Scholars have written for decades about the Tuskegee experiments symbolizing the racisms embedded in medicine and laying the foundation for the black communities distrust of physicians and research.
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Because the real lesson of the Trump presidency is that everything matters — all those insults and vulgarities and rants and racisms, they've all piled up to produce the most unpopular and unsuccessful president in modern history.
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Racisms: From the Crusades to the Twentieth Century, By Francisco Bethencourt: Book review. Ekow Eshun, The Independent, 17 January 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
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Pred, Alan. 2000. Even in Sweden: Racisms, Racialized Spaces, and the Popular Geographical Imagination. Berkeley: University of California Press. Ryner, Magnus. TBD. SAF. 1993.
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Retrieved 21 May 2015. Bethencourt's Racisms: From the Crusades to the Twentieth Century (2013) was described as the first worldwide history of racism. It was described by Ekow Eshun in The Independent as "an unlovely history. But a necessary one".
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Fanning writes: ". . .narratives which represent the Irish as having been slaves are hardly harmless. From the 1840s onwards racism was pressed into the service of Irish nationalism. . . versions of Irish history which obfuscate past Irish racisms have proven to be a toxic export . . .".
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Law, Ian. Red racisms: racism in communist and post- communist contexts. Springer, 2016, p.19 Moreover, Stalin seemed set on greatly reducing the number of officially recognized nationalities by contracting the official list of nationalities in the 1939 census, compared with the 1926 census.
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So, it is not the question 'Am I > racist or not?' but much more the question 'How do I dismantle my own > racisms?' So, it is also not a moral question. It is really a question of > responsibility. Racism is not about guilt and shame and denial.
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Muszyinski, Race and Gender, 105. Afterwards, many workers were replaced or reallocated with the invention of the iron chink, a butchering machine said to replace up to 30 Chinese workers.Mawani, Colonial Proximities, 49. The name of this machine demonstrates the inherent racisms present at the time of its creation, and it has since been renamed as the iron butcher.
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Today, some scholars of racism prefer to use the concept in the plural racisms, in order to emphasize its many different forms that do not easily fall under a single definition. They also argue that different forms of racism have characterized different historical periods and geographical areas. Garner (2009: p. 11) summarizes different existing definitions of racism and identifies three common elements contained in those definitions of racism.
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Günther believed Slavic people to be of an "Eastern race" separate from Germany and Nordics and warned about mixing "German blood" with Slavic one.Wulf D. Hund, Racisms Made in Germany, (2011), p. 19 Among Günther's disciples was Bruno Beger who, after the 1938–39 German expedition to Tibet, concluded that the Tibetan peoples had characteristics that placed them between the Nordic and Mongol races, and were thus superior to other East Asians.
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Máirtín Mac an Ghaill (DoB 1962) is a social and educational theorist. He is the author of The Making of Men: Masculinities, Sexualities and Schooling, The RoutledgeFalmer Reader in Gender and Education (ed) (with Madeline Arnot), Education and Masculinities and Contemporary Racisms and Ethnicities. He did his undergraduate degree at University of Liverpool and his MSc and PhD at the University of Aston. He was professor at the University of Birmingham, University of Sheffield and Newcastle University.
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Salesses is the author of the novel The Hundred-Year Flood (Little A, 2015). He is also the author of Disappear Doppelgänger Disappear: A Novel (Little A, 2020); Craft in the Real World (Catapult Books, 2021); and Own Story: Essays (Little A, 2021). His books and chapbooks include I'm Not Saying, I'm Just Saying (Civil Coping Mechanisms), Different Racisms: On Stereotypes, the Individual, and Asian American Masculinity (Thought Catalog Books), and The Last Repatriate (Nouvella). In 2015 Buzzfeed named him one of 32 Essential Asian American Writers.
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Weise earned her Bachelor of Arts, Master's degree, and PhD at Yale University. In 2008, Weise published her research paper Mexican Nationalisms, Southern Racisms: Mexicans and Mexican Americans in the U.S. South, 1908-1939 through American Quarterly. She received the George Washington Egleston Historical Prize from Yale and the 2010 NEH Summer Stipend for her dissertation "Fighting for Their Place: Mexicans and Mexican Americans in the U.S. South, 1910-2008." While completing her degrees, Weise worked amongst Mexico’s President Vicente Fox's administration as a speechwriter and researcher for the cabinet-level Office of the President for Mexicans Living Abroad.
