169 Sentences With "psychological disorder"

This type of behavior is defined as a psychological disorder.

Another man told Amini that Sahaaleh had a psychological disorder.

But Rapunzel syndrome is extremely infrequent, and associated with a psychological disorder.

"This is a psychological disorder expressed in a medical setting," Dr. Diner says.

If that's what scientists decided, that it's not any psychological disorder, it's fine with me.

That psychological disorder, however, cannot be identified in a typical post-mortem examination of brain structures.

But unless you suffer from a very specific psychological disorder, you're not going to OD on water.

Critics of Japan's laws also reject the notion that transgender people are suffering from a psychological disorder.

To be incredibly clear: Migraines are not a psychological disorder, although historically the condition has been mischaracterized as one.

And when patients had a mental illness, annual average costs were $35,740 compared to $18,520 without a psychological disorder.

"Prior to Viagra, impotence was a psychological disorder that went to the core of how men defined themselves," he said.

No doctor has given a first-hand account providing any sort of reason to think Trump has a psychological disorder.

It is not a psychological disorder in the clinical sense that drives a young man to a violent religious cult.

This came despite new evidence that suggested she was suffering from a psychological disorder at the time of the killing.

Neighbors and other family members said that Warekar was a cheerful person and showed no signs of any psychological disorder.

Some textbooks still describe homosexuality as a psychological disorder, and gay characters are rarely shown in movies or on television.

An Army medical board concluded that he had been suffering from a severe psychological disorder when he walked off his base.

Internet addiction has already been considered a psychological disorder in China since 2008, where government-approved facilities try to cure tech addicts.

A crucial question, analysts say, is whether to classify the problem as a psychological disorder or as a symptom of underlying disorders.

Night owls were nearly twice as likely as early risers to have a psychological disorder and 30 percent more likely to have diabetes.

Ahmed Melhem said his nephew had a psychological disorder and had served time in prison for attempting to steal an Israeli soldier's weapon.

This isn't the first time that researchers have attempted to link the psychological disorder with the proclivity for sexual assault, the study notes.

Harm OCD is a psychological disorder characterized by an obsessive fear of doing something you know is wrong—something gruesome, criminal, or transgressive.

At the time, in the mid-1990s, gay sex was considered a crime in China and homosexuality was classified as a psychological disorder.

Emotional-support animals are defined as companion animals which, on the determination of a medical professional, provide benefit for an individual with a psychological disorder.

Recognizing gaming addiction as a legitimate psychological disorder could help thousands of gamers with addiction get help, but cures may be worse than the disease.

While a certain amount of jealousy is natural in a relationship, it can develop into a life-shattering psychological disorder for a small number of people.

He said the man has a psychological disorder and had been previously sentenced to five years in prison for attempting to steal an Israeli soldier's weapon.

The way Goense describes her addiction — as something she clearly didn't want, but seems to lack control over — is exactly what makes it a psychological disorder.

Their trolling seemed to reflect the behavioral disinhibition and poor judgment common in young people who may not think through consequences rather than any psychological disorder.

The syndrome is a psychological disorder whereby caregivers seek attention from the illness of a dependent, and sometimes deliberately cause them injuries to gain further attention.

I had never even heard the words "lesbian" or "queer," and being with a woman was so foreign that I thought I had some sort of psychological disorder.

As it turns out, the unnamed woman suffers from a rare psychological disorder called Rapunzel Syndrome, which causes people to pull their hair out and eat the strands.

Uncle: Suspect had psychological disorder, was jailed before The shootings came at a time of heightened tensions that have spiraled into violence in Israel and the Palestinian territories.

True hypochondria is a psychological disorder in which a person reports having symptoms that are not real, and for which no medical professional is able to find a medical cause.

In many cases, the Journal of Digestive Endoscopy says, since Rapunzel Syndrome is a psychological disorder, patients are often given a psychiatric assessment and are advised to undergo cognitive behavioral therapy.

What is clear is that we need to better understand the role of multiple determinants in the case of this disorder, as is typically the case with any complex psychological disorder.

He was best known, however, for "Society and the Healthy Homosexual," one of the first books to reject the idea, prevalent in the psychiatric profession, that homosexuality was a psychological disorder.

However, many of those who suffer from BDD don't recognize it as a psychological disorder and seek to treat it as such—instead, some turn to cosmetic surgery to alleviate their symptoms.

These "alters" — a word familiar to fans of the Showtime series "United States of Tara" and other pop-cultural treatments of a controversial and often poorly understood psychological disorder — are a diverse bunch.

" Linking Mr. Weinstein to people like Stephen Paddock, the Las Vegas gunman, she writes that "mass shooters and rapists seem to have a lack of empathy so extreme it constitutes a psychological disorder.

If you're enraged by the garbage meme floating around Facebook claiming that it's a "psychological disorder" to identify with a gender different from the one you were born with, you're not the only one.

According to reporters in the courthouse Wednesday, Roof appeared to show little remorse as he addressed the jury in his opening statements and wanted to stress that his actions were not driven by an underlying psychological disorder.

"Cabin fever is not like a psychological disorder, so I wouldn't say there's any sort of official definition of it," said Vaile Wright, a psychologist and director of clinical research and quality at the American Psychological Association.

Corruption: (n.) A psychological disorder that compels one to view negatively anything that benefits — personally, financially or politically — a powerful person or members of his family, his long-time friends, and past, current and potentially future business associates.

These would be the people drinking buttered coffee, taking cold showers and not eating every other day — not because of some psychological disorder but because they believe caloric restriction will turn on certain genes to help them live longer.

We worry about college life a lot, and for good reason — on many campuses, including at highly elite universities, one out of every three freshmen reports symptoms of a psychological disorder, and the number of students seeking mental health care on campus is increasing rapidly.

Indeed, it's hard to imagine what kids would even make of the first 30 minutes of this film, which consists solely of Michael, a motivational speaker voiced by David Thewlis, wandering around a hotel where everyone he encounters appears to have the same face and voice, due to a psychological disorder he suffers from.

Whether or not they know the basics of the Blanchards' real-life tale, fans of HBO's Sharp Objects and the Mischa Barton scene in The Sixth Sense will recognize that it's Dee Dee, and not Gypsy, who is afflicted — with the psychological disorder Munchausen syndrome by proxy, wherein a caretaker ensures that someone in their care remains sick and vulnerable, when they would otherwise be able to care for themselves.

Boanthropy is a psychological disorder in which a human believes themself to be a bovine.

Sometimes those with the disorder may even eat the hair of others. In the psychiatric field it is considered a compulsive psychological disorder.

Carol Groneman Nymphomania, a History (New York, 2000). These terms no longer apply with any accuracy as psychological or legal categories of psychological disorder.

Dohrenwend, B. P. (1966). Social status and psychological disorder: An issue of substance and an issue of method. American Sociological Review, 31, 14-34.

BM Barraclough and NA Mitchell-Heggs 1978 Use of neurosurgery for psychological disorder in British Isles during 1974–6. British Medical Journal 2: 1591–3.

Based on current research, there are many conditions/disorders that can benefit from animal-assisted therapy (AAT) in diverse settings around the world. Those conditions include psychological disorder, developmental disorder, dementia, cancer, chronic pain, advanced heart failure, etc. Animal-assisted therapy is commonly used for psychological disorder. Disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD) are part of psychological disorders that can benefit from animal-assisted therapy.

