1000 Sentences With "proximal" | Random Sentence Generator

Gabe was born with a condition called proximal femoral focal deficiency.

Replica of the proximal, or middle, segment of the Denisovan finger bone.

Djibouti is also proximal to key shipping turf around the Horn of Africa.

You pick segments in which there are serious problems to solve and proximal problems.

Both Scheirer and Matzkin said proximal tendon tears can almost always be treated without surgery.

I want to build a party that's interested in the generational fight, versus the proximal 2018, 2020 fight.

This is the first evidence of a passive, gravity-driven bodyweight support mechanism in a bird's proximal leg joints.

A long-distance relationship comes with unique challenges, but it can be just as strong as a proximal relationship.

There have been accidental deaths related to this phenomenon, though marijuana per se is not the proximal cause of death.

In a more proximal sense, I think what that tells you over and over again is just how important context is.

He realized that the most quotidian objects when placed in proximal relationships had resonance in a way he could explore for decades.

It presents not one lone diagnosis field but four nested together, each line asking for the proximal cause of the line above.

G Tony Allen of the New Orleans Pelicans will be sidelined three to four weeks because of a nondisplaced left proximal fibula fracture.

All of these factors reinforce an omnipresent state of proximal fear, a sense of disquietude that bleeds into every social, cultural, and civic activity.

Let us now dispense with the notion that there is only one proximal cause of the disturbance in the force of the financial markets.

"The tests revealed that the fracture of her proximal humerus (the ball of the shoulder joint) is more severe than initially believed," she said.

Lucy's right proximal humerus — the upper arm bone — was severely shattered, suggesting she instinctively stuck out her arm in an attempt to break the fall.

Many tweeted out a quote from Rebecca Traister's new book, arguing that white women like Collins "enjoy proximal power" from standing up for white men.

"White women, who enjoy proximal power from their association with white men, have often served as the white patriarchy's most eager foot soldiers," @rtraister pic.twitter.

When you sidle up to the edge of nature, you cross into a zone of proximal admiration; you also cross into the land of probabilistic danger.

" The book is largely written in Alex's idiosyncratic English — to sleep is to "manufacture Z's," to have sex is to "be carnal" and nearby is "proximal.

But The Perfect Date doesn't really provide any style over substance, which leaves the film to ride mostly on your proximal enjoyment of Centineo as Dream Boyfriend.

After proximal and distal control of the vessel was achieved, several hours were spent by the team trying to control residual bleeding from the bone and accessory vessels.

"People who bite the skin around the nails can get hangnails, or what's termed paronychia, which is an inflammation of the lateral or proximal nail folds," Yost adds.

Prospera's systems, installed in greenhouses or in the field, use a proximal RGB camera and cloud-based software to gather and analyze all the information farmers are missing.

A 2010 German study found that the average length of a long-distance relationship was 2.9 years, less than half the length of a proximal relationship, 7.3 years.

After the cutting, the bottom half of the finger (the smaller proximal part) was sent to the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany for genetic analysis.

But they're also entertaining the idea of pursuing other vape-proximal litigation: TorHoerman's website already features an extensive outline overviewing potential consequences of using JUUL, and vaping in general.

"There is increasing evidence that tau is more proximal to the onset of disease symptoms," said William Jagust, professor of public health and neuroscience at the University of California, Berkeley.

Many other lacing toys are too difficult for her at the moment, but these beads are designed to perfectly hit that zone of proximal development and allow her to have success.

Every time some gang of witless, terrifying Poujadists ends up steering another country into a lake, the proximal cause is always the same: one puffed up politician and their very clever plan.

The sandstone outcrop contained fractured quartz grains, which the geologists think were proximal ejecta from the meteorite — the term for material that gets pushed out from an impact site into nearby rocks.

If you're simply concerned with the proximal fight of winning elections every cycle, you'll run yourself through this transactional, electoral hamster wheel, where you change every election to fit whatever political winds blow.

While his accusers described clear patterns of control consistent with domestic violence, much of the physical abuse they alleged seemed to have taken place during or proximal to sexual encounters that were otherwise consensual.

While it is difficult to calculate the carbon footprint for dunnage return at scale, Amazon could use its data to figure out proximal delivery centers in order to minimize the net damage (versus disposable packaging).

Equally important, as they progress in their educational program, they'll understand their evolving zone of proximal development, which might cause them to veer in a direction that will make them more productive, happier and wealthier.

A year later, Michelle started to experience severe back pain, and doctors discovered she had proximal-type epithelioid sarcoma, a form of rare cancer that kills 50- to 70-percent of patients in five years.

The court's public information office said in a press release that "tests revealed she suffered a multipart displaced head splitting fracture of her proximal humerus," and that further consultation with specialists indicated surgery was needed.

This same study from the early 1990s noted increasing mortality for those suffering fractures at older ages, with those over the age of 90 facing 66 percent mortality in the year following proximal femur fractures.

Also, a "remote or proximal kernel exploit" will now earn $30,000 instead of $20,000, while a "remote exploit chain or exploits leading to TrustZone or Verified Boot compromise" will be rewarded with $50,000 instead of $30,000.

By moving the dead flamingo, the scientists noticed that there must be a group of muscles and ligaments that lock into place (known as a stay apparatus) in the proximal (near centre) part of the limb.

It's one of those many mundane, toiletry-proximal items that was almost certainly not manufactured with anyone's happiness in mind, and is thus made incalculably more grim by the mere presence of any decoration at all.

Each of your fingers has three joints, but you're probably dealing with two in particular when you're cracking away: the metacarpophalangeal joints closest to your palm, and the proximal interphalangeal joints about halfway up your fingers.

Berlin herself occupied this position time and time again in her own life, as someone who was continually proximal to more famous writers and artists, and, in her three marriages, to a certain type of grand genius man.

The report also called for the industry to engage in research to better understand proximal sesamoid bone fractures, a leading cause in the breakdowns of the horses at Santa Anita that are related to racing and training intensity.

In the experiments they ran, the researchers found that the system, catchily named Decentralized Distributed Proximal Policy Optimization or DD-PPO, appeared to scale almost ideally, with performance increasing nearly linearly to more computing power dedicated to the task.

Sotomayor was on the bench hearing arguments after the fall, but tests later revealed that she suffered a "multipart displaced head splitting fracture of her proximal humerus" according to a statement released by Kathleen Arberg, the Court's Public Information Officer.

But tests subsequently showed that she had sustained a "multipart displaced head splitting fracture of her proximal humerus," Kathleen Arberg, the Court's public Information officer, said in a statement earlier this week, and specialist consultation concluded that Sotomayor should undergo surgery.

But it is depressing that the United States still seems to accord more value to the lives and injuries of those proximal to its stars than the many others coping with what has become a national epidemic of mass gun violence.

This is Battlefield V. Your life may still be meaningless in the vastness of it all, yet there's solace to be found in proximal goals: even if you should be snuffed out by the whims of strife, you were a piece of some eventual success.

The spark The proximal cause for the unrest is Mnangagwa's announcement of massive fuel price hikes, with petrol rising from $1.24 to $3.31 a liter and diesel rising from $1.36 to $3.11 - making Zimbabwe the most expensive country in the world to fill a car.

Stack Overflow's recent developer survey listed Scala as one of the most loved languages: However, in many cases, the more proximal reason for their interest turned out to be Spark, which has recently surpassed Hadoop to claim the title of most active open-source data processing project.

That "cover-up" quip is what caught Mr. Trump's attention — providing him with a proximal justification for scrapping the infrastructure meeting, though the preprinted placard hanging on a podium in the Rose Garden declaring "No Collusion, No Obstruction" gave away the forethought that preceded the presidential eruption.

Dr. Stephen Pearce, orthopedic surgeon at Austin Bone and Joint Clinic used a 3D printed model of Lucy to confirm that the injury appeared to be a "four-part proximal" fracture in the humerus, resulting from Lucy having fallen a distance and extending her arm to break the fall.

And that much of the work that they're beginning to learn, the thinking that is new to them, is thinking that has been done by leaders and intellectual pioneers—many of them women of color, women who have not been able to enjoy proximal power of the white patriarchy.

Jarman and Bayouth have teamed up with artist and producer Luka Fisher, artist MRK, digital artist Mike Leisz, cinematographer Spencer Rollins, and electronic musician and head of Proximal Records Sahy Uhns to create a work that combines puppetry and poetry, black-and-white filmmaking, and electronic sound design, into a surreal portrait of the female experience.

Proximal subungual onychomycosis is an infection of the nail plate by fungus, primarily affecting the proximal nailfold.

The holotype, SDSM 78147, consists of two thoracic vertebrae, the sternum keel, the right coracoid and shoulder blade, the sternal part of the left coracoid, the right upper arm, parts of the left upper arm, the proximal right ulna, the proximal left ulna and radius (articulated), the proximal right carpometacarpus, the proximal left carpometacarpus, the distal left carpometacarpus, the synsacrum, the right and left thighs, the proximal right tibiotarsus, the right and left distal tibiotarsus, and the proximal right tarsometatarsus.

Proximal to the medial cuneiform on the first metatarsal, and proximal to the phalanges for the other four.

Usually occurs at the metaphysis of long bones. Distal tibia, proximal tibia, distal femur, proximal or distal fibula, and distal radius.

Proximal 18q- is caused by an interstitial deletion of chromosome 18 involving the proximal region of the long arm of chromosome 18.

The proximal tubule is the segment of the nephron in kidneys which begins from the renal pole of the Bowman's capsule to the beginning of loop of Henle. It can be further classified into the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and the proximal straight tubule (PST).

Children with proximal 18q- are often small for their age. Unlike distal 18q-, however, growth hormone deficiency has not been reported in anyone with proximal 18q-.

One-part and two-part proximal fractures can be treated with a collar and cuff sling, adequate pain medicine, and follow up therapy. Two-part proximal fractures may require open or closed reduction depending on neurovascular injury, rotator cuff injury, dislocation, likelihood of union, and function. For three- and four-part proximal fractures, standard practice is to have open reduction and internal fixation to realign the separate parts of the proximal humerus. A humeral hemiarthroplasty may be required in proximal cases in which the blood supply to the region is compromised.

A proximal humerus fracture in a young child may be a sign of child abuse. In older children and adolescents proximal humerus fractures frequently occur in the setting of sports or trauma. Proximal humerus fractures in children can commonly be treated non-operatively due to the large amount of bone growth that occurs at the proximal humerus. In older children where there is less time for bone remodeling, surgery may be indicated more frequently.

Muscle weakness can also be classified as either "proximal" or "distal" based on the location of the muscles that it affects. Proximal muscle weakness affects muscles closest to the body's midline, while distal muscle weakness affects muscles further out on the limbs. Proximal muscle weakness can be seen in Cushing's syndrome and hyperthyroidism.

McLeod, S. A. (2012). Zone of proximal development. Retrieved from www.simplypsychology.org/Zone-of-Proximal-Development.html In the context of adults, peers should challenge each other in order to support collaboration and success.

The metatarsophalangeal joints (MTP joints) are the joints between the metatarsal bones of the foot and the proximal bones (proximal phalanges) of the toes. They are condyloid joints, meaning that an elliptical or rounded surface (of the metatarsal bones) comes close to a shallow cavity (of the proximal phalanges). The ligaments are the plantar and two collateral.

Distal biceps tendon rupture, with proximal retraction of the muscle. Panoramic ultrasonography of a proximal biceps tendon rupture. Top image shows the contralateral normal side, and lower image shows a retracted muscle, with a hematoma filling out the proximal space. A biceps tendon rupture is a complete or partial rupture of a tendon of the biceps brachii muscle.

There is only a single left humerus available for examination of Odontocyclops. This humerus possesses largely expanded proximal and distal ends, which are separated by a short shaft. The proximal and distal ends of the humerus are offset by 40 degrees. The proximal portion of the humerus is relatively flat, whereas, the distal potion is convex.

People with increased risk of falls are more likely to have a proximal humerus fracture, as this is also the most common mechanism of injury. Osteoporosis increases the risk of proximal humerus fractures.

The head or anterior extremity articulates with the third proximal phalanx.

The basal segment of the proximal pinnules is curved or rounded.

In other words, the reabsorption in the proximal tubule is isosmotic. ...

Many individuals with proximal 18q- have strabismus and/or refractive errors.

Proximal stressors are internal processes that are presumed to occur following exposure to distal stressors. Examples of proximal stressors include fear of rejection, rumination (psychology) on previous experiences with prejudice, and distaste for one's own minority group following a prejudice event. Most research on this topic focuses on either sexual minorities or African Americans, and it is unclear whether the proximal stress processes are conceptually similar between these two groups. Thus, it is necessary to review proximal stress processes separately for sexual minority and African American populations.

