They can also refract, heading off on a different trajectory.
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Other races refract themselves through the predominant prism of black culture.
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The pills inside are multicolored, in beautiful shapes, and refract light.
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They also refract in sharp contours the costs of political inaction at the top.
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Others have structural color: nanoscopic bubbles, lattices, and granules that scatter and refract light.
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Refract it enough and it will, in effect, be reflected—never arriving at ground level.
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Does the light in the image refract as it would for a three-dimensional scene?
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Such books refract ordinary life into the grotesque surreal through their insistent lack of engagement.
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The musical shares with "Hamilton" a willingness to refract a historical period through a contemporary lens.
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Mr. Morris does not so much tell the Layla-Majnun story as refract it, ritualize it, multiply it.
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Ice crystals in the atmosphere capture the light of the sun and refract all the colors of the rainbow.
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Move around, and the glass panels refract, conjuring new color combinations and lending the piece a quasi-kaleidoscopic feel.
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The water droplets refract light and act as tiny lenses, allowing for an image to appear inside of them.
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Some of that slimming is a result of new lightweight acoustical materials that refract rather than absorb road noise.
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They're made for sea life to cling to, or move with the tides, or refract the sun as it's passing.
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A hidden opening in the cave allows light to refract, making the water appear an incredible shade of sapphire blue.
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When it comes to war powers, however, they see "penumbras" and other "emanations" that refract thel intent of the Framers.
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This involves directing the sonic boom in such a way as to refract it through layers of thicker air at lower altitude.
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These scales refract light, splitting it into its component wavelengths, and also diffract it, causing those various wavelengths to interfere with one another.
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History, like surfing, happens in waves, some that peter out, others that refract, bending, their energy coming back to us in unexpected ways.
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Here, Eliasson has installed Your Sense of Unity, a series of circular mirrors and LEDs that reflect and refract its hyper-mirrored environment.
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Instead I wanted to refract that feeling of being disturbed through five different voices; so each character confronts their own version of extremism.
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Lee Friedlander's photo of stems and leaves in a vase is a study of the power of glass and water to refract light.
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We used old-school tricks of putting people [in a spot, and] moving mirrors behind other mirrors to refract that; people hiding under black.
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The logic is abstract, but feels drawn from the real world—in the same way a dream might dizzily refract your memories and emotions.
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The water droplets function as tiny lenses, allowing the light from the background to refract through and create an image inside of each one.
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Its mirrored and glass interior walls and the transparent skin combine to refract and complicate the beautiful views of the oak-dotted hilly landscape.
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Which is all to say that we refract our economic analysis through the lens of politics and policy — particularly, though not only, in election years.
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The geometries, at the atomic level, that absorb some wavelengths of light and reflect or refract others, might have little to do with the original.
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In this exhibition, Lawler — with the excellent curation of Roxana Marcoci — creates a funhouse of objects that refract and rip apart images to expose their innards.
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Dr Menon and his team thought mimicking the way morphos refract and diffract light might thus let them create more realistic and usable holograms than today's.
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But Paris is only the most recent and consequential example of this tendency to refract key decisions through the lens of who would be most annoyed.
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Elements of romance, comedy and kitchen-sink realist drama combine and refract against the backdrop of Dakar — its poor and wealthy neighborhoods, its commerce and its traffic.
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"Protesters can do this by simply using the mirror to refract the sun's light on a far off protester, warning them of some oncoming danger," he said.
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Its angled mirrors refract the sepia tones and vibrant greens of the land as well as an endless expanse of sky, distorting and abstracting everything in view.
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The lenses help blend the display image and then refract the light to make it bend in a way that feels natural from one monitor edge to another.
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He's also a jeweler, presenting dancers' bodies this way and that, as if holding gems up to the light, showing us how they refract it in different directions.
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Indian weddings bring to mind a riot of colors, glittering gold jewels and swingy skirts studded with rhinestones and tiny mirrors that refract light like roving disco balls.
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They're writing songs that refract and recombine decades of country convention, and their choruses often sound oddly familiar, as if you've heard this ballad or that guitar lick before.
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For the first time, arts organizations and artists stretching from Tacoma to Seattle and Everett to Bellevue are coming together to host events for Refract: The Seattle Glass Experience.
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We've seen the movies attempt to refract the world as the great comic books do, but often without their un-self-conscious power and with a sense of burden.
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Small groups making creative music often call themselves collectives, but there's something particularly credible about this trio: The group's energy doesn't refract through the prism of any single voice.
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As I visited encampments, internment centers and small agricultural towns, I used Ms. Lange's images and words as a lens to help refract the messy complexity of California's present.
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Not only did these satellites lose their line-of-sight advantage, they had to contend with a forest of tall buildings acting as mirrors to refract and distort the signals.
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Ray tracing can even detect and render mirrors, refract glass, figure out where light in a scene originates, and even determine the color of light as it passes through objects.
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Our qualitatively disparate but similarly visceral, uncomfortable, devastating pain is our culture's Medusa: We refuse to look it in the eyes, afraid doing so will immediately refract, pollute, infect us.
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Her large cubic sculpture "Untitled" (2017) combines mirror polished stainless steel with ceramic and engineered wood to slice and refract images on the wall behind it which features classical sculpture.
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The circular central space opens up on three sides, two of which house prisms which are designed to refract light at certain times of the year, depending on the Earth's orientation.
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The plans for his monument include a series of nine boulders that vary in size; most will be filled with glass to refract incoming light into subtle rainbow patterns on the lawn.
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The effect, sometimes referred to as the "blue hour," occurs as the sun sets, causing light to refract off the glowing lava and creating this optical illusion of blue lava, the Telegraph reported.
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This research determined that if something is surrounded by material that could refract light in a way that would guide it around that which its covering, the object or region could appear invisible.
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It used vertical lenses to refract the light from a display so that the image could reliably stretch across one monitor to another, or even two on either side at the same time.
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In front of each laser is a piece of glassware–an ashtray, a vase, things like that–that slowly rotates on a platform, causing the beam to refract onto the canvas in different patterns.
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Spritz culture is ingrained in the cities and towns of northern Italy, where ice-filled chalices of the classic combo — bitter liqueur and sparkling wine or water (or both) — refract sunlight on every other cafe table.
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He is a sophisticated, canny interpreter of the complexity of surfaces, colors, and images, specifically of how they are transformed when applied to bodies, and how they reflect and refract dynamics of power, race, and gender.
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At one point, with one percussionist bowing an autoharp and the other gently massaging a timpani, a sound projectionist was meant to refract the various spectra from one loudspeaker to the next, creating a quadraphonic effect.
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His sharp electric lead seems to refract into a thousand different rays during an instrumental break, but it all feels incidental and free, the anthem's idealistic aims not just preached but—musically, at least—lived, too.
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Insects' eyes are of course very different from our own, essentially composed of hundreds or thousands of tiny lenses that refract an image onto their own dedicated photosensitive surface at the base of a column or ommatidia.
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And as these narratives grow, change, and refract their way across the internet—being discussed and rehashed by people in their own corners of the political spectrum as they go—the gap between them is likely to widen.
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In Mr. Payne's "Constellations," the glorious two-character play staged on Broadway last year with Jake Gyllenhaal and Ruth Wilson, he applied string theory and quantum mechanics to endlessly fragment and refract the basic boy-meets-girl plot.
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TWDM uses a crystal to refract the signal into multiple wavelengths before it is sent down the fiber, up to 80 different channels on one fiber alone, which can then be split using PON on the other end.
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In one of a series of rooms surrounding an overgrown courtyard, the artist's motorized "contorsions" come to life when a switch is flipped, and their rotating arms and reflective metal ribbons refract light into patterns on the wall.
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He said that the company is working with 3M on coatings that could help light enter the panel and then refract within, letting it capture even more of the potential energy it carries to translate that into consumable power.
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Artist Anthony Goicolea has been tasked with designing the high-profile monument, and his conceptual design features nine boulders, with some of the boulders bisected with glass strips that refract light to reflect rainbows onto the lawn surrounding it.
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There's real breathing room in the music of James Blake and Majid Jordan, two acts that refract soul music through a digital lens, approaching their songs with reserve and crispness and using moist emotion as a point of contrast.
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The boardroom interior, built on a soundstage here, was designed to precisely match the contours of the Spanish building — pans of water were even placed beneath the "windows" to refract light upward like the pools that surround the original.
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But I also loved that he was good, that the tragedy of his origins — last son of a dying planet and all that — had not caused him to collapse in on himself and refract his pain onto everybody else.
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Refract offers both long-term collectors and those new to the medium four full days to explore the creative community, learn more about the breadth of talent, and celebrate alongside the artists who put the Pacific Northwest region on the map.
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The video for "ATA," a collaboration between Ms. Bell and the Japanese digital artist Baku Hashimoto, nails the elusive feeling of this music with 3-D effects: an image will suddenly pull apart, refract or splinter, in trippy and disorienting ways.
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I like the idea that someone would turn the page of the magazine and see a poem, and that those words in the poem would have a chance to follow up on, refract, amplify, reconfigure the language of culture and news.
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According to the UK's Met Office, "rainbows are formed when sunlight is scattered from raindrops into the eyes of an observer" — so in the picture above, the spray from the fountain could be taking the role of the raindrops to refract the sunlight.
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Perhaps the novel-inchiesta is never a work of introspection, but always instead of refraction: a way to refract that which, as Umberto Eco wrote of this novel, "is already literature" before its refraction, its transcription, before its existence in a book.
