortynski as the first bishop of the Ruthenian Catholics in the United States, together with papal instructions concerning his powers and duties. The general constitution of the Greek Rite in America was also published.
Gerichts-Bezirk Bukowsko bis 1918, Bukowsko Rural Commune. An 1898 map shows the location of Nadolany (click in it to enlarge) Nadony Nadolany was founded in 1446 by Bals family. From 966-1018, 1340-1772 (Ruthenian Voivodeship, Sanoker County) and during 1918-1939 Nadolany was part of Poland. While during 1772-1918 it belonged to Austrian empire, later Austrian-Hungarian empire when double monarchy was introduced in Austria.
The lion was a traditional symbol of the city throughout the ages. The first such depictions occurred on 13th-century seals of dukes Andrew and Leo of Volhynia, rulers of medieval Ruthenian duchy of Halych-Volynia. The earliest known emblem of the city features a lion passant through a city gate pointed with three towers. It was featured on a city council seals, used by the magistrate in 1359 and later.
Throughout its history Minsk has been a city of many languages. Initially most of its residents spoke Ruthenian (which later developed into modern Belarusian). However, after 1569 the official language was Polish.Między Wschodem i Zachodem: international conference, Lublin, 18–21 June 1991 In the 19th-century Russian became the official language and by the end of that century it had become the language of administration, schools and newspapers.
Witnesses to his execution were other residents of Gorlice and surrounding towns imprisoned on charges of Russophlilia sympathies, including members of the cleric's family. According to their account, the priest at the last minute called out "Long Live the Holy Orthodoxy! Long live Holy Russia!" or "Long Live the Ruthenian people and Holy Orthodoxy". Fr Sandowicz's funeral took place without the participation of his family in the cemetery in Gorlice.
The Czechoslovak government-in-exile led by President Edvard Beneš issued a proclamation in April 1944 excluding from political participation former collaborationist Hungarians, Germans, and the Russophile Ruthenian followers of Andrej Brody and the Fencik Party (who had collaborated with the Hungarians). This amounted to approximately one-third of the population. Another one-third was communist, leaving one-third of the population presumably sympathetic to the Czechoslovak Republic.
See Armorial of Polish nobility The nobility of the historical regions of modern Belarus, which comprise parts of Lithuania propria and White Ruthenia, were a historical part of the Lithuanian nobility and Ruthenian nobility in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Very early the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania adopted the heraldic tradition of the Polish szlachta. The heraldry of the Belarusian nobility constitutes a part of the Polish heraldry.
To theology and philosophy were added those of law and medicine. Latin was the official language of the university, with Polish and German as auxiliary. Literary Slaveno-Rusyn (Ruthenian/Ukrainian) of the period had been used in the Studium Ruthenum (1787–1809), a special institute of the university for educating candidates for the Uniate (Greek-Catholic) priesthood.Magocsi, Paul R. A history of Ukraine: the land and its peoples.
1, 2010, pp. 22-34 In Transcarpathia, the Congress of Carpathian Ruthenians led by Dimitry Sydor was for the autonomy of Subcarpathian Ruthenia within Ukraine. Sydor and some other Ruthenian activists were accused of being the tools of the Russian politics of destabilization of Ukraine.Україна в лещатах російських спецслужб, Radio Liberty, 08 грудня 2014 Ukrainian Hungarians in Transcarpathia suggested to transform the Berehove Raion into Hungarian national district.
These dances were not tied down to specific rhythms, and the dancers could change tempo at any point. Such festive dancing differed greatly in character from the older ritual dances (, translit. obryadovi tantsi), such as the Khorovod, which had previously been the dominant choreographic works in Ruthenian lands. A primary distinction was the gender of the participants – all male – as opposed to the predominantly all-female ritual dances.
Under the name Logosko it was mentioned in the List of Ruthenian cities far and near. In different periods it came into the possession of Jagiello, Skirgaila, Vytautas and Czartoryski princes as well as of the Tyszkiewicz counts. In 1505, in the war against the Crimean Khanate, the town was captured by the Tatars, plundered and burned. During the Northern War of 1700–1721 he was captured by Swedish forces.
In 1897, Pope Leo XIII (1878-1903) reorganized the Byzantine Rite Greek Pontifical College in Rome and established a Ruthenian Pontifical College, assigning to it the church of Sts. Sergius and Bacchus.Benigni, Umberto, "Roman Colleges," The Catholic Encyclopedia (1912) On this occasion, Leo remodeled the façade, giving it the form it has today. Added were four niches with statues of the four Great Doctors of the Eastern Church: Sts.
It is situated below the main watershed at the foot of the Słonne Mountain, and has an elevation of 250 metres. Situated in the Subcarpathian Voivodship (since 1999), previously in Krosno Voivodship (1975-1998) and Sanok District, (10 miles east of Sanok), parish Bukowsko. Dudyńce was founded in 1372 by prince Władysław Opolczyk. From 966–1018, 1340-1772 (Ruthenian Voivodeship) and from 1918-1939 Dudyńce was part of Poland.
In place of historic Galicia there appeared the Ruthenian Voivodeship. In 1526, after the death of Louis II of Hungary, the Habsburgs inherited the Hungarian claims to the titles of the Kingship of Galicia and Lodomeria, together with the Hungarian crown. In 1772 the Habsburg Empress Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary, used those historical claims to justify her participation in the First Partition of Poland.
Galicia had arguably the most ethnically diverse population of all the countries in the Austrian monarchy, consisting mainly of Poles and "Ruthenians"; the peoples known later as Ukrainians and Rusyns, as well as ethnic Jews, Germans, Armenians, Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians, Roma and others. In Galicia as a whole, the population in 1910 was estimated to be 45.4% Polish, 42.9% Ruthenian, 10.9% Jewish, and 0.8% German.Paul Robert Magocsi. (1996).
Lwów Land, which was part of the Ruthenian Voivodeship, was divided into two counties - Lwów County and Żydaczów county. It sent six deputies to the Tribunal of the Crown of Poland and the land bordered Przemyśl Land and Sanok Land to the west, Belz Voivodeship to the north, and Halicz Land to the south. According to the 1676 royal report, in the Lwów Land there were 42 towns and 618 villages.
Korybut coat of arms Possessions of Zbarski family in 16th-17th centuries Krzysztof Zbaraski Zbaraski was a princely family of Ruthenian origin in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland domiciled in Volhynia (today Ukraine). The name is derived from the town of Zbarazh, the core of their dominions. They were the Gediminids descended from Kaributas. The line ended in 1631, with their assets overtaken by their agnates, the Wiśniowiecki family.
He repeatedly cautioned Polish authorities against persecuting Lithuanian and Ruthenian clergy. During the Bolshevik advance against Warsaw, he asked for worldwide public prayers for Poland. Gasparri sent Nuncio Ratti to stay in the Polish capital. On 11 June 1921 he wrote to the Polish episcopate, warning against political misuses of spiritual power, urging again peaceful coexistence with neighbouring people, stating that "love of country has its limits in justice and obligations".
It applies as well to united Catholics of the Greco-Ruthenian rite in Lwow, and Przemysl, and, to the Armenian rite in Lwow.Concordata 9 for religious celebration in the specific rites, Canon law must be observed.Concordata 18 Catholic instruction is mandatory in all public schools, except universities.Concordata 13 In Article 24 Church and State recognize each other's property rights seeming in part from the time of partition before 1918.
The church was designed by August Moszyński (for a long time it was mistakenly imputed to Jan de Witte). The interior was painted by Stanisław Stroiński, while the fresco of sideload naves by Józef Chojnicki. Sculptures were completed by Sebastian Fesinger. The construction of the Roman Catholic Church started in 1749, on the place where an Old Ruthenian church once used to stand, and finished thirty years later.
In territories where Eastern traditions prevail, married clergy caused little controversy, but aroused opposition inside traditionally Latin Church territories to which Eastern Catholics migrated; this was particularly so in the United States. In response to requests from the Latin bishops of those countries, the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith set out rules in an 1890 letter to François- Marie-Benjamin Richard, archbishop of Paris, which the Congregation applied on 1 May 1897 to the United States, No. 1966 stating that only celibates or widowed priests coming without their children should be permitted in the United States. This celibacy mandate for Eastern Catholic priests in the United States was restated with special reference to Catholics of Ruthenian Rite by the 1 March 1929 decree Cum data fuerit, which was renewed for a further ten years in 1939. Dissatisfaction by many Ruthenian Catholics in the United States gave rise to the American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese.
Since these times the name Ruś Czerwona is recorded, translated as "Red Ruthenia" ("Czerwień" means red in Slavic languages, or from the Polish village Czermno), applied to a territory extended up to Dniester River, with priority gradually transferred to Przemyśl. Since the times of Władysław II Jagiełło, the Przemyśl voivodeship was called Ruthenian Voivodeship ('), with its center eventually transferred to Lwów. It consisted of five lands: Lwów, Sanok, Halych, Przemyśl, and Chełm. The territory was controlled by the Austrian Empire from 1772 to 1918, when it was known as the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. Zygmunt Gloger, in his monumental book Historical Geography of the Lands of Old Poland, provides this description of the Ruthenian Voivodeship: > In the 10th and 11th centuries, Przemysl and Czerwien were the largest gords > in this region. Later on, Halych emerged as the capital of the province, > while the city of Lwów was founded only in 1250.
The Kiev Brotherhood compound included the Brotherhood Monastery and its religious school (later the Kiev Mohyla Academy) An epistle from the Patriarch of Constantinople to the Lviv Orthodox Brotherhood Brotherhoods (, bratstva; literally, "fraternities") were the unions of Eastern Orthodox citizens or lay brothers affiliated with individual churches in the cities throughout the Ruthenian part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth such as Lviv, Wilno, Lutsk, Vitebsk, Minsk, and Kiev. Their structure resembled that of Western medieval confraternities and trade guilds.Brotherhoods at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine The Orthodox brotherhoods, first documented in 1463 (Lviv Dormition Brotherhood), were consolidated in the aftermath of the Union of Brest (1596) in order to oppose a rise in Roman Catholic proselytism, Jesuit expansionism and general Polonization. The brotherhoods attempted to stem the state- supported Catholic missionary activities by publishing books in the Cyrillic script and financing a net of brotherhood schools which offered education in the Ruthenian language.
Bełz Voivodeship (, ) was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland from 1462 to the Partitions of Poland in 1772–1795. Together with the Ruthenian Voivodeship it was part of Red Ruthenia, Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown. The voivodeship was created by King Kazimierz Jagiellonczyk, and had four senators in the Senate of the Commonwealth (the Voivode and the Castellan of Belz, as well as Castellans of Lubaczow and Busk).
Village in the Middle Ages was subdivided into two parts, Ruthenian and German. The village is located in the Lemko region, where for centuries resided ethnographic group of Ukrainian highlanders that until 1947 was living on both sides of the Carpathian Mountains and frontiers. Among the various ethnic groups of the Ukrainian ethnos (Boikos, Hutsuls, Podolian Volhynians, et al.) especially best preserved are ethnographic groups of mountain dwellers Ukrainian Carpathians, namely Boikos, Hutsuls and Lemkos.
Metropolitan Churches: This is a church which is governed by a metropolitan "sui iuris." Such a church is presided over by the metropolitan of a determined see who has been canonically elected and confirmed by the pope. He is assisted by a council of hierarchs according to the norms of law (CCEO. 155§1). The Catholic metropolitan churches are the Ethiopian Catholic, Eritrean Catholic, Hungarian Byzantine, Slovak Byzantine and the Ruthenian Catholic Church. 4\.
The different peoples and cultures that have lived in the city have each brought their own culture and architecture. Examples include the Polish, Ruthenian and Armenian markets. Famous tourist attractions include the ancient castle, and the numerous architectural attractions in the city's center, including the cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul, Holy Trinity Church, the city hall building, and the numerous fortifications. Ballooning activities in the canyon of the Smotrych River have also brought tourists.
A History of Russia, Vol. III. New Haven: Yale University Press. The exact origins of the families surveyed were: 229 of Western European (including German) origin, 223 of Polish and Lithuanian origin (this number included Ruthenian nobility), 156 of Tatar and other Oriental origin, 168 families belonged to the House of Rurik and 42 were of unspecified "Russian" origin. The Mongols brought about changes in the economic power of states and overall trade.
Homer Glen is the location of Annunciation of the Mother of God Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church. This church has been awarded for its "green" initiatives, specifically its of landscaping that focuses on native plant life and water retention / management. Annunciation is notably one of the few new parishes of the Byzantine Catholic Metropolitan Church of Pittsburgh. Homer Glen is home to St. Bernard's Parish and Our Mother of Good Counsel Parish, both Roman Catholic churches.
Born in Zhovkva, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (present day Lviv Oblast, Ukraine) in a bourgeois family in 1736. He was ordained a priest and become a Canon of the St. George's Cathedral, Lviv until his election as bishop. He was confirmed by the Holy See as an Eparchial Bishop of the Ruthenian Catholic Eparchy of Lviv, Halych and Kamianets-Podilskyi on 30 October 1779. He was consecrated to the Episcopate on 23 September 1781.
In 1912, Russian authorities issued a tolerance edict that made it possible to change confession from Orthodox to Roman Catholic (but not to Greek-Catholic, which had been completely deleted). A majority of the inhabitants of southern Podlachia changed their faith from Orthodox to Roman Catholic. At present, very few people in this area speak Ruthenian and nearly all consider themselves Poles. Meanwhile, the eastern part of northern Podlachia is still populated by Belarusians.
Below them in rank was the regular Lithuanian nobility (or boyars), in Lithuania proper strictly subjected to the princes and generally living on modest family farms, each tended by a few feudal subjects or, more often, slave workers if the boyar could afford them. For their military and administrative services, Lithuanian boyars were compensated by exemptions from public contributions, payments, and Ruthenian land grants. The majority of the ordinary rural workers were free.
From mid 12th century Kaniv became a big city and played prominent role in the Kyivan Rus (Ruthenian state) where it was a center of an apanage principality within the principality of Kyiv. Until the 13th century, the central part of Kaniv was so called "Hellenic town" located at the Moskovka Mountain. According to popular historic sources, in 1239 the city was conquered and razed by the Mongols.Vermenych, Ya., Bon, O. Kaniv (КАНІВ).
Iro summarized by stating that > To be sure, these are drastic measures, in particular taking away their > children... [however] more moderate measures appear to be entirely futile. The legislative motion was introduced by the three Pan-German delegates in the Parliament and was seconded by another fifteen delegates, including some Czechs, a Ruthenian and a Pole—nationalities which usually were deadly enemies of the Pan-Germans. The motion was rejected by the Parliament.
In 2011, Papuga registered a political party called "Together for Vojvodina," representing the province's Ruthenian minority."Ethnic minority party registered in Serbia," British Broadcasting Corporation Monitoring European, 28 December 2011 (Source: Danas website, Belgrade, in Serbian 26 Dec 11). She remained a member of the LSV, and the parties co-operated at the provincial level. Papuga sought election for the Kula division (which includes Ruski Krstur) in both the 2008 and 2012 provincial elections.
The first direct elections for Serbia's national minority councils were held in 2010. Papuga founded the Ruska liga to contest the elections for the Ruthenian National Council and was elected when her list won five seats."Сутра конституисање Националног савета Русина", Radio-Television of Vojvodina, 2 July 2010, accessed 11 May 2018. She appeared in the first position on the same list in the 2014 elections and was elected when it won four mandates.
Count Sergey Kuzmich Vyazmitinov () (7 October 1744 - 15 October 1819, Saint Petersburg), was a Russian general and statesman. He descended from the ancient noble landowner's family of Ruthenian origin, known from the end of the 15th century. On 22 June 1759 he was recorded as corporal into the Observational Corps, but started service only on 21 December 1761 as ensign of Ukrainian Narodnoe Opolcheniye Corps. In 1762 he was moved into Manezh Company (Манежная рота).
The Kobyzewicz-Krynicki family (also referred to in sources as "Krynicki na Basaniach", by the name of their main 17th-century estate), should not be confused with Polish noble families named Krynicki that have different descent. The Polish historian Tadeusz M. Trajdos does not see any genealogical link between the Krynickis of the Sas and Korab arms with the Ruthenian Krynicki family (a branch of the Kobyzewicz clan).Tadeusz M. Trajdos. Tajemnica Krynickich.
Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski (2 February 1526 – 13 or 23 February 1608, also known as Kostiantyn Vasyl Ostrozky, , , ) was a Ruthenian (Ukrainian) Orthodox magnate of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, a prince, starost of Volodymyr- Volynskyi, marshal of Volhynia and voivode of the Kiev Voivodeship. Ostrogski refused to help False Dmitriy I and supported Jan Zamoyski. The date of birth of Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski is disputed. According to some historians he was born around 1524/1525.
Białoboki became the headquarters of Konstanty Korniakt of Białobok (1582-1624) who was son of Konstanty Korniakt (1520-1603) of Kandia, Crete, Greece. The Korniakt family were one of the wealthiest of the Ruthenian province. In the middle of the village valley from the west is a quite large hill, on which they built the Korniakt family stronghold known as Korniaktów castle. The stronghold at Białoboki was expanded to a brick castle in 1610.
Ostrów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gać, within Przeworsk County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately east of Gać, south-west of Przeworsk, and east of the regional capital Rzeszów. A prominent feature of Ostrów is the Roman Catholic parish of St. Fabiana and St. Sebastian which was founded in 1601. Until 1772 the town belonged administratively to the Ruthenian Voivodeship of the Polish- Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Samuel was a scion of old Ruthenian and Lithuanian princely families – Korecki, being the grandson of voivoda of Volhynia duke Bohusz Korecki. He had one brother, Greater Castellan of Wołyń (Volhynia) Jan Karol Korecki, and five sisters. Duke Samuel married famously beautiful Katarzyna Catherina Movilă, daughter of Ieremia Movilă. They had one daughter, Anna Korecka, who married Andrzej Leszczyński, and in turn these parents had one son Samuel Leszczyński, who was duke Samuel's grandson.
Until 1772, the town belonged to the Lviv Land, Ruthenian Voivodeship of the Kingdom of Poland. Following the Partitions of Poland, it was annexed by the Habsburg Empire, as part of Austrian Galicia, where Skole remained until 1918. In the interbellum period, it was part of Stryj County, Stanislawow Voivodeship, with population divided between Jewish, Polish and Ukrainian communities, also Germans and Czechs. In its vicinity there were three German villages, Annaberg, Felizienthal and Karlsdorf.
Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki of the Sas coat of arms (, ; 1640 – February 19, 1694) was a Polish nobleman and diplomat of Ruthenian descent. Зерна, які змінили Європу. Як українець Відень урятував. Irene MichalkivHanna Widacka, Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki – założyciel pierwszej kawiarni w Wiedniu For his actions at the 1683 Battle of Vienna, when he managed to get out of the besieged city to seek help, he was considered a hero by the local people.
In 1760, Prince August Aleksander Czartoryski, voivode of the Ruthenian province, built a new building for 34 patients and several ancillary rooms. Also, the builder of the church, architect Jakub Fontana left 74,000 złoty for maintenance and to help the sick, in his will dated March 20, 1773. This provision was approved by a parliamentary delegation in 1775. Initially the brothers were not only priests and sacristan, and the chaplain exercised his priestly ministry.
He travelled extensively across Europe, and was knighted by king Manuel I of Portugal for his services against the Moors in Africa. Tarnowski was the owner of Tarnów, Wiewiórka, Rożnów, Przeworsk, and Stare Sioło. In 1522, he became castellan of Wojnicz; in 1527, voivode of the Ruthenian Voivodeship; in 1535, voivode of the Kraków Voivodeship. In 1536, he became castellan of Kraków and starost of Sandomierz, Stryj, Żydaczów, Dolina, Sandecz, Chmielnów, Lubaczów and Horodło.
Proto-Cathedral of St. Mary in Van Nuys, California The Holy Protection of Mary Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Phoenix (formerly known as the Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Van Nuys) () is the Catholic eparchy (diocese) governing most Byzantine Ruthenian Catholics in the western United States. Its headquarters are at 8105 North 16th Street, Phoenix, Arizona. The current bishop is the Most Reverend John Stephen Pazak. The Eparchy's territorial jurisdiction consists of thirteen Western States.
Around 1575 he married Ruthenian noblewoman Anna Dzieduszycka h. Sas, and soon had children. His sons were Alexander, Constantine (father of Captain Charles Francis) and Michael Korniakt, his daughters were Katarzyna, Anna (married Jan "Gratus" Tarnowski), Sophia (married Abraham Hubert) and Catherine (married Aleksander Chodkiewicz and after his death the governor of Belz, Duke Konstanty Wiśniowiecki). Soon after his death in 1603, all of his children converted to Catholicism and eventually were polonized.
Thought was given at various times to the creation of a Grand Duchy of Ruthenia, particularly during the 1648 Cossack insurrection against Polish rule in Ukraine. Such a Duchy, as proposed in the 1658 Treaty of Hadiach, would have been a full member of the Commonwealth, which would thereupon have become a tripartite Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth, but due to szlachta demands, Muscovite invasion, and division among the Cossacks, the plan was never implemented.
Konstanty Iwanowicz Ostrogski (c. 1460 – 10 August 1530; , , Kostjantyn Ostroz'kyj, , also known under his Ruthenian name Vasyl-Kostjantyn Ostroz'kyj and modern Belarusian transliteration Kanstancin Astrožski) was a prince and magnate of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later a Grand Hetman of Lithuania from 11 September 1497 until his death. He started his military career under king John I of Poland. He took part in successful campaigns against the Tatars and Grand Duchy of Moscow.
Coat of arms of Halicz Land Halych Land (, ) was an administrative unit (ziemia) of the Kingdom of Poland, which existed from 1340 until 1772. Its capital was at the town of Halych, and local sejmiks at first took place at Sudova Vyshnia (). In 1564 they were moved to Halych. Halicz Land belonged to Ruthenian Voivodeship, but retained its own regulations, and was itself divided into three counties: Halych County, Terebovlia County and Kolomyja County.
By the terms of the Riga treaty, the Soviets and Poles effectively partitioned Ukraine. For the next 19 years, the ethnically mixed Ternopol area remained in Polish control. From 1922 to September 1939, Tarnopol served as the capital of the Tarnopol Voivodeship that consisted of 17 powiats. According to the Polish census of 1931, individuals speaking Ukrainian/Ruthenian accounted for 46% of the Tarnopol Voivodeship, while Polish speaking population consisted of 49%.
The city itself consisted of 77.7% Poles, 14.0% Jewish and 8.05% Ukrainian/Ruthenian population. After World War II, Communist Party historians reported that Edward Szturm de Sztrem, the pre-war chairman of the Polish census statistical office, admitted that the census returns, particularly those from the south-east, had been altered at the executive level. Another account stated that he admitted "that officials had been directed to undercount minorities, especially those in the eastern provinces".
For a brief period, the country was ruled by a Hungarian nobleman. Battles with the neighbouring states of Poland and Lithuania also occurred, as well as internecine warfare with the independent Ruthenian principality of Chernihiv to the east. At its greatest extension the territory of Galicia-Volhynia included later Wallachia/Bessarabia, thus reaching the shores of the Black Sea. During this period (around 1200–1400), each principality was independent of the other for a period.
Pope Paul VI named Bilock as the Titular Bishop of Pergamum and Auxiliary Bishop of Pittsburgh (Ruthenian) on March 1, 1973. He was ordained a bishop by Archbishop Stephen Kocisko on May 15, 1973 at Holy Spirit Church in Pittsburgh. The principal co-consecrators were Bishops Michael Dudick of Passaic and Emil Mihalik of Parma. Throughout his ministry as priest and bishop, Bilock celebrated the Divine Liturgy weekly over radio station WEDO.
In the 19th century and the first part of the 20th, the inhabitants of Transcarpathia continued to call themselves "Ruthenians" ("Rusyny"). After Soviet annexation the ethnonym "Ukrainian", which had replaced "Ruthenian" in eastern Ukraine at the turn of the century, was also applied to Ruthenians/Rusyns of Transcarpathia. Most present-day inhabitants consider themselves ethnically Ukrainians, although in the most recent census 10,100 people (0.8% of Zakarpattia Oblast's 1.26 million) identified themselves as ethnically Rusyn.
The Ukrainian Radical Party, (URP), (, Ukrainska Radikalna Partiya) founded in October 1890 as Ruthenian-Ukrainian Radical Party and based on the radical movement in western Ukraine dating from the 1870s, was the first modern Ukrainian political party with a defined program, mass following, and registered membership.Encyclopedia of Ukraine, Ukrainian Radical Party. vol. 5, 1993. Article written by Jean Paul Himka and Ivan Lysiak Rudnytsky It advocated socialism, increased rights for Ukrainian peasants, and secularism.
Today, the majority of the population of Białowieża is Eastern Orthodox, with a small part identifying as members of the Belarusian ethnic minority.Адметнасьць жыхароў рэгіёну Белавежы [The specifics of the inhabitants of the Bialowieza area] - Radio Poland Belarusian service, 23/02/2019 The local native dialect is described by linguists as being of Ruthenian origin, predominantly a mixture of Belarusian, Ukrainian with significant elements of Polish and a certain influence of the Russian language.
The Land of Sanok remained a separate administrative unit within the Ruthenian Voivodeship until the Partitions of Poland, when it became part of Austrian Galicia. It had its own starosta, and its borders changed several times. Historians argue whether Krosno was at first part of Lesser Poland, or Red Ruthenia. Furthermore, the area of Tyczyn belonged to the Land of Sanok, but some time in the 15th century, it was transferred to the Przemyśl Land.
In the fall of 1938, the southwestern territories of Subcarpathian Rus including the cities of Uzhhorod, Berehove, and Mukacheve were yielded to the Kingdom of Hungary. In 1939, Carpatho-Ukraine was overrun by the Kingdom of Hungary. Some of the newly acquired territories in 1939 were annexed and incorporated as Kárpátalja. Kárpátalja unlike most of the country, however, had a special administrative system with the intention of it being governed by the Ruthenian minority population.
Hieronim Jarosz Sieniawski (c. 1516–1579) was a Polish noble. He was a starost of Halicz and Kołomyja since 1550, Podkomorzy of Kamieniec Litewski since 1554, castellan of Kamieniec Litewski since 1569 and voivode of the Ruthenian Voivodeship since 1576. He was married four times: to Elżbieta Radziwiłł from about 1559; to Hanna Zasławska from 1565 to 1568; to Anna Maciejowska (no exact dates); and to Jadwiga Tarło from 1574 or 1575.
The family place was city of Wiśniowiec (now Vyshnivets). At first Wiśniowiecki estates were located predominately in Volhynia, but since 1580s also included on the left-bank Ukraine in a region around Lubny, Romny, others that in the past belonged to the princes Glinski and Daumantas. From their days as Ruthenian nobility, they held the title of Kniaz (prince). By the late 16th century, the family converted from Orthodox to Catholicism and became Polonized.
Iuga of Moldavia (14th century – July 19, 1400) (known also as Iurg or Iurie in Romanian literature, Yury in Ruthenian, Jerzy in Polish; the epithet Ologul means "the Crippled")P. P. Panaitescu, Cronicile slavo-române din secolele XV- XVI, publicate de Ion Bogdan, Editura Academiei Romane, București, 1959, p. 44-48 was Voivode (Prince) of Moldavia from November 1399 to June 1400. According to one hypothesis, he may have been the Lithuanian prince George Koriatovich.
The siege of Malbork was continued, and Polish - Brandenburgian troops blocked Elbląg. In December 1659, the siege of Elbląg began. Meanwhile, in late 1658, the Polish–Russian truce ended when Russian forces under Ivan Andreyevich Khovansky (Tararui) and Jurij Aleksiejewicz Dołgorukow again attacked the Polish - Lithuanian units (see Russo-Polish War (1654–67)). The reason for the attack was the Treaty of Hadiach, which prepared the basis for a Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth.
In Silesia the ethnically Polish peasantry rebelled during 1722–29 and in 1750 around Pszczyna, when the Prussian army was brought to bear. Highway robbery band activity was another form of peasant resistance; some of its leaders, especially from mountainous regions, have become immortalized in folk tales. On a grand scale peasant armed resistance became a crucial factor in the eastern Ruthenian lands of the Commonwealth, where it combined with Cossack unrest.
As a political leader, Hrushevsky first became active in Austrian Halychyna, where he spoke out against Polish political predominance and Ruthenian particularism and supported a national Ukrainian identity that would unite both eastern and western parts of the country. In 1899, he was a cofounder of the Galician- based National Democratic Party, which party looked forward to eventual Ukrainian independence. After 1905, Hrushevsky advised the Ukrainian Club in the Russian State Duma, or Parliament.
He was born Ioann Kuntsevych in 1580 or 1584 in Volodymyr, Volhynian Voivodeship, in the Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown (now in Ukraine). He was baptized into a family associated with the Eastern Orthodox Church. Although descended from Ruthenian nobility (szlachta, Kuncewicz family), his father had embarked in business, and held the office of town-councilor. Both of Kuntsevych's parents encouraged religious participation and Christian piety in the young John.
The name Belarus is closely related with the term Belaya Rus, i.e., White Rus'. There are several claims to the origin of the name White Rus'. An ethno- religious theory suggests that the name used to describe the part of old Ruthenian lands within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania that had been populated mostly by Slavs who had been Christianized early, as opposed to Black Ruthenia, which was predominantly inhabited by pagan Balts.