Using a values approach to goal pursuit, Heath et al. (1999) assert that proximal goals are more likely to result in successful outcomes. When a goal is proximal, value for each step of progress is greater than if the goal is distal given diminishing sensitivity. One way to transform a distal goal to a more proximal goal is to set subgoals.

The right and left proximal scapulae are large with a distinct tuberculum coracoideum proximal to it. Both of the scapulae are larger than that of L. crumeniferus, but fall within the size range of L. dubius.

TFG-TEC binds to the proximal promoter region of the ENO3 gene.

Traditional serrated adenoma seen under microscopy with H&E; stain, showing serrated crypts. SPS may occur with one of two phenotypes: distal or proximal. The distal phenotype may demonstrate numerous small polyps in the distal colon (sigmoid) and rectum, whereas the proximal phenotype may be characterized by relatively fewer, but larger polyps in the proximal colon (cecum, ascending colon, etc.). Individuals meeting only criterion 3 from 2010 criteria, or only criterion 2 from the 2019 classification, have a distal phenotype have a lower risk of CRC compared with the proximal phenotype.

There exist two main determinants of health: structural and proximal determinants. Structural determinants include societal divisions between social, economic, and political contexts, and lead to differences in power, status, and privilege within society. Proximal determinants are immediate factors present in daily life such as family and household relationships, peer and work relationships, and educational environments. Proximal determinants are influenced by the social stratification caused by structural determinants.

The filtrate contains many important substances. In the proximal tubules of the C. livia kidney, substances that are needed, such as vitamins and glucose, are reabsorbed into the blood. Their kidneys have a variety of ion channels involved in salt and water transport. Water is reabsorbed through aquaporins which are present in the lumen of the proximal tubule, basolateral membrane, and blood vessels near the proximal tubule.

Proximal diabetic neuropathy can be prevented through management of diabetes. The incidence of proximal diabetic neuropathy incidence is thought to be correlated to blood glucose control in diabetics, and is likely reversible with improved blood glucose control. Medications can help reduce the pain involved in proximal diabetic neuropathy. Common types of medication used to treat diabetic amyotrophy target the nerve directly such as gabapentin or pregabalin.

Together, distal and proximal stressors accrue over time, leading to chronically high levels of stress that cause poor health outcomes. Thus, minority stress theory has three primary tenets: # Minority status leads to increased exposure to distal stressors. # Minority status leads to increased exposure to proximal stressors, due to distal stressors. # Minority individuals suffer adverse health outcomes, which are caused by exposure to proximal and distal stressors.

Unlike the mature larvae, the proximal tooth is not divided into two portions.

The most distinctive characteristic of the proximal tubule is its luminal brush border.

Proximal humerus fractures most often occur among elderly people with osteoporosis who fall on an outstretched arm. Less frequently, proximal fractures occur from motor vehicle accidents, gunshots, and violent muscle contractions from an electric shock or seizure.Crosby, et al., 2014, p.

Boutonniere deformity in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis This flexion deformity of the proximal interphalangeal joint is due to interruption of the central slip of the extensor tendon such that the lateral slips separate and the head of the proximal phalanx pops through the gap like a finger through a button hole (thus the name, from French boutonnière "button hole"). The distal joint is subsequently drawn into hyperextension because the two peripheral slips of the extensor tendon are stretched by the head of the proximal phalanx (note that the two peripheral slips are inserted into the distal phalanx, while the proximal slip is inserted into the middle phalanx). This deformity makes it difficult or impossible to extend the proximal interphalangeal joint.

In each zone of proximal development, they build on skills and grow by learning more skills in their proximal development range. They build on the skills by being guided by teachers and parents. They must build from where they are in their zone of proximal development. Vygotsky argued that since cognition occurs within a social context, our social experiences shape our ways of thinking about and interpreting the world.

The uterus opens into the Fallopian tube at the proximal tubal opening (also called the proximal ostium or os), after the uterotubal junction, and accessible via hysteroscopy. Occlusion at this opening is referred to as proximal tubal occlusion. From there there are three named parts of the Fallopian tube; the isthmus, the ampulla, and the infundibulum. The isthmus sits next to the opening of the Fallopian tube into the uterus.

Proximal enteritis, also known as anterior enteritis or duodenitis-proximal jejunitis (DPJ), is inflammation of the duodenum and upper jejunum. It produces a functional stasis of the affected intestine (ileus) and hypersecretion of fluid into the lumen of that intestine. This leads to large volumes of gastric reflux, dehydration, low blood pressure, and potentially shock. Although the exact cause is not yet definitively known, proximal enteritis requires considerable supportive care.

On both sides it is reinforced by the so-called check rein ligaments. The accessory collateral ligaments (ACL) originate at the proximal phalanx and are inserted distally at the base of the middle phalanx below the collateral ligaments. The accessory ligament and the proximal margin of the palmar plate are flexible and fold back upon themselves during flexion. The flexor tendon sheaths are firmly attached to the proximal and middle phalanges by annular pulleys A2 and A4, while the A3 pulley and the proximal fibres of the C1 ligament attach the sheaths to the mobile volar ligament at the PIP joint.

Radiograph of a child with rickets, a complication of both proximal and, less commonly, distal RTA. Proximal RTA (pRTA) is caused by a failure of the proximal tubular cells to reabsorb filtered bicarbonate from the urine, leading to urinary bicarbonate wasting and subsequent acidemia. Reabsorption of bicarbonate is typically 80-90% in the proximal tubule and failure of this process leads to decreased systemic buffer and metabolic acidosis. The distal intercalated cells function normally, so the acidemia is less severe than dRTA and the alpha intercalated cells can produce H+ to acidify the urine to a pH of less than 5.3.

In the kidney, HNF4A is expressed in the proximal tubules specifically. Deletion of Hnf4a in the developing mouse kidney caused Fanconi syndrome phenotypes including polyruia, polydipsia, glycosuria, and phosphaturia. The Hnf4a mutant kidney showed a defect in the formation of proximal tubules.

Immunohistochemical staining of the convoluted tubules and glomeruli with CD10. Proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) have a pivotal role in kidney disease. Two mammalian cell lines are commonly used as models of the proximal tubule: porcine LLC-PK1 cells and marsupial OK cells.

Ahom uses the proximal demonstrative nai meaning 'this' and the distal demonstrative nan meaning 'that'.

PVSJ 1004, the proximal end of a right tibia, may also belong to the species.

The anterior and posterior humeral circumflex arteries branch off of the axillary artery to provide the majority of the blood supply to the proximal humerus. The axillary nerve courses inferior to the shoulder joint and innervates the deltoid and teres minor muscles. It also provides sensation at the skin overlying the shoulder. This nerve is the most commonly injured nerve in proximal humerus fractures due to its location close to the proximal humerus.

Macroglossum hemichroma is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is known from Thailand, Vietnam and Indonesia (including Java and Sulawesi). The head and thorax uppersides have a dark median line. The forewing upperside is sharply divided into pale proximal and darker distal parts, the dividing line running straight from the costal margin just proximal to the upper angle of the discal cell to the hind margin several millimetres proximal to the hind angle.

Collaborative learning is rooted in Lev Vygotsky's concept of learning called zone of proximal development. Typically there are tasks that learners can and cannot accomplish. Between these two areas is the zone of proximal development, which is a category of things that a learner can learn but with the help of guidance. The zone of proximal development gives guidance as to what set of skills a learner has that are in the process of maturation.

The efficient elimination of phosphorus depends on the kidney’s filtration rate and the phosphorus bioavailability in the blood. Most renal phosphorus is absorbed at the proximal tubules in comparison to the distal nephron. The elevated phosphorus load, or hyperphosphatemia, can reduce the phosphorus reabsorption in the kidney’s proximal tubular within minutes of OSP ingestion. This leads to hypovolemia, a large distribution of phosphate at the distal nephron without being completely reabsorbed at the proximal tubules.

There are three primary zones, or facies, that correspond to the proximal fan, medial fan, and distal fan. Sediments are typically coarse in all three facies, with a near absence of shale beds, though with an overall proximal to distal fining. Gravels show well-developed imbrication with the pebbles dipping towards the apex. In the proximal fan, coarse-grained massive gravel and blocks which contain relatively large portions of fine-grained matrix are highly prevalent.

The first metacarpal bone or the metacarpal bone of the thumb is the first bone proximal to the thumb. It is connected to the trapezium of the carpus at the first carpometacarpal joint and to the proximal thumb phalanx at the first metacarpophalangeal joint.

Nephrotoxicity may be due to proximal tubules accumulation of Tenofovir disoproxil leading to elevated serum concentrations.

The fossil is a proximal caudal vertebra encased within sandstone and measuring 145 mm in length.

To push out. Protractor pedis. The foot protractor muscle. Protrusile. Capable of being pushed out. Proximal.

Feedings difficulties and problems with temperature regulation have been reported in some newborns with proximal 18q-.

The interphalangeal joints of the foot are between the phalanx bones of the toes in the feet. Since the great toe only has two phalanx bones (proximal and distal phalanges), it only has one interphalangeal joint, which is often abbreviated as the "IP joint". The rest of the toes each have three phalanx bones (proximal, middle, and distal phalanges), so they have two interphalangeal joints: the proximal interphalangeal joint between the proximal and middle phalanges (abbreviated "PIP joint") and the distal interphalangeal joint between the middle and distal phalanges (abbreviated "DIP joint"). All interphalangeal joints are ginglymoid (hinge) joints, and each has a plantar (underside) and two collateral ligaments.

Anatomical directional reference The terms proximal () and distal () are used to describe parts of a feature that are close to or distant from the main mass of the body, respectively. Thus the upper arm in humans is proximal and the hand is distal. These terms are frequently used when describing appendages such as fins, tentacles, limbs or any structure that extends that can potentially move separately from the main body. Although the direction indicated by "proximal" and "distal" is always respectively towards or away from the point of attachment, a given structure can be either proximal or distal in relation to another point of reference.

The larger individual in WARMS Gz10 is represented by an incomplete caudal (tail) vertebra, a rib, the proximal tip of a right femur, and several metapodials. The rib is straight but expands into two articulations at its proximal end. The femur possesses a longitudinal ridge and is similar to that of Tanystropheus and Malerisaurus. The presumed metatarsal has a ridge on its proximal end, a flat shaft, and a wide distal end with a slight depression.

There are five sets of referential demonstratives: jama and jimi; nyam-; ngin- and nyin-; ngunu; and ngunungku. The first three sets are all by default distal, but may be made proximal by the use of the suffix -(r)niki. None of the last two sets may take the proximal marker, as ngunu is always considered distal, and ngunungku is generally considered proximal, normally translated as "this way."[13] These demonstratives vary based on gender and animacy.

The forewing ground colour is greyish white, dusted with dark brown, the proximal and distal cellular stigmata and postmedian area strongly and contrastingly dark brown. The antemedian line from one-fifth of the costa oblique outwards to the posterior margin of the cell, then sinuating to one- third of the posterior margin. The proximal cellular stigma is transversely oval, dark brown, rimmed with blackish. The distal cellular stigma is nearly 8-shaped, coloured like the proximal cellular stigma.

The human NOBOX is located in chromosome 7q35 while the mouse NOBOX is in proximal chromosome 6.

They learn from each other as well as from adults within their zones of proximal development (ZPD).

Similar instruments, the sigmoidoscope and colonoscope may be used to visualize more proximal parts of the bowels..

The hindwings are orange yellow with a dark brown apical area with a few proximal paler spots.

The proximal, non-setiferous portion of the exopodite is evidently at an angle with the setiferous part.

A CT scan may be done in proximal fractures to gather further details. Treatment options may include a sling, splint, brace, or surgery. In proximal fractures that remain well aligned, a sling is often sufficient. Many humerus shaft fractures may be treated with a brace rather than surgery.

1 (July 2006): 161-8. .⁠ If the EMG or the MRI are abnormal for the pronator teres muscle and the flexor carpi radialis, this implies that the problem is at or proximal to the elbow, as the takeoff of the nerves to these muscles occurs proximal to the elbow.

Features that are common to most "protorosaurs" like Macrocnemus include the ankle having a hooked fifth metatarsal attached to elongated limb elements, with tarsal elements with well-ossified proximal and distal ends. Unlike in Tanystropheus, digit V of the proximal phalanx of Macrocnemus is shorter than the other digits.

Proximal sensory hair cells contained mostly short hair cells along with a few intermediate hair cells, but absolutely no tall hair cells. Tall hair cells are only present on the distal half of the owl’s papilla, starting at about 5 mm from the proximal end, along with some short-haired cells. The distal tip of the papilla is occupied exclusively by tall hair cells, whereas the proximal tip is occupied exclusively by lenticular cells.Smith, C., Konishi, M., & Schuff, N. 1985.

The Wassel classification is used to categorise radial polydactyly, based upon the most proximal level of skeletal duplication.

Immunohistochemical analysis has localized SLC26A2 to the apical membrane of colon epithelial cells and kidney proximal tubule cells.

