106 Sentences With "randomizing" | Random Sentence Generator

Really Bad Chess changes this by completely randomizing what pieces both sides get.

You'll choose a full-bleed front and back cover, and a randomizing algorithm in Zean.

Randomizing the study was key to distinguishing this data from past work on wellness, she said.

The researchers then decided to recruit four more willing volunteers after the study began, but without randomizing them.

One is that we now have tools which mean it's impossible to resist skipping through things, randomizing things.

But instead of randomizing people, it randomized groups of people who been in contact with a person with Ebola.

Organizations that would be subject to the experiments often strongly resist randomizing health system changes and forcing providers to participate.

Kenneth Biby, the property manager at Natalie Gubb Commons, clicked a button, sending the lottery numbers to a randomizing website.

The squid storms were able to continue while Adrian was trapped on Europa because he automated them on a randomizing algorithm.

They also displayed a "star stimulus" to the pigeons either above or below the center aperture, randomizing its location in each trial.

Look at The Sims 4, which lets you take a base model and "lock" certain features before randomizing around the rest, for instance.

They argued that the vast experience of cardiologists showed that stents worked, and therefore randomizing some patients not to receive them was unethical.

After Imperva disclosed the issue to Facebook, the company tried to issue a fix by randomizing iframe elements, an HTML element vital to the vulernability.

Google began randomizing Assistant's presentation like this last year, and on Google Nest and Home devices in the US, it's already randomized the default voice.

As the season starts to shrink and the postseason arrives to give everything a randomizing jolt, the baseball discourse will center on which strengths are preferable.

The decay of a quantum system is called decoherence, and it has the effect of entirely randomizing the quantum state, making it useless for practical purposes.

There's a method to the madness here: Randomizing items means being able to react to each individual order rather than seeking out product sections for each order.

This works by randomizing local data from each device by injecting it with meaningless "noise," or nonsense data, so it can't be traced back to the device's user.

You'll learn some basic options like calculation modes, line breaks, and auditing tools, plus more complex use-cases like detecting duplicates, creating dynamic workbook links, randomizing lists, and more.

At home, the house is fully wired with Wi-Fi switches and outlets are everywhere in our house, resulting in things like randomizing on/off of lights when no one is home.

In addition, edX has introduced virtual proctoring to monitor student activity, randomizing test questions where students receive different prompts and Coursera uses keystroke identification (or your typing pattern) to confirm a student's identity.

The same day that it was posted online, commenters on the discussion forum PubPeer began criticizing it for not adhering to clinical trial best practices such as randomizing or "blinding" participants with placebos.

In 2011, the Social Security Administration decided to start randomizing the issuance of Social Security numbers, which Conroy said has made it easier to pick a random social security number without being flagged.

These apps range from tools to tidying up your Twitter timeline to randomizing who is forced to take notes or do other tasks during the meeting to creating animations using CSS, and much more.

It's proven difficult to study the effect of tourniquets in crush injuries, as any well-done study needs to be randomized, and randomizing victims to potentially life-saving interventions outside of hospital confines is difficult.

And, just as she learned to do in Chetty's class, she's randomizing which classrooms receive the counseling, surveying the students, and hoping to use the data to get a true experimental measure of her program's impact.

The CAMARADES group also found that researchers conducting animal studies often don't take the simple steps to reduce bias: randomizing which animals get the placebo and which get the control, and being transparent about potential conflicts of interest.

Smruti Amarjyoti of Carnegie Mellon University's Robotics Institute noted that the idea of randomizing the system's training environment has been done before, but said Dactyl's movements were "graceful" in a way he'd thought it impossible for AI. "The end result is highly sophisticated and polished," said Amarjyoti.

Callahan apparently approached the organization in an aleatoric sort of way—randomizing samples on the first piece and then arranging them shortest to longest on the second—but if you cross your eyes enough structure starts to emerge, as if you can feel the dull throb that originally imbued these microscopic tracks even though they've been melted down and reconstituted.

However, deployments of the technology are typically limited to randomizing libraries and the location of the stack.

In computer science, a randomization function or randomizing function is an algorithm or procedure that implements a randomly chosen function between two specific sets, suitable for use in a randomized algorithm. Randomizing functions are related to random number generators and hash functions, but have somewhat different requirements and uses, and often need specific algorithms.

However, deadlock can be avoided by partitioning the network into two components: one for the randomizing phase and one for the destination phase.

PaX allows individual markings for both PAGEEXEC and SEGMEXEC; randomizing the mmap(), stack, and heap base; randomizing the executable base for ET_EXEC binaries; restricting mprotect(); and emulating trampolines. In the case of chpax, certain tools such as strip may lose the markings; using paxctl to set the PT_PAX_FLAGS is the only reliable method. The paxctl tool uses a new ELF program header specifically created for PaX flags. These markings can be explicitly on, off, or unset.