He promoted the development of fortified towns. During his reign, thousands of colonists arrived from the Holy Roman Empire, Poland and other neighboring regions to settle in the depopulated lands. Béla's efforts to rebuild his devastated country won him the epithet of "second founder of the state" (). He set up a defensive alliance against the Mongols, which included Daniil Romanovich, Prince of Halych, Boleslaw the Chaste, Duke of Cracow and other Ruthenian and Polish princes.
He graduated the Theological Seminary in Uzhhorod from 1937 to 1942 and was ordained a priest on 26 June 1942 for the Ruthenian Catholic Eparchy of Mukacheve. On 19 December 1944 he was clandestinely consecrated to the Episcopate as auxiliary bishop. The principal and single consecrator was blessed bishop Theodore Romzha. He was shot by Communists in Siltse, Irshava raion, Zakarpattia Oblast after celebration of the clandestine Divine Litugry on 27 August 1953.
Lutheran firebrands warned that Sigismund had the ultimate intention of reinstating Catholicism by force if necessary. As proof, they pointed to the 1596 Union of Brest which brought the Eastern Orthodox Ruthenian peoples in Polish-controlled Ruthenia into Catholic fold. The union also expressed his friendship with Catholic Austria and his support for the Catholic Reformation, particularly the Jesuits who often acted as agents refuting Protestantism and regaining lost spiritual ground for Rome.
Examinations in the two latter languages were possible as long as the professors used them. This move created unrest among the Ruthenians (Ukrainians), who were demanding equal rights. In 1908, a Ruthenian student of the philosophy faculty, Miroslaw Siczynski, had assassinated the Polish governor of Galicia, Andrzej Potocki. Meanwhile, the University of Lemberg thrived, being one of two Polish language universities in Galicia, the other one was the Jagiellonian University in Kraków.
Their actions increased tension along the southern border of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Low-level warfare took place in those territories for most of the period of the Commonwealth (1569–1795). Prior to the formation of the Zaporizhian Sich, Cossacks had usually been organized by Ruthenian boyars, or princes of the nobility, especially various Lithuanian starostas. Merchants, peasants, and runaways from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Muscovy, and Moldavia also joined the Cossacks.
A separate Eastern Orthodox metropolitan eparchy was created sometime between 1315 and 1317 by Constantinople Patriarch John XIII. Following the Galicia–Volhynia Wars which divided Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia between Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Kingdom of Poland, in 1355 the Halych metropoly was liquidated and its eparchies transferred to the metropoles of Lithuania and Volhynia.Halych metropoly. Encyclopedia of Ukraine In 1387, Lithuania converted to Catholicism, while most of the Ruthenian lands stayed Orthodox.
Beneš's proclamation of April 1944 excluded former collaborationist Hungarians, Germans and the Rusynophile Ruthenian followers of Andrej Bródy and the Fencik Party (who had collaborated with the Hungarians) from political participation. This amounted to approximately ⅓ of the population. Another ⅓ was communist, leaving ⅓ of the population presumably sympathetic to the Czechoslovak Republic. Upon arrival in Subcarpathian Ruthenia, the Czechoslovak delegation set up headquarters in Khust, and on 30 October issued a mobilization proclamation.
Ivan’s Hundred () was the first Ruthenian guild, which existed in the 12th-15th centuries in Novgorod. Ivan’s Hundred was an association of merchants, who gathered around the Church of Ivan the Forerunner (Церковь Ивана Предтечи на Опоках) in Novgorod. The guild consisted of merchants, who traded wax wholesale. The starostas (heads) of the Ivan’s Hundred were permanent members of the Commerce Court of Novgorod and ruling Council of the Novgorod Feudal Republic.
The name of the town comes from the Old Polish krasny bród, which in English means "beautiful ford". According to records, in the mid-16th century the village of Krasnobród was owned by the noble Lipski family. In either 1572 or 1576, it received town charter. At that time, Krasnobród was located near the boundary between Chełm Land of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (part of its Ruthenian Voivodeship), and the Bełz Voivodeship.
In 1807 he established the Polotsk Uniate Theological Seminary (after 1839 turned into Easter Orthodox Seminary). At that time, there were four eparchies of the Ruthenian Uniate Church in Russia Vilno, Polotsk, Lutsk, and Brest, while eparchy of Pinsk and Turov was suppressed in 1795. On 30 August 1809, Lisovsky died in the Orsha Monastery, Mogilev Governorate. Before his death he appointed bishop of Lutsk and Ostroh Gregory Kokhanovych as his successor.
He served as a pastor in Nestanychi for a while. During the Revolution of 1848–1849 in the Habsburg monarchy he supported a democratic Polish-Ukrainian political federation. Being a democratic Polish-Ukrainian political federation sympathizer, he took up the editorship of Dnewnyk Ruskij, the weekly run by the Ruthenian Congress. Later that year he left the Uniate church in protest against the church hierarchy's sanctions against him and converted to Lutheranism.
Historical records first mention the river in 1097 as Sanъ, reku Sanъ, k Sanovi; then as nad Sanomъ (1152) and Sanu (1287). On the old maps of the Ruthenian Voivodeship, Poland 1339–1772: "San" (1339), San (1372), "Szan" (1406), "Sanok" (1438), "Saan" (1439), "Sayn" (1445), "San" (1467), "Szan" (1517), "Schan" (1526).Adam Fastnacht, Slownik Historyczno-Geograficzny Ziemi Sanockiej w Średniowieczu (Historic-Geographic Dictionary of the Sanok District in the Middle Ages), Kraków, 2002, . V. 2.
This was prepared and billed in the Hungarian Parliament, but in the end, after the outbreak of the Second World War it never passed through.Géza Vasas – A ruszin autonómia válaszútjain (1939. március-szeptember) – On the crossroads of Ruthenian autonomy (March–September 1939), However, in the corresponding territory the Governorate of Subcarpathia was formed which was divided into three, the administrative branch offices of Ung (), Bereg () and Máramaros (), having Hungarian and Rusyn language as official languages.
Religions in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1573: Religions in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1750: The Belarusian Greek Catholic Church (, Bielaruskaja hreka-katalickaja carkva BHKC), sometimes called, in reference to its Byzantine Rite, the Belarusian Byzantine Catholic Church, is the heir within Belarus of the Union of Brest and Ruthenian Uniate Church. It is listed in the Annuario Pontificio as a sui iuris church, an Eastern rite particular Church in full union with the Catholic Church.
Leo Jaworowski (born as Ludwik Jaworowski; ; 1764 – 2 November 1833) was a bishop of the Ruthenian Uniate Church served administrator for Suprasl Eparchy. In 1806-07 as a priest Leo Jaworowski served as administrator of Suprasl Eparchy. On 27 January 1811 he was consecrated as a titular bishop of Wlodzimierz and Bresc by bishops Gregory Kochanowicz, John Krasowski, Josaphat Bulhak and Adrian Holownia. In 1825 Jaworowski assisted in consecration of bishop Cyril Syrotinski.
200px Florian Hrebnicki (born as Franciszek Hrebnicki; ; 1683 – 18 July 1762) was a bishop of the Ruthenian Uniate Church, Metropolitan bishop of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia. On 14 March 1716 Hrebnicki was ordained by Primate of the Uniate church Leo Kiszka as a archbishop of Polock. On 16 December 1748 he was confirmed as the Metropolitan bishop of Kiev, Galicia, and all Ruthenia. He consecrated following bishops Maksymilian Rylo and Theodosius Godebski.
Portrait Ruthenian (Ukrainian) language grammar Stepan Yosypovych Smal- Stotsky (, ) was a Ukrainian linguist and academician, slavist, cultural and political figure, member of the Union for the Liberation of Ukraine, and ambassador of the West Ukrainian People's Republic in Prague. His doctorate on Slavic philology was accepted by Franz Miklosich at the University of Vienna in 1885. Smal-Stotsky was the father of Roman Smal-Stocki and a grandfather of George S. N. Luckyj.
Hornyak was ordained as a priest by Bishop Ivan Buchko on 25 March 1945. Because Hornyak was unable to return to Yugoslavia, he continued his studies at Propaganda Fide University, obtaining postgraduate degrees in Canon Law and Theology. Following advice from Bishop Narjadi and Daniel Ivancho, he served the Ruthenian Eparchy of Pittsburgh as a priest and as professor Canon Law and Sacred Theology. In 1956, Hornyak entered the Order of St Basil the Great.
Ruthenian Congress in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 3 (1993) He was a member of "National movement" circles and held contacts with the "Hotel Lambert". He became a member of the National Sejm (Diet of Galicia) in the Austro-Hungarian province of Galicia, member of the Austrian Council of the State and member of the imperial Herrenhaus in 1861. In 1863 he didn't participate in the January Uprising in Russian-occupied Poland, but contributed towards it financially.
Ingeborg Mstislavna of Kiev (fl. 1137) was a Ruthenian princess, married to the Danish prince Canute Lavard of Jutland. She was the daughter of Grand Prince Mstislav I of Kiev and Christina Ingesdotter of Sweden and was in about 1116 married to Canute in a marriage arranged by her maternal aunt, the Danish queen Margaret Fredkulla. In 1130, she tried to prevent Canute from going to the gathering where he was to be murdered, but without success.
Zubrytsky was highly influenced by his friend, Mikhail Pogodin, and his idea that Ukrainians and Russian constituted one nation. During his time Austria and Russia were allies and Zubrytsky idealized Russian autocracy while also being loyal to Austria-Hungary. He opposed the Polish nobility and the Polish domination of Galicia while also objecting to the abolition of serfdom. Through Zubrytsky's efforts many Galicians, such as Yakiv Holovatsky, one of the members of the Ruthenian Triad, were converted to Russophilism.
The three cities were also entitled to house local courts. Since 1599, the Tribunal of Lithuania did also held sessions in Minsk (every three years, other cities it visited were Vilnius and Navahrudak). The court held there served the role of the highest juridical authority for all of Ruthenian voivodeships, that is Minsk, Nowogródek, Vitebsk, Mstislav and Kiev. Following the first partition of Poland in 1775, the tribunal abandoned Minsk and held its sessions in Hrodna.
In the most egregious cases, some innocent Dutch speakers were sentenced to death after being unable to defend themselves in court in French. Although surrounded by Flemish speaking areas, Brussels relatively rapidly became a French majority city—which it remains in the 21st century. During the disputes over language in Ukrainian and Polish areas, Ukrainian Russophiles in Bukovina, Zakarpattia and Halychyna wrote in Iazychie, a blend of Ruthenian, Polish, Russian and Old Slavic. Zhovtobyukh, M.A. Iazychie.
These new outskirts of the city came to be known as the Meshchanskaya sloboda, after Ruthenian meshchane "town people". The term meshchane (мещане) acquired pejorative connotations in 18th-century Russia and today means "petty bourgeois" or "narrow-minded philistine".П.В.Сытин, "Из истории московских улиц", М, 1948, p. 296. The entire city of the late 17th century, including the slobodas that grew up outside the city ramparts, are contained within what is today Moscow's Central Administrative Okrug.
Ruthenians, are Catholics who belong to and follow the prayer life of the Byzantine Church and were known as such in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, started immigrating in sizable numbers to the United States in the late 1870s. A Ruthenian priest immigrated in 1884 and blessed their first church building in Shenandoah, Pennsylvania. The earliest immigrants to Philadelphia settled in Northern Liberties between Sixth and Seventh Streets, south of Girard Avenue. They founded Immaculate Conception parish in 1886.
Both Pannonian Rusyn and Carpathian Rusyn are East Slavic languages. Pannonian Rusyn differs from Carpathian Rusyn in that the former has been influenced by the surrounding South Slavic languages (especially Serbian) whilst the latter has been influenced by the surrounding West Slavic languages (especially Polish and Slovak). Both forms of Rusyn are closely related to Russian Church Slavonic, Old Ruthenian and modern Russian. Among the West Slavic languages, Rusyn has been especially influenced by the Eastern Slovak dialects.
Coat of arms of both Przemyśl Land and Sanok Land Przemyśl Land () was an administrative unit of Kyivan Rus, Kingdom of Poland and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It existed since the integration of Principality of Peremyshl into Kingdom of Ruthenia and until 1772, and was one of five lands (see ziemia) of Poland's Ruthenian Voivodeship. Its capital was at Przemyśl, where local sejmiks also took place. Together with Red Ruthenia, Przemyśl Land was annexed by King Kazimierz Wielki in 1340.
Most left town on March 1, unhappy with the proposals of the Poles to establish rights to acquire property in Lithuania and other issues. Sigismund reacted by announcing the incorporation of the Grand Duchy's Volhynia and Podlasie voivodeships into the Polish Crown. Soon the large Kiev Voivodeship and Bratslav Voivodeship were also annexed. Ruthenian boyars in the formerly southeastern Grand Duchy mostly approved the territorial transfers, since it meant that they would become members of the privileged Polish nobility.
Treniota emerged as the leader of the Samogitian resistance; he led an army to Cēsis (now in Latvia), reaching the Estonian coast, and battled Masovia (now in Poland). His goal was to encourage all the conquered Baltic tribes to rise up against the Christian orders and unite under Lithuanian leadership. His personal influence grew while Mindaugas was concentrating on the conquest of Ruthenian lands, dispatching a large army to Bryansk. Treniota and Mindaugas began to pursue different priorities.
Church Slavonic is also used by Greek Catholic Churches in Slavic countries, for example the Croatian, Slovak and Ruthenian Greek Catholics, as well as by the Roman Catholic Church (Croatian and Czech recensions). In the past, Church Slavonic was also used by the Orthodox Churches in the Romanian lands until the late 17th and early 18th centuries,Petre P. Panaitescu, Studii de istorie economică și socială as well as by Roman Catholic Croats in the Early Middle Ages.
Its existence is confirmed by the bull of Pope Innocent II from 1136, when it refers to the Ruthenian castellans. The parish church of St. Wojciech, according to tradition, funded by Piotr Dunin in 1142. During the 13th century, Ruda was still one of the most important centers in Wielkopolska. Its medieval development is due to its location on the Moravian-Kujawy route connecting Moravia with Pomerania, Gdańsk and Prussia and ensuring connection with the Opole and Małopolska Silesia.
Location of Bardejov District in the Prešov region Cigeľka is a village and municipality in Bardejov District in the Prešov Region of north-east Slovakia with Ruthenian and Roma inhabitants. It lies in the valley of Oľchovec below the Busov hill (1 002 meters above sea level) near the Slovakia-Poland border. There is a Greek Catholic church of Saints Cosmas and Damian in the year 1816, which served its first liturgy Presov later Bishop Paul Peter Gojdič.
Coat of arms of Đura Džudžar Byzantine Catholic Cathedral of St. Nicholas in Ruski Krstur, Serbia Byzantine Catholic Church in Đurđevo (Serbia), hometown of Bishop Đura Džudžar Đura Džudžar (born April 22, 1954) is eparchial bishop of the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Ruski Krstur since 2018. He was previously titular bishop of Acrassus (2001-2018), auxiliary bishop of the Ruthenian Eparchy of Mukachevo (2001-2003), apostolic exarch of Serbia and Montenegro (2003-2013) and Serbia (2013-2018).
Pruchnik was first mentioned in documents from 1397. History of the town is tied with the Pruchnicki family (Korczak coat of arms), which founded a local Roman Catholic parish some time in the second half of the 14th century. At that time, the village was part of Poland’s Ruthenian Voivodeship. In 1498, Pruchnik was burned in a Vallachian raid, and in 1524, a Crimean Tatar unit tried to capture the town, but was defeated in a skirmish.
Aleksander Chodkiewicz (, , ; ca. 1475 – 28 May 1549) was a Ruthenian noble from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Ruthenia and Samogitia, founder of the Supraśl Orthodox Monastery. He inherited vast possessions from his father Ivan Chodkiewicz, which made him 11th wealthiest person in the Grand Duchy according to the military census of 1528. Via his mother Jawnuta (Agnieszka) of the Belsky family, he was second cousin to Kings of Poland John I Albert, Alexander Jagiellon, and Sigismund I the Old.
Ruthenian (Kievan Rus') chronicles first mention its use as a military weapon in 1149, and as a hunting weapon in 1255, though it was used by Prince Daniel of Galicia in boar hunting.Кирпичников А. Н., «Древнерусское оружие», 1971 / Kirpichnikov A.N. The Ancient Russian weapons, 1971. Russian. In Germany, the bear spear or Bärenspieß was known from at least the Late Middle Ages but was rather rare when compared to Eastern Europe due to the much smaller bear population.
She was the daughter of Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelos and Irene Palaiologina, a daughter of George Palaiologos (according to the Russian historian Aleksandr Mayorov).Budzinsky, O. The mystery of King is covered in name. Zbruch. 23 April 2013 In the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle she is known simply as the Grand Prince of Roman. According to Aleksandr Mayorov, the first have the chronicle (Daniel of Galicia chronicle) is similar to Byzantine rather than Ruthenian historiography not out of coincidence.
20, no. 1-2. 2006. pp. 140–147. As the Ukrainian language developed further, some borrowings from Tatar and Turkish occurred. Ukrainian culture and language flourished in the sixteenth and first half of the 17th century, when Ukraine was part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Among many schools established in that time, the Kiyv-Mogila Collegium (the predecessor of the modern Kyiv-Mohyla Academy), founded by the Ruthenian Orthodox Metropolitan Peter Mohyla, was the most important.
Due to lack of funds, almost none of the völgyzár had been completed. Most of them had significantly less manpower, barbed wire, firearms, and heavy weapons than featured in the official specifications (between 60-80% readiness). Without the effort by Ruthenian and Szekler volunteers, the Hungarian armed forces would not have been able to complete any of the forts. A portion of the unbuilt shelters was replaced with foxholes, and a few völgyzár lacked anti- tank trenches.
It is unknown for certain what Lithuania's coat of arms was initially called; Edmundas Rimša claims that the Ruthenian word Pogonia was used for it for the first time in the 16th century.Rimša, Edmundas (2005), p.121 The earliest known Lithuanian name for the coat of arms is a 17th-century translation of Pogonia by Konstantinas Sirvydas as Waikimas ("Vaikymas" in the modern Lithuanian orthography), which was used until the 19th century together with Pagaunia.Lietuviškoje XVIIIa.
Kossów was a descendant of a Ruthenian noble family. He studied at the Kiev and Vilno Brotherhood schools and at the Lublin Jesuit Collegium and Zamość Academy before beginning to teach at the Vilno and Lviv Dormition brotherhood schools. After finishing his education, Kosiv accepted monastic vows at the Saint Trinity Monastery in Vilno. With the opening of the Kiev Lavra School in 1631, Kosiv be its lecturer on the request of Metropolitan Petro Mohyla becoming its prefect.
Raphael Zaborovsky (; (secular name: Mikhail; 1677 - 22 October 1747) was a Russian Orthodox bishop of Pskov and Narva and metropolitan of Kiev. Zaborovsky, an Orthodox bishop, was born in Zboriv, Ruthenian Voivodeship. He studied at the Kiev-Mogila Academy and then at the Moscow Theological Academy, where he later taught rhetoric (1718). After serving as a chaplain in the Russian navy he became archimandrite of the Tver Monastery and a member of the Holy Synod in 1723.
50 According to a confidential report written in January 1919 by Polish expert Roman Knoll within the Polish ministry of foreign affairs, based on a discussion with Col. Nienewski a deputy of Gen. Stanyslaw Szeptycki, "Soldiers from Congress Poland, in the units of the Bug group, are saying that 'they want to go back to Poland because they do not see any reason to fight Ruthenians concerning Ruthenian lands." Despite being initially outnumbered, the Poles had certain advantages.
Olszowski suggested the candidacy of Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki, who was the son of legendary Ruthenian magnate, Jeremi Wiśniowiecki. Michał Korybut was an exceptional individual, but the Szlachta who were afraid of growing French influences, decided to back him. Local sejmiks urged the nobility to come to Warsaw as pospolite ruszenie. The free election, which took place in May and June 1669 in Wola, near Warsaw, is regarded as the epitome of szlachta anarchy (see Golden Liberty).
He also met with Ruthenian students from eastern Galicia who introduced him to Ukrainian folk poetry, which had an important influence on Župančič's future poetic development.Janko Kos, op.cit., 269 In 1900, he returned to Ljubljana, where he taught as a substitute teacher at the Ljubljana Classical Gymnasium. He started to publish his poetry in the liberal literary magazine Ljubljanski zvon, where he clashed with one of its editors and the most influential Slovene author of that time, Anton Aškerc.
Coat of Arms of the Massalski family Aleksander Masalski (1593-1643), voivode of Mińsk Ignacy Jakub Massalski, Bishop of Wilno The Massalski (Plural: Massalscy, feminine form: Massalska) sometimes: "Masalski" is a Polish- Lithuanian princely family of Ruthenian origin from the Principality of Chernigov and based on the city of Mosalsk. The family descended from the Rurik dynasty. Their princely title was recognized in 1775. Living family members are members in the Confederation of the Polish Nobility.
The first coffeehouse in Austria opened in Vienna in 1683 after the Battle of Vienna, by using supplies from the spoils obtained after defeating the Turks. The officer who received the coffee beans, Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki, a Polish military officer (possibly of Ruthenian origin - according to modern Ukrainian authors Зерна, які змінили Європу. Як українець Відень урятував. Irene Michalkiv), opened the coffee house and helped popularize the custom of adding sugar and milk to the coffee.
Thomas Dolinay as the first bishop of the new Byzantine Ruthenian Diocese of Van Nuys. The Cathedral of St. Mary Byzantine Catholic Church, located a short distance from St. Cyril's, is the home of the Van Nuys Eparchy. Msgr. Navin remained the pastor at St. Cyril's until 1996 when he became Pastor Emeritus. Msgr. Carl Bell, formerly pastor of Immaculate Heart of Mary Catholic Church in Hollywood, became the fourth pastor at St. Cyril's in 1996.
Count Włodzimierz Ksawery Tadeusz Dzieduszycki (22 June 1825 – 18 September 1899) was a Polish noble, landowner, naturalist, political activist, collector and patron of arts of Ruthenian heritage. Włodzimierz became the first Ordynat of the Poturzyca estate. He was owner of the Poturzyca, Zarzecze, Kramarzowka, Markpol, Lachowice, Dobraczyn, Medowa, Jaryszow, Konarzewo, Gluszyn, Wiry and Szczytnik estates and a founder of the Natural History Museum in Lviv. He was one of the first Polish magnates to replace serfdom on his estates.
The school, officially styled Academy, was modelled after Western European education of the epoch. It taught the trivium (grammar, rhetorics, dialectics) as well as the quadrivium (arithmetics, geometry, music and astronomy). It featured education in Latin, Greek and Ruthenian (predecessor to both modern Ukrainian and Belarusian), the only institution of higher education in the world teaching that language at the time. The first rector of the academy was Herasym Smotrycki, a noted Eastern Christian writer of the epoch.
Prince August Aleksander Czartoryski, 9 November 1697 - 4 April 1782 was a Polish noble (szlachcic), magnate, and founder of the family fortune. August became major-general of the Polish Army in 1729, voivode of the Ruthenian Voivodeship in 1731, general starost of Podolia in 1750–1758, and a Knight of Malta. He was starost of Warsaw, Kościerzyna, Lubochnia, Kałusz, Latowicz, Lucyn, Wąwolnica, Kupiski and Pieniań. He supported Stanisław Leszczyński during the War of the Polish Succession in 1733.
Other important cities are Buchach, Chernivtsi, Drohobych, Halych (hence - Halychyna), Ivano-Frankivsk, Khotyn, Lutsk, Mukacheve, Rivne, Ternopil, Uzhhorod and others. Strong association with the Rusyn or the Ruthenian nation in the region existed until the World War II, including Galician Rusyns and Carpathian Rusyns. The Ukrainian West is not an administrative category within Ukraine. It is used mainly in the context of European history pertaining to the 20th-century wars and the ensuing period of annexations.
The Byzantine Catholic Archeparchy of Pittsburgh () is the Catholic archeparchy (archdiocese) governing all of the Byzantine Catholic (Ruthenian) Church in the western portion of Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio, and in the states of Louisiana, Tennessee, Texas, and West Virginia. Its chancery office and the residence of the Archbishop are located at 66 Riverview Avenue in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is distinguished from the Latin Church Diocese of Pittsburgh. The current archbishop is the Most Reverend William C. Skurla.
Vynnyckyj's initiative was important for the growth of the Ruthenian Catholic Church from the Union of Brest. Vynnyckyj was widely believed to be a Reddist in La Société Pleine Rouge, although evidence to substantiate this claim is elusive as many of the sacred texts and manifestos released by this society remain lost to the modern world. Today the diocese of Przemysl is a Polish diocese of the Byzantine rite vinculated to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.
He was introduced into society to find a suitable match. When he was 27, he was introduced during a New Year's ball to the twenty year old, Julia Bożeniec Jełowicka, descended from Ruthenian aristocracy whose legal guardian was Feliks Sobański, a first cousin of Theodore's mother. Marriage followed in 1874 and her dowry temporarily boosted the depleted Szymanowski coffers. The couple went on to have seven sons, of whom one died in infancy, and one daughter.
The Lendians had to be a very substantial tribe, since the names for Poland in the Lithuanian and Hungarian languages and for the Poles in medieval Ruthenian all begin with the letter "L" and are derived from the name of this tribe. The Poles historically have also referred to themselves as "Lechici". After the fall of Great Moravia, the Magyars controlled at least part of the territory of the Lendians. They were conquered by Kievan Rus' during 930–940.
Caffa was one of the best known and significant trading ports and slave markets.Historical survey > Slave societies Crimean Tatar raiders enslaved between 1 and 2 million slaves from Russia and Poland-Lithuania over the period 1500–1700.Darjusz Kołodziejczyk, as reported by Caffa (city on Crimean peninsula) was one of the best known and significant trading ports and slave markets. In 1769, a last major Tatar raid resulted in the capture of 20,000 Russian and Ruthenian slaves.
Mikołaj Zyblikiewicz (; November 28, 1823 – May 16, 1887; ) was a Polish politician and lawyer of Ruthenian origin. He was the Mayor of Kraków – in the then Austrian sector of Partitioned Poland. A street in Kraków's Old Town is named in his memory, while his monument stands in front of the City Hall. Some of his achievements included the restoration of Sukiennice, the creation of a "national Panthéon" at Skałka, and his campaign towards the renovation of Wawel Castle.
The Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church, also known in the United States as the Byzantine Catholic Church, is an Eastern Catholic church that uses the Byzantine Rite for its liturgies, laws, and cultural identity. It is one of the 23 Eastern Catholic churches that are in full communion with the Holy See. There are two main communities within the church: American and European. In the United States, the Byzantine Catholic Metropolitan Church of Pittsburgh is self-governing (sui iuris).
Today, the church is multi- ethnic. Members of the metropolitan province of Pittsburgh are predominantly English-speaking. Most are descendants of Rusyns – including sub-groups like the Boikos, Hutsuls and Lemkos – but the descendants of other nationalities are also present such as Slovaks, Hungarians and Serbs as well as those of non-Slavic and non-Eastern European ancestry. The modern Eparchy of Mukacheve in Ukraine is mostly Ukrainian speaking and remains officially part of the greater Ruthenian Church.
The same was stated in part 4 of the Statute: Despite that, Polish language editions stated the same in Polish language. Statutes of the Grand Duchy were translated into Latin and Polish. One of the main reasons for translations into Latin were that Ruthenian had no well defined and codified law concepts and definitions, which caused many disputes in courts. Another reason to use Latin was a popular idea that Lithuanians were descendants of Romans – mythical house of Palemonids.
During its rapid development, the city was open to migrants from the territories of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, Grand Duchy and further. A variety of languages were spoken: Polish, German, Yiddish, Ruthenian, Lithuanian, Russian, Old Church Slavonic, Latin, Hebrew, and Turkic languages; the city was compared to Babylon. Each group made its unique contribution to the life of the city, and crafts, trade, and science prospered. The 17th century brought a number of setbacks.
Ivan Ljavinec (18 April 1923 - 9 December 2012) was a Czech hierarch of the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church. Ljavinec was born in Volovec, Czechoslovakia (now in Ukraine) and ordained a priest on 28 July 1946. Ljavinec was appointed titular bishop of Acalissus as well as Apostolic Exarch of the Apostolic Exarchate in the Czech Republic on 18 January 1996 and consecrated a bishop on 30 March 1996. Ljavinec retired as apostolic exarch on 23 April 2003.
In 1434 on territory of the domain were created Ruthenian Voivodeship and Podolian Voivodeship. In Polish sources, western outskirts of the region was called Ziemia czerwieńska, or "Czerwień Land", from the name of Cherven, a town that existed there. Today there are several towns with this name, none of them related to Red Ruthenia.Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland and other Slavic Lands Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich. tom. XV, pages 561–562. Warszawa. 1876.
Old postcard with view of Lavochne railway station. The first written mention of the village refers to 1591, when it was a part of Ruthenian voivodeship of Rzeczpospolita. In the years 1772-1918 Lavochne was part of Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria under Austrian rule. After the dissolution of Austria-Hungary Lavochne became part of the Second Polish Republic, serving as the border railway station - first on the Polish-Chekhoslovakian border (till March 1939), then Polish-Hungarian border.
