The result is bright raffia bags in chic, modern silhouettes.
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From left: Lola raffia and cotton hat, $395 at lolahats.
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Use twine, ribbon or raffia to make decorative bows to cover the hooks.
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Once the raffia was moved onto the large stage, her allergies calmed down.
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She noticed the small, raffia-trimmed storefront while exploring the neighborhood with a friend.
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I wore a raffia skirt and a plain white T-shirt when I got married.
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We're grabbing pompom-adorned ruffian shoppers and every top-handle raffia we can get our hands on.
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It developed its signature diamond print and incorporated materials such as raffia and wicker into its designs.
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Among the current finds are earrings and necklaces, by way of India, and raffia sandals handmade in Morocco.
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On either side of the frame were the brown, deeply lined hands of the server holding the raffia tray.
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Cords that she had constructed from linen, synthetic raffia, wool, cotton, and sisal hung from the rafters like gnarled vines.
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Each piece is made by Ugandan women from natural materials like brass, stone, shell, horn, hand-rolled beads, and raffia.
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Memories of summer lingered at the designer's show with these playful, festive raffia slides, which were a collaboration with Paul Andrew.
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The core was wrapped in raffia ribbon, not shoelaces, but like mine the wreath had a flower illustration in the center.
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The large tote, made on old looms from raffia jacquard, or crochet wool, and decorated with nautical motifs, was center stage.
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In softer tones, the designers presented a selection of cream and gold skirts, bustier tops and dresses in macramé and raffia.
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Gimaguas gold-plated earrings, $41; seashell necklace with turquoise, coral and lapis lazuli stones, $38; knitted raffia sandals, $66; at gimaguas.com.
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Mr. Rossbach's wonky-shaped raffia baskets are joined by his "After Miro" (22017), which looks like an acid-colored spider web.
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The Daily Shoe Memories of summer lingered at Tanya Taylor, where the designer collaborated with Paul Andrew on playful, festive raffia slides.
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Hence, raffia was intricately woven with pearls into cross-body bags, worn over voluminous lace-trimmed smock dresses and embroidered white shirts.
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In line with 2018's most popular handbag and ready-to-wear trends, we're seeing PVC materials and raffia details infiltrating our footwear.
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Kanaauao Huggins: So we're gonna take a couple pieces of raffia, some people use yarn, you use kind of whatever you can get.
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Then there's the hostess dress with three-quarter length sleeves, a pyramidal line and tiers of raffia fringe just dusting the upper ankle.
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When we think about the summer accessory of the moment, images of structured raffia crossbodys and woven totes make their way to the forefront.
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Blumarine's Anna Molinari dedicated most of her women's spring/summer 2017 to designs in broderie anglaise, and her shoes were decorated with raffia fringes.
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"Surfaces get textural and tactile, opposing the delicate and the sturdy.. The crafty touch of raffia details and inlay works," read a designer note.
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Local families, who have for many years depended on the forest for their livelihoods, have been introduced to mushroom cultivation, raffia weaving and beekeeping.
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African gods appear, masked and festooned in raffia, but intermission arrives without a strong sense of crisis, of what is at stake in the story.
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The now-signature Gucci slippers were everywhere — maybe a raffia one ($2550) for outdoors and the leather and faux fur house shoe ($9) for indoors?
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But first, through their leafy, dappled shade wove a flood of very pretty gardeners in woven raffia skirts, fecund with blooms, under crisp sky-blue shirting.
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The pieces make use of Mich's signature fabric T'nalak—a traditional fabric handwoven by the T'boli tribe in the Philippines, luxury peach bloom felt, and raffia straw.
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Made from narrow, zigzagged raffia tape, this mega-hat is easy to pin or scrunch back, so the face is visible and less communal space is taken.
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There are water-soluble bags, sugar-cane bags, reusable mesh bags, and prAna even ships bag-free by rolling its apparel and tying it with raffia paper ribbon.
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During a recent outing, the actress teamed the short onesie with a printed tee and a wide-brim Hat Attack "Raffia Braid" hat ($99) for a fresh summertime ensemble.
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Nearby, in the gallery section, Tahir Carl Karmali's draped raffia robes shine with inlaid cobalt — your phone battery is probably made with it, and a child might've mined it.
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Every week or two, I waltz into the office with a new straw or raffia option, ranging from an itty-bitty, handheld number to a full-blown straw tote.
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The star — who kept her hair pulled back — completed the look with a watch and the fringed raffia Jacquemus Le petit Baci bag with a white leather shoulder strap.
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The work "Panoptica" (2019), a large mound covered in raffia (the fiber from the leaves of a palm tree native to Madagascar) is about ten feet high as well.
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He and his bandmates adopted folk instruments such as the lokole, a log-drum; he would also sometimes perform in traditional raffia skirts, wearing hats decorated with cowrie shells.
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Brands like Proud Mary and Bronze Age have mastered the art of a good raffia slide, while names like J.Crew and Jeffrey Campbell have brought the look to the masses.
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In Marrakesh, inspired by the diversity and expertise of local craftsmen, she began sketching rug designs for weavers and cutting patterns for nude leather bags and suede and raffia sandals.
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But this spring and summer, you may have to choose your raffia wisely (or double it up), because shoes made from the material are taking over, one Instagram at a time.
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Instead, opt for a tote that's made of more interesting fabrics (woven raffia, see-through PVC, or colorful beads) or in one that's printed with flowers, gingham, or vintage-style abstract designs.
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In terms of the physical craft of these outfits, traditional carving has been superseded by skills such as collaging or embroidery, and wax printed fabrics at times replace the popular raffia skirts.
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In these settings, you can closely examine the range of materials incorporated into outfits, from the vividly colored raffia that form bulbous apparel to the papier-mâché pieces molded into animal-like props.
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It is rather uncanny — the same Western art markets that once removed the raffia and nails from so-called African "fetishes" now have a taste for the African diasporic aesthetics of power objects.
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"That comes through in the overall color palette, but also via some of the more natural details like the fiddle leaf tree, woven window shades, the raffia texture of the dresser, etc," Battle explained.
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NAIROBI (Reuters) - Whirling masked spirits clad in raffia and laughing children daubed with clay dance across the pages of "African Twilight", the latest book by two photographers documenting rapidly vanishing rituals across the continent.
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Let's get you and your home prepped for the big day: Decorating this time of year is comparatively easy: pumpkins and gourds, mums and raffia strands are all hearty, long lasting and readily available.
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Two other sculptures, also featuring black females in raffia clothing, one naked from the waist up and wearing a skirt, the other fully clothed in a neck-to-floor dress, are related, yet very different.
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That iconic Mansur Gavriel bucket bag may seem like a better choice than a $300 raffia crossbody, but let's not forget that the $600 leather bucket bag was once nothing more than a "trend" itself.
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"That's really not going to look good anywhere around here," Mr. Gallego said, as he studied a blue dove made of raffia given as a donation, but which Mr. Gallego left lying on the floor.
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These ceramic vessels — busts melded with water jugs, and raffia skirts topped by female likenesses that also resemble houses — interrogate notions of labor and gender performativity, particularly those collective expectations of servitude that plague Black women.
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The sculptures were hard to miss at the 22016 Art Show in the Park Avenue Armory — an arresting line of ceramic female busts with rosette heads and raffia torsos, both majestic and ethereal, figural yet abstract.
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Room decor was modest, especially in comparison to the more lavish lobby, with generic art and raffia headboards, though the bed was more comfortable and the room more soundproofed than other South Beach hotels I've stayed in.
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In the ceremony, girls are sent to the house of a chief priest, where they undress, have their heads shaved, and are given cloths to wear around their waists; strips of raffia are tied around their necks.
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Artists and collaborators Margaret Lee and Emily Sundblad are responsible for the raffia-covered "Zebra Chair #20203," which seems to sidestep the contested line between art and design altogether and imagine the chair as a living being.
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Over the decades, fringe made its way onto the runways of provocateurs including Yves Saint Laurent, who rendered it in raffia and silk, and, in more recent seasons, onto the catwalks of Valentino, Christopher Kane and Louis Vuitton.
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Others, such as thermo-folded nylon florals for Fath, pleated raffia flowers for Givenchy or, for Saint Laurent, van Gogh-inspired flora with leather inserts, still looked fresh, even though they might be more than half a century old.
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While issues of diversity are not broadly addressed in the exhibition, Olivier Rousteing, a Black designer from Bordeaux who was appointed creative director at Balmain at just 25, is represented by a sculptural minidress made with raffia and rhinestones.
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Usually made from straw or raffia, these cute little carryalls have been a fashion favorite for a while now, thanks to their ability to add texture to any outfit — not to mention all the #content you can create with them.
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"Sentinel" features a Black, female figure with raffia leaves covering her from the neck down, attached to a structure that's reminiscent of a silo, on top of what looks like a platform made of wood (but it's all made of bronze).
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Beachy slip dressing dangled lavish fringe, slithery silk knits plunged in deep vees at the breastbone and were slashed high on one thigh, and statement-making (if entirely impractical) super-sized raffia bags and cool costume-jeweled heels accessorized it all.
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In raffia knots and fringe to add a touch of the hand to the austerity; dresses over pants and under jackets; and in the use of a marbled print to add a dash of earth tones to the palette of neutrals.
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One of the more compelling pairings is a simple black T-shirt cut with a trapeze swing, narrow shoulders and a round neck, over a crisply pleated pair of trousers, somewhere between palazzo and slim fit, both made in a black stretch raffia.
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LAGOS, Nigeria — Services at the Tribe Lagos church in Nigeria are held in a chic, urbane cafe resembling many others like it in the area: a long, fairly spacious room with stark white walls and light casings made from woven raffia palms.
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Materials: Greenery Wreath 1.5″ Circle Hole Punch or Scissors Old Christmas Cards (We all have some stashed away!) Ornament Hooks Twine, Ribbon, or Raffia Directions: Use a 1.5″ circle hole punch or scissors to cut out circles from the decorative fronts of last year's holiday cards.
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Such a sandal is usually made from natural matter like raffia or leather — materials that have been used in shoe-making for centuries — can feel like they were handmade in a sleepy, far-flung European hamlet by a fourth-generation cobbler who is most certainly not on Instagram.
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This is a show where charmed wanderings and distributions of assemblages prevail; the artists mix psychic and erotic perspectives and points of view into a general sense of the entwining, entangling, and knotting of hemp cord, hair, strips of leather, gold threads, blades of grass, raffia, rope, and fabric.
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This season, they looked to the Dominican Republic, the birthplace of both de la Renta and Garcia, and made use of distinctly Caribbean color combinations, beachside raffia and tropical flora to create elegantly paneled silk caftans, embroidered moiré coats and, of course, the whimsical ball gowns the brand is known for.
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Ostrich and crocodile outerwear mixed with tissue-thin ribbed cotton and crinkled cotton raffia; evening gowns in chintz linen (there was a lot of discreet cross-fertilization going on) were given a twist at the bodice or waist and bound with leather straps and tuxedos in iridescent silk lay easy on the frame.
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These days, a cozy, impeccably curated space is a must for a brick-and-mortar boutique, but the pair have more than aesthetics in mind: Everything from the Madagascan raffia blind on the back window to the painting of a woman in profile hanging on the peacock-blue wall is for sale.
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Her 2015 exhibition, Powder Room, at Jakarta's Space Gallery, featured an extravagant gown made of raffia rope and plastic bags in front of a mirror to show how clothing, as representative of identity, can be a lie used to show others what they would like to see rather than reflect what we ourselves see.
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But the next day she realized that the small rehearsal room was filled with raffia — palms that are found in tropical parts of Africa — made to look like hay bales for props for the opera, and it (or the dust on it) got her allergies churning, and she had to take a week off.
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Much of this season's women's clothing fell in that screaming-loud-and-saying-little category, with a few exceptions: a pair of multicolored raffia slides ($88) that was fit for Tulum, Mexico, and a voluminous summer dress, made with Thomas Mason shirting, that looked like the outfit for an "Amélie" reboot in Savannah, Ga. ($298).
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Inspired, Mr. Van Noten said in a video about the collection, by art brut, the mid-20th century term coined by Jean Dubuffet for art made outside the confines of the establishment, the drawings were printed on skinny suits and matching boots, gloves and parkas; mixed in with faux Mongolian lamb, metallic floral brocade, jewels and iridescent raffia fringe.
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Indeed, Aquazzura's sandals and slippers festooned with cobalt blue pom-poms and fringe, elegant raffia espadrilles and laser-cut gladiator heels called to mind nothing so much as a stroll on the beach in the Seychelles, while René Caovilla's green python skin and crystalline floral sandals and sneakers in ice cream shades channeled coming out of the Blue Grotto into Capri's bright sunshine.
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Seafoam green and flamingo-pink walls frame a collection of both vintage and custom pieces, including chairs and benches from the São Paulo avant-garde artist Rodrigo Almeida, an old work table from a local boat-builder that Das reimagined as a dining table, raffia pendant lights and decorative silk saris from India and Africa that have been repurposed as curtains.