Behavior that is out of the ordinary is not necessarily indicative of a mental or psychological disorder. Abnormal behavior, on the other hand, while not a mental disorder in itself, is often indicative of mental and psychological disorders. A psychological disorder is defined as an "ongoing dysfunctional pattern of thought, emotion, and behavior that causes significant distress, and is considered deviant in that person's culture or society". Important to note is that abnormal behavior, as it relates to psychological disorders, would be "ongoing" and a cause of "significant distress".

Dutta was again arrested in No. 1 Bengal Ordinance Act and sent behind the bar. In prison life he was attacked by mental and psychological disorder due to the negligence, torture by the jail authority. For treatment the government sent him Ranchi.

Self-surgery is the act of performing a surgical procedure on oneself. It can be an act taken in extreme circumstances out of necessity, an attempt to avoid embarrassment, legal action, or financial costs, or a rare manifestation of a psychological disorder.

Psychasthenia is a psychological disorder characterized by phobias, obsessions, compulsions, or excessive anxiety.American Heritage Dictionary The term is no longer in psychiatric diagnostic use, although it still forms one of the ten clinical subscales of the popular self-report personality inventories MMPI and MMPI-2.

The movie is about Karthik (Johnny Chakravarthy) who develops psychological disorder after seeing his father committing suicide. He displays the characteristics of any animal he comes across, when he is anxious. As he grows up, he meets Gayathri (Gayathrie), an orphan. Gayathri is harassed by her caretaker.

Other visual hallucinations tend to stem from psychological disorders. Whereas a person with a psychological disorder thinks their hallucinations are real, people with peduncular hallucinosis normally know that the visual hallucinations they see are not real. Peduncular hallucinations are independent of seizures, unlike some other visual hallucinations.

The PCT perspective is that restoring the ability to control eliminates the source of distress. Internal conflict has the effect of denying control to both systems that are in conflict with each other. Conflict is usually transitory. When conflict becomes chronic, then symptoms of psychological disorder may appear.

The two founders of the group use the pseudonyms Ethan Edwards and Nick Devin. They do not reveal their true identity because they fear ostracism and hatred against their stigmatized psychological disorder. There are over 2000 users registered, including parents of children, parents of pedophiles, and a few sex researchers.

He loses his lover in the accident and his family will not let him remember her because they disapproved of their union. He is beckoned to wander and find the red lantern he sees in his dreams. Yoon- ju: In-gyu's deceased lover. She was known to have a psychological disorder.

Evidence suggests that there is "a strong mental health component" in animal hoarding, though it has not been firmly linked to any specific psychological disorder. Models that have been projected to explain animal hoarding include delusional disorder, attachment disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder, zoophilia, dementia, and addiction. Direct evidence for most is lacking, however.

Havidol (avafynetyme HCL) is a parody campaign for a fictional medication to treat a fake psychological disorder called Dysphoric Social Attention Consumption Deficit Anxiety Disorder (DSACDAD). [Pronounced Dee-sack-dad] The name is a play on the phrase: "have it all"; its pseudo-chemical name, "avafynetyme HCL", reads, "Have a fine time".

Alopecia areata, also known as spot baldness, is a condition in which hair is lost from some or all areas of the body. Often it results in a few bald spots on the scalp, each about the size of a coin. The disease may cause psychological disorder. People are generally otherwise healthy.

Given the importance of the C957T and TaqIA polymorphisms for the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorder, a rapid screening protocol for these genes has been developed. Since the DRD2 1101A allele nulls the effects of the 957T allele, screens for the 957C allele which ignore the 1101A allele can sometimes lead to false negatives.

The previous occupant of the flat, Manju (Meena), killed her child, and then jumped from the balcony and died. Malini learns about this incident and becomes oddly fixated with the story. Then, a series of inexplicable experiences drive her to near madness. Vasanth is convinced that she has developed some sort of psychological disorder.

This versatility adds to their effectiveness in addressing all kinds of situations. Psychotherapy, also known as talk therapy, promotes a relationship between a trained psychotherapist and a person suffering from a psychological disorder. Positive activity interventions (PAIs) are a part of positive psychology. PAIs can be used in psychotherapy as well as outside of it.

A precipitating cause is an immediate trigger that instigates a person's action or behavior. A predisposing cause is an underlying factor that interacts with the immediate factors to result in a disorder. Both causes play a key role in the development of a psychological disorder. For example, high neuroticism antedates most types of psychopathology.

Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press . From time to time, his health would prevent him from working or studying. The bad spells became more frequent, immobilizing him for long periods of time. Over time, he had developed a kind of psychological disorder that made him unable to undertake work that required long periods of concentration.

He was injured too severely to permit authorities to question him in the immediate aftermath of the attack. Police describe the attacker as a 2009 asylum seeker from Kosovo who suffers from a "psychological disorder." In October 2017, the perpetrator was declared incapable by court. He is now permanently housed in a locked-ward psychiatry.

To date, the term infomania is not used to refer to any recognized psychological disorder. Infomania is not generally recognized as causing significant impairment. The term was coined by Elizabeth M. Ferrarini, the author of Confessions of an Infomaniac (1984) and Infomania: The Guide to Essential Electronic Services (1985). Confessions was an early book about life online.

He performed various tasks for Sammy Gravano and others throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Mackie was the successful owner of Tali's Restaurant and Lounge located at 6205 18th Avenue in Gravesend, Brooklyn. It is also suggested that his father Mackie suffered from the psychological disorder of being a pathological gambling addict. DeBatt did not inherit his father's gambling addiction.

Typically, this means that the symptoms of mixed anxiety-depressive disorder are not severe if the anxiety and depression are considered separately. However, when placed together, their effect is strong enough to cause distress and a decrease in functioning. This is what causes mixed anxiety-depressive disorder to be classified as its own distinct psychological disorder.

Permanent mental illness and incurable insanity is a ground for divorce. To obtain a divorce on grounds of mental illness, the filing spouse must have proof that the other spouse suffers from a permanent psychological disorder that makes marriage impossible. The disorder must be incurable and the spouse must have been diagnosed by doctors competent in psychiatry.

One of the victims saw him without wearing a helmet, who told he has curly hair and a light shave. He was also said to be suffering from psychological disorder. The CCTV clips were of poor- quality that they didn't aid in the investigation. The attacker's face and bike's number plate were extremely hard to figure out.

Pagtatawas is a divination ritual in pseudomedicine in Filipino Psychology (but considered superstition in Western psychology), carried out by the mangtatawas (literally "user of tawas") . It attempts to diagnose an affliction or psychological disorder by interpreting shapes produced in water by heated alum or molten wax droppings from a burning candle. It is thus a form of both carromancy and oryctomancy.

Challenges associated with this type of assessment involve defendant malingering, determining the defendant's past mental state, the chance that different experts may come to different conclusions depending on the assessment method used, and the fact that it is very common for society to label any psychological disorder as insane (though few actually fall into this category; insanity primarily involves psychotic disorders).

They described a shared psychological disorder in which delusional symptoms are transferred from one psychotic individual to one or multiple closely associated healthy individuals. Lasegue and Falret acknowledged that typical psychotic behaviour was not contagious. Therefore, they took an interest in the role of interpersonal communication in transferring psychosis. In their paper, they described communication between three pairs of closely associated individuals.