"The Historical encyclopedia of world slavery". ABC-CLIO. p. 659. The Tatar raids took a heavy toll, discouraging settlement in more southerly regions where the soil was better and the growing season was longer. The last remnant of the Crimean Khanate was finally conquered by the Russian Empire in 1783. In the mid-17th century, a Cossack military quasi-state, the Zaporozhian Host, was formed by Dnieper Cossacks and by Ruthenian peasants who had fled Polish serfdom.
Subsequently, he became one of its first rectors. In 1616, he published a Ruthenian translation of "Teacher's Gospel... of Calisto" and in 1615 in Cologne he published a Greek-language grammar. In 1618, Smotrytsky returned to Vilnius where at the Holy Spirit Monastery he took vows as a monk and assumed the name Miletius. There, in the city of Vievis, he participated in publishing Dictionary of the Slavic Language (1618), and later, in 1619, Slavonic Grammar with Correct Syntax.
200px Philip Wolodkowicz (born as Felicjan Filip Wołodkowicz; ; 6 June 1698 – 12 February 1778) was a bishop of the Ruthenian Uniate Church, Metropolitan bishop of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia. On 1731 Wolodkowicz was ordained by Primate of the Uniate church Athanasius Szeptycki as a bishop of Chelm. On 22 November 1758 Wolodkowicz was appointed a bishop of Wlodzimierz and Bresc. On 18 July 1762 he was confirmed as the Metropolitan bishop of Kiev, Galicia, and all Ruthenia.
Theodosius Wislocki (; 23 February 1738 – 28 April 1801) was a bishop of the Ruthenian Uniate Church, Bishop of Suprasl and all unites in New East Prussia. After the third partition of Poland, on initiative of Theodosius Rostocki in 1778 Wislocki was appointed administrator of newly created Suprasl diocese (eparchy) which became part of the Prussian province of New East Prussia. It was not until 1800 when he was finally ordained on 27 April by Jesuit bishop John Baptist Albertrandi.
His family spoke Hungarian at home and Ruthenian with the neighbors, some of whom also spoke Yiddish. Mermall would study Czech and Russian at school before leaving Europe and eventually adding Spanish, English and a bit of Hebrew to his linguistic experience. When the Nazis reached Uzhhorod in the spring of 1944, Mermall’s father, Gabriel,Gabor Mermelstain changed his name to Gabriel Mermall in the US. See Muñoz Molina, Antonio, "Pasados interactivos" . El País, October 10, 2009.
Instead the Catholic Church undertook a long and steady campaign of persuasion. In the Ruthenian lands (predominately modern day Belarus & Ukraine) the Orthodox Church also undertook a similar strategy. Additionally, the Orthodox also sought to join the Catholic Church (accomplished in the Union of Brześć [Brest]); however, this union failed to achieve a lasting, permanent, and complete union of the Catholics and Orthodox in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. An important component of the Catholic Reformation in Poland was education.
According to the list, Houston and Dallas were tied as the second most popular city for megachurches.Co-Cathedral of the Sacred Heart The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston, the largest Catholic jurisdiction in Texas and fifth-largest in the United States, was established in 1847. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston claims approximately 1.7 million Catholics within its boundaries. Other prominent Catholic jurisdictions include the Eastern Catholic Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church and Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.
Rich fauna include deer, wild boars, elks, beavers, bears, bison, wood grouses, heath cocks, snipes etc. From the 10th to the 11th century, although very scarcely populated, the big forest on the right bank of upper Neman River was strategically important for the pagan Lithuanian tribes. Historical Belarusian (then Ruthenian) towns Minsk and Zaslawye were founded on the edge of the forest as fortresses to defend the Ruthenian frontier against Lithuanian forays. In the middle of the 13th century, the forest defended the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the south from the attacks of the Golden Horde and its vassal, the principality of Halych-Volhynia, thus helping the newly formed state to survive. The border between Ruthenia (which remained under the Golden Horde power) and Lithuania that was established as a result of this clash, left traces in the local legends about the battles with Tartars at Mahilna and Koydanava and predetermined the long lasting division of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to Lithuania proper and “Lithuanian Russia”.
The monasteries living according to the rules of St. Basil and St. Theodore Studite, previously undergoing a period of laxity and decline, were reformed by the initiative of Josaphat Kuntsevych and Joseph Benjamin Rutsky, beginning with the monastery of the Holy Trinity in Vilnius. Following this reform in 1617 the individual monasteries united into a single congregation under a Protarchimandrite directly subject to the Metropolitan, similar to the path Western Rite monasticism took during the Middle Ages. In 1739 a second congregation was formed by monasteries in Halychyna and in 1744 both congregations were united in the Ruthenian Order of St. Basil the Great by Pope Benedict XIV. The Order of Saint Basil the Great spread and flourished across modern day Belarus and Ukraine and played a key role in the education both of laity and clergy, and helped to preserve the distinctiveness of the Ruthenian culture in the predominantly Polish and Roman Catholic Polish- Lithuanian Commonwealth until the partitions of Poland at the end of the 18th century.
Vseslav may also be the basis for the bogatyr Volkh Vseslavich or Volga Sviatoslavich, who is found in a cycle of byliny. Volkhvs were priests of the pre-Christian Slavic religion and were thought to possess magical powers. This fact may be tied to Vseslav's alleged magical as well as his lupine aspects. In the Ruthenian Christianity volkhv is said to have been the son of a serpent and the Princess Marfa Vseslavevna and could transform himself into a wolf and other animals.
Denis Zubrytsky published numerous historical works. His most significant work, written in the Russian language, was the History of the Principality of Galicia-Volhynia, written in 1852 and 1855. He also published articles on Galician folk songs, histories of the Ruthenian people and church figures in medieval times, and other historical articles. According to a letter Zubtrytsky wrote to Mikhail Pogodin, the purpose of his historical research was to acquaint Galicians (western Ukrainians) with Russian history and with the Russian language.
Bratkovsky wrote an official statement to people with a call to stand against the efforts of Jesuits and Uniates (Ruthenian Uniate Church). After extinguishing peasant revolts, the new owner of the settlement Prince Chodkiewicz built a new palace and kosciol (Roman Catholic temple). In Soviet, Russian and later Ukrainian historiography, a term of kosciol is used to underline a policy of Polonization and Catholization. It was granted Magdeburg rights by the Polish king in 1789, before the Second Partition of Poland.
First attested in 1211 as a strong Ruthenian fortress, Zbarazh became a seat of the Gediminid princes Zbaraski towards the end of the 14th century. Ruins of the original castle are extant in the vicinity of modern Zbarazh. Following the 1569 Union of Lublin, Zbarazh became part of Kingdom of Poland's Krzemieniec County and Volhynian Voivodeship. After the first partition of Poland (1772), the town was seized by the Habsburg Monarchy, and remained in the province of Galicia until 1918.
Poland: the rough guide, 1991 and Joey Porcelli, Clay Fong. The Gyros Journey: Affordable Ethnic Eateries Along the Front Range, 2006] They are served at many festivals, playing an important role as a cultural dish. At the 2007 Pierogi Festival in Kraków, 30,000 pierogi were consumed daily. Polish pierogi are often filled with fresh quark, boiled and minced potatoes, and fried onions. This type is called in Polish pierogi ruskie, which literally means "Ruthenian pierogi" (sometimes being mistranslated as “Russian pierogi”).
Among Polish szlachta, Stephen Bathory became popular, and, urged by Zamoyski and Teczynski, the nobility decided that Anna Jagiellon should marry Bathory. On January 18, 1576, supporters of Bathory gathered near Jędrzejów, and in February, they moved to Kraków. Most were members of Ruthenian nobility, there also were influential senators, such as Andrzej Zborowski and Stanisław Karnkowski, also Bishop of Kujawy, Stanislaw Karnkowski. Meanwhile, envoys of Maximilian came to Jedrzejow, urging the nobility to support his son, Archduke Ernest of Austria.
Some members of Rusyn (Ruthenian) population in Đurđevo were also targeted by partisan forces in 1944. According to Hungarian author Cseres, the majority of the Hungarian population of this village left with the retreating Hungarian army. The Yugoslav partisans then established control over this village and took their reprisals out on the Rusyns and Serbs who were sympathetic towards the Hungarians, the Serbian Royal Government or for their religious views. Several hundred Rusyns were executed and some prominent figures tortured.
Lietuvos karalystei – 750 . voruta.lt. After his assassination in 1263, pagan Lithuania was a target of the Christian crusades of the Teutonic Knights and the Livonian Order. Siege of Pilėnai is noted for the Lithuanians' defense against the intruders. Despite the devastating century-long struggle with the Orders, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania expanded rapidly, overtaking former Ruthenian principalities of Kievan Rus'. On 22 September 1236, the Battle of Saulė between Samogitians and the Livonian Brothers of the Sword took place close to Šiauliai.
There is a problem if they should be considered as part of or as a separate subgroup of of the Ukrainian language. In the Northern Podlachia Podlachian subdialects are also often considered to be Belarusian dialects or sometimes Ruthenian dialects. Since the locals are known as khakhly, the local language is also called Khakhlatska mova (, "khokhols' language"). S. Zhelekhov wrote in 1884 that the people call their language "Polesian, but those, who were in the army (in the soldiers) call it Khakhlatska".
He wrote in his native Ruthenian (Chancery Slavonic) language, as was typical for literati in the earlier phase of the Renaissance in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. After the middle of the 16th century, Polish predominated in literary productions.Snyder (2003), p. 21 Many educated Lithuanians came back from studies abroad to help build the active cultural life that distinguished 16th-century Lithuania, sometimes referred to as Lithuanian Renaissance (not to be confused with Lithuanian National Revival in the 19th century).
These included young women, men of working age and children. There were cases in which the Ruthenian masses rejected the attempts to sell them slaves who were not included among these classifications. It was also reported that the elderly and other non-wanted slaves were separated from the captured prisoners and burned alive so that they would not burden the caravans. However, the Tartars did not take part in the massacres known as Tulchyn and Nemyriv; these were the work of Maksym Kryvonis.
However, the resistance of the local people was surprisingly strong and Ruthenian speakers from this area rejected the Orthodox faith. In 1874, Wincenty Lewoniuk and 12 companions were killed by Russian soldiers in Pratulin. In reaction to these measures, the Ruthenians of Podlaskie began to identify themselves with the national movement of the Catholic Poles. In 1912, Russian authorities issued a tolerance edict that made it possible to change confessions from Orthodox to Roman Catholic (but not to Greek-Catholic).
The actual writing of Marxism and the National Question began in November 1912, when Stalin traveled to Cracow (then under Austrian rule), to confer with Lenin on Bolshevik party business.Tucker, Stalin as Revolutionary, pg. 150. Lenin had published an article earlier that same month condemning nationalist fragmentation of the revolutionary movement, holding up as the disintegration of the Social Democratic Party of Austria into autonomous German, Czech, Polish, Ruthenian, Italian and Slovene groupings as a grim example.Tucker, Stalin as Revolutionary, pg. 151.
The settlement is first mentioned in 1015 in connection with the internecine wars of 1015–1019, and later, in the 12th century, as part of the Kyivan Rus (Ruthenia). Sometime after the Mongol invasion, most of the Ruthenian territory belonged to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The site of the settlement belonged to the King's translator Soltan Albiyevich who in 1508 sold it to the Kyiv Saint Nicholas Hermitage. It is believed that it was then when the settlement received its modern name.
Originally, it was called Vyshnia (Wisznia), after the river Wisznia, a tributary of the San. The adjective Sudova (Polish: Sądowa) was added in 1545, when it became the seat of the general sejmiks of the Ruthenian szlachta of Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown. In 1772, the town was annexed by the Habsburg Empire, as part of Habsburg Austrian Galicia, where it remained until late 1918. In the Second Polish Republic, Sądowa Wisznia belonged to Mościska County, Lwów Voivodeship.
On 15 June Francis II Rákóczi sparked off the war of independence against Emperor Leopold I. First Rákóczi found little support in Hungary and also the nobility and peasants fought against the Kurucs. Miklós Bercsényi soon brought mercenaries from Poland, Moldavia and the Ruthenian (Western Ukrainian) regions. The Kuruc forces and his mercenaries (with the Slovak and Rusyn minorities) pushed forward into the Austrian border. On 17 September Levice was captured by the Kurucs but the Austrian army recaptured it on 31 October.
Pilgrimage to Images in the Fifteenth Century He fought in the Battle of Ústí. A folk song about this battle mentions Frederic, Ruthenian Prince of Ostrog, who left home and had assimilated Czech habits and language (Jan Długosz book XI, page 650).Bracia Władysława-Jagiełły Olgierdowicza, króla Polski, Wielkiego xie̜cia, pg. 91 In 1430 with Sigismund Korybut and Hussites he captured Gliwice and they made this town their stronghold, their participation in the Hussite assault on Saxony is however doubtful.
John of Rila was revered as a saint while he was still alive and eventually became patron of the Bulgarian people. In the 10th century Bulgarian clerics established connections with the emerging Christian communities in the Rus'. Bulgaria seems to had been an established centre from where the small number of Ruthenian Christians obtained clergy and liturgical texts. As a result of the Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria many of his soldiers were influenced by Christianity and maintained that interest after their return.
Alfred Redl, a Ruthenian boy from Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, wins an appointment to a prestigious military academy in spite of being the son of a mere peasant farmer. At his departure from home, his mother instils in him eternal gratitude towards the Emperor Franz Josef. Redl is never to forget that he owes his promising career to the Emperor. At the military academy, the young Redl soon stands out for his talent, drive and loyalty to the Crown.
The Hortaya borzaya (, Ruthenian and Ukrainian: Xopт, Lithuanian: Kurtas, shorthaired sighthound) is an old Asian sighthound breed originating in the former Kievan Rus, later Grand Duchy of Lithuania (later Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) and Russian Empire. It is a dog of large size, of lean but at the same time robust build, of considerably elongated proportions. In its everyday life the hortaya is quiet and balanced. It has a piercing sight, capable of seeing a moving object at a very far distance.
The former asserted that the Carpatho-Ruthenians were part of the Ukrainian nation, while the latter claimed them to be a separate ethnicity and nationality from the Ukrainians, a part of the Russian ethnos. In 1910, population of Transcarpathia included 605,942 people, of which 330,010 (54.5%) speakers of Ruthenian, 185,433 (30.6%) speakers of Hungarian language, 64,257 (10.6%) speakers of German language, 11,668 (1.9%) speakers of Romanian language, 6,346 (1%) speakers of Slovak/Czech language, and 8,228 (1.4%) speakers of other languages.
Possessions of Ostrogski are marked in pink; Zasławski (partially) in red. Zasławski (plural Zasławscy) was the name of a Polish–Ruthenian noble family and a cadet branch of the Ostrogski family. The Zasławski family had its power base in Volhynia, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (today in Ukraine), and traced its origins to a branch of the Rurikids that took its name from the Iziaslav. Due to their relation to the Rurikids, the Zasławski family held the title of Knyaz (prince).
Disappointed by the Lithuanian politics, Mikhailo Olelkovich organized opposition to Casimir IV. In 1481, he together with relatives Iwan Olshanski-Dubrovicki and Feodor Ivanovich Belsky organized a coup against the Grand Duke. However, the plot was discovered, possibly by voivode of Kiev Ivan Chodkiewicz, and Mikhailo and Iwan were executed. Feodor managed to escape to the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Mikhailo and twelve other Ruthenian nobles signed a letter to Pope Sixtus IV in 1476, authored by Miseal (Misail Pstruch), Metropolitan of Kiev.
During the parliamentary sessions in 1569 regarding the Union of Lublin, a holy mass was held at the Holy Trinity Chapel, asking for successful deliberations. Some of participants left inscriptions on the walls of the chapel commemorating the event. Extensive fresco work was conducted in the interior of the church in the 1410s by an anonymous team of Ruthenian painters under the supervision of Master Andrey. It was during this time that the walls and ceiling were covered in a Rutheno-Byzantine polychrome.
McGill-Queen's University Press: Montreal and Kingston. pg. 138 In 1911 the Catholic Ruthenian People's Union, under the leadership of Oleksander Barvinky, renamed itself as the Christian Social Party and sent representatives to the Austrian Parliament in Vienna as well as to the local Galician Diet. The Christian Social Party was more popular among Ukrainian civil servants than it was among the clergy, was uncritically loyal to the Habsburg monarchy, and did not enjoy widespread popularity among the Ukrainian population.Christoph Mick.
In 1889, Fr. Alexis' bishop received a petition from the Ruthenian Catholic Church in the United States, asking that Toth be sent to them as a priest. He arrived on November 15, 1889, and by the 27th of that month was holding services at St. Mary's Greek Catholic Church in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Finding the church barely furnished and deeply in debt, he set about rectifying the situation, ultimately bringing the parish to a place of fiscal stability whilst never drawing a salary.
However, in some cases ziemias were not transformed into voivodeships. They were subordinated to a voivodeship and a certain voivode, but nevertheless retained some distinct privileges and properties, such as often having their own sejmik (regional parliament), and were still referred to as a ziemia, not a voivodeship. Some voivodeships, such as Ruthenian Voivodeship or Masovian Voivodeship, consisted of several ziemias, each divided into counties (powiat). Over subsequent centuries, ziemias became increasingly integrated into their voivodeships and lost most of their autonomy.
The eparchy was erected on 22 September 1818 from the territory of the Eparchy of Mukachevo. Still in the Habsburg imperial age, on 1912.06.08 it lost its Hungarian territory to establish the Hungarian Greek Catholic Eparchy of Hajdúdorog (now the Hungarian Catholic Archeparchy of Hajdúdorog). In July 1995, it enjoyed a papal visit by John Paul II. On 18 January 1996 the eparchy lost its Czech territory to the newly established Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church's Apostolic Exarchate in the Czech Republic.
A narodny dim () is a community hall, used for cultural and social purposes by Ukrainians in Ukraine and in the Ukrainian diaspora. Narodoni dim literally means "people's home" or "national hall". Narodny domy (plural) were modeled after the chytalni or reading halls of Austrian Galicia, many of which were coordinated by the Prosvita society. Members of the Supreme Ruthenian Council () started establishing these halls in the Austrian-ruled Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria during the "Spring of Nations" period of European history.
The new Exarchate had been erected on May 8, 1924 with the official English name "Apostolic Exarchate of the United States of America, Faithful of the Oriental Rite (Ruthenian)" (). The papal bull appointing Takach as bishop expressly stated that the new episcopal seat was to be New York City. New York, however, had a small Rusyn population. So he established temporary residences, first in Trenton, New Jersey, and later in Uniontown, Pennsylvania, as he deliberated on a more appropriate location.
The formerly immigrant Ruthenian Church was by the 1950s now overwhelmingly American-born and modernizing rapidly in the post-World War II era. Bishop Elko sought to engage the new generation by leading change within the Exarchate. He immediately sought and was granted permission by Rome to permit English, in addition to the ancient liturgical language Old Church Slavonic, to be used in the celebration of the Divine Liturgy. He next established in 1956 a new weekly newspaper, The Byzantine Catholic World.
The first cathedral of the Diocese was a wooden church which existed from 1375 to 1412, standing in the square beside the present church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. From 1412 - 1460 a Ruthenian Orthodox cathedral built of stone stood in the courtyard of Przemyśl Castle which it was strongly associated with. Construction of the present cathedral in the Gothic style began with the Chapter of Bishop Nicholas Błażejowski in 1495. Only the walls and pillars remain from this building.
Natalia Kobrynska (born Ozarkevych), writer born into a noble priestly family, 1880s The earliest recorded observations noted that western Ukrainian nobles spoke the East Slavic Ukrainian (or Ruthenian) language, rather than Polish.Lubov Slivka. (2009). Галицька Дрібна Шляхта в Австро-Угорщині (Ukrainian: Galician Petty Nobility in Austria-Hungary) Ivano- Frankivsk, Golden Griffin series Although they spoke the same language as the Ukrainian peasants, they maintained their own particular traditions. Nobles tended to be more likely to be literate than were peasants.
Carpathian Ruthenian Jews arrive at Auschwitz–Birkenau, May 1944. Without being registered to the camp system, most were killed in gas chambers hours after arriving (A photograph from a collection known as the Auschwitz Album) Heinrich Himmler visited the outskirts of Minsk in 1941 to witness a mass shooting. He was told by the commanding officer there that the shootings were proving psychologically damaging to those being asked to pull the triggers. Thus Himmler knew another method of mass killing was required.
Originally called the Ruthenian National Union (), it was partly established to counter the influence of the Hungarian-oriented Greek Catholic Union of the USA. The Union adopted the newspaper Svoboda (Liberty) as its organ and sought to develop a distinctly Ukrainian identity. It offered to provide for material needs, such as funeral expenses and care for destitute members while also promoting Ukrainian culture.Axelrod, Alan International Encyclopedia of Secret Societies and Fraternal Orders New York; Facts on File, inc 1997 p.
The street was established sometime in 1810s as part of bigger Alexander Street which included such modern streets like Sahaidachny Street, Volodymyr Descent, Museum Lane. The street was established along an old Ruthenian path called "Ivanivsky Road." After the return of the Soviets to Kyiv in 1919, the whole Alexander Street was renamed as Revolution street. After transfer of capital from Kharkiv to Kyiv in 1934, the street was split and the today's Hrushevskyi portion was renamed as Kirov Street.
The Union of Brest in 1595 finalized the shift of the Orthodox leadership of the lands of White and Little Russia (modern Belarus and Ukraine) to Uniate status. The population of those countries became Greek Catholic without a break in administration. Later, when Muscovite Russia conquered the same, the ecclesiastical leadership largely switched its allegiance again. The modern Ukrainian, Ruthenian, and HungarianThe Hungarian Greek Catholic Church itself originated with a branch of the Slavonic-speaking Uniate Church Greek Catholic Churches (approx.
The story takes place in the Front Mission series during a conflict between two countries, Ruthenia and Garmoniya, in what was formerly Ukraine. The game breaks the story into fourteen chapters and three characters individual stories. Players begin as Mikhail, who is a Ruthenian wanzer pilot who must survive the loss of his wanzer and fellow soldiers. The next character is Olga, a police captain and former soldier of the Garmoniyan Army before the city she lives in became part of Ruthenia.
A decade of renewed absolutism followed, but to placate the Poles, Count Agenor Goluchowski, a conservative representative of the eastern Galician aristocracy, the so-called Podolians, was appointed Viceroy. He began to Polonize the local administration and managed to have Ruthenian ideas of partitioning the province shelved. He was unsuccessful, however, in forcing the Greek Catholic Church to shift to the use of the western or Gregorian calendar, or among Ruthenians generally, to replace Cyrillic script with the Latin alphabet.
Czechoslovakia lost most of its Ukrainian and Rusyn (Ruthenian) population when Carpatho-Ukraine was ceded to the Soviet Union after World War II. In 1983 the remaining 48,000 or so Ukrainians and Ruthenians were clustered in north eastern Slovakia. They remained overwhelmingly agricultural; often they were private farmers scattered on small, impoverished holdings in mountainous terrain. They were generally Uniates and suffered in the 1950s and 1960s from the government's repression of that group in favor of the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Due to significant losses sustained on construction project, the city was relieved of much of the taxation burden. Consequently, the castle was reinforced and upgraded by Tarnowski's son, Krzysztof. Sizable expense was credited towards enlargement and improvement by Tomasz Zamoyski, who received the city as his wife's dowry, daughter of renowned Ruthenian maecenas and statesman, Konstanty Ostrogski. In the early 17th century, Ternopil, known then as Tarnopol, passed through inheritance in the female line to Tomasz Zamoyski who commissioned extensive renovations.
Even after most Ukrainian leaders abandoned this approach by 1894, Barvinsky along with Anatole Vakhnianyn refused to reconsider their positions and together with him formed the political party "Catholic Ruthenian-Social Union". A prominent community organizer and Ukrainophile activist, in 1891 he was elected to the Austrian parliament in Vienna, where he served until 1907. From 1894 until 1904 he was a member of the local Galician Diet. In 1917 Barvinsky became a member of the Austrian upper chamber (House of Lords).
Heraclius Lisovsky Heraclius Lisovsky or Heraclius Listovsky (born as Józef Lissowski; 1734 – 30 August 1809) was a bishop of the Ruthenian Uniate Church served at first as administrator for Metropolitan see of the Uniate Church in the Russian Empire. Lisovsky was born in a town of Ushachy, Polotsk Voivodeship, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Lisovsky joined the Order of Saint Basil the Great already after finishing his elementary education. He continued his education in Polotsk specializing in study of philosophy and theology.
Princess Teofila Ludwika Zasławska (ca. 1650 – November 15, 1709) was a member of the Polish nobility (), known as the perhaps most significant heiress and landowner of her contemporary Poland. She was the daughter of Katarzyna Sobieska, who was the sister of Jan III Sobieski, the king of The Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Her father was Władysław Dominik Zasławski, a Polish nobleman of Ruthenian stock of the house of Ostrogski, one of the richest magnates in Poland.
While Muscovy stayed under Mongol control for over a hundred years, it absorbed much Mongol vocabulary, thus separating modern Russian from modern Belarusian and Ukrainian. Lithuania's unification with Poland into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth further added a Polonization factor to most of Ruthenian lands. In the 1930s, the Holodomor and the Stalinist purges decimated the Ukrainian population in eastern Ukraine. As ethnic Russians were brought into areas depopulated of Ukrainians, this led to increased Russification in the east of Ukraine.
The code attempted to impose some consistency in the treatment of veldamai. The document also did not specify the effective date or territory. Historians believe that the code was in effect in entire Lithuania up to the first Statute of Lithuania of 1529 even though no court cases are known that referenced the code. Written in the Ruthenian language, the original document did not survive, but several copies are known from the end of 15th and beginning of the 16th centuries.
Attached to the German 17th Army, the Karpat Group advanced far into Soviet Ukraine, and, later, southern Russia. At the Battle of Uman, fought between 3 and 8 August, the Karpat Group's mechanized corps acted as one half of a pincer that encircled the 6th Soviet Army and the 12th Soviet Army. Twenty Soviet divisions were captured or destroyed in this action. In July 1941, the Hungarian government transferred responsibility for 18,000 Jews from Carpato- Ruthenian Hungary to the German armed forces.
Knight of the Order of the White Eagle, awarded in August 1775. He was named Great Chorąży of the Crown in 1774-1780, voivode of Ruthenian Voivodeship in 1782-1791, Great Lieutenant General of the Crown since 1784, General of Artillery of the Crown in 1789-1792,, starost bełski, hrubieszowski, sokalski, hajsyński, zwinogrodzki, Marshal of the Targowica Confederation in 1792. He plotted with others against the state, was convicted of treason and sentenced to death in his absence. He died in ignominy.
Walerian Protasewicz (also: Protaszewicz-Szuszkowski, ; – 31 December 1579 in Vilnius) was bishop of Lutsk (1549–1555) and Vilnius (1555–1579). Born to a family of petty Ruthenian nobles (szlachta), Protasewicz worked as a scribe, notary, and secretary at the chancellery of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania until his appointment of bishop. He was politically active and was one of the lead Lithuanian negotiators for the Union of Lublin in 1569. He neglected religious matters and allowed the Reformation to spread.
Daniel of Galicia (: Danylo Romanovych (Halytskyi); Old Ruthenian: Данило Романовичъ: Danylo Romanovyčъ; ; 1201 – 1264) was a King of Ruthenia, Prince (Knyaz) of Galicia (Halych) (1205–1255), Peremyshl (1211), and Volodymyr (1212–1231). He was crowned by a papal archbishop in Dorohochyn 1253 as the first King of Ruthenia (1253–1264). Daniel of Galicia is mentioned as King Daniel of Rus' by Giovanni da Pian del Carpine in his History of Mongols whom we call Tatars (Ystoria Mongalorum quos nos Tartaros appellamus).
The alphabet changed to keep pace with changes in language, as regional dialects developed into the modern Ukrainian, Belarusian and Russian languages. Spoken Ukrainian has an unbroken history, but the literary language has suffered from two major historical fractures. Various reforms of the alphabet by scholars of Church Slavonic, Ruthenian, and Russian languages caused the written and spoken word to diverge by varying amounts. Etymological rules from Greek and South Slavic languages made the orthography imprecise and difficult to master.
Hetman Jabłonowski, painted by Piotr Michałowski In the Battle of Vienna Jabłonowski commanded the right wing of the Polish army. In the subsequent years, the heavy burden of command in the expedition against the Turks and Tartars affected both Jabłonowski and the King. Popular among his soldiers, he spent large sums of money on military expeditions and from his own resources maintained garrisons and frontier fortresses. These fortresses not only protected the country's eastern borderlands, but also protected his own assets located within the Ruthenian Voivodeship.
Mitropolitan Gedeon, portrait 17th century Gedeon Svyatopolk-Chetvertinsky (, Hedeon (Svyatopolk-Chetvertynskyi)) was a Ruthenian prince and religious figure and Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus'. He became the first Metropolitan of Kiev of the Russian Orthodox Church with help of the Hetman of Zaporizhian Host Ivan Samoylovych. Gedeon was born as Hryhoriy to starosta of Racibórz Zachary Svyatopolk-Chetvertynsky and Regina Chrenicka in Volhynian Voivodeship, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. From 1660 to 1684 he was a bishop of Lutsk and Ostroh in Volhynia (today Volyn diocese).