The proximal aspect of the superficial head is known as the arcade of Frohse or the supinator arch.

Thorax with a long furrowed crest behind the collar. Abdomen with dorsal tufts on proximal segments. Tibia spineless.

All flowers are monoecious and unisexual, producing a spike inflorescence. All inflorescences are subtended by shorter, proximal bracts.

The renal SLC4A4 gene product NBCe1-A is specifically expressed in the basolateral membranes of proximal tubule epithelia.

The forcing of the resin into the stockinet is facilitated by massaging the bag toward its proximal end.

David Peters in 2009 proposed that the pteroid articulated with the 'saddle' of the radiale (proximal syncarpal) and both the pteroid and preaxial carpal were migrated centralia. This seems to be confirmed by specimens of Changchengopterus pani and Darwinopterus linglongtaensis showing the pteroid in articulation with the proximal syncarpal. The pterosaur wrist consists of two inner (proximal, at the side of the long bones of the arm) and four outer (distal, at the side of the hand) carpals (wrist bones), excluding the pteroid bone, which may itself be a modified distal carpal. The proximal carpals are fused together into a "syncarpal" in mature specimens, while three of the distal carpals fuse to form a distal syncarpal.

The types of polyps found in SPS include sessile serrated adenomas/polyps, traditional serrated adenomas, and hyperplastic polyps. SPS occurs in 2 phenotypes: proximal and distal. Proximal SPS has a greater risk of CRC than distal SPS. The vast majority of cases may be managed with colonoscopy with removal polyps (polypectomy).

Since SIBO occurs in the proximal intestine, breath samples should be collected only within 1 hour after lactulose ingestion. This truly reflects proximal intestinal bacterial activity, not distal or colonic activity. The same argument is true if glucose is the substrate. Lactulose is a carbohydrate that is not absorbed by humans.

The femur is circular in cross-section and, as with the humerus, the proximal end is bent backwards. Both ends of the femur are expanded and the proximal end has no neck and a prominent greater trochanter. The distal end has thickened condyles with a groove on the lateral side.

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has a single centriole and an atypical centriole named the Proximal Centriole-Like (PCL).

Thorax tuftless. Abdomen with small dorsal tufts on proximal segments. Mid tibia very rarely spined. Wings with crenulate cilia.

Abdomen tuftless, where the dorsal part of proximal segments clothed with coarse hair. Tibia spineless. Forewings with crenulate cilia.

With the distal (9th) and proximal (1st - 3rd) primaries being longest, the wings of male birds are distinctly angular.

The proximal two-thirds of the wing is olive grey. The hindwings are grey, becoming darker on the periphery.

The marginal band has an irregular proximal edge. The hindwing upperside is reddish-brown with a greyish marginal band.

Orthopedic anomalies are commonly seen in people with proximal 18q-. Clubfoot, pes planus, and scoliosis have all been reported.

AdDent introduces the Proximal Caries Light Guide, a new and improved plug-in accessory for its Microlux Diagnostic System.

Renal glucose reabsorption is the part of kidney (renal) physiology that deals with the retrieval of filtered glucose, preventing it from disappearing from the body through the urine. If glucose is not reabsorbed by the kidney, it appears in the urine, in a condition known as glycosuria. This is associated with diabetes mellitus.Sect. 7, Ch. 6: Characteristics of Proximal Glucose Reabsorption Firstly, the glucose in the proximal tubule is co-transported with sodium ions into the proximal convoluted tubule walls via the SGLT2 cotransporter.

Skeleton of the lower forelimb A fetlock (a MCPJ or a MTPJ) is formed by the junction of the third metacarpal (in the forelimb) or metatarsal (in the hindlimb) bones, either of which are commonly called the cannon bones, proximad and the proximal phalanx distad, commonly called the pastern bone. Paired proximal sesamoid bones form the joint with the palmar or plantar distal surface of the third metacarpal or metatarsal bones, and are rigidly fixed to the proximo-palmar or -plantar edge of the proximal phalanx.

The eponychium is a small band of living cells (epithelium) that extends from the posterior nail wall onto the base of the nail. The eponychium is the end of the proximal fold that folds back upon itself to shed an epidermal layer of skin onto the newly formed nail plate. The perionyx is the projecting edge of the eponychium covering the proximal strip of the lunula. The nail wall (vallum unguis) is the cutaneous fold overlapping the sides and proximal end of the nail.

When hematuria becomes visible during urination can suggest where in the urinary tract the bleeding originates. If it appears soon after the onset of urination, a distal site is suggested. A longer delay suggests a more proximal lesion. In other words, shorter times suggest distal sites while longer times suggest proximal sites.

The lack of oxygen within the tumor that are proximal to the endogenous adjacent mucosal flora can predispose such infections.

In the renal proximal tubule, there are several kinds of carboxylate transporters in the apical membrane and the basolateral membrane.

Thorax squarely scaled and flattened. Abdomen with dorsal tufts on proximal segments. Tibia lack spines. Wings are short and broad.

In the kidneys, probenecid is filtered at the glomerulus, secreted in the proximal tubule and reabsorbed in the distal tubule.

The ven hepatic revehentes do not empty directly into the sinus venosus, but into the proximal portion of the postcava.

DVT is most frequently a disease of older age that occurs in the context of nursing homes, hospitals, and active cancer. It is associated with a 30-day mortality rate of about 6%, with PE being the cause of most of these deaths. Proximal DVT is frequently associated with PE, unlike distal DVT, which is rarely if ever associated with PE. Around 56% of those with proximal DVT also have PE, although a chest CT is not needed simply because of the presence of DVT. If proximal DVT is left untreated, in the following 3 months approximately half of people will experience symptomatic PE. Another frequent complication of proximal DVT, and the most frequent chronic complication, is post-thrombotic syndrome, where individuals have chronic venous symptoms.

Non-unions can result in loss of blood supply to the proximal pole, which can result in avascular necrosis of the proximal segment. Scaphoid fractures may be difficult to diagnose via plain x-ray, so repeat x-ray may be used at a later date, or cross-sectional imaging via MRI or CT scan.

To begin the physical formation of a new limb, regeneration occurs in a distal to proximal sequence. The distal part of the limb is established first, and then the distal part of the limb interacts with the original proximal part of the limb to form the intermediate portion of the limb known as intercalation.

The increased reabsorption of Na leads to increased water and urea reabsorption from the proximal tubules of the kidney back into the blood. In contrast, creatinine is actually secreted in the proximal tubule. This generally leads to a BUN:Cr ratio > 20 and a fractional excretion of Na of < 1% and an elevated urine osmolarity.

Serrated polyposis syndrome is a rare condition that has been defined by the World Health Organization as either: :#≥5 serrated lesions/polyps proximal to the rectum, all ≥ 5 mm in size, with two lesions ≥10 mm :#>20 serrated lesions/polyps of any size distributed throughout the large bowel with 5 proximal to the rectum.

The middle ridged lobe is made up of raised "rugae" and deep "interstices", which Sharov compared to rosary beads. The distal section is thought to be an extension of the middle and anterior lobes of the proximal section. While the anterior lobe widens in the distal section, the posterior lobe of the proximal section narrows until it ends at the base of the distal section. In addition, an "anterior flange" appears about two- thirds the way up the proximal section and continues to the tip of the distal section.

Recent research has shifted from focusing solely on distal (dispositional/trait-like) characteristics of leaders to more proximal (malleable/state-like) individual differences often in the form of knowledge and skills (Hoffman et al., 2011). The hope is that emergence of proximal traits in trait leadership theory will help researchers answer the ancient question: are leaders born or made? Proximal individual differences suggest that the characteristics that distinguish effective leaders from non-effective leaders are not necessarily stable through the life-span, implying that these traits may be able to be developed.

The forewings have a greenish- yellow proximal area extended to vein 3, its edge not sharply defined and there is a subapical row of four chrome-yellow patches, often also a subcostal streak and a fifth spot in 2. The patches in 4 and 5 are larger than the others. The hindwings have the proximal three-fourths of the costa white, and there is a proximal greenish-yellow area extending to the end of the cell, its edge diffuse. There are usually two yellow submarginal dots in 5 and 6.

To allow this rotation, the proximal (elbow) end of the radius is held in proximity to the ulna by a ligament known as the annular ligament. This is a circular ligamentous structure within which the radius is free, with constraints existing elsewhere in the forearm, to rotate.The proximal end of the radius in young children is conical, with the wider end of the cone nearest the elbow. With the passage of time the shape of this bone changes, becoming more cylindrical but with the proximal end being widened.

Cephaloridine can cause kidney damage in humans, since it is actively taken up from the blood by the proximal tubular cells via an organic anion transporter (OAT) in the basolateral membrane. Organic anions are secreted through the proximal tubular cells via unidirectional transcellular transport. The organic anions are taken up from the blood into the cells across the basolateral membrane and extruded across the brush border membrane into the tubular fluid. Cephaloridine is a substrate for OAT1 and thus can be transported into the proximal tubular cells, which form the renal cortex.

DVT in the legs is proximal when above the knee and distal (or calf) when below the knee. DVT below the popliteal vein, a proximal vein behind the knee, is classified as distal and has limited clinical significance compared to proximal DVT. Iliofemoral DVT has been described as involving either the iliac or common femoral vein; elsewhere, it has been defined as involving at a minimum the common iliac vein, which is near the top of the pelvis. Upper extremity DVT occurs in the arms or the base of the neck.

Metatarsal II is straight, with a flattened proximal portion and boxy distal portion. Metatarsal IV has a more irregularly-shaped distal portion but is also straight, an unusual feature more akin to Lagerpeton and pterosaurs rather than the more curved bone of other dinosaurs. Isolated phalanges are variable in proportions, with one having a wide proximal articulation and the rest having tall, triangular proximal articulations and more well-developed joint surfaces. Unguals are triangular in cross section and curved, though not to the extent seen in more advanced theropods.

Urinary phosphate excretion was increased in both models by about 50%. Hyperphosphaturia in the Jentsch model was associated with decreased apical expression of the sodium/phosphate cotransporter NaPi2a that is the predominant phosphate transporter in the proximal tubule. However, NaPi2a expression is ClC-5-independent since apical NaPi2a was normally expressed in any proximal tubules of chimeric female mice, while it was decreased in all male proximal tubular knock-out cells. Serum parathormone (PTH) is normal in knock-out mice while urinary PTH is increased of about 1.7 fold.

Fractures that are more proximal take longer to heal. It is expected the distal third will heal in 6 to 8 weeks, the middle third will take 8–12 weeks, and the proximal third will take 12–24 weeks. The Scaphoid receives its blood supply primarily from lateral and distal branches of the radial artery. Blood flows from the top/distal end of the bone in a retrograde fashion down to the proximal pole; if this blood flow is disrupted by a fracture, the bone may not heal.

The most common site of insertion is the antero-medial aspect of the upper, proximal tibia as it lies just under the skin and is easily located. This is on the upper and inner portion of the tibia. Other insertion sites include the anterior aspect of the femur, the superior iliac crest, proximal humerus, proximal tibia, distal tibia, sternum (manubrium). An IO infusion can be used on adult or pediatric patients when traditional methods of vascular access are difficult or otherwise cause unwanted delayed management of the administration of medications.

Full extension of the elbow is not recommended because the neurovascular structures can hook around the proximal fragment of the humerus. If the proximal humerus is suspected to have pierced the brachialis muscle, gradual traction over the proximal humerus should be given instead. After that, reduction can be done through hyperflexion of the elbow can be done with the olecranon pushing anteriorly. If the distal fragment is internally rotated, reduction maneuver can be applied with extra stress applied over medial elbow with pronation of the forearm at the same time.

The Evans-Jensen classification is a system of categorizing intertrochanteric hip fractures based on the fracture pattern of the proximal femur.

It measures , the femoral head is missing and posteriorly, it preserves a well developed fourth trochanter, extending to the proximal quarter.

Typical sites of involvement are the axillary margins of the scapula, ribs, pubic rami, proximal ends of the femur and ulna.

An additional study found that the proximal promoter is one of many thousand direct targets of transcription factor, Myc, in vivo.

Functionally, it modulates muscle stretch reflexes of proximal limb muscles. The cerebellar interpositus nucleus is also required in delayed Pavlovian conditioning.

The proximal half of the tail is the same colour as the animal's upper parts, and the distal half is white.

The first proximal segment of the legs are yellow. The thorax has two lateral stripes with a yellow stripe between them.

It has a reduced shaft. The proximal end of the humeurs is greatly broad. The humeral head features an articular surface that is convex and broad, in the middle it is reduced toward the margins. A prominent deltopectoral crest is present with the top located 1/3 at the length of the humerus from the proximal end.

To Freeman, the power of intention and action can be independent of awareness. An important distinction to make is the difference between proximal and distal intentions. Proximal intentions are immediate in the sense that they are about acting now. For instance, a decision to raise a hand now or press a button now, as in Libet-style experiments.