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They also argue that "the existence of different 'Islamophobias' does not invalidate the concept of Islamophobia any more than the existence of different racisms invalidates the concept of racism." In a 2011 paper in American Behavioral Scientist, Erik Bleich stated "there is no widely accepted definition of Islamophobia that permits systematic comparative and causal analysis", and advances "indiscriminate negative attitudes or emotions directed at Islam or Muslims" as a possible solution to this issue. In order to differentiate between prejudiced views of Islam and secularly motivated criticism of Islam, Roland Imhoff and Julia Recker formulated the concept "Islamoprejudice", which they subsequently operationalised in an experiment. The experiment showed that their definition provided a tool for accurate differentiation.
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Furthermore, the music played in the concerts can lead spectators to interconnect and become more likely to act towards the cause. According to a theory, by Jane Bennett, when people sing in the presence of other people, and that happens in benefit concerts, they become connected to each other and are more likely to work together towards a goal. Critics also say that benefit concerts are just a way for the rich West to forgive itself by helping the poor and distressed. These critiques argue that concerts like the Live Aid "rob Africans of agency, reinforces Western ethnocentrism and racisms and see famine as a natural disaster rather than as a political issue".
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Envy, Race Hatred, and the Prehistory of the Holocaust, p.157 Madison Grant's work The Passing of the Great Race (1916) advocated Nordicism and proposed using a eugenic program to preserve the Nordic race. After reading the book, Hitler called it "my Bible".Kühl, Stefan (2002). Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism, p.85. Racist author and Nordic supremacisthe Race Gallery: The Return of Racial Science Marek Kohn Vintage, 1996 page 48 pages Hans F. K. Günther, who influenced Nazi ideology, wrote in his "Race Lore of German People" (Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes) about the danger of "Slavic blood of Eastern race" mixing with the GermanHund, Wulf D.; Koller, Christian; and Zimmerman, Moshe (2011) Racisms Made in Germany LT Verlag. p.
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Mann has described antisemitism as "the worst of racisms", and chaired the All-Party Parliamentary Group against Antisemitism during 2004–2019. In May 2009, Mann received the American Jewish Committee's Jan Karski Award in recognition of his commitment to fighting antisemitism in all of its forms. (speech transcript ) On 28 April 2016, Mann confronted Ken Livingstone in a public stairwell in front of a news camera crew, calling him a "Nazi apologist" and a "fucking disgrace" over Livingstone's remarks in a radio interview that Adolf Hitler, on coming to power, supported Jewish emigration to Palestine. Labour's chief whip, Rosie Winterton, told Mann it was "completely inappropriate for Labour members of Parliament to be involved in very public rows on the television".
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Racisms Made in Germany edited by Wulf D. Hund, Wulf Dietmar Hund, Christian Koller, Moshe Zimmermann LIT Verlag Münster 2011 page 20, 21The Ideology of Kokugo: Nationalizing Language in Modern Japan Lee Yeounsuk page 161 University of Hawaii Press 2009The Immigrant Threat: The Integration of Old and New Migrants in Western Europe since 1850 (Studies of World Migrations) Leo Lucassen page 61 University of Illinois Press page 2005 The period of the plebiscite campaign and inter-Allied occupation was marked by violence. There were three Polish uprisings, and German volunteer paramilitary units came to the region as well. The area was policed by French, British, and Italian troops, and overseen by an Inter-Allied Commission. The Allies planned a partition of the region, but a Polish insurgency took control of over half the area.
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These vary according to where the events took place. Therefore, the association has established partnerships with universities from the three continents formerly involved in the triangular trade, the better to study the history of the slave trade as well as its consequences: this project includes the history of racisms, of miscegenation as well as the unique cultural exchanges which developed on each continent. The association's goal is to turn what used to be the shackles of the slaves into a historical chain that could help avoid hatred towards the enemies of yesterday as well as anachronistic, artificial penitence for the past. By encouraging the heirs of this past to look back with a new gaze and to fully acknowledge a painful history, the Shackles of Memory also seek to unite all peoples in one shared act of memory.
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Back is the author of The Art of Listening (2007), 'Out of Whiteness: Color, Politics and Culture (2003 with Vron Ware), The Changing Face of Football: Racism, Identity and Multicuture in the English Game (2001) with T Crabbe and J. Solomos, New Ethnicities and Urban Culture: Racisms and Multiculture in Young Lives(1996), Racism and Society (1996 with John Solomos) and Race, Politics and Social Change (1995 with John Solomos). In addition he has edited three volumes The Auditory Cultures Reader (2003 with Michael Bull), Theories of Race and Racism: A Reader (2000 with John Solomos) and (1993) (co-editor with Anoop Nayak) Invisible Europeans?: Black people in the ‘New Europe’ (1993 with Anoop Nayak). Back's work focuses on the issues of race, racism, popular culture and belonging, discussed with ethnographic research often based in south London.