In its earlier stages it was called Ruthenian in Latin. Ukrainian, along with all other East Slavic languages, is a lineal descendant of the colloquial language used in Kyivan Rus (10th–13th century). While the Golden Horde placed officials in key Kyivan Rus areas, practised forced resettlement, and even renamed urban centers to suit their own language, the Mongols did not attempt to annihilate Kyivan Rus society and culture. The second onslaught began with the destruction of Kyiv by the Golden Horde in 1240.
Boston Pizza has a sandwich and a pizza flavoured to taste like perogies, while Smitty's serves theirs as an appetizer deep-fried with salsa. Although called varenyky in standard Ukrainian, speakers of the Canadian Ukrainian or Rusyn dialect refer to them as pyrohy, which can be misheard pedaheh or pudaheh by Anglophones unaccustomed to the rolled-r sound, or alveolar flap. This is due to the history of Ukrainian or Rusyn (Ruthenian) immigration to Canada, which came predominantly from the former Austro-Hungarian Empire.
While exploiting Ruthenian weakness in the wake of the Mongol invasion, Gediminas wisely avoided war with the Golden Horde, a great regional power at the time, while expanding Lithuania's border towards the Black Sea. He also secured an alliance with the nascent Grand Duchy of Moscow by marrying his daughter, Anastasia, to the grand duke Simeon. But he was strong enough to counterpoise the influence of Muscovy in northern Russia, and assisted the republic of Pskov, which acknowledged his overlordship, to break away from Great Novgorod.
Several encyclicals addressed non-legal issues of the Oriental Churches. Orientalis Ecclesiae was issued in 1944 on the 15th centenary of the death of Cyril of Alexandria, a saint common to Orthodox and Latin Churches. Pius XII asks for prayer for better understanding and unification of the Churches. Orientales omnes Ecclesias, issued in 1945 on the 350th anniversary of the reunion, is a call to continued unity of the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church, threatened in its very existence by the authorities of the Soviet Union.
Cossacks were warriors organized into military communities, resembling pirates and pioneers of the New World. The native land of the Cossacks is defined by a line of Russian/Ruthenian town-fortresses located on the border with the steppe and stretching from the middle Volga to Ryazan and Tula, then breaking abruptly to the south and extending to the Dnieper via Pereyaslavl. This area was settled by a population of free people practicing various trades and crafts. Cossacks became the backbone of the early Russian Army.
Kosiński uprising (1591–1593) is a name applied to two rebellions in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (modern-day Ukraine) organised by Krzysztof Kosiński against the local Ruthenian nobility and magnates. In the late 16th century the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was experiencing a short period of internal stability. This, however, was threatened by the Cossacks, who organised raids into Crimea, Moldavia, and other lands of the Ottoman Empire. To counter the threat, Sultan Murad III threatened Poland–Lithuania with war if the Cossack pillaging was to continue.
The most notable military clans were granted with Coats of Arms and szlachta status, while many other families melted into the rural and burgher society. The first Tatar settlements were founded near the major towns of the Commonwealth in order to allow for fast mobilization of troops. Apart from religious freedom, the Tatars were allowed to marry Polish and Ruthenian women of Catholic or Orthodox faith, uncommon in Europe of that time. Finally, the May Constitution granted the Tatars with a representation in the Polish Sejm.
In the story, Red Sonya is a gun-slinging warrior woman of Polish-Ukrainian origin with a grudge against the Ottoman sultan. She has the eponymous red hair and a fiery temper to match. It was revealed in the narrative that she was sibling to the favourite of Sulemain himself, the Ruthenian harem-girl Roxelana, who ended up marrying him as sole legal wife. The character's name may have been inspired by Sonia Greene, a fellow author and one-time wife of Howard's friend, H.P. Lovecraft.
Archaeological findings proved that both Mazovian and Ruthenian settlers resided here. First documented mention of the village comes from 1495; at that time, it was called Niwice. In 1548, King Zygmunt August handed the village to a nobleman Stanislaw Niemira (Gozdawa coat of arms), whose grandson, Castellan of Podlasie Stanislaw Niemira, changed the name of the village into Niemirow and granted town charter to it. In 1620, a market square with a parish church were built, and Niemirow was first called a town in documents from 1631.
However, the resistance of the local people was surprisingly strong and Ruthenian speakers from this area rejected the separation from the Pope. In 1874, blessed Wincenty Lewoniuk and 12 companions were killed by Russian soldiers in Pratulin. In reaction to these measures, the Ruthenians of southern Podlachia began to identify themselves with the national movement of the Roman Catholic Poles. To preserve the full communion with the Pope, they changed their rite from Eastern to Latin before the compulsory conversion of Greek Catholics into Orthodox.
Sigismund III Vasa (King Sigismund III) was a devout Catholic, as were most of the Polish nobles. Under these pressures, many of the Ruthenian nobles converted to Catholicism. Similar attempts, which were also expressed in establishing a local Uniate church and the persecution of Orthodox priests who refused to join it, were made towards the common people. The local's rage for all this was quickly channeled into acts of rebellion led by the Cossacks, who were experienced fighters and they rebelled eight times between 1592 and 1638.
However, although joint armies managed to plunder Skaryszew, Tarczek and Wiślica, this time the campaign was less successful and the allied Ruthenian and Lithuanian armies were repelled. The Yotvingian auxiliaries were defeated by Bolesław V the Chaste at the Battle of Brańsk. The following year Bolesław mounted a counter-offensive against Shvarn and his uncle Vasilko Romanovich, and defeated the earlier on June 19, 1266 at Wrota. This weakened Shvarn's position in his own domain. In the meantime in 1263 Mindaugas of Lithuania was murdered.
The first Belarusian book printed with the first printing press in the Cyrillic alphabet was published in Prague in 1517, by Francysk Skaryna, a leading representative of the renaissance Belarusian culture. Soon afterwards he founded a similar printing press in Polatsk and started an extensive undertaking of publishing the Bible and other religious works there. Apart from the Bible itself, before his death in 1551 he published 22 other books, thus laying the foundations for the evolution of the Ruthenian language into the modern Belarusian language.
Zynoviy Bohdan Khmelnytsky (Ruthenian: Ѕѣнові Богдан Хмелнiцкiи;See, for example, the title of Samuil Velichko 1720 chronicle. modern ; 6 August 1657) was a Ukrainian Hetman of the Zaporozhian Host, then in the Polish Crown of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (now part of Ukraine). He led an uprising against the Commonwealth and its magnates (1648–1654) that resulted in the creation of a state led by the Cossacks. In 1654, he concluded the Treaty of Pereyaslav with the Russian Tsardom and thus allied the Cossack Hetmanate with Russia.
The church was originally built from wood in the late 1570s, in the town of Sambir, (in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth). It was commissioned by the Ruthenian (), Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania Bona. This decision provoked protests and complaints in the multi-confessional environment of the community of Sambir. However, the "dispute was successfully resolved in favor of the Lord" and the wooden Church of Nativity of the Theotokos was built, and served until 1738, when it was rebuilt in stone.
Yakub, Yakov, Yakiv Holovatsky, also Yakov Golovatsky (, ; October 17, 1814 in Chepeli, Zolochiv county, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Austrian Empire — May 13, 1888 in Vilno, Russian Empire) was a noted Galician historian, literary scholar, ethnographer, linguist, bibliographer, lexicographer, poet and leader of Galician Russophiles. He was a member of the Ruthenian Triad, one of the most influential Ukrainian literary groups in the Austrian Empire.Ronald Grigor Suny, Michael D. Kennedy (Ed.): Intellectuals and the Articulation of the Nation. University of Michigan Press, P. 127.
As a student he traversed Galicia, Bukovyna, and Transcarpathia collecting folk songs. In 1832, at Lviv University he, Markiyan Shashkevych, and Ivan Vahylevych formed the Ruthenian Triad, which published the first Halycz almanac in the vernacular, Rusalka Dnistrovaya (The Dniester Nymph, 1836), and played an important role in the Galician cultural revival. In 1842 he became a Greek-Catholic priest and later received an appointment to the village of Mykytyntsi near Kolomea. From 1848 to 1867 he was the first professor of Ukrainian philology at Lviv University.
Bathory's Castle in Grodno, Belarus. The Old Grodno Castle (also known as the Grodno Upper Castle and Bathory's Castle) originated in the 11th century as the seat of a dynasty of Black Ruthenian rulers, descended from a younger son of Yaroslav the Wise of Kiev. The 13th-century keep of the castle belonged to a type of Belarusian defensive tower represented by the Tower of Kamyanyets. Vytautas the Great added five Brick Gothic towers in 1391–98, transforming the castle into one of his main residences.
Paweł Karol Sanguszko Dymitr Sanguszko Roman Sanguszko Janusz Sanguszko Hieronim Sanguszko Barbara Sanguszko née Dunin Eustachy Erazm Sanguszko Władysław Hieronim Sanguszko Eustachy Stanisław Sanguszko Sanguszko (, , ) is a Polish and Lithuanian noble and aristocratic family of Lithuanian and Ruthenian origin, connected to the Gediminid dynasty. Like other princely houses of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, its origins are considered murky. Present historical opinion holds in favour of their descent from Algirdas' grandson Alexander (fl. 1433–1443), lord of Kovel and Liuboml, whose name can be shortened to Sangush.
On 12 October 1474, Ivan Chodkiewicz commanded Lithuanian troops in a battle near Wrocław (Breslau) against Matthias Corvinus of Hungary. Ivan, his otherwise unknown brother Pavel, and eleven other Ruthenian nobles signed a letter to Pope Sixtus IV in 1476, authored by Miseal (Misail Pstruch), Metropolitan of Kiev. The letter expressed loyalty to the Council of Florence and supported a church union between Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. It also contained complains that the Catholics were discriminating the Orthodoxs and asked the Pope for protection.
The fresco in the Vilnius Cathedral, dating to the Christianization of Lithuania The cultural background of formation and persistence of higher estates before Christianization is almost unknown. Christianization of Lithuania brought changes towards European feudalism of the 15th century. It is logical that Lithuanian political culture had some influence of Western European and, especially, Ruthenian feudalism before Christianization, but the christening broke the isolation barrier and the influence became more direct. Adding to this, the strengthening of Western cultural constituent by Christianization mostly affected political culture.
This appointment revitalized Eastern Orthodox churches and deepened the schism. On the other hand, the episcopal see was returned to Kyiv for the first time since 1299. In 1646 last remnants of the Russian Orthodox Church in Carpathian region joined the Union of Uzhhorod and converted into the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church. At the same time, the eastern territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth which today part of Belarus and Ukraine entered a great turmoil and eventually were occupied by the Tsardom of Muscovy.
Mikhail Kizilov writes: "According to Marcin Broniewski (1578), the Tatars seldom cultivated the soil themselves, with most of their land tilled by the Polish, Ruthenian, Russian, and Walachian (Moldavian) slaves." The Jewish population was concentrated in Çufut Kale ('Jewish Fortress'), a separate town near Bahçeseray that was the Khan's original capital. As other minorities, they spoke a Turkic language. Crimean law granted them special financial and political rights as a reward, according to local folklore, for historic services rendered to an uluhane (first wife of a Khan).
Rowell, S. C. Lithuania Ascending, p. 82 The existence of another daughter, or possibly another sister, has been hypothesized based on the list of Metropolitan Theognostus' property published in 1916. The list contains a note describing Andrei Mstislavich, Duke of Kozelsk (ruled ca. 1320 — 1339), as Gediminas' son-in-law.Rowell, S. C. Lithuania Ascending, p. 160–161 On the other hand, the Ruthenian word ' (зять) can mean either "son- in-law" or "sister's husband". Hence Andrei of Kozelsk could have been Gediminas' brother-in-law.
For example, Wolczko of Drohobycz, King Ladislaus Jagiello's broker, was the owner of several villages in the Ruthenian voivodship and the soltys (administrator) of the village of Werbiz. Also Jews from Grodno were in this period owners of villages, manors, meadows, fish ponds and mills. However until the end of the 15th century agriculture as a source of income played only a minor role among Jewish families. More important were crafts for the needs of both their fellow Jews and the Christian population (fur making, tanning, tailoring).
The most problematic is the marriage of Narimantas, the second son of Gediminas of Lithuania, to Toqta's daughter. The earliest source for this marriage is the "Jagiellonian genealogy", compiled in the 18th- century from Ruthenian chronicles by one Joannes Werner. While the marriage is not impossible (Narimont spent several years in the Horde), there are no extant chronicles which mention Narimont's wife. This highly uncertain gateway derives particular interest from the fact that the House of Golitsyn, Khovansky and Kurakin princely families are Narimont's agnatic descendants.
However, scholars perceive this legend with skepticism, pointing out that Drohobych is a Polish pronunciation of Dorogobuzh, a common East Slavic toponym applied to three different towns in Kievan Rus'. The city was first mentioned in 1387 in the municipal records of Lviv, in connection with a man named Martin (or Marcin) of Drohobych. Furthermore, the same chronicler's List of all Ruthenian cities, the farther and the near onesА СЕ ИМЕНА ГРАДОМЪ ВСЂМЪ РУССКЫМЪ, ДАЛНИМЪ И БЛИЖНИМЪ in PSRL, Т. VII. Летопись по Воскресенскому списку.
Security units manned by Russians and Ukrainians were combined to form two more divisions, the 29th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Russian) and 30th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Russian). Neither reached more than regimental size. The first division was handed over to the Russian Liberation Army of Andrey Vlasov before it saw combat, and the second saw action on the Western Front in late 1944 before being reconstituted as a "White Ruthenian" brigade in March 1945. It too saw no further action.
View from the Ikva River Dubno Castle (, Dubens'kyi zamok, ) was founded in 1492 by Prince Konstantin Ostrogski on a promontory overlooking the Ikva River not far from the ancient Ruthenian fort of Dubno, Volhynia. Ostrogski castle was rebuilt in stone in the early 16th century under the Lithuanian rule when the city was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It had a church, a two- story palace, and an impressive array of 73 cannons. It was there that the treasury of the Ostrogski family was kept.
J.C. Jaenen, "Ruthenian Schools in Western Canada 1897–1919," Paedagogica Historica, June 1970, Vol. 10 Issue 3, pp 517–541 Ukrainian men in 1914 were not Canadian citizens but were subjects of Austria- Hungary, an enemy nation. Many were unemployed. The government interned about 5000 men, mostly those who were caught trying to cross the border into the U.S. (It was illegal for an enemy alien to leave the country.) They were assigned work on federal and provincial public work projects as well as for the railways.
Vyshnivets (, translit. Vyshnivets’; ) is an urban-type settlement in the Zbarazh Raion (district) of the Ternopil Oblast (province) of western Ukraine. Vyshnivets is better known as a family estate of the Polish royal house of Wiśniowiecki (originally Ruthenian princes), which is known for switching from Eastern Orthodoxy to Catholicism (as part of Polonization) as well as the Cossack Hetman Dmytro "Baida" Vyshnevetsky, who established the first Zaporizhian Sich on the island of Small (Mala) Khortytsia on the Dnipro River in 1552 in defense of the lands.
Olesko Castle, the birthplace of John Sobieski John Sobieski was born on 17 August 1629, in Olesko, now Ukraine, then part of the Ruthenian Voivodeship in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth to a renowned noble family de Sobieszyn Sobieski of Janina coat of arms.Red. (Eds.), Jan III Sobieski, p.413 His father, Jakub Sobieski, was the Voivode of Ruthenia and Castellan of Kraków; his mother, Zofia Teofillia Daniłowicz was a granddaughter of Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski. John Sobieski spent his childhood in Żółkiew.
10-16, Institutul de Istorie și Arheologie A.D. Xenopol, Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, București, 1975) According to other sources, Iuga have ruled for two years.Constantin C. Giurescu, Istoria Românilor, Ed. ALL Educațional, București, 2003, I, p. 360 In historical sources, there is a confusion between Iuga Ologul and the Lithuanian prince Yuri Koriatovich (sometimes named as Jurg Coriatovici or Iurie Koriatovici) of Podolia. This confusion is due to the fact that the name Iuga is a locally adapted version of the Ruthenian name Yuri.
Until the 16th century the Old Ruthenian language was used by most of the szlachta of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, including the Grand Dukes and including the region of Samogitia, both in formal affairs and in private.Анатоль Грыцкевіч. Беларуская шляхта // Часопіс "Спадчына", 1993 г. By the end of the 16th century under a number of circumstances like Union of Brest, following the prohibition of the Orthodox church, increasing number Jesuit Schools, which became one of the main places for szlachta to get education etc.
All redactions were written in the Ruthenian language and served the needs of Lithuanian patriotism. The first edition, compiled in the 1420s, glorified Vytautas the Great and supported his side in power struggles. The second redaction, prepared in the first half of the 16th century, started the myth of Lithuanian Roman origin: it gave a fanciful genealogy of Palemon, a noble from the Roman Empire who founded the Grand Duchy. This noble origin of Lithuanians was important in cultural rivalry with the Kingdom of Poland.
The Lithuanian language of Prussian Lithuanians could be divided into two main dialects: Samogitian dialect and Aukštaitian dialect. The standard Prussian Lithuanian language is quite similar to standard Lithuanian except for the number of German loanwords. The Lithuanian language which was spoken in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was influenced by Polish and Ruthenian, while in Prussia it was influenced more heavily by the German language. Thus, while Lithuanians used Slavic loanwords and translations, Prussian Lithuanians used German loanwords and translations, and some Slavic loanwords.
In 1890 he helped initiate the "New Era" movement, dedicated to forging a rapproachment between Poles and Ukrainians in east Galicia. After most of the other Ukrainophiles broke with the Poles in 1894, Vakhnianyn continued to seek compromise with them, and along with Oleksander Barvinsky was one of the founders of the "Catholic Ruthenian-Social Union", based on the all-Austrian Christian social movement. Between 1894 and 1900 Vakhnianyn was a member of the Galician Diet and the Austrian parliament.Vakhnianyn, Anatol Entry, Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol.
Villa Goplana, home of Rajmund Jarosz, owner of the spa from 1911 to 1937 Truskavets, then as Truskawiec, was first mentioned in 1469. The Polish royal doctor Wojciech Oczko was the first to describe local waters in 1578. At that time the village was property of Kings of Poland, and was located in the Ruthenian Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown until the First Partition of Poland in 1772, when it fell to Austria. First baths were opened here in 1827.
Ruthenian nobles, merchants, and serfs made up the majority of their ranks, but there were many Turks, Poles, and Russians as well. Thus, the “Cossack nation” did not correspond geographically, socially, or ethnically to Ruthenia, but they were intrinsically linked by language, religion, and cultural legacy. Over time, Cossacks took up the mantle of defenders of the Ukrainian Orthodox faith, which legitimised their rule. As previously mentioned, the initial motivation for forming Cossack troops was defence from raids and the lawlessness of the frontier.
Representatives of the Polish aristocracy and intelligentsia addressed the Emperor asking for greater autonomy for Galicia. Their demands were not accepted outright, but over the course of the next several years a number of significant concessions were made toward the establishment of Galician autonomy. Galicia in 1897 From 1873, Galicia was de facto an autonomous province of Austria-Hungary with Polish and, to a much lesser degree, Ukrainian or Ruthenian, as official languages. The Germanisation had been halted and the censorship lifted as well.
His most famous patriotic poem Ia rusyn byl, ies'm i budu (I Was, Am, and Will Be a Ruthenian) was published as part of an anthology in 1851. This poem would later become the national anthem of Carpatho-Ruthenians. Dukhnovych also published a number of pedagogical and religious books, elementary school textbook and a Grammar. His most famous scholarly works were The History of the Eparchy of Prjašev (1877), originally published in Latin and later translated in Russian and English, and a History of Carpathian Ruthenians (1853).
The Ukrainian national revival in the territory what is today Western Ukraine is considered to have started around 1837, when Markiyan Shashkevych, Ivan Vahylevych and Yakiv Holovatsky published Rusalka Dnistrovaya, an almanac of Ukrainian folk songs in Buda, Hungary. During the Revolution of 1848, the Supreme Ruthenian Council was founded in Lviv, becoming the first legal Ukrainian political organization. In May 1848, Zoria Halytska started publishing as the first newspaper in Ukrainian language. In 1890, Ukrainian Radical Party, the first Ukrainian political party, was founded.
The first monument to Fyodorov was unveiled in front of the Moscow Print Yard in 1909 Ivan Fyodorov (, sometimes transliterated as Fedorov or Fiodorov; c. 1525 in Grand Duchy of Moscow – December 16, 1583 in Lwów, Ruthenian Voivodeship, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) was one of the fathers of Eastern Slavonic printing (along with Schweipolt Fiol and Francysk Skaryna), he was the first known Russian printer in Moscow and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, he was also a skilled cannon maker and the inventor of a multibarreled mortar.
Kingdom of Hungary 1941–44 Following the two Vienna awards, a number of counties that had been lost in whole or part by the Treaty of Trianon were restored to Hungary. As a result, some previously county of temporary united administration – in Hungarian közigazgatásilag egyelőre egyesített vármegye (k.e.e. vm.) – were de-merged and restored to their pre-1920 boundaries. The region of Sub-Carpathia was planned to be granted a special autonomous status with the intention that (eventually) it would be self-governed by the Ruthenian minority.
It played an imported role as Orthodox spiritual center during the 17th and 18th centuries. In 1628 at the Kyiv church synod Manyava Skete was granted the status of "prot", the principal heading monastery over the monasteries in the Ruthenian, Belz and Podolian Voivodeships. Over 500 monasteries in Ukraine, Moldova and Romania were under its control. The wooden Church of Raising (Exaltation) of the Holy Cross at Manyava Skete, Ukraine The Orthodox monastery of Manyava was founded and developed in period between 1606 - 1785.
Union of Lublin; Sigismund stands in the center holding a crucifix among nobles, envoys and the clergy. The initial Sejm negotiations on unity in January 1569, near the Polish city of Lublin, were futile. The right of Poles to settle and own land in the Grand Duchy was questioned by Lithuanian envoys. Following Mikołaj Radziwiłł's departure from Lublin on 1 March 1569, Sigismund announced the incorporation of then-Lithuanian Podlachia, Volhynia, Podolia and Kiev provinces into Poland, with strong approval from the local Ruthenian (Ukrainian) gentry.
After the death of his wife in 1592, he chose to become a monk, taking the religious name of Ipati (Hypatius). Thanks to the support of Prince Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski, a close friend of his, he was appointed in 1593 as a bishop of the eparchy of Volodymyr-Brest and he was consecrated bishop on 6 June 1593on 27 May 1593 according to the Julian calendar by the hands of Mykhajlo Rohoza. Hypatius played a crucial role in the establishing of the Union of Brest by which the Ruthenian Church moved from the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople to the jurisdiction of the Pope, thus forming the Ruthenian Uniate Church. He actually traveled to Rome, along with the Bishop of Lutzk Cyril Terlecki, to carry to Pope Clement VII the petition undersigned by the bishops in Brest on 12 June 1595 asking for the union: they arrived in Rome on 25 November 1595, obtained the approval of the Pope on the conditions that Byzantine rite, liturgical practices and the not-use of the filioque would be preserved and were back in Lutzk in March 1596.
The first historical mention of Kitsman is dated to 1413, which also appears on the city's crest. Kuzmyn Forest (Codrii Cozminului), woods are situated between Siret and Prut valleys next to the town are named so, because they are traversed by the roads that connect Suceava, the Middle Ages' capital of the Principality of Moldavia, with what was then its boundary town of Cozmin / Kozmyn (modern village Valia Kuzmyna in Hlyboka Raion). In the Austrian period (1774-1918), Kitsman (known as Kotzman / Kotzmann in German), as part of the Duchy of Bukovina, was the seat of the planning section of the district administration and it had a district court and a state gymnasium, where instruction was given in the Ruthenian (Ukrainian) language. The Ruthenian (Ukrainian) farmers from the 13 surrounding villages brought their produce to the market in Kitsman. During the period of Romanian rule (1918-1944), the Romanian authorities viewed both the Ukrainians (Ruthenes) and the Jews as enemies of the state whose suppression was one of the goals of the state. A local newspaper is published here since June 1, 1941№ 3270.
He served as a professor in the years 1653–76, with short breaks for being a court missionary (1657–58, probably for the Inowrocław voievode Krzysztof Żegocki), a missionary to the Crimean Khanate (1661), a poenitentiarius in Loreto (1663–64), and a missionary to Constantinople (1672–73). In the years 1676–1700 he served as a court missionary for the Ruthenian voievode Stanisław Jan Jabłonowski. Rutka wrote in Latin, but he has also published translations of his works into Polish. He is renowned mainly for his works on rhetorics, primarily for his tractatus Rhetor polonus.
Upon Vytautas's death in October 1430, Lithuanian nobles unilaterally elected Švitrigaila as the Grand Duke. This violated the terms of the Union of Horodło of 1413, where Lithuanians promised not to elect a new Grand Duke without the approval of the Kingdom of Poland. In order to receive Ruthenian votes Švitrigaila granted equal rights to Catholic and Orthodox nobles – it was one lasting achievement of his brief reign. The Polish nobility, led by Zbigniew Oleśnicki, were outraged and demanded that Švitrigaila acknowledged his fealty to his brother Jogaila, King of Poland.
A copy of the report was sent to the head of the Judenrat of Ungvar in Carpathian Ruthenia, who unsuccessfully tried to suppress its contents. Although the information was transmitted to two other Carpathian Ruthenian transit ghettos, the Jews did not act on the report. Oskar Krasniansky, who helped transcribe the report, claimed that Hungarian Zionist leader Rudolf Kastner visited Bratislava on 26 or 28 April and read a copy of the report (which was not completed until the 27th). However, Hansi Brand denied that Kastner had been to Slovakia before August.
Edward Bożeniec Jełowicki born 1803 in Hubnik Western Ukraine, died 10 November 1848 in Vienna, was a Polish landowner, decorated Colonel in the Polish army, insurgent, officer in the Foreign Legion and commander of the Vienna artillery. He was an engineer and inventor. Descended from Ruthenian aristocracy, his family had been integrated into the Polish Szlachta and converted from Orthodoxy to Roman Catholicism during the Republic of Two Nations. Edward was the eldest of four children and an alumnus of the Vienna Theresian Military Academy, after which he was elected Marshal of the Haisyn district.
At its northern outskirts at right bank of Ikva were discovered traces of flint tool shop and remnants of old- Ruthenian settlement of Muravytsia that was mentioned in chronicles of 1149. Mlyniv itself was first mentioned when Grand Duke Alexander Jagiellon gave it away to someone by the name of Bobr sometime in beginning of 16th century. In 1508 it became a private property of Kremenets governor Montaut. Due to ownership of the settlement was changing often, it suffered greatly due to increase of exploitation and implementation of higher taxes and dues.
Battle of Podhajce took place on 8-9 September 1698 near Podhajce in Ruthenian Voivodship during the Great Turkish War. 6000-strong Polish army under Field Crown Hetman Feliks Kazimierz Potocki repelled a 14,000 man Tatar expedition under Qaplan I Giray. Lack of sufficient number of light cavalry on the Polish side prevented a successful pursuit of Tatars and their captives. It was the last Polish-Tatar battle ever and the last Polish battle of the Great Turkish War: only months later the Treaty of Karlowitz was signed.
University of California Press. 1983. p. 3. Jagiełło built many churches in pagan Lithuanian land and provided them generously with estates, gave out the lands and positions to the Catholics, settled the cities and villages and granted the biggest cities and towns Magdeburg Rights. The Ruthenian nobility was also freed from many payment obligations and their rights were equalized with those of the Polish nobility. Under Jogaila successor as a king of Crown Władysław III of Varna, who reigned in 1434–1444, Polonization attained a certain degree of subtlety.
After the Mongol invasion of Rus', the principality became largely ruined, however it remained intact throughout repeated Tatar invasions. Unfortunately, not much is known about this period as Severia was rarely mentioned in written accounts of the 13th century. By the mid 14th century, it was already part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as appanage duchy,Vortman, D., Vermenych, Ya. Novhorod-Siverskyi (НОВГОРОД-СІВЕРСЬКИЙ). Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine whose Gediminid princes (Ruthenian-speaking and Orthodox by religion) established their capitals in the cities of Novhorod-Siverskyi, Starodub, and Trubchevsk.
As an opponent against Polish assimilation of the Jews, he established, for the 1873 elections of the Reichsrat, a Jewish- Ruthenian electoral alliance. In 1879, he separated from the Shomer Israel and went to Vienna for the purpose of medical studies where he – together with Peretz Smolenskin – found the Jewish-political association Ahavath Zion (for the reason of colonisation of the holy land). In 1882, he was a cofounder of the Viennese Kadima Studentenverbindung. In 1883 he returned to Lviv where he founded the first Jewish-national association of the Austrian east, Miqra Kodesh.
Official usage of Pannonian Rusyn language in Vojvodina, Serbia Serbian, Hungarian, Slovak, and Rusyn). Pannonian Rusyn, or simply Rusyn (руски язик (ruski jazik), руска бешеда (ruska bešeda), русински язик (rusinski jazik); or Ruthenian), is an East Slavic language spoken by the Pannonian Rusyns, in north-western Serbia (Bačka region) and eastern Croatia. Before the re- establishment of independent Serbian and Croatian states, in the 1990s, the area was part of the former federation of Yugoslavia. Pannonian Rusyn is one of the official languages of the Serbian Autonomous Province of Vojvodina.