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Shy and retiring for most of the year, the flowering dogwood explodes into bloom in early May, as shafts of sunlight blazing through emerging leaves refract upon contact with the flowering trees, scattering what seem like a thousand white butterflies into the air.
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The snow is spattered with the colors of the rainbow, and so the beauty of this snowy day isn't in a blanket of whiteness, but the power of a magical landscape to reflect and refract the beautiful, diverse colors of the world around it.
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Unfinished at the time of its author's death from cancer in 1965 at age 34, "Les Blancs" remains mightily ambitious in its attempt to refract colonialism, revolution and misrule through life in and around a fragile-looking mission hospital in an unnamed African country.
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Like most good science fiction, the film uses the future as a mirror to refract the present: Today, given the never-ending cascade of new social media apps and the centrality of the old ones, connectedness is like an assumption everything else is built on.
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Like a trip that's entered into a moment of romantic serendipity, where everything goes right and all the colours refract in the most resplendent way possible, it's a creative aesthetic that's bound to lead the British popstar on a road that deserves to be headed toward global stardom.
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The texture of everyday life is less precise—the peripheral fruit pickers and wedding guests in Everybody Knows don't refract the central concerns of the story in the subtle way that, in earlier films, the crowds of people in banks or waiting for pretrial interrogations in Tehran do.
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Whether or not we like the painting or consider it her greatest work — I do not, but think it still has value — Schutz's decision to refract an iconic photograph through the language of abstraction has forced the art world out of its usual complacency and complicated the biennial's uniformly celebratory reviews.
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Both on his proper releases—like last year's LW17—and a steady stream of loosies posted to his Soundcloud account, the 19-year-old has adopted the position of rap's Delawarean alien, offering interstellar transmissions that refract glitchy electronic music, bleeding emo, and thunderous trap tropes through the unique prism of his perspective.
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"Luv Is Rage 2" may be the breakthrough moment for this approach to the genre, but it is also an early-warning system for a coming wave: the generation of rappers who have made SoundCloud their home and petri dish, and who refract their approach to hip-hop through a Warped Tour lens.
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Elsewhere, the Chicago-based Boyland, 24, explores themes of queerness while focusing on the finer nuances of color and texture: the reflective surfaces of certain fabrics as they fold and drape across the body, or the way that skin can refract light into various tones, producing more colors than initially meet the eye.
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" Recalling the Clive James who has unapologetically commuted between high and low culture, between translating Dante and hanging out at the Playboy mansion, we might enjoy seeing him refract "Boardwalk Empire" through the old master glow of Raphael and pour the nectar of Nietzsche and Camus over Bubbles, the shopping-cart philosopher from "The Wire.
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These pieces, all centered on fairy tales, refract and reshape familiar stories as much as they retell them; fairy tales, after all, get told and retold because there are elements in them — young people and old people, trials and quests, a visceral desire for justice — that are universal, while their configurations are almost endlessly changeable.
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Instead, in both prose poems and verse, Howe's accounts of children and adolescents from the past — among them Francis of Assisi as well as the tribe of ancient Greek Curetes, whom Howe calls "gods of the wild mountainside," and "both real boys and children of the clouds" — reflect and refract on our contemporary reality: the Boston Marathon bombers, a passionate embrace in a movie theater, instances of déjà vu.
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Hence, the challenges are to fabricate metamaterials so that they "refract light at ever-smaller wavelengths" and to develop broad band capabilities.
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In the mean while another Prism abc is to be fixed next after that hole g, to refract the trajected Light a second time.
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Icicles refract the sun, snow falling gracefully. > Some search for a place that’s warm: Rhode Island, it's for me. Rhode > Island, oh, Rhode Island surrounded by the sea.
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Hence, the liquid acts as a diffraction grating to a parallel beam of light passed through the liquid at right angles to the wave. The diffraction grating formed in this way is analogous to a conventional diffraction grating with lines ruled on a glass plate. The less dense antinodes refract light less and are analogous to the transmitting slits of a conventional grating. The denser nodes refract light more and are analogous to the opaque part of a conventional grating.
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Scotlandite is biaxial positive, which means it will refract light along two axes. The mineral is optically biaxial positive, 2Vmeas. 35° 24'(Na). The refractive indices are: α ~ 2.035, β ~ 2.040, and γ ~ 2.085 (Na).
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Berger JW, Talamo JH, LaMarche KJ, Kim SH, Snyder RW, D'Amico DJ, Marcellino G. Temperature measurements during phacoemulsification and erbium:YAG laser phacoablation in model systems. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1996 Apr;22(3):372-8. 28\.
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In 2020, Colon exhibited a series of linear wall sculptures titled Light Portals, presenting swaths of structural color that shift and refract depending on the variability of external light conditions and the position of the viewer.
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Radio astronomy and radar systems often use dielectric lenses, commonly called a lens antenna to refract electromagnetic radiation into a collector antenna. Lenses can become scratched and abraded. Abrasion- resistant coatings are available to help control this.
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It is displayed on a transparent stand to allow light to enter and refract from all sides. By 1980, Byng had stopped making sculpture and was moving back to painting, partly due to the toxicity of plastics.
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Chynn EW. In Response to “Epi-LASIK: Discarding the Epithelial Flap versus LASIK for Myopia and Myopic Astigmatism”. Asia-Pac J Ophthalmol. 1: 387, 2012 Chynn EW, Puri J, Villaroel P, Almeida E. Back to the surface? J Cataract Refract Surg.
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Some signals can be transmitted at much longer distances, but only if they are at frequencies where they can use groundwave propagation, tropospheric propagation, tropospheric scatter, or ionospheric propagation to reflect or refract signals around the curve of the Earth.
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J Refract Surg. 16:414-430, 2000. and led to the subsequent development of a far simpler arc- scan device with just two programmable axes. This system led to a commercial system (Artemis-2, Ultralink, LLC), manufactured under license from Cornell University.
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Review of We, the Anarchists! A study of the Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI) 1927-1937. As a publisher Christie founded Cienfuegos Press in 1972 and edited the Cienfuegos Anarchist Review (c. 1977–1982), Refract Publications (1982), The Meltzer Press (1996) and Christiebooks/Christiebooks.
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Wright, L. W., 1988. The sand country of the ‘Golden Coast’, Wellington, New Zealand. New Zealand Geographer. 44(1). pp. 28–31. Waves refract around Kapiti Island, forming an area of low wave energy where sediment from the Waikanae River is able to settle.
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Fragments: A Memoir. Refract Publications. Social anarchism advocates the conversion and use of a portion of present-day and future productive private property to be made into social property that can be used as an alternative to capitalist production and exploitative wage labor.Ostergaard, Geoffrey (1991). "Anarchism".
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Vasa in AskArt.com Now retired as a professor emeritus,UCLA faculty prophile Vasa focuses on his conceptual art practice. His studio, designed to accommodate the technology required for his work, is located in the heart of Los Angeles. He makes laminated acrylic sculptures that reflect and refract light.
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The night life in Prijepolje consists of cafes & night clubs. There is also a yearly regional festival called "Refract", highlighting many different cultural options. A new rock festival has recently begun in Prijepolje, gathering rock bands from the local region. In 2005, the city hosted a Glaswegian Band, Quinn.
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Membrane optics employ plastic in place of glass to diffract rather than refract or reflect light. Concentric microscopic grooves etched into the plastic provide the diffraction. Glass transmits light with 90% efficiency, while membrane efficiencies range from 30-55%. Membrane thickness is on the order of that of plastic wrap.
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One important fact about waves is that they focus more of their energy towards shallower water. Waves will always turn and refract towards shallower water. This is where swell period can drastically affect the conditions. The longer the period of the swell the more it tends to wrap into a spot.
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Daylight redirecting film (DRF) is a thin, flexible plastic film which can be applied to a window to refract or reflect incoming light upwards, so that the deeper parts of the room are lit more evenly. It can be used as a substitute for opaque blinds. It is a form of prism lighting.
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Illusion Devices with Internal or External Circular Objects Designed by the Coordinate Transformation Method. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves & Applications, 24(16), 2309-2317. The invisibility cloak is basically the medium on which light waves refract. Invisibility cloaks allow for an object to be undetected while confined in the area of the cloak.
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Diagram of a Herschel Wedge and other solar viewing methods. A Herschel wedge or Herschel prism is an optical prism used in solar observation to refract most of the light out of the optical path, allowing safe visual observation. It was first proposed and used by astronomer John Herschel in the 1830s.
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Membrane optics is a flat lens that employs plastic in place of glass to diffract rather than reflect or refract light. Concentric microscopic grooves etched into the plastic provide the diffraction. Glass transmits light with 90% efficiency, while membrane efficiencies range from 30-55%. Membrane thickness is on the order of that of plastic wrap.
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He discovered that unlike a normal lens, the objects resolution does not depend on the limits of the wavelengths passing through the lens. Veselago's work has been more prominent in recent years due to the advancement in metamaterials, which are engineered materials that have special internal physical properties and have the ability to negatively refract light.
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Because the lens cannot refract light rays at the edges well, the image produced by the lens is blurry around the edges so the pupil constricts when one attempts to focus on nearby objects. Lastly, accommodation of the lens occurs. This is an alteration in the curvature of the lens that allows focus on a nearby object.
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Scandiobabingtonite is biaxial positive, which means it will refract light along two axes. It exhibits a 2V(measured)=64(2)°, strong dispersion with r>v, and displays strong pleochroism with colors ranging from pink (γ') to green(α'). The extinction angle along the (110) is 6°. Z:Φ=-250°, ρ=47°; Y:Φ=146°, ρ=75°; X:Φ=42°, ρ=47°.