A UK experiment was conducted with nearly 4,000 people just before the 2015 national elections examined ways to prevent manipulation. Randomizing the rankings or including alerts that identify bias had some suppressive effects.

Randomization is used extensively in the field of gambling. Because poor randomization may allow a skilled gambler to take advantage, much research has been devoted to effective randomization. A classic example of randomizing is shuffling playing cards.

Soon after, most likely because it was popularized by the movie, serial dialing was outlawed. Hackers got around this by simply randomizing the order the program dialed all the numbers. Later the terms "demon dialing" and "war dialing" became synonymous.

Randomizing functions are used to turn algorithms that have good expected performance for random inputs, into algorithms that have the same performance for any input. For example, consider a sorting algorithm like quicksort, which has small expected running time when the input items are presented in random order, but is very slow when they are presented in certain unfavorable orders. A randomizing function from the integers 1 to n to the integers 1 to n can be used to rearrange the n input items in "random" order, before calling that algorithm. This modified (randomized) algorithm will have small expected running time, whatever the input order.

If the sequence of divide by n and divide by (n + 1) is periodic, spurious signals appear at the VCO output in addition to the desired frequency. Delta-sigma fractional-n dividers overcome this problem by randomizing the selection of n and (n + 1), while maintaining the time-averaged ratios.

Molecular libraries of Affilin proteins are generated by randomizing sets of amino acids by mutagenesis methods. Substituting selected amino acids at the potential binding site gives 198 ≈ 17,000,000,000 possible combinations (e.g.: eight amino acids substituted by 19 amino acids). Cysteine is excluded because of its liability to form disulfide bonds.

Many factors are cited for this failure, but the largest single reason was the loss of its main distributor following 9/11 (a difficult time for the entire tabletop game market). Other reasons include its targeting of children rather than serious collectors, and criticism of the fallibility of the randomizing element in the combat system.

Each enemy has a unique attack. Toads can poison the player, Fire Diamonds cause dizziness (which had the effect of randomizing the direction the player moves), Ninjas teleport around the map, some Slime Blobs create copies of themselves and so on. The game ends when the player finds and picks up the holy goblet hidden in level 30.

The general rule is: :“Block what you can; randomize what you cannot.” Blocking is used to remove the effects of a few of the most important nuisance variables. Randomization is then used to reduce the contaminating effects of the remaining nuisance variables. For important nuisance variables, blocking will yield higher significance in the variables of interest than randomizing.

MSM is a stochastic volatility model with arbitrarily many frequencies. MSM builds on the convenience of regime-switching models, which were advanced in economics and finance by James D. Hamilton. MSM is closely related to the Multifractal Model of Asset Returns. MSM improves on the MMAR's combinatorial construction by randomizing arrival times, guaranteeing a strictly stationary process.

A typical (3,000 point) army will consist of about 30 troops, with possible aerial, artillery, orbital, or vehicle support. However, armies can range in size from 3 to 300 models, so the scale of a game is often quite dependent on the army design choices of the players involved. Ten sided dice are used as a randomizing element.

The advantages of stratified randomization include: # Stratified randomization can accurately reflect the outcomes of the general population since influential factors are applied to stratify the entire samples and balance the samples' vital characteristics among treatment groups. For instance, applying stratified randomization to make a sample of 100 from the population can guarantee the balance of males and females in each treatment group, while using simple randomization might result in only 20 males in one group and 80 males in another group. # Stratified randomization makes a smaller error than other sampling methods such as cluster sampling, simple random sampling, and systematic sampling or non-probability methods since measurements within strata could be made to have a lower standard deviation. Randomizing divided strata are more manageable and cheaper in some cases than simply randomizing general samples.

The nature of genomic sequences requires a specific encryption tool to protect against low complexity (repetitive content) attacks and KPA (Known-plaintext attack), given several expected symbols. Cryfa uses packing (reducing the storage size), a shuffling mechanism (randomizing the symbol positions), and the AES cipher (Advanced Encryption Standard) to securely store FASTA, FASTQ, VCF, SAM and BAM files with authenticated encryption.

Since computer monitors typically have good lighting for reading and LCD/LED monitors have high DPI, or dots per inch (between 96 and 480), they are suitable for displaying optotypes. Commonly digital chart products support randomizing optotypes displayed to prevent patients from cheating through memorizing the chart. In Google Play and App Store (iOS), there are Snellen chart apps for smart phones and tablets.