Tabar admitted that she had not completed high school, and the broadcast claimed that her efforts to gain online fame had prevented her from advancing to higher education. The IRIB TV2 interview mitigated the charges against Tabar by presenting her as a person with a psychological disorder, who had believed her posts were acceptable because of the encouragement she received from her many Instagram followers.

However, though distinct types of self-blame have been identified, evidence distinguishing their effectiveness as coping have been mixed. Evidence on the effects of BSB is mixed. Both CSB and BSB predicted depressive symptoms in rape victims, though CSB also had a higher relationship with future fear, and both types correlated positively with symptoms of psychological disorder in domestic abuse victims.O’Neill, M. L., & Kerig, P. K. (2000).

Paternal depression is a psychological disorder derived from parental depression. Paternal depression affects the mood of men; fathers and caregivers in particular. 'Father' may refer to the biological father, foster parent, social parent, step-parent or simply the carer of the child. This mood disorder exhibits symptoms similar to postpartum depression (PPD) including anxiety, insomnia, irritability, consistent breakdown and crying episodes, and low energy.

The Mental Welfare Commission for Scotland is an independent statutory body which protects people with a psychological disorder who are not able to look after their own interests. It is funded through the Scottish Government Health & Social Care Directorate, and follows the same financial framework as the NHS in Scotland. The Scottish Health Council took over from local Health Councils on 31 March 2005.

Handbook of Psychological Assessment. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. Within this setting, the psychologists need to be aware of the legal responsibilities that what they can legally do in each situation. Within a medical setting, psychological assessment is used to find a possible underlying psychological disorder, emotional factors that may be associated with medical complaints, assessment for neuropsychological deficit, psychological treatment for chronic pain, and the treatment of chemical dependency.

"Moja si" is one of the strangest Idoli songs. The main character personality becomes divided, and his male personality becomes substituted with a female. In the mirror he sees a woman he would like to be, filled with strange comparisons and statements that shows a deep psychological disorder, which in a different form happened to the main character of the novel. "Senke su drugačije" present a man determined to leave home.

Dailey was sued in 1997 by fellow novelist Nora Roberts, who accused Dailey of copying her work over a period of more than seven years. The practice came to light after a reader read Roberts' Sweet Revenge and Dailey's Notorious back-to-back; she noticed several similarities and posted the comparable passages on the internet. Calling the plagiarism "mind rape", Roberts sued Dailey. Dailey acknowledged the theft and blamed it on a psychological disorder.

Relationship contingent self-esteem (RCSE) is a psychological disorder that has been researched by Chip Knee and his colleagues at the University of Houston. RCSE is the way one determines how they feel about themselves based on the outcome of their relationship. Individuals with RCSE take problems in their relationship personally. They do not tend to think rationally about situations, which may result to them feeling bad for themselves in the end.

Zou huo ru mo () or is a Chinese-culture concept traditionally used to indicate that something has gone wrong in spiritual or martial arts training. The qigong community uses this term to describe a physiological or psychological disorder believed to result during or after qigong practice, due to "improper practice" of qigong and other self-cultivation techniques. The concept was highlighted in the social and political context of mass popularization of qigong in China.

Deaths due to eating disorders per million persons in 2012 AN has the highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder. The mortality rate is 11 to 12 times greater than in the general population, and the suicide risk is 56 times higher. Half of women with AN achieve a full recovery, while an additional 20–30% may partially recover. Not all people with anorexia recover completely: about 20% develop anorexia nervosa as a chronic disorder.

Office workers in a cubicle setting Boredom boreout syndrome is a psychological disorder that causes physical illness, mainly caused by mental underload at the workplace due to lack of either adequate quantitative or qualitative workload. One reason for bore-out could be that the initial job description does not match the actual work. This theory was first expounded in 2007 in Diagnose Boreout, a book by Peter Werder and Philippe Rothlin, two Swiss business consultants.

Core PMD has six characteristics, all mainly focusing on the cyclical nature of PMDD and its typical onset pre-menses tracked over the course of more than two menstrual cycles. The four classified Variant PMDs involve more unexpected variables that cause the onset of premenstrual distress; such as, PMD with absent menstruation or premenstrual exacerbation, wherein the symptoms of another preexisting psychological disorder may be heightened as a result of PMDD onset.

RLS has been shown to have genetic involvement. Sleepwalking may also accompany the related phenomenon of night terrors, especially in children. In the midst of a night terror, the affected person may wander in a distressed state while still asleep, and examples of sufferers attempting to run or aggressively defend themselves during these incidents have been reported in medical literature. In some cases, sleepwalking in adults may be a symptom of a psychological disorder.

Gregerson was arrested in July and indicted on explosive charges. The FBI suspected the two men of plotting terrorism. In a 2013 YouTube video, Yaseen Shaikh, an imam at the mosque and formerly in Plano, Texas, "characterized homosexuality as a psychological disorder that has no place in Islam or society," and "lamented that gay rights groups have 'hijacked' political discourse," which received negative feedback from news media such as The Daily Caller and The Washington Times.

The autopsy report did indicate he had suffered partial strangulation and had fingernail marks on his neck when he died. There was no indication that Lewis had been pushed or that he jumped from the roof in an act of suicide. His death was ruled accidental. His family has spoken out about Lewis's history of untreated head trauma, leading some to speculate that he developed a psychological disorder, which led to his sudden spurts of violence.

The two important characteristics of danger is, danger to self and danger to others. When diagnosing, there is a large vulnerability of danger in which there is some danger in each diagnosis and within these diagnoses there is a continuum of severity. An example of dangerous behaviour that may suggest a psychological disorder is engaging in suicidal activity. Behaviors and feelings that are potentially harmful to an individual or the individuals around them are seen as abnormal.

Joker co-creator Jerry Robinson in 2008; he conceived the Joker as an exotic, enduring archvillain who could repeatedly challenge Batman. The Joker's main characteristic is his apparent insanity, although he is not described as having any particular psychological disorder. Like a psychopath, he lacks empathy, a conscience, and concern over right and wrong. In Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth, the Joker is described as capable of processing outside sensory information only by adapting to it.

Due to the rarity of this disorder and its similarities to other delusional misidentification syndromes, it is debated whether or not it should be classified as a unique disease. Because subjective doubles rarely appear as the only psychological symptom, it has been suggested that this syndrome is a rare presentation of symptoms of another psychological disorder. This syndrome is also not defined in the DSM-IV or ICD-10. Additionally, some researchers use varying definitions of the syndrome.

Sigmund Freud Neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot was the first to do research into hysteria as a psychological disorder in the late 19th century. Sigmund Freud, Joseph Breuer, and Pierre Janet continued with the research that Charcot began on hysteria. These three psychologists determined that hysteria was an intense emotional reaction to some form of severe psychological disturbance, and they proposed that incest and other sexual traumas were the most likely cause of hysteria.Stoler, L., Quina, K., DePrince, A.P., and Freyd, J.J. (2001).

Technician-Level Certification is available for biofeedback and neurofeedback. This program is intended for individuals who use biofeedback and neurofeedback modalities under a supervisor's license when treating a medical or psychological disorder and who lack a clinical degree. They must satisfy the same didactic education requirements and pass the same certification exams as clinicians and academics. They must document 10 contact hours with a BCIA-approved mentor that cover instrumentation, sensor placements, and personal self-regulation, and complete 20 supervised patient sessions.