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A light source (filament or arc) is placed at or near the focus of a reflector, which may be parabolic or of non-parabolic complex shape. Fresnel and prism optics moulded into the headlamp lens refract (shift) parts of the light laterally and vertically to provide the required light distribution pattern. Most sealed- beam headlamps have lens optics.
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For blue and green, these covers may have some fluorescence, leading to a lighter color. Other sets have 5 mm domes with no covers because these project light in one direction. Instead they have a cone-shaped indentation on the top to refract light out to the sides. Still other sets have covers like snowflakes (or for Halloween, pumpkins).
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Optometry is a profession dealing with visual health care. Optometrists are licensed to refract for and prescribe glasses, fit and prescribe contact lenses, examine, diagnoses and treat eye conditions and diseases, including cataracts, macular degeneration, glaucoma, dry eyes and many other diseases. They can treat most eye diseases but cannot perform surgery. They are doctors of Optometry, not medicine.
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A pentaprism. The optical square uses a pentaprism to reflect and refract a beam or sighting 90 degrees, it is used in pairs in surveying and in a singular block in metrology. In optical square A Horizon glass is placed at an angle of 120° with the horizon sight. The Index glass is placed at an angle of 105° with the Index sight.
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We first choose a point T0 and its normal on the top surface of the lens. We can now take a ray r1 coming from S2 and refract it at T0. Choosing now the optical path length S22 between S2 and R2 we have one condition that allows us to calculate point B1 on the bottom surface of the lens.
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Their bodies are virtually transparent and the many cilia refract the light, producing rainbow-like colors that can give the false appearance of bioluminescence. The branched tentacles can be white, yellow, pink or orange. They have no nematocysts (stinging cells). Instead, the two long extensile branched tentacles are armed with colloblasts: specialized adhesive cells with which to ensnare their prey.
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However, due to the difficulty of fabricating large toroidal prisms, this apparatus had a 16-sided polygonal plan.Elton, 2009, pp. 197–8. In 1825 Fresnel extended his fixed-lens design by adding a rotating array outside the fixed array. Each panel of the rotating array was to refract part of the fixed light from a horizontal fan into a narrow beam.
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Dick has published a large number of scientific articles and book chapters on various issues in eye surgery. He has informed the medical community about his experience with the femtosecond laser in special cases like patients with Marfan syndrome,with T Schultz, E Ezeanosike: Femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery in pediatric Marfan syndrome. J Refract Surg. 2013 Sep;29(9):650-2.
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His other books include Stefano Delle Chiaie: Portrait of a Black Terrorist,Stefano Delle Chiaie: Portrait of a Black Terrorist. London: Anarchy Magazine/Refract Publications, 1984. 182 pages () (on Italian neo-fascist terrorist Stefano Delle Chiaie, founder of Avanguardia Nazionale and member of P2 masonic lodge) and We, the Anarchists! A study of the Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI) 1927–1937 (2000).
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Glass is a ubiquitous material in optics by virtue of its ability to refract, reflect, and transmit light. These and other optical properties can be controlled by varying chemical compositions, thermal treatment, and manufacturing techniques. The many applications of glass in optics includes glasses for eyesight correction, imaging optics (e.g. lenses and mirrors in telescopes, microscopes, and cameras), fibre optics in telecommunications technology, and integrated optics.
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Pinhole glasses are a type of corrective glasses that do not use a lens. Pinhole glasses do not actually refract the light or change focal length. Instead, they create a diffraction limited system, which has an increased depth of field, similar to using a small aperture in photography. This form of correction has many limitations that prevent it from gaining popularity in everyday use.
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Lead, usually used in the form of lead tetroxide, is not used anymore and all Swarovski Crystal glass produced since 2012 has been lead-free. To create crystal glass that lets light refract in a rainbow spectrum, Swarovski coats some of its products with special metallic chemical coatings. For example, Aurora Borealis, or "AB", gives the surface a rainbow appearance.Dodds, Jo-Ann (20 November 2004).
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Lenses cannot refract light rays at their edges as well as closer to the center. The image produced by any lens is therefore somewhat blurry around the edges (spherical aberration). It can be minimized by screening out peripheral light rays and looking only at the better-focused center. In the eye, the pupil serves this purpose by constricting while the eye is focused on nearby objects.
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A more serious concern for Cigar was a lack of range; the VHF signals did not refract around the Earth as well as lower frequencies, meaning that the effect was limited to the line-of- sight. In the case of Cigar, calculations suggested it would be effective to about , which made it useful only against short-range raids in France and over the North Sea.
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The view paths refract (bend) in a manner similar to viewing fish kept in an aquarium. Linear polarizing filters decrease visibility underwater by limiting ambient light and dimming artificial light sources. While wearing a flat scuba mask or goggles, objects underwater will appear 33% bigger (34% bigger in salt water) and 25% closer than they actually are. Also pincushion distortion and lateral chromatic aberration are noticeable.
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In a dispersive prism, material dispersion (a wavelength-dependent refractive index) causes different colors to refract at different angles, splitting white light into a spectrum. A compact fluorescent lamp seen through an Amici prism In optics, dispersion is the phenomenon in which the phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency. Media having this common property may be termed dispersive media. Sometimes the term chromatic dispersion is used for specificity.
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Ophthalmic treatment apparatus and its use - Patent 5649943Pallikaris IG, Karoutis AD, Lydataki SE, Siganos DS. "Rotating brush for fast removal of corneal epithelium." J Refract Corneal Surg. 1994 Jul-Aug;10(4):439-42. . Another development of his in 1970, was the diamond vitrectomy cutter, various instruments enabling micro-control of blade depth in radial keratotomy, as well as the oval comparator, or astigmometer, to control astigmatism after cataract surgery.
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The third production is to come (extended) (2017). It is based on to come (2005), a former work by Mette Ingvartsen for five dancers. The reason for revisiting this choreography with fifteen instead of five dancers in Ingvartsen’s desire to refract the current politics of sex through the joyful tone of the production from 2005. The series The Red Pieces also includes 21 pornographies (2017) and The Permeable Stage (2016).
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Despite having destroyed many planets in the past, he now despises fighting, and hates to see others hurt as a result of it. His red Heroic Tribe form, "Artemia", is capable of firing massive energy beams which can engulf entire planets. Artemia also possesses the ability to turn its body into energy, which can reflect or refract energy weapons. However, it is vulnerable to gravity-based laser beams.
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As light passes through the water into the cave, red reflections are filtered out and only blue light enters the cave. Objects placed in the water of the grotto famously appear silver. This is caused by tiny bubbles, which cover the outside of the object when they are placed underwater. The bubbles cause the light to refract differently than it does from the surrounding water and gives off the silver effect.
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It was useful in medical practice for examining transparent materials such as crystals and fluids. René Dagron modified the lens by keeping one curved end to refract light while sectioning the other end flat and locating it at the focal plane of the curved side.The Strad Dagron used the modified Stanhope lens in mounting his microscopic pictures in photographic jewels known as Stanhopes. A rival lens is the Coddington magnifier.
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Metropolis Studios consists of four floors, and 5 recording and mixing studios and four production rooms. It has a concrete and metal atrium, with steel, plywood and render in other rooms. In the studios, the design engineers have placed obtuse angle to refract sound.Kenneth Allinson and Victoria Thornton Studio B was used as the London mixing studio for Mark Ronson, when he produced the 'Back to Black' album for Amy Winehouse.
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An X-ray microscopy image of a living 10-days-old canola plant. An X-ray microscope uses electromagnetic radiation in the soft X-ray band to produce magnified images of objects. Since X-rays penetrate most objects, there is no need to specially prepare them for X-ray microscopy observations. Unlike visible light, X-rays do not reflect or refract easily, and they are invisible to the human eye.
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To perceive a light stimulus, the eye must first refract the light so that it directly hits the retina. Refraction in the eye is completed through the combined efforts of the cornea, lens and iris. The transduction of light into neural activity occurs via the photoreceptor cells in the retina. When there is no light, Vitamin A in the body attaches itself to another molecule and becomes a protein.
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The shimmering appearance for which silk is prized comes from the fibers' triangular prism-like cross-sectional structure which allows silk cloth to refract incoming light at different angles. The length of the silk fiber depends on how it has been prepared. Since the cocoon is made of one strand, if the cocoon is unwound carefully the fibers can be very long. Spider silk is the strongest natural fiber known.
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Diamond dust is often associated with halos, such as sun dogs, light pillars, etc. Like the ice crystals in cirrus or cirrostratus clouds, diamond dust crystals form directly as simple hexagonal ice crystals — as opposed to freezing drops — and generally form slowly. This combination results in crystals with well defined shapes - usually either hexagonal plates or columns - which, like a prism, can reflect and/or refract light in specific directions.
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One of Shou's most notable techniques allows him to refract light around him, rendering him invisible to the naked eye. ; : :Played by: Kasumi Yamaya :The founder and president of the , a now-disbanded club that the Body Improvement Club lets use their club room. Despite her clubmates preferring to be lazy, Tome is passionate about telepathy with aspirations of making contact with aliens. She becomes one of Mob's good friends.
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Light rays entering from water into the flat parallel window change their direction minimally within the window material itself. But when these rays exit the window into the air space between the flat window and the eye, the refraction is quite noticeable. The view paths refract (bend) in a manner similar to viewing fish kept in an aquarium. Linear polarizing filters decrease visibility underwater by limiting ambient light and dimming artificial light sources.