He quotes, for example, an "account of the Zuñi War Gods" which explicitly links divination, the 4 quarters of the earth, and games.Culin 1907, p 33. Nyout (Yut) and Native American games like Zohn Ahl are integral to his argument. However, later scholars have called into question our ability to assign historical precedence among randomizing activities such as divination, impartial decision-making, gambling, and game-playing,David 1962, p 13.

1260, or V2PX,"Threat Assessment of Malicious Code and Human Threats," History of Viruses, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Computer Security Division, internal report.IBM research report. was a demonstration computer virus written in 1989 by Mark Washburn that used a form of polymorphic encryption. Derived from Ralph Burger's publication of the disassembled Vienna Virus source code, the 1260 added a cipher and varied its signature by randomizing its decryption algorithm.

Using a good combination will gain the Pokémon more appeal points, but using the same move twice consecutively will be less effective. Moves can have many effects, such as "jamming" previous Pokémon to reduce their appeal, or randomizing the order of appeals in the next round.Official Pokémon Scenario Guide Diamond and Pearl version p. 235–236 After appeals are concluded, the results are shown, and the Pokémon with the most total points wins a ribbon.

A distinguishing difference between unique bid auctions and traditional lotteries, games of chance, and sporting events (gambling) is the absence of an external randomizing device. All cards games, lotteries, raffles and mechanical games typically found in casinos utilize an exogenous device to introduce chance into the game. In card games it is the deck of cards. Lotteries use randomly selected numbers while raffles rely on randomly selected tickets or markers to select the winner.

Backgammon is a game of skill. Strategy can give players advantages, but there is also an element of chance. A game of skill or game of wits is a game where the outcome is determined mainly by mental or physical skill, rather than chance. Alternatively, a game of chance is one where its outcome is strongly influenced by some randomizing device, such as dice, spinning tops, playing cards, roulette wheels, or numbered balls drawn from a container.

Goofspiel (or variants of it) has been the subject of mathematical study. For example, Sheldon Ross considered the case when one player plays his cards randomly, to determine the best strategy that the other player should use. Using a proof by induction on the number of cards, Ross showed that the optimal strategy for the non-randomizing player is to match the upturned card, i.e. if the upturned card is the Jack, he should play his Jack, etc.

This was achieved by reducing elements of chance or luck. For instance, rather than randomizing the number of skills a character had, one could select a number of skills based on his class. Another significant change was the concept of a "minimum" skill level for weapon proficiencies. These were originally decided by rolling percentile dice, which meant that a character could theoretically have a skill level anywhere from 1 (meaning that he was a very poor shot) to 100.

Kernel address space layout randomization (KASLR) enables address space randomization for the Linux kernel image by randomizing where the kernel code is placed at boot time. KASLR was merged into the Linux kernel mainline in kernel version 3.14, released on 30 March 2014. When compiled in, it can be disabled at boot time by specifying as one of the kernel's boot parameters. There are several side-channel attacks in x86 processors that could leak kernel addresses.

Note that this criterion only requires the value to be uniformly distributed, not random in any sense. A good randomizing function is (barring computational efficiency concerns) generally a good choice as a hash function, but the converse need not be true. Hash tables often contain only a small subset of the valid inputs. For instance, a club membership list may contain only a hundred or so member names, out of the very large set of all possible names.

There is scientific consensus that the capacity to synthesize nylonase most probably developed as a single-step mutation that survived because it improved the fitness of the bacteria possessing the mutation. More importantly, the enzyme involved was produced by a mutation completely randomizing the original gene. Despite this, the new gene still had a novel, albeit weak, catalytic capacity. This is seen as a good example of how mutations easily can provide the raw material for evolution by natural selection.

Some keypads are designed to inhibit the aforementioned attacks. This is usually accomplished by restricting the viewing angle of the keypad (either by using a mechanical shroud or special buttons), or randomizing the positions of the buttons each time a combination is entered. Some keypads use small LED or LCD displays inside of the buttons to allow the number on each button to change. This allows for randomization of the button positions, which is normally performed each time the keypad is powered on.

Between 600,000 and 1,000,000 naval mines of all types were laid in WWII. Advancing military forces worked to clear mines from newly-taken areas, but extensive minefields remained in place after the war. Air-dropped mines had an additional problem for mine sweeping operations: they were not meticulously charted. In Japan, much of the B-29 mine-laying work had been performed at high altitude, with the drifting on the wind of mines carried by parachute adding a randomizing factor to their placement.

Role-playing games are played in a wide variety of formats, ranging from discussing character interaction in tabletop form, physically acting out characters in LARP to playing characters virtually in digital media. There is also a great variety of systems of rules and game settings. Games that emphasize plot and character interaction over game mechanics and combat sometimes prefer the name storytelling game. These types of games tend to reduce or eliminate the use of dice and other randomizing elements.