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This is too bad, as many are aware of the brightly colored and boldly patterned prints that Ms. Pucci's aristocrat father originally introduced more than half a century ago but few know of him as a bold experimentalist with an eye for unorthodox materials like raffia or stretch jersey and a marketer whose knack for self-promotion long predated social media and the internet.
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While Leigh's sculptures have a big impact, often it is small things that make them so compelling: the slight, tiny-bit-precarious tilt of the black jar atop the raffia-robed figure's rosette-covered head in "Figure with Skirt"; the way the surface of a single sculpture can shift subtly from sleek to gritty; the barely visible impressions of Leigh's fingertips in the wet clay; the very precise and deliberate tilt of a chin.
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At the Mumbai innovation center of one of India's largest manufacturing firms, Godrej & Boyce, which produces everything from submarine parts to padlocks, Rowley joined a small team of designers tasked with cataloging every waste product the corporation produced, then recruiting local craftspeople to experiment with the discarded materials: She gave old raffia to rattan artisans, who wove it into chairs; disused copper wire went to ceramists, who crocheted it into patterns to adorn their pottery.
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All of this is useful and much of it is relevant, and yet it has produced kind of wimpy clothes: the tequila-sunset-in-Santo-Domingo moiré, raffia, and chiffon fanciness of Oscar de la Renta; a host of early 1980s career girl (and boy) leathers accessorized with a jaunty silk scarf at the neck and cut by some wink-wink Richard Bernstein pop culture references (Barbra Streisand, Rob Lowe) worn not on the sleeve but the shirts at Coach 1941.
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In the exhibition, to show transitions at work, a black lace and silk dress by Chanel, circa 1926, is next to a 1986 black silk crepe evening dress with embroidered trompe l'oeil jewelry by Karl Lagerfeld, one of Chanel's successors; and Pierre Balmain's spring 1954 ladylike Psyche haute couture dress in embroidered lace and silk satin is partnered with a fiercely modern fall 2013 evening dress in beaded black and white raffia and rhinestones by his current successor, Olivier Rousteing.
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Matilda, a member of the new generation of young product designers who also decorate spaces (she recently styled the 18th-century busts in the windows of Jamb, the Pimlico Road antiques shop, with Saint Lucia-style crowns and designed a pop-up British pub for the much-photographed Wiltshire wedding of the fashion designer Hannah Weiland and the brewing scion Arthur Guinness), introduced an eponymous line of unapologetically feminine housewares in 2016: scalloped raffia lampshades, gold-striped ceramic vases and ribbed beeswax candles in shades like lilac and pistachio.
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Polypropylene raffia, or PP raffia is a packaging material made from weaving ribbons of polypropylene. It is named after the raffia palm, which the packaging emulates to some extent. Polypropylene raffia is considered to be a "widely used material for atmospheric capture".
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Among Kuba people, in present day Democratic Republic of Congo, raffia clothes were weaved. They used the fibers of the leaves on the raffia palm tree.
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In addition to the raffia on the mask itself, performers also wear a knee-length raffia skirt. The lower legs, arms, and hands are painted with charcoal. New raffia is added to the mask each season, and is displayed in the off-season in a family or village shrine.
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Alternatively, strips of bark could be used for the sides. The A-shaped roof is covered in raffia palm leaves. Present-day houses are made of vertical poles with raffia strips lashed horizontally inside and out. Mud is packed between the poles and held in place by the raffia strips.
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Significant exports also include basket weaving, sculpture, and, most notably, raffia cane furniture (hence the colloquial name of the town). Ikot Ekpene is also known for its technological innovations due to the emergence of Raffia City Hub. Raffia city Hub is an inclusive technological community that supports collaboration, resource sharing, talent hunting and early stage entrepreneurs.
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The traditional Nzime house is a rectangular structure made of leaves folded over a raffia branch and pinned in place with a small twig. Alternately, strips of bark could be used for the sides. The A-shaped roof is covered in raffia palm leaves. Present-day houses are made of vertical poles with raffia strips lashed horizontally inside and out.
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A traditional lamba made of a blend of silk and raffia fibers.
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Begg, Annie L (1930) Raffia; methods and suggestions for work, in the home, schools, and women's institutes. London, Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Begg, Annie L (1950) Raffia. Methods And Suggestions. London, Pitman Publishing Company Holding, May (1922) Notes on Spinning and Dyeing Wool.
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The lagoon is important in conserving several species of mangroves, crabs, shrimps and raffia plants.
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Bapende dancers often wear traditional costumes comprising colorful masks and attire made from raffia. Kikwit is also home to an airport (Kikwit Airport) and is connected to the capital Kinshasa by a new road and river transport. Pende dance ceremonies. The full-body suit is woven from raffia thread.
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Section of Ikot Ekpene craft market showing woven raffia products for sale Like most Annang communities, Ikot Ekpene has a tradition of self-improvement from its sons and daughters, both near and far. Several groups are working together to recapture and rebuild what they fondly call "The Raffia City". Ikot Ekpene has a long history of transforming the raffia fibre into cloth used in shoes, hats, handbags, mats and with distinctive cultural carvings made out of wood. These unique arts and crafts trades have continued alongside traditional agriculture.
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Awgbu natives also found it difficult to dispose of their land for development, this has also hampered community developments. Awgbu is rich in ecology and well positioned to serve as melting point for Eco Tourism. Awgbu has one of the largest Raffia Palm Plantations. This informs why Awgbu is popularly known to produce good and quality Raffia Palm wines.
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Toy animals made from raffia, a native palmRodd & Stackhouse (2008), p. 246 Madagascar's natural resources include a variety of agricultural and mineral products. Agriculture (including the growing of raffia), mining, fishing and forestry are mainstays of the economy. In 2017 the top exports of Madagascar were vanilla (US$894M), nickel metal (US$414M), cloves (US$288M), knitted sweaters (US$184M) and cobalt (US$143M).
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The people of Ogba kingdom in Rivers State and other southern Nigerians have no alternative to raffia palm fronds as fishing poles. The frond is usually cut from a young raffia palm tree. The leaves are removed and the stake is dried, which becomes very light, and the hook is attached to a line, which is tied to the stake, making it a fishing pole.
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When King Garcia II gave up the island of Luanda and its royal fisheries to the Portuguese in 1651, he switched the kingdom's currency to raffia cloth. The cloth was "napkin-sized" and called mpusu. In the 17th century, 100 mpusu could buy one slave implying a value greater than that of the nzimbu currency. Raffia cloth was also called Lubongo (singular : Lubongo, Libongo, plural : Mbongo).
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A traditional Sakalava raffia lamba commonly decorated with geometric ikat-dyed patterns and often used as a burial shroud. It is still a tradition in Madagascar..
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Several flaps that are similarly decorated hang down from the base of the headpiece and overlap the raffia cape which covers much of the wearer's torso.
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Their traditional dress consisted of clothing woven of raffia fibers. The traditional martial art of moraingy, particularly common among Sakalava communities, was historically common among the Sihanaka.
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In the cut-pile embroidery technique, short raffia strands are individually inserted with a needle under one or more warps or wefts of a plain-woven raffia panel, then cut close to the surface at each end to produce the raised "pile." Textile weaving boasts a variety of motifs, such as guilloche interlace, which embroidery artists employed along with color, line and texture to yield varied compositions and visual effects.
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In Kuba culture, men are responsible for raffia palm cultivation and the weaving of raffia cloth. Several types of raffia cloth are produced for different purposes, the most common form of which is a plain woven cloth that is used as the foundation for decorated textile production. Men produce the cloth on inclined, single-heddle looms and then use it to make their clothing and to supply foundation cloth to female members of their clan section. The cloth is coarse when it is first cut from the loom, so it is then pounded in a mortar, which softens it and renders it ready for the application of surface decoration, for which women are responsible.
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Special baskets also featured prominently in the ritual practice and belief of Kongo peoples. Kongo baskets were fabricated with twill-patterned raffia fiber sides over a solid inner structure of wood or bark. The baskets' dynamic configurations of zig zags, diamonds, and chevrons arise naturally from a twill or plaiting technique using died or natural raffia fibers. They evolved into culturally significant patterns, which were translated into other media, such as funerary terracottas.
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Mud is packed between the poles and held in place by the raffia strips. The roofs continue to consist of thatches made of raffia palm leaves, although aluminium roofing is also being used when finances permit. Wealthier Nzime and those living in larger villages and towns often live in houses employing mud-blocks or concrete-blocks. Social organisation begins with the family, which consists of a man, his wife or wives, and his children.
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Sometimes they were used for holding razors for cutting raffia, hairpins or ritual objects. Tukula (called twool by the Kuba) is a red powder made of ground cam wood. The color red is essential to the Kuba concept of beauty and was therefore used to ornament the face, hair and chest during dances and important ceremonies, as well as to anoint bodies for burial. Tukula was also mixed with other pigments to dye raffia cloth.
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The Ibibio are known for their woodcarvings, raffia- weavings, and pottery making. Ikot Ekpene is a town in Nigeria known for its marketplace in which crafts are sold to both tourists and middle-class Nigerians. While the Ibibio are not known for metalworking, there is a significant number of craftspeople making this type of art to be sold. Ekpo society mask with attached raffia fringe Most metalwork objects produced have a practical purpose rather than a decorative one.
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As a party activist, Josefina participated in the distribution of the España Popular publications. She also organized the children of the neighborhood to warn using cans as a drum every time the police arrived in search of the hidden Republicans. She also created a kind of cooperative dedicated to the manufacture of raffia shoes with which she helped to maintain her house, as well as that of many other families, mostly of political emigrants. Josefina was responsible for getting the raffia.
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The overall appearance of a masquerader varies on the dancer, the type of ceremony they're performing in, and spirit being evoked. Normally Masqueraders have a wooden mask and are covered head to toe in flowing black raffia fibers made from the bark or roots of trees. Their arms, bodies and legs are covered with raffia netting, with goat skins fastened around their waist. The dancers are male and the complexity of their costume varies on their status within the community.
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Both men and women act as mediums and spectators in these events. The indigenous raffia palm was the base fiber for the clothing traditionally worn by the Betsimisaraka. Leaves of the raffia were combed to separate the fibers, which were knotted end to end to form strands that could then be woven together to form cloth. Among the various peoples who united under the Betsimisaraka confederation, women wore a short wrapper (simbo), typically with a bandeau top (akanjo), while men wore smocks.
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They also eat fresh leaf shoots from raffia palms when fruits are scarce. Grasses and mushrooms, as well as insects, other invertebrates, bird's eggs and some vertebrate prey, such as rodents, are also eaten.
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The majority 95% of the population of the commune are farmers. The most important crops are rice and peanuts; also raffia palm is an important agricultural product. Services provide employment for 5% of the population.
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From 1650, the influence of raffia fabrics will decrease to the benefit of fabrics imported from Europe and the West Indies. The Dutch traders, newcomers to the coast of Loango, little interested in raffia, preferred to exchange slaves, ivory or copper in exchange for Western cloths and garments. These latest were quickly adopted by the notable Loango, in addition to the usual attributes such as leopard skins or other royal adornments. Between 1660 and 1867, the foreign trade in goods was definitively replaced by that of men.
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The majority 90% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 10% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is raffia palm, while other important products are cassava and rice.
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The dancers and instrumentalists are dressed uniformly in raffia waist shrouds and arm bands, calf and ankle jingles, several bead necklaces, around their heads, they wear red ribbons. The major overall color impressions are red and white.
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Ikwerre people are found in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. They are within the rainforest belt which receives high annual rainfall. Some parts are blessed with creeks that crisscross Rivers State. There is also abundant raffia forest.
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The fibers would be combed into strands that were knotted together to form cords, which were then woven into panels. These panels were stitched together to create prayer rugs and clothing. Women and men historically wore long raffia smocks.
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The vast majority (99%) of the population of the town are farmers. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are peanut, maize, cassava and raffia palm. Services provide employment for the remaining 1% of the population.
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The majority 85% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 15% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crops are rice and raffia palm, while other important agricultural products are peanuts and cassava.
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Tadep depict male and female pairs usually carved from low density wood. They can also depict singular figures of multiples of one sex. Kike are figures carved and made from the pith of raffia palm. and are larger statue type figures.
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Kannan Nair, the noted historian described the town as a cultural and political capital of the Annangs and the Ibibios. The Ibibios live to the east and most of the Annangs live to the south of the town. Ikot Ekpene is known as a regional centre of commerce, with notable exports of palm products, especially palm oil, kernels, raffia products including raffia fibers and its wine, and ground crops of yams, cassava, taro, and corn. The population is made up primarily of the Annang people with a small number of Igbo traders and Hausa Suya vendors.
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Eastern Obolo has abundant mineral deposits with onshore and offshore oil wells at Elekpon, Iko Town, Otunene and Iko-Nta/Obianga. There is a fishing depot at Educwink, Elekpon, Agan-asa. Forest reserves include mangrove, iroko, raffia, rubber, kolanurt, coconut, peas, and mango.
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Farming and raising livestock provides employment for 40% and 20% of the working population. The most important crop is rice, while another important product is raffia palm. Services provide employment for 2% of the population. Additionally fishing employs 38% of the population.
