The branches may have purple rachises and the spikelets may be purple-tinged.
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One of the species of this genus, Phomopsis viticola, cause a plant disease called Phomopsis or dead-arm. Usually, infections begin during early growth stages in spring. This affects leaves, fruit, rachises, and shoots of a plant. This disease causes the formation of lesions on shoots, leaves, and rachises, but also can cause fruit rot.
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Circinate vernation (the unfolding of new leaves as fiddleheads) is found throughout the lanosa clade and also in M. wrightii, the most basal member of the alabamensis clade. Most species have round rachises, although early-diverging members of the alabamensis and lanosa clades have rachises deeply grooved on the upper surface and flattened rachises shallowly grooved near the frond tip, respectively. Leaf indument (hairs and scales) is highly diverse across the genus and a key feature in species identification. Myriopteris covillei has large, prominent scales beneath the leaf.
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The laminae are ovate to nearly circular in outline, with 2 recurved rachises, each rachis bearing pinnules on only the basiscopic side.
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Mantle margin is with a submarginal white band edged with a red line. Rhinophores and gill are white with purple rachises. The maximum recorded length is 30 mm.
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Its petioles are 4-13.5 by 1-3 millimeters and covered in sparse, fine hairs. The 3 or more flowers occur on woody rachises positioned opposite leaves. The rachises have 3-8 branches. Flowers are attached to the rachis by fleshy, densely hairy pedicels that are 5-12.5 by 0.6-1 millimeters. The pedicels have an oval, basal bract that is 2-2.5 by 1-2 millimeters, and another upper bract that is 1.5-3.5 by 1.5-4 millimeters.
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The Munich Specimen In 2010, Robert L. Nudds and Gareth J. Dyke in the journal Science published a paper in which they analysed the rachises of the primary feathers of Confuciusornis and Archaeopteryx. The analysis suggested that the rachises on these two genera were thinner and weaker than those of modern birds relative to body mass. The authors determined that Archaeopteryx and Confuciusornis, were unable to use flapping flight. This study was criticized by Philip J. Currie and Luis Chiappe.
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Petioles are long, and are covered with spines up to long. Rachises are and covered with spines. Leaves each bear 18 to 48 pairs of leaflets. The male flowers, which are white to violet in colour, are long.
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Petioles are yellow to brown, long, and are covered with spines up to long. Rachises are , and scattered spines up to long. Leaves each bear 23 to 35 pairs of leaflets. The male flowers, which are purple in colour, are long.
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Gregory Paul also disagreed with the study, arguing in a 2010 response that Nudds and Dyke had overestimated the masses of these early birds, and that more accurate mass estimates allowed powered flight even with relatively narrow rachises. Nudds and Dyke had assumed a mass of for the Munich specimen Archaeopteryx, a young juvenile, based on published mass estimates of larger specimens. Paul argued that a more reasonable body mass estimate for the Munich specimen is about . Paul also criticized the measurements of the rachises themselves, noting that the feathers in the Munich specimen are poorly preserved.
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They are violet on the inside, brown, scaly and covered with black or brown spines on the outside. Petioles are green, long, and are covered with scattered spines. Rachises are green, , and lack spines. Leaves each bear 12 to 17 pairs of leaflets.
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Mycena marasmielloides is saprobic, and grows scattered or in groups on dead or dying rachises (the main shaft of a fern frond) of the endemic Hawaiian tree fern Hāpuʻu pulu (Cibotium glaucum) in Ohiʻa/Hapuʻu Tree Fern Forest. It is endemic to Hawaiʻi.
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Petioles are green, long, and are covered with spines up to long. Rachises are and covered with spines. Leaves each bear 17 to 20 pairs of leaflets which are arranged in three vertical rows. The male flowers, which are white with a purplish-brown corolla, are long.
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Marasmiellus hapuuarum is endemic to Hawaii, on the islands of Hawaiʻi, Maui, and Molokaʻi. It grows scattered or in groups on aging rachises (the main shaft of a fern frond) and pinnae (leaflets) of the tropical tree fern species Cibotium, which are endemic to montane wet forests.