The East Papuan languages were proposed as a family by linguist Stephen Wurm (1975) and others. However, their work was preliminary, and there is little evidence that the East Papuan languages actually have a genetic relationship. For example, none of these fifteen languages marked with asterisks below share more than 2–3% of their basic vocabulary with any of the others. Dunn and colleagues (2005) tested the reliability of the proposed 2–3% cognates by randomizing the vocabulary lists and comparing them again.

The initial setup need not necessarily be random. The players or a tournament setting may decide on a specific position in advance, for example. Tournament Directors prefer that all boards in a single round play the same random position, as to maintain order and abbreviate the setup time for each round. Edward Northam suggests the following approach for allowing players to jointly create a position without randomizing tools: First, the back ranks are cleared of pieces, and the white bishops, knights, and queen are gathered together.

Remapping is required only for objects currently mapped to the failed site, and disruption is minimal. Rendezvous hashing has the following properties: # Low overhead: The hash function used is efficient, so overhead at the clients is very low. # Load balancing: Since the hash function is randomizing, each of the n sites is equally likely to receive the object O. Loads are uniform across the sites. ## Site capacity: Sites with different capacities can be represented in the site list with multiplicity in proportion to capacity.

Tim Krabbé, Open Chess Diary 123, June 2001 He wrote that he hated openings "with all those annoying, constantly repeating patterns" and therefore thought of randomizing the starting positions of the chess pieces. "This produces a huge number of different situations, so that no one can study them beforehand," according to Van Zuylen van Nijevelt.Basic-Chess (Dutch) In Zwolle, a chess society was founded in his honour. In his final years, Zuylen van Nijevelt also wrote a treatise on astronomy, L'Attraction détruite par le mouvement primordial.

It was approved for use in the United States in May 2020. Efficacy of daratumumab and hyaluronidase-fihji (monotherapy) was evaluated in the COLUMBA trial (NCT03277105), an open-label non-inferiority trial randomizing 263 participants to daratumumab and hyaluronidase-fihj and 259 to intravenous daratumumab (daratumumab IV). The trial's co-primary endpoints were overall response rate (ORR) and pharmacokinetic (PK) endpoint of the maximum Ctrough on cycle 3, day 1 pre- dose. Daratumumab and hyaluronidase-fihj was non-inferior to daratumumab IV in evaluating these two endpoints.

In many contemporary cooperative games, randomizing devices help in varying game experience over multiple plays. Dice can be rolled, cards can be drawn each turn from a shuffled deck or various board sections of a modular board revealed to generate random objectives, events and challenges. These provide the conflict or challenge in the game, and make it progressively more difficult for the players. For example, in Save the Whales, players work together to protect whales from the challenges inherent in the game setting—radioactive waste, commercial whaling, etc.

The speed of the jet compared to the speed of the wire is known as the jet-to-wire ratio. When the jet-to-wire ratio is less than unity, the fibres in the stock become drawn out in the machine direction. On slower machines where sufficient liquid remains in the stock before draining out, the wire can be driven back and forth with a process known as shake. This provides some measure of randomizing the direction of the fibres and gives the sheet more uniform strength in both the machine and cross-machine directions.

Traditionally, chemotherapeutic adjuvants, such as mitomycin C (MMC) or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), are applied with soaked sponges on the wound bed to prevent filtering blebs from scarring by inhibiting fibroblast proliferation. Contemporary alternatives to prevent the scarring of the meshwork opening include the sole or combinative implementation of nonchemotherapeutic adjuvants such as the Ologen collagen matrix, which has been clinically shown to increase the success rates of surgical treatment. Collagen matrix prevents scarring by randomizing and modulating fibroblast proliferation in addition to mechanically preventing wound contraction and adhesion.

The computer opponents' decks will be procedurally generated, effectively randomizing the type of decks the player will face. Playing through either mode can earn the players in-game money to be used to buy new booster packs or specific cards to expand their card library; there are also various daily objectives for players to complete for in-game money, and all players are rewarded for helping to complete various community goals. Players can also purchase in-game money with microtransactions, but is not required to gain access to all cards and features.

While a game of chance may have some skill element to it, chance generally plays a greater role in determining its outcome. A game of skill may also may have elements of chance, but skill plays a greater role in determining its outcome. Some commonly played games of skill include: collectible card games, contract bridge, backgammon and mahjong. However, most games of skill also involve a degree of chance, due to natural aspects of the environment, a randomizing device (such as dice, playing cards or a coin flip), or guessing due to incomplete information.