Nightmares are culturally significant. Dreams and nightmares were often analyzed scientifically based on what appeared to the dreamer; for instance, certain colors equated to specific emotional states. Nightmares were considered to be a consequence of demon intervention and, more rarely, a side-effect of a psychological disorder. The nightmare, more literally, refers to as a bad dream or a black horse that sits on the chest of men and women at night and suffocates them to cause fear or terror.

Several elements throughout the story along with contradictions in David's behavior suggest that he may be the victim of a psychological disorder. Late in the book, we learn that David has been excessively abused by his mother and has largely lied about it. Most likely, David has anti-social personality disorder. David hallucinates a creature called the Llapasllaly doing heinous acts, when in reality he is either responsible for the act himself or the act is simply not what it seems.

On 12 October 1753, Osborn's dead body was found in the garden of the house in which he was lodged, which belonged to a local councilman. The body presented evidences of strangulation. James De Lancey, the lieutenant governor who took over as acting governor on Osborn's death, reported to the Board of Trade that Osborn had had a melancholic demeanor, which evidenced a great psychological disorder. Historically, such depression to provoke Osborn's suicide, is attributed to grief over his lost wife.

Most claim that they exist mainly as a non-judgmental environment for anorexics; a place to turn to, to discuss their illness, and to support those who choose to enter recovery. Others deny anorexia nervosa is a mental illness and claim instead that it is a "lifestyle choice" that should be respected by doctors and family. The scientific community recognises anorexia nervosa as a serious illness. Some research suggests anorexia nervosa has the highest rate of mortality of any psychological disorder.

With postpartum depression, feelings of sadness and anxiety can be extreme and might interfere with a woman's ability to care for herself or her family. Because of the severity of the symptoms, postpartum depression usually requires treatment. The condition, which occurs in nearly 15 percent of births, may begin shortly before or any time after childbirth, but commonly begins between a week and a month after delivery. Childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder is a psychological disorder that can develop in women who have recently given birth.

Chimpanzees who have been subjected to biomedical research often display symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of complex PTSD, a pervasive psychological disorder, common to human prisoners of war, genocide survivors, and victims of domestic violence. It is characterized by difficulties with severe mood dysregulation, impaired interpersonal functioning, loss of sense of safety and security, and disruption in the sense of self.van der Kolk, B.A., Roth, S., Pelcovitz, D., Sunday, S., & Spinazzola, J. (2005). "Disorders of extreme stress: the empirical foundation of a complex adaptation to trauma".

Animal Assisted Therapy for the Treatment of Trauma in Military Veterans Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychological disorder affects people's mental health and has varying severity and forms. PTSD is often difficult to treat due to high drop- out rates and low responses to traditional psychotherapeutic approaches and interventions. Animals have two types of effects, direct and indirect, on a mental health spectrum including biological, psychological, and social responses, further targeting marked symptoms of PTSD (i.e., re-experiencing, avoidance, changes in beliefs/feelings, and hyperarousal).

In the United Kingdom, a survey found that in the mid-1970s about 150 people a year were undergoing psychosurgery. A few people underwent the standard pre-frontal leucotomy; the most commonly used operation was subcaudate tractotomy. Methods used to destroy tissue included thermocoagulation, suction, radioisotopes and leucotomes. By far the most common diagnosis of those undergoing psychosurgery was depression, followed by anxiety, violence, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and schizophrenia.JM Barraclough and NA Mitchell-Heggs 1978 Use of neurosurgery for psychological disorder in British Isles during 1974-6.

It is common for individuals with drugs use disorder to have other psychological problems. The terms “dual diagnosis” or “co-occurring disorders,” refer to having a mental health and substance use disorder at the same time. According to the British Association for Psychopharmacology (BAP), “symptoms of psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety and psychosis are the rule rather than the exception in patients misusing drugs and/or alcohol.” Individuals who have a comorbid psychological disorder often have a poor prognosis if either disorder is untreated.

Graeber has never retained any formal teaching positions, although he was listed as holder of the Akiba and Sara Gurtner Chair of Jewish Studies at Touro College for the scholastic year of 1992. His absence was due to his contracting an obscure psychological disorder, Capgras syndrome. He regularly submits papers to various Jewish and secular journals for publication. After a trip to Israel in 1997 he authored an essay on the need for the inclusion of Yiddishist principles into the fabric of Orthodox Jewish life.

The metacognitions questionnaire is a self-report scale assessing different dimensions of metacognitive beliefs (beliefs about thinking). Examples of metacognitive beliefs are; "Worry is uncontrollable", "I have little confidence in my memory for words and names", and "I am constantly aware of my thinking". The development of the questionnaire was informed by the Self- Regulatory Executive Function model (Wells & Matthews, 1994) which is the metacognitive model and theory of psychological disorder. This model is the foundation for metacognitive therapy developed by Adrian Wells (see e.g. Wells, 2009).

Michel Lotito began eating unusual material as a teenager, at around 16 years of age, and he performed publicly beginning in 1966. He had an eating disorder known as pica, which is a psychological disorder characterized by an appetite for substances that are largely non-nutritive. Doctors determined that Lotito also had a thick lining in his stomach and intestines which allowed his consumption of sharp metal without suffering injury. Lotito also had digestive juices that were unusually powerful, meaning that he could digest the unusual materials.

Affect logic or affect-logic is a notion, introduced in 1988 by Luc Ciompi, relating to Soteria psychiatric treatment, which sheds light on the interaction between thinking and feeling. It holds that affect and cognition, or feeling and thinking, are continually interacting with the other activity in the cortical network. Ciompi developed this theoretical account for the purpose of understanding the psychological disorder known as schizophrenia. Ciompi's notion of affect-logic was criticized in some subsequent reviews for being not testable and, as a result, atheoretical.

Karl Bowman read his article "The Modern Treatment of Schizophrenia" at the New York Academy of Medicine in New York on February 17, 1939. During his reading, Bowman stated, "over one half of the population of State Hospitals" consisted of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. He claimed that this psychological disorder did not shorten the lifespan of the patient, but resulted in the deterioration of the patient's brain. In his article, Bowman addresses many different methods that were used throughout history to help treat schizophrenia.

From 1968 to 1977, the Masters and Johnson Institute ran a program to convert homosexuals to heterosexuality. This program reported a 71.6% success rate over a six-year treatment period. At the time of their earlier work, homosexuality was classified as a psychological disorder by the American Psychiatric Association,See Homosexuality and psychology#Declassification a classification which was repealed in 1973. Thomas Maier stated "that Virginia Johnson had serious reservations about Masters' conversion theory, and she suspected that, at worst, the results of the study may have been fabricated by William Masters".

All of the other false pregnancies terminated quickly when negative results were received from pregnancy tests. Maladaptive daydreaming is a proposed psychological disorder, a fantasy activity that replaces human interaction and interferes with work, relationships and general activities. Those who suffer from this pathology daydream or fantasize excessively, assuming roles and characters in scenarios created to their liking. People who suffer from excessive daydreaming are aware that the scenarios and characters of their fantasies are not real and have the ability to determine what is real, elements that differentiate them from those suffering from schizophrenia.

Stalking is an extreme psychological disorder also related to jealousy and several other cognitive modules.Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - DSM- IV, American Psychiatric Association 1994 page 287 A stalker is a person who behaves as if he had a relation to another person who is not interested in him. Some behaviors related to this disorder can get to the extent of following the other person on the street or observe him or her at home, compulsively reviewing their activity on social media, and can even result in harassment.