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These crystals tend to become horizontally aligned as they sink through the air, causing them to refract the sunlight to the left and right, resulting in the two sun dogs. As the sun rises higher, the rays passing through the crystals are increasingly skewed from the horizontal plane. Their angle of deviation increases and the sundogs move further from the sun. However, they always stay at the same elevation as the sun.
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A thermal fade is a phenomenon of wireless signal degradation (fading) caused by temperature and relative humidity factors. As the prevailing environmental conditions change (e.g., from hot to cool, humid to arid, or day to night), the electromagnetic waves refract differently, thus altering the power distribution and possibly the direction of the signal. This is the same process that causes visible light to "bend" over a heated road or other surfaces on hot days.
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White is the result of the combination of two opposite colors because their inactivity, or darkness, is removed when the two active parts of the retina combine. According to Newton, refracted light must appear colored. With the achromatic refractor, however, this is not the case. Newtonians explain this by saying that the achromatic refractor's crown glass and flint glass refract light as a whole with equal intensity but disperse individual colors differently.
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Illuminating (under a shallow angle) the top air-water interface of a nearly completely water-filled cylindrical glass will refract the light into the water. The glass should be situated at the edge of a table. The second refraction at the cylinder's side face is then a skew-ray refraction. The overall refraction turns out to be equivalent to the refraction through an upright hexagonal plate crystal when the rotational averaging is taken into account.
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Typical desert horizon If the Earth were an airless world like the Moon, the above calculations would be accurate. However, Earth has an atmosphere of air, whose density and refractive index vary considerably depending on the temperature and pressure. This makes the air refract light to varying extents, affecting the appearance of the horizon. Usually, the density of the air just above the surface of the Earth is greater than its density at greater altitudes.
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Optical properties can be expanded beyond the capabilities of lenses, mirrors, and other conventional materials. One of the effects most studied is the negative index of refraction first proposed by Victor Veselago in 1967. Negative index materials, exhibit optical properties opposite to those of glass, air, and the other conventional materials. At the correct frequencies, the negative index materials refract electromagnetic waves in novel ways, to a zero index or negative index.
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Shen hypothesized that rays of sunlight refract before reaching the surface of the earth, hence people on earth observing the sun are not viewing it in its exact position, in other words, the altitude of the apparent sun is higher than the actual altitude of the sun. Dong writes that "at the time, this discovery was remarkably original." Ibn al-Haytham, in his Book of Optics (1021), also discussed atmospheric refraction (in regard to twilight).
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300pxLike other toothed whales, the pygmy sperm whale has a "melon", a body of fat and wax in the head that it uses to focus and modulate the sounds it makes. The inner core of the melon has a higher wax content than the outer cortex. The inner core transmits sound more slowly than the outer layer, allowing it to refract sound into a highly directional beam.R., Karol; C., Litchfield; D., Caldwell; M., Caldwell (1978).
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Aerosol of microscopic water droplets suspended in the air above a hot cup of tea after that water vapor has sufficiently cooled and condensed. Water vapor is an invisible gas, but the clouds of condensed water droplets refract and disperse the sun light and so are visible. Demonstration of evaporative cooling. When the sensor is dipped in ethanol and then taken out to evaporate, the instrument shows progressively lower temperature as the ethanol evaporates.
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This forced players to shower in their hotel rooms or at home after the game. The visiting team's announcers couldn't see any plays along third base or left field. The Pilots had to place a mirror in the press box, and the visiting announcers had to look into it and "refract" plays in those areas. By the middle of the season, it was obvious that Sick's Stadium was completely inadequate even for temporary use.
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Electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths other than visible light were discovered in the early 19th century. The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel, like Ritter, used a prism to refract light from the Sun and detected the infrared (beyond the red part of the spectrum), through an increase in the temperature recorded by a thermometer.
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This can frustrate sonar, because a sound originating on one side of the thermocline tends to be bent, or refracted, through the thermocline. The thermocline may be present in shallower coastal waters. However, wave action will often mix the water column and eliminate the thermocline. Water pressure also affects sound propagation: higher pressure increases the sound speed, which causes the sound waves to refract away from the area of higher sound speed.
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They have the highest ratio of wing area to body mass and the lowest wing loading of any bird. This has been hypothesized to enable the birds to use marine thermals created by small differences between tropical air and water temperatures. The plumage of males is black with scapular feathers that have a green iridescence when they refract sunlight. Females are black with a white throat and breast and have a red eye ring.
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A water glass experiment (known about since at least 1920) may be modified slightly to create an artificial circumhorizontal arc. Illuminating under a very steep angle from below the side face of a nearly completely water-filled cylindrical glass will refract the light into the water. The glass should be situated at the edge of a table. The second refraction at the top water-air interface will then project a hyperbola at a vertical wall behind it.
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Leucophore layer composition Reflectins are a family of intrinsically disordered proteins evolved by a certain number of cephalopods including Euprymna scolopes and Doryteuthis opalescens to produce iridescent camouflage and signaling. The recently identified protein family is enriched in aromatic and sulfur-containing amino acids, and is utilized by certain cephalopods to refract incident light in their environment. It is possible that reflectins are beta barrel type proteins. It is present in the iridophores and leucophores of cephalopods.
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These waves travel upward and dissipate in the corona, depositing their energy in the ambient gas in the form of heat. The other is magnetic heating, in which magnetic energy is continuously built up by photospheric motion and released through magnetic reconnection in the form of large solar flares and myriad similar but smaller events—nanoflares. Currently, it is unclear whether waves are an efficient heating mechanism. All waves except Alfvén waves have been found to dissipate or refract before reaching the corona.
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63 The mosque is "pint-sized" in comparison to other mosques "on the other side of the golden horn". The mosque was built in Neo-baroque style. In terms of the interior space, this mosque is modest in scale, though the inside is quite spacious with its wide, "high bay windows" which refract its reflection in water as well as daylight. Floral patterned frescoes adorn the inside of the singular dome, along with "niche-like" windows bordered by imitation curtains.
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This can be seen for refraction in the figure "constant OPL" to the right. It shows a separation c(τ) between two media of refractive indices n1 and n2, where c(τ) is described by a parametric equation with parameter τ. Also shown are a set of rays perpendicular to wavefront w1 and traveling in the medium of refractive index n1. These rays refract at c(τ) into the medium of refractive index n2 in directions perpendicular to wavefront w2.
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"During this period we have systematically established close contacts with like-minded groups emerging in Italy, Belgium, Germany, Spain or Portugal, for the purpose of forming the kernel of a truly Western League of Struggle against Marxism." (Yves Guérin-Sérac, quoted by Stuart Christie, in Stefano Delle Chiaie: Portrait of a Black Terrorist, London: Anarchy Magazine/Refract Publications, 1984. , p. 27) Anti-Fidel Castro terrorist Luis Posada Carriles was condemned for the Cubana Flight 455 bombing on 6 October 1976.
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Scattering also occurs even more strongly in clouds. Individual water droplets refract white light into a set of colored rings. If a cloud is thick enough, scattering from multiple water droplets will wash out the set of colored rings and create a washed-out white color. The sky can turn a multitude of colors such as red, orange, purple, and yellow (especially near sunset or sunrise) when the light must travel a much longer path (or optical depth) through the atmosphere.
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Electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths other than those of visible light were discovered in the early 19th century. The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to astronomer William Herschel, who published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a glass prism to refract light from the Sun and detected invisible rays that caused heating beyond the red part of the spectrum, through an increase in the temperature recorded with a thermometer. These "calorific rays" were later termed infrared.
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The group of poets differed in regional origin and politics. Schwartz's Kentucky was the first American Yiddish epic—it tells how the new rural life of Jewish immigrants changed their Jewish spiritual life. Schwartz later won the 1970 Itzik Manger Prize for poetry in Israel. After World War I and the Russian Revolution of 1905, a less defiant group known as the Insichists (or "In-Zikh"), who sought to "refract the outer world through the prism of the self", replaced Di Yunge.
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One can even discern the color-fringing of the edge of Snell's window, due to variation of the refractive index, hence of the critical angle, with wavelength (see Dispersion). diamond. The critical angle influences the angles at which gemstones are cut. The round "brilliant" cut, for example, is designed to refract light incident on the front facets, reflect it twice by TIR off the back facets, and transmit it out again through the front facets, so that the stone looks bright. Diamond (Fig.
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The prismatic lenses are used to analyze binocular vision and treat orthoptic problems. From the measurements taken, the specialist will write an eyeglass prescription that contains at least 3 numerical specifications for each eye: sphere, cylinder, and axis, as well as pupillary distance (distance between eyes), and, rarely, prism for one or both eyes. The lenses within a phoropter refract light in order to focus images on the patient's retina. The optical power of these lenses is measured in 0.25 diopter increments.
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It was thought that the accurate determination of power for a given medium to refract rays of light and separate the different colors which they contain was impeded by the absence of precise boundaries between the colors of the spectrum, making it difficult to accurately measure the angle of refraction. To address this limitation, Fraunhofer performed a series of experiments for the purpose of producing homogeneous light artificially, and unable to effect his object in a direct way, he did so by means of lamps and prisms.