In the attempt to justify the postulate of entropy increase in the second law of thermodynamics, Boltzmann's H-theorem used equations, which assumed that a system (for example, a gas) was isolated. That is all the mechanical degrees of freedom could be specified, treating the walls simply as mirror boundary conditions. This inevitably led to Loschmidt's paradox. However, if the stochastic behavior of the molecules in actual walls is considered, along with the randomizing effect of the ambient, background thermal radiation, Boltzmann's assumption of molecular chaos can be justified.

Although dice have been mostly used in gambling, and as "randomizing" elements in games (e.g. role playing games), the Victorian scientist Francis Galton described a way to use dice to explicitly generate random numbers for scientific purposes in 1890. Hardware random number generators generally produce only a limited number of random bits per second. In order to increase the available output data rate, they are often used to generate the "seed" for a faster cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator, which then generates a pseudorandom output sequence at a much higher data rate.

Unpredictable random numbers were first investigated in the context of gambling, and many randomizing devices such as dice, shuffling playing cards, and roulette wheels, were first developed for such use. Fairly produced random numbers are vital to electronic gambling and ways of creating them are sometimes regulated by governmental gaming commissions. Random numbers are also used for non-gambling purposes, both where their use is mathematically important, such as sampling for opinion polls, and in situations where fairness is approximated by randomization, such as military draft lotteries and selecting jurors.

Since the alarm will not always trigger in exactly one tick, the least significant bits of a count of loop iterations, between setting the alarm and its trigger, will vary randomly, possibly enough for some uses. Truerand doesn't require additional hardware, but in a multi-tasking system great care must be taken to avoid non- randomizing interference from other processes (e.g., in the suspension of the counting loop process as the operating system scheduler starts and stops assorted processes). The `RDRAND` opcode will return values from an onboard hardware random number generator.

Fischer random chess employs the same board and pieces as standard chess, but the starting position of the pieces on the players' is randomized, following certain rules. The random setup makes gaining an advantage through the memorization of openings impracticable; players instead must rely more on their spontaneous talent and creativity over the board. Randomizing the main pieces had long been known as shuffle chess; however, Fischer random chess introduces new rules regarding the initial random setup, "preserving the dynamic nature of the game by retaining for each player and the right to castle for both sides".Gligorić (2002), p. 40.

Wild-type Sac7d (blue and orange) kinking DNA (lilac), from Affitins (commercial name Nanofitins) are artificial proteins with the ability to selectively bind antigens. They are structurally derived from the DNA binding protein Sac7d, found in Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, a microorganism belonging to the archaeal domain. By randomizing the amino acids on the binding surface of Sac7d and subjecting the resulting protein library to rounds of ribosome display, the affinity can be directed towards various targets, such as peptides, proteins, viruses, and bacteria. Affitins are antibody mimetics and are being developed as an alternative to antibodies as tools in biotechnology.

Unpredictable (by the humans involved) numbers (usually taken to be random numbers) were first investigated in the context of gambling developing, sometimes, pathological forms like apophenia. Many randomizing devices such as dice, shuffling playing cards, and roulette wheels, seem to have been developed for use in games of chance. Electronic gambling equipment cannot use these and so theoretical problems are less easy to avoid; methods of creating them are sometimes regulated by governmental gaming commissions. Modern electronic casino games contain often one or more random number generators which decide the outcome of a trial in the game.

The player, as Peter, must figure out how each of the five survived through the five various escape routes. This is presented by leading one character through the station, fighting off the Typhon, collecting equipment, hacking terminals, and other actions. If the player can lead that character to safety, they then must lead the other characters, one at a time, through the same gameworld to find a different escape point, with all of the changes on the gameworld from the previous characters still in place. Players may reset the simulation, randomizing the world elements and effectively starting a new run.

The game has a total of 20 stages to play through (30 in the MS-DOS version), with each one varying in theme. Before starting the main mode, players can choose between three levels of difficulty, with higher difficulties altering and randomizing the appearance of important items, while pressing Option allows the player to change the control settings. Besides the main mode, there is also an endless mode called "Pandemonium", where enemies span infinitely until the Doomscale gets triggered by them and only has four stages to play. Progress, high-score and other settings are automatically saved.

The slide attack is a form of cryptanalysis designed to deal with the prevailing idea that even weak ciphers can become very strong by increasing the number of rounds, which can ward off a differential attack. The slide attack works in such a way as to make the number of rounds in a cipher irrelevant. Rather than looking at the data-randomizing aspects of the block cipher, the slide attack works by analyzing the key schedule and exploiting weaknesses in it to break the cipher. The most common one is the keys repeating in a cyclic manner.

They have shown that, when scientifically rigorous studies are performed (by randomizing the patients and preventing them from knowing that they are being prayed for), there is no discernible effect. Religion has power as a cohesive social force, and whether or not it is always beneficial is debated. Irrespective of a group's beliefs, many find that simply belonging to a tight social group reduces anxiety and mental health problems. In addition, there may be a degree of self-selectivity amongst the religious; the behavioral benefits they display may simply be common aspects of those who choose to or are able to practice religion.