Pascal Bruckner: The invention of Islamophobia, signandsight.com, 3 January 2011, retrieved 29 September 2012; originally published in French in Libération: L'invention de l'«islamophobie», 23 November 2010 The author Sam Harris, while denouncing bigotry, racism, and prejudice against Muslims or Arabs, rejects the term IslamophobiaSam Harris, "Lifting the Veil of 'Islamophobia' A Conversation with Ayaan Hirsi Ali", 8 May 2014. as an invented psychological disorder, and states criticizing those Islamic beliefs and practices he believes pose a threat to civil society is not a form of bigotry or racism.Harris, Sam (13 August 2010).

Similar to love- obsessional stalkers, the behavior of erotomanic stalkers may be a result of an underlying psychological disorder such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depression. Individuals who suffer from erotomania tend to believe that the celebrity with whom they are obsessed with is utilizing the media as a way to communicate with them by sending special messages or signals. Although these stalkers have unrealistic beliefs, they are less likely to seek any form of face-to-face interaction with their celebrity obsession, therefore posing less of a threat to them.

Some research suggests that CBT focusing on social skills and practice of interpersonal situations, like job interviews, seeing a doctor (to discuss medication, for example), or interacting with friends and co-workers, as well as seemingly simple things like riding a bus, might reduce negative symptoms of schizophrenia and be beneficial to patients with avolition. Other forms of psychotherapy might also complement the role of medication and help patients, their families, and friends to work through emotional and other challenges of living with a chronic psychological disorder, including avolition.

After the surgery, Hunter is diagnosed with pica, a psychological disorder that compels individuals to eat inedible objects. Richie's parents, Katherine and Michael, arrange for her to see a psychiatrist in the city. During her therapy sessions, Hunter slowly divulges her attraction to consuming the objects, which she says is mainly because of the feel of their textures in her mouth. At the behest of his parents, Richie hires Luay, a family friend and immigrant from Syria, to monitor Hunter while Richie is at work during the day.

Actor Martin Sheen appeared in television ads opposing Initiative 1000. There has been some debate over one of Sheen's statements: persons with depression can be given a lethal dose without prior professional assessment. According to the Washington Death with Dignity act, "Medication to end a patient's life in a humane and dignified manner shall not be prescribed until the person performing the counseling determines that the patient is not suffering from a psychiatric or psychological disorder or depression causing impaired judgment." This issue has been explored in the field of medical ethics.

It has been long recognized that psychological stress plays a significant role in understanding how psychopathology develops in individuals. However, psychologists have also identified that not all individuals who are stressed, or go through stressful life events, develop a psychological disorder. To understand this, theorists and researchers explored other factors that affect the development of a disorder and proposed that some individuals under stress develop a disorder and others do not. As such, some individuals are more vulnerable than others to develop a disorder once stress has been introduced.

While the psychological disorder "bulimia nervosa" is relatively new, the word "bulimia," signifying overeating, has been present for centuries. The Babylon Talmud referenced practices of "bulimia," yet scholars believe that this simply referred to overeating without the purging or the psychological implications bulimia nervosa. In fact, a search for evidence of bulimia nervosa from the 17th to late 19th century revealed that only a quarter of the overeating cases they examined actually vomited after the binges. There was no evidence of deliberate vomiting or an attempt to control weight.

Traverse City State Hospital, Traverse City, Michigan Psychiatric hospitals, also known as mental health hospitals, and mental health units, are hospitals or wards specializing in the treatment of serious mental disorders, such as major depressive disorder, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Psychiatric hospitals vary widely in their size and grading. Some hospitals may specialize only in short term or outpatient therapy for low-risk patients. Others may specialize in the temporary or permanent care of residents who, as a result of a psychological disorder, require routine assistance, treatment, or a specialized and controlled environment.

Mild physical dependence can result from long-term caffeine use. Caffeine addiction, or a pathological and compulsive form of use, has not been documented in humans. Studies have demonstrated that people who take in a minimum of 100mg of caffeine per day (about the amount in one cup of coffee) can acquire a physical dependence that would trigger withdrawal symptoms that include headaches, muscle pain and stiffness, lethargy, nausea, vomiting, depressed mood, and marked irritability. Professor Roland R. Griffiths, a professor of neurology at Johns Hopkins in Baltimore strongly believes that caffeine withdrawal should be classified as a psychological disorder.

With long experience in a variety of settings dealing with mental disorders, there is probably no psychological disorder that Roy has not been involved with. In addition he has worked in a more medical area using psychological approaches. These have included working with the Harley Street dermatologist Dr David Fenton on patients with skin and hair conditions where there may be some element of psychological difficulties in either dealing with an unwanted condition or where various stresses may lead to the problem. He has also worked with a number of hearing specialists, such as Johnathan Hazell, particularly attempting to help people with Tinnitus.

Exercise bulimia is a subset of the psychological disorder called bulimia in which a person is compelled to exercise in an effort aimed at burning the calories of food energy and fat reserves to an excessive level that negatively affects their health. The damage normally occurs through not giving the body adequate rest for athletic recovery compared to their exercise levels, leading to increasing levels of disrepair. If the person eats a normally healthy and adequate diet but exercises in levels they know require higher levels of nutrition, this can also be seen as a form of anorexia.

Gabriele's trial began on 2 October 2012. He claimed to have stolen the documents to fight "evil and corruption" and put the Vatican "back on track". Multiple evaluations of Gabriele's mental health provided conflicting results: one report concluded that Gabriele suffered from a "fragile personality with paranoid tendencies covering profound personal insecurity", while another found that Gabriele showed no adequate signs of a major psychological disorder nor posing any serious threat to himself or others. Vatican police seized encrypted documents and confidential papers that the Pope had marked "to be destroyed" when they raided the apartment of his butler, the court heard.

While there are sometimes state, city, or county laws that protect the transgender community, federal laws largely overlook them. Even though President Obama passed the Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 2009, this does not serve to remedy the many issues of the justice system in its unjust treatment transgender people. Judges are still able to exercise personal bias in many rulings that strongly effect transgender people, and it can greatly disenfranchise them within the United States. One thing that has been used by some to gain rights is the designation of transgender as a psychological disorder, known as Gender Identity Disorder.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging depicting differences in brain activity among people diagnosed with schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a psychological disorder in which a patient experiences symptoms including hallucinations, delusions, amotivation, social withdrawal, cognitive defects, and poor working memory. Heredity and gene inheritance is a highly important risk factor, especially for identical twins. Schizophrenia is anatomically characterized by a deterioration and loss of gray matter in the temporal and frontal regions of the cerebral cortex, though the exact mechanism is unknown. What is known is that the main two neurotransmitter systems implicated in schizophrenia are the dopamine and glutamate pathways.

During the 18th century, there was a move from the idea of hysteria being caused by the uterus to it being caused by the brain. This led to an understanding that it could affect both sexes. Jean-Martin Charcot argued that hysteria was caused by "a hereditary degeneration of the nervous system, namely a neurological disorder". In the 19th century, hysteria moved from being considered a neurological disorder to being considered a psychological disorder, when Pierre Janet argued that "dissociation appears autonomously for neurotic reasons, and in such a way as to adversely disturb the individual's everyday life".