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Glass is in widespread use in optical systems due to its ability to refract, reflect, and transmit light following geometrical optics. The most common and oldest applications of glass in optics are as lenses, windows, mirrors, and prisms. The key optical properties refractive index, dispersion, and transmission, of glass are strongly dependent on chemical composition and, to a lesser degree, its thermal history. Optical glass typically has a refractive index of 1.4 to 2.4 and Abbe number, which characterises dispersion, of 15 to 100.
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Therefore, if designed or arbitrarily modified values can be inputs for \epsilon_r and \mu_r, then the behavior of propagating electromagnetic waves inside the material can be manipulated at will. This ability then allows for intentional determination of the refractive index. Video representing negative refraction of light at uniform planar interface. For example, in 1967, Victor Veselago analytically determined that light will refract in the reverse direction (negatively) at the interface between a material with negative refractive index and a material exhibiting conventional positive refractive index.
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Or, these gas bubbles can also lift debris from the lake bottom to the surface, or the bubbles could refract the light differently than in surrounding air and create optical illusions. Flotsam from the mountain sides and forests also collects in tangles that can look like some sort of monster. According to Helgi Hallgrímsson, an Icelandic biologist who has extensively studied the lake, both of these could explain some but not all of the sightings, while traditional legendary material could explain some of the stories.
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To enhance this effect, subjects put on blazed-grating ChromaDepthTM glasses, which contain a prism structure to refract the light to an angle of approximately 1° and were tested again. The use of electrodes to test brain activity is another, relatively new way to test for chromostereopsis. This form of testing utilizes EEG recordings of visual-evoked potentials through the use of electrodes. In one experiment, subjects were shown different stimuli in regard to color-contrast and were asked questions about its depth, as before.
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The most important function of the cornea is to transmit and refract light so as to allow high-resolution images to be produced on the back of the retina. To do this, collagen within the cornea is highly ordered to be 30 nanometers in diameter and placed 60 nanometers apart so as to reduce light scatter.Quantock, A.J. and R.D. Young, Development of the corneal stroma, and the collagen-proteoglycan associations that help define its structure and function. Dev Dyn, 2008. 237(10): p. 2607-21.
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Tomography is solved as an inverse problem. Seismic travel time data are compared to an initial Earth model and the model is modified until the best possible fit between the model predictions and observed data is found. Seismic waves would travel in straight lines if Earth was of uniform composition, but the compositional layering, tectonic structure, and thermal variations reflect and refract seismic waves. The location and magnitude of these variations can be calculated by the inversion process, although solutions to tomographic inversions are non-unique.
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While it adapts well to various soil types, it will suffer under water stagnation, and thus prefers well drained soils, or even rocky terrain. According to the New Mexico State University extension, the common name, "ice plant" is because "they have bladder-like hairs on the leaf surface that reflect and refract light in a manner to make it appear that they sparkle like ice crystals" (or tiny glass beads). However, many other species of succulent so-called "ice plant" ground covers have smooth and hairless leaves.
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The façade consists of 712 finely etched equally sized glass panels weighing some 250 kg each,Architecture Today 83, November 1997:12, Architecture Today PLC, London. secured by clips to a steel framework. These panels form a free-standing, light-diffusing skin, independent of the actual building, that serves to initially refract the incident daylight and conduct it to the light ceilings in the exhibition halls. At dark, the artificial lighting from the interior shines through inner light bands and outer skin to show the building’s interior life.
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Isaacson writes that > In one respect, it is rendered with beautiful scientific precision, but > Leonardo failed to paint the distortion that would occur when looking > through a solid clear orb at objects that are not touching the orb. Solid > glass or crystal, whether shaped like an orb or a lens, produces magnified, > inverted, and reversed images. Instead, Leonardo painted the orb as if it > were a hollow glass bubble that does not refract or distort the light > passing through it. Isaacson believes that this was "a conscious decision on Leonardo's part",Kinsella, Eileen.
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AM broadcasting stations use ground waves to cover their listening areas. As the frequency gets lower, the attenuation with distance decreases, so very low frequency (VLF) and extremely low frequency (ELF) ground waves can be used to communicate worldwide. VLF and ELF waves can penetrate significant distances through water and earth, and these frequencies are used for mine communication and military communication with submerged submarines. At medium wave and shortwave frequencies (MF and HF bands) radio waves can refract from a layer of charged particles (ions) high in the atmosphere, called the ionosphere.
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Isotropic materials have symmetry in all directions and the refractive index is the same for any polarization direction. An anisotropic material is called "birefringent" because it will generally refract a single incoming ray in two directions, which we now understand correspond to the two different polarizations. This is true of either a uniaxial or biaxial material. In a uniaxial material, one ray behaves according to the normal law of refraction (corresponding to the ordinary refractive index), so an incoming ray at normal incidence remains normal to the refracting surface.
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Artificial dielectrics are fabricated composite materials, often consisting of arrays of conductive shapes or particles in a nonconductive support matrix, designed to have specific electromagnetic properties similar to dielectrics. As long as the lattice spacing is smaller than a wavelength, these substances can refract and diffract electromagnetic waves, and are used to make lenses, diffraction gratings, mirrors, and polarizers for microwaves. These were first conceptualized, constructed and deployed for interaction in the microwave frequency range in the 1940s and 1950s. The constructed medium, the artificial dielectric, has an effective permittivity and effective permeability, as intended.
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In 1956, Arnold Eldredge, of General Electric, filed a patent application for an "Object Camouflage Method and Apparatus," which proposed using a particle accelerator in an aircraft to create a cloud of ionization that would "...refract or absorb incident radar beams." It is unclear who funded this work or whether it was prototyped and tested. U.S. Patent 3,127,608 was granted in 1964. During Project OXCART, the operation of the Lockheed A-12 reconnaissance aircraft, the CIA funded an attempt to reduce the RCS of the A-12's inlet cones.
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Wind gradient can have a pronounced effect upon sound propagation in the lower atmosphere. This effect is important in understanding sound propagation from distant sources, such as foghorns, thunder, sonic booms, gunshots or other phenomena like mistpouffers. It is also important in studying noise pollution, for example from roadway noise and aircraft noise, and must be considered in the design of noise barriers. When wind speed increases with altitude, wind blowing towards the listener from the source will refract sound waves downwards, resulting in increased noise levels downwind of the barrier.
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The sound wave front travels faster near the ground, so the sound is refracted upward, away from listeners on the ground, creating an acoustic shadow at some distance from the source. The radius of curvature of the sound path is inversely proportional to the velocity gradient. A wind speed gradient of 4 (m/s)/km can produce refraction equal to a typical temperature lapse rate of 7.5 °C/km. Higher values of wind gradient will refract sound downward toward the surface in the downwind direction, eliminating the acoustic shadow on the downwind side.
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Stone damage on a windshield Stone damage, or stone-chip, is the damage that gravel and small stones can make to a vehicle. Stone damage is most common on roads on which the allowed speed exceeds , since stones stuck in the tires come loose at that speed and fly away with such a speed that they can damage other vehicles. Stone damage can be dangerous in many ways. Stone damage can cause small cracks in the windshield that can refract or reflect normally unharmful light such that it can distract or blind the driver.
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There is also a rehearsal studio called Studio Beta, and 4 Artist-in-Residence studios (with one being permanently occupied by the Institute President, Dr. Shirley Jackson, as a private, part-time office). Studio 1 and Studio 2 are lined with acoustical panels to diffuse sound using innovative paneling designed to simulate the characteristics of tree bark. Different panels are designed to absorb and refract different frequencies of sound. All performance spaces have a maximum noise level of 15 dB, making them some of the quietest artistic presentation spaces in the world.
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The first flat lens used a thin wafer of silicon 60 nanometers thick coated with concentric rings of v-shaped gold nanoantennas to produce photographic images. The antennas were systematically arranged on the silicon wafer and refract the light so that it all ends up on a single focal plane, a so-called artificial refraction process. The antennas were surrounded by an opaque silver/titanium mask that reflected all light that did not strike the antennas. Varying the arm lengths and angle provided the required range of amplitudes and phases.
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The Sound Fixing and Ranging (SOFAR) channel, where sound travels the slowest due to salinity and temperature variations, is located at the base of the mesopelagic zone at about 600-1200m. It is a wave- guided zone where sound waves refract within the layer and propagate long distances. The channel got its name during World War II when the US Navy proposed using it as a life saving tool. Shipwreck survivors could drop a small explosive timed to explode in the SOFAR channel and then listening stations could determine the position of the life raft.
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These maps show the average amount of water vapor in a column of atmosphere in a given month.(click for more detail) MODIS/Terra global mean atmospheric water vapor in atm-cm (centimeters of water in an atmospheric column if it condensed) Because water molecules absorb microwaves and other radio wave frequencies, water in the atmosphere attenuates radar signals. In addition, atmospheric water will reflect and refract signals to an extent that depends on whether it is vapor, liquid or solid. Generally, radar signals lose strength progressively the farther they travel through the troposphere.
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The Prentice position The Prentice position is an orientation of a prism, used in optics, optometry and ophthalmology. In this position, named after the optician Charles F. Prentice, the prism is oriented such that light enters it at an angle of 90° to the first surface, so that the beam does not refract at that surface. All the deviation caused by the prism takes place at the exit surface. In ophthalmology, glass prisms were classically calibrated for use in the Prentice position, while plastic prisms were calibrated for use in the frontal position.
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Many rainbows exist; however, only one can be seen depending on the particular observer's viewpoint as droplets of light illuminated by the sun. All raindrops refract and reflect the sunlight in the same way, but only the light from some raindrops reaches the observer's eye. This light is what constitutes the rainbow for that observer. The whole system composed by the sun's rays, the observer's head, and the (spherical) water drops has an axial symmetry around the axis through the observer's head and parallel to the sun's rays.