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Oji Ezinihitte celebrates the Ezinihitte on January 1 each year. Itu Aka, before the farming season, encourages the people to weather the environment, modernity and new challenges. A local salad, ugba, is served with raffia wine. Mbaise women are noted for their fertility.
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The Sahel landscape of the Commune is made up of grasslands punctuated by trees, often large. These include the baobab, the rônier, raffia palm (from which textiles, rope, and palm oil is made), shea (from which Shea Butter is made), duguto, and néré trees.
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London, Women's Printing Society. Holding, May (1949) Notes on spinning and dyeing wool;: With which is included some interesting information on the various vegatable dyes and directions for dyeing raffia. 4th edition. Skilbeck Brothers Limited Roffey, Mabel (1930) Simple Basketry for Homes and Schools.
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Only primary schooling is available. Farming and raising livestock provides employment for 40% and 30% of the working population. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are seeds of catechu and raffia palm. Services provide employment for 1% of the population.
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The majority 80% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 19% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are maize, cassava and raffia palm. Services provide employment for 1% of the population.
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The majority 90% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 9% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crops are rice and raffia palm; also cassava is an important agricultural product. Services provide employment for 1% of the population.
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This consists of grassfields—leading to the name Bamenda grassfields around the city of Bamenda—and short shrubs and trees that shed their foliage during the dry season as a defence against brush fires and dry weather. Raffia palms grow in the valleys and depressions.
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The vegetation is savannah type with short stunted trees, palm trees, raffia palms, eucalyptus, kola and Pygeum africanum. They are of economic value to the inhabitants who used them for construction, fuel, food and as medicine. Some of these medicinal plants are even exported.
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The Chi Wara is always danced with each wooden figure attached to a basket on the dancer's head, and the body covered in a huge pile of raffia. Often the face is obscured with raffia that has been colored or decorated, and the dancer carries a long staff. The figures are always in one or more male/female pairs, with the female usually dancing behind the male, fanning him and spreading his powers into the gathered community. The Male figures leap to represent the antelope, and then scratch the earth with their staves or horns as the Chi Wara teaches humans to cultivate crops.
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Raffia palms (Raphia) are a genus of about twenty species of palms native to tropical regions of Africa, and especially Madagascar, with one species (R. taedigera) also occurring in Central and South America.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families R. taedigera is the source of raffia fibers, which are the veins of the leaves, and this species produces a fruit called "brazilia pods", "uxi nuts" or "uxi pods". They grow up to 16 m (52.5 ft) tall and are remarkable for their compound pinnate leaves, the longest in the plant kingdom; leaves of R. regalis up to 25 m (82.38 ft) longHallé, F. 1977.
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Nigerian woman handweaving akwete cloth Akwete cloth is a unique hand woven textile produced in Igboland for which the town of Akwete in Abia state, Nigeria is famous. The traditional Igbo weaving as demonstrated in Akwete processes sisal, hemp, raffia, cotton or other fibres into finished products.Akwete cloth: An Igbo textile art Vanguard Newspaper JULY 26, 2012 While the coarse raffia materials are used by masquerades and in the past as head gear for warriors among other uses, the hemp material was used to weave towels, ropes and handbags. The more comfortable and colorful spun cotton is used to weave cloth for everyday wearing.
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It predominantly occupies wet habitats such as raffia palm and other swamp forests, seasonally flooded areas, riverbanks and islands in rivers. In Nigeria, it tends to be found in secondary forests in the tangled undergrowth of shrubs and creepers, and even partway up moderate-sized trees.
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The majority 95% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 4.5% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crops are rice and raffia palm, while other important agricultural products are sugarcane and maize. Services provide employment for 0.5% of the population.
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The majority (90%) of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 8% receive their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crops are rice and raffia palm, while other important agricultural products are sugarcane and cassava. Services provide employment for 2% of the population.
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The majority 50% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 48% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crops are rice and raffia palm, while other important agricultural products are sugarcane and cassava. Services provide employment for 2% of the population.
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Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 90% of the population of the commune are farmers. The most important crops are rice and raffia palm, while other important agricultural products are sugarcane and cassava. Services provide employment for 10% of the population.
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The majority 60% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 38% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crops are rice and raffia palm; also seeds of catechu are an important agricultural product. Additionally fishing employs 2% of the population.
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Raffia palms (Raphia spp.) have the largest leaves of any plant, up to 25 m long and 3 m wide. The Corypha species have the largest inflorescence of any plant, up to 7.5 m tall and containing millions of small flowers. Calamus stems can reach 200 m in length.
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Economic activity includes agriculture (corn, beans and wheat) and some cattle ranching. There is a cooperative that processes sugar cane from the state of Veracruz for rum and brandy. In addition there is a factory making polyethylene products and a third dedicated to manufacture and marketing of raffia.
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The majority 70% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 25% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crops are rice and raffia palm, while other important agricultural products are cassava and bambara groundnut. Services provide employment for 5% of the population.
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These fashionable dresses included the A̱ta̱yep made of strips of leader and decorated with cowrie shells.Atayep, an Atyap cultural artefact. The A̱yiyep, another version of this, had dyed ropes of raffia sewn together into loin cloth. Women also wore the Gyep ywan (lumber ornament) for the Song-A̱yet ceremony.
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The m-bawa mask is constructed from vines bound into a spherical structure then covered with raffia cloth. Its diameter is 100 centimeters around the head. There are two horns attached to the top either made of wood or actual animal horns. On the horns they paint white spots.
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A Bakuba woman embroidering a textile. Among the Bakuba it is the men who do the weaving, and the women do the embroidery and applique' work to their textiles. An embroidered raffia cloth from the collection of the Brooklyn Museum Kuba textiles are unique in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, formerly Zaire, for their elaboration and complexity of design and surface decoration. Most textiles are a variation on rectangular or square pieces of woven palm leaf fiber enhanced by geometric designs executed in linear embroidery and other stitches, which are cut to form pile surfaces resembling velvet. Women are responsible for transforming raffia cloth into various forms of textiles, including ceremonial skirts, ‘velvet’ tribute cloths, headdresses and basketry.
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Manufacture focuses on craft production in carpentry, sewing, basketry, and manufacturing rattan and raffia bamboo furniture. The demand for handicrafts is high but production is low due to the small number of craftsmen. Itinerant logging, licensed and unlicensed, is carried out. There is processing of cassava and maize into flour.
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In 1985, the company extended its production to men's underwear and beachwear. In June 2014, La Perla held the first menswear catwalk show at Pitti Uomo in Florence, presenting the new concept men's loungewear and Beachwear collection. The collection included raffia robes, kimono-inspired gilets, and slim-cut swimming trunks.
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The majority (77%) of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 15% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is raffia palm, while other important products are maize and rice. Services provide employment for 3% of the population. Additionally fishing employs 5% of the population.
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There are four types of palm wine in the central and southern Democratic Republic of the Congo. From the oil palm comes ngasi, dibondo comes from the raffia palm, cocoti from the coconut palm, and mahusu from a short palm which grows in the savannah areas of western Bandundu and Kasai provinces.
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Signs of baldness and walking sticks also show up often in order to portray symbols of karma and old age. Men's costumes incorporate natural materials from the wilderness such as raffia, and seed pod rattles. Women's costumes use materials such as light colored cloth to represent the order of living in the village.
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During many ceremonies, a traditional torch made of bark and tree sap is burned. Musicians playing drums and a traditional Ngombi harp are central to the rites. The N'ganga and other participants usually dress in red, black, and white cloth. They may wear skirts of raffia material and small shells or beads.
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Blacksmiths produce tools and weapons such as knives, as well as armbands and ankle bands. Items that are made out of wood consist of statues, masks, stools, shields, and musical instruments such as drums. The Mbole weave raffia as a form of fabric. Baskets, shields and mats are made out of wicker.
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Only primary schooling is available. The majority 60% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 25% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crops are rice and raffia palm, while other important agricultural products are cassava and sweet potatoes. Services provide employment for 5% of the population.
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Only primary schooling is available. The majority 65% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 30% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are wheat, seeds of catechu, barley and raffia palm. Additionally fishing employs 5% of the population.
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Gola women of Liberia Sowei mask. In Gola and Kpelle it is known as "Zoegbe". Zoe-Gbay Helmet Mask (Gbetu) with Raffia Costume Brooklyn Museum Gola and the Vai people were the first people to come up with Poro and Sande societies and it spread to the Kpelle, Mende and much more.
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The majority 70% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 15% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are bananas, cassava and raffia palm. Services provide employment for 5% of the population. Additionally fishing employs 10% of the population.
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The majority 55% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 42% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are seeds of catechu and raffia palm. Services provide employment for 1% of the population. Additionally fishing employs 2% of the population.
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Only primary schooling is available. The majority 75% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 5% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crops are rice and raffia palm, while other important agricultural products are bananas and cassava. Services provide employment for 1% of the population.
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Leptodactylodon mertensi occurs in montane and lower montane forest at elevations of above sea level. It lives in dense undergrowth and in dense herbage of raffia palm beds along streams. Males call near pools and riffles in small streams, or in waterlogged humus near springs. It is typically not found in rocky areas.
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Kuba Raffia cloth, made by the Kuba of present-day Democratic Republic of Congo African textiles are textiles from various locations across the African continent. Across Africa, there are many distinctive styles, techniques, dyeing methods, and decorative and functional purposes. These textiles hold cultural significance and also have significance as historical documents of African design.
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Raffia fibres have proved to be supple and strong, making them well-suited as a binding material in the horticulture trade. Since it is easily split it may readily be prepared in standard widths. Its readiness to absorb dyes makes it ideal for use in fancy items. The fibres have a high tensile strength of 500 N/mm2.
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About 39% (760,000 hectares) of the state's total land mass, particularly in the upland area, is suitable for cultivation. Major cash crops produced are oil palm products, rubber, coconut, raffia palm and jute. Other crops grown for food include vegetables, melon, pineapples, mango, pepper, banana and plantain. The fishing industry is an important sector in Rivers State.
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Biseni Forest is a swampy woodland that may run dry during the dry season but quickly becomes a flooded forest due to heavy rainfall during the wet season. Raffia palms and some woody broadleaved species such as Symphonia globulifera and Ficus spp. are found here. There are also areas of tall grass swamps close to the river channels.
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Wild date palms grow in some highland areas and near the Shire River, and raffia palms are found near upland streams and are common in the Nkhotakota Wildlife Reserve. Around four hundred species of orchid have been recorded in the country, 120 of them epiphytic. They are most abundant in Nyika National Park and growing on the surrounding mountainsides.
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The soils are red. The Boumba, Dja, and Nyong rivers rise in the Abong-Mbang region. The Nyong forms the town's northern border and is navigable for about 160 km (100 mi) to Mbalmayo in the Centre Province. The area along the Nyong consists of swampy forests that support populations of raffia palm, such as Raphia montbuttorum.
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Raffia fiber (Linden-Museum, Stuttgart, Germany) The Fon is the traditional ruler. He is both the head of the traditional government and the chief religious authority in charge of keeping the ancestors happy. The Fon is supported in his duties by the seven notables called Vibais. These Vibais are Shufais, whose positions are determined by rather intricate history.
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Corcuera has a primarily agricultural economy, with rice and copra farming, as well as fishing, as the main sources of livelihood. There is also an indigenous raffia palm handicraft industry. Other crops grown in the island are root crops (such as cassava, sweet potatoes), fruits and vegetables. The locals also engage in livestock raising for local consumption.
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Between 9000 and 5000 BC, Niger–Congo speakers domesticated the oil palm and raffia palm. Two seed plants, black-eyed peas and voandzeia (African groundnuts), were domesticated, followed by okra and kola nuts. Since most of the plants grew in the forest, the Niger–Congo speakers invented polished stone axes for clearing forest.Ehret (2002), pp. 82–84.
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The Cheese factory Banon cheese showing the chestnut leaf wrapping Banon has become famous for its small goat cheeses wrapped in dry chestnut leaves and tied with raffia strings. The Banon cheese factory employs 38 people. Over 600,000 individual cheeses are produced each year. Banon cheese is the only appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.
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The traditional Teke masks all have triangle shaped noses. The masks have narrow eye slits to enable the masker to see without being seen. They have holes pierced along the edge for the attachment of a woven raffia dress with feathers and fibers. The mask is held in place with a bite bar at the back that the wearer holds in his teeth.
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Other mammal species that make use of the baï include western lowland gorilla, African forest buffalo, red river hog, and a resident population of sitatunga. Numerous bird species also frequent the clearing, from the common hammerkop to Hartlaub's duck. The vegetation of the baï consists mostly of Cyperaceae and Poaceae. Areas of Pandanus and Raffia are found in the south of the baï.
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Shea butter, monkey bread, are also produced and are also intended primarily for consumption while the wine of palmyra and raffia is a source of income for people. Making mats and baskets is also a local custom and blacksmiths, shoemakers, potters and weavers are involved in this crafts sector. They sell their products at the weekly market in the main town of Oussoubidiagna.