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"Race, class and the state" (1976). "From resistance to rebellion" (1981) tells the story of black protest in the UK from 1940 to 1981."From resistance to rebellion" (1981). "RAT and the degradation of black struggle" (1985) made the crucial distinction between personal racialism and institutional or state racism. "Race, terror and civil society" (2006) showed new racisms, such as the attack on multiculturalism and growth of anti-Muslim racism, thrown up by globalisation post-9/11."Race, terror and civil society" (2006). Changes in productive forces, especially the technological revolution, were themes taken up in "Imperialism and disorganic development in the silicon age" (1979) and "New circuits of imperialism" (1989)"New circuits of imperialism" (1989). Sivanandan's political non-fiction articles were published in a number of collections: A Different Hunger: writings on black resistance, 1982 (Pluto Press); Communities of Resistance: writings on black struggles for socialism, 1990 (Verso); Catching History on the Wing: Race, Culture and Globalisation, 2008 (Pluto Press).
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In 2008, the press videoconference service of the African Press Organization was used by the United-Nations Secretary General, Jean-Marie GUEHENNO, by General Director for Development of the European Commission, the President of the African Parliament, by the Head of communications of the African Development Bank, the Secretary General of the International Telecommunication Union, by the United Nations Special Reporter on contemporary forms of racisms, the African Director of the United Nations for the development (PNUD), by the United Nations speaker for the Bureau of Humanitarian Affairs in Chad, the African Bureau of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), or by the United-Nations Official Representative for children (UNICEF) in Tchad. In February 2009, the African Press Organization’s Secretary-General, Nicolas Pompigne-Mognard, has declared that his non-governmental organization was anticipating a significant increase in demands for international press videoconferences because of the global economics crisis which limits journalists in their ability to find time and resources to travel.
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Judaken is the author of Jean-Paul Sartre and the Jewish Question: Anti-antisemitism and the Politics of the French Intellectual, in which he argues that "representations of Jews and Judaism as persistent figures of alterity serve as a fecund site to interrogate and reevaluate [Sartre's] oeuvre, especially his conception of the role of the intellectual." He is the editor of three volumes compiling scholarly contributions to the study of race and racism, existentialism, and the intersection between them: Race After Sartre: Antiracism, Africana Existentialism, Postcolonialism, Naming Race, Naming Racisms, and most recently Situating Existentialism: Key Texts in Context, which provides a history of the systemization and canonization of existentialism as a philosophical movement. In addition, Judaken is U.S. consulting editor for the journal Patterns of Prejudice and has been a scholar in residence at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. He has held memberships in the Association for Jewish Studies, American Historical Association, American Academy of Religion, and the International Society for the Study of European Ideas.
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Balibar linked what he called "neo-racism" to the process of decolonization, arguing that while older, biological racisms were employed when European countries were engaged in colonising other parts of the world, the new racism was linked to the rise of non-European migration into Europe in the decades following the Second World War. He argued that "neo-racism" replaced "the notion of race" with "the category of immigration", and in this way produced a "racism without races". Balibar described this racism as having as its dominant theme not biological heredity, "but the insurmountability of cultural differences, a racism which, at first sight, does not postulate the superiority of certain groups or peoples in relation to others but 'only' the harmfulness of abolishing frontiers, the incompatibility of lifestyles and traditions". He nevertheless thought that cultural racism's claims that different cultures are equal was "more apparent than real" and that when put into practice, cultural racist ideas reveal that they inherently rely on a belief that some cultures are superior to others.
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By this time Miki Sawada who was married to an ambassador of Japan had traveled extensively prior to World War II. During her travels she had volunteered at one of Dr. Thomas John Barnardo's orphanages in England. Nevertheless, according to her biography, this incident with the deceased baby was what ultimately made her decide to open Elizabeth Saunders Home."Knowledge is Power" (A synopsis of Miki Sawada Autobiography) In the book “Trans-Pacific Racisms and the U.S. Occupation of Japan” by Yukiko Koshiro, the author describes a post war Japan that together with the US, smoothed over and attempted to make taboo the topic of racism that had been so prevalent, if not outright encouraged, against each other by both sides during the war. As described in Yukiko's book, Miki Sawada believed that racism directed at biracial babies set in this atmosphere, especially those shown toward babies with black fathers, made it necessary for her to not only open Elizabeth Saunders Home but also to find a way to get them adopted back to their paternal country.
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