Malusha MalkovnaVladimir Plougin: Russian Intelligence Services: The Early Years, 9th-11th Centuries, Algora Publ., 2000History of Ukraine-Rus': From prehistory to the eleventh century, Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press, 1997 (Old Ruthenian: Малушa) was allegedly a servant (kholopka) for Olga of Kiev and wife of Sviatoslav I of Kiev. According to Slavonic chronicles, she was the mother of Vladimir the Great and sister of Dobrynya. The Norse sagas describe Vladimir's mother as a prophetess who lived to the age of 100 and was brought from her cave to the palace to predict the future.
Initially a part of the Land of Sanok of the Ruthenian Voivodeship, in 1772 it became a part of the Circle of Lesko and in 1864 back to the starostship of Sanok. The town's economy gradually got back on track as it became a local centre of foodstuffs trade for the local peasants. In 1872 the town became the property of Stanisław Potocki and his wife Anna Działyńska, who started to develop a local spa. Much like the nearby town of Iwonicz Zdrój, Rymanów quickly developed into a popular resort for the inhabitants of Lwów.
Ruthenians of Chełm in 1861. Ruthenians of Podlachia in the second half of the 19th century. In the Interbellum period of the 20th century, the term rusyn (Ruthenian) was also applied to people from the Kresy Wschodnie (the eastern borderlands) in the Second Polish Republic, and included Ukrainians, Rusins, and Lemkos, or alternatively, members of the Uniate or Greek Catholic Church churches. In Galicia, the Polish government actively replaced all references to "Ukrainians" with the old word rusini ("Ruthenians"), an action that caused many Ukrainians to view their original self-designation with distaste.
By then, however, the treaty with Poland was no longer enforced, prompting Stephen to recapture Pocuția in 1502. Although Alexander of Lithuania was by then the new King of Poland, no understanding could be reached between him and Stephen, and the two became enemies. At around that time, Luca Arbore, acting either as Stephen's envoy or on his own, stated a Moldavian claim to Halych and other towns of the Ruthenian Voivodeship. Hungary and the Ottoman Empire concluded a new peace treaty on 22 February 1503, which also included Moldavia.
Belarusian (; ) is an East Slavic language spoken by Belarusians. It is one of the two official languages in the Republic of Belarus under the current Constitution (Article 17), along with Russian. It is additionally spoken in parts of Russia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, and Ukraine by Belarusian minorities in those countries. Before Belarus gained independence in 1991, the language was only known in English as Byelorussian or Belorussian, the compound term retaining the English-language name for the Russian language in its second part, or alternatively as White Ruthenian () or White Russian.
Besides devastation, the Ruthenian population declined proportionally after the territorial losses to the Russian Empire. In 1770 there were about 4.84 million inhabitants in GDL, of which the largest ethnic group were Ruthenians, about 1.39 million – Lithuanians. The voivodeships with a majority ethnic Lithuanian population were Vilnius, Trakai and Samogitian voivodeships, and these three voivodeships comprised the political center of the state. In the southern angle of Trakai voivodeship and south-eastern part of Vilnius voivodeship there were also many Belarusians; in some of the south-eastern areas they were the major linguistic group.
The upbringing by his uncle and the trips abroad polonized him, and turned him from a provincial Ruthenian princeling into one of the youngest magnates of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1631 Wiśniowiecki returned to the Commonwealth and took over from his uncle the management of his father's huge estate, which included a large part of what is now Ukraine. In 1632 he converted from Eastern Orthodoxy to Catholicism, an action that caused much concern in Ukraine. His decision has been analyzed by historians, and often criticized, particularly in Ukrainian historiography.
Afterwards, he conquered the Black Ruthenia region (which consisted of Grodno, Brest, Navahrudak and the surrounding territories). Mindaugas was in process of extending his control to other areas, killing rivals or sending relatives and members of rival clans east to Ruthenia so they could conquer and settle there. They did that, but they also rebelled. The Ruthenian duke Daniel of Galicia sensed an occasion to recover Black Ruthenia and in 1249–1250 organized a powerful anti-Mindaugas (and "anti-pagan") coalition that included Mindaugas' rivals, Yotvingians, Samogitians and the Livonian Teutonic Knights.
Now he felt he could afford independence from Poland and in 1398 refused to pay the tribute due to Queen Jadwiga. Seeking freedom to pursue his internal and Ruthenian goals, Vytautas had to grant the Teutonic Order a large portion of Samogitia in the Treaty of Salynas of 1398. The conquest of Samogitia by the Teutonic Order greatly improved its military position as well as that of the associated Livonian Brothers of the Sword. Vytautas soon pursued attempts to retake the territory, an undertaking for which needed the help of the Polish king.
The first mentioning of Kaniv in chronicles is dated 9 June 1144 when the Grand Prince of Kyiv Vsevolod II founded here the Church of St.George (Dormition Cathedral). In chronicles it is also mentioned that in 1149 the Grand Prince of Kyiv George the Long-Armed after conquering Kyiv appointed his son Gleb as a prince in Kaniv. The city was also mentioned later in chronicles often in relation to raids onto Cumans. Among the killed Ruthenian princes at the 1223 battle at Kalka River, there was mentioned Prince Svyatoslav of Kaniv.
Stanisław Lanckoroński (c. 1597-1657) was a Polish–Lithuanian magnate as well as a politician and military commander. Stanisław became starost of Skała in 1641, castellan of Halicz in 1646, castellan of Kamieniec, voivode of Bracław Voivodeship and Grand Regimentarz of the Crown in 1649, voivode of Ruthenian Voivodeship in 1652, Field Crown Hetman from 1654 until February 19, 1657 and starost of Stobnice and Dymirsk. He was married to Anna Sienienska and had eight children: Hieronim Lanckoroński, Przecław Lanckoroński, Franciszek Stanislaw Lanckoroński, Jan Lanckoroński, Zbigniew of Brzezia, Mikołaj Lanckoroński, Marcin Lanckoroński and Joanna Lanckorońska.
Most Lemkos today are Eastern rite or Byzantine-rite Catholics. In Poland they belong to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church with a Roman Catholic minority, or to the Ruthenian Catholic Church (see also Slovak Greek Catholic Church) in Slovakia. A substantial number belong to the Eastern Orthodox Church. Through the efforts of the martyred priest Fr. Maxim Sandovich (canonized by the Polish Orthodox Church in the 1990s), in the early 20th century, Eastern Orthodoxy was reintroduced to many Lemko areas which had accepted the Union of Brest centuries before.
Coin of the National Bank of Belarus, dedicated to David David (, , killed in 1326) was a castellan of Grodno and one of the most famous military commanders of Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania. He might have been a son of Daumantas of Pskov and great grandson of Alexander Nevsky. Maciej Stryjkowski claims that David was married to one of the daughters of Gediminas. He seems to have been a middleman between the pagan Gediminas and the Christian princes of the Rurikid family and frequently led in battle the united Lithuanian–Ruthenian armies.
Croatian language dictionary published by Vladimir Anić in 1991 The Croatian language is the official language of Croatia, and one of 24 official languages of the European Union since 2013. Minority languages are in official use in local government units where more than a third of the population consists of national minorities or where local legislation mandates their use. These languages are Czech, Hungarian, Italian, Ruthenian, Serbian and Slovak. Besides these, the following languages are also recognised: Albanian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, German, Hebrew, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Polish, Romanian, Romany, Russian, Rusyn, Slovenian, Turkish and Ukrainian.
Some researchers estimate that altogether more than 3 million people, predominantly Ukrainians but also Russians, Belarusians and Poles, were captured and enslaved during the time of the Crimean Khanate. The Deluge and Chmielnicki's Uprising Despite the abovementioned conflicts, the literary tradition of Belarus evolved. Until the 17th century, the Ruthenian language, the predecessor of modern Belarusian, was used in Grand Duchy as a chancery language, that is the language used for official documents. Afterwards, it was replaced with the Polish language, commonly spoken by the upper classes of Belarusian society.
Demetrius was mentioned in medieval chronicles and in a Hungarian royal charter of 1368. According to the Lithuanian-Ruthenian Chronicle, preserved in the Codex Suprasliensis and other codices, Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, invaded Podolia in 1363 and 1364 and defeated three Tatar chieftainsKutlug Bey, Hacı Bey and Demetriusin the Battle of Blue Waters in 1362 or 1363. Algirdas's invasion was the first military campaign that a European power launched in the territory of the Golden Horde. According Latopis Nikonowski the battle was in 1363, according to Latopis Hustyński in 1362.
Polish-Ukrainian relations can be traced to the 16th-17th centuries in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the often turbulent relations between that state and the mostly polonized nobility (szlachta) and the Cossacks. And even further into the 13th-14th centuries when the Kingdom of Poland and the Ruthenian Kingdom maintained close ties. Present day relations remain somewhat turbulent. The next stage would be the relations in the years 1918–1920, in the aftermath of World War I, which saw both the Polish-Ukrainian War and the Polish-Ukrainian alliance.
Eastern Catholics follow the same tradition as do their Orthodox counterparts. Sometimes in Greek Catholic practice, the double orarion is worn only over the left shoulder (folded to make up for length) over a cassock if the deacon in question is preaching, but not participating otherwise. This use of the orarion on top of a cassock is most often seen among Greek-Catholics of the Ukrainian and Ruthenian tradition; this is a marked departure from general Byzantine practice, in which there is no tradition of wearing the orarion without sticharion.
Browar Sulewski - local brewery Roman Catholic church The origins of the town go back to the early Middle Ages, when a Ruthenian defensive gord existed on the Huczwa river island. It was probably part of the so-called “Cherven Towns”, and was first mentioned in 1254, as a hunting settlement located among forests. In 1366, Red Ruthenia, of which Hrubieszów, then called Rubieszow, was a part, was annexed by the Kingdom of Poland. Some time in the late 14th century, a wooden castle was built here, as a residence of a local governor.
Przemyśl also became the center of the revival of Byzantine choral music in the Greek Catholic Church. Until eclipsed by Lviv in the 1830s, Przemyśl was the most important city in the Ruthenian cultural awakening in the nineteenth century. In 1861, the Galician Railway of Archduke Charles Louis built a connecting line from Przemyśl to Kraków, and east to Lwów. In the middle of the 19th century, due to the growing conflict between Austria and Russia over the Balkans, Austria grew more mindful of Przemyśl's strategic location near the border with the Russian Empire.
The third unoccupied part was a basis for the Lithuanian nation to form. Outer aggression forced Baltic nations to form more strict institutions of political life. A Lithuanian state, Lithuania, was founded in 13th century and it included regions of still unoccupied Eastern Balts and remaining Western Balts' areas (These Western Balts' ethnic groups are known under names of Yotvingians and Sudovians). In the middle of the 14th century, Lithuania emerged as a large eastern European state, with former Kievan Rus' and some Ruthenian regions to the north of it (approximately present Belarus) included.
In early medieval times the western territory of what is now Ukraine (Eastern Galicia) was known as Red Ruthenia. It was settled by tribes of Western Slavs - Lendians. According to the Nestor - Primary Chronicle tribe of Lendians were 'Lachy' (Lechites) and their Duke Wlodzislav took part in dealing with Byzantine empire together with the Rus.Russian text of the chronicle of Nestor in PDF It is first attested in AD 981, when Vladimir the Great of Kievan Rus conquered the Red Ruthenian strongholds in his military campaign on the border with the land of Lendians.
The 17th-century French military engineer and geographer Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan () recorded the name of the river as Boh Ruthenian (, Boh Ruskyi). Compare: From the 16th to the 18th centuries most of the Southern Ukraine formed part of the Crimean Khanate and/or of the Ottoman Empire; the river had the Turkic name Aq-su, meaning the "White river". "Bug", a Russian name, became established during the colonial period in Ukraine and known internationally. It was a misnomer given by a Russian geologist Vladimir Laskaryev at the beginning of 20th century.
Its first voivode was Prince Aleksander Czartoryski (...) Upon > the decision of the Sejm, Volhynia was part of the Province of Lesser > Poland. Its legal system was based on the Statutes of Lithuania, with local > residents allowed to make changes to the statutes. Legal position of > Ruthenian ruling class (knyaz) was equal to the Polish nobility, and in > 1578, Polish government offices were established in Volhynia, followed by an > infux of Polish settlers (...) In the 16th century, Volhynian Voivodeship > had the area of 750 sq. miles, half of which was made by the Luck County.
Meanwhile, the Ruthenians felt more and more abandoned by Vienna and among the "Old Ruthenians" grouped around the Greek Catholic Cathedral of Saint George, there occurred a turn towards Russia. The more extreme supporters of this orientation came to be known as "Russophiles". At the same time, influenced by the Ukrainian language poetry of the eastern Ukrainian writer, Taras Shevchenko, a Ukrainophile movement arose which published literature in the Ukrainian/Ruthenian vernacular and eventually established a network of reading halls. Supporters of this orientation came to be known as "Populists", and later, simply as "Ukrainians".
Their demands were not accepted outright, but over the course of the next several years a number of significant concessions were made toward the establishment of Galician autonomy. From 1873, Galicia was de facto an autonomous province of Austria-Hungary with Polish and, to a much lesser degree, Ukrainian or Ruthenian, as official languages. The Germanisation had been halted and the censorship lifted as well. Galicia was subject to the Austrian part of the Dual Monarchy, but the Galician Sejm and provincial administration had extensive privileges and prerogatives, especially in education, culture, and local affairs.
Soon the newly acquired Polish territories (see First Partition of Poland) which were known as Kreise (Voivodeship in Poland) were restructured in November 1773 into 59 Kreisdistriktes (Land districts), while kreises were abolished. Some former voivodeships were incorporated completely, while most of them only partially. Among them were the former voivodeships of Belz, Red- Ruthenian, Cracow, Lublin, Sandomierz, and Podolie. Also during the Russo- Turkish War in 1769, the northwestern territory of Moldavia (renamed Bukovina) was occupied by the Russian Empire which ceded it in 1774 to the Austrian Empire as a "token of appreciation".
List of East Slavic duchies demonstrates territorial division of the Grand Duchy of Kiev through the years. The first known division of the Ruthenian territory took place in 969 when it was divided between the son of Sviatoslav I of Kiev. Until then it is believed that the Grand Prince ruled from Kiev, while Novgorod was governed by its namestnik (a viceroy/trustee/voivode). In 978-980 the first civil war was taking place between the Sviatoslav's descendants, upon conclusion of which Yaropolk was displaced by the governor of Novgorod Vladimir the Great.
The earliest mention of the term bandura dates back to a Polish chronicle of 1441, which states that the Polish King Sigismund IIIDiakowsky, M. A Note on the History of the Bandura. The Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U.S. 4, 3–4 №1419, N.Y. 1958, С.21–22. had a court bandurist known as Taraszko who was of Ruthenian (Ukrainian) ethnicity and was also the king's companion in chess. A number of other court bandurists of Ukrainian ethnicity have also been recorded in medieval Polish documents.
Most notably he was supported by the Ruthenian nobles led by Jeremi Wiśniowiecki, however, his policies were opposed by the Protestants, Lutherans and by the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which feared the tightening of the Counter-Reformation. At the forefront of opposition to Charles Ferdinand Vasa stood Janusz Radziwiłł and his brother Bogusław Radziwiłł, who even threatened to break the Polish- Lithuanian union. After losing the election, Charles Ferdinand received, from his brother and newly elected king, the Duchy of Opole and Racibórz. He then retired from public life.
He claimed that Publius Libonus, Roman commander who fled from Julius Caesar and supposedly settled down in Lithuania, was ancestor of Lithuanian and Ruthenian rulers. Supposedly the name of Livonia comes from Libonus. In his opinion, this explained why Latin language was common in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and also served to support sarmatism ideals. The Other Prussia: Royal Prussia, Poland and Liberty Rotundus was a close friend to other Vilnius renaissance scholars like physician Jan Antonin () and a poet Klemens Janicki (), after the latter died, both published Ianicius artworks.
Andrzej Kulikowski: Wielki Herbarz Rodów Polskich. Warszawa: Świat Książki-Bertelsmann Media, 2005. It is a coat of arms of noble families that fought in the same military unit using battle cry Hostoja or Ostoja, and that applied their ancient heritage on the Coat of Arms, forming a Clan of knights. Later, when the Clan expanded their territory to Pomerania, Prussia, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania they also adopted a few noble families of Ruthenian origin that in 14-15th century settled down in Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine, finally turning into the Clan of Ostoja.
Following the First Partition of Poland in 1772, the name was transliterated as Stanislau in German, as the city became part of the Austrian Empire (future Austria-Hungary); however, after the revolution of 1848, the city carried three different linguistic renderings of its name: German, Polish, and Ruthenian (, ; , ; Stanislaviv, , or Stanyslaviv, ). Other spellings used in the local press media included and . After World War II it was changed by the Soviet authorities into a simplified version Stanislav (, ; , ). In 1962, on the city's 300th anniversary, it was renamed to honor the Ukrainian writer Ivan Franko.
After extinction of the local Ruthenian dynasty and subsequent incorporation of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia into the Polish Kingdom by 1349, from the fifteenth century the city was developing as a mercantile and saltworks centre. Drohobych became part of the Habsburg Empire in 1772 after the first partition of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In the mid-nineteenth century it became Europe's largest oil extraction center, which significantly contributed to its rapid development. In the renascent, interwar Poland it was the center of a county within the Lwów Voivodeship.
At that time languages were associated more with religions: Catholics spoke Polish, and members of the Orthodox church spoke Ruthenian. After the Treaty of Pereyaslav, Ukrainian high culture went into a long period of steady decline. In the aftermath, the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy was taken over by the Russian Empire and closed down later in the 19th century. Most of the remaining Ukrainian schools also switched to Polish or Russian in the territories controlled by these respective countries, which was followed by a new wave of Polonization and Russification of the native nobility.
A historical house from 1909. Preserved wooden architecture can still be found in some parts of the town Bielsk Podlaski has a long and rich history, dating back to the 12th century, when this area of Poland belonged to Kievan Rus'. The gord of Bielsk was probably founded by Ruthenian dukes, and its existence was first mentioned in 1253, in the so-called Hypatian Codex. In 1273, Bielsk was captured by Lithuanian duke Traidenis, and in the early 14th century, whole province of Podlasie became annexed by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
This was the traditional direction for the evangelization efforts of the Catholic Church. Catechisms were printed in many languages and seminarians sent to places as far as Malabar. The most concrete result was the union with Rome of the Ruthenian Catholic communion, most concentrated in modern-day Ukraine and Belarus; the union was formalized at Brest in 1596. The death of Pope Gregory XV the following year did not interrupt the organization, because Cardinal Barberini, one of the original thirteen members of the congregation, became the next pope as Urban VIII (1623–1644).
Hospod is a Polish surname, from the Proto-Slavic gospod, meaning "lord, host". The Old Polish word gospodzin means "lord, landlord". The name originated in Leżajsk County of the Subcarpathian Voivodship, (specifically, the village of Grodzisko Górne). Historically, the village of Grodzisko Górne was located in the Ruthenian Voivodeship of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, where Ukrainian was spoken in addition to Polish, which influenced the spelling and pronunciation of the name to reflect the Ukrainian use of the letter 'H' (Г) in place of the letter "G".
The Basilian Gate as seen from the city's central street The Monastery of the Holy Trinity (, , ) is a monastery built in Vilnius by the Ruthenian Uniate Church and Grand Hetman of Lithuania Konstanty Ostrogski as a thanksgiving to the God for the victory in Battle of Orsha. It belongs to the Order of Saint Basil the Great and the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. The church is dedicated to the Holy Trinity. Beside this church, the monastery compound contains a fortified entrance gate, a university, a hotel complex for visitors, monastic cells including the Konrad's cell.
Ruthenian sources mentioned the region as жемотьская земля, jemotskaia zemlia; this gave rise to its Polish form, , and probably to the Middle High German . In Latin texts, the name is usually written as etc. The area has long been known to its residents and to other Lithuanians exclusively as Žemaitija (the name Samogitia is no longer in use within Lithuania and has not been used for at least two centuries); Žemaitija means "lowlands" in Lithuanian. The region is also known in English as Lower Lithuania or, in reference to its Yiddish names, or .
Vytautas (c. 1350October 27, 1430), also known as Vytautas the Great (Lithuanian: ', , Witold Aleksander or Witold Wielki Ruthenian: Vitovt, Latin: Alexander Vitoldus, Old German: Wythaws or Wythawt) from the 15th century onwards, was a ruler of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which chiefly encompassed the Lithuanians and Ruthenians. He was also the Prince of Grodno (1370–1382), Prince of Lutsk (1387–1389), and the postulated king of the Hussites. In modern Lithuania, Vytautas is revered as a national hero and was an important figure in the national rebirth in the 19th century.
Czartoryski (feminine form: Czartoryska, plural: Czartoryscy; ) is a Polish princely family of Lithuanian-Ruthenian origin, also known as the Familia. The family, which derived their kin from the Gediminids dynasty, by the mid-17th century had split into two branches, based in the Klevan Castle and the Korets Castle, respectively. They used the Czartoryski coat of arms and were a noble family of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 18th century. The Czartoryski and the Potocki were the two most influential aristocratic families of the last decades of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795).
On the other hand, pro-Belarusian linguistic historiography claims "ruskij jazyk" as "Old Belarusian language" ("starabelaruskaja mova"), which is problematic as well insofar as at that time no distinct Belarusian identity in today's sense of the term had evolved.Plokhy, S. (2006): The origins of the Slavic nations: Premodern identities in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Cambridge. Apart from that the term Ruthenian language is in use, although the latter often refers only to the southern (from today's perspective: Ukrainian) variant of the state language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
In 1408, Conrad Letzkau served as a diplomat to Queen Margaret I and arranged that the Order sell Gotland to Denmark. In 1410, with the death of Rupert, King of the Germans, war broke out between the Teutonic Knights, supported by Pomerania, and a Polish-Lithuanian alliance supported by Ruthenian and Tatar auxiliary forces. Poland and Lithuania triumphed following a victory at the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg). The Order assigned Heinrich von Plauen to defend Prussian Pomerania (Pomerelia), who moved rapidly to bolster the defence of Marienburg Castle in Prussian Pomesania.
Carpathian Ruthenian Jews arrive at Auschwitz–Birkenau, May 1944. Without being registered to the camp system, most were killed in gas chambers hours after arriving. On March 23, 1939, Hungary annexed further parts of eastern Slovakia bordering with the west of the former Carpatho-Rus. The Hungarian invasion was followed by a few weeks of terror in which more than 27,000 people were shot dead without trial and investigation. Over 75,000 Ukrainians decided to seek asylum in the USSR; of those almost 60,000 of them died in Gulag prison-camps.
Many of the local inhabitants were assimilated. Local Slavic nobility often intermarried with the Hungarian nobles to the south. Prince Rostislav, a Ruthenian noble unable to continue his family's rule of Kyiv, governed a great deal of Transcarpathia from 1243 to 1261 for his father-in-law, Béla IV of Hungary. The territory's ethnic diversity increased with the influx of some 40,000 Cuman settlers, who came to the Pannonian Basin after their defeat by Vladimir II (Monomakh) of Kyiv in the 12th century and their ultimate defeat at the hands of the Mongols in 1238.
The Zasławski family was one of the three major families in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth to trace its origins to the Ruthenian Rurikids; the other two families were the Ostrogski family and the Wiśniowiecki family. The Zasławski family was sometimes seen as a junior line of the Ostrogoski family. After the death in 1620 of the last male heir of the Ostrogoski family, Janusz Ostrogski, many of the Ostrogoski possessions were inherited by the Zasławcy. However, the Zasławski family faced a similar fate when their last male heir, Aleksander Janusz Zasławski, died in 1682.
Although largely based on folk tales, dubious and often falsified sources, the book had a tremendous impact on both historiography of Lithuania, and later on Lithuanian National Revival. Its Lithuanian translation became the first history of Lithuania written entirely from a Lithuanian perspective. Paradoxically, the book underlined the Ruthenian past of Lithuania, and as such was highly acclaimed by Russian historians and authorities alike. For it, Narbutt was awarded by Tsar Nicholas I of Russia a gold ring set with a ruby, the Order of Saint Anne and the Order of Saint Vladimir.
Until 1340, Sanok was part of various Ruthenian duchies, and later the Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia. In 1340, the Land of Sanok, together with whole Red Ruthenia, was annexed by King Kazimierz Wielki. The King introduced Polish administrative structure here, dividing Red Ruthenia into four lands (see ziemia), one of which was the Land of Sanok, consisting of the County powiat of Sanok. The existence of Sanok County is confirmed by sources from 1423, and by that time, Sanok also was the seat of a starosta, who resided in a castle.
Rusyn Americans (also known as Carpatho-Rusyn Americans or Ruthenian Americans) are citizens of the United States of America, with ancestors who were Rusyns, born in Carpathian Ruthenia, or neighboring areas of Central Europe. However, some Rusyn Americans, like some Rusyn Canadians, also or instead identify as Ukrainian Americans, Slovak Americans, or even Russian Americans. Since the Revolutions of 1989, there has been a revival in Rusyn nationalism and self-identification in both Carpathian Ruthenia and among the Rusyn diaspora in other parts of Europe and North America.
Both depict Jadwiga with an ax, supposedly taken for hacking gates, locked to prevent her running away with William, and Dymitr stopping her. He was involved in her marriage with Władysław Jagiełło (Jogaila), and received significant lands from him as well, particularly when Ruthenian territories were passed from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to the Kingdom of Poland. Dymitr would become a strong supporter of Jagiełło, his trusted envoy in diplomatic missions, and would take part on his side during the Polish–Teutonic Wars.S. Orgelbranda encyklopedja powszechna, 1900.
Sign at Ilmivka checkpoint (local border traffic) written in Ukrainian and Russian Novi Yarylovychi The modern state of the border is dated to World War I, when the Ukrainian People's Republic appeared on the map of the world in 1918. However, the border has historical roots. The border between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland under the Union of Lublin was similar. It corresponded to administrative border of Brest-Litovsk and Minsk voivodeship on the Lithuanian side and Kyiv Voivodeship, Volhynian, and Ruthenian voivodeships on the Polish side.
Bercsényi, remembered as a key figure in Rákóczi's War for Independence, resided in the fortified palace within the castle. It was there that he treated with the ambassadors of Peter the Great and Louis XIV concerning the establishment of an anti-Habsburg alliance. In 1711, Bercsényi fled Hungary and his estates were confiscated to the Austrian crown. As the need for a military stronghold in the area declined with the extension of the Habsburg dominions further to the east, Ungvár Castle was given over to the Ruthenian Greek-Catholic Church which opened a school there.
He moved to San Francisco, California in 1903, and took part in a communal living experiment which ended in failure after a few months. He arrived Canada in 1905 and worked as a publisher and real estate broker. He became the director of the Ukrainian Publishing Company of Canada, and also taught at the Ruthenian Training School at Brandon for a period beginning in 1907 till 1910. He first ran for the Manitoba legislature in the 1914 provincial election, contesting the constituency of Gimli as an Independent-Liberal.
On March 13, 1996, Pope John Paul II proclaimed a new Apostolic Exarchate (exempt pre- diocese) for Eastern Catholics of the Byzantine Rite in the Czech Republic under the rule of the Apostolic See. The church was built on territory previously covered by the Byzantine Rite, the Slovak Catholic Metropolitanate sui juris of Prešov. The Apostolic Exarchate provides a legal organization for Catholics of the Ruthenian Church living in the Czech Republic. The head of the church is a bishop, who has the same rights as a diocesan bishop.
According to the 2011 census there were 9,927 Byzantine Catholics in the Czech Republic.Obyvatelstvo podle náboženské víry podle krajů - podrobné údaje - population according to religious faith according to regions In July 2016 according to the Statistics from the Annuario Pontificio 2016 compiled by Ron Roberson there is a combined Byzantine or Constantinopolitan Tradition (“Greek Catholic”) count of 7,677,373 for which the Ruthenian Apostolic Exarchate in the Czech Republic in Prague makes up 17,000 of. Currently there are 20 parishes and 12 chapels organized into seven deaneries and served by 25 priests.
Podlaskie is the land of the confluence of cultures – Polish, Belarusian, Ukrainian and Lithuanian – and is indicative of the ethnic territories limits. Eastward of Podlaskie lie historic Polish lands, which are now part of Ukraine and Belarus and Lithuania. Today, mainly Polish and Ruthenian (Ukrainian and Belarusian) are spoken in Podlaskie, while Lithuanian is preserved by the small but compact Lithuanian minority concentrated in the Sejny County. At the end of 2009 in Podlaskie Voivodeship there were 1,189,700 inhabitants, 3.1 per cent of the total population of Poland.
The Commonwealth ended up recovering Podolia with Kamieniec Podolski and the Bratslav region. The Austrian Habsburg Monarchy, expanded by Hungary and Transylvania, had become the leading Central European power. After the turn of the century, in Polish Ukraine there was no Ruthenian nobility left (the few survivors of the many wars sought refuge on the left- bank of the Dnieper River) and the right-bank Cossack Hetmanate no longer existed. During the 18th century thousands of Polish szlachta families and hundreds of thousands of Polish peasants arrived and resettled the devastated and depopulated Ukrainian lands.
On April 24, 1646, 63 Ruthenian priests (under Parfenii's and eparch Vasyl Tarasovych leadership) solicited and performed a union with the Catholic Church. However, they required the preservation of the Byzantine Rite, Canon law and the ecclesiastical authority, based on the principles of Orthodox governance (an independent choice of the bishops).atravellerincarpathia.com Parfenii after the Union of Uzhhorod of the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo became its first eparch (1651 - 1665). Ok January 15, 1652, Petro Parfenii personally handed over to Rome the protocol on the conclusion of Union oh Uzhhorod of 1646.