The social causation theory is an older theory with more evidence and research behind it. This hypothesis states that one's socioeconomic status (SES) is the cause of weakening mental functions. As Perry writes in The Journal of Primary Prevention, "members of the lower social classes experience excess psychological stress and relatively few societal rewards, the results of which are manifested in psychological disorder". The excess stress that people with low SES experience could be inadequate health care, job insecurity, and poverty, which can bring about many other psycho-social and physical stressors like crowding, discrimination, crime, etc.

Death row syndrome is a psychological disorder that inmates on death row can go through when they are put in isolation. Inmates affected by death row syndrome may display suicidal tendencies and psychotic delusions. According to some psychiatrists, the results of being confined to death row for an extended period of time, including the effects of knowing one will die and the living conditions, can fuel delusions and suicidal tendencies in an individual and can cause insanity in a form that is dangerous.Avi Salzman, "Killer's Fate May Rest on New Legal Concept", Santa Clara University, 1 February 2005.

Recent research by Johns Hopkins University has found that the brain tissue of combat veterans who have been exposed to improvised explosive devices (IEDs) exhibit a pattern of injury in the areas responsible for decision making, memory and reasoning. This evidence has led the researchers to conclude that shell shock may not only be a psychological disorder, since the symptoms exhibited by sufferers from the First World War are very similar to these injuries. Immense pressure changes are involved in shell shock. Even mild changes in air pressure from weather have been linked to changes in behavior.

The emergence of psychotraumatology as a field begins with the legitimization of PTSD as a psychological disorder. Symptoms of PTSD have been continuously reported in the context of war since the 6th century B.C., but it was not officially recognized as a valid disorder until it finally classified by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 1980. Once it was officially recognized as an issue, clinical research on PTSD increased dramatically, giving way to the field of psychotraumatology. The term "psychotraumatology" was coined by George S. Everly, Jr. and Jeffrey M. Lating in the text entitled "Psychotraumatology" (1995).

Both ADHD and obesity are complicated disorders and each produces a large impact on an individual's social well being. This being both a physical and psychological disorder has reinforced that obese individuals with ADHD need more treatment time (with associated costs), and are at a higher risk of developing physical and emotional complications. The cognitive ability to develop a comprehensive self-construct and the ability to demonstrate capable emotion regulation is a core deficit observed in people with ADHD and is linked to deficits in executive function. Overall, low executive functioning seen in individuals with ADHD has been correlated with tendencies to overeat, as well as with emotional eating.

At a party in July 2007 Bai began her acting career in China, appearing in several Chinese feature films. In 1984, she made her film debut as a fishing village girl in the movie On the Beach (海滩). Later she filmed several other movies, including Suspended Sentence (缓期执行), Yueyue (月月), Tears in Suzhou (泪洒姑苏) without much attention. She became famous after playing a girl with a psychological disorder who has an affair with her doctor, in the film The Shining Arc (弧光) directed by Zhang Junzhao (张军钊), her most highly acclaimed role in the Chinese film industry.

It has been hypothesized in previous studies that athletes underutilize mental health services, which may be concerning due to the level of depression in athletes particularly. Health care professionals and/or a sports medicine staff working with the athlete may play a key role in identifying the signs of depression or other mental illnesses in athletes and refer them to the proper resources such as a sports psychologist. There are many sport psychology interventions that may be helping maintain athletes’ mental health and preventing any psychological disorder. Sport practitioners and researchers focus on mindfulness and resilience as two key factors that contribute to an athletes’ well-being.

Included amongst his patients was Danny, who was well-respected by the other veterans, though rarely spoke. Charlie, in an attempt to draw him out of his malaise, followed Danny to a bar and attempted to engage him about his experiences, an act that Charlie would later believe to be the direct cause for man's suicide, as soon after he killed himself with a gun in his shower. At the same time as Charlie is recounting these memories, he has also begun a new relationship with Nora Chiara, which quickly turns sour. Nora begins to have violent nightmares that Charlie attributes to some psychological disorder, though she refuses to seek treatment.

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), schizophrenia is a psychological disorder, which has to include two out of the five symptoms listed below: # delusions # hallucinations # disorganized speech # grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior # negative symptoms: affective flattening, alogia, or avolition Schizophrenic people find it hard to pick up on social cues. More specifically, people with schizophrenia are found to have deficits in emotional facial recognition, social knowledge, empathy, and non verbal cues, and emotional processing. Most of these aspects are part of a category called social cognition. However, most tasks that are related to social cognition involve emotional processing, empathy, and social norms knowledge.

The staff benefited from remains of the dead patients, as they were often smuggled to universities across the country. Whenever the demand was low, corpses were simply dissolved in acid or buried in nearby grounds. Over 70% of the patients were never diagnosed with any sort of psychological disorder; they were placed under permanent care by political interests and social stigma. These patients were often alcoholics, epileptics, prostitutes, homosexuals, unwanted children, homeless people, women whose virginity was lost before marriage, enemies of the local elite or simply considered "inadequate" according to the social norms of the past century, such as shy men and women with a sense of leadership.

Meanwhile, Hesham suffers from a psychological disorder that we find out was the reason behind his attempt to suffocate his acting accomplice that was playing his mother in Hamlet. The disorder was based on Hesham's dedication in portraying and playing his character as he occasionally cannot snap out of his role. Afaf's father's reason for rejecting Hesham was based upon the fact that he had another groom in mind for his daughter which initiated the idea of escaping and caused Hesham to travel to Alexandria for a few days. In Alexandria, Hesham was being offered a role in the movie Nawal, his acting accomplice, was in.

In 1970, researchers from the University of Edinburgh performing cytogenetic research on a group of juvenile offenders in Scotland found an abnormal translocation in chromosome 1 of one of the boys, who also displayed characteristics of an affective psychological disorder. After this initial observation, the boy's family was studied and it was found that 34 out of 77 family members displayed the same translocation. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) (or DSM-IV) criteria, sixteen of the 34 individuals identified as having the genetic mutation were diagnosed with psychiatric problems. In contrast, five of the 43 unaffected family members were identified to have psychological indispositions.

Generally, once the activity is started, it is difficult to stop because the person is seen as being addicted to the method adopted. Anorexia athletica is used to refer to "a disorder for athletes who engage in at least one unhealthy method of weight control"."Activity Disorder: Too Much Little Of A Good Thing" from WebMD Unlike anorexia nervosa, anorexia athletica does not have as much to do with body image as it does with performance. Athletes usually begin by eating more 'healthy' foods, as well as increasing their training, but when people feel like that is not enough and start working out excessively and cutting back their caloric intake until it becomes a psychological disorder.

Montalvan's book, Until Tuesday: A Wounded Warrior and the Golden Retriever Who Saved Him, written with Bret Witter in 2011 describes his struggles with PTSD, combat injuries and his experiences with his service dog. Montalvan started to receive thousands of letters from people who have described how their own pets or service animals had saved their lives after Until Tuesday came out. Publishers Weekly felt that Until Tuesday was "most compelling when zoning in on specifics, especially related to his psychological disorder." Montalvan shared with the Wisconsin State Journal that it was important to him to write this book in order to describe what it was like to have his health deteriorate after coming back from war.

In doing so, he discovers that she suffers from some sort of psychological disorder that either led or caused her to kill her three children 20 years ago and has thus tried to live on by pretending they are still alive. The police show up and arrest her because of this. Alex goes to speak with her while she is in custody, and she tries to get his gun, but he eventually takes it back from her. To investigate the killings further, Cross travels to the Suburban owner's small hometown in Vermont and discovers that after her children were killed, she was institutionalized at a state mental hospital from which she later escaped.