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Petioles are green, long, and are covered with scattered black spines up 6 long. Rachises are , and covered with spines similar to those of the petiole. Leaves each bear 11 to 14 pairs of leaflets in groups of three. Inflorescences consist of a peduncle and a rachis long.
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Radula of Felimare bayeri Dark blue in color with a series of yellow longitudinal lines, it exhibits purple-blue rhinophores and opaque white branchial leaves marked by dark rachises. The foot's posterior end is blue with black spots and yellow lines. The maximum recorded length is 60 mm.Welch J. J. (2010).
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Roystonea princeps is a large palm which reaches heights of . Stems are grey-white and range from in diameter. The upper portion of the stem is encircled by leaf sheaths, forming a green portion known as the crownshaft which is normally about long. Individuals have about 15 leaves with rachises.
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Petioles are long and spiny. Rachises are with 27 to 36 pairs of leaflets, the ends of which are deeply notched to form a pair of "horns". Inflorescences consist of a peduncle and a rachis long. The rachis bears 2 to 3 rachillae, which are the smaller branches which themselves bear the flowers.
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Roystonea dunlapiana is a large palm which reaches heights of . Stems are grey-white and about in diameter. The upper portion of the stem is encircled by leaf sheaths, forming a green portion known as the crownshaft which is about long. Individuals have about 15 leaves with rachises; the leaves hang well horizontal.
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Leaf sheaths, which wrap around the stem, are about long and are covered with black or grey spines up to long. Petioles are long and spiny. Rachises are with 50 to 65 pairs of leaflets (or more rarely as few as 30 pairs). Inflorescences consist of a peduncle and a rachis long.
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Roystonea altissima is a large palm which reaches heights of . Stems are grey- brown and range from in diameter. The upper portion of the stem is encircled by leaf sheaths, forming a green portion known as the crownshaft which is normally long. Individuals have about 15 leaves with rachises; the leaves hang well horizontal.
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Roystonea lenis is a large palm which reaches heights of . Stems are grey-white and are usually in diameter. The upper portion of the stem is encircled by leaf sheaths, forming a green portion known as the crownshaft which is normally long. Individuals have about 15 leaves with petioles and rachises; the leaves hang well horizontal.
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Roystonea maisiana is a large palm which reaches heights of . Stems are grey-white and are usually , sometimes up to , in diameter. The upper portion of the stem is encircled by leaf sheaths, forming a green portion known as the crownshaft which is normally long. Individuals have about 15 leaves with rachises; the leaves hang well horizontal.
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Roystonea violacea is a large palm which reaches heights of . Stems are mauve-brown to mauve-grey and are about in diameter. The upper portion of the stem is encircled by leaf sheaths, forming a green portion known as the crownshaft which is normally long. Individuals have about 15 leaves with petioles and rachises; the leaves hang well horizontal.
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This fern produces a creeping stem from which grow very long leaves, the longest exceeding . The leaves have rachises, which are vine-like and may climb other vegetation. What appear to be individual leaves sprouting from the twining rachis are actually leaflets, which are smaller segments from the main leaf. There are two types of leaflets, sterile and fertile.
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The body is elongate, narrow, with the posterior portion of foot extending slightly beyond the mantle margin. Background color is bright blue with a thick yellow line around the mantle margin. There is a central white line and a series of large black and white spots extend down the dorsum. Rhinophores and gills are blue, branchial leaves are with black rachises.
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Calospatha plants are solitary-trunked and covered in leaf scars, which exude a yellow gum after leaf loss. The linear leaflets are pinnately arranged and once-folded with toothed margins. The petioles and rachises feature recurved spines which hook onto vegetation and assist them in climbing. The inflorescences in both species consist of close, overlapping bracts from which male or female flowers emerge.
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They are distinctive in appearance, with dark, often black stipes and rachises, and bright green, often delicately cut leaf tissue. The sori are borne submarginally, and are covered by reflexed flaps of leaf tissue which resemble indusia. Dimorphism between sterile and fertile fronds is generally subtle. They generally prefer humus-rich, moist, well-drained sites, ranging from bottomland soils to vertical rock walls.
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Guilandina bonduc grows as a climber, up to long or as a large sprawling shrub or small shrubby tree. The stems are irregularly covered with curved prickles. The leaves are large and bi-pinnate, up to long with scattered prickles on the rachises and blades. There are four to eleven pairs of pinnae, long with five to ten pairs of pinnules.