Orientales omnes Ecclesias, issued in 1945 on the 350th anniversary of the reunion, is a call to continued unity of the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church, threatened in its very existence by the authorities of the Soviet Union. Sempiternus Rex was issued in 1951 on the 1500th anniversary of the Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon. It included a call to oriental communities adhering to Miaphysite theology to return to the Catholic Church. Orientales Ecclesias was issued in 1952 and addressed to the Eastern Churches, protesting the continued Stalinist persecution of the Church.
The oldest extant structure in Grodno is the Kalozha Church of Sts. Boris and Gleb (Belarusian: Каложская царква). It is the only surviving monument of ancient Black Ruthenian architecture, distinguished from other Orthodox churches by prolific use of polychrome faceted stones of blue, green or red tint which could be arranged to form crosses or other figures on the wall. The church was built before 1183 and survived intact until 1853, when the south wall collapsed, due to its perilous location on the high bank of the Neman.
30 April 2013 The most active and leading stratum among Rusyns was Greek-Catholic clergy (see Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo, Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church, a successor of Ecclesia Ruthena unita). During the Dissolution of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (1918),PRECLÍK, Vratislav. Masaryk a legie (Masaryk and legions), váz. kniha, 219 pages, first issue - vydalo nakladatelství Paris Karviná, Žižkova 2379 (734 01 Karvina, Czech Republic) ve spolupráci s Masarykovým demokratickým hnutím (Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague), 2019, , pp. 87 - 89, 110 - 112, 124 - 128,140 - 148,184 - 209 various parts of Rusyn people were faced with different political challenges.
Paul Robert Magocsi (born January 26, 1945 in Englewood, New Jersey) is an American professor of history, political science, and Chair of Ukrainian Studies at the University of Toronto. He has been with the university since 1980, and became a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1996. He currently acts as Honorary Chairman of the World Congress of Rusyns, and has authored many books on Rusyn history. Born in Englewood, New Jersey, Magocsi (his surname Magocsi is pronounced something like "magótchy", varying in different languages) is of Hungarian and Ruthenian (Rusyn) descent.
The limits were described in the document issued by the bishop of Prague to Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. This document is preserved in the Chronicles of Cosmas of Prague and is considered a reliable copy; from G. Labuda Mieszko I pp. 148–151. The Primary Chronicle states that in 981 Vladimir of the Rurik Dynasty went towards the Lachy and took their towns: Przemyśl, Czerwień and other strongholds (...). The exact interpretation of this passage is uncertain, because the Ruthenian word "Lachy" meant both the Poles in general and the southeastern Lendians tribe.
These reforms limited the jurisdiction and competency of several Lithuanian offices, such as those of the hetman, kanclerz (chancellor), marszałek (marshal) and podskarbi (under-treasurer), to equate them with those of the corresponding offices in the Polish crown. Many of these offices at the time were held by members of the Sapieha family, and the changes were at least partly made with a view to reducing their power. The reforms also instituted Polish as the administrative language, replacing Ruthenian, in written documents and court proceedings, contradicting the wording of the Third Statute.Paweł Jasienica Polska anarchia.
The headquarters of this North American Diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church was moved from Alaska to California around the mid-19th century. It was moved again in the last part of the same century, this time to New York. This transfer coincided with a great movement of Uniates to the Orthodox Church in the eastern United States. This movement, which increased the numbers of Orthodox Christians in America, resulted from a conflict between John Ireland, the politically powerful Roman Catholic Archbishop of Saint Paul, Minnesota, and Alexis Toth, an influential Ruthenian Catholic priest.
As these are the only two officially recognized Roman Catholic translations of the canonical hours in English, the Grail became the de facto liturgical Psalter. Some Episcopal Conferences, such as that of England & Wales, also adopted the Grail for the Responsorial Psalms in the Lectionary for Mass. The Ruthenian Catholic Church, since 2007, has also adopted the Grail Psalms for chanting, in an edition prepared by the Trappist Abbey of the Genesee called The Abbey Psalter. A separate edition of the Grail Psalms, revised with inclusive language, was produced in 1986.
After Isidore had received funding from Vasili II, he went to Florence to attend the continuation of the Council of Basel in 1439. He was made a cardinal-presbyter and a papal legate for the provinces of Lithuania, Livonia, all Rus' and Galicia (thenceforth referred to as “the Ruthenian (Ukrainian Catholic) cardinal). During this Council, Isidore fervently defended the union between the Churches of East and West, but he was opposed only by the secular representative from Ruthenia - ambassador Foma (Thomas) of Tver. Finally, the union agreement was signed and Isidore returned to Eastern Europe.
She is supposed to have died in 1128 and the following year the Duke married Ida, the daughter of Niels of Denmark or of Canute Lavard (Kanztow changed his chronicles in subsequent editions in this respect). However, the names and origins of both supposed wives have been questioned by later historians. Edward Rymar argues that if Wartislaw had indeed been married to a German princess then sources such as the life of Otto would have surely mentioned that fact. Rymar hypothesizes instead that Wartislaw's wife was probably from the Ruthenian Rurik dynasty.
Born in Donji Andrijevci, Austria-Hungary (present-day Croatia) in the Ruthenian family of Dionisije and Julija Bukatko in 1913, he was ordained a priest on 2 April 1939 by Bishop Dionisije Njaradi for the Eparchy of Križevci. Fr. Bukatko was the Rector of Cathedral of the Holy Trinity in Križevci from 1941 to 1950. He was appointed by the Holy See an Apostolic Administrator of Križevci on 1950 and two years later, on 23 February 1952 also was named as titular bishop of Severiana. He was consecrated to the Episcopate on 27 April 1952.
Coin. Yuri II Boleslav (1305/1310 – April 7, 1340), also known as Bolesław- Jerzy II, was a ruler of the Polish Piast dynasty who ruled the originally Ruthenian principality of Galicia. After his death started the Galicia–Volhynia Wars over the succession of Galicia and Volhynia. Bolesław was born between 1305 and 1310 to Trojden I of Masovia from the Piast dynasty, Duke of Czersk and Maria, daughter of Yuri I, prince of Galicia. Since his father was still a ruler of the family's Masovian lands, in 1323 Bolesław, renamed Jerzy, became Prince of Galicia.
The monument is sited overlooking the east end of the Turtle Pond, across from Belvedere Castle and just south-east from the Great Lawn. To the northeast is Cleopatra's Needle and beyond, the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The monument commemorates the Battle of Grunwald (1410), where Polish and Lithuanian knights supported by Ruthenian, Czech, and Tatar knights defeated the Teutonic Order. King Władysław II Jagiello is shown seated on a horse holding two crossed swords over his head as a symbol of defiance and of the union of Polish–Lithuanian forces.
Nine audio tapes of interviews conducted with Ciszek (ca. 1964) remain at Georgetown University. In 1985, a Carmelite nun, Mother Marija, who was the mother superior of a Ruthenian Rite Carmelite monastery which Fr. Ciszek helped found, and formerly under his spiritual direction, began to petition for official recognition of Fr. Ciszek and his work within the Catholic Church. In 1990, Bishop Michael J. Dudick of the Eparchy of Passaic, New Jersey, opened an official diocesan process of investigation for official recognition on the road to beatification, a step toward possible canonization as a saint.
A particularly divisive issue was the 1929 papal decree Cum data fuerit issued by Pope Pius XI which mandated that Eastern Rite clergy in the US were to be celibate.Barringer. pp. 102–103 This move actually marked the second North American group of Ruthenian parishes to return to Orthodoxy. The first had been led by St. Alexis Toth of Wilkes-Barre into the jurisdiction of the Russian Metropolia in the 1890s. Notably, this second large-scale conversion to Orthodoxy by Carpatho-Russians was directed toward Constantinople rather than to the Russian presence in North America.
View of Pochaiv in the early 1800s During the Zbarazh War of 1675, the cloister was besieged by the Turkish Army, who reputedly fled upon seeing the apparition of the Theotokos accompanied with angels and St Job. Numerous Turkish Muslims that witnessed the event during the siege converted to Christianity afterward. One of the monastery chapels commemorates this event. According to some sources, Feofan Prokopovich, a Ruthenian reformer of the Russian Orthodox Church, took monastic vows in Pochayiv; he subsequently visited the monastery with his sovereign, Peter the Great, in 1712.
They were cared for by the Ruthenian Byzantine Rite Eparchy of Mukacheve (Hungarian: Munkács). In the 17-18th centuries, during the conflict with Protestants, many Hungarians joined the Greek Catholic Church, and so adopted the Byzantine Rite rather than the Latin, which resulted in a considerable increase in their number.Magyar Katolikus Lexikon (Hungarian Catholic Lexicon): Görögkatolikusok (Greek Catholics) Perhaps largely because of this last element, Byzantine Hungarians began to use the Hungarian language in their liturgy. A translation of the Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom for private study was published in 1795.
The Polish Genealogy Source. Accessed August 08, 2011. The proto- Belarusian language, called Ruthenian or Old Belarusian was protected by law in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and used as local vernacular, while both Polish and Latin languages were the lingua franca of the throne. "As the 16th century drew to a close" – wrote Andrew Savchenko about the local nobles, they had to contend with "an increasingly stark choice: to strengthen their ties with Poland or to suffer disastrous military defeat and subjugation" by the Russian Empire, thus leading to their 'voluntary' "Polonization".
After the Tatar–Mongol invasion these territories become an object of expansion of the Polish kingdom and the Lithuanian princedom. For example, in the first half of 14th century Kiev, the Dniepr region, also the region between the rivers Pripyat and West Dvina were captured by Lithuania, and in 1352 the Halych- Volhynia princedom was divided by Poland and Lithuania. In 1569, according to the Lublin Union, the majority of the Ruthenian territories possessed by Lithuania, passed to the Polish crown. The serfdom and Catholicism extended in these territories.
The Council of the Bishops' Conferences of Europe () (CCEE) is a conference of the presidents of the 33 Roman Catholic episcopal conferences of Europe, the Archbishop of Luxembourg, the Archbishop of Monaco, Maronite Catholic Archeparch of Cyprus, the Roman Catholic Bishop of Chişinău, the Ruthenian Catholic Eparch of Mukacheve, and the Apostolic Administrator of Estonia. The president is Cardinal Angelo Bagnasco, Archbishop of Genoa. The vice- presidents are Cardinal Vincent Nichols, Archbishop of Westminster, and Archbishop Stanisław Gądecki, Archbishop of Poznań. The general secretary of CCEE is Father Martin Michalíček.
The Livonian Rhymed Chronicle, reports that by the mid-1230s, Mindaugas had acquired supreme power in the whole of Lithuania. In 1236, the Samogitians, led by Vykintas, defeated the Livonian Order in the Battle of Saule. The Order was forced to become a branch of the Teutonic Knights in Prussia, making Samogitia, a strip of land that separated Livonia from Prussia, the main target of both orders. The battle provided a break in the wars with the Knights, and Lithuania exploited this situation, arranging attacks towards the Ruthenian provinces and annexing Navahrudak and Hrodna.
At that time, conditions in the Rusyn homeland, known as Carpatho-Rus, were such that the Greek Catholic Church had been forcibly suppressed by the Soviet authorities. When Communist rule ended, the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo (founded in 1771) re-emerged. As of the early 21st century, it has some 320,000 adherents, greater than the number in the Pittsburgh metropolia. In addition, an apostolic exarchate established in 1996 for Catholics of Byzantine rite in the Czech Republic is classed as another part of the Ruthenian Catholic Church.
Hryhoriy Yakhymovych was one of the leading figures of the Ukrainian National Revival in the mid 19th century. He took part in the Council of Ruthenian Scientists, and advocated for use of the Ukrainian language in schools and in churches. Yakhimovich was appointed as a deputy to the Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria, the parliament of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. In this capacity, he defended the rights of the Ukrainian population in Galicia, promoted the Ukrainian language and the preservation of the Ukrainian Cyrillic alphabet, and also the Byzantine Rite of mass.
Arbore's coat of arms, based on his church relief In late 1497, the itinerant Oscherin and Luka voloshanin were robbed in Terebovlia by a band of Crimeans and Cossacks, allegedly led by Prince Yapancha. The incident prompted Stephen to demand reparations from Meñli I Giray, but these were never fully returned.Eșanu, p. 138 In 1501, as tensions between Poland and Moldavia were being reignited, Arbore traveled to Halych and informed the local starosta that Moldavia intended to annex that city, and possibly other parts of the Ruthenian Voivodeship as well.
Scion of the great Ruthenian and Lithuanian families of the Great Duchy of Lithuania (including the Kapustich, Gastold and Holszanski families), was a son of voivode of Minsk Bohdan Sapieha (who was son of voivode of Navahrudak Paweł Sapieha) and Maryna, duchess Kapuścianka (of the princes Kapusta/Kapustich of Pereiaslav); and brother to Mikołaj Sapieha (1588–1638), famous military commander Andrzej Sapieha, Barbara (Wolowiczowa), Zofia (Hajek and later Pac), Anna (Tryzna), and fourth a sister who was a nun in the Sisters of the Order of St. Basil the Great.
It is located a few kilometres from the border with Poland, in the eastern part of Bieszczady. During 966 - 1018, 1340 - 1772 (Ruthenian Voivodeship, Przemysl County) and during 1918 - 1939 Felsztyn was part of Poland (Województwo lwowskie). From 1772 to 1918 it belonged to the Austrian Empire (later the Austro-Hungarian Empire when the double monarchy was introduced in Austria). Jan Herburt, Starost of Sanok, owner of Felsztyn On September 17, 1939, Felsztyn was incorporated into the Soviet Union, and since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, is part of independent Ukraine.
At the same time, the diocese (eparchy) of Munkacs (Mukachevo) was ceded from the jurisdiction of the Latin bishop of Eger, but instead of rejoining the Uniate Church it was given a self-rule on demand of the Rákóczi family. In 19th and 20th centuries the Church lost most of its dioceses, most of which were taken over by the Russian Orthodox Church. During this time, some emigrants of Austria-Hungary established the Ruthenian Catholic Church in the United States. In 20th century dioceses were created in various parts around the globe.
Peter Mogila died in 1647, on the eve of the national liberation war of 1648-1654. In his testament, he instructed that all Ruthenian people be literate and all his property be given to the Mogila collegium which for nearly two centuries remained the only higher education establishment in the Orthodox world. The school became an important scientific, educational, cultural, and spiritual center of Orthodox world, especially Ukraine, Belarus and Russia. The state language of Russia was created at this Academy using the Chernihiv dialect of Ukraine as a basis.
Kyiv, the capital of modern Ukraine, became the most important city of the Rus'. In 12th–13th centuries on efforts of Yuri the Long Armed, in area of Zalesye were founded several cities similar in name as in Kyivan Rus such as Vladimir on the Klyazma/Vladimir of ZalesyeFRANCIS BUTLER. Russian History. Brill. 1999 (Volodymyr), Galich of Merya (Halych), Pereslavl of Zalesye (Pereyaslav of Ruthenian), Pereslavl of Erzya. Furthest extent of Kyivan Rus', 1054–1132 The Varangians later assimilated into the Slavic population and became part of the first Rus' dynasty, the Rurik Dynasty.
In 1448, it became seat of a Roman Catholic parish, but remained a small town, located in the Ruthenian Voivodeship (part of Red Ruthenia) of the Kingdom of Poland. In March 1657, Dynów was captured by Transilvanian army of George II Rakoczi, which burned the town, together with its churches and castle. In 1661, Dynów was plundered again, this time by mercenaries of Mikolaj Ossolinski, who fought his private war with owner of Dynow, Olbracht Grochowski. In 1667, the town was purchased by Castellan of Przemyśl, Marcin Konstanty Krasicki.
Famous writer Pavlo Zahrebelny dies at 84, BSANNA NEWS (February 3, 2009) One of his best known novels is Roksolana (1980), about the life of Anastasia Lisovska, a Ruthenian girl from Galicia who became a wife of Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent and played a prominent role in the sixteenth century Ottoman Empire. On February 5, 2009 President Victor Yushchenko paid his last respects to Zahrebelnyi.Events by themes: Victor Yushchenko took part in the ceremony of farewell with Pavlo Zagrebelniy, UNIAN (February 5, 2009) Zahrebelny's books have been translated into 23 languages.
The Treaty of Hadiach (; ) was a treaty signed on 16 September 1658 in Hadiach (Hadziacz, Hadiacz, Гадяч) between representatives of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (represented by S. Bieniewski and K. Jewłaszewski) and Ukrainian Cossacks (represented by Hetman Ivan Vyhovsky and starshina Yuri Nemyrych, architect of the treaty, and Pavlo Teteria). It was designed to elevate the Cossacks and Ruthenians to the position equal to that of Poland and Lithuania in the Polish–Lithuanian union and in fact transforming the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth into a Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita Trojga Narodów, "Commonwealth of Three Nations").
From 1873, Galicia was de facto an autonomous province of Austria-Hungary with Polish and, to a much lesser degree, Ukrainian or Ruthenian, as official languages. The Germanisation had been halted and the censorship lifted as well. Galicia was subject to the Austrian part of the Dual Monarchy, but the Galician Sejm and provincial administration, both established in Lviv, had extensive privileges and prerogatives, especially in education, culture, and local affairs. The city grew rapidly, becoming the 4th largest in Austria-Hungary, according to the census of 1910.
During the period of Austro-Hungarian rule, the university operated three faculties: Greek Orthodox theology (the only one in Central Europe), jurisprudence and philosophy. To pursue the study of medicine, the Bukovina graduates still had to go to Lviv or to the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. Though the general language of instruction was German, professorships on Romanian and Ruthenian language were also established. At the time of Austro-Hungarian rule, the majority of the Czernowitz students were Jewish and German Austrians, while Ukrainians and Romanians comprised for about 20%-25% of the student body.
Lodomeria - together with Galicia - provided one of the many titles of the Emperor of Austria, "the ruler of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria". However, Lodomeria existed only on paper, had no territory and could not be found on any map. An item in American Notes and Queries published in 1889 identified Lodomeria as an ancient district of Poland situated in the eastern portion of the country. About 988 the Ruthenian Grand Prince Vladimir the Great (, born , Grand Duke of Kiev from 980 to 1015) founded the town of Volodymyr, named after himself.
The name "Volhynia" is first mentioned in Ruthenian chronicles as a region inhabited by a tribe called the Volhynians that was conquered by the Grand Prince of Kiev Vladimir the Great. Volhynia changed hands several times throughout the following centuries. Circa CE 1199 it was merged with the Principality of Halych, to form the Duchy (later Kingdom) of Galicia and Volhynia under Prince Roman the Great. After the death of Roman the Great in 1205, Andrew II of Hungary adopted the title of "King of Lodomeria" (as well as of Galicia), in reference to Volhynia.
He was born as Count Roman Aleksander Maria Sheptytsky (Szeptycki) in a village 40 km west/northwest of Lviv called Prylbychi, in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, then a crownland of the Austrian Empire. The Sheptytsky family is from an aristocratic Ruthenian line, which in the 19th century had become polonized, Roman Catholic and French-speaking, while Fredro family is also of noble Polish origin. Among his ancestors, there were many important church figures, including two metropolitans of Kyiv, Atanasy and Lev. His maternal grandfather was the Polish writer Aleksander Fredro.
The Lwów dialect (, ) is a subdialect (gwara) of the Polish language characteristic of the inhabitants of the city of Lviv (, ), now in Ukraine. Based on the substratum of the Lesser Polish dialect, it was heavily influenced by borrowings (mostly lexical) from other languages spoken in Galicia, notably Ukrainian (Ruthenian), German and Yiddish, but also by Czech and Hungarian. One of the peculiarities of the Lwów dialect was its popularity. Unlike many other Polish dialects, it was seen by its speakers as neither inferior to standard Polish nor denoting people of humble origin.
Ivan Naumovich was born into a clerical family in western Ukraine, which was at the time part of the Austrian Empire; his father was a school teacher but his grandfather was a priest. Like many with his social background, the family spoke the Polish language at home while maintaining Ruthenian traditions.И.Г. Наумович как общественный, политический и религиозный деятель Галичины второй половины XIX века Nina Pashaeva, 2001. When Naumovich entered a Ukrainian Catholic seminary in Lviv in 1848, he became swept up into and joined the Polish revolutionary movementJean-Paul Himka. (1986).
Naumovich also founded the Kachkovsky Society, the Russophile counterpart and rival to the pro-Ukrainian Prosvita, which involved creating pro-Russian reading rooms for Ruthenian peasants. The intensity of Naumovich's pro-Russian activities earned the distrust of the Austrian authorities and of the Catholic Church. A seemingly minor incident in 1881 led to his downfall. In that year, the 129 inhabitants of a small village demanded their own Ukrainian Catholic parish and church rather than to pay to support the building of a new church in a neighboring village that would serve both villages.
In the second part of A Glimpse into the Future, Naumovich concluded that the failure of Ukrainian leaders could be traced to their efforts to create a new western Ruthenian nation. He claimed that such efforts were in vain, and that from the perspective of ethnography, language, literature and ritual the people of Galicia, Kiev, Moscow, Tobolsk, etc. were all one Russian people. According to Naumovich, only by uniting with other Russians would Galician Ruthenians be able to maintain their East Slavic culture and Eastern Slavic religion and traditions.
In 1891, she moved to Chernivtsi. There she met Natalia Kobrynska (Ozarkevych), Doctor Sofia Okunevska, and fell in love with Kobrynska's brother, Dr. Yevhen Ozarkevych. In 1894, she became one of the initiators of the Association of Ruthenian Women in Bukovina, the program of which she included in her brochure Something about the idea of the feminist movement. One of her most prominent works which captured her political and social views was the novel Tsarivna (Princess), published in the Bukovina newspaper in 1895, as well as in other publications later.
200px Leo Sheptycki (born as Leon Ludwik Szeptycki; ; 23 August 1717 – 13 May 1779) was a bishop of the Ruthenian Uniate Church, Metropolitan bishop of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia. On 14 May 1749 Sheptycki was ordained by bishop of Luck Theodosius Rudnicki-Lubieniecki with help of Theodosius Godebski and Adam Oranski as a bishop of Lwow. On 20 December 1762 he was confirmed as the Coadjutor Metropolitan bishop of Kiev, Galicia, and all Ruthenia and on 1 February 1778 succeeded Metropolitan Philip. He consecrated following bishops Gedeon Horbacki, and Athanasius Szeptycki.
After World War I, the meaning of Felvidék in the Hungarian language (Felső- Magyarország was not used anymore) was restricted to the Slovakian and Carpathian Ruthenian parts of Czechoslovakia. Today the term Felvidék is sometimes used in Hungary when speaking about Slovakia, and it is exclusively (and anachronistically) used in Hungarian historical literature when speaking about the Middle Ages, i.e., before the name actually came into existence. The three counties of the region that remained in Hungary after World War I, however, are never called Upper Hungary today, only Northern Hungary (Észak- Magyarország).
200px Athanasius Szeptycki (born as Antoni Alexandrowycz Szeptycki; ; 1686 – 12 December 1746, Lviv) was a bishop of the Ruthenian Uniate Church, Metropolitan bishop of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia. On 13 September 1715 Szeptycki was ordained by Primate of the Uniate church Leo Kiszka as a bishop of Lemberg. Soon after the death of Metropolitan Leo, On 17 August 1729 he was confirmed as the Metropolitan bishop of Kiev, Galicia, and all Ruthenia. He consecrated following bishops Kornyliy Lebiecki, Juriy Bulhak, Felician Wolodkowicz, Stefan Olshavskyi, Havryil Blazhovskyi, Onuphrius Szumlanski, Hieronim Ustrycki, Theodosius Godebski, Jacob Augustynowicz.
Catholic Encyclopedia. Lemberg: Uniat Ruthenian Archbishopric. 29 January 2007 200px Construction of the present Cathedral was started in 1746 by Metropolitan Athanasius Sheptytsky and finished in 1762 by Leo Sheptytsky. Following the necessity of transferring the seat of the metropolitan of the Church to Lviv in the 1800s, St. George's Cathedral became the mother church of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC). After the Second World War, Soviet authorities began persecuting the UGCC, imprisoning the newly ordained Archbishop of Lviv, Josyf Slipyj, in 1945, as well as the rest of the church hierarchy.
By introducing Russian service the Russian language was subsequently introduced into spheres were it had been previously not been known or present. Semashko also conducted a campaign of anti-Polish propaganda among the Uniate priests, trying to turn their Ruthenian (Ukrainian) identity into a Russian one. Semashko encountered numerous obstacles in his campaign and utilised his only power of appointing Uniate priests to their parishes and removing those whom he considered opponents of his policy subsequently denying them and their families income. He worked extensively with the civil authorities and the police to crush resistance among the Uniate clergy.
Further, Mytsyik in his book states that Sirko probably was not of Cossack heritage, but rather of the Ukrainian (Ruthenian) Orthodox szlachta. Mytsyik points out that a local Podilian nobleman, Wojciech Sirko, married a certain Olena Kozynska sometime in 1592. Also in official letters the Polish administration referred to Sirko as urodzonim, implying a native-born Polish subject. Mytsyik states that Sirko stood about 174–176 cm tall and had a birthmark on the right side of the lower lip, a detail which Ilya Repin failed to depict in his artwork when he used General Dragomirov as a prototype of the otaman.
It starred Peter Sellers, Lynne Frederick, Lionel Jeffries, Elke Sommer, Gregory Sierra, Jeremy Kemp and Catherine Schell. It has echoes of not only Hope's book but also several other well-known novels, especially Dumas's The Man in the Iron Mask. Sellers plays three roles: that of the Ruthenian King Rudolph V and the London cab driver Sydney Frewin who is brought in to portray the missing King with whom he shares an uncanny resemblance. Sellers also portrayed the aged King Rudoph IV at the start of the film, before he is killed in a hot air balloon accident.
He was courtier since 1617, Krajczy of the Crown since 1626, Podczaszy of the Crown since 1636, voivode of Belz Voivodeship since 1638 and of Ruthenian Voivodeship since 1641 and castellan of Kraków since 1646. Starost of Trembowla, Krasnystaw, Jaworów, Stryj, Kałusz, Bar and Gniewo. Elected Deputy to seven Sejms between 1623 and 1632, as Sejm Marshal he led the ordinary Sejm in Warsaw on January 24 - March 5, 1623 and on January 27 - March 10, 1626, the extraordinary Sejm in Warsaw on June 27 - July 18, 1628 and the Election Sejm in Warsaw on September 24 - November 15, 1632.
Even if George ruled in Chełm as Casimir III's vassal, he and his two brothers continued to rule independently in Podolia. According to the Lithuanian-Ruthenian Chronicle, the Vlachs "took prince [George] as their voivode ...". Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu published, in 1860, a charter, issued on 3 June 1374, which narrated that "the Lithuanian prince, [George Koriatovich], hospodar of the whole of Moldavia" bestowed a village upon his representative in Maurocastro (Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi in Ukraine) for the latter's courage in a battle against the Tatars by the Dniester River. The credibility of the charter is subject to scholarly debates.
The title was used briefly towards the end of the Second Bulgarian Empire. In 1394-95, Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria referred to himself not as a Tsar (as traditionally), but as a gospodin of Tarnovo, and in foreign sources was styled herzog or merely called an "infidel bey". This was possibly to indicate vassalage to Bayezid I or the yielding of the imperial title to Ivan Sratsimir. The Ruthenian population of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania used the term to style Grand Duke of Lithuania; in that sense it is also used in official documents (e.g.
The Battle of Orynin took place on 28 September 1618. Polish forces under Hetmans Stanislaw Zolkiewski and Stanislaw Koniecpolski faced Crimean Tatars from Budjak, commanded by Khan Temir. The battle took place near Orynin in Podolia: after one day of battle, the Tatars bypassed the Poles, taking advantage of internal divisions within the Polish camp, and headed northwards, ransacking the southeastern corner of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. As a result of their raid, a number of towns and villages in Podole Voivodeship, Ruthenian Voivodeship, Braclaw Voivodeship and Volhynia Voivodeship were burned to the ground, and their residents taken into slavery.
Although by the 18th century most of the Tatars serving in the military had become polonized, while the lower classes of the Muslim community gradually adopted the Ruthenian language (the predecessor of the modern Belarusian language), the Sunni and Tatar traditions were preserved. This led to formation of a distinctive Muslim culture of Central Europe, in which elements of Muslim orthodoxy mixed with religious tolerance and a relatively liberal society. For instance, the women in Lipka Tatar society traditionally had the same rights as men, were granted equal status and could attend common non-segregated schools.
Even though Tarnogród now belongs to Lublin Voivodeship, the town does not have any historic connections with Lesser Poland, as for most of its history, it was part of Red Ruthenian Land of Przemyśl. Currently, Tarnogród is the southernmost town of the voivodeship; the distance to Lublin is 110 kilometres, while the distance to Rzeszów is only . In the early 19th century, Tarnogród was 7th biggest town of Russian- controlled Congress Poland, and in 1810–1842, it was the seat of a county. Tarnogród was founded in the mid-16th century in a location where a defensive gord called Cierniogród once had existed.