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Girl with colored braids in her hair. Traditional arts are based on the creative use of local and natural materials. The tradition of silk weaving and lamba production exemplifies this form of art. The weaving of raffia and other local plant materials has been used to create a wide array of practical items such as floor mats, baskets, purses and hats.
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Traditional homes are constructed by first erecting a raffia-pole frame into four square walls. Builders then stuff the resulting holes with grass and cover the whole building with mud. The thatched roof is typically shaped into a tall cone. Nowadays, however, this type of construction is mostly reserved for barns, storage buildings, and gathering places for various traditional secret societies.
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In another of his excavations Messikommer revealed the remains of woven fabrics, braids and seeds and evidence of the production of butter. Carved wooden knife, a trowel and scoops, a yoke of hazel, flail, remains of a garment and one from raffia braided mat were other single finds.Pfahlbau Robenhausen, Bericht des Herrn Messikomer. In: Mitteilungen der Antiquarischen Gesellschaft in Zürich, Zürich 1913.
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It is made of soft wood called mengela or m'tsenga, and covered with skins of larger animals and full length raffia fringe strips. The kakungu is considered the oldest and most powerful mask- charm. It is owned and worn by the charm specialist of the initiation camps. It is also used to ward off any person harboring evil intentions away from the camp.
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Covering around 100 sq mi, Obio-Akpor is generally a lowland area with average elevation below 30 metres above sea level. Its geology comprises basically of alluvial sedimentary basin and basement complex. The thick mangrove forest, raffia palms and light rainforest are the major types of vegetation. Due to high rainfall, the soil in the area is usually sandy or sandy loam.
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A corkscrew-type twist, as found in a pig's tail and the seed pod of the wiliwili tree. A method of making a lei by winding fiber around successive short lengths of the decorative material. Sometimes base materials such as hala, lai, strands of raffia, or even strips of paper are used to make wrapping easier. Haku mele: to braid a song.
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The Kuba produce embroidered raffia textiles which in the past was made for adornment, woven currency, or as tributary goods for funerals and other seminal occasions. The wealth and power of the court system allowed the Kuba to develop a class of professional artisans who worked primarily for the courts but also produced objects of high quality for other individuals of high status.
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The earliest evidence for the domestication of plants for agricultural purposes in Africa occurred in the Sahel region c. 5000 BCE, when sorghum and African rice (Oryza glaberrima) began to be cultivated. Around this time, and in the same region, the small guineafowl was domesticated. Other African domesticated plants were oil palm, raffia palm, black-eyed peas, groundnuts, and kola nuts.
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In the Kongo Kingdom and its vassals (Loango, Kakongo, Ngoyo, etc.), the woven arts were emblematic of kingship and nobility. The coarse filament stripped from the fronds of the raffia palm tree served as the foundation of the Kongo weaving arts. This material imposed constraints that were overcome to produce varied and ingenious textile formats and structures. Raffia cloth (singular : Lubongo, Libongo, plural : Mbongo, also called Mpusu) was used as currencyP. Edoumba, Aperçu sur les monnaies d'Afrique, , Revue-Numismatique, 2001 Phyllis M. Martin, Power, Cloth and Currency on the Loango Coast, University of Wisconsin Press, 1986 Alain Anselin, Résistances africaines sur la Côte d'Angola au XVIIIe siècle, Présence Africaine, 2006 M. Yandesa Mavuzi, Histoire et numismatique des monnaies du Congo du XVe siècle à nos jours ou Les monnaies du Congo - L’histoire et la numismatique, Weyrich Edition, 2015.
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By 1850s, heeled mules were less frequent for men. From 1885 to 1910, the trend of large buckles and elaborate trims was replaced by less decorated low heeled leather and felt shoes. Mules decorated in the fashion of the 1980s In the twentieth century wartime mules of the 1940s were made of lino, oilcloth, felt, compounds of raffia, rattan, bark or synthetic hemp.Weber, Eugen.
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After conquering another chief, Lelouelieu made the palace of the conquered chief into the Batoufam Chief's palace. The first eleven chiefs of the dynasty fought for Batoufam's autonomy and independence against Bandjoun, Bayangam, and Bangwa. The Chiefs Tchantchouang, Pokam, Metang, and Fotso expanded Batoufam territories. The tenth chief, Chief Pokam, introduced the pseudo bamboo, Raffia palm, Raphia farinifera, to Batoufam which energized the economy.
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Traps are the primary tool employed, though firearms are increasingly used today. Bushmeat caught in this way is becoming an important, if unsustainable, source of income for many people. The traditional Maka house is a rectangular structure made of mud bricks held together by a bamboo frame. The A-shaped roof is covered in raffia palm leaves, though tin or aluminium roofing is today becoming more common.
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Sek later returned with $7,000. After gagging the victims and taking Tay, Low and Jovita into separate rooms, the robbers continued to ransack the house. Fearing of leaving behind witnesses, Sek secretly formed an intention to murder all the hostages. Firstly, he used a raffia string to strangle Tay before he used a wooden stool to repeatedly bludgeon Tay until he was dead, fracturing his skull.
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Raphia australis, the giant palm or rafia, is a species of raffia palm in the family Arecaceae. It is found around Kosi Bay in southern Mozambique and northeastern KwaZulu Natal in South Africa. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by drainage of its habitat for agriculture; it is being threatened in the Bobole Special Reserve but is more secure in the Kosi Bay area.
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Rivers State is one of the leading states in the production of yam, cassava, cocoyam, maize, rice and beans. About 39% (760,000 hectares) of the state's total land mass, particularly in the upland area, is suitable for cultivation. Major cash crops produced are oil palm products, rubber, coconut, raffia palm and jute. Other crops grown for food include, vegetables, melon, pineapples, mango, pepper, banana and plantain.
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Afrixalus lacteus is found in montane forests (including secondary forest and forest edges) and in Raffia palm swamps at elevations of above sea level. Males call from the canopy of trees close to streams where breeding takes place. Afrixalus lacteus is an uncommon species known from only few localities. It is threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation associated with agricultural encroachment and collection of wood.
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The roof is thatched to complete the dwelling. These intermediary houses are also often distinguished by the presence of shortened Highlands-style wooden columns on the western face to support the elongated eave of the peaked roof, much as they support the verandas of the larger homes of Imerina. The floor is typically packed dirt and may be covered with woven mats of grasses or raffia.
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Grass and trees are permanently tilted to one side. The village is covered by a herbaceous Savannah grassland dominated by plants (Poacées and Cyperacées), eucalyptus saligna trees and gallery forest in the lowland areas. Some of the grass species found here, include Cloris sp, Cypérus haspan, Paspalum polystachion, and Axonopus compressus. The forest areas are covered by trees such as pronus africana, raffia palm, and kolanut trees.
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Copra farming in Banton Banton has a primarily agricultural economy, with copra farming and fishing as the main sources of livelihood. There is also an indigenous raffia palm handicraft industry. Other crops grown in the island are root crops (such as cassava, sweet potatoes), fruits and vegetables. The locals also engage in livestock raising for local consumption, and small-scale shipbuilding of wooden boats and launches.
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Traditional raffia clothing is still worn by some Betsimisaraka today. The Betsimisaraka hold lemurs in high regard and tell several legends in which lemurs come to the aid of prominent Betsimisaraka figures. According to one story, a lemur saved the life of a Betsimisaraka ancestor from a grave peril. In another tale, a group of Betsimisaraka sought refuge in a forest from a marauding enemy group.
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Buri (Corypha elata Roxb.), is the official product of San Juan, Ilocos Sur registered under the One Town One Product (OTOP) program of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. Also known as century plant and locally as silag, buri is a palm from which three kinds of fibres (i.e., buri, raffia, and buntal) are obtained. The buri palm has large fan- shaped leaves with stout petioles ranging from in length.
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Batibo and its catchment area of Moghamo is the palm wine capital of the world. The sweet white wine is tapped from the raffia palm tree. The white wine locally referred to as Fitchuk is a staple at all occasions including birth celebrations, engagements (knock-door), weddings, funerals and others. The wine is exported to all the other nine regions of Cameroon with areas as far as Yaounde and Douala.
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The wooden gle is accompanied by a full-body costume constructed of raffia, feathers and fur. It is believed that each gle has its own personality, preferences, dance and speech patterns and is given a personal name. The wearer of the mask takes on all of these qualities during the masquerade. Having come from the dark, mysterious realm of the forest, a gle is believed to be unpredictable.
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However, improved mechanized distillery to boost large scale production on industrial alcohol is attainable. This orders a challenge to the world of investors. MAT WEAVING INDUSTRY The raw materials for this are also sourced locally. Raffia Palms form the basis of the mat weaving, in the entire Local Government but the current level of mat making can be increased through the introduction of modern implements or method of mat making.
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Bushmeat caught in this way is becoming an important, if unsustainable, source of income for many people. Some Njyem groups share a codependent relationship with Cameroon's Baka pygmies. The Njyem trade manufactured goods and cultivated crops for pygmy-supplied forest game. Njem house in Cameroon The traditional Njyem house is a rectangular structure made of leaves folded over a raffia branch and pinned in place with a small twig.
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Kongo in 1711 By the 15th century CE, the farming Bakongo people (ba being the plural prefix) were unified as the Kingdom of Kongo under a ruler called the manikongo, residing in the fertile Pool Malebo area on the lower Congo River. The capital was M'banza-Kongo. With superior organization, they were able to conquer their neighbors and extract tribute. They were experts in metalwork, pottery, and weaving raffia cloth.
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In 1935 the invasion of Ethiopia by Mussolini led the League of Nations to impose a trade embargo on Italy. Leather became scarce, pushing Guccio Gucci to introduce other fabrics in the composition of the products, such as raffia, wicker, wood, linen and, jute. The rombi motif, a Gucci signature, was created. The Gucci's developed a new tanning technique to produce "cuoio grasso", which became a Gucci trademark.
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This made the king overwhelmingly powerful and caused the kingdom to become highly centralized. By the time of the first recorded contact with the Europeans, the Kingdom of Kongo was a highly developed state at the center of an extensive trading network. Apart from natural resources and ivory, the country manufactured and traded copperware, ferrous metal goods, raffia cloth, and pottery. The Kongo people spoke in the Kikongo language.
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The war resulted in the Dutch losing their claims in Central Africa, Nzinga being forced back into Matamba, the Portuguese restored to their coastal position. Kongo lost or gained nothing, other than the indemnity Garcia paid, which ended hostilities between the two rival powers. King Garcia II, after allowing the Portuguese to gain control over Luanda Island, switched the kingdom's currency to raffia cloth, seemingly negating the Portuguese gains.
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Singo Ulung dancers have a different costume for each role. For the lion “Singo Ulung’s” dancer costume, two people wear the lion costume together, like in Barongsai. The difference between Barongsai and Singo Ulung is that normally Singo Ulung's costume is plain white and sometimes it's a mix of black and white, or yellow and white color. The material of the costume is raffia string decomposed until it looks like fur.
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Zanzibar's main industries are spices, raffia, and tourism. In particular, the islands produce cloves, nutmeg, cinnamon, and black pepper. For this reason, the Zanzibar Archipelago, together with Tanzania's Mafia Island, are sometimes referred to locally as the "Spice Islands" (a term borrowed from the Maluku Islands of Indonesia). Zanzibar is the home of the endemic Zanzibar red colobus, the Zanzibar servaline genet, and the extinct or rare Zanzibar leopard.
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Baudouin Mwamba Mputu, Le Congo-Kasaï, 1865-1950: de l'exploration allemande à la consécration de Luluabourg, 2011, p.27Hubert Deschamps, L'Afrique noire précoloniale, Presses universitaires de France, 1976, p.90 Originally, the cloth was made using beaten wood bark; however, since the introduction of raffia, only vestiges of this remain. Some belts (duun) are still made in bark; they symbolize power and may be worn only by certain nobles.
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The itinerate traders of Zangon Kataf in the 1830s began regarding themselves as subjects of the Emir of Zaria, again refusing to pay tribute to the Atyap instead, began showing signs of independence from the Atyap which by the 1840s reached its climax. It was then that the Atyap were conferred the dhimmi status as a non-Muslim group in which they were expected to pay the protection fee (jizya) to the Emir of Zaria to avoid jihadist attack, which also included an annual donation of 15 slaves, 20 raffia mats, some kegs of honey and bundles of raffia fronds to be collected from each clan by their princes (or Hausa: magajis). The jekada appointed by Zaria, then collect these items and transport them to the Emir on Zaria. The Atyap however, did not feel obliged to pay for these tributes because they felt it was only applicable to non-Muslims living in a Muslim state and being that they were in their own state, refused paying.
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Registro delle imprese, Camera di commercio di Milano In the late 1950s, the Covema began the production and sale of its blown film extrusion lines. In the meantime, exports to the Latin American markets began and Marco Terragni was asked during his missions abroad to produce in plastic various objects made so far of wood or paper or glass. Thus began a phase of research and development that led Covema to create two poles for specific research such as the FIRS for the production of machines for window and door profiles and the RIAP (Research Industrial Applications Polyolefin) of Zingonia (Bergamo) for the development of polypropylene (PP) applications recently polymerized by Professor Giulio Natta at the Milan Polytechnic. Thus were born the first plants for the production of synthetic raffia and monofilaments: the first fair in which Covema showed in operation a raffia plant in PP was Equiplast of Barcelona in 1969.