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The best-known silk is obtained from the cocoons of the larvae of the mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori reared in captivity (sericulture). The shimmering appearance of silk is due to the triangular prism-like structure of the silk fibre, which allows silk cloth to refract incoming light at different angles, thus producing different colors. Silk is produced by several insects; but, generally, only the silk of moth caterpillars has been used for textile manufacturing. There has been some research into other types of silk, which differ at the molecular level.
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The lens is a transparent biconvex structure in the eye that, along with the cornea, helps to refract light to be focused on the retina. By changing shape, it functions to change the focal length of the eye so that it can focus on objects at various distances, thus allowing a sharp real image of the object of interest to be formed on the retina. This adjustment of the lens is known as accommodation (see also below). Accommodation is similar to the focusing of a photographic camera via movement of its lenses.
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The filter can be used for anything from providing an oil-painting feel to an entire image, to giving the illusion of depth to a selection. Also producing the impression of depth is the KPT Gel filter which uses various paint tools to synthesize photo-realistic 3D materials such as metals, liquids, or plastics. Gel painting is very different from traditional 2D painting as the brush strokes pool together when they touch and refract the underlying image. It can also manipulate 3D paint—once it has been added—by twirling, pinching, and carving it.
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The sun appears slightly flattened when close to the horizon due to refraction in the atmosphere. The refractive index of air depends on the air density and thus vary with air temperature and pressure. Since the pressure is lower at higher altitudes, the refractive index is also lower, causing light rays to refract towards the earth surface when traveling long distances through the atmosphere. This shifts the apparent positions of stars slightly when they are close to the horizon and makes the sun visible before it geometrically rises above the horizon during a sunrise.
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Water waves are almost parallel to the beach when they hit it because they gradually refract towards land as the water gets shallower. Water waves travel slower in shallower water. This can be used to demonstrate refraction in ripple tanks and also explains why waves on a shoreline tend to strike the shore close to a perpendicular angle. As the waves travel from deep water into shallower water near the shore, they are refracted from their original direction of travel to an angle more normal to the shoreline.
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An air gun seismic source (30 litre) A seismic source is a device that generates controlled seismic energy used to perform both reflection and refraction seismic surveys. A seismic source can be simple, such as dynamite, or it can use more sophisticated technology, such as a specialized air gun. Seismic sources can provide single pulses or continuous sweeps of energy, generating seismic waves, which travel through a medium such as water or layers of rocks. Some of the waves then reflect and refract and are recorded by receivers, such as geophones or hydrophones.
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AM broadcasting stations use ground waves to cover their listening areas. As the frequency gets lower, the attenuation with distance decreases, so very low frequency (VLF) and extremely low frequency (ELF) ground waves can be used to communicate worldwide. VLF and ELF waves can penetrate significant distances through water and earth, and these frequencies are used for mine communication and military communication with submerged submarines. At medium wave and shortwave frequencies (MF and HF bands) radio waves can refract from a layer of charged particles (ions) high in the atmosphere, called the ionosphere.
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Due to the ability of ionized atmospheric gases to refract high frequency (HF, or shortwave) radio waves, the ionosphere can reflect radio waves directed into the sky back toward the Earth. Radio waves directed at an angle into the sky can return to Earth beyond the horizon. This technique, called "skip" or "skywave" propagation, has been used since the 1920s to communicate at international or intercontinental distances. The returning radio waves can reflect off the Earth's surface into the sky again, allowing greater ranges to be achieved with multiple hops.
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See also: Phase contrast microscopy and Quantitative phase contrast microscopy Phase contrast takes advantage of the fact that different structures have different refractive indices, and either bend, refract or delay the light passage through the sample by different amounts. The changes in the light passage result in waves being 'out of phase' with others. This effect can be transformed by phase contrast microscopes into amplitude differences that are observable in the eyepieces and are depicted effectively as darker or brighter areas of the resultant image. Phase contrast is used extensively in optical microscopy, in both biological and geological sciences.
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The use of EFTE in the building's three-layered roof made air conditioning unnecessary. One of the EFTE layers was silver-plated to refract light and prevent outside heat from penetrating the building; air in the inflatable components and a brine system irrigating them cooled the interior. All of this created a temperate building, meaning that the climate control system only needed to work against body heat produced by visitors and heat given off by equipment used in the exhibition. This way the organisers could make use of a system that was much more sustainable and inexpensive than conventional air conditioning.
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As seen in Elegy (1990), Hart developed an original process for embedding one acrylic sculpture in another. With the liquid look of ice sculptures, and their capacity to refract light, these pieces are perhaps his most distinctive. In these, according to Hart, “The sculpture is defined purely by light.” It is a “very delicate sense of image… suggestive of dreams, memories, and visions.” Hart presenting The Cross of the Millennium to Pope John Paul II in 1997 “All the clear acrylic resin works are really the offspring of the Cathedral work,” Hart said. “They deal with being and non-being.
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This period is approximately equal to the absolute refractory period (ARP), it occurs because the fast sodium channels remain closed until the cell fully repolarizes. During this period, depolarization on adjacent cardiac muscles does not produce a new depolarization in the current cell as it has to refract back to phase 4 of the action potential before a new action potential can activate it. ERP acts as a protective mechanism and keeps the heart rate in check and prevents arrhythmias, and it helps coordinates muscle contraction. Anti-arrhythmic agents used for arrhythmias usually prolong the ERP.
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Lightpaintings can take the form of moveable wall-mounted panels but the most spectacular effects are achieved in large-scale architectural installations. Layers of metallic coating are applied to glass pieces to refract and reflect colors, which becomes the palette to be used as pure chroma or mixed into a wide spectrum of colors. Glass is cut into various sizes and shapes that determine planes of color and other elements that can be used much as in traditional painting or sculpture. Art critic Vince Carducci states: “The lightpaintings can and should be situated within the lineage of recent art.
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The green of Papilio palinurus is created by structural coloration, using special microstructures in the wing scales. The iridescent green sheen of the bands of this butterfly is not produced by pigments, but is structural coloration produced by the microstructure of the wing scales. They refract the light and give rise to blue and yellow visible reflections, producing the perception of green color when additively mixed.Crne, Matija; Vivek Sharma, John Blair, Jung Ok Park, Christopher J. Summers and Mohan Srinivasarao - Biomimicry of optical microstructures of Papilio palinurus - EPL -Volume 93, Number 1, January 2011Vukusic, P.; Sambles, J.R.; & Lawrence, C.R. (2000).
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Between absorption, reflection, and refraction, all of the incoming light must be accounted for, and no more. A surface cannot, for instance, reflect 66% of an incoming light ray, and refract 50%, since the two would add up to be 116%. From here, the reflected and/or refracted rays may strike other surfaces, where their absorptive, refractive, and reflective properties are again calculated based on the incoming rays. Some of these rays travel in such a way that they hit our eye, causing us to see the scene and so contribute to the final rendered image.
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Varying Constants. This chapter discusses the reliability of some physical constants, quantities or values that are held to be always fixed. One of these, the Fine-structure constant, which calculates the behaviour and amount of energy transmitted in subatomic interactions from light reflection and refraction to nuclear fusion, has been called into question by physicist John Webb of the University of New South Wales who may have identified differences in the behaviour of light from quasars and light sources today. According to Webb's observations quasar light appears to refract different shades of colour from light waves emitted today.
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As Qadiri explained, "The video is about temptation and the relationship between the Gulf and London, how London represents a kind of forbidden fruits playground for Gulf Arabs for several decades now." The fourth track on the EP is "Vatican Vibes." It's driven by a two-second loop of a Gregorian chant, and a journalist for The National wrote that it "traps the listener inside a video game-cum-hall of mirrors, a prism of sounds and melodies wherein beats and synth voices bounce and refract off each other." Tabor Robak was responsible for directing the visuals for "Vatican Vibes,""Vatican Vibes video".
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Controlling caustic pattern is rather a challenging problem as very minor changes of the surface will significantly affect the quality of the pattern since light ray directions might be interfered by other light rays as they intersect with and refract through the material. This will lead to a scattered, discontinuous pattern. To tackle this problem, optimal- transport-based is one of the existing proposed methods to control caustic pattern by redirecting light's directions as it propagates through the surface of a certain transparent material. This is done by solving an inverse optimization problem based on optimal transport.
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Between absorption, reflection, refraction and fluorescence, all of the incoming light must be accounted for, and no more. A surface cannot, for instance, reflect 66% of an incoming light ray, and refract 50%, since the two would add up to be 116%. From here, the reflected and/or refracted rays may strike other surfaces, where their absorptive, refractive, reflective and fluorescent properties again affect the progress of the incoming rays. Some of these rays travel in such a way that they hit our eye, causing us to see the scene and so contribute to the final rendered image.
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In fusing the images of forest and sea in such a way, the poem seems to accomplish the speaker's wish of unison between sea and land. In doing so, it is however in danger of abolishing the specificity of each of them. Neither is the sea a forest, nor the other way around, as metaphor would seem to suggest. While presenting a forceful image, in the sense of Pound's definition ("an “Image” is that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time" ), the poem seems to be shrewdly aware that linguistic representation will always distort and refract its referent.