In the course of time, the term Rus became restricted to western parts of present-day Ukraine (Galicia/Halych, Carpathian Ruthenia), an area where Ukrainian nationalism competed with Galician Russophilia. By the early 20th century, the term Ukraine had mostly replaced Malorussia in those lands, and by the mid-1920s in the Ukrainian diaspora in North America as well. Rusyn (the Ruthenian) has been an official self-identification of the Rus' population in Poland (and also in Czechoslovakia). Until 1939, for many Ruthenians and Poles, the word Ukrainiec (Ukrainian) meant a person involved in or friendly to a nationalist movement.
At least some of these were colonized in Moldavia, where, according to various reports of the period, they founded "Ruthenian" undefended towns. According to historian Mircea Ciubotaru, these may include Cernauca (now Chornivka in Ukraine), Dobrovăț, Lipnic, Ruși-Ciutea, and a cluster of villages outside Hârlău. Stephen also welcomed freemen as settlers, establishing some of the first Armenian colonies in Moldavia, including one at Suceava, while also settling Italians, some of whom were escapees from the Ottoman slave trade, in that city. Early on, he renewed the commercial privileges of Transylvanian Saxons who traded in Moldavia, but subsequently introduced some protectionist barriers.
Persecution began at once, as large parts of Poland and the Baltic States were incorporated into the USSR. Almost immediately, the United Catholic Churches of Armenia, Ukraine and Ruthenia were attacked. While most Oriental Christians belong to an Orthodox Church, some like the Armenian Catholic Church, Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and the Ruthenian Church are united with Rome which allowed them to keep their own Oriental liturgy and Church laws. During the Second World War, Pius XII, upholding the neutrality of the Holy See, had abstained from any criticisms of the Soviet Union as it was attacked by Germany.
Its predecessor stage is known in Western academia as Ruthenian (14th to 17th centuries), in turn descended from what is referred to in modern linguistics as Old East Slavic (10th to 13th centuries). In the first Belarus Census of 1999, the Belarusian language was declared as a "language spoken at home" by about 3,686,000 Belarusian citizens (36.7% of the population).Data from 1999 Belarusian general census in English Of these, about 3,370,000 (41.3%) were Belarusians, and about 257,000 belonged to other ethnicities (Russians, Poles, Ukrainians, and Jews). About 6,984,000 (85.6%) of Belarusians declared it their "mother tongue".
The majority of the Wiśniowiecki family estates were found on the eastern side of the Dnieper River (Volhynian, Ruthenian and Kiev Voivodships), and most of them were acquired by Jeremi's grandfather, Aleksander Wiśniowiecki, in the 16th century. The capital of his estate was located at a fortified manor at Lubny, where his father rebuilt an old castle; the population of the town itself could be estimated at about 1,000. Wiśniowiecki inherited lands inhabited, according to an estimate from 1628, by about 4,500 people, of which Lubny was the largest town. Smaller towns in his lands included Khorol, Pyriatyn and Pryluky.
56-58 In 1492, the border of Lithuania's loosely controlled eastern Ruthenian territory ran less than one hundred miles from Moscow. But as a result of the warfare, a third of the grand duchy's land area was ceded to the Russian state in 1503. Then the loss of Smolensk in July 1514 was particularly disastrous, even though it was followed by the successful Battle of Orsha in September, as the Polish interests were reluctantly recognizing the necessity of their own involvement in Lithuania's defense. The peace of 1537 left Gomel as the grand duchy's eastern edge.
Third Grand Duchy's Statute (1588 legal code) was still written in the Ruthenian language. Lithuanian coat of arms, "the Chase", is shown on the title page. The Polish ruling establishment had been aiming at the incorporation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into Poland since before the Union of Krewo.Jerzy Wyrozumski, Historia Polski do roku 1505 (History of Poland until 1505), p. 178-180; Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe (Polish Scientific Publishers PWN), Warszawa 1986, The Lithuanians were able to fend off this threat in the 14th and 15th centuries, but the dynamics of power changed in the 16th century.
A peace with Daniel of Galicia in 1254 was cemented by a marriage deal involving Mindaugas' daughter and Daniel's son Shvarn. Mindaugas' nephew Tautvilas returned to his Duchy of Polotsk and Samogitia separated, soon to be ruled by another nephew, Treniota. In 1260, the Samogitians, victorious over the Teutonic Knights in the Battle of Durbe, agreed to submit themselves to Mindaugas' rule on the condition that he abandons the Christian religion; the king complied by terminating the emergent conversion of his country, renewed anti-Teutonic warfare (in the struggle for Samogitia) and expanded further his Ruthenian holdings.Ochmański (1982), pp.
Imaginary scene from the sultan's harem An artistic depiction of Ruthenian slave girl Roxelana with Suleiman the Magnificent, by German painter Anton Hickel (1780). In the 11th century, the Byzantine territory of Anatolia was conquered by the Seljuq Turks, who came from Turkestan in Central Asia. Their Ottoman Turkish descendants went on to annex the Balkans and much of Eastern Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries. Due to Islamic marital law allowing a Muslim male to marry Christian and Jewish females, it was common in the Ottoman Empire for Turkish males to intermarry with European females.
According to some historians he died together with his brother Lev II battling the Mongol-Tatars or Lithuanians while defending Berestia. Both king Andrew and his brother Lev II were much respected on the west. In May 1323, the Polish king Władysław I the Elbow-high in his letter to the Pope wrote with regret: "The two last Ruthenian kings, that had been firm shields for Poland from the Tatars, left this world and after their death Poland is directly under Tatar threat." After their death the line of direct descendants of Roman Mstyslavych broke and the Galician state remained without a dynasty.
Owing to the prevalence of East Slavs and the Eastern Orthodox faith among the population in eastern and southern regions of the state, the Ruthenian language was a widely used colloquial language. An East Slavic variety (rus'ka mova, Old Belarusian or West Russian Chancellery language), gradually influenced by Polish, was the language of administration in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at least since Vytautas' reign until the late 17th century when it was eventually replaced by Polish language.Björn Wiemer. "Dialect and language contacts on the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the 15th century until 1939".
Initially mostly Ruthenian and Orthodox, with time most of them became polonized. This was especially true for major magnate families (Sapieha and Radziwiłł clans being the most notable), whose personal fortunes and properties often surpassed those of the royal families and were huge enough to be called a state within a state. Many of them founded their own cities and settled them with settlers from other parts of Europe. Indeed, there were Scots, Germans and Dutch people inhabiting major towns of the area, as well as several Italian artists who had been "imported" to the lands of modern Belarus by the magnates.
At the same time, the Livonian Brothers of the Sword (of the Northern Crusades) were conquering the Baltic region and threatening the Lands of Novgorod. Concurrently with it, the Ruthenian Federation of Kievan Rus' started to disintegrate into smaller principalities as the Rurik dynasty grew. The local Orthodox Christianity of Kievan Rus', while struggling to establish itself in the predominantly pagan state and losing its main base in Constantinople, was on the brink of extinction. Some of the main regional centres that developed later were Novgorod, Chernigov, Halych, Kiev, Ryazan, Vladimir-upon-Klyazma, Volodimer-Volyn and Polotsk.
The battle of Gródek Jagielloński or battle of Horodok took place during the Russo-Polish War (1654–67) on 29 September 1655. Russian and Ukrainian Cossack forces under Vasily Borisovich Sheremetev and Bohdan Khmelnytsky engaged a Polish–Lithuanian army under Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki near Gródek Jagielloński, which at that time was part of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth’s Ruthenian Voivodeship (now Horodok, Lviv Oblast, Ukraine). Polish forces were defeated and forced to retreat, losing their supplies to the Russians. The Russians advanced, besieging Lwow, and Potocki with the remains of his army was soon forced to surrender to the invading Swedes.
Battles of January Uprising in eastern Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Belarus and Ukraine January Uprising's coat of arms, of a proposed Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth: White Eagle (Poland), Vytis (Lithuania) and Archangel Michael (Ruthenia) On 1 February 1863 the Uprising erupted in Lithuania. During April and May it had spread to Dinaburg, Latvia, and Witebsk, Belarus, to the Kiev Governorate, northern Ukraine and to the Wolynian Voivodship. Volunteers, weapons and supplies began to flow in over the borders from Galicia in the Austrian Partition and from the Prussian Partition. Volunteers also arrived from Italy, Hungary, France and from Russia itself.
Huzele (, Huzeli) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lesko, within Lesko County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately south-west of Lesko and south of the regional capital Rzeszów. One of the oldest villages in the neighborhood of Lesko, probably founded on the Ruthenian law, mentioned in the files for the first time in 1436 under the name "Wrzele". In 1441, Małgorzata - the wife of Mościca from Wielki Koźmina, left her uncle Mikołaj Kmita and his sons Sobień (the castle) with the villages that belong to him, such as Huzele, Myczkowce, Uherce and others.
The Cossack uprisings (also rebellions, revolts) were a series of military conflicts between the cossacks and the states claiming dominion over the territories the Cossacks lived in, namely the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russian Empire during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. Both states tried to exert control over the independent-minded Cossacks. While the early uprisings were against the Commonwealth, as the Russian Empire gained increasing and then total control over the Ruthenian (Ukrainian) lands where the Cossacks lived, the target of Cossacks uprisings changed as well. The origins of the first Cossacks are disputed.
The price of cooperation and recognition of pagan dominance by Ruthenian Orthodoxes in G.D.L. was recognition of wide cultural rights for orthodoxes. These rights included, for example, customs, that Lithuanian dukes had to be christened before taking office in a partial duchy in orthodox parts. Wives of Lithuanian dukes, if they were Ruthenians, stayed orthodox, but Grand Dukes in this case had to ensure that it was possible for his wife to perform orthodox rites and take part in orthodox services. Children of orthodox duchesses officially became observers of their father's religion, the old-Lithuanian one in that case.
Article 6. National rights: In Vojvodina, the Serbs, Hungarians, Slovaks, Croats, Montenegrins, Romanians, Roma, Bunjevci, Ruthenians and Macedonians, as well as other numerically smaller national communities that live in it, are equal in exercising their rights. Among the statute's 70 other articles are guarantees of human rights, minority rights, the use of the minority languages and alphabets, and the banning of capital punishment and human cloning. In official use is the Serbian Language and Cyrillic alphabet and minority languages Hungarian, Slovak, Croatian, Romanian and Ruthenian and their respective alphabets, in accordance with the law and the provincial Assembly decision.
He died the same year, after witnessing the ruin of the Ruthenian Uniat Church in his diocese. The chapter elected John Cywinski as vicar suffragan; he saw the University of Vilnius closed, the clergy and churches of his diocese despoiled of their property. In 1848 he was succeeded by Wenceslaus Zylinski, who was transferred in 1856 to the metropolitan see of Mohilev, but continued to govern his former diocese until 1858. Adam Stanislaus Krasinski was expelled from the diocese in consequence of the Insurrection of 1863, but nevertheless continued to govern the diocese until 1883, when he withdrew to Kraków.
Catholicism was able to become a part of Polish identity and Polish nationalism. It marked Poland as Antemurale Christianitatis, a country defending the borders of Catholic faith, thus clearly separating Poland from its mostly Protestant, Orthodox and Muslim neighbors, It became one of the defining characteristics of the szlachta's (Polish nobility's) Golden Freedoms, and conversion to Catholicism was one of the elements of polonization of the Ruthenian nobility. Critics of the Counter-Reformation argue that it had contributed to the Commonwealth's decline, by reducing its cultural pluralism, tolerance, and receptiveness to foreign ideas, and by bringing about a stagnation in the intellectual life.
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1620 The population of Poland-Lithuania was neither overwhelmingly Roman Catholic nor Polish. This circumstance resulted from the federation with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, where East Slavic Ruthenian populations predominated. In the days of the "Republic of Nobles", to be Polish was much less an indication of ethnicity than of rank; it was a designation largely reserved for the landed noble class, which included members of Polish and non-Polish origin alike. Generally speaking, the ethnically non-Polish noble families of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania gradually adopted the Polish language and culture.
A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pg. 442 and pg. 589. There were nine legal Ukrainian and Ruthenian parties, reflecting a full range of political opinion. Approximately 120 Ukrainian periodicals were published in the 1930s.G. Motyka, Ukraińska partyzantka, 1942–1960, PAN, 2006, p. 41 Ukrainian Scientific Institute in Warsaw, established by virtue of the Decree of the Council of Ministers of Poland in 1930, organized over 50 scientific symposia and published dozens of scholarly works.Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. 9 November 2007 It became the main center of Taras Shevchenko studies in Europe in the 1930s.
In the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the city was the center of large rural starostvo (county within the Ruthenian Voivodeship). Drohobych received Magdeburg rights some time in the 15th century (sources differ as to the exact year, some giving 1422 or 1460, or 1496 but in 1506 the rights were confirmed by King Alexander the Jagiellonian). The salt industry was significant in the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries. Yuriy Drohobych Monument From the early seventeenth century, a Ukrainian Catholic brotherhood existed in the city. In 1648, during the Khmelnytsky Uprising, the Cossacks stormed the city and its cathedral.
During the Khazar period, the territory of Ukraine was settled by Iranian (post-Scythian), Turkic (post-Hunnic, proto-Bulgarian), and Uralic (proto-Hungarian) tribes and Slavic tribes. Finally, the Varangian ruler of Novgorod, called Oleg, seized Kyiv and established the political entity of Kyivan Rus'. The era of Kyivan Rus' is the subject of some linguistic controversy, as the language of much of the literature was purely or heavily Old Slavonic. Literary records from Kyivan Rus' testify to substantial difference between Russian and Ruthenian (Rusyn) form of the Ukrainian language as early as Kyivan Rus' time.
It is highly unlikely that the Mongols originally wanted to cross a wide and dangerous river to attack a fortified camp. It is more likely that their original plan was to ambush the Hungarians while crossing the river, as in the Battle of the Kalka River, although this is still not certain. A Ruthenian slave of the Mongols escaped to the Hungarians and warned them that the Mongols intended a night attack over the bridge over the Sajó.Saunders The Mongols planned to bring their three contingents together if possible before engaging in battle and watched for signs that the Hungarians planned to attack.
The phrase Nawia or Nav was also utilised as a name for the Slavonic underworld, ruled by the god Veles, enclosed away from the world either by a living sea or river, according to some beliefs located deep underground. According to Ruthenian folklore, Veles lived on a swamp in the centre of Nav, where he sat on a golden throne at the base of the Cosmic Tree, wielding a sword. Symbolically, the Nav has also been described as a huge green plain—pasture, onto which Veles guides souls. The entrance to Nav was guarded by a Zmey.
The conflict over the ownership of the village however continued, as the claim on the village was upheld by both the dis-uniate Orthodox bishop Arseniusz Żeliborski of Lvov and Uniate Basilian monks, who also claimed it on their own behalf. It was only in May 1661 that king Jan Kazimierz of Poland finally ruled in favour of Jabłonowskis and annulled all claims by bishops of Lvov. However, as Jabłonowskis received numerous other villages and titles in Ruthenian Voivodeship, in 1690 the Sejm overruled that decision and granted the village to Orthodox cathedral of Krylos near Halicz.
An old cottage in Grodzisko Gorne Grodzisko Górne is a farming village in the administrative district of Gmina Grodzisko Dolne, within Leżajsk County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Grodzisko Dolne, south of Leżajsk, and north-east of the regional capital Rzeszów. The village is situated on the Wisłok river, which flows into the San river in Dębno, located near Leżajsk, on the edge of a Ruthenian settlement. The village separated itself as an independent administrative and economic unit from Grodzisko Dolne in 1786, along with another village called Grodzisko Nowe.
This culminated in passage of several laws in 1667 which rescinded Tatar privileges and restricted their religious freedoms. In particular, the new laws limited the promotion of Tatars to posts of military command and also forbid the construction of new mosques within the Ruthenian voivodeships (in Ukraine) of the Commonwealth. Finally, the Sejm decided that only the fourth of the wages owed to the Tatar soldiers were to be paid out (this also applied to Wallachian units). Simmering unrest among the Lipkas led the Polish King Jan Kazimierz in 1668, shortly before his abdication, to rescind the laws.
Columns of Gediminas, symbol of the Gediminids. Medieval Coat of Arms of Lithuania was adopted by influential families Coat of arms with crossed arrows come from ancient times, like Kościesza coat of arms The Lithuanian nobility was historically a legally privileged class in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania consisting of Lithuanians, from the historical regions of Lithuania Proper and Samogitia, and, following Lithuania's eastern expansion, many Ruthenian noble families (boyars).Timothy Snyder, The Reconstruction of Nations, p. 22, 2003 New Haven & London, Yale University Press, Families were primarily granted privileges for their military service to the Grand Duchy.
The usage of Lithuanian declined, and the Polish language became the predominant administrative language in the 16th century, eventually replacing Ruthenian as the official language of the Grand Duchy in 1697. Nonetheless, spoken Lithuanian was still common in the Grand Duchy courts during the 17th century. At first, only Lithuanian magnate families were affected by Polonization, although many of them like the Radziwiłłs remained loyal to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and safeguarded its sovereignty vis-à-vis the Kingdom of Poland. Gradually Polonization spread to a wider population, and for the most part, the Lithuanian nobility became part of both nations’ szlachta.
During this time, according to Italian and Polish reports, Ukrainian forces enjoyed high morale (an Italian observer behind Galician lines stated that the Ukrainians were fighting with the "courage of the doomed") while many of the Polish soldiers, particularly from what had been Congress Poland, wanted to return home because they saw no reason to fight against Ruthenians over Ruthenian lands; the Polish forces were outnumbered by two to one and lacked ammunition.Michael Palij. (1995). The Ukrainian-Polish Defensive Alliance, 1919–1921: an aspect of the Ukrainian revolution. Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press at University of Alberta, pg.
Privilege to Vilnius Cathedral issued by Vytautas in Vilnius on February 16, 1410 (Latin language) Vytautas continued Algirdas' vision to control as many Ruthenian lands as possible. Much of the territory was already under the Grand Duke's rule, but the rest was controlled by the Mongols. Tokhtamysh, Khan of the Golden Horde, sought help from Vytautas when he was removed from the throne in 1395 after his defeat by Timur. An agreement was reached that Vytautas would help Tokhtamysh to regain power, and the Horde would cede more lands to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in return.
Polish Nobleman, by Rembrandt, 1637 The szlachta (, ) was a privileged social class in the Kingdom of Poland. The term szlachta was also used for the Lithuanian nobility after the union of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with Poland as the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (Union of Lublin, 1569) and for the increasingly Polonized nobilities of territories controlled by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, including Ducal Prussia and the Ruthenian lands. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was a semi-confederated, semi- federated monarchic republic from 1569 until 1795, comprising the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The head of state was an elected monarch.
Jakiv Ostryanin, a Cossack leader Oppressive efforts, often led by Poles, including Crown tenants or their Jewish plenipotents, Ruthenian nobles of the Commonwealth and even upper-rank Cossack officers, to subjugate and exploit economically the Cossack territories and population in Zaporizhia region, resulted in a series of Cossack uprisings, of which the early ones could have served as a warning for szlachta legislators. While Ukraine was undergoing substantial economic development, Cossacks and peasants were by and large not among the beneficiaries of the process. In 1591 the bloodily suppressed Kosiński Uprising was led by Krzysztof Kosiński.
Orders to disband the division were issued on 1 January 1945, and the division arrived at Grafenwöhr on 11 January. Russian personnel in the division were transferred to the 600th Infantry Division, a unit of Russians organized by Nazi Germany and belonging to the Russian Liberation Army.Tessin, p. 291 On 15 January 1945, the non-Russian personnel of the division were organized into the 1st White Ruthenian SS Grenadier Brigade, a unit that had only a single regiment of infantry (the 75th) with three battalions as well as some other units such as an artillery battalion and a cavalry battalion.
In the 19th century around the colony to the north laid Wierzchnia and Mościska, to the east Kalush, to the south Siwka, on the west - a village Kropiwnik. Through the centre of village flowed the Kropiwnik stream; through northern part flows Froniłów or Fornelów; left inflow of Kropiwnik Buildings of the village lie near the border of Siwka (Mt. 316 m.). The village composed one commune with Siwka. 1889 In 1880 there were 62 houses, 423 inhabitants in the commune, (43 Greek-Catholic, 3 Roman-Catholic, 365 Protestants, 12 Israelites; 14 Poles, 43 Rusins (Ruthenian, old name for the Ukrainians), 366 Germans).
Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ), p. 868 The Orthodox bishopric entered communion with the see of Rome in the late 16th century as Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Chełm–Bełz, retaining its Byzantine Rite, but in 1867 it became part of the imperial Russian Orthodox Church, and is now the Archdiocese of Lublin and Chełm of the Polish Orthodox Church. The town was the capital of a historical region of the Land of Chełm, administratively a part of the Ruthenian Voivodeship with the capital in Lviv (Lwów). The city prospered in the 15th and 16th centuries.
O jedności Kościoła Bożego pod jednym Pasterzem i o greckim od tej jedności odstąpieniu, Wilno Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski The school was founded some time between 1576 and 1580, but it did not start full activities until 1585. Initially tasked only with translation of The Bible to Ruthenian (later published as the Ostrog Bible), with time it grew to become a permanent institution of secondary education. A large part of the funding came from Princess Halszka Ostrogska's testament of 1579, in which she donated "six times sixty thousand" (360,000) Lithuanian grosz to local school, hospital and Holy Spas' (i.e. Savior's) monastery near Lutsk.
At the end of 1512, the Grand Duchy of Moscow began a new war for the Grand Duchy of Lithuania's Ruthenian lands in present-day Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine. Albrecht I, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, rebelled and refused to give a vassal pledge to Sigismund I the Old of Poland-Lithuania, as required by the Second Peace of Thorn (1466). Albrecht I was supported by Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor. The fortress of Smolensk was then the easternmost outpost of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and one of the most important strongholds guarding it from the east.
Some historians (e.g., and ) doubt his scholarly credentials and claim that the scholarly degrees and extraneus non de facultate teachership belong to another Jan from Wislica, the name indeed appearing in Liber Promotionum. Kruczkiewich argues that otherwise Joannis would have added his academic title to his name with the poem, the way his teacher Pavel habitualy did, since this would have been important for the promotion of the first book by a new poet. Kruczkiewich, comparing the dates, also raises doubts that a successful master [Jan of Wislica II] would drop his occupation and start anew studies in literature with Pavel the Ruthenian.
Nemyriv Coat of Arms Nemyriv () is an urban-type settlement and a health resort 21 kilometres from Rava-Ruska in Yavoriv Raion, Lviv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. Before the Polish September Campaign, until September 17, 1939, it was in Lwów Voivodeship (Poland). Population: . Local government is administered by Nemyrivska settlement council. The history of Niemirow, as the town is called in Polish, dates back to the late 15th century, when its owner, a man named Niemierz, tried to turn the village into a town. He failed, and until 1580 Niemirow, part of Poland's Ruthenian Voivodeship, remained a village.
Central or Middle Russian (with its Moscow sub-dialect), the transitional step between the North and the South, became a base for the Russian literary standard. Northern Russian with its predecessor, the Old Novgorod dialect, has many original and archaic features. Due to the influence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth over many centuries, Belarusian and Ukrainian have been influenced in several respects by Polish, a West Slavic language. Ruthenian, the mixed Belarusian-Ukrainian literary language with a Church Slavonic substratum and Polish adstratum, was, together with Middle Polish, an official language in Belarus and Ukraine until the end of the 18th century.
In Encyclopædia Britannica. and the nobility of ethnic Lithuania and Samogitia continued to use their native Lithuanian language. It adapted Old Church Slavonic and (later) the Ruthenian language, and acquired main-chancery-language status in local matters and relations with other Orthodox principalities as a lingua franca; Latin was used in relations with Western Europe. Zigmas Zinkevičius The Problem of a Slavonic Language as a Chancery Language in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania It was gradually reversed by the Polonization of Lithuania beginning in the 15th century and the 19th- and early-20th-century Russification of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
100px The Pidhirtsi Castle. The baroque Roman Catholic church of St. Joseph Pidhirtsi (; ) is a village of about 1,000 inhabitants in the Lviv Oblast of Ukraine, located about 80 km east of Lviv, 17 km south of Brody, 60 km north west of Ternopil, at around . Known both for its castle and Basilian monastery of the Annunciation with an icon of the Mother of God. First written mention of a fortified Ruthenian settlement, then called Plisnensk, comes from 1188 and 1233, found in chronicles from Kiev and Halych-Volhynia as well as in the Tale of Igor's Campaign.
The lasting legacy of Drahomanov can be discerned in the whole Ukrainian tradition of leftist political parties and political activism. He personally influenced a handful of younger Ukrainian intellectuals in Habsburg Galicia in the late 1870s, first of all Ivan Franko and Mykhailo Pavlyk, both of whom accepted his ideas although reworked them later according to their own mould. In 1890 these intellectuals founded the first Ukrainian political party - Ruthenian-Ukrainian Radical Party. The program-maximum of this party was socialist and therefore the party can be seen as one of the first socialist parties in Eastern Europe.
Girolamo Petri, Gerarchia della Santa Chiesa cattolica apostolica Romana, Rome 1851, p. 162Girolamo Petri, Prospetto della gerarchia episcopale in ogni rito e dei vicariati, delegazioni e prefetture in luogo di missione della S. Chiesa Cattolica Apostolica e Romana in tutto l'Orbe al Primo Gennajo 1850, Rome, no date, p. XX Due to its proximity to Vilnius, the eparchy played a key role in the church life and many of its bishops later became the Metropolitan bishops of Kiev, a hierarch of the Ruthenian Uniate Church. Those include Havryil Kolenda, Kyprian Zochovskyj, Lev Zalenskyj and many others.
Kozacy (Cossacks), drawing by Stanisław Masłowski, c. 1900 (National Museum in Warsaw) Influential relatives of the Russian and Lithuanian szlachta in Moscow helped to create the Russian–Polish alliance against Khmelnitsky's Cossacks, portrayed as rebels against order and against the private property of the Ruthenian Orthodox szlachta. Don Cossack raids on Crimea leaving Khmelnitsky without the aid of his usual Tatar allies. From the Russian perspective, the rebellion ended with the 1654 Treaty of Pereyaslav, in which, in order to overcome the Russian–Polish alliance against them, the Khmelnitsky Cossacks pledged their loyalty to the Russian Tsar.
Prostopinije (meaning Plain Chant in Rusyn) is a type of monodic church chant, closely related to Znamenny chant. Prostopinije is used in the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church, Slovak Greek Catholic Church, and by the Carpatho-Russian Orthodox. The tradition of Prostopinije chant is used in the lands of Galicia, Volhynia and Ruthenia.David Drillock. "LITURGICAL SONG IN THE WORSHIP OF THE CHURCH" in ISSN 0036-3227 VOLUME 41 NUMBERS 2-3, 1997 ST. VLADIMIR’S THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY pages 204-205] The Prostopinije traces its roots to the Slavic traditions of Old Kievan chant and Bulgarian chant, both stemming from the ancient Byzantine chant tradition.
Irota is a village in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county, Hungary. It can be found 20 kilometres north of the town of Edelény, 180 metres above sea level in a narrow valley. Its only stream, the ‘Hunters’ Creek’ (Vadászpatak in Hungarian) runs south. Walking through the forest area which starts from the northern end of Irota, one will find the highest peak of the region (the so- called Goat Bank, or Kecskepad) at a height of 340 metres. The village was mentioned for the first time in 1320. By 1726, the population consisted both of Hungarian and Ruthenian speakers.
As one of many successors to Kievan Rus', the Principality of Halych existed from 1087 to 1199, when Roman the Great finally managed to unite it with Volhynia in the state of Halych-Volhynia, the Kingdom of Rus' or Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia. However, the Hungarian claims to the Ruthenian principality (Regnum Galiciæ et Lodomeriæ) turned up in 1188. Despite the anti-Mongol campaigns of Danylo of Halych, who was crowned the king of Halych-Volhynia, his state occasionally paid tribute to the Golden Horde. Danylo moved his capital from Halych to Kholm, and his son Lev moved it to Lviv.
Meanwhile, the Ruthenians felt more and more abandoned by Vienna and among the "Old Ruthenians" grouped around the Greek Catholic Cathedral of Saint George, there occurred a turn towards Russia. The more extreme supporters of this orientation came to be known as "Russophiles". At the same time, influenced by the Ukrainian language poetry of the eastern Ukrainian writer, Taras Shevchenko, a Ukrainophile movement led by Anatole Vakhnianyn and the Prosvita society arose which published literature in the Ukrainian/Ruthenian vernacular and eventually established a network of reading halls. Supporters of this orientation came to be known as "Populists", and later, simply as "Ukrainians".
He gained a great theatrical experience after spending over ten years in the Russian theater troupe; he thoroughly studied the specific rules of theater genre and learned the place of theater in society. In 1872 the Odessa newspaper "Novorossiysk Telegraph" published two musical comedies by M.Kropyvnytsky: Reconciled and God will protect an orphan, or Unexpected Proposal. In 1875 Kropyvnytsky went for tour in Galicia, where he worked as an actor and director of the theater company "Ruthenian talk"; he has made some effort to change the repertoire and artistic style of the theater in bringing it to the realism and national character.
With the Union of Lublin, 1569, Lithuanian Grand Duchy lost large part of lands to the Polish Crown. In the mid and late 17th century, due to Russian and Swedish invasions, there was much devastation and population loss on throughout the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, including ethnic Lithuanian population in Vilnius surroundings. Besides devastation, Ruthenian population declined proportionally after the territorial losses to Russian Empire. By 1770 there were about 4.84 million inhabitants in the territory of 320 thousand km2, the biggest part of whom were inhabitants of Ruthenia and about 1.39 million or 29% – of ethnic Lithuania.