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The masks of this society were used to elicit fear and execute social control. The most common type of mask is one made for the face with waist- length raffia attached. The affect of the masks and their intimidating quality is part of what gives them their power, in addition to the long history of the Ekpo. To put on an Ekpo mask is to surrender earthly identity and assume an ancestral one.
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Men typically move to their wife's village on marriage. Villages are headed by a chief who has reached a senior position in the Lilwa society, which educates young men and some women and conducts initiation ceremonies. A group of villages may elect an area chief to represent them in a matter of shared concern, but villages are otherwise autonomous. The Mbole practice metal-work, wood-work, wicker-work, weaving of raffia, and carving of ivory.
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Liuwa Plain lies within the Barotse Floodplain, and is bounded by the Luambimba River to the north and Luanginga River to the south. The park is prominently made up of a grassland that measures approximately , scattered with raffia palms and woodlands. Recorded grass species include Echinochloa stagnina and Vossia cuspidata , which are important for grazing herbivores, as well as Baikiaea plurijuga Guibourtia coleosperma, Peltophorum africanum, Terminalia sericea, and various types of Hyphaene.
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Mzima's isolation makes both species are dependent on its waters: other sources are too distant for them to reach by overland travel. The hippos also sustain an entire food chain. They browse the surrounding savannah by night and return to Mzima's pools by day, where their dung fertilises the water. Fruiting trees such as date and raffia palms, waterberrys and figs grow beside the water, using their submerged roots to absorb nutrients.
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The floodplain's total thickness rises to about 45m in the northeast and over 9m in the beach ridge barrier zones to the southwest. On coastal sand ridges, the soils are mostly sandy or sandy loams. Various crops are supported including coconut, oil palm, raffia palm and cocoyam. The drier upland region of Rivers State covers 61% of landmass while the riverine areas, with a relief range of 2m to 5m, take up 39%.
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The house where Gino Bartali was born in Ponte a Ema, Florence Gino Bartali was born in Ponte a Ema, Florence, Italy, the third son of four children of a smallholder, Torello Bartali. He was powerfully built, with a broad nose and a boxer's face.Obituary, Daily Telegraph, UK He earned pocket money by selling raffia to makers of covers for wine bottles. He began work in a bicycle shop when he was 13.
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Established in 1985, producer Tintsaba is recognized as an industry leader, working with over 1000 Swazi artisans including 20 Master Weavers. Gone Rural is another, named by Travel & Leisure as one of three brands making waves in sustainable fashion and housewares. In Tanzania, Sidai Designs collaborates with Maasai weavers to merge their techniques with a modern aesthetic. Contemporary artists like AAKS maintain the traditional legacy of weaving using raffia to create modern handbags and lighting.
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Each suit was operated by two dancers from the Alvin Ailey Dance Company and made out of brightly-colored synthetic raffia. The project was presented by Creative Time and MTA Arts for Transit as part of a series of events celebrating the centennial of Grand Central. Nick Cave's soundsuits were created to be seen in motion. Choreographed performances such as these show the audience what the soundsuits look and sound like in their true form.
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Painting of Emanuele Ne Vunda, Sala dei Corazzieri, Palazzo del Quirinale, Rome, 1615-1616. The Kinzemba is an openwork tunic made of raffia fiber. The Kinzembe is unique among Central African ceremonial garments for having a traceable chronology that spans several hundred years and for the fact that it can be linked with a specific historical figure. Ne Vunde was a Kongo ambassador to the Vatican who died in 1608, shortly after arriving in Rome.
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Uruan is located in the south of Nigeria and is a Local Government Area of the Akwa Ibom State. Uruan Local Government Area was created in 1988 from the Uyo Local Government Area. It covers an approximate land mass of 449km2. Its population, according to the 2016 Census is 164,000 The area lies in the rain forest belt with extensive arable land and the region abounds with the wild life, raffia palm and timber.
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The roofs continue to consist of thatches made of raffia palm leaves, although aluminium roofing is also being used when finances permit. Wealthier Njyem and those living in larger villages and towns often live in houses employing mud-blocks or concrete-blocks. Njem man making shelf Social organisation begins with the family, which consists of a man, his wife or wives, and his children. Several related families often live together to form a village.
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The main occupation of Nnewi people is trading and farming, therefore they depend mainly on agriculture and commerce for their daily livelihood. Most Nnewian have mbubo (home gardens) and ubi (out- station gardens) where they usually cultivate their farm products. These crops when they are harvested are usually taken to the market for sale. Most of the prime cash crops include oil palm, raffia palm, groundnut, melon, cotton, cocoa, rubber, maize, et cetera.
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In the Philippines, buri trees, like the sago palm, are used as sources of starch made into starch balls called landang. These are traditionally cooked into various desserts and dishes, most notably the binignit. The leaves are often used for thatching or can be woven into baskets, etc. Three kinds of fibres, namely buri (unopened leaf fibers), raffia (mature leaf fibers), and buntal (leaf petiole fiber), may be obtained from the plant.
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Most Mfu houses are richly decorated with carved posts, both inside and outside. To enter the Mfu house, one must wear a hat and a cutlass, and one must bring a drinking cup to partake in the drinking of "Melu" (raffia palm wine). Each member of Mfu must take their turn supplying the group with palm wine. When a member has done an adequate job of "celebrating" Mfu, the drums will come out for dancing.
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Her preference for simple materials such as pink gingham and broderie anglaise eased her transition to ready-to-wear. In 1955, she launched Carven Junior. Carven was one of the first fashion houses to stage runway shows around the world. The designer's travel inspired her to use diverse materials such as madras, batik, and raffia in her collections. In the 1950s, Carven was one of the first Western designers to use African textiles.
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Thomas's rope squirrel forages on the ground and in trees for fruits and seeds, also consuming arthropods (mostly ants and termites), and small quantities of green leafy material and fungi. The fruits of the raffia palm are a favourite food and may be cached temporarily in crevices. Several squirrels sometimes frequent a single palm tree, and communicate vocally or by stamping. Two squirrels often move about in company, resting side by side and grooming each other.
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The frontal surfaces of the cylinder and > hexahedron are painted, and the hair is represented by raffia. It is true > that the form is still closed here; however, it is not the "real" form, but > rather a tight formal scheme of plastic primeval force. Here, too, we find a > scheme of forms and "real details" (the painted eyes, mouth and hair) as > stimuli. The result in the mind of the spectator, the desired effect, is a > human face.
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Markov spent the rest of the Hitler years in the prison at Siegburg (near Cologne). Most of the sentence – according to one source eight years of it – was spent in solitary confinement. He later described the work he was given as "tiresome, but not difficult" ("lästig [aber] nicht schwer"): plucking hemp, sorting tinfoil ([possibly for flak production, knitting army socks with a machine or embroidering raffia bags. He remained loyal to Stalin and rejected privileges (such as a razor).
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Ikot Ekpene, also known as The Raffia City, is a historic town in south- southern state of Akwa Ibom. It is the political and cultural capital of the Annang ethnic group in Nigeria (Nair, 1972). The town is located on the A342 highway that parallels the coast, between Calabar to the south east and Aba to the west, with the state capital, Uyo, on this road just to the east. Umuahia is the next major town to the north.
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The majority of the population is thus primarily situated in villages and towns along the few major roads that traverse the region. Along these routes, population density jumps to as high as 20/km² and to 20-60/km² on the Bertoua-Batouri corridor. The traditional Bantu dwelling is a rectangular house made of sun- dried bricks placed in a wooden frame. Raffia palm fronds are a common covering, though metal roofing has become more common.
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The forest area is also plagued by disease-carrying mosquitoes and blackflies that keep settlers away. Tradition settlements in the Centre are placed along roads, resulting in large numbers of houses near the road with forest beginning directly behind them. The traditional house is a rectangular structure made of mud bricks and thin, wooden or bamboo posts. Roofs were mostly thatched raffia palm in the past, but they are more often made of corrugated aluminium, iron, or tin today.
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Arable agricultural produce include cassava, yam, sweet yam, taro and maize while cash crops are not limited to oil palm, coconut, raffia, rubber and palm kernel. There is abundant forest reserve for timber and wild life while commercial fishing thrives in the area. Although known for boat-building, a sand bar partially blocks the entrance to its port from the Gulf of Guinea. Ikot Abasi is also a home to Alscon, the biggest aluminium smelter plant in Africa.
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Leptodactylodon boulengeri occurs in secondary forests and forest edges, dense bush, and raffia palm margins along swamps bordering rocky streams at elevations of above sea level. It can also inhabit degraded forests as long as some canopy cover is present. The tadpoles develop in streams. It is a common species that tolerates some habitat disturbance, but it is suspected to be declining because of habitat loss and degradation caused by smallholder farming activities and subsistence wood extraction.
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Stone Town: the Zanzibar Archipelago's main city The Omani Empire at its height Today, Zanzibar is a semi-autonomous region of Tanzania made up of the Zanzibar Archipelago. The archipelago is 25-50 kilometers (16-31 mi) from the mainland. Its main industries are tourism, spice production such as cloves, nutmeg, cinnamon, and black pepper, and raffia palm trees. In 1698, Zanzibar became part of the Omani sultanate after sultan Saif bin Sultan defeated the portuguese at Mombasa.
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Around 1920 strips of raffia were added, which soon would develop into the characteristic more or grass skirt (in reality made from hibiscus fibers) of Tahiti. The bare torso (for men only) became acceptable. Prizes started to be awarded to the best dancers on a festival. But it was not until 1956 that Madeleine Moua organised a dance group, called the heiva, of which Terii and Takau, daughters of the last queen of Tahiti became patrons.
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As far as trees are concerned, olives yield the largest revenue in Ath Smaïl followed by dried figs and acorns. Families cultivate their small holdings from September to May and allotments along the river in the summer. People also raise chicken and sometimes sheep or cows to help supplement the family income by selling a lamb or a calf every year. Ath Smaïl is also famous for its craft in pottery, raffia, weaving and sewing of Berber dresses.
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The fabric is made of very fine fibre from the inside of the leaves of young palm trees. The leaves are dried in the sun, then split along their length and connected to form a basic warp of raffia, from 2m to 4m in length. Fine leaf fibres are then interweaved in a woof to create the velvet effect. This is then wrapped around the waist to create a loincloth known as Mapel (for men) or Ntshak (for women).
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Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve on the Mambilla Plateau The most southerly part of the country is classified as "salt water swamp" or "mangrove swamp" because the vegetation consists primarily of mangroves. North of this is a fresh water swamp area containing salt- intolerant species such as the raffia palm, and north of this is rainforest. Further north again, the countryside becomes savanna with scattered groups of trees. A common species in riverine forests in the south is Brachystegia eurycoma.
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Materials used for construction include reeds (near rivers), rushes (in the southwest around Toliara), endemic succulents (as fencing in the south), wood (in the south and among the Zafimaniry, and formerly common in the Highlands), bamboo (especially in the eastern rain forests), papyrus (formerly in the Highlands around Lake Alaotra), grasses (ubiquitous), palms (ubiquitous but prevalent in the west around Mahajanga) and raffia (especially in the north and northeast). For much of the length of the eastern coast of Madagascar bordering the Indian Ocean, architecture is highly uniform: nearly all traditional homes in this region are built on low stilts and are roofed with thatch made of the fronds of the traveler's palm (ravinala madagascariensis). Woven bamboo walls, plank roofing The stilts, floor and walls are commonly made of the trunk of this same plant, typically after pounding it flat to make wide planks (for floors and roofing) or narrow strips (for walls). These strips are affixed vertically to the frame; the raffia plant is often used in the same way, in place of the traveler's palm, in the north.
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It has been identified by BirdLife International as an IBA because of its importance to global populations of grey parrots and other birds. The Biseni Forest in the north west of Ahoada and west of Upper Orashi Forest have also been designated an Important Bird Area. The forest has an area of 219 km² within which mammals like red-bellied monkey and yellow-backed duiker are found along with raffia palms and some woody broadleaved species such as Symphonia globulifera and Ficus spp.
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In the Southeast, farmers sometimes place fields in forest clearings where they use slash-and-burn agriculture. Maize is the major staple, and farmers surround rows of it with cocoyams, plantains, beans, groundnuts, melons, and yams. Potatoes are another mainstay, and the West is one of the few places in Cameroon where they grow well due to high elevations in the region. Farmers grow these crops on the hillsides and use the valleys to plant cocoyams, colocasia, and raffia palms.
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The Ideato-South depends mainly on agriculture and commerce and the main occupation of the people is farming and trading. Most of their cash crops are taken to the market depending on the market that falls when they intend to sell their farm produce (Eke, Orie, Afo and Nkwo). Their cash crops include oil palm, raffia palm, groundnut, melon, cotton, cocoa, rubber, maize, etc. Food crops such as yam, cassava; cocoyam, breadfruit, and three-leaf yam are also produced in large quantities.