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In acoustics, where a medium is essential for the waves to exist, the wavelength value is given for a specified medium. The variation in speed of light with wavelength is known as dispersion, and is also responsible for the familiar phenomenon in which light is separated into component colors by a prism. Separation occurs when the refractive index inside the prism varies with wavelength, so different wavelengths propagate at different speeds inside the prism, causing them to refract at different angles. The mathematical relationship that describes how the speed of light within a medium varies with wavelength is known as a dispersion relation.
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However, there have been observed cases where two cuspate forelands on the same shoreline have migrated in opposite directions, showing that longshore drift does not always provide a sufficient explanation for their migration. If there is an offshore sandbank present, the position of the cuspate foreland is usually related to its position. If there is a change in the position of the sandbank, the position of the cuspate foreland typically follows. Not only does the sandbank act like an island since it causes waves to refract around it, but it also provides a source of sediment.
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Daylight redirecting window film was initially made of one redirecting film and one glare-reducing diffusing film, often located on different interior surfaces of a double- glazed window, but integrated single films are now available. Some daylight redirecting films reflect incoming light upwards off tiny near-horizontal reflectors, so at high sun angles they bend it sharply, throwing it upwards to the ceiling, where a typical ceiling diffuses the daylight somewhat deeper into the space. Other daylight redirecting films refract light at any specified angle, ideally sending it nearly horizontally into the room. Redirecting films can be used as a substitute for opaque blinds.
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In 2002, after a work break, the band was reformed and renamed to Lira Vega. During the same year, they performed at the REFRACT festival (Regional Festival of Alternative Culture in Belgrade), held on the birthday of the Belgrade SKC Radio, along with the bands Jarboli, Bushcraft, Obojeni Program and Let 3. Their song "Kometa" ("The Comet") had been on the first place of the SKC radio top list for several weeks. The band also performed at the Future Shock stage at the 2003 Exit festival, the first Rijeka Open Fest, Otokultivator festival at the isle Vis and the Ljubljana Trnfest held at the France Prešern club.
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Presynaptic parasympathetic signals that originate in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus are carried by cranial nerve III (the oculomotor nerve) and travel through the ciliary ganglion via the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers which travel in the short ciliary nerves and supply the ciliary body and iris. Parasympathetic activation of the M3 muscarinic receptors causes ciliary muscle contraction. The effect of contraction is to decrease the diameter of the ring of ciliary muscle causing relaxation of the zonule fibers, the lens becomes more spherical, increasing its power to refract light for near vision. The parasympathetic tone is dominant when a higher degree of accommodation of the lens is required, such as reading a book.
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A microlens array used in a spectograph A microlens is a small lens, generally with a diameter less than a millimetre (mm) and often as small as 10 micrometres (µm). The small sizes of the lenses means that a simple design can give good optical quality but sometimes unwanted effects arise due to optical diffraction at the small features. A typical microlens may be a single element with one plane surface and one spherical convex surface to refract the light. Because micro-lenses are so small, the substrate that supports them is usually thicker than the lens and this has to be taken into account in the design.
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Siting the antenna on a high mountain can increase the range somewhat; but, in general, it is impractical to build radar systems with line-of-sight ranges beyond a few hundred kilometres. OTH radars use various techniques to see beyond that limit. Two techniques are most commonly used; shortwave systems that refract their signals off the ionosphere for very long-range detection, and surface wave systems, which use low frequency radio waves that, due to diffraction, follow the curvature of the Earth to reach beyond the horizon. These systems achieve detection ranges of the order of a hundred kilometres from small, conventional radar installations.
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Figure 2: FBG reflected power as a function of wavelength The fundamental principle behind the operation of an FBG is Fresnel reflection, where light traveling between media of different refractive indices may both reflect and refract at the interface. The refractive index will typically alternate over a defined length. The reflected wavelength (\scriptstyle \lambda_B), called the Bragg wavelength, is defined by the relationship, :\lambda_B = 2 n_e \Lambda\, where \scriptstyle n_e is the effective refractive index of the grating in the fiber core and \scriptstyle \Lambda is the grating period. The effective refractive index quantifies the velocity of propagating light as compared to its velocity in vacuum.
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DX communication is communication over large or relatively uncommon distances. On the UHF or VHF bands which are typically used for short range or line of sight communications, DX may represent communication with stations 50 or 100 miles away. The UHF and microwave bands have also been used to accomplish Earth–Moon–Earth communication between stations worldwide. On the low frequency bands (30kHz to 30 MHz), contacts between stations separated by more than 100 miles are often considered DX. Among amateur radio operators and shortwave listeners, most traditional DX communication occurs on the HF bands, where the ionosphere is used to refract the transmitted radio beam.
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The slit-based films are more transparent (both are translucent), but when the sun is high, they tend to send the light up at the ceiling, not deeper into the room. Prism-based films are translucent rather than transparent, but offer finer control over the direction of the outgoing light beam; the film can be made in a variety of prism shapes to refract light by a variety of angles. Prism-based films are a lighter modern version of glass prism tiles. Daylight redirecting window film was initially made of one redirecting film and one glare-reducing diffusing film, often located on different interior surfaces of a double-glazed window, but integrated single films are now available.
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With Wi-Fi signals line-of-sight usually works best, but signals can transmit, absorb, reflect, refract, diffract and fading through and around structures, both man-made and natural. Due to the complex nature of radio propagation at typical Wi-Fi frequencies, particularly around trees and buildings, algorithms can only approximately predict Wi-Fi signal strength for any given area in relation to a transmitter. This effect does not apply equally to long-range Wi-Fi, since longer links typically operate from towers that transmit above the surrounding foliage. Mobile use of Wi-Fi over wider ranges is limited, for instance, to uses such as in an automobile moving from one hotspot to another.
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When light passes from air or a vacuum into a transparent crystal, some of it is reflected at the surface and some refracted. The latter is a bending of the light path that occurs because the speed of light changes as it goes into the crystal; Snell's law relates the bending angle to the Refractive index, the ratio of speed in a vacuum to speed in the crystal. Crystals whose point symmetry group falls in the cubic system are isotropic: the index does not depend on direction. All other crystals are anisotropic: light passing through them is broken up into two plane polarized rays that travel at different speeds and refract at different angles.
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ShadowbandsShadow bands are thin, wavy lines of alternating light and dark that can be seen moving and undulating in parallel on plain-coloured surfaces immediately before and after a total solar eclipse.Effects During a Total Solar Eclipse They are caused by the refraction by Earth's atmospheric turbulence of the solar crescent as it thins to a narrow slit, which increasingly collimates the light reaching Earth in the minute just before and after totality. The shadows' detailed structure is due to random patterns of fine air turbulence that refract the collimated sunlight arriving from the narrow eclipse crescent. The bands' rapid sliding motion is due to shifting air currents combined with the angular motion of the sun projecting through higher altitudes.
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In the late-1980s, Simpson began experimenting with interference paints, soon becoming fascinated with the mercurial characteristics of the medium. Interference paints, which have only six pigment variations containing micro- particles covered with titanium oxide, reflect and refract light, giving rise to nuances of color and optical illusions of depth. Using only one color pigment for each painting and a specially-designed, hand-crafted trowel, Simpson applies on average about thirty coats of paint to each canvas, creating a modulated surface space with which the paint interacts in ripples and layers. In 2011, Simpson had his seventh solo show, Nonsense Poems, at the Haines Gallery in San Francisco, which featured 19 new interference paintings with one-syllable titles such as Blink and Ring.
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Densely built Manhattan has been shown to approach a Rayleigh-fading environment. One second of Rayleigh fading with a maximum Doppler shift of 10 Hz. One second of Rayleigh fading with a maximum Doppler shift of 100 Hz. The requirement that there be many scatterers present means that Rayleigh fading can be a useful model in heavily built-up city centres where there is no line of sight between the transmitter and receiver and many buildings and other objects attenuate, reflect, refract, and diffract the signal. Experimental work in Manhattan has found near-Rayleigh fading there. In tropospheric and ionospheric signal propagation the many particles in the atmospheric layers act as scatterers and this kind of environment may also approximate Rayleigh fading.
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The quality of a diamond's cut is widely considered the most important of the four Cs in determining the beauty of a diamond; indeed, it is commonly acknowledged that a well-cut diamond can appear to be of greater carat weight, and have clarity and color appear to be of better grade than they actually are. The skill with which a diamond is cut determines its ability to reflect and refract light. In addition to carrying the most importance to a diamond's quality as a gemstone, the cut is also the most difficult to quantitatively judge. A number of factors, including proportion, polish, symmetry, and the relative angles of various facets, are determined by the quality of the cut and can affect the performance of a diamond.
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The internal structure of crystals (the specific structure of the crystal lattice, and the specific atoms or molecules of which it is composed) causes the speed of light in the material, and therefore the material's refractive index, to depend on both the light's direction of propagation and its polarization. The dependence on polarization causes birefringence, in which two perpendicular polarizations propagate at different speeds and refract at different angles in the crystal. This causes a ray of light to split into an ordinary ray and an extraordinary ray, with orthogonal polarizations. For light propagating along an optic axis, though, the speed does not depend on the polarization, so there is no birefringence although there can be optical activity (a rotation of the plane of polarization).
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In the case of light traveling from air into water, light would be refracted towards the normal line, because the light is slowed down in water; light traveling from water to air would refract away from the normal line. Refraction between two surfaces is also referred to as reversible because if all conditions were identical, the angles would be the same for light propagating in the opposite direction. Snell's law is generally true only for isotropic or specular media (such as glass). In anisotropic media such as some crystals, birefringence may split the refracted ray into two rays, the ordinary or o-ray which follows Snell's law, and the other extraordinary or e-ray which may not be co-planar with the incident ray.