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The trunks are mostly medium to large, clustering, high climbing, and extensively armed with sharp spines. The pinnate leaves are usually large, with spiny petioles, rachises and leaf sheaths. The barbed, linear leaflets are regularly arranged along the rachis and usually hang pendent. The end of the rachis is modified for climbing, featuring double, recurved spines which hook onto forest vegetation.
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Nudds and Dyke reported a diameter of for the longest primary feather, which Paul could not confirm using photographs. Paul measured some of the inner primary feathers, finding rachises across. Despite these criticisms, Nudds and Dyke stood by their original conclusions. They claimed that Paul's statement, that an adult Archaeopteryx would have been a better flyer than the juvenile Munich specimen, was dubious.
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Plumbago zeylanica is a herbaceous plant with glabrous stems that are climbing, prostrate, or erect. The leaves are petiolate or sessile and have ovate, lance-elliptic, or spatulate to oblanceolate blades that measure 5-9 × 2.5–4 cm in length. Bases are attenuate while apexes are acute, acuminate, or obtuse. Inflorescences are 3–15 cm in length and have glandular, viscid rachises.
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The undersurface of pinna-rachis has no hairs or scales. The uncoiling tips and young rachises are covered in red-brown bristles and have some fringed scales. The pinnules are 1 to 3 mm long and have a blunt, oblong- triangular shape. The lower surface of the pinnules are flat or slightly concave and never rolled inwards on all edges to make a pocket.
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They were most influential with regard to wheat identification, playing an important part in the development in the 1980s of reliable criteria for identification of wheat chaff, particularly separation of tetraploid and hexaploid free-threshing wheat rachises. Working with his students, Hillman explored a wide range of identification techniques including tuber and wood anatomy, infra-red spectroscopy and other forms of chemical analysis. and morphological criteria.
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The fronds are dark green, dull and membranous, ranging in size from 38-210 mm long; they are triangular to ovate in shape and pinnate to tripinnate. The rachises are winged, glabrous, dark brown proximally and pale brown distally. The ultimate lamina segments are narrowly oblong and have a spreading finger-like appearance; the margins are entire, with each ultimate segment containing a single conspicuous vein.
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Well-preserved feathers surround every part of the skeleton except the snout and feet. The body and tail feathers are short, hair-like, and do not have rachises. The feathers on the upper side of the neck are longer than those on the lower side. Asymmetrical pennaceous feathers are preserved attached to the wings, although they are shorter than in other enantiornitheans, being only twice the length of the hand.
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Felimare lajensis is dark blue in colour with a series of yellow longitudinal lines. The edge of the mantle is white and there is a series of darker blue spots on a blue background between the border and the first of the yellow lines. The rhinophores are entirely blue and the gills are also blue with very dark blue rachises. The maximum recorded body length is 30 mm.
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Chiappe suggested that it is difficult to measure the rachises of fossilized feathers, and Currie speculated that Archaeopteryx and Confuciusornis must have been able to fly to some degree, as their fossils are preserved in what is believed to have been marine or lake sediments, suggesting that they must have been able to fly over deep water.Balter, M. (2010). "Did First Feathers Prevent Early Flight?" Science Now, 13 May 2010.
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All wild wheats are hulled: they have tough glumes (husks) that tightly enclose the grains. Each package of glumes, lemma and palaea, and grain(s) is known as a spikelet. At maturity the rachis (central stalk of the cereal ear) disarticulates, allowing the spikelets to disperse. The first domesticated wheats, einkorn and emmer, were hulled like their wild ancestors, but with rachises that (while not entirely tough) did not disarticulate at maturity.
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Woodsia plummerae is a species of fern known by the common name Plummer's cliff fern. It is native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, where it grows in rocky habitat in deserts and other areas.Flora of North America It has leaves up to 25 centimeters long with flexible reddish or purplish rachises covered in glandular hairs. The blade is made up of several pairs of leaflets which are subdivided into multilobed or toothed small segments.