Proximal determinants include household and community factors, such as household environment, familial relationships, peer relationships, access to adequate food, and opportunities for recreation and activity. The most influential proximal determinant has proven to be family affluence. Family affluence directly affects food security, which correlates with adolescent nutrition and health. Family affluence also influences participation in regular physical activity.

In: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, US: Prentice-Hall, Inc. (1990). xviii, 413 pp. Emerging research also suggested a goal-proximity effect (wherein proximal goals lead to better performance than distal goals).Bandura A, & Dale H. (1981), Cultivating competence, self-efficacy, and intrinsic interest through proximal self-motivation, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 41(3), Sep 1981, 586-598.

Most sperm cells have centrioles in the sperm neck. Sperm of many animals has 2 typical centrioles known as the proximal centriole and distal centriole. Some animals like human and bovine have a single typical centriole, known as the proximal centriole, and a second centriole with atypical structure. Mice and rats have no recognizable sperm centrioles.

Three nidamental glands can be distinguished: the albumen, membrane and mucous gland from proximal to distal, respectively. The tube-like albumen gland is characterized by cells containing dark blue stained vesicles and long cilia. The membrane gland is tube-like with long cilia as well. In the proximal part, vesicles are stained purple, in the distal part, lilac.

However, for a majority of people, the benefits from such treatments are only temporary. There is currently no treatment available to address the proximal limb weakness. Many of those affected with the proximal limb weakness will eventually require assistive devices such as canes, braces or a wheelchair. As with all surgical procedures, they come with many risk factors.

During this procedure, the lesion is removed, the distal bowel closed intraperitoneally, and the proximal bowel diverted with a stoma. The indications for this procedure include: :a. Localized or generalized peritonitis caused by perforation of the bowel secondary to the cancer :b. Viable but injured proximal bowel that, in the opinion of the operating surgeon, precludes safe anastomosis :c.

The centra are amphicoelous and notochordal, with swollen, relatively massive neural arches. The vertebral column is differentiated into presacral, sacral, and postsacral or caudal vertebrae.Fox 1966 Similarly to extant reptiles, C. aguti has a functional “mesotarsal” joint. It divides the tarsus into a proximal and distal unit, where the centrale is linked mechanically to the proximal (astragalus- calcaneum) unit.

The proximal tubule as a part of the nephron can be divided into an initial convoluted portion and a following straight (descending) portion. Fluid in the filtrate entering the proximal convoluted tubule is reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries, including more than half of the filtered salt and water and all filtered organic solutes (primarily glucose and amino acids).

The second level presents the immediate proximal effects of Booster Break practices (e.g., improved health, reduced stress, increased energy, and fun). The third level, organizational morale, is a proximal effect of the second level related to practice and policy. The fourth, fifth, and sixth levels are increasingly distal but substantial effects of Booster Break practices and policies (i.e.

Pseudoachondroplasia. Leg radiographs depicting dysplastic distal femoral and proximal tibial epiphyses, and distal femoral metaphyseal broadening, cupping, irregularities (white arrows) and radiolucent areas especially medially. Note the metaphyseal line of ossification of the proximal tibias (blackarrows) and relative sparing of the tibial shafts. The changes around the knee are known as "rachitic-like changes". Lesions are bilateral and symmetrical.

Thus, both distal and proximal social stressors are associated with negative mental health outcomes among sexual minorities. Recent evidence suggests similar links between proximal stressors and physical health disparities in LGBT communities, including cardiovascular disease, asthma, diabetes, and some cancers.Lick, D. J., Durso, L. E., & Johnson, K. L. (2013). Minority stress and physical health among sexual minorities.

The proximal pulmonary artery is right and ventral, and the distal portion of the pulmonary artery is in the left dorsal portion.

His results suggested that on average, distal and proximal individual differences have a similar relationship with effective leadership (Hoffman et al., 2011).

The encoded protein is an integral membrane protein and appears to be localized to the basolateral membrane of renal proximal tubule cells.

GAT2 is also present in proximal tubules in the kidney cortex, but only in the basolateral membranes. The physiological function is unknown.

Variations in proximal arrangements of the abdominal components has also been noted. Species obtained from western reaches more closely resemble Coelioxys quadridentata.

TheFreeDictionary > tubulorrhexis Citing: The American Heritage Medical Dictionary 2007 Proximal tubule cells can shed with variable viability and not be purely "necrotic".

Bioprinting of 3D Convoluted Renal Proximal Tubules on Perfusable Chips 3D bioprinting generally follows three steps, pre-bioprinting, bioprinting, and post-bioprinting.

Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum, enlarged lateral ventricles, and Virchow-Robin perivascular spaces have all been reported in people with proximal 18q-.

These cells form a well ordered, isolatable BB that is morphologically and compositionally comparable to those from the proximal tubule epithelial cell.

A focal stenosis on a straight artery without proximal vessel tortuousness or involvement of major side branches is ideal for percutaneous intervention.

Fanconi syndrome or Fanconi's syndrome (, ) is a syndrome of inadequate reabsorption in the proximal renal tubules of the kidney. The syndrome can be caused by various underlying congenital or acquired diseases, by toxicity (for example, from toxic heavy metals), or by adverse drug reactions.Fanconi Syndrome at Merck Manual Home Health Handbook It results in various small molecules of metabolism being passed into the urine instead of being reabsorbed from the tubular fluid (for example, glucose, amino acids, uric acid, phosphate, and bicarbonate). Fanconi syndrome affects the proximal tubules, namely, the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), which is the first part of the tubule to process fluid after it is filtered through the glomerulus, and the proximal straight tubule (pars recta), which leads to the descending limb of loop of Henle.

The four interossei muscles are bipenniform muscles each originating by two heads from the proximal half of the sides of adjacent metatarsal bones.

Antimicrobial residues in animal waste and water resources proximal to large-scale swine and poultry feeding operations. The Science of the Total Environment.

Palpi slender, and reaching just above vertex of head. Antennae ciliated. Abdomen with coarse hair on dorsum of proximal segments. Tibia nearly naked.

The disease encompasses multiple forms of both distal and proximal myopathies, and is caused by mutations in the gene referred to as ZASP.

The proximal half of the wing is brownish white, suffused with brownish and strigulated (finely streaked) with pale brownish. The hindwings are whitish.

The space between the two lines proximal to the discal spot on the forewing upperside is more or less filled with black scales.

The sesamoids typically remain with the proximal phalanx and may flatten the crista as they subluxate lateral to the medially displaced metatarsal head.

Sociologists use the related pair of terms "proximal causation" and "distal causation." Proximal causation: explanation of human social behaviour by considering the immediate factors, such as symbolic interaction, understanding (Verstehen), and individual milieu that influence that behaviour. Most sociologists recognize that proximal causality is the first type of power humans experience; however, while factors such as family relationships may initially be meaningful, they are not as permanent, underlying, or determining as other factors such as institutions and social networks (Naiman 2008: 5). Distal causation: explanation of human social behaviour by considering the larger context in which individuals carry out their actions.

Chondroblastoma was first described in 1927 as a cartilage-containing giant cell tumor by Kolodny but later characterized by Codman in 1931. Codman believed chondroblastoma to be an "epiphyseal chondromatous giant cell tumor" in the proximal humerus. This view was changed later by a comprehensive review completed by Jaffe and Lichtenstein in 1942 of similar tumors in other locations than the proximal humerus. They re-defined the tumor as a benign chondroblastoma of the bone that is separate from giant cell tumors. However, chondroblastoma of the proximal humerus is still sometimes referred to as Codman’s Tumor.

As a general rule, the A1, A3, and A5 pulleys in the fingers are "joint pulleys" that originate from the volar plate on the volar aspect of the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joints, respectively. The A2 and A4 pulleys arise from the periosteum on the proximal half of the proximal phalanx and the mid portion of the middle phalanx, respectively. The first annular pulley (A1 pulley), near the head of the metacarpal bone, lies in the flexor groove in the deep transverse metacarpal ligament. In the thumb there are two annular pulleys and a single oblique pulley.

In preparation for gastrulation, the embryo must become asymmetric along both the proximal-distal axis and the anterior-posterior axis. The proximal-distal axis is formed when the cells of the embryo form the “egg cylinder,” which consists of the extraembryonic tissues, which give rise to structures like the placenta, at the proximal end and the epiblast at the distal end. Many signaling pathways contribute to this reorganization, including BMP, FGF, nodal, and Wnt. Visceral endoderm surrounds the epiblast. The distal visceral endoderm (DVE) migrates to the anterior portion of the embryo, forming the “anterior visceral endoderm” (AVE).

The scapular blade is not particularly elongated and is somewhat rounded at its end which seems to be a common trait in hadrosauroids except for Bactrosaurus. The proximal constriction, the area of the scapula lying between the proximal region and the distal blade, is very narrow; its breadth is about half the width of the proximal region. The putative acromion process is slightly tilted forwards. The deltoid ridge—a ridge-like structure on the humerus where the deltoid muscle is attached—is well developed and extends from the acromion process to the bottom edge of the scapular blade.

Platzer 2004, p. 258 Peroneal group: the peroneus longus arises on the proximal aspect of the fibula and peroneus brevis below it. Together, their tendons pass behind the lateral malleolus. Distally, the peroneus longus crosses the plantar side of the foot to reach its insertion on the first tarsometatarsal joint, while the peroneus brevis reaches the proximal part of the fifth metatarsal.

Panoramic ultrasonography of a proximal biceps tendon rupture. Top image shows the contralateral normal side, and lower image shows a retracted muscle, with a hematoma filling out the proximal space. Panoramic ultrasonography is the digital stitching of multiple ultrasound images into a broader one. April 2010 It can display an entire abnormality and show its relationship to nearby structures on a single image.

The proximal end is the widest part while the distal end has a large notch along its front edge creating a hooked structure. Both the ectepicondylar and entepicondylar foramina (two holes on the distal end of the humerus) are completely closed up. The proximal tips of the radius and ulna (lower arm bones) were also preserved, indicating that they were slender bones.

Patients undergoing orthodontic treatment may be recommended to maintain a high level of plaque control through not only conscientious toothbrushing, but also proximal surface cleaning via interdental aids, with dental floss being the most recommended by dental professionals. Notably, small-scale clinical studies have demonstrated that dental floss, when used correctly, may lead to clinically significant improvements in proximal gingival health.

Humerus fractures are among the most common of fractures. Proximal fractures make up 5% of all fractures and 25% of humerus fractures, middle fractures about 60% of humerus fractures (12% of all fractures), and distal fractures the remainder. Among proximal fractures, 80% are one-part, 10% are two-part, and the remaining 10% are three- and four-part.Cameron, et al.

About 50% of proximal Enamel can be stripped without causing any dental or Periodontal problems. According to Sheridan, 2.5mm of space from IPR of five anterior contacts and 6.4mm of space from IPR from eight posterior contacts can be obtained. It was recommended that no more than 0.5mm - 0.75mm should be removed from each proximal side of the anterior teeth.

Abah River flying frog. In oryzomyines, a mainly South American rodent group, the marsh rice rat, Pseudoryzomys simplex, and Sigmodontomys alfari all have small webs, which do not extend to the end of the proximal phalanges, whereas Amphinectomys savamis, Lundomys molitor and the members of the genera Holochilus and Nectomys have more expansive webbing, which extends beyond the proximal phalanges.

We know bacteria are colonizing the proximal and not the distal small intestine for several reasons. First, the gold standard method for detection of SIBO is jejunal aspirates. Intestinal fluid of the proximal intestine is sampled, not distal intestinal fluid. Secondly, the consequences of SIBO are the result of competition between bacteria and the human host for ingested nutrients in the intestine.

Proximal humerus fractures account for approximately 4-7% of all fractures in adults. It is the most common fracture of the humerus, as well as the most common fracture at the shoulder girdle. They are more common in women than men, and occur more often in older adults. The average age of people who sustain a proximal humerus fracture is 63–66 years.

Symptoms can include pain, itching, swelling, paresthesia, a sensation of heaviness, and in severe cases, leg ulcers. After proximal DVT, an estimated 20–50% of people develop the syndrome, with 5–10% experiencing severe symptoms. Post-thrombotic syndrome can also be a complication of distal DVT, though to a lesser extent than with proximal DVT. Recurrence of DVT is another potential consequence.

There are two sets of demonstrative pronouns, proximal ('close by') and distal ('farther away'). Demonstratives are distinguished for gender, number, and obviation. In a phrase they agree with the head of the noun phrase or the noun they refer to. The proximal demonstrative pronouns include: wá 'this one (animate),' yó·k 'these ones (animate),' yə́ 'this one (inanimate),' yó·l 'these ones (inanimate).