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The typical dwelling unit is constructed of dried-mud bricks placed onto a bamboo frame and roofed with raffia-palm fronds. In recent times, metal roofing has become increasingly common, and wealthier individuals may construct their homes in concrete. Beti- Pahuin territory also includes a number of sizable towns and cities, most of which were begun by the Germans or French. Here, settlements are more in the European pattern, with a network of streets, various neighbourhoods, and central administrative or commercial districts.
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The Malagasy valiha zither is made from bamboo. The native flora of Madagascar has been and still is used for a variety of purposes by the Malagasy people. More than a hundred plants used locally and commercially were described at the end of the 19th century by the English naturalist Richard Baron. These included many timber trees such as native ebony (Diospyros) and rosewood (Dalbergia) species, the raffia palm Raphia farinifera used for fibre, dyeing plants, as well as medicinal and edible plants.
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Claire Zeisler (April 18, 1903 – September 30, 1991) was an American fiber artist who expanded the expressive qualities of knotted and braided threads, pioneering large-scale freestanding sculptures in this medium. Throughout her career Zeisler sought to create "large, strong, single images" with fiber. Zeisler's non-functional structures were constructed using traditional weaving and avant-garde off the loom techniques such as square knotting, wrapping, and stitching. Zeisler preferred to work with natural materials such as jute, sisal, raffia, hemp, wool, and leather.
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An original 1935 factory leaflet shows the size and diversity of the modelled 'My Garden' ware Other modelled shapes included the 1937 'Raffia' based on traditional basketware by Native Americans, decorated in a similar style to them with small blocks of colour. More popular was the heavily modelled Harvest ware, jugs and bowls modelled with corn and fruit. After the war this range was heavily marketed in North America (very patriotically) as England. This later modelled ware attracts relatively low prices at auction.
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The hemba mask is exclusive to the Suku people. It is made from a cylindrical piece of wood carved into a helmet shape or bell shape, and is worked into a human face and coiffure and raffia fringe covers around the face. A superstructure is frequently present carved into a single animal and rarely a single human figure on top of the mask. The coiffure has triangular decoration bands on it and is painted black with some areas a dull red.
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On March 3, the general investigation by the Kinshasa police presented to the press a list of 126 people suspected of having participated in the attack on the president's residence and on camp Kokolo. The police also presented the belongings of the accused: four rocket launchers, a machine gun, ten AK-47 rifles, several machetes, and two vehicles. They also presented ritual items like raffia leaves. Six people died after being stopped by soldiers at a roadblock near the Kinshasa Presidential Palace.
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Other plant parts like stems or roots have non-determinate growth, and will usually continue to grow as long as they have the resources to do so. The type of leaf is usually characteristic of a species (monomorphic), although some species produce more than one type of leaf (dimorphic or polymorphic). The longest leaves are those of the Raffia palm, R. regalis which may be up to long and wide. The terminology associated with the description of leaf morphology is presented, in illustrated form, at Wikibooks.
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Animal fibers include silk, but generally are long hairs of animals such as sheep (wool), goat (angora, or cashmere goat), rabbit (angora), llama, alpaca, dog, cat, camel, yak, and muskox (qiviut). Plants used for fibers include cotton, flax (for linen), bamboo, ramie, hemp, jute, nettle, raffia, yucca, coconut husk, banana fiber, soy and corn. Rayon and acetate fibers are also produced from cellulose mainly derived from trees. Common synthetic fibers include acrylics, polyesters such as dacron and ingeo, nylon and other polyamides, and olefins such as polypropylene.
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With key hubs in Southern Africa, East Africa, and West Africa, designers and artisans weave eco-friendly functional and decorative baskets using available and sustainable natural fibers like sisal grass in Swaziland and raffia in Ghana. Some examples of leading designers include Zenzulu basket designs which are handmade and fairly traded, ensuring sustainable incomes for more than 350 artisans in South Africa. Zenzulu has been awarded the Elle Decoration International Design Award in 2002. The designs have been showcased in Design Made in Africa.
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The teaching of Eskayan in the volunteer schools is one of the few remaining cultural practices of the Eskaya community. Formerly, Eskaya men would wear shirts made of piña raffia with a Chinese- style collar, black breeches, and cotton berets. Women wore piña dresses with bulging sleeves similar to the Spanish-influenced Boholano style (mostly in Biabas) and covered their hair with cotton habits (mostly in Taytay). Traditionally, women were not permitted to cut their hair short nor wear trousers, and drinking and dancing were universally prohibited.
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Although separated by time and geography, there are many parallels between the Kongo and Kuba textile traditions. Both Kongo and Kuba art flourished within a hierarchical, courtly structure, and each society accorded high value to the arts of ceremony, personal adornment, and display. They also had in common the use of raffia palm fiber as the foundation of their weaving arts. Kongo and Kuba also share many geometric motifs, sacred signs, symbolic insignia, and types of textiles and prestige regalia, as well as techniques of fabrication.
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Ehret (2002), pp. 64–75. They also started making pottery and built stone settlements (e.g., Tichitt, Oualata). Fishing, using bone-tipped harpoons, became a major activity in the numerous streams and lakes formed from the increased rains. Mande peoples have been credited with the independent development of agriculture by about 3,000–4,000 BC. In West Africa, the wet phase ushered in an expanding rainforest and wooded savanna from Senegal to Cameroon. Between 9,000 and 5,000 BC, Niger–Congo speakers domesticated the oil palm and raffia palm.
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A woman who wears these masks must not expose any part of her body or a vengeful spirit may take possession of her. Women often cover their bodies with masses of raffia or black cloth. When a girl becomes initiated into the Sande society, the village's master woodcarver creates a special mask just for her. Helmet masks are made from a section of tree trunk, often of the kpole (cotton) tree, and then carved and hollowed to fit over the wearer's head and face.
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Bikinis have been made out of just about every material used in fashion. The fabrics and other materials used to make bikinis are an essential element of their style and crucial modifiers of swimsuit design. The use of cotton made the swimsuit more practical, and the increased reliance on stretch fabric after 1960 simplified construction; alternative swimwear fabrics such as velvet, leather, and crocheted squares surfaced in the early 1970s. Crochet, lace, PVC, raffia, fur, latex, velvet and other uncommon items are also used as bikini material.
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Elizabeth Hawes, Fashion Is Spinach (Random House, 1938), ch 3 Hawes' mother was an early advocate of Montessori education, and taught her children various handicrafts, such as raffia basket-weaving and beadwork. Hawes also made clothes and hats for her dolls, before beginning to sew her own clothes aged 10. Aged 12 she began dressmaking professionally by making clothes for the young children of her mother's friends. She also sold a few children's dresses to a shop called The Greenaway Shop in Haverford, Pennsylvania.
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The rugs are available in a large number of patterns from the firm's archive, which dates back to its origins. Weavers work by hand in panels ranging from 50 centimeters to 3 meters, which are then stitched together in the desired final dimensions, resulting in an offering of traditional, custom-made geometric and plain textured rugs, wall-to-wall carpets, and flat-woven floorcoverings in wool, cotton, linen, raffia, and silk. The carpets are intended for use in embassies, luxury hotels, and high- end private residences.
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Zanzibar's clove industry has been crippled by a fast-moving global market, international competition, and a hangover from Tanzania's failed experiment with socialism in the 1960s and 1970s, when the government controlled clove prices and exports. Zanzibar now ranks a distant third with Indonesia supplying 75 percent of the world's cloves compared to Zanzibar's 7 percent. Zanzibar exports spices, seaweed and fine raffia. Beside the Zanzibar State Trading Cooperation, Zanj Spice Limited, also known as 1001 Organic, is the biggest organic spice exporter in Zanzibar.
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The individual honored with wearing the mask traditionally wears an oversized skirt made of raffia fronds and may carry a ceremonial staff. We masks similar to this one are often designed to appear ferocious and are intended for use in mediations between community members, as visual aids during moral lessons, and as forms of entertainment. By portraying the more frightening nature of the animal, the mask is viewed as powerful and may have been used as part of social control methods prior to the introduction of Western law systems during the colonial period.
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The division then redeployed to Saudi Arabia, where some of its soldiers established and ran three refugee camps near Raffia, Saudi Arabia. Division relief workers processed over 22,000 Iraqi refugees between 15 April and 10 May. After turning the camps over to the Saudi Arabian government, the unit redeployed to Germany. 3rd Field Artillery Regiment, 2nd Armored Division (FWD) conducts artillery strikes on Iraqi positions during the 1st Gulf War. 4-3 FA was the primary fire support battalion for Task Force 1–41 Infantry during the 1st Gulf War, February 1991.
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In addition to the tradition of silk weaving and lamba production, the weaving of raffia and other local plant materials has been used to create a wide array of practical items such as floor mats, baskets, purses and hats. Wood carving is a highly developed art form, with distinct regional styles evident in the decoration of balcony railings and other architectural elements. Sculptors create a variety of furniture and household goods, aloalo funerary posts, and wooden sculptures, many of which are produced for the tourist market.Heale & Abdul Latif (2008), pp.
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Cotton is also used to make velvet, though this often results in a less luxurious fabric. Velvet can also be made from fibers such as linen, mohair, and wool. A cloth made by the Kuba people of the Democratic Republic of Congo from the raffia palm is often referred to as "Kuba velvet". More recently, synthetic velvets have been developed, mostly from polyester, nylon, viscose, acetate, and from either mixtures of different synthetics or from combined synthetics and natural fibers (for example viscose mixed with silk produces a very soft, reflective fabric).
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They are also viewed as a form of wealth; the number of cattle one gives away indicates generosity, and the number sacrificed to the ancestors is a measure of loyalty. The sacrifice of zebu is a typical element of many major rituals and celebrations ranging from Muslim holidays to life events like marriage, death and birth. The traditional martial art of Madagascar, moraingy, and large dance parties (baly) are very popular among the Antankarana youth, who often are drawn more to western culture than ancestral practices and beliefs. Clothing was historically made from woven raffia.
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Osogbo city Osogbo, sometimes called "Ile Aro" (home of dyeing), is a major dyeing center. The traditional industry is one of the major industries of Osogbo and the different types of Adire in Osogbo includes Raffia Resist-Adire Oniko, Stitch Resist-Adire Alabere, Starch Resist-Adire Eleko, Wax Batik-Adire Alabele. A number of industries also began to rise after independence, notably small scale establishments involved in textile, foam making, and pencils. Osogbo was made a major industrial development center by the government of Nigeria during the 1970s.
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New York: Fairchild Publications. Traditional lambas used for burial were often made of silk and cow hides while those for daily wear were more often made of raffia, pig skin, cotton or bast. They could range in color from a tie-dyed mess or solid white cloth, to striped red, white and black cloth found in most parts of the island, the geometric patterns in unique shades of green and brown produced by a handful of Sakalava villages, or the brilliantly multi-colored, complex weaves favored by the pre-colonial Merina aristocracy.Turner, J. (Ed.). (1996).
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To ensure that war secrets did not leak to the opponents, women were made to wear tswa a̱ywan (woven raffia ropes) for 6 months in a year. During this period, they were to refrain from gossips, "foreign" travel and late cooking. At the end of the period, it was marked by Song-A̱yet (or Swong A̱yet) also known as the Ayet festival, celebrated in April, when women were free to wear fashionable dresses. Sights of the Ayet Atyap Cultural Festival, 2019 Edition: Drummers performing before the Agwatyap and other guests.
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They wore raffia caps (A̱ka̱ta) decorated with dyed wool and ostrich feathers. Their bodies were painted with white chalk (A̱bwan) and red ochre (tswuo) For the Aku clan, oral tradition has it that their emblem or totem is the ‘Male’ shea Tree (locally called Na̱nsham). The people's belief about this tree was that the tree can be felled, but its wood is not to be used for making fire for cooking. It is believed that if an Aku man eats food cooked with Na̱nsham wood his body would develop sores.
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Plants used for fibers include cotton, flax (for linen), bamboo, ramie, hemp, jute, nettle, raffia, yucca, coconut husk, banana trees, soy and corn. Rayon and acetate fibers are also produced from cellulose mainly derived from trees. Common synthetic fibers include acrylics, polyesters such as dacron and ingeo, nylon and other polyamides, and olefins such as polypropylene. Of these types, wool is generally favored for crochet, chiefly owing to its superior elasticity, warmth and (sometimes) felting; however, wool is generally less convenient to clean and some people are allergic to it.
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Secondary growth, which has replaced the original forest and consists to a large extent of traveller's trees, raffia palm, and baobabs, is found in many places along the east coast and in the north. The vegetation of the Central Highlands and the west coast is for the most part savanna or steppe, and coarse prairie grass predominates where erosion has not exposed the orange-red lateritic soil. In the southwest, the vegetation is adapted to desert conditions. The remaining rain forest contains a great number of unique plant species.
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When the knot appears in this culture, it often denotes royal status; thus, it is featured on crowns, tunics, and other ceremonial objects. Also in Africa, the Knot is found on Kasai velvet, the raffia woven cloth of the Kuba people. They attribute mystical meaning to it, as do the Akan people of West Africa who stamp it on their sacred Adinkra cloth. In the Adinkra symbol system, a version of Solomon's knot is the Kramo-bone symbol, interpreted as meaning "one being bad makes all appear to be bad".