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Half of the Eugeissona palms will form above- ground stems, while the remainder are trunkless. Those that are trunk-forming are supported by tall masses of stilt roots in which detritus and leaf matter collect, providing nesting to various biota. The large leaves are carried on long, spiny petioles, and the rachises and trunks are also spine-bearing. The erect inflorescence bears some of the largest flowers in the palm family, emerging within the leaf crown featuring both male and bisexual flowers.
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In young plants the trunks, petioles and rachises are covered in spines. Mature plants typically lose rachis and petiole spines but will retain trunks spines in its new growth. The suckering stems are small to mostly moderate and are among the few in the palm family that branch; among rattans it is the only one with splitting stems. The trunks are bare at the bottom but retain persistent leaf bases in its youngest parts; enlarged paper- like appendages, ocreas, form where the petioles meet the stem.
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Laccospadix australasicus may be solitary or clustering, in the former the trunks will grow to around 10 cm in width while clustering plants are closer to 5 cm wide. The trunks may be dark green to almost black at the base, lightening with age, and conspicuously ringed by leaf scars. Lone trunks will reach 7 m in height while the suckering varieties grow to 3.5 m. The leaves are pinnate, emerging erect with a slight arch, to 2 m on 1 m or less petioles; the petioles and rachises are usually covered in scales.
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The integument of Sinosauropteryx was closely compared to less controversial evidence of collagen fibers preserved in the ichthyosaur Stenopterygius. Although the collagen hypothesis claimed that the central shafts (rachises) of purported theropod feathers were actually misidentified examples of shaft-like collagen fibers, higher quality imagery showed that these similarities were artificial. The supposed shafts in ichthyosaur collagen were actually scratch marks, cracks, and crevasses created during preparation of one of the ichthyosaur specimens. On the other hand, the shafts in the Sinosauropteryx specimens were legitimate examples of fossilized structures.
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Among rattans they are relatively delicate and vinelike, very spiny and densely clustering, stems eventually becoming bare and covered in leaf scars. The leaves, rachises, and petioles (when present) may be equipped with simple climbing adaptations like barbs, cirrus, and grapnel spines but the climbing habit mostly relies on stem spines, and their leaning, sprawling nature. With the most reduced inflorescence in the Calaminae, the large panicle remains enclosed within a tough, woody, occasionally armed bract. Nearing antithesis the beaked end develops splits, exposing the flowers; the bract usually remains persistent, later developing another longitudinal split in fruit, or rarely falling away.
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These small palms are solitary- trunked, reaching heights of 3.5 m at a 15 cm diameter; prominently ringed by leaf scars, the trunks are green at the base and usually grey nearing the crown. The 1.5 m leaf is pinnate, arching and ascending, with 60 cm lanceolate leaflets from medium to dark green, which may hang slightly pendent in maturity. The leaves, petioles, and rachises are lightly or densely covered in scales. The inflorescence is short, thick, and much branched, and emerges at a node below the rudimentary crownshaft; it bears both pistillate and staminate flowers with three sepals and three petals.
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"Adiantaceae Adiantum bellum Moore" The International Plant Names Index Adiantum bellum is deciduous. In the wild it grows in crevices, on cliffs and under rock ledges, in roadside verge, and terrestrially on hillsides. It does require moisture and shade, and is often prolific near streams if in well-drained sites.Gilbert, Benjamin D. (December 1898) "Revision of the Bermuda Ferns" Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 25(12): pp. 593-604 The delicate fronds grow to 5–30 cm long, and are fan- shaped, light to medium green with black stems (stipes and rachises).Moore, Thomas (1879) Gardener's Chronicle 2nd series, 11: 172 f.
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Aphlebiae are the imperfect or irregular leaf endings commonly found on ferns and fossils of ferns from the Carboniferous Period, but seem to have disappeared by the beginning of the Mesozoic. According to the United States Geological Survey in 1983, “The discovery in recent years of Aplebiæ attached to the rachis of many species of Pecpteris and Sphenopteris, such as P. dentata, P. Biotii, P. abbrebiata, and Sphenopteris cremate strengthens the view now generally entertained, that most of the species of Aphlebia are stipal abortive pinnæ growing from the bases of primary or secondary rachises” (101).Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey, Issues 98-99 The word itself is derived from the Greek "phleb-", meaning vein, and "a-", meaning without.
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