Adults are 8–10 mm in length with 16–20 mm wingspans. The distal two thirds of their forewings are generally reddish brown in color with a copper luster. They can also be bronze or dark gray. The more proximal parts of the wings are yellow-gray or white- gray, with a dark band at the intersection between the proximal and distal regions.

The radius is gracile, with a midshaft width to length ratio of 0.12. In anterior view, the lateral face of the shaft is straight, whereas the medial face is concave. The anteroposteriorly expanded proximal end has a prominent ridge on its lateral face. The proximal end has an approximately oval outline with a pointed anterior process and broadly rounded posterior process.

A latent cyst is located away from the epiphyseal plate and is more likely to heal with treatment. It is typically diagnosed in children from the aged 5 to 15. Although unicameral bone cysts can form in any bone structure, it is predominantly found in the proximal humerus and proximal femur; additionally, it affects males twice as often as females.

Washington, DC: APA. Furthermore, minority stress theory distinguishes between distal and proximal stress processes. Distal stress processes are external to the minority individual, including experiences with rejection, prejudice, and discrimination. Proximal stress processes are internal, and are often the byproduct of distal stressors; they include concealment of one's minority identity, vigilance and anxiety about prejudice, and negative feelings about one's own minority group.

A common deletion is restricted to the distal area. This is a Class I-deletion. In some cases the deletion is so large that the proximal area is involved as well, the so-called Class II-deletion. There are some complex cases in which both the proximal area and the distal area are affected, while the area in between is normal.

C. oncophora generally tends to reside in the proximal gut, the first six meters. An effective host immune response subsequently drives the adults towards more distal locations. The fecundity of the parasite decreases in the proximal gut after immune activation, although fecundity in the distal gut remains higher. Antigens of C. oncophora larvae and adult worms are capable of triggering lymphocyte proliferation.

Activated cells from the lamina propria migrate to the lymph node and peripheral blood. Acute inflammation in the primed proximal gut occur earlier and eosinophil level normalizes before 14 days of infection. On the contrary, there is an accumulation of eosinophils in the distal gut at around 14 days while proportion of eosinophil increase again in proximal gut after 28 days.

This mechanism is dependent on A/U-rich proximal sequences (APS) found in the 3'UTR of IL-8 immediately after the stop codon.

In human anatomy, the quadrate ligament or ligament of Denucé is one of the ligaments of the proximal radioulnar joint in the upper forearm.

The dorsal blood supply, particularly of the proximal portion, is highly variable. Sometimes the fibers of the abductor pollicis brevis emerge from the tubercle.

It can affect the distal tendon, or either/both of the proximal tendons, attached to the long and short head of the muscle, respectively.

Usually treated with a splint placing the proximal interphalangeal joint in extension for 4–6 weeks. Occasionally surgery is needed when splinting is unsuccessful.

Thorax hairy, without tufts. Abdomen with dorsal tufts on the proximal segments. Male with large lateral and anal tufts. Tibia spineless and strongly tufted.

In the setting of proximal ulnar nerve injury, a Martin-Gruber anastomosis can prevent the complete paralysis of the intrinsic muscles of the hand.

In the piriform cortex the distal apical dendrites of layer III pyramidal neurons receive extrinsic inputs, which the corresponding proximal dendrites receive intrinsic inputs.

The bones of E. lambei also closely resemble the proximal phalanges of E. caballus lenensis, an extinct subspecies from the late Pleistocene of Siberia.

The terminal fourth of the wing is rust orange. The hindwings are brown, but rather cream in the proximal half of the median cell.

Gastrointestinal anomalies are not common in people with proximal 18q-, though there has been at least one individual reported that required g-tube feedings.

The big toe is also the most common locus of ingrown nails, and its proximal phalanx joint is the most common locus for gout attacks.

In English, the words this and these are the proximal demonstratives. They express that the particular things being mentioned are very close to the speaker.

OK cells (short for opossum kidney cells) are a marsupial cell line used in medical research to model proximal tubule epithelial cells of the kidney.

Demonstrative adverbs are similar to demonstrative adjectives and pronouns. Each series uses spatial reference, and shows the same degrees of proximity: proximal, medial and distal.

Harvestmen pedipalps are anatomically laid out like the legs, the difference being that the proximal metatarsus and distal tarsus are merged, and simply called tarsus.

IOCG deposits tend to also accumulate within faults as epigenetic mineralisation distal to the source intrusion, whereas porphyries are much more proximal to intrusive bodies.

Palpi upturned and reaching vertex of head, where the third joint very minute. Antennae ciliated. Thorax smoothly scaled. Abdomen with dorsal tufts on proximal segments.

His name is also lent to the eponymous "Bouchard's nodes", which are bony outgrowths of the proximal interphalangeal joints, and are a sign of osteoarthritis.

Abdomen with long coarse hair on the dorsal part of proximal segments. Legs spineless. Forewings with non-crenulate cilia. Inner margin slightly lobed towards base.

A Malone antegrade continence enema is a surgical procedure used to create a continent pathway proximal to the anus that facilitates fecal evacuation using enemas.

The upper extremity remains pink because the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid trunk and the left subclavian trunk is given off proximal to the PDA.

At present, treatment for proximal 18q- is symptomatic, meaning that the focus is on treating the signs and symptoms of the condition as they arise.

Currently, research is focusing on identifying the role of the genes on 18q in causing the signs and symptoms associated with proximal deletions of 18q.

Newport is located within a transition zone and is proximal to the extreme northern limit of the humid subtropical climate of the Southeastern United States.

Lev Vygotsky 1896–1934 The concept of the zone of proximal development was originally developed by Vygotsky to argue against the use of academic, knowledge-based tests as a means to gauge students' intelligence. He also created ZPD to further develop Jean Piaget's theory of children being lone and autonomous learners.Zone of Proximal Development and Cultural Tools Scaffolding, Guided Participation, 2006. In Key concepts in developmental psychology.

New York: Worth Publishers. Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory focuses on the importance of a child's culture and notes that a child is continually acting in social interactions with others. He also focuses on language development and identifies the zone of proximal development. The Zone of Proximal development is defined as the gap between what a student can do alone and what the student can achieve through teacher assistance.

The extensor digitorum communis extends the phalanges, then the wrist, and finally the elbow. It tends to separate the fingers as it extends them. In the fingers, the extensor digitorum acts principally on the proximal phalanges, acting to extend the metacarpophalangeal joint. Extension of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints, however, is mediated predominantly by the dorsal and palmar interossei and lumbricals of the hand.

The patients with this condition can make a full fist but when they extend their fingers, the hand posture is referred to as claw hand. The ring- and little finger can usually not fully extend at the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP). This can be commonly confused with the "hand of benediction or pope's blessing", which is caused by proximal (at elbow level) median nerve damage.

The tibiotarsus is extremely large in comparison to Aepyornis and Mullerornis. The proximal and distal ends are enlarged, particularly medio-laterally. It has a more marked narrowing transition into the shaft, which is narrower in proportion to the total length compared to Aepyornis. The tarsometatarsus is significantly larger and more expanded medio-laterally than in other genera, mainly at the proximal and distal ends.

Proximal closure posits that as the distance between a goal end state and an individual's current state decreases, the "attractive motive force" to reach the goal end state increases. The goal becomes more desirable and its completion more feasible. Additionally, as the proximal distance to the goal end state nears, the motivational force to complete the goal and objectives associated with it also increases.

Its anterior margin is more curved and thicker than the posterior one. This feature broads the wide spatium interosseum enclosed between radius and ulna. The proximal end of radius is less expanded than that of ulna, while the distal end is less expanded than proximal one but thickened. The anterior margin is nearly straight while the posterior margin is more curved compared to the anterior one.

Signs and symptoms of proximal diabetic neuropathy depend on the nerves affected. The first symptom is usually pain in the buttocks, hips, thighs or legs. This pain often starts suddenly and affects one side of the body, although may spread to both sides. This is often followed by variable weakness in the proximal muscles of the lower limbs such as the thigh and buttocks.

The regeneration fibers must cross the injury site and regeneration through the proximal or retrograde area of degeneration may require several weeks. Then the neuritis tip progresses down the distal site, such as the wrist or hand. Proximal lesion may grow distally as fast as 2 to 3 mm per day and distal lesion as slowly as 1.5 mm per day. Regeneration occurs over weeks to years.

The variation is greater on the N-terminus between ERα and ERβ. DNA-binding domain consists of two subdomains. One with a proximal box that is involved in DNA recognition while the other contains a distal box responsible for DNA- dependent, DNA-binding domain dimerization. The proximal box sequence is identical between ERα and ERβ, which indicates similar specificity and affinity between the two subgroups.

Soft tissue constriction on the medial aspect of the fifth toe is the most frequently presented radiological sign in the early stages. Distal swelling of the toe is considered to be a feature of the disease. In grade III lesions osteolysis is seen in the region of the proximal interphalangeal joint with a characteristic tapering effect. Dispersal of the head of the proximal phalanx is frequently seen.

This approach viewed learning as interacting with incentives in the environment. For instance, Ute Holzkamp-Osterkamp viewed motivation as being interconnected with learning. Lev Vygotsky's zone of proximal development influenced educators to view learning activities in relation to the students' proximal zone of development. This cultural-historical approach shifted educators' approach to consider the backgrounds and interests of their students when crafting their lessons.

Ventral bar with deep medial constriction, tapered ends, longitudinal ventral groove. Paired dorsal bar with spatulate medial end. Hook with depressed thumb, delicate point, uniform shank; FH loop about shank length. Testis subspherical; proximal vas deferens not observed; seminal vesicle a slight dilation of vas deferens; distal vas deferens entering elongate thick-walled ejaculatory bulb; ejaculatory duct entering male copulatory organthrough portal of proximal chamber.

People with AD often have a history of high blood pressure. The blood pressure is quite variable at presentation with acute AD. It tends to be higher in individuals with a distal dissection. In individuals with a proximal AD, 36% present with hypertension, while 25% present with hypotension. Proximal AD tends to be associated with weakening of the vascular wall due to cystic medial degeneration.

In the second circle, representing the zone of proximal development, learners cannot complete tasks unaided, but can complete them with guidance. The zone of proximal development (ZPD) (zona blizhaishego razvitiia, in original Russian), is best understood as the zone of the closest, most immediate psychological development of learners that includes a wide range of their emotional, cognitive, and volitional psychological processes. In contemporary educational research and practice, though, it is often interpreted as the distance between what a learner can do without help, and what they can do with support from someone with more knowledge or expertise ("more knowledgeable other").Zone of proximal development. (2009).

The structure of the carpus varies widely between different groups of tetrapods, even among those that retain the full set of five digits. In primitive fossil amphibians, such as Eryops, the carpus consists of three rows of bones; a proximal row of three carpals, a second row of four bones, and a distal row of five bones. The proximal carpals are referred to as the radiale, intermediale, and ulnare, after their proximal articulations, and are homologous with the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetral bones respectively. The remaining bones are simply numbered, as the first to fourth centralia (singular: centrale), and the first to fifth distal carpals.

A hammer toe or contracted toe is a deformity of the muscles and ligaments of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the second, third, fourth, or fifth toe causing it to be bent, resembling a hammer. In the early stage a flexible hammertoe is movable at the joints; a rigid hammertoe joint cannot be moved and usually requires surgery. Reviewed March 31, 2019 Mallet toe is a similar condition affecting the distal interphalangeal joint.Mayo Clinic, "Hammertoe and mallet toe" Claw toe is another similar condition, with dorsiflexion of the proximal phalanx on the lesser metatarsophalangeal joint, combined with flexion of both the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints.

Ring 3, the second complete ring, is almost the same as ring 2 except the smaller size and some of the scutes at the ending row reach the proximal margin, crowding the proximal scutes and making the proximal row incomplete despite the same number of 20 scutes in both rows. Rings 4–10 have decreasing diameters and increasing maximum length at the back (from 4 to 10). The rings have double rows, and have decreasing number of scutes in each row from ring 4 to ring 10. Glyptodon may have used their tails in competition for resources and also as an ornament when competing for sexual partners.

The calcaneus is part of two joints: the proximal intertarsal joint and the talocalcaneal joint. The point of the calcaneus is covered by the calcanean bursa.

Associated with a more positive outcome are younger age, female vs. male sex, distal vs. proximal location, smaller tumor size, and negative margins upon tumor resection.

Palpi smooth and reaching just above vertex of head. Thorax hairy. Abdomen with dorsal tufts and ridges of scales on proximal segments. Tibia hairy and spineless.

Both wing undersides are reddish-chestnut, with the proximal area deep brown and the extreme bases slightly yellow. The hindwing upperside has a narrow yellow band.

Belknap Horsewords p. 360 Anatomically, two short bones, the proximal phalanx and the middle phalanx. ;pedigree #The known and documented lineage of an animal.Price, et al.

Osteophytes on the fingers or toes are known as Heberden's nodes (if on the distal interphalangeal joint) or Bouchard's nodes (if on the proximal interphalangeal joints).