Unlike many underground papers of its era, Yarrowstalks was not explicitly political. Like the San Francisco Oracle, Yarrowstalks combined poetry, spirituality, and multicultural interests with psychedelic design, reflecting and shaping the countercultural community as it developed in Philadelphia. Yarrowstalks was noted for its innovative use of color, graphic design, and cold type offset printing. (The name of the publication is derived from Achillea millefolium ["yarrow"]; the stalks are dried and used as a randomizing agent in I Ching divination.) In addition to Crumb, other notable contributors to Yarrowstalks included Timothy Leary and the editor/publisher Zahn.

Passwords are created either automatically (using randomizing equipment) or by a human; the latter case is more common. While the strength of randomly chosen passwords against a brute-force attack can be calculated with precision, determining the strength of human-generated passwords is challenging. Typically, humans are asked to choose a password, sometimes guided by suggestions or restricted by a set of rules, when creating a new account for a computer system or Internet Web site. Only rough estimates of strength are possible, since humans tend to follow patterns in such tasks, and those patterns can usually assist an attacker.

Modern microprocessors will allow for much faster processing, if 8-bit character strings are not hashed by processing one character at a time, but by interpreting the string as an array of 32 bit or 64 bit integers and hashing/accumulating these "wide word" integer values by means of arithmetic operations (e.g. multiplication by constant and bit-shifting). The final word, which may have unoccupied byte positions, is filled with zeros or a specified "randomizing" value before being folded into the hash. The accumulated hash code is reduced by a final modulo or other operation to yield an index into the table.

The sliding scale or randomizing method can be employed to greatly improve the linearity of any type of ADC, but especially flash and successive approximation types. For any ADC the mapping from input voltage to digital output value is not exactly a floor or ceiling function as it should be. Under normal conditions, a pulse of a particular amplitude is always converted to the same digital value. The problem lies in that the ranges of analog values for the digitized values are not all of the same widths, and the differential linearity decreases proportionally with the divergence from the average width.

A number of techniques have been proposed to subvert attacks based on return-oriented programming. Most rely on randomizing the location of program and library code, so that an attacker cannot accurately predict the location of instructions that might be useful in gadgets and therefore cannot mount a successful return-oriented programming attack chain. One fairly common implementation of this technique, address space layout randomization (ASLR), loads shared libraries into a different memory location at each program load. Although widely deployed by modern operating systems, ASLR is vulnerable to information leakage attacks and other approaches to determine the address of any known library function in memory.

Most basal dendrites enter the hilus. These hilar dendrites are shorter and thinner, and have fewer side branches. A second excitatory cell type in the hilus is the mossy cell, that projects its axons widely along the septotemporal axis, (running from the septal area to the temporal lobe) with the ipsilateral projection skipping the first 1–2 mm near the cell bodies, an unusual configuration, hypothesized to prepare a set of cell assemblies in CA3 for a data retrieval role, by randomizing their cell distribution. Between the hilus and the granule cell layer is a region called the subgranular zone which is the site of neurogenesis.

Besides modulation by inversion and race, emotional expressions have also been a focus of N170 face research. In an experiment conducted by Righart and de Gelder, ERP results show that the early stages of face processing may be affected by emotional scenes when categorizations of fearful and happy facial expressions are made by subjects. In this paradigm subjects had to view color pictures of happy or fearful faces that were centrally overlaid on pictures of natural scenes. And in order to control for low level features, such as color and other items that could care meaning, all the scene pictures were scrambled by randomizing the position of pixels across the image.

Roulette is a game of pure chance, no strategy can give players advantages, the outcome is determined by randomness A game of chance is a game whose outcome is strongly influenced by some randomizing device, and upon which contestants may choose to wager money or anything of monetary value. Common devices used include dice, spinning tops, playing cards, roulette wheels, or numbered balls drawn from a container. Alternatively, a game of skill is one where the outcome is determined mainly by mental or physical skill, rather than chance. While a game of chance may have some skill element to it, chance generally plays a greater role in determining its outcome.

The weakness of this procedure is that information may cluster in the upper or lower bits of the bytes, which clustering will remain in the hashed result and cause more collisions than a proper randomizing hash. ASCII byte codes, for example, have an upper bit of 0 and printable strings don't use the first 32 byte codes, so the information (95 byte codes) is clustered in the remaining bits in an unobvious manner. The classic approach dubbed the PJW hash based on the work of Peter. J. Weinberger at ATT Bell Labs in the 1970s, was originally designed for hashing identifiers into compiler symbol tables as given in the "Dragon Book".