The first printed book in Lithuanian Catechism of Martynas Mažvydas by Martynas Mažvydas Prussian tribes (of Baltic origin) were the subject of Polish expansion, which was largely unsuccessful, so Duke Konrad of Masovia invited the Teutonic Knights to settle near the Prussian area of settlement. The fighting between Prussians and the Teutonic Knights gave the more distant Lithuanian tribes time to unite. Because of strong enemies in the south and north, the newly formed Lithuanian state concentrated most of its military and diplomatic efforts on expansion eastward. The rest of the former Ruthenian lands were conquered by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
In 1772 the Obikhod was the first compilation of music printed in Russia, in Moscow. The common version was extensively revised and standardized by composer Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov; this version was published as the 1909 edition of the Obikhod, the last before the Russian Revolution. The Obikhod style, and the 1909 edition, was predominately used by the Russian Orthodox Church during the decades of Soviet Union rule in the 20th century, displacing both traditional Russian styles, such as the Ruthenian Prostopinije style, and also the chant traditions of Georgia, Armenia, and Carpatho-Russia.John Anthony McGuckin, The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, 2010, p406.
After his father's death on August 1, 1603 Konstantyn Franciszek Korniakt sold his inherited Lwów Land estates including some left to his brother Aleksander. Konstantyn then consolidated and moved to the Przemyśl Land of the Ruthenian Voivodeship where he owned three fortified estates at Sośnica, Złotowice and Białoboki. Korniakt's large estate at Sośnica in the county of Jarosław included a manor built around 1580 which was able to repel the frequent attacks of large bands which were common in the area. Korniakt (junior) added a residential wing with an entrance gate from the west to the old north wing.
Historically, most of the province's territory was part of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria and the Ruthenian Voivodeship. In the interwar period, it was part of the Lwów Voivodeship. The voivodeship was created on 1 January 1999 out of the former Rzeszów, Przemyśl, Krosno and (partially) Tarnów and Tarnobrzeg Voivodeships, pursuant to the Polish local-government reforms adopted in 1998. The name derives from the region's location near the Carpathian Mountains, and the voivodeship comprises areas of two historic regions of Eastern Europe — Lesser Poland (western and northwestern counties) and Red Ruthenia.
The predecessors of today's Baptists, the Anabaptists, came to Ukraine in the 16th century, seeking refuge from their persecution by state churches in the Holy Roman Empire (mostly Germany today) and other European states. They were later followed by the German Mennonites and Baptists. They sought to spread their faith to the native Ruthenian/Ukrainian population, so Slavs were invited to Anabaptist prayer meetings and Bible studies. The first Baptist baptism (or "baptism by faith" of adult people) in Ukraine took place in 1864 on the river Inhul in the Yelizavetgrad region (now Kropyvnytskyi region), in a German settlement.
First mentioned by that name in a Polish chronicle of 1321, Red Ruthenia was the portion of Ruthenia incorporated into Poland by Casimir the Great during the 14th century. The disintegration of Rus', Red Ruthenia was contested by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (the Gediminids), the Kingdom of Poland (the Piasts), the Kingdom of Hungary and the Kingdom of Ruthenia. After the Galicia–Volhynia Wars, for about 400 years most of Red Ruthenia became part of Poland as the Ruthenian Voivodeship. A minority of ethnic Poles have lived since the beginning of the second Millennium in northern parts of Red Ruthenia.
While studying at University of Lwów and at the Greek Catholic Theological Seminary in Lwów, he associated with Markiyan Shashkevych and Yakiv Holovatsky, and the three of them formed the Ruthenian Triad. Vahylevych neglected his studies at the university frequently in order to make field trips to villages in western Ukraine, where he conducted archeological and ethnographic fieldwork. Because of his populist activities, cultural nationalist views, and correspondence with scholars in the Russian Empire, namely Mikhail Pogodin, Izmail Sreznevsky, and the Ukrainians Mykhailo Maksymovych and Osyp Bodiansky, he suffered harassment by the church and Austrian civil authorities. In 1846, he was ordained.
After entering a seminary, he served as a missionary to Ruthenian immigrants in the Alberta hinterland, where he helped with medical work. In 1917 he left theological school to serve with the Canadian army in France in World War I as an infantryman and sapper. In 1921 he became a journalist with the Toronto Globe, and a year later moved to the U.S. and began writing a syndicated column for the Atlanta Journal Constitution. From 1924 to 1931, Van Paassen worked as a foreign correspondent and columnist for the New York Evening World, based in Paris.
After the World folded, he became a foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star. Van Paassen spoke Dutch, French, English, and some Ruthenian (a language similar enough to Ukrainian that it allowed him to converse passably with many Russians), and later learned Hebrew. He gained fame reporting on the conflicts among Arabs, British, Jews and French in the Middle East, as well as on the ongoing African slave trade and colonial problems in North Africa and the Horn of Africa. He reported on Benito Mussolini's Italo-Ethiopian War, the Spanish Civil War and other European and colonial conflicts.
In 895 the Hungarian tribes entered the Carpathian Basin through the Verecke Pass, about north of present-day Mukachevo. In 1397, the town and its surrounding was granted by King Sigismund of Hungary to his distant cousin, the exiled prince of Grand Duchy of Lithuania Theodor Koriatovich, who used to administrate the Ruthenian Podolia region of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, until was exiled for disobedience by Grand Duke Vytautas the Great in 1392. Theodor therefore became a vassal of Hungary and settled many Ruthenians in the territory. Other sources, however, state that Theodor bought the town and the surrounding area in 1396.
In some places, when several bishops concelebrate, it is now the custom for the chief celebrant to use the great omophorion when called for, and the other bishops to wear the small omophorion throughout. In the Ruthenian Catholic Church and the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, often only the great omophorion is used. In this simplified usage, the great omophorion is not replaced by the small omophorion, and is worn by the bishop throughout the entire liturgy. In such cases, the omophorion is often sewn into shape and can be simply draped onto the shoulders rather than wrapped on by assistants.
Meletius Smotrytsky (; ; ; ), né Maksym Herasymovytch Smotrytsky (c. 1577 - 17 or 27 December, 1633), Archbishop of Polotsk (Metropolitan of Kiev), was a writer, a religious and pedagogical activist of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, a Ruthenian linguist whose works influenced the development of the Eastern Slavic languages. His book "Slavonic Grammar with Correct Syntax" (1619) systematized the study of Church Slavonic and, according to Vinokur, "became the standard grammar book in Russia right up till the end of the 18th century." He believed in the revival of the Orthodox religion in traditionally Slavic lands (see Slavic people) centered in the Tsardom of Russia.
At this time, many Greek Catholics shifted into the Orthodox Church in the East of the United States, increasing the numbers of Orthodox Christians in America. There had been a conflict between John Ireland, the politically powerful Roman Catholic Archbishop of Saint Paul, Minnesota; and Alexis Toth, an influential Ruthenian Catholic priest of St. Mary's church in Minneapolis. Because Archbishop Ireland refused to accept Fr. Toth's credentials as a priest, Fr Toth converted his parish of St. Mary's to the Orthodox Church. Under his guidance and inspiration, tens of thousands of other Greek Catholics in North America converted to the Orthodox Church.
Between two Empires - Article in Government Portal of Ukraine He graduated from the Greek Catholic Theological Seminary at University of Lviv in 1838 and worked as a priest in the rural Lwow powiat. During his studies he met Yakiv Holovatsky and Ivan Vahylevych, with whom he formed the Ruthenian Triad (aka Ruska Triytsia). He also organized nationally conscious Ukrainian young people to work for national and cultural revival in Western Ukrainian lands, particularly to reintroduce the use of spoken Ukrainian language in writing and sermons. The activities of the Shashkevych circle constituted not only a literary phenomenon, but a social and democratic movement.
Stanisław Jan Jabłonowski (1634-1702) was a Polish nobleman, magnate, Grand Guardian of the Crown since 1660, the Grand Camp Leader of the Crown since 1661, voivode of the Ruthenian Voivodship since 1664, Field Crown Hetman since 1676, Great Crown Hetman since 1683 and castellan of Kraków since 1692. Jabłonowski was a candidate for the Polish Throne following the death of King John III Sobieski. A talented and skillful political and military leader, Jabłonowski participated in the War with Sweden during The Deluge, then with the Cossacks and Muscovy. He took part in the Chocim campaign of 1673 and participated in the Vienna expedition of 1683.
The Severians are believed to have continued the East Slavic tribal union along the middle Dnieper valley, after the political disappearance of the Antae and Dulebes, either independently or under Khazar policy. It is presumed they inhabited the lower Desna and upper Sejm and Sula rivers. They were thought to have been centered in Chernihiv ("black city"). However, as the Severians in the historical sources inhabited both the Dnieper valley and a part of the Danube valley, and as the Zeriuani realm was said to be so great that all Slavs traced their origins to it, Henryk Łowmiański believed that the Ruthenian Severians were the Slavic mother tribe.
Polonization can be seen as an example of cultural assimilation. Such a view is widely considered applicable to the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) when the Ruthenian and Lithuanian upper classes were drawn towards the more Westernized Polish culture and the political and financial benefits of such a transition, as well as, sometimes, by the administrative pressure exerted on their own cultural institutions, primarily the Orthodox Church. Conversion to the Roman Catholic (and to a lesser extent, Protestant) faith was often the single most important part of the process. For Ruthenians of that time, being Polish culturally and Roman Catholic by religion was almost the same.
Bulgarian historian Plamen Pavlov conjectures that Ivan the Russian was a Ruthenian born in the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia (centred on modern western Ukraine), a hypothesis based only on his ties to Hungary, the western neighbour of Galicia–Volhynia.Павлов. Hungarian sources from 1288 make notice of one Russian named Ivan (Iwan dicto Oroz) as an ally of the ban of Severin, Theodore Vejtehi from the kindred Csanád,Vásáry, p. 124. who was one of the nobles that opposed the rule of Charles I of Hungary in 1316–1317. The land to the south of Severin was governed for Bulgaria by the despot of Vidin, Michael Shishman, a supporter of Vejtehi.
Under the conditions of the treaty, Ukraine would become a third and autonomous component of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, under the ultimate sovereignty of the King of Poland but with its own military, courts, and treasury. But the treaty, although ratified by the Diet in May 1659, was never implemented because it was unpopular among the lower classes of the Ruthenian society, where more rebellions occurred. Eventually Vyhovsky surrendered the office of hetman and fled to Poland. The newly re-installed Yurii Khmelnytsky signed the newly composed Pereyaslav Articles that were increasingly unfavorable for the Hetmanate and later led to introduction of serfdom rights.
Chicken War by Henryk Rodakowski Chicken War or Hen War () is the colloquial name for a 1537 anti-royalist and anti-absolutist rokosz (rebellion) by the Polish nobility. The derisive name was coined by the magnates, who for the most part supported the King and claimed that the conflict's only effect was the near-extinction of the local chickens, eaten by the nobles gathered for the rokosz at Lwów, in Ruthenian Voivodeship. The magnates' choice of "kokosz"—meaning "an egg laying hen"—may have been inspired by a play on words between "kokosz" and the similar-sounding "rokosz". The Chicken War was the first rokosz of the Szlachta in Polish history.
Carpathian Ruthenian Jews arrive at Auschwitz in 1944. On 14 March 1939, the Slovak State proclaimed its independence from Czechoslovakia under the protection of Nazi Germany. The persecution of Jews played a key role in the Slovak State's domestic policy. The Slovak State liquidated some 10,000 Jewish-owned businesses and turned 2,300 over to "Aryan" owners, depriving most Slovak Jews of their livelihoods. The September 1941 "Jewish Code", based on the Nuremberg Laws, required Jews to wear yellow armbands, banned intermarriage, and conscripted able-bodied Jews for forced labor. In 1942, 57,000 Jews, two-thirds of the Jews in Slovakia at the time, were deported.
The origin of the word is not certain. According to the poem of Taras Shevchenko whose grandfather and villagers participated in this uprising Haydamaky (poem) Koliy is the name of a knife, blessed in a church and used by special people in Ukrainian and Ruthenian villages sometimes up to nowadays to kill animals humanly according to the local understanding of animal rights. The blessing of knives was 2-3 weeks before the uprising as a rule so the members and supporters of Bar confederation and its regular military forces fled to the Ottoman empire before uprising. But some fortresses such as Uman , Lysyanka etc.
He then carried out parish and teaching activities in the Melkite Eparchy of Newton, Massachusetts, in the Ukrainian Eparchy of Stamford, Connecticut, and in the Ruthenian Archieparchy of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Beginning in 2011 he was Vice-President of the Society of Oriental Law. In 2013 he was named a consultor to the Congregation for the Oriental Churches. He continued to hold several other positions, including sincello for canonical affairs and judicial vicar in the Archieparchy of Pittsburgh, professor of canon law and ecumenical theology at the Byzantine Catholic Seminary of Saints Cyril and Methodius of Pittsburgh, and judge of appeal for the Philadelphia Archieparchy of the Ukrainians.
The Byzantine Catholic Seminary of SS. Cyril and Methodius is an American degree-granting school of theology in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The seminary prepares candidates for priestly ministry to the Byzantine Catholic churches of North America. As of 2019, this includes the Ruthenian Byzantine Catholic Church, the Melkite Greek Catholic Eparchy of Newton, the Romanian Catholic Eparchy of St George's in Canton, and the Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saint Josaphat in Parma The seminary was established by the Byzantine Catholic Metropolitan Church of Pittsburgh in 1950 on Pittsburgh's Observatory Hill. In addition to the training of priests, the seminary offers programs in deacon formation as well as a cantor institute.
Kęstutis requested King Casimir of Poland to mediate with the pope in hopes of converting Lithuania to Christianity, but the result was negative, and Poland took from Lithuania in 1349 the Halych area and some Ruthenian lands further north. Lithuania's situation improved from 1350, when Algirdas formed an alliance with the Principality of Tver. Halych was ceded by Lithuania, which brought peace with Poland in 1352. Secured by those alliances, Algirdas and Kęstutis embarked on the implementation of policies to expand Lithuania's territories further. Seal of Kęstutis Bryansk was taken in 1359, and in 1362, Algirdas captured Kyiv after defeating the Mongols at the Battle of Blue Waters.
Throughout his reign he teased both Avignon and Constantinople with the prospects of a conversion;Davies, Page 430 several unsuccessful attempts were made to negotiate the conversion of Lithuania.Muldon, Page 137 To avoid further clashes with the Teutonic Order, in 1349, Lithuanian co-ruler Kęstutis started the negotiations with Pope Clement VI for the conversion and had been promised royal crowns for himself and his sons. Algirdas willingly remained aside of the business and dealt with the order in the Ruthenian part of the state. The intermediary in the negotiations, Polish King Casimir III, made an unexpected assault on Volhynia and Brest in October 1349 that ruined Kęstutis' plan.
In 1569, with the establishment of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, large land tracts (of today's Ukraine) were transferred from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to the rule of the Kingdom of Poland. The aristocracy, which enjoyed independence and even chose the king, controlled the area that had been ruled until then by the Tatars from the Crimea. In the territories western to the Dnieper River, tens of thousands of people from the rest of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth came to settle down. The great Magnates, which most of them were descendants of the local aristocracy, established vast agricultural estates and imposed strict rules on the local Ruthenian peasants.
Hryhoriy Hulyanytsky () (died 1679) was a Ukrainian Cossack colonel, a skilled warrior and a shrewd politician. Hryhoriy Hulyanytsky was born to a family of Ruthenian gentry of Ostoja Coat of Arms in the town of Korsun. His date of birth and earlier period of life are unknown. During the Khmelnytsky Uprising of 1648–54, Hulyanytsky was sent by hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky as an envoy to Muscovy. Hulyanytsky went to Moscow on two occasions, in 1649 and in 1654, to help negotiate the terms of the Treaty of Pereyaslav. Hulyanytsky was appointed as colonel of Nizhyn in (1655–1659), and colonel of Korsun regiments in (1662–1664).
A plate showing Mazepa's coat of arms, once placed on the Chernihiv college. Mazepa was probably born on 30 March 1639, in Mazepyntsi, near Bila Tserkva, then part of the Kiev Voivodeship in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (today – Drozdy rural council, Bila Tserkva Raion), into a noble Ruthenian-Lithuanian family. His mother was Maryna Mokievska (1624–1707) (known from 1674 to 1675 by her monastic name Maria Magdalena),На Печерську знайдено могилу матері Мазепи (At Pechersk is found a burial of Mazepa's mother). Ukrayinska Pravda and his father was Stefan Adam Mazepa (?-1666). Maryna Mokievska came from the family of a Cossack officer who fought alongside Bohdan Khmelnytsky.
Romanovychi displaced the older line of Izyaslavychi from Turov and Volhynia as well as Rostyslavychi from Galicia. The last were two brothers of Romanovychi, Andrew and Lev II, who ruled jointly and were slain trying to repel Mongol incursions. The Polish king, Władysław I the Elbow-high, in his letter to the Pope wrote with regret: "The two last Ruthenian kings, that had been firm shields for Poland from the Tatars, left this world and after their death Poland is directly under Tatar threat." Losing their leadership role, Rurikids, however, continued to play a vital role in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the later Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Most notably, the Ostrogski family held the title of Grand Hetman of Lithuania and strove to preserve the Ruthenian language and Eastern Orthodoxy in this part of Europe. It is thought that the Drutsk and related princely families may also descend from Roman the Great. The Rostislaviches were the line of Rostislav I of Kiev, another son of Mstislav I of Kiev, who was Prince of Smolensk and a progenitor of the lines descending from the princes of Smolensk and Yaroslavl. The Shakhovskoys were founded by Konstantin "Shakh" Glebovich, Prince of Yaroslavl, and traces its lineage to Rostislav I of Kiev through his son Davyd Rostislavich.
Monsignor Basil Shereghy (1918 - 1988) was a leading Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church priest and professor, as well as a cultural activist for Rusyns in the United States. He was born in Dorobratovo, Austria-Hungary (historic Czechoslovakia (1918–1939), Hungary (1939–45), now Ukraine). Ordained in 1942 in the Eparchy of Mukachevo, he taught in the Greek Catholic seminary in Uzhorod during World War II. In 1946 he emigrated to the US, serving for the rest of his life in the Byzantine Catholic Metropolitan Church of Pittsburgh. He worked as a professor of language and liturgy at the Byzantine Catholic Seminary of SS. Cyril and Methodius in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Trakai Peninsula Castle built by Kęstutis Kęstutis employed different military as well as diplomatic means in his struggle on the western borders of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In 1349, to avoid further clashes with the Teutonic Order, he started negotiations with Pope Clement VI for the Christianization of Lithuania, receiving promises for royal crowns for him and his sons. Algirdas willingly remained aside of the business and was concerned with the order in the Ruthenian part of the state. The intermediary in the negotiations, Polish King Casimir III, made an unexpected assault on Volhynia and Brest in October 1349 that ruined the Kęstutis's plan.
Due to military conquest and dynastic marriages the West Ruthenian (Belarusian) principalities were acquired by the expanding Grand Duchy of Lithuania, beginning with the rule of Lithuanian King Mindaugas (1240–1263). From the 13th to 15th century, principalities were annexed by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, with its initial capital unknown, but which presumably could have been Voruta, later capital was moved to Kernavė then Trakai and finally to Vilnius. Since the 14th century, Vilnius had been the only official capital of the state. The Lithuanians' smaller numbers in this medieval state gave the Ruthenians (present-day Belarusians and Ukrainians) an important role in the everyday cultural life of the state.
Several Lithuanian monarchs — the last being Švitrigaila in 1432–36 — relied on the Eastern Orthodox Ruthenian majority, while most monarchs and magnates increasingly came to reflect the opinions of the Roman Catholics. Church of the Saviour's Transfiguration in Zaslavl (1577) Construction of Orthodox churches in some parts of present-day Belarus had been initially prohibited, as was the case of Vitebsk in 1480. On the other hand, further unification of the, mostly Orthodox, Grand Duchy with mostly Catholic Poland led to liberalization and partial solving of the religious problem. In 1511, King and Grand Duke Sigismund I the Old granted the Orthodox clergy an autonomy enjoyed previously only by Catholic clergy.
Both Polish and Ruthenian cultures gained a major cultural centre with the foundation of the Academy of Vilna. At the same time the Belarusian lands entered a path of economic growth, with the formation of numerous towns that served as centres of trade on the east–west routes. However, both economic and cultural growth came to an end in mid-17th century with a series of violent wars against Tsardom of Russia, Sweden, Brandenburg and Transylvania, as well as internal conflicts, known collectively as The Deluge. The misfortunes were started in 1648 by Bohdan Chmielnicki, who started a large-scale Cossack uprising in Ukraine.
Sophia was the niece of Uliana Olshanska, the wife of Vytautas, and a middle daughter of Andrew Olshansky, son of Vytautas' right-hand man Ivan Olshansky, and Alexandra Drucka, daughter of Dmitry of Druck. Historians disagree on the identity of Dmitry: Polish historiography usually provides Jogaila's half-brother Dmitry I Starshiy while Russian historians provide Dimitri Semenovich of Rurikid origin. Her father died when she was young and the family moved to Druck to live with Alexandra's brother Siemion Drucki. Sophia grew up in a Ruthenian environment and was an Eastern Orthodox Christian (her Orthodox name is Sophia, but her Russian name was Sonya/Sonka).
The decision may not have improved Władysław's relations with the Order, but it served to introduce closer ties between Lithuania and Poland, enabling the Polish church to freely assist its Lithuanian counterpart. In 1389, Władysław's rule in Lithuania faced a revived challenge from Vytautas, who resented the power given to Skirgaila in Lithuania at the expense of his own patrimony. Vytautas started a civil war in Lithuania, aiming to become the Grand Duke. On 4 September 1390, the joint forces of Vytautas and Grand Master Konrad von Wallenrode of the Teutonic Order, laid siege to Vilnius, which was held by Władysław's regent Skirgaila with combined Polish, Lithuanian and Ruthenian troops.
St. John the Baptist Byzantine Catholic Cemetery is an Eastern Catholic cemetery in Bethel Park, Pennsylvania, United States, a suburb approximately south of downtown Pittsburgh. It is situated on a hillside in the southwest corner of the intersection of Connor Road and Pennsylvania State Route 88. As an ethnic parish cemetery, it primarily serves members of St. John the Baptist Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church on Pittsburgh's South Side, as well as others of Rusyn and Ukrainian descent from the Byzantine Catholic Metropolitan Church of Pittsburgh. The cemetery was established in 1923 when the church bought a farm in a rural part of Allegheny County.
For example, this situation caused interesting effects on jurisprudence. Presence of old Ruthenian legal norms and old Lithuanian traditions as well as coming of Western European legal norms raised various inconveniences, and, in the beginning of the 16th century, the Lithuanian law codex, the First Statute of Lithuania of 1529 was issued. Lithuanian law was exercised in the territory of G.D.L. till 1840, survived not only times of state independence before Union of Lublin of 1569, but the state itself. Thus, since its beginning, Lithuanian law became one of the factors of political integrity of G.D.L. and distinguished Lithuania from other European regions including The Crown of the Polish Kingdom.
Supraśl Monastery founded by Aleksander Chodkiewicz The Chodkiewicz (; ) family was one of the most influential noble families of Lithuanian-Ruthenian descent within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th and 17th century.Chester S. L. Dunning, Caryl Emerson, Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin, The Uncensored Boris Godunov, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2007, SBN 0299207641, Google Print, p. 498 Chodko Jurewicz, chamberlain to Grand Duke Vytenis, was probably the ancestor of the whole clan and gave it the name Chodkiewicz, meaning "son of Chodzko". Surnames were not used in that time, but apparently later in history, the name Chodzko became a surname after Christianization of Chodzko Juriewicz, father of Iwan (later Jan) Chodkiewicz.
96 In the 1430s he supported Grand Duke Švitrigaila and the Teutonic Order in the civil war against Sigismund Kęstutaitis and war against Poland. On 30 November 1432 he was defeated at Kopestrzyn (or kopersztyn) by Ruthenian voivode Wincenty z Szamotuł,Monarchic ceremonies in late medieval Cracow, page251 Feodor escaped. In 1433 he led Czech and Polish Hussites from Greater Poland in battles against Poland and Neumark, they captured Drawno, Dobiegniew, Złocieniec and Santok; Gorzów Wielkopolski was rescued. Then they were joined by Hussites from Lesser Poland and after an unsuccessful siege of Chojnice castle captured Tczew, took two thousand captives and besieged Gdańsk with no result.
Kuty, which means "angles" or "corners" in Ukrainian, was first mentioned in records of 1469 as a village in the estate of Jan Odrowąż, then Polish archbishop of Lwów (now Lviv) and personal adviser to several Polish kings. Over time the settlement grew and in 1715 at the request of Jan Potocki, the voivod of Kiev, King Augustus II the Strong granted it a town charter. Two churches were founded for local Uniates and Armenians. With expansion and the proximity of Bukovina, the town became the seat of a starost in the region of Halych and an administrative centre within the Ruthenian Voivodship of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Tom Trier (1998), Inter-Ethnic Relations in Transcarpathian Ukraine The deprecated and archaic term Ruthenian, while also derived from Rus', is ambiguous, as it technically may refer to Rusyns and Ukrainians, as well as Belarusians and even Russians, depending on the historical period. According to the 2001 Ukraine census, only 131 people identified themselves as Boykos, separate from Ukrainians. However, this figure is distorted because some people otherwise identifiable as Boykos regard that name as derogatory and call themselves highlanders (verkhovyntsi). In the Polish census of 2011, 258 people identified their nationality as Boyko, with 14 people listing it as their only national identification.
The history of the Ukrainian minority in Poland dates back to the Late Middle Ages, preceding the 14th century Galicia–Volhynia Wars between Casimir III the Great of Poland, and Liubartas of Lithuania. Following the extinction of the Rurikid dynasty in 1323, the Polish Kingdom extended further east in 1340 to include the lands of Przemyśl and in 1366, Kamianets-Podilskyi (Kamieniec Podolski). After the Union of Lublin (1569), principalities of Galicia and Western Volhynia became, what is known as, the Ruthenian Voivodeship of the Polish Crown, while the rest of Red Ruthenia together with Kiev came under Lithuanian control. The Polish borders reached as far east as Zaporizhia, and Poltava.
Soviet scholars set the divergence between Ukrainian and Russian only at later time periods (14th through 16th centuries). According to this view, Old East Slavic diverged into Belarusian and Ukrainian to the west (collectively, the Ruthenian language of the 15th to 18th centuries), and Old Russian to the north-east, after the political boundaries of the Kyivan Rus' were redrawn in the 14th century. Some researchers, while admitting the differences between the dialects spoken by East Slavic tribes in the 10th and 11th centuries, still consider them as "regional manifestations of a common language" (see, for instance, the article by Vasyl Nimchuk).Nimchuk, Vasyl'.
Some theorists see an early Ukrainian stage in language development here, calling it Old Ruthenian (Rusyn); others term this era Old East Slavic. Russian theorists tend to amalgamate Rus' to the modern nation of Russia, and call this linguistic era Old Russian. However, according to Russian linguist Andrey Zaliznyak, Novgorod people did not call themselves Rus' until the 14th century, calling Rus' only Kyiv, Pereiaslav and Chernihiv principalities (Kyivan Rus' state existed till 1240). At the same time as evidenced by the contemporary chronicles, the ruling princes of Kingdom of Russia and Kyiv called themselves "People of Rus'" - Ruthenians (Rusyny), and Galicia–Volhynia was called Kingdom of Rus.
The nawie, nawki, sometimes also referred to as lalki (all plural forms) was used as a name for the souls of the dead. According to some scholars (namely Stanisław Urbańczyk, among others), this word was a general name for demons arising out of the souls of tragic and premature deaths, killers, warlocks, the murdered and the Drowned Dead. They were said to be hostile and unfavourable towards humans, being jealous of life. In Bulgarian folklore there exists the character of 12 navias that sucked the blood out of women giving birth, whereas in the Ruthenian Primary Chronicle the navias are presented as a demonic personification of the 1092 plague in Polotsk.
His first organization tasks were to secure charters of incorporation under provincial laws for various parishes and one under federal law for the eparchy as a whole. The highly controversial issue of who should own church property in Canada: a local parish council, or the (Latin-controlled) hierarchy was thus somewhat diffused. He also took over the newspaper Canadian Ruthenian from the Latin bishops and published his pastoral letters in it. In Canada he helped to establish residences for Ukrainian youth, organize parishes, build churches and schools, and found the seminaries named for Andriy Sheptytsky in Saint- Boniface, Manitoba and Taras Shevchenko in Edmonton, Alberta.
George Ducas, Prince of Moldavia, was captured, while Șerban Cantacuzino's forces joined the retreat after Sobieski's cavalry charge. The confederated troops signaled their arrival on the Kahlenberg above Vienna with bonfires. The forces in the city of Vienna responded by sending a Polish-Ukrainian former Zaporozhian Cossack and trader who was fluent in Turkish, by the name of Ruthenian nobleman and diplomat Yuriy Frants Kulchytsky, in a successful spy mission to penetrate the Turkish forces and notify the relief troops of when the joint attack was to be made. Before the battle a Mass was celebrated, said by Marco d'Aviano, the religious adviser of Emperor Leopold I.

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