Proximal 18q- causes developmental disabilities. Receptive language skills tend to be more advanced and can be near normal; however, expressive language skills are usually significantly delayed.

In proximal tubules, the iron is extracted and stored as hemosiderin. (Long-term hemoglobinuria is associated with substantial deposition of hemosiderin in proximal tubule (excessive accumulation of hemosiderin in proximal tubule), Fanconi syndrome (damaged renal re-absorption capability of small molecules which give rises to hyper-aminoaciduria, glycosuria, hyperphosphaturia, and bicarbonate and dehydration), and chronic kidney failure.) In the end, if the plasma concentration of the "free met-hemoglobin" and/or "free hemoglobin" is still too high for proximal tubule to absorb back into the body, then hemoglobinuria occurs, indicating an extensive intravascular hemolysis. These remaining free hemoglobin entities also begin to consume nitric oxide, which is critical regulators of vascular homeostasis and basal and stress-mediated smooth muscle relaxation and vasomotor tone, endothelial adhesion molecule expression, and platelet activation and aggregation. The reduction of nitric oxide deeply disturbs the body's mechanism to maintain the stability of the hemodynamics.

From the Early Miocene Nye Formation and the Middle Miocene Astoria Formations of Oregon a handful of specimensFrom the Astoria Formation, a proximal ulna end (LACM 128423), a cranium (NMNH PAL 335463), right ulna and humerus which lack the elbow ends (NMNH PAL 335794), and a very worn sternum (NMNH PAL 335293). From the Nye Formation a humerus piece and proximal right coracoid (NMNH PAL 314330), and some cervical vertebrae (NMNH PAL 335621): Ray (1976), Goedert (1989), Olson (1985: pp.196,198,200), Mayr et al. (2008), NMNH-DP [2009] that appear to be Osteodontornis"Pseudodontornis" in Becker (1987) is a lapsus, should be "pseudodontornids": Goedert (1989) are known. Similar fossils have been found in the Middle Miocene [Capadare Formation of Venezuela and from the Late Miocene of the Pisco FormationMUSM 210 (beak fragments and an atlas vertebra), MUSM 666 (proximal right humerus head), MUSM 667 (proximal ulna).

Mayaro virus has a structure similar to other alphaviruses. It is an enveloped virus and has an icosahedral capsid with a diameter of 70 nm. The virus genome is composed of a linear, positive- sense, single-stranded RNA with 11,429 nucleotides, excluding the 5’ cap nucleotide and 3’ poly(A) tail. The MAYV RNA genome contains the 5' untranslated region, 3' noncoding region, and two open reading frames (ORFs). The 5' proximal and 3' proximal ORFs are separated by a short, noncoding sequence and represent two-thirds and one-third of the genomic RNA, respectively. The 5’-proximal ORF codes for a polyprotein that after cleavage forms nonstructural proteins (nsP1, nsP2, nsP3, nsP4) and the 3’-proximal ORF with a 26S promoter codes for a polyprotein that is cleaved into structural proteins to generate capsid proteins and envelope surface glycoproteins (E1, E2, E3, C, 6K).

These bones were small, elongated, and hexagonal with the external surface usually ridged. The proximal region of the pectoral fins had articular surfaces covered with narrow grooves.

Metacarpophalangeal joint and joints of digit. Palmar aspect. Palmar ligament labelled as volar ligament. The palmar ligament is thinner and more flexible in its central-proximal part.

Ossification along the fracture point marks one of the earliest signs of bone healing in early tetrapods. The healing process produced a callus near the proximal end.

The prefix fì- indicates proximal deixis. When used as a plural, it becomes fay+.Annis § 3.3.1 payoang fish → fìpayoang this fish The prefix tsa- indicates distal dexis.

The intertrochanteric line (or spiral line of the femurWhite (2005), p 256 ) is a line located on the anterior side of the proximal end of the femur.

Muscles that attach to the proximal humerus and can cause a deforming force on fracture fragments include the pectoralis major, the deltoid, and the rotator cuff muscles.

In upper extremity DVT, annual VTE recurrence is about 2–4%. After surgery, a provoked proximal DVT or PE has an annual recurrence rate of only 0.7%.

The genetic lineage-tracing experiments indicate that the Blimp1-positive cells originating from the proximal posterior epiblast cells are indeed the lineage-restricted primordial germ cell precursors.

Stroke presentations which are particularly suggestive of a watershed stroke include bilateral visual loss, stupor, and weakness of the proximal limbs, sparing the face, hands and feet.

The most common pathological finding is proximal renal tubular necrosis. In some cases, an accumulation of an unidentified golden-brown pigment was found within renal epithelial cells.

Their medial walls are anastomosed together and the free edges of the newly conjoined ureters are then anastomosed to the proximal end of an open bowel segment.

Post cranial remains such as KNM-WK 16901, includes an associated right fibula (lacking the proximal portion, and is approximately the same size as Pan troglodytes; 184 mm), a right proximal third metatarsal, a right fourth metatarsal lacking the head, and an incomplete first metatarsal head. Other post-cranial remains include: KNM-WK 17016P a large right ulna, and foot or hand bones: KNM-WK 17008, KNM-WK 18395.

Different forms of Fanconi syndrome can affect different functions of the proximal tubule, and result in different complications. The loss of bicarbonate results in type 2 or proximal renal tubular acidosis. The loss of phosphate results in the bone diseases rickets and osteomalacia (even with adequate vitamin D and calcium levels), because phosphate is necessary for bone development in children and even for ongoing bone metabolism in adults.

This increase is due to both a diuresis (increase in water excretion) and a natriuresis (increase in saline excretion); it is mediated via proximal tubular adenosine receptor blockade.Modulation of adenosine receptor expression in the proximal tubule: a novel adaptive mechanism to regulate renal salt and water metabolism Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 1 July 2008 295:F35-F36 The acute increase in urinary output may increase the risk of dehydration.

Hoffman and others (2011) examined the effects of distal vs. proximal traits on leader effectiveness. He found that distal individual differences of achievement motivation, energy, flexibility, dominance, honesty/integrity, self-confidence, creativity, and charisma were strongly correlated with leader effectiveness. Additionally, he found that the proximal individual differences of interpersonal skills, oral communication, written communication, management skills, problem solving skills, and decision making were also strongly correlated with leader effectiveness.

This resulting feather is one with a tuft of branched barbs without a rachis. At stage IV, differentiated distal and proximal barbules produce a closed, pennaceous vane (a contour feather). A closed vane develops when pennulae on the distal barbules form a hooked shape to attach to the simpler proximal barbules of the adjacent barb. Stage V developmental novelties gave rise to additional structural diversity in the closed pennaceous feather.

This expression is eventually repressed to prevent extraneous muscle formation. Although the specific roles and dependency of Myf5 in adipogenesis and neurogenesis have remained to be explored, these findings show that Myf5 may play roles outside of myogenesis. Myf5 also has an indirect role controlling proximal rib development. Although Myf5 knockouts have normal skeletal muscle, they die due to abnormalities in their proximal ribs that make it difficult to breathe.

Jinguofortisidae is distinguished from other non-ornithothoracine birds by the following features: the scapula and coracoid fused into a scapulocoracoid; a boomeranged-shaped furcula without a hypocleidium; proximal margin of humerus concave centrally; deltopectoral crest large and not perforated; minor metacarpal markedly bowed caudally; alular digit terminating at the level of the distal end of major metacarpal; and proximal phalanx of the major digit longer than the intermediate phalanx.

Rockafellar also worked on applied problems and computational aspects. In the 1970s, he contributed to the development of the proximal point method, which underpins several successful algorithms including the proximal gradient method often used in statistical applications. He placed the analysis of expectation functions in stochastic programming on solid footing by defining and analyzing normal integrands. Rockafellar also contributed to the analysis of control systems and general equilibrium theory in economics.

An extensor expansion (extensor hood, dorsal expansion, dorsal hood, dorsal aponeurosis) is the special connective attachments by which the extensor tendons insert into the phalanges. These flattened tendons (aponeurosis) of extensor muscles span the proximal and middle phalanges. At the distal end of the metacarpal, the extensor tendon will expand to form a hood, which covers the back and sides of the head of the metacarpal and the proximal phalanx.

The lengthening of the glenoid corresponds with a flattening of the proximal end of the humerus, a feature common in the forelimbs of more advanced stem tetrapods. Although the pectoral limb bones and girdle were not strong enough to support the weight of Tinirau out of water, glenoid lengthening and other changes to the proximal forelimb were among the first steps in the transformation from pectoral fin to forelimb.

The distal HSE is required for heat shock induction and the proximal HSE functions as a permissive enhancer. This model is supported by ChIP-SEQ analysis of cells under normal conditions where HSF1 is found bound to the proximal HSE and not detected at the distal HSE. The proto-oncogene MYC is also found to induce HSP90AA1 gene expression and binds proximally to the TSS as verified by ChIP- SEQ.

The primary function of flexor digitorum superficialis is flexion of the middle phalanges of the four fingers (excluding the thumb) at the proximal interphalangeal joints, however under continued action it also flexes the metacarpophalangeal joints and wrist joint. To test flexor digitorum superficialis, one finger is flexed at the proximal interphalangeal joint against resistance, while the remaining three fingers are held fully extended (to inactivate flexor digitorum profundus).

Enantiornis is a genus of enantiornithine birds. The type and only currently accepted species E. leali is from the Late Cretaceous Lecho Formation at El Brete, Argentina. It was described from specimen PVL-4035, a coracoid, proximal scapula and proximal humerus found close to each other and suspected to represent the left shoulder of one individual bird.Walker, C.A. (1981) New subclass of birds from the Cretaceous of South America.

Vaginal pore sinistroventral at level of distal end of male copulatory organ; vaginal vestibule delicate; vaginal sclerite complex, with distal flare, irregular tube with small proximal bulge and surrounded by variable small sclerites, and small chamber giving rise to delicate vaginal canal. Seminal receptacle subspherical, immediately proximal to vagina and anterior to ootype. Bilateral vitelline ducts not observed; vitellarium absent in regions of other reproductive organs, otherwise dense throughout trunk.

The diaphysis is the midsection of the tibia, also known as the shaft or body. While the epiphyses are the two rounded extremities of the bone; an upper (also known as superior or proximal) closest to the thigh and a lower (also known as inferior or distal) closest to the foot. The tibia is most contracted in the lower third and the distal extremity is smaller than the proximal.

Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN), a slowly progressive renal disease, appeared in the middle of the 20th century, highly localized around the Danube, but only hitting certain households. Patients over the years develop kidney failure that requires dialysis or transplantation. The initial symptoms are those of a tubulointerstitial nephritis of the sort met with after toxic aggressions to the proximal convoluted tubules. Such proximal tubule nephropathies can be induced by aluminium (e.g.

Sources differ on its proximal extent. Some state that it is a continuation of the deep perineal fascia, whereas others state that it fuses with the tunica albuginea.

The updated 2019 classification also removed the criterion that included any serrated lesions proximal to the sigmoid colon in a person with a first degree relative with SPS.

The ultrafiltrate is passed through, in turn, the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, the distal convoluted tubule, and a series of collecting ducts to form urine.

The Zone of Proximal Development What Vygotsky Did Not Have Time to Write. Journal of Russian and East European Psychology, vol. 47, no. 6, November–December 2009, pp.

The intracellular part of the receptor consists of a juxtamembrane (the tyrosine kinase domain), which is divided to proximal and distal kinase domains and a C-terminus tail.

Thus the K-rasG12D mutant is a valuable mouse model of proximal colon carcinogenesis. Mutation in the Muc2 gene causes adenomas and adenocarcinomas in the intestine of mice.

Recurrent otitis media is frequently associated with proximal 18q- and, in some cases, may cause conductive hearing loss. This may be resolved with the placement of PE tubes.

When a nerve axon is severed, the end still attached to the cell body is labeled the proximal segment, while the other end is called the distal segment. After injury, the proximal end swells and experiences some retrograde degeneration, but once the debris is cleared, it begins to sprout axons and the presence of growth cones can be detected. The proximal axons are able to regrow as long as the cell body is intact, and they have made contact with the Schwann cells in the endoneurium (also known as the endoneurial tube or channel). Human axon growth rates can reach 2 mm/day in small nerves and 5 mm/day in large nerves.

The Balto-Slavic study itself calculated genetic distance by SNP data of the multiple autosomes and ranked most proximal to Bulgarians the Serbs, followed by Macedonians, Montenegrins, Romanians, Gagauzes, Macedonian Greeks apart from Thessaloniki, the rest of the South Slavs, Hungarians, Slovaks, Czechs, and then by Greeks from Thessaloniki, Central Greece and Peloponnese. The East Slavs and Poles cluster together remaining less proximal to Bulgarians than Germans, among whom Slav admixture is also observed. Balts, however, according to the PCA analysis are less proximal to Bulgarians than Italians for example are. Bulgarians are also only modestly close to their eastern neighbours – the Anatolian Turks, suggesting the presence of certain geographic and cultural barriers between them.