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Banon is a French cheese made in the region around the town of Banon in Provence, south-east France. Also known as Banon à la feuille, it is an unpasteurized cheese made from goat's milk and is circular in shape, around in diameter and in height, and weighing around 100 g. This pungent uncooked, unpressed cheese consists of a fine soft white pâte that is wrapped in chestnut leaves and tied with raffia prior to shipment. The Provençal specialty fromage fort du Mont Ventoux is created by placing a young banon in an earthenware jar.
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Diagram illustrating the whip and tongue grafting technique # Make a sloping cut in the rootstock with a "tongue" pointing upwards. # Make a matching cut in the scion wood with a "tongue" pointing downwards. # Join the two, ensuring maximum contact of the vascular cambium layers. Bind with raffia or polythene tape or wind around with a 5mm wide strip of elastic band (this is particularly successful because it keeps pressure on the cambium layers to be joined and eventually falls away without cutting into the bark as the tree grows) and seal with grafting wax.
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Suitable habitat occurs along lowland tropical rivers like the Congo or rivers with sandbanks in the highlands of Angola. The highland locations have wide grassy riverways running through miombo woodlands, whereas the Congo Basin is tropical forest with over 200 cm (80 in) of rain a year. The lowland habitats are a patchwork of dry, seasonally flooded and permanently wet woodland, and seasonally flooded savanna, and the swamp forests contain trees such as Symphonia globulifera, raffia palms and Mitragyna species, and the riverbanks are often lined with arrowroot.World Wildlife Fund (lead ed.); Sigsgaard, Lene; McGinley, Mark (topic eds.) "Eastern Congolian swamp forests ".
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In a cultural context, kente is more important than just a cloth and it is a visual representation of history and also a form of written language through weaving. The term kente has its roots in the Akan word kɛntɛn which means a basket and the first kente weavers used raffia fibres to weave cloths that looked like kenten (a basket); and thus were referred to as kenten ntoma; meaning basket cloth. The original Akan name of the cloth was nsaduaso or nwontoma, meaning "a cloth hand-woven on a loom"; however, "kente" is the most frequently used term today.
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The chemical structure of cellulose with substitutions that characterize coex materials. Coex is a biopolymer with flame-retardant properties derived from the functionalization of cellulosic fibers such as cotton, linen, jute, cannabis, coconut, ramie, bamboo, raffia palm, stipa, abacà, sisal, nettle and kapok. The treatment effectiveness was also proven on wood and semi-synthetic fibers such as cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, viscose, modal, lyocell and cupro. The material is obtained by sulfation and phosphorylation reactions on glucan units linked to each other in position 1,4 and in particular on the secondary and tertiary hydroxyl groups of cellulosic biopolymer.
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On the other hand, a medieval Northern European or Indian traveller, if confronted with tales about ostriches, might very well not have recognized them for what they were (compare History of elephants in Europe). In addition to Polo's account of the rukh in 1298, Chou Ch'ű-fei (周去非, Zhōu Qùfēi), in his 1178 book Lingwai Daida, told of a large island off Africa with birds large enough to use their quills as water reservoirs. Fronds of the raffia palm may have been brought to Kublai Khan under the guise of roc's feathers.Yule's Marco Polo, bk. iii. ch.
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The Egyptians have also been suggested as they used penannular money. One suggestion is that Nigerian fishermen brought them up in their nets from the shipwrecks of European wrecks or made them from the copper 'pins' used in wooden sailing ships wrecked in the Bight of Benin. One theory is that if indigenous, they copied a splayed-end Raffia cloth bracelet worn by women, another that the well-known Yoruba Mondua with its bulbous ends inspired the manilla shape. Copper bracelets and leg bands were the principal 'money' and they were usually worn by women to display their husband's wealth.
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In 1973, Ringgold began experimenting with sculpture as a new medium to document her local community and national events. Her sculptures range from costumed masks to hanging and freestanding soft sculptures, representing both real and fictional characters from her past and present. She began making mixed-media costumed masks after hearing her students express their surprise that she did not already include masks in her artistic practice. The masks were pieces of linen canvas that were painted, beaded and woven with raffia for hair, and rectangular pieces of cloth for dresses with painted gourds to represent breasts.
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The Nimba mask is carved from tree dark and is the largest mask known to be produced in Western Africa, being used by the Baga and their neighbors the Nalu, who live in Guinea and Guinea Bissau. It is to be worn on the shoulders of a male dancer and secured with a rope that is tied onto the torso. The dancer is then concealed in a European cloth and a cover up called a raffia to completely cover the dancer. When worn by the masquerader the mask can be at least eight feet tall and can weigh eighty pounds or more.
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Jihadis have a "tried and tested model" of contact with different vulnerable, and extremist individuals through online messaging services or social media platforms, and then rapidly manipulating them towards participating in violent action in their name. It was reported that Raffia Hayat of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Association warned that jailed extremists attempt to recruit violent criminals into radical groups so they carry out attacks on the public once released. There have been several notable criticisms of radicalization theories for focusing disproportionately on Islam. There have been concerns that converts to Islam are more susceptible to violent radicalization than individuals born into the faith.
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This area is a patchwork of dry, seasonally flooded and permanently wet woodland, and seasonally flooded savanna, all of which are subject to inundation by the Congo River and its tributaries. The swamp forests contain trees such as Symphonia globulifera, raffia palms and Mitragyna species, and the riverbanks are often lined with arrowroot. This specialised habitat is shared with two other restricted-range birds, the Congo sunbird and the Congo martin.World Wildlife Fund; Sigsgaard, Lene; McGinley, Mark "Eastern Congolian swamp forests " in Cleveland, Cutler J (ed.) (2006) Encyclopedia of Earth Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment.
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Gbini Mask, Mende (Wood, leopard skin, sheepskin, antelope skin, raffia fiber, cotton cloth, cotton string, cowry shells), from the collection of the Brooklyn Museum Gbini is considered to be the most powerful of all Mende maskers. Gbini appears at the final "pulling" ceremony of Poro initiation for a son of the paramount chief and also at the coronation of funeral of a paramount chief. Because of its power, women must stand far back from gbini and if a woman accidentally touches it, she must be anointed with medicine immediately. Gbini wears a large leopard skin which indicates its association with the paramount chief.
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Kuba clyster, from the collection of the Brooklyn Museum Kuba textile, from the collection of the Brooklyn Museum Kuba art is noted for its decorative arts and surface designs. Personal and decorative artistry is expressed in flatwork – woven cloth or designs on mats and textiles – as well as three-dimensional objects – lidded bowls and boxes, cups, clysters, musical instruments, knives with decorated handles, and baskets. The exterior and interior surfaces of the raffia-walled homes of Kuba elites were also plated with intricate geometric patterning. Attention to surface design was a common characteristic of most Kuba media, including textiles and body scarification.
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Lore focused primarily on weaving and fiber designs, using plastic raffia and wool fibers or ribbons. She also created some pieces using paper and ink. Her work has made appearances in exhibits throughout the world, and her work is held in the collections of the Black Mountain College Museum + Arts Center, the Fashion Institute of Technology, the Josef and Anni Albers Foundation, the Museum of Arts and Design, the National Museum of American Art, the Newark Museum of Art, the New Jersey State Museum, Rider University Art Collection, the Paley Design Center, and in private collections.
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Layered garden party ensembles and utilitarian silhouettes paired boxy jackets, dropped crotch pants, diaphonous long skirts, and embroidered dresses in an earthtone palette and muted florals. Raffia dresses, straw hats, and embroidered enhanced the collection’s textural, woodsy elements. As told to WWD, “We have to use creativity, but we are more conscious about what we do…,” she said during a preview. “It’s important that the message is correct.” Chiuri acknowledged the complex, paradoxical nature of sustainability in fashion. “On one side is the desire to renovate [existing clothes in women’s closets],” she said. “At the same time, [my job is to] create desire.
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Banton is thought to be already inhabited by Filipinos since the pre-colonial period, based on analysis of discovered human remains, coffins, an ancient burial cloth and other archaeological finds by the National Museum in the 1930s. The present settlement was founded in 1622 by the Spanish and is the oldest settlement in the province. During the American colonial period, the municipality changed its name to Jones in honor of American congressman William Jones, who authored the Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916. Today, Banton is one of Romblon's thriving municipalities, with an economy dependent on copra farming, fishing, raffia palm weaving, and tourism.
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Recently her label was discovered by the U.S. fashion scene in 2012, when she presented her designs at the New York Fashion Week. A signature of her brand is her use of a traditional Yoruba indigo-dyed textile called adire, a cultural specialty whose practice revolves around modern-day Ogun and Osun states in western Nigeria. Another is her way of combining Western silhouettes and native materials and motifs—to wit, a lace- blouse-and-pencil-skirt set appliquéd with unsettling raffia eyeballs. International stars such as singers Beyoncé and Rihanna and Hollywood actress Kerry Washington have worn outfits by the Nigerian designers.
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Smaller mesh sizes (between 10 and 18 cm) are usually used for horizontal tutoring of flowers, especially carnations, mums and snaps, because in floriculture growers prefer an opening that will support vertically the flower without letting it tilt or bend because it would lose its commercial value. Larger sized meshes are preferred for vegetable support. especially cucurbits, solanaceae and legumes. The reason horticulturalists prefer a larger mesh size (which simulates the hand weaved raffia systems) is so one can work the two furrows on both sides of the walking isle, without damaging the crop or the plant during harvesting or trimming work.
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Relating its fundamental cultural role in local vigilantism and community policing in Ogu societies, Zangbeto is a term in Gun language which means "Men of the night" or "Night-watchmen". The Zangbeto takes on a covering made from an intricate mass of tiny strands of hay, raffia or other threadlike materials, which are sometimes dyed in very colourful hues. They are able to fall into a trance which, according to tradition, enables their bodies to be inhabited by spirits who possess special knowledge of the actions of people. However, Ogu legend tells that there are no humans under the costume, only spirits of the night.
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This species is strongly associated with human migration throughout the tropics, leaves being used for thatching, the leaflets for plaiting, and the midribs being a useful material for hut construction, furniture, fences, sweeping-brushes, floats for fishing nets, ladders and poles. The epidermis on the upper surfaces of young leaflets yields raffia, a strong, commercially important fiber, used as cordage in horticulture and handicrafts, and in weaving hats, baskets, mats, shoes, bags, fishing nets, hammocks, curtains and textiles. The midveins of the leaflets are used to construct fishing nets and articles for domestic use. The terminal portion of the core is eaten as a vegetable.
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We aspire to empower customers to feel beautiful inside and out.” The Jackie Bag was her first bag, created from raffia, which she was using at the time to re-paper the walls of her Houston home. In 2007, after working out of an office with a small team for a few years, Turner opened her first boutique in Houston’s Rice Village and a second store in Houston’s CityCentre (February 2011). In July 2012, Turner opened a third boutique in the Alamo Heights area of San Antonio, and in November 2012, Turner opened her first boutique outside of Texas in The Mall of Green Hills in Nashville, Tennessee.
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River traffic in the fluvial zone Vegetation is dominated by palms, and is shorter and less diverse than in surrounding areas. The most common palm species are murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru), raffia (Raphia taedigera), açaí (Euterpe oleracea), maripa (Attalea maripa), bacaba (Oenocarpus bacaba), patauá (Oenocarpus bataua), buriti (Mauritia flexuosa), ubuçu (Manicaria saccifera), cashapona (Socratea exorrhiza) and several species of Geonoma palms. There are large stands of the commercially valuable buriti and acai palms. Among other common trees in the tidal várzea are the timber species Virola surinamensis, Cedrelinga castanaeformis, Ceiba pentandra, Calycophyllum brasiliensis and other large trees such as Ficus species, Macrolobium acaciifolium, Pachira aquatica, Symphonia globulifera, Triplaris surinamensis and Mora paraensis.
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A short mvet with four strings and a single central resonator The mvet is a stringed musical instrument, the harp-lute (or stick zither (311)) of the Fang people of Gabon, Cameroon, São Tomé and Equatorial Guinea. Somewhat resembling the Mande kora, but larger and simpler, it consists of a tubular stick of palm-raffia or bamboo, between one and two metres long, with usually three calabash resonators. A central vertical bridge divides four or five gut or metal strings, played both sides of the bridge. The instrument is held horizontally on the chest to close or open the central resonator with a movement of the arms.
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The Kuba are known for their raffia embroidered textiles, fiber and beaded hats, carved palm wine cups and cosmetic boxes, but they are most famous for their monumental helmet masks, featuring exquisite geometric patterns, stunning fabrics, seeds, beads and shells. They have been described as a people who cannot bear to leave a surface without ornament. The boxes, known as Kuba Boxes and called ngedi mu ntey by the Kuba, are generally used to hold tukula powder and paste. The boxes are usually in the shape of a square with a faceted lid, a semicircle (sometimes referred to as "half moon"), a rectangle or the shape of a mask.