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The development of a green flash at sunset in San Francisco A green flash in Santa Cruz, California The stages of a green flash A mock-mirage green flash observed in San Francisco, California The green flash and green ray are meteorological optical phenomena that sometimes occur transiently around the moment of sunset or sunrise. When the conditions are right, a distinct green spot is briefly visible above the upper rim of the Sun's disk; the green appearance usually lasts for no more than two seconds. Rarely, the green flash can resemble a green ray shooting up from the sunset or sunrise point. Green flashes occur because the earth's atmosphere can cause the light from the Sun to separate, or refract, into different colors.
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This led opticians to experiment with lenses constructed of more than one type of glass in an attempt to canceling the errors produced by each type of glass. It was hoped that this would create an "achromatic lens"; a lens that would focus all colors to a single point, and produce instruments of much shorter focal length. The first person who succeeded in making a practical achromatic refracting telescope was Chester Moore Hall from Essex, England. He argued that the different humours of the human eye refract rays of light to produce an image on the retina which is free from color, and he reasonably argued that it might be possible to produce a like result by combining lenses composed of different refracting media.
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The opisthoproctid eye has a large lens and a retina with an exceptionally high complement of rod cells and a high density of rhodopsin (the "visual purple" pigment); no cone cells are present. To better serve their vision, barreleyes have large, dome-shaped, transparent heads; this presumably allows the eyes to collect even more incident light and likely protects the sensitive eyes from the nematocysts (stinging cells) of the siphonophores, from which the barreleye is believed to steal food. It may also serve as an accessory lens (modulated by intrinsic or peripheral muscles), or refract light with an index very close to seawater. Dolichopteryx longipes is the only vertebrate known to use a mirror (as well as a lens) in its eyes for focusing images.
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In April 2019, Minute Taker announced a new audiovisual show Wolf Hours exploring the psyches of several gay men at different points in time over the past century, supported by Arts Council England and Superbia at Manchester Pride. The show premiered at Waterside Arts, Manchester in July 2019 at part of their REFRACT:19 festival of experimental arts. On 9 October 2019 Minute Taker released a new single and music video from Wolf Hours called Hearts (We'll Never Know), inspired by 70s/80s horror movies. Portsmouth FC showed the video for Not Afraid, the second single from Wolf Hours at a football match on 7 December 2019 to promote LGBTQ inclusion in football in support of Stonewall's Rainbow Laces campaign.
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Seismic waves are mechanical perturbations that travel in the Earth at a speed governed by the acoustic impedance of the medium in which they are travelling. The acoustic (or seismic) impedance, Z, is defined by the equation: :Z=V\rho \ , where V is the seismic wave velocity and ρ (Greek rho) is the density of the rock. When a seismic wave travelling through the Earth encounters an interface between two materials with different acoustic impedances, some of the wave energy will reflect off the interface and some will refract through the interface. At its most basic, the seismic reflection technique consists of generating seismic waves and measuring the time taken for the waves to travel from the source, reflect off an interface and be detected by an array of receivers (or geophones) at the surface.
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The general principle of seismic reflection is to send elastic waves (using an energy source such as dynamite explosion or Vibroseis) into the Earth, where each layer within the Earth reflects a portion of the wave's energy back and allows the rest to refract through. These reflected energy waves are recorded over a predetermined time period (called the record length) by receivers that detect the motion of the ground in which they are placed. On land, the typical receiver used is a small, portable instrument known as a geophone, which converts ground motion into an analogue electrical signal. In water, hydrophones are used, which convert pressure changes into electrical signals. Each receiver's response to a single shot is known as a “trace” and is recorded onto a data storage device, then the shot location is moved along and the process is repeated.
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MG CS (2013) The MG CS Concept was unveiled at the 2013 Shanghai Motor Show. The concept car is designed to slot into the compact SUV sector, one of the fastest growing areas of the global automotive market, where style and sports utility dominate fashion trends. The CS concept is the result of a large investment into the brand by MG’s owner, SAIC. The CS previewed MG’s first production SUV, the GS. The CS was designed by a design team led by MG’s Global Design Director, Anthony Williams-Kenny between the Longbridge and Shanghai design studios. The MG CS has many strikingly unique features, including the headlights which have a multi faceted ‘shard’ structure which refract light in different colours and shape from the side, but coalesce to form the iconic MG’s trademark octagon from the front.
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Rotation however is not observed, and since 1995 the village administrator has always been a Palestinian Arab. Jewish Classes in the village school each have both a Jewish and an Arab teacher, but this does not extend to the curriculum, where maths, for example, is taught to children in their respective native languages.. When matters of principle are on the agenda, a plenum, made up of all full members of the village, is constituted to deliberate, and its final decisions are binding on everyone.. Since the adult Jewish residents are not equally fluent in Arabic, the minutes of official deliberations are taken down in Hebrew and workshops are conducted in Hebrew to account for what Rabah Halabi describes as a large gap between "proclaimed policy and the actual situation,". and Feuerverger, using the theories of Paolo Freire, illustrates that language issues refract problems of power.
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Skywave propagation, also referred to as skip, is any of the modes that rely on reflection and refraction of radio waves from the ionosphere. The ionosphere is a region of the atmosphere from about that contains layers of charged particles (ions) which can refract a radio wave back toward the Earth. A radio wave directed at an angle into the sky can be reflected back to Earth beyond the horizon by these layers, allowing long distance radio transmission. The F2 layer is the most important ionospheric layer for long-distance, multiple-hop HF propagation, though F1, E, and D-layers also play significant roles. The D-layer, when present during sunlight periods, causes significant amount of signal loss, as does the E-layer whose maximum usable frequency can rise to 4 MHz and above and thus block higher frequency signals from reaching the F2-layer.
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These particles would then be spread throughout the atmosphere and absorb or refract the sunlight before it is able to reach the surface, cooling the planet in a similar fashion as the sulfurous aerosol rising from a megavolcano, producing deep global dimming. This is controversially purported to have occurred following the Toba eruption. These pulverized rock particles would remain in the atmosphere until dry deposition, and due to their size, they would also act as cloud condensation nuclei and would be washed out by wet deposition/precipitation, but even then, about 15% of the sun's radiation might not reach the surface. After the first 20 days, the land temperature might drop quickly, by about 13° C. After about a year, the temperature could rebound by about 6° C, but by this time about one-third of the Northern Hemisphere might be covered in ice.
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Colors resulting from different feather pigments Left: turacin (red) and turacoverdin (green, with some structural blue iridescence at lower end) on the wing of Tauraco bannermani Right: carotenoids (red) and melanins (dark) on belly/wings of Ramphocelus bresilius The colors of feathers are produced by pigments, by microscopic structures that can refract, reflect, or scatter selected wavelengths of light, or by a combination of both. Most feather pigments are melanins (brown and beige pheomelanins, black and grey eumelanins) and carotenoids (red, yellow, orange); other pigments occur only in certain taxa – the yellow to red psittacofulvins (found in some parrots) and the red turacin and green turacoverdin (porphyrin pigments found only in turacos). Structural coloration is involved in the production of blue colors, iridescence, most ultraviolet reflectance and in the enhancement of pigmentary colors. Structural iridescence has been reported in fossil feathers dating back 40 million years.
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X-Man #62 His telekinesis was so powerful that he could move massive objects with his mind, fire blasts of psychokinetic energy that could shatter steel, create mental barriers that could stop most attacks, levitate his body, and fly at supersonic speeds. He was powerful enough to single handedly defeat Tundra of the Great Beasts and was even able to psionically isolate the planet's gravitational pull on the two other Great Beasts, Tolomaq and Somon.X-Man #40 He also crushed the whole city of San Francisco de Quito, Ecuador while asleep in Buenos Aires, Argentina; the cities are over 2600 miles apart.X-Man #67 His control over his telekinesis was so acute that he was able to create holograms by mentally manipulating water, molecules and dust to refract light, bend security lasers to avoid detection, and even move the atoms of a wall around his form so that he passed through the wall like a ghost.
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Representations collects a broad range of reviews and essays written between 1956 and 1974, organized around what Marcus terms "the imagination of society". Marcus uses this phrase to collapse the distinction between material actuality and formal representation: "The structures of literature refer to this real world, comment upon it, represent it by means of a written language that is part of it, and are hence themselves part of the same world that they refract and reconstitute imaginatively." Revisiting his interpretation of Pickwick Papers from his first book, Marcus argues that Dickens's style begins in a mode of "free, wild, inventive doodling" but gathers design and purpose as Pickwick encounters the hard structures of law, property, and money. On representation in George Eliot's fiction, Marcus argues that her narrative histories mimic nineteenth-century abstract systems of explanation while militating against acknowledgment of their artificial constructedness, thereby creating a stable history that seems to rest on nature, rather than linguistic invention.
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For instance, the photograph through a calcite crystal (top of page) shows a shifted image in the two polarizations; this is due to the optic axis being neither parallel nor normal to the crystal surface. And even when the optic axis is parallel to the surface, this will occur for waves launched at non- normal incidence (as depicted in the explanatory figure). In these case the two vectors can be found by solving constrained by the boundary condition which requires that the components of the two transmitted waves' vectors, and the vector of the incident wave, as projected onto the surface of the interface, must all be identical. For a uniaxial crystal it will be found that there is not a spatial shift for the ordinary ray (hence its name) which will refract as if the material were non-birefringent with an index the same as the two axes which are not the optic axis.
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