These components function as the filtration unit and make up the renal corpuscle. The filtering structure (glomerular filtration barrier) has three layers composed of endothelial cells, a basement membrane, and podocytes (foot processes). The tubule has five anatomically and functionally different parts: the proximal tubule, which has a convoluted section the proximal convoluted tubule followed by a straight section (proximal straight tubule); the loop of Henle, which has two parts, the descending loop of Henle ("descending loop") and the ascending loop of Henle ("ascending loop"); the distal convoluted tubule ("distal loop"); the connecting tubule, and the last part of nephron the collecting ducts. Nephrons have two lengths with different urine concentrating capacities: long juxtamedullary nephrons and short cortical nephrons.

An alternative to standard IQ tests, meant to test the proximal development of children, originated in the writings of psychologist Lev Vygotsky (1896–1934) during his last two years of his life. According to Vygotsky, the maximum level of complexity and difficulty of problems that a child is capable to solve under some guidance indicates their level of potential development. The difference between this level of potential and the lower level of unassisted performance indicates the child's zone of proximal development. Combination of the two indexesthe level of actual and the zone of the proximal developmentaccording to Vygotsky, provides a significantly more informative indicator of psychological development than the assessment of the level of actual development alone.

Uric acid clearance should also be performed, increase in clearance points to proximal tubular defects in the kidney, normal or reduced clearance points to a defect in xanthine oxidase.

The examiner's proximal hand is to be placed over the patient's humeral head. The examiner applies a posterior force to the humeral head and externally rotates the patients humerus.

4Auth, 2012, p. 167 Other risk factors for proximal fractures include having a low bone mineral density, having impaired vision and balance, and tobacco smoking.Crosby, et al., 2014, p.

However, the progression is similar. Replacement of feather feathers rarely begins before August 15. The progression is generally from the proximal end of the tibia to the tarsometatarsal region.

Increases in serum and urinary GST-A1 have been found in association with hepatocyte and renal proximal tubular necrosis respectively and have potential for monitoring injury to these tissues.

"Anterior interosseous syndrome." Annals of Plastic Surgery 3, no. 1 (July 1979): 72-6. . Very similar syndromes can be caused by more proximal lesions, such as brachial plexus neuritis.

Single intramedullary screws can be used to treat simple transverse or oblique fractures. Plates can be used for all proximal ulna fracture types including Monteggia fractures, and comminuted fractures.

The inner circle is the stimulus, from which the tristimulus values should be measured in CIE XYZ using the 2° standard observer. The intermediate circle is the proximal field, extending out another 2°. The outer circle is the background, reaching out to 10°, from which the relative luminance (Yb) need be measured. If the proximal field is the same color as the background, the background is considered to be adjacent to the stimulus.

The superficial layer of posterior leg muscles is formed by the triceps surae and the plantaris. The triceps surae consists of the soleus and the two heads of the gastrocnemius. The heads of gastrocnemius arise on the femur, proximal to the condyles, and the soleus arises on the proximal dorsal parts of the tibia and fibula. The tendons of these muscles merge to be inserted onto the calcaneus as the Achilles tendon.

The tendon is finally inserted on the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb. in length, the tendon passes through a long and superficial synovial sheath which, passing obliquely from the radial border of the forearm into the thumb, extends from the proximal border of the extensor retinaculum to the first carpometacarpal joint. In the synovial sheath a proximal and a distal mesotendon connect the tendon to the floor of the sheath.

The proximal centriole-like or PCL is an atypical type of centriole found in the sperm cells of insects. The PCL name is due to some similarity to the Proximal centriole found in Vertebrates sperm and the hypothesis that the two structures are homologous. The PCL is an atypical type of centriole because it does not have microtubules, a defining feature of centrioles. However, the PCL is a type of centriole for several reasons.

The distal attachment of the annular ligament covering the radial head is weaker in children than in adults, allowing it to be more easily torn. The older child will usually point to the dorsal aspect of the proximal forearm when asked where it hurts. This may mislead one to suspect a buckle fracture of the proximal radius. There is no tear in the soft tissue (probably due to the pliability of young connective tissues).

Magnapinna sp. C is an undescribed species of bigfin squid known only from a single specimen of 79 mm mantle length (ML) collected in the southern Atlantic Ocean and held in the Natural History Museum. It is characterised by several morphological features: the proximal tentacles are more slender than arm pair IV, pigmentation is contained in the chromatophores, and "white nodules" are absent from the fins and glandular regions of the proximal tentacles. Magnapinna sp.

The distal attachment of the annular ligament covering the radial head is weaker in children than in adults, allowing it to be more easily torn. The older child will usually point to the dorsal aspect of the proximal forearm when asked where it hurts. This may mislead one to suspect a buckle fracture of the proximal radius. There is no tear in the soft tissue (probably due to the pliability of young connective tissues).

Various functional consequences of bacterial infiltration cause enterocyte damage in the jejunum such as diminished disaccharidase activity, fat malabsorption, decreased amino acid transport and decreased vitamin B12 absorption. Thus, detection of proximal bacterial overgrowth is critical. The SIBO breath test typically uses a 10 gram oral dose of lactulose for detection of proximal bacterial overgrowth. The best practice is to have breath samples collected at 20, 40, and 60 minutes after dosing.

This proliferation could further enhance the myelin cleaning rates and plays an essential role in regeneration of axons observed in PNS. Schwann cells emit growth factors that attract new axonal sprouts growing from the proximal stump after complete degeneration of the injured distal stump. This leads to possible reinnervation of the target cell or organ. However, the reinnervation is not necessarily perfect, as possible misleading occurs during reinnervation of the proximal axons to target cells.

Anterior and posterior views of the proximal humerus with labeled bony landmarks and muscle insertion sites. The shoulder joint consists of the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head of the humerus. It as an extremely mobile joint that is stabilized by surrounding soft tissues such as the joint capsule, muscles, and ligaments. The greater and lesser tuberosities are bony landmarks of the proximal humerus and serve as attachment sites for musculature.

The humeri are entirely missing from the holotype. The radius and ulna are present but very poorly preserved; only the straight and cylindrical diaphysis of the radius is visible, and a small fraction of the ulna. This is, however, enough to show that it is bowed, typically for a crocodyliform. The radius's proximal extremity is wider than its distal extremity; the ulna's proximal portion is also wide, about three times the thickness of the diaphysis.

SGLT2 is a member of the sodium glucose cotransporter family which are sodium-dependent glucose transport proteins. SGLT2 is the major cotransporter involved in glucose reabsorption in the kidney. SGLT2 is located in the early proximal tubule, and is responsible for reabsorption of 80-90% of the glucose filtered by the kidney glomerulus. Most of the remaining glucose absorption is by sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) in more distal sections of the proximal tubule.

Normally, chloride reabsorption begins in the proximal tubule and nearly 60% of chloride is filtered here. In a person with hyperchloremia, the absorption of chloride into the interstitial fluid and subsequently into the blood capillaries is increased. This means the concentration of chloride in the filtrate is decreased, therefore, a decreased amount of chloride is being excreted as waste in the urine. In the proximal tubule chloride reabsorption occurs in two parts.

Life restorationThe proximal (upper or innermost) part of the tibia possesses a myriad of complex features. A large and hatchet-shaped structure known as a cnemial crest points forwards at the proximal portion of the tibia. The tip of the cnemial crest is hooked due to the presence of a downward pointing spur, known as a ventral process. Although Coria (2001) considered a hooked cnemial crest to be unique to Quilmesaurus, Valieri et al.

The proximal tibiofibular articulation (also called superior tibiofibular joint) is an arthrodial joint between the lateral condyle of the tibia and the head of the fibula. The contiguous surfaces of the bones present flat, oval facets covered with cartilage and connected together by an articular capsule and by anterior and posterior ligaments. When the term tibiofibular articulation is used without a modifier, it refers to the proximal, not the distal (i.e., inferior) tibiofibular articulation.

In this case, surgical repair of the lesion is not possible because the proximal nerve tissue is too short for stitching to be possible. For postganglionic lesions, the cell body of the sensory ganglion is detached from the spinal nerve, leading to wallerian degeneration of the sensory fibre. Thus, no action potential detected at the distal end of spinal nerve. However, surgical repair is possible because proximal nerve tissue has enough length for stitching.

Claudin-2 is expressed in cation-leaky epithelia such as that of the kidney proximal tubule. Mice that are deficient in claudin-2 have reduced reabsorption of Na+ in the proximal tubule, consistent with a role in paracellular transport. Similar results have been obtained with cultured cells, as overexpression in claudin-2 lacking cells leads to increase of permeability for small cations. Furthermore, claudin-2 has been shown to form paracellular channels for water.

There is a hooklike pattern on the forewings, with black proximal and paler (almost white) distal margins. The hindwings are pale brown. Adults have been recorded in June and July.

GPR64, together with F-actin scaffold, locates at the nonciliated principal cells of the proximal male excurrent duct epithelia, where reabsorption of testicular fluid and concentration of sperm takes place.

Perianal disease is rare. The degree of involvement endoscopically ranges from proctitis (rectal inflammation) to left sided colitis (extending to descending colon), to extensive colitis (extending proximal to descending colon).

Thorax with a slight tuft of outspreading hair behind the collar and paired tufts on metathorax. Abdomen with dorsal tufts on proximal segments and tibia spineless. Forewings with crenulate cilia.

There are both non-surgical and surgical options for treatment of proximal humerus fractures. The recommended treatment is decided based on fracture stability as determined with imaging and clinical exam.

Metathorax with a slight tuft. Abdomen with thick woolly hair on dorsum of proximal segments. Tibia hair and spineless. Forewings are longer and narrow with somewhat arched costa towards apex.

The brown border is sharply marked, with indications of pale yellow spots at its proximal edge. The larvae feed on Morinda and Paederia species, including Morinda umbellata in Hong Kong.

Some axons with somatic origin have a "proximal" initial segment adjacent the axon hillock, while others have a "distal" initial segment, separated from the soma by an extended axon hillock.

Pseudo-epiphyses are found at the distal end of the first metacarpal bone in 80% of the normal population, and at the proximal end of the second metacarpal in 60%.

The carpal bones function as a unit to provide a bony superstructure for the hand. As a proximal carpal bone, the lunate is also involved in movement of the wrist.

Concealable stigmas and positive self-perceptions: feeling better around similar others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 909-922. Internalized homophobia is another proximal stressor prevalent among LGBT individuals.

The kidneys may also be affected because the mutations in JAG1 and NOTCH2 often lead to renal dysplasia, deformed proximal tubules, or lipidosis caused by the hindrance of lipid metabolism.

"Management of hindlimb proximal suspensory desmopathy by neurectomy of the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve and plantar fasciotomy: 155 horses (2003–2008)." Equine Veterinary Journal 44.3 (2012): 361-367.

Minimal follow-up was 3 years. Metacarpophalangeal joint (MP) contractures were corrected at an average of 99% and proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) contractures at an average of 89% immediately post procedure.

In the first instance the examinator guides the applicator to the proximal humerus as perpendicularly as possible to the sulcus intertubercularis. Gliding now medially shows the insertion of the subscapularis tendon.

The genus is characterized by the dimension and shape of the neural spine of the proximal caudal vertebrae.Ruiz-Omeñaca, Jose Ignacio (2001). "Losillasaurus giganteus, a new Spanish sauropod". Dinosaur Mailing List.

Fractures of the hip bone are termed pelvic fractures, and should not be confused with hip fractures, which are actually femoral fractures that occur in the proximal end of the femur.

This has led some observers to describe the lumen of proximal tubules as occluded or "dirty-looking", in contrast to the "clean" appearance of distal tubules, which have quite different properties.

Dialogue journals visibly record how learning occurs in the zone of proximal development, a key concept in the psychology of Lev Vygotsky.Vygotsky, L.S. (1962). Thought and language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

The tail is dorsoventrally flattened, and supports evidence of uropatagia in at least the proximal vertebrae. Argentoconodon shares similar femur characteristics, suggesting that it too may have been capable of gliding.

Generalized eruptive histiocytoma (also known as "Eruptive histiocytoma," and "Generalized eruptive histiocytosis") is a rare cutaneous condition characterized by widespread, erythematous, essentially symmetrical papules, particularly involving the trunk and proximal extremities.

Proximal diabetic neuropathy is often monophasic and will improve after initial onset. However, the pain and weakness usually do not completely resolve and may lead to impairments in mobility and function.

In anatomical position, the ulna is medial to the radius. # Metacarpal: Bones of the hand. They are proximal to the phalanges of the hand. # Phalanges: Bones of the fingers and toes.