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The Chi Wara itself is usually represented as a Roan Antelope with an almost human face, but also takes shapes of other creatures and emblems of farming. The hero descends from the sky goddess, and thus represents the sun, its body is often elongated and short legged to represent the aardvark who burrows into the earth like a farmer. Its high horns echo the stalks of millet, and it stands on a dancer clad in a mass of raffia stalks to represent both flowing water and a bountiful harvest. The zig-zag patterns echo the movement of the sun across the sky, and the penis of the male figure stands low to the ground, fertilizing the earth.
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The first chapter, The Lele on the Map, indicates the location of Lele territory, the neighbouring peoples, and the relations between them. The second chapter, entitled The Productive Side of the Economy, considers the resources available to the Lele, and their exploitation of them through hunting, fishing, slash and burn agriculture, and craftsmanship, primarily the production of raffia cloth. The third chapter, Distribution of Wealth, describes how durable and perishable goods are distributed in accordance with status, payment of fees and dues, and exchange through trade and barter. The fourth chapter, The Village: Offices and Age-Sets, sets out how the division of a village by age sets cross-cuts and counterbalances division by kinship.
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During the mask ceremony the dancer goes into deep trance, and during this state of mind he "communicates" with his ancestors. The masks can be worn in three different ways: vertically covering the face: as helmets, encasing the entire head, and as crest, resting upon the head, which was commonly covered by material as part of the disguise. African masks often represent a spirit and it is strongly believed that the spirit of the ancestors possesses the wearer. Most African masks are made with wood, and can be decorated with: Ivory, animal hair, plant fibers (such as raffia), pigments (like kaolin), stones, and semi-precious gems also are included in the masks.
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But the same landscape changes every day—the dunes move with the wind.” As told to WWD, Poppy Delevingne said post-show. “It was like going to the most glamorous beach party of all time.” She continued, “I loved all the pastel colors, all the tweeds, all the raffia hats and sandals. I loved all the models barefoot, I loved all the sunshine-y looks,” she said. “I feel like I’ve just taken a holiday, so ‘thank you, Karl.’” The collection of 82 pastel looks in shades of mint, yellow, white, and pink, referenced late 1980s and early 1990s with oversized blazers and bike shorts. Accessories included beach ball minaudières, terry cloth handbags, and oversized straw hats.
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It is worthy of note that at the pottery centre there is also a small museum and rest house, should you wish to spend the night. The center consists of twenty-eight trained potters (piece workers); eight workers in tile and brick production (contracted laborers); five in clay production and reforestation (contracted laborers); ten seasonal workers in clay production and reforestation; six laborers in administration and organization; and thirty home producers (traditional pottery, basket weaving, raffia weaving). As a Fair Trade enterprise, which is also a member of the World Fair Trade Organisation (WFTO) and its regional chapter COFTA (Cooperation for Fair Trade in Africa), Prescraft follows the principles of the Fair Trade movement. Prescraft produces all its articles in its own centers, or with home producers.
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Palm wine is collected, fermented and stored in calabashes in Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo (c. 1990) In Africa, the sap used to create palm wine is most often taken from wild datepalms such as the silver date palm (Phoenix sylvestris), the palmyra, and the jaggery palm (Caryota urens), or from oil palm such as the African Oil Palm (Elaeis guineense) or from Raffia palms, kithul palms, or nipa palms. In part of central and western Democratic Republic of the Congo, palm wine is called malafu. Palm wine tapping is mentioned in the novel Things Fall Apart by the Nigerian writer Chinua Achebe and is central to the plot of the novel The Palm Wine Drinkard by Nigerian author Amos Tutuola.
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The great green macaw lives in tropical forests in the Atlantic wet lowlands of Central from Honduras to Panama and Colombia, and in South America in the Pacific coastal lowlands in Panama, Colombia and western Ecuador, where they also occur in deciduous (seasonal), dry tropical forests. In Colombia, where both species occur, it prefers more humid woodlands than the closely related military macaw. The habitat where it breeds in Costa Rica is practically non-seasonal, evergreen rainforest, with rain some ten months of the year, a precipitation of 1,500 to 3,500 mm a year, and an average temperature of 27 °C throughout the year. In Costa Rica the habitats where great green macaws occur during breeding season is dominated by the almendro (Dipteryx oleifera) and Pentaclethra macroloba, with secondarily raffia palms (Raphia spp.) dominated wetlands.
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As the foundation of all existence, children's umbilical cords are saved and symbolically buried under a tree to mark the child's first sharing of family owned lands; this tree could either be an oil palm, bread-fruit tree, raffia palm, or plantain tree depending on the cultural region. In some places, such as Nri, the royal python, éké, is considered a sacred and tame agent of Ala and a harbinger of good fortune when found in a home. The python is referred to as nne 'mother' in areas where the python is revered, it is a symbol of female beauty and gentleness. Killing of the python is expressly forbidden in these places and sanctions are taken against the killer including the funding of expensive human sized burials that are given to slain pythons.
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Downtown in 1912 Under French rule, Toamasina was the seat of several foreign consuls, as well as of numerous French officials, and was the chief port for the capital and the interior. Imports consisted principally of piece-goods, farinaceous foods, and iron and steel goods; main exports were gold dust, raffia, hides, caoutchouc (rubber) and live animals. Communication with Europe was maintained by steamers of the Messageries Maritimes and the Havraise companies, and also with Mauritius, and thence to Sri Lanka, by the British Union-Castle Line. During the colonial period, owing to the character of the soil and the formerly crowded native population, the town was often plagued by epidemics: the plague broke out in 1898, and again in 1900; but since the draining of the neighboring marshes, there was an improvement.
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After the dispersal of the family of kings and queens, the aborigines became ungovernable, and constituted themselves into a serious threat to the survival of Ife. Thought to be supporters of Obatala who had ruled the land before the arrival of Oduduwa, these people turned themselves into marauders. They would come to town in costumes made of raffia with terrible and fearsome appearances, and burn down houses and loot the markets. It is at this point that Moremi Ajasoro, a princess of Offa, of the lineage of Olalomi Olofagangan, the founder of Offa- Ile and the paramount head of the Ibolo region of the old Oyo kingdom, a member of the Ooduan dynasty by marriage to Oranmiyan, is said to have come onto the scene; she subsequently played a significant role in restoring normalcy back to the situation through a spying mission.
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Although the people of Ile-Ife were furious about these raids, they did not have the means to defend themselves. This is because the invaders were seen as spirits by the people of Ife, appearing as masquerades completely covered in raffia leaves. Moremi was a very brave and beautiful woman who, in order to deal with the problem facing her people, pledged a great sacrifice to the Spirit of the river Esimirin so that she could discover the strength of her nation's enemies.. She is said to have been taken as a slave by the Igbo and, due to her beauty and Esimirin's help, married their ruler as his anointed queen. After familiarizing herself with the secrets of her new husband's army, she escaped to Ile-Ife and revealed this to the Yorubas, who were then able to subsequently defeat them in battle.
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PACAP is a flexible facility that is willing to fund almost any project that aims to alleviate poverty. In PACAP’s long history, it has supported a great diversity of projects including literacy, health, potable water and sanitation projects; eco-tourism projects; and agricultural and aquacultural projects including: mud crab and ornamental fish production projects; coconut, pili nut and organic vegetable production projects; mangrove and watershed rehabilitation projects; and abaca, pina and raffia fiber production projects. PACAP has also worked with co-operatives producing local handicrafts, with the handicapped and the elderly, with street beggars, with abused women and children, with the children of overseas workers, with prisoners, with prostitutes, and with the victims of AIDS and filariasis. It has also supported a children’s choir, worked with indigenous peoples on ancestral domain issues, and helped persons displaced by conflict.
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The amiable people of the Ilaje stock also engage themselves in other fishing-related activities such as the production of fish traps (Igere) with the raw materials solely from the raffia palms that are obtainable from palm trees that dot the entire landscape of Ugboland. The people are also into fishing net making as well as its repair. The Ugbo-Ilaje use canoes in their several sizes, to transport people from one location to the other along the creeks and these are also used for buying and selling from one settlement to the other. Due to the industrious nature of the Ugbo people their trade, transportation and fishing activities go as far as Warri, Sapele, Port Harcourt, Calabar, Escravos, Bonny Island and other neighboring countries such as Cameroon, Gabon, Benin Republic, Togo, Ghana and up until Côte d'Ivoire.
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Traditional Yoruba architectural forms can be seen hollow squares or circles and a unit can be viewed as a compound consisting of various sub units arranged in a quad shape that surrounds an open courtyard, the open space serves as the point of social contact and also used for cooking and craft making. The open spaces or courtyards are designed to be much larger so as to encourage communication between family members while the intimate spaces are much smaller and darker and mostly used for sleeping. Materials used for building the houses are moulded mud obtained from laterite soils, these are the main material for building walls and the houses are built without windows. Roofing materials are influenced by environmental conditions, in areas close to the Atlantic coast, raffia palm leaves are the main materials for roofing while in the northern regions, wood is substituted for palm fronds.
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The form-fitting Vera Wang dress Charlize Theron wore to the ceremony was ranked third in the InStyle list of 100 best dresses of the decade, described as "Old Hollywood without looking old", and the BBC correspondent John Hand declared Theron one of the top 5 best-dressed women of the night. Hand also listed in his top 5 Nicole Kidman in golden Dior, Winona Ryder in simple black, Hilary Swank in a feminine olive green strapless dress, and Thora Birch, who he nominated as the most stylish of the night in her embroidered white skirt and pale blue jacket. Annette Bening, nine months pregnant, wore a layered black Armani gown. Less well-received gowns included Erykah Badu's green leather outfit stitched together with yellow raffia paired with a traditional West-African style towering head-wrap, which Billy Crystal joked contained a missing Oscar.
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The kingdom was also at the center of an extensive Central African trade network in which it traded and produced large quantities of ivory, as well as manufacturing copperware, raffia cloth, and pottery, along with other natural resources (The eastern region of the Congo [such as the province of Katanga] is particularly rich in mineral resources, especially diamonds). These trade goods would also form, in addition to slaves, the backbone of the Kongo's trade with Europeans (primarily the Portuguese), upon their arrival. The aforementioned slave trade was to be a significant factor in bringing about the end of Kongo, as the elites of the kingdom allowed European slave traders to eliminate a significant percentage of the population. When King Álvaro I, came to the throne in an environment of contestation in 1568, he immediately had to fight invaders from the east (who some authorities believe were actually rebels within the country, either peasants or discontented nobles) called the "Jagas".
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Mpu, from the collection of the Brooklyn Museum Mpu, from the collection of the Brooklyn Museum Mpu, from the collection of the Textile Museum Washington, D.C. Mpu, from the collection of the Koninklijk Museum voor Midden-Afrika The mpu was a supple knotted cap of golden raffia or pineapple fiber and a vital component of the chief's regalia, which also included a kinzembe mesh tunic, a woven chest bag, a charm bag (nkisi), a reliquary basket, the double bell, and a stool. For Kongo, Vili, Yombe, Mbundu, and related peoples in northern Angola and the region formerly known as the Lower Congo, the mpu signified the authority invested in a person elected to an office of sacred leadership. Moraga writes that "it was also a potent cosmological symbol connecting the chief (mfumu), the kin group, and the village to a mythic place of origin as well as a specific territorial domain (nsi)." There are several types of mpu hats.
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For this reason, contrary to the raffia tutoring system where a lot of labor is required to tie by hand the plant to the twine during many phases of growth, the use of horticulture netting diminished a great deal for the need of a worker to walk the furrows handling the plants, thus reducing the possibility of spreading the disease. Cucurbitaceae naturally seek the closest support point, and the netting offers multiple support points for the trellising needs of the plant thanks to the square mesh structure. Also in the case of solanaceae (especially tomatoes or peppers) one can achieve a great reduction of hand labor by installing the net on both sides of the plant (or as a V shape) all along the furrow, creating sort of a sandwich system that holds the plant on both sides, allowing new branches to lean on the mesh without the need to spend money of labor otherwise needed to fasten and tie the plant to the structure.
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Resoconto fiera Equiplast 1969 Montecatini intensively collaborated with RIAP for the development of various grades of polymers and copolymers of PP. In RIAP some downstream plants were also developed to produce raffia or monofilament articles (fabrics, ropes, woven bags, etc.).Interview of Marco Terragni Modern Plastic International, 1999 Still at the RIAP at the beginning of the 1970s a group of researchers coordinated by Marco Terragni created a first pilot plant for the production of Cartonplast (PP alveolar sheets). Many other developments in technology were made in those years by Covema, including the extrusion in flat head of PP sheets and the thermoforming of these sheets to produce disposable cups. Various other technologies for the production of pipes, machines for covering electric cables, extrusion lines for WoodPlast (synthetic wood), multi-filaments spinning plants of the POY type (Partially Oriented Yarns) or FDY type (Fully Drawn) or BCF type (Bulky Continuous Filaments) for nylon, PA, PP, PET were also developed by Covema for the production of upholstery, fabrics for the automotive industry, carpets and rugs, industrial filters, technical garments.
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