A person may take a drug, such as alcohol, to reduce their level of inhibition. Though a person can be regarded as being sexually inhibited if they irrationally fear of or are excessively averse to any sexual practice or discourse, the term is normally not applied to a person who refrains from certain sexual activities on moral and rational grounds (such as desire to avoid pregnancy or contracting a disease) or due to a psychological disorder. A person may also refrain from sexual activity with a particular person by choice or because of a simple disliking of that person, for whatever reason. The person whose advances are rejected may dismiss the rejection as being due to a sexual inhibition.

Pieter Baan Centre The Pieter Baan Centre (Pieter Baan Centrum) is a forensic psychiatric observation clinic in Almere, Netherlands, operated by the Ministry of Security and Justice, where suspects of crimes in the Netherlands are observed to ascertain whether they can be held wholly responsible for their suspected crimes. When suspects are found guilty, but performed their crimes while suffering from some sort of psychiatric or psychological disorder, they may be applicable for involuntary commitment (in Dutch terbeschikkingstelling or TBS), which means To be held at disposal. This is a special measure for crimes which are committed under psychologically abnormal circumstances. The purpose is to treat the perpetrator rather than to punish them and to work towards their reintegration into society.

The view of homosexuality as a psychological disorder has been seen in literature since research on homosexuality first began; however, psychology as a discipline has evolved over the years in its position on homosexuality. Current attitudes have their roots in religious, legal, and cultural underpinnings. Some Ancient Near Eastern communities, such as the Israelites, had strict codes forbidding homosexual activity, and this gave way to later usage of the same texts by the original missionaries of Christianity, who themselves descended from the tribes of Israel; Paul in particular is notable for his allusion to and reinforcement of such texts in his letters to nascent churches. Later, the Apostolic Fathers and their successors continued to speak against homosexual activity whenever they mentioned it in their (surviving) writings.

A young girl called Pat Doe, advocating for her own right to wear clothing that matched with her gender identity, was able to gain a favorable outcome in court by using GID to better articulate her argument. While some in the transgender community are critical of labeling themselves as having a psychological disorder, others like Doe have used it to gain what others can’t otherwise on a legal level. Some continue to say that it is harmful as it continues to "other" transgenderism, as well as its requirement of "significant distress". Johnson points out that it excludes those people who are comfortable with their gender identity, and thus does not protect them in legal matters when this otherwise could be used in order to gain legal recognition.

Posttruamatic stress disorder is a psychological disorder (in the same category as: reactive attachment disorder, disinhibited social engagement disorder, acute stress disorder and adjustment disorders) caused by exposure to a terrifying event or ordeal involving the occurrence or threat of physical harm or where a person learns these terrible events happened to a close family member or someone whom they care about. It is one of the most severe and well- known of the different types of psychological trauma, mostly due to its prevalence in war veterans. It can manifest itself as early as after the first year of life. Typically symptoms include avoidance of reminders of the traumatic event or mention thereof, irritability, trouble sleeping, emotional numbness and exaggerated reactions to surprises.

Shared delusional disorder is most commonly found in women with slightly above-average IQs who are isolated from their family, and are in relationships with a dominant person who has delusions. The majority of secondary cases (people who develop the shared delusion) also meet the criteria for Dependent Personality Disorder which is characterized by a pervasive fear that leads them to need constant reassurance, support and guidance. Additionally, 55% of secondary cases had a relative with a psychological disorder that included delusions and, as a result, the secondary cases are usually susceptible to mental illness. The disorder can also occur in cults to a serious extent; one example is Heaven's Gate, a UFO religion led by Marshall Applewhite, who had delusions about extraterrestrial life.

The Court explained that the test for voluntary manslaughter has four requirements: > #provocation that would rouse a reasonable person to the heat of passion > #actual provocation of the defendant #a reasonable person would not have > cooled off in the time between the provocation and the offense #the > defendant did not cool off Relying on previous precedent, the court writes that the objective reasonable man standard for provocation at common law did not take the defendant's mental state into account. The Model Penal Code standard, according to the Court, created a subjective standard to be evaluated from the "defendant's standpoint". The Court concludes that Dumlao had a psychological disorder which may have caused an extreme emotional disturbance during which, from his viewpoint, his actions were reasonable.

According to Dr. Phil Dennis of Texas Tech University, grisi siknis is typically characterized by longer periods of anxiety, nausea, dizziness, irrational anger and fear, interlaced with short periods of rapid frenzy, in which the victim "lose[s] consciousness, believe[s] that devils beat them and have sexual relations with them" and runs away. Often the outbreak of the syndrome is violent in nature, with victims grabbing weapons, attacking unseen enemies and/or hurting themselves. The causes of grisi siknis are unknown, says the American Psychology Association, but the prevailing Western theory calls this syndrome a "psychological disorder due to stress, upheaval and despair". Traditional Miskito belief, says Dennis, holds that grisi siknis is the result of evil spirits or black sorcerers.

The Court also claimed that the Interim Constitution provides enough protection therefore making a separate law based on sexual orientation is not required. But the petitioners which included Sunil Babu Pant, argued that people of the third gender weren't treated equally. It was the responsibility of the state to provide identity documents, including birth certificates, citizenship certificates, passports and voter identity cards because without identity cards, people of the third gender were deprived of education and other public benefits and were vulnerable and disadvantaged. After quite a struggle, Court came to the conclusion that sexual orientation was a natural process rather than the result of “mental perversion” or “emotional and psychological disorder”. It rejected the notion that people of the third sex were “sexual perverts”.

A waitress at a restaurant is expected to exhibit positivity, such as smiling and expressing positive emotion towards customers , abbreviated SMS, is a psychological disorder proposed by professor Makoto Natsume of Osaka Shoin Women's University, in which subjects develop depression and physical illness as a result of prolonged, unnatural smiling.Belkin, Lisa. "Putting Some Fun Back Into 9 to 5", New York Times, March 6, 2008 Natsume proposed the disorder after counselling students from the university in his practice and noticing that a number of students had spent so much time faking their smiles that they were unaware that they were smiling even while relating stressful or upsetting experiences to him. Natsume attributes this to the great importance placed on smiling in the Japanese service industry, particularly for young women.

The article stressed that Sasha wore his cassock whenever he went to visit friends and relatives in Moscow in order to shock and impress them, and that everything in life is turned into a fraud through such choices. Young people, especially if they were educated, were actively persecuted for practicing religion, and especially if they did so openly, or participated in Christian study groups or choirs. People who were part of such groups could be arrested and even placed in "psychiatric prisons". Placing the religious youth in psychiatric hospitals was based on the principle that any person who had gone through the atheistic education from kindergarten to university and yet remained religious (or even worse, if he converted), could be considered to have a kind of psychological disorder.

In the period prior to the mākutu lifting, Janet Moses had suffered the loss of her grandmother and relationship problems with her partner and father of her two children; the trial would later hear expert testimony that she likely had an "underlying psychiatric or psychological disorder." A concrete lion was stolen from a Greytown hotel by family members, and was to become associated by family members with Moses' behaviour; the family said she was acting like a lion. The family emblem was a lion, with at least one family member having a tattoo of a lion and the words 'Family united' over it. When they became concerned with her behaviour, Moses' family consulted kaumatua (elder) Timi Rahi, who prayed for her and blessed her, and advised the family to return the lion, which they did.