M-134 Converter, without paper tape reader Key tape for the M-134 It was clear to US cryptographers well before World War II that the single- stepping mechanical motion of rotor machines (e.g. the Hebern machine) could be exploited by attackers. In the case of the famous Enigma machine, these attacks were supposed to be upset by moving the rotors to random locations at the start of each new message. This, however, proved not to be secure enough, and German Enigma messages were frequently broken by cryptanalysis during World War II. William Friedman, director of the US Army's Signals Intelligence Service, devised a system to correct for this attack by truly randomizing the motion of the rotors.

Scientists have attempted to teach machines to produce nonsense. The Markov chain technique is one method which has been used to generate texts by algorithm and randomizing techniques that seem meaningful. Another method is sometimes called the Mad Libs method: it involves creating templates for various sentence structures and filling in the blanks with noun phrases or verb phrases; these phrase-generation procedures can be looped to add recursion, giving the output the appearance of greater complexity and sophistication. Racter was a computer program which generated nonsense texts by this method; however, Racter's book, The Policeman’s Beard is Half Constructed, proved to have been the product of heavy human editing of the program's output.

In most of its mathematical, political, social and religious uses, randomness is used for its innate "fairness" and lack of bias. Politics: Athenian democracy was based on the concept of isonomia (equality of political rights), and used complex allotment machines to ensure that the positions on the ruling committees that ran Athens were fairly allocated. Allotment is now restricted to selecting jurors in Anglo-Saxon legal systems, and in situations where "fairness" is approximated by randomization, such as selecting jurors and military draft lotteries. Games: Random numbers were first investigated in the context of gambling, and many randomizing devices, such as dice, shuffling playing cards, and roulette wheels, were first developed for use in gambling.

Corduba (minor planet designation: 365 Corduba) is a very large main-belt asteroid that was discovered by the French astronomer Auguste Charlois on 21 March 1893 from Nice. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably composed of carbonaceous material. Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado Springs, Colorado, during 2007 gave a light curve with a period of 6.551 ± 0.002 hours and a brightness variation of 0.05 in magnitude. This differs somewhat from a 2004 study that gave a period of 6.354 hours, but this difference may be explained by the small magnitude variation which tends to increase the randomizing effect of noise in the data.

The famed Morris worm in 1988 used this as one of its attack techniques. Programming languages commonly associated with buffer overflows include C and C++, which provide no built-in protection against accessing or overwriting data in any part of memory and do not automatically check that data written to an array (the built-in buffer type) is within the boundaries of that array. Bounds checking can prevent buffer overflows, but requires additional code and processing time. Modern operating systems use a variety of techniques to combat malicious buffer overflows, notably by randomizing the layout of memory, or deliberately leaving space between buffers and looking for actions that write into those areas ("canaries").

In some cases, losing the remaining games can be more favorable than attempting to win them, due to more favorable positioning in a draft and the ability to land more talented players. Teams in Europe (especially those without drafts) discourage "losing out" by imposing a relegation system that expels the lowest teams from the league. A draft lottery is used in some North American professional leagues to discourage losing out by randomizing who gets the top draft picks, while still assuring the less talented teams have access to the players necessary to compete. (See: elimination from possibility of reaching postseason) A kingmaker is a lame duck who retains the ability to influence (sometimes decisively) who, among other players, will win the game.

The "dilemma" in the game's title reflects this, as the game asks the player whether choices they make are the right thing to do. Another main theme is identity, and how people try to figure out who they are. This came from Uchikoshi's personal struggles with identity issues: he said that he is "always thinking about who [he is]" and that he thinks he might have a multifaceted personality; his characters, like him, deal with this issue. Among other major themes are "multiple- probability histories", with the player being able to move between different equally probable histories depending on the choices they have made; and the big effects small coincidences can have, which was reflected in the use of randomizing events.

Herd immunity is often accounted for when conducting cost–benefit analyses of vaccination programs. It is regarded as a positive externality of high levels of immunity, producing an additional benefit of disease reduction that would not occur had no herd immunity been generated in the population. Therefore, herd immunity's inclusion in cost–benefit analyses results both in more favorable cost- effectiveness or cost–benefit ratios, and an increase in the number of disease cases averted by vaccination. Study designs done to estimate herd immunity's benefit include recording disease incidence in households with a vaccinated member, randomizing a population in a single geographic area to be vaccinated or not, and observing the incidence of disease before and after beginning a vaccination program.