The only known case of discrimination in the Croatian Army is the 1998 case of recruit Aldin Petrić from Rijeka. In July 1998, Petrić answered his draft summons and reported to the barracks at Pula where he told to his senior officer in a private conversation that he was gay however that information quickly spread through the barracks which resulted in Petrić being subjected to abuse by his fellow soldiers and other officers. Petrić repeatedly asked to be transferred to another barracks but his requests were not met. On July 22, Petrić was dismissed from the army because of "unspecified disturbance of sexual preference" (Code F65.9 from the 1992 ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders of the World Health Organization, which however hasn't specifically cited homosexuality as psychological disorder).

Heldrich found nothing abnormal about the boy's skin, and wrote to the referring physician that "Leitao would benefit from a psychiatric evaluation and support", and registered his worry about Leitao's "use" of her son. Leitao last consulted an unnamed Johns Hopkins infectious disease specialist who, after reviewing her son's records refused to see him, suggesting Leitao herself might have "Munchausen's by proxy, a psychiatric syndrome in which a parent pretends a child is sick or makes him sick to get attention from the medical system". According to Leitao, several medical professionals she sought out shared this opinion of a potential psychological disorder: Leitao says that her son developed more sores, and more fibers continued to poke out of them. She and her husband, Edward Leitao, an internist with South Allegheny Internal Medicine in Pennsylvania, felt their son had "something unknown".

Georges Gilles de la Tourette (1857–1904), namesake of Tourette syndrome Tourette syndrome is an inherited neurological disorder that begins in childhood or adolescence, characterized by the presence of multiple physical (motor) tics and at least one vocal (phonic) tic. The eponym was bestowed by Jean-Martin Charcot (1825–1893) on behalf of his intern, Georges Albert Édouard Brutus Gilles de la Tourette (1859–1904), a French physician and neurologist, who published an account of nine patients with Tourette's in 1885. The possibility that movement disorders, including Tourette syndrome, might have an organic origin was raised when an encephalitis epidemic from 1918–1926 led to a subsequent epidemic of tic disorders. Research in 1972 advanced the argument that Tourette's is a neurological, rather than psychological, disorder; since the 1990s, a more neutral view of Tourette's has emerged, in which biological vulnerability and adverse environmental events are seen to interact.

Courchesne made his initial major contribution to autism research in 1988 when he published one of the first neuroimaging studies of autism in the New England Journal of Medicine, demonstrating that autism involves developmental brain defects in the cerebellum and is definitively a neural biological disorder of early development and not a psychological disorder. A decade later Dr. Courchesne demonstrated that autism is also a disorder of brain growth. His 2001 Neurology paper on this topic is a landmark structural MRI paper and was republished on its 10th anniversary by Neurology because of its major impact on many subsequent studies aimed at understanding the anatomical developmental bases of autism. Courchesne’s body of research has led to the theory that autism is a disorder with a unique brain growth trajectory that includes early brain overgrowth during the toddler years, arrest of brain growth during childhood and possible degeneration during adulthood.

A 2002 study in The Lancet of intercountry adoptees in Sweden of various ethnic backgrounds, most of whom were of Korean, Colombian or Indian (from India) extraction, who were adopted by two parents who were born in Sweden found that intercountry adoptees had the following increased likelihoods relative to the rest of the children who were born in Sweden to two parents who were themselves also born in Sweden: intercountry adoptees were 3.6 times more likely to die from suicide, 3.6 times more likely to attempt suicide, 3.2 times more likely to be admitted for a psychological disorder, 5.2 times more likely to abuse drugs, 2.6 times more likely to abuse alcohol and 1.6 times more likely to commit a crime.Hjern A, Lindblad F & Vinnerljung B. (2002). Suicide, psychiatric illness, and social maladjustment in intercountry adoptees in Sweden: a cohort study. The Lancet. 360(9331). 443-8.

As a professional physician, Pinsker preferred the medical term "Judeophobia" to the recently introduced "antisemitism". Pinsker knew that a combination of mutually exclusive assertions is a characteristic of a psychological disorder and was convinced that pathological, irrational phobia may explain this millennia-old hatred: > : "... to the living the Jew is a corpse, to the native a foreigner, to the > homesteader a vagrant, to the proprietary a beggar, to the poor an exploiter > and a millionaire, to the patriot a man without a country, for all a hated > rival." His analysis of the roots of this ancient hatred led him to call for the establishment of a Jewish National Homeland, either in Palestine or elsewhere. Eventually Pinsker came to agree with Moses Lilienblum that hatred of Jews was rooted in the fact that they were foreigners everywhere except their original homeland, the Land of Israel.

They expanded outward and eventually turned to genetic engineering in order to mold themselves into a species more suited for deep-space life and long-range interstellar exploration. Genetic experimentation and manipulation were not without their drawbacks, however: by the time period in which players enter the Eve Online universe, millennia of human genetic manipulation have rendered the Jovians barely recognizable as human; more critically, the Jovian manipulation of their genetics has resulted in the eventually fatal "Jovian Disease," an inherited psychological disorder which, despite the best efforts of the Jovians to reverse it, has affected every individual of the Jovian race and thus crippled their civilization. Having experienced a catastrophic population decline (the Jovian societal structure is believed to be barely maintained by their immensely-advanced technological systems), the Jovians have effectively retreated to inhabit a region of space inaccessible to outsiders. In addition to different backgrounds and histories, the races have characteristic philosophies of starship design.

Factors that contribute to the disorder include a combination and interaction of biological, cognitive, environmental, child temperament, and behavioral factors. Children are more likely to develop SAD if one or both of their parents was diagnosed with a psychological disorder. Recent research by Daniel Schechter and colleagues have pointed to difficulties of mothers who have themselves had early adverse experiences such as maltreatment and disturbed attachments with their own caregivers, who then go on to develop responses to their infants' and toddlers' normative social bids in the service of social referencing, emotion regulation, and joint attention, which responses are linked to these mothers own psychopathology (i.e. maternal post- traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression.) These atypical maternal responses which have been shown to be associated with separation anxiety have been related to disturbances in maternal stress physiologic response to mother-toddler separation as well as lower maternal neural activity in the brain region of the medial prefrontal cortex when mothers with and without PTSD were shown video excerpts of their own and unfamiliar toddlers during mother-child separation versus free-play.

Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (C-PTSD; also known as complex trauma disorder) is a psychological disorder that can develop in response to prolonged, repeated experience of interpersonal trauma in a context in which the individual has little or no chance of escape. C-PTSD relates to the trauma model of mental disorders and is associated with chronic sexual, psychological, narcissistic (child) abuse and physical abuse or neglect, chronic intimate partner violence, victims of prolonged workplace or school bullying, victims of kidnapping and hostage situations, indentured servants, victims of slavery and human trafficking, sweatshop workers, prisoners of war, concentration camp survivors, residential school survivors, and defectors of cults or cult-like organizations. Situations involving captivity/entrapment (a situation lacking a viable escape route for the victim or a perception of such) can lead to C-PTSD-like symptoms, which can include prolonged feelings of terror, worthlessness, helplessness, and deformation of one's identity and sense of self. C-PTSD has also been referred to as DESNOS or Disorders of Extreme Stress Not Otherwise Specified.