The auction serves to introduce some unpredictability into character creation without the need to resort to dice, cards, or other randomizing devices. A player may intend, for example, to create a character who is a strong, mighty warrior, but being "outplayed" in the auction may result in lower attribute scores than anticipated, therefore necessitating a change of character concept. Since a player cannot control another player's bids, and since all bids are non-refundable, the auction involves a considerable amount of strategizing and prioritization by players. A willingness to spend as many points as possible on an attribute may improve your chances of a high ranking, but too reckless a spending strategy could leave a player with few points to spend on powers and objects.

They created many of the film's digital characters, vehicles, and weapons, with some of those digital creatures being rhinoceroses for the final battle, a sequence that Method did the majority of the work for. Because these rhinoceroses did not have to be seen on screen with the one designed by ILM, only basic structures, scale, and details of the character models had to be shared between the two companies. Much of the work for the final fight included crowd simulation, with Method working alongside the stunt coordinators in motion capture sessions to give each fighter a unique style. In addition to randomizing the height and weight of each digital fighter, the models had to incorporate specific design elements from the costumers.

The CTRI requests all the information which the World Health Organization recommends for clinical trial registries. Additionally, the CTRI collects information specific to the circumstances of India, including the address of the principal investigator, the name of the ethics committee overseeing the trial and confirmation of their government registration; proof of permission from the Drugs Controller General of India, the expected end date of the trial; all study sites; and the method of randomizing participants and the allocation concealment. The World Health Organization Registry for clinical trials helped make the Indian registry more effective. A review of the registry recommended that researchers who are wondering whether to register their research should resolve their concern by attempting to register in CTRI.

Instead of separating the code from the data, another mitigation technique is to introduce randomization to the memory space of the executing program. Since the attacker needs to determine where executable code that can be used resides, either an executable payload is provided (with an executable stack) or one is constructed using code reuse such as in ret2libc or return-oriented programming (ROP). Randomizing the memory layout will, as a concept, prevent the attacker from knowing where any code is. However, implementations typically will not randomize everything; usually the executable itself is loaded at a fixed address and hence even when ASLR (address space layout randomization) is combined with a nonexecutable stack the attacker can use this fixed region of memory.

Many games in this genre utilize permadeath, another roguelike feature; should the player's character lose all their health, the character is dead and the player must start anew with the original starting deck for the character. Often, these games include metagame aspects, with players unlocking the potential for new cards to be obtained with each runthrough, or gaining a small bonus perk on starting a new runthrough. Such turn-based combat is not always an element: Hand of Fate and its sequel use the player's card deck for randomizing the layout of the dungeon, equipment, enemies, and rewards, but combat is played out through a real-time action game. Encounters in these roguelike deck-building games are typically randomized, following roguelike producedural generation rules to make fair but different pathways through the game.

In its simplest form, if the players of the game have access to a commonly observed randomizing device, then they might decide to correlate their strategies in the game based on the outcome of the device. For example, if the couple could flip a coin before choosing their strategies, they might agree to correlate their strategies based on the coin flip by, say, choosing football in the event of heads and opera in the event of tails. Notice that once the results of the coin flip are revealed neither the husband nor wife have any incentives to alter their proposed actions – that would result in miscoordination and a lower payoff than simply adhering to the agreed upon strategies. The result is that perfect coordination is always achieved and, prior to the coin flip, the expected payoffs for the players are exactly equal.

Players had limited Energy (for doing jobs), and limited Stamina and Health (for fighting or robbing other players),.The Leaf Chronicle: Facebook's 'Farmville' not a laughing matter The first two meters slowly recharged over time or filled in one step when Experience progress in Jobs caused the player to Level Up. Fighting other players may or may not have resulted in the theft of cash, "Icing", or "Killing" of the player attacked, or random gifts of Loot (weapons), building parts, or consumable job supplies. Outcomes of an attack or attempt to rob were calculated by a secret formula that took into account the respective player's fighting skill, the number and quality of 5 kinds of weapons (Weapons, Armory, Vehicles, Animals and Henchmen), and a randomizing factor. When a player won an attack, he did damage to the loser's Health and suffered a loss of Health himself (usually less than the loss of health by the loser of the attack).

In statistics, the question of checking whether a coin is fair is one whose importance lies, firstly, in providing a simple problem on which to illustrate basic ideas of statistical inference and, secondly, in providing a simple problem that can be used to compare various competing methods of statistical inference, including decision theory. The practical problem of checking whether a coin is fair might be considered as easily solved by performing a sufficiently large number of trials, but statistics and probability theory can provide guidance on two types of question; specifically those of how many trials to undertake and of the accuracy an estimate of the probability of turning up heads, derived from a given sample of trials. A fair coin is an idealized randomizing device with two states (usually named "heads" and "tails") which are equally likely to occur. It is based on the coin flip used widely in sports and other situations where it is required to give two parties the same chance of winning.