Typically caused by damage to the subthalamic nucleus or nuclei, hemiballismus movements are nonrhythmic, rapid, nonsuppressible, and violent. They usually occur in an isolated body part, such as the proximal arm.

The proximal sites of untreated and treated hair strands of series 1-3 were fixed with a hairgrip, which was attached on a grid at the bottom of a vacuum desiccator.

The mitochondria are needed in order to supply the energy for the active transport of sodium ions out of the cells to create a concentration gradient which allows more sodium ions to enter the cell from the luminal side. Water passively follows the sodium out of the cell along its concentration gradient. Cuboidal epithelial cells lining the proximal tubule have extensive lateral interdigitations between neighboring cells, which lend an appearance of having no discrete cell margins when viewed with a light microscope. Agonal resorption of the proximal tubular contents after interruption of circulation in the capillaries surrounding the tubule often leads to disturbance of the cellular morphology of the proximal tubule cells, including the ejection of cell nuclei into the tubule lumen.

X-ray showing the proximal portion of a fractured tibia with an intramedullary nail Proximal femur nail with locking and stabilisation screws for treatment of femur fractures of left thigh An intramedullary rod, also known as an intramedullary nail (IM nail) or inter-locking nail or Küntscher nail (without proximal or distal fixation), is a metal rod forced into the medullary cavity of a bone. IM nails have long been used to treat fractures of long bones of the body. Gerhard Küntscher is credited with the first use of this device in 1939, during World War II, for soldiers with fractures of the femur. Prior to that, treatment of such fractures was limited to traction or plaster, both of which required long periods of inactivity.

When they have guidance and support, learners can accomplish a task that cannot be done by themselves. However, learners can fail even if support is given when the task is totally cognitively impossible. Since Vygotsky's original conception, the definition for the zone of proximal development has been expanded and modified. The zone of proximal development is an area of learning that occurs when a person is assisted by a teacher or peer with a higher skill set.

The basis of many functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) is distension of the intestinal lumen. Such luminal distension may induce pain, a sensation of bloating, abdominal distension and motility disorders. Therapeutic approaches seek to reduce factors that lead to distension, particularly of the distal small and proximal large intestine. Food substances that can induce distension are those that are poorly absorbed in the proximal small intestine, osmotically active, and fermented by intestinal bacteria with hydrogen (as opposed to methane) production.

These cores were river pebbles, or rocks similar to them, that had been struck by a spherical hammerstone to cause conchoidal fractures removing flakes from one surface, creating an edge and often a sharp tip. The blunt end is the proximal surface; the sharp, the distal. Oldowan is a percussion technology. Grasping the proximal surface, the hominid brought the distal surface down hard on an object he wished to detach or shatter, such as a bone or tuber.

Adolescent health has been proven to be influenced by both structural and proximal determinants, but structural determinants play the more significant role. Structural determinants such as national wealth, income inequality, and access to education have been found to affect adolescent health. Additionally, proximal determinants such as school and household environments are influenced by stratification created by structural determinants, can also affect adolescent health. Access to education was determined to be the most influential structural determinant affecting adolescent health.

A cut axon in the peripheral nervous system has two parts: a distal and a proximal axon stump. The space in between the two stumps is known as the gap, and is what the nerve must grow through in order to fully regenerate and reinnervate. The distal axon is degenerated through the body's own mechanisms, mostly macrophage consumption and enzymes breaking it down. The proximal part of the cut axon is many times able to regenerate.

Treatment for DVT is warranted when the clots are either proximal, distal and symptomatic, or upper extremity and symptomatic. Providing anticoagulation, or blood-thinning medicine, is the typical treatment after patients are checked to make sure they are not subject to bleeding. However, treatment varies depending upon the location of DVT. For example, in cases of isolated distal DVT, ultrasound surveillance (a second ultrasound after 2 weeks to check for proximal clots), might be used instead of anticoagulation.

BMV has a genome that is divided into three 5' capped RNAs. RNA1 (3.2 kb) encodes a protein called 1a (109 kDa), which contains both an N-proximal methyltransferase domain and a C-proximal helicase-like domain. The methyltransferase domain shows sequence similarity to other alphavirus m7G methyltransferases and guanyltransferases, called nsP1 proteins, involved in RNA capping. RNA2 (2.9 kb) encodes the 2a protein (94 kDa), the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, responsible for replication of the viral genome.

Both coronavirus (CoV) and Toroviruses (ToV) HE monomers are made up of the same three domains which are: central esterase/hydrolase domain, receptor binding lectin domain, and membrane proximal domain which is small. The two monomers of HE dimer in both CoV and ToV involve the same two contact regions (CR 1and 2). CR 1 contain the receptor binding domain and Contact region 2 that contain membrane proximal domain. Yet, ToV HE contacts region 2 contain additional esterase domain.

The proximal part of the shaft of the rib curves outwards slightly, but also possesses a notch which forces the rib to strongly project outwards for a short distance and then gradually curve back inwards. A deep sulcus (groove) is also present on the shaft of the rib. The humerus is hourglass-shaped, with an expanded proximal end more than 3.5 times the width of the shaft. The distal end is also expanded to a slightly lesser degree.

Pdx1 is necessary for the development of the proximal duodenum and maintenance of the gastro-duodenal junction. Duodenal enterocytes, Brunner's glands and entero-endocrine cells (including those in the gastric antrum) are dependent on Pdx1 expression. It is a ParaHox gene, which together with Sox2 and Cdx2, determines the correct cellular differentiation in the proximal gut. In mature mice duodenum, several genes have been identified which are dependent on Pdx1 expression and include some affecting lipid and iron absorption.

The contrahens of the fourth digit is absent in dogs but present in cats and rabbits. In primates, the contrahentes vary in number between zero and four. By their insertion onto the proximal phalanges they facilitate convergence of the digits. In tarsiers, they facilitate the grip by increasing the pressure between the large distal pads and the gripped surface by simultaneously flexing the metacarpophalangeal joints and the proximal interphalangeal joints and extending the distal interphalangeal joints.

In humans, enteropeptidase is encoded by the PRSS7 gene (also known as ENTK) on chromosome 21q21. Some nonsense and frameshift mutations in this gene lead to a rare recessive disorder characterised by severe failure to thrive in affected infants, due to enteropeptidase deficiency. Enteropeptidase mRNA expression is limited to the proximal small intestine, and the protein is found in enterocytes of duodenum and proximal jejunum. Upon secretion from the pancreas into the duodenum, trypsinogen encounters enteropeptidase and is activated.

Palintropus is a prehistoric bird genus from the Late Cretaceous. A single species has been named (Palintropus retusus) based on a proximal coracoid from the Lance Formation of Wyoming, dated to the latest Maastrichtian, million years ago. Coracoids and a proximal scapula of two unnamed species from the upper Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, dating to between 76.5 and 75 million years ago, are also known.Hope (2002) Initially it was placed in the wastebin genus "Cimolopteryx".

It has been found that B. craniifer is capable of regenerating some of its tissues. B.craniifer can regenerate more proximal tissues and structures in a more distal amputation level on its leg after a distal part of the femur foreleg was transplanted to a proximal level of a hindleg tibia. This discovery concluded then that some insects are capable of regenerating certain tissues, and the most frequent type of regeneration in B. craniifer is intercalary regeneration.

This so- called Agulhas Slump is long, wide, and has a volume of . It is a composite slump with proximal and distal allochthonous sediment masses separated by a large glide plane scar.

A large coiled-coil protein, C-Nap1, is a docking site for the fibrous tether to proximal ends of centrioles which Rootletin physically interacts with. Furthermore, Rootletin is phosphorylated by Nek2 kinase.

On its southwestern edge, North Shore is also proximal to commercial areas along Norwood Avenue, including the Gateway Town Center, a 700,000 square feet shopping center housing a chain grocer and pharmacy.

Proximal metadiaphyseal fractures of the fifth metatarsal (middle of the outside edge of the foot) are also notorious for poor bone healing. These stress fractures heal slowly with significant risk of refracture.

" Natural History 88: 50–57. The ground squirrel prefers to live at higher altitudes, occurring in alpine and subalpine meadows.Holekamp, K. E. (1986). "Proximal Causes of Natal Dispersal in Belding's Ground Squirrels.

Palpi are minute. Antennae of male with proximal half bipectinate (comb like on both sides), the distal half is simple, wholly simple in female. Legs without spurs. Wings are long and narrow.

Palpi upturned, where the second joint reaching vertex of head and roughly scaled and third joint short. Antennae minutely ciliated in male. Thorax smoothly scaled. Abdomen with dorsal tufts on proximal segments.

Palpi slender and nearly naked, where the second joint reaching vertex of head and third joint long. Antennae very long and slender. Thorax smoothly scaled. Abdomen with dorsal tufts on proximal segments.

The internal tuberosity of the humeral proximal end is short. A large fenestra perforates the humeral deltopectoral crest. The humeral ulnar condyle is hypertrophied. The ulna is slightly longer than the humerus.

Results obtained using 4C are highly reproducible with most of the interactions that are detected between regions proximal to one another. On a single microarray, approximately a million interactions can be analyzed.

In 2012, the American College of Chest Physicians recommended IVC filters for those with contraindications to anticoagulation who either have acute PE or acute proximal (above the knee) deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

No Single Gene For Eye Color, Researchers Prove. Sciencedaily.com (22 February 2007). Retrieved on 2011-12-23. However, OCA2 gene polymorphism, close to proximal 5′ regulatory region, explains most human eye-color variation.

Antennae with proximal one-third is bipectinated in males, whereas ciliated in females. Palpi reaching vertex of head. Hind tibia with two pairs of spurs. Forewing with vein 7, 8 and 9 stalked.

They can also take advantage of the ease of switching between avatars in a way unavailable to 'proximal' actors. However cyberformance has its own unique problems, including unstable technology and "real life" interruptions.

The mechanism of 5′ proximal intron excision promotion is not well understood, but the 7-methylguanylate cap appears to loop around and interact with the spliceosome in the splicing process, promoting intron excision.

Young adults without risk factors usually require significant trauma, such as in the setting of a motor vehicle collision. Older adults more commonly experience proximal humerus fractures after a fall from standing height.

The species is easily distinguishable by other tiger spiders due to greenish yellow or purplish carapace in dorsal surface. Ventrally, there is a proximal white spot on femur of fourth pair of legs.

The muscles of the lower extremities are often affected first followed by upper extremities and sometimes the muscles of respiration and mastication. In general, proximal muscle is always affected more than distal muscle.

Proximal GBP typically results in loss of 60–80% of excess body weight, and very rarely leads to excessive weight loss. The risk of excessive weight loss is slightly greater with distal GBP.

The distal portion of the humerus is simple and barely expanded, twisted relative to the proximal portion (similar to Silesaurus), but also with a groove running up its anterolateral surface (similar to Diodorus).

Although C. oncophora does not feed on host-blood, it has the capacity to burrow through the gut wall, especially in the proximal location (duodenum) which can lead to anemia in the host.

Adult: Supracoxal setae scx spiniform, with rounded tip. Female: Spermatophores present. Inseminatory canal cylindrical, well sclerotized, protruding into spermatheca. Condylophores with short sclerotized portion and distinct proximal unsclerotized portion connected to the tarsus.

Both heads are inserted into the lateral sesamoid bone of the first digit. The adductor hallucis acts as a tensor of the plantar arches and also adducts the big toe and might plantar flex the proximal phalanx. Platzer 2004, pp. 270–72 Muscles of the little toe: Stretching laterally from the calcaneus to the proximal phalanx of the fifth digit, the abductor digiti minimi form the lateral margin of the foot and are the largest of the muscles of the fifth digit.

In the treatment of stage II wrist osteoarthritis, there are two treatment options that have proved to be most successful. The first treatment option is proximal row carpectomy. During this surgical intervention the proximal row of the carpal bones is removed (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform). It is important that the radioscaphocapitate ligament is left intact, because if the ligament is not preserved the capitate bone will translate to the ulnar side of the wrist and move away from the distal radius.

Glycine, proline and hydroxyproline share common renal tubular mechanisms of reabsorption, a function specific to the proximal tubule. Both reabsorption or absorption of glycine and imino acids takes place respectively at the proximal tubule or intestinal brush border epithelium. The more selective transport of proline and other imino acids is driven at the molecular level by a mammalian cellular transport mechanism aptly known as system IMINO. Active transport into a cell through ion channels, using the coupling power provided by sodium-potassium exchange.

The suckers on the arms are very variable some completely lacking in teeth, others with few teeth and yet others with many teeth. The tentacles have the largest suckers running from the proximal manus and these are about three quarters in diameter of largest sucker from proximal dactylus. The suckers on the tentacular club are weakly differentiated. There is no carpal locking mechanism and there are 13 small carpal suckers which form a row along the dorsal margin of the manus.

Clathrin heavy chain is often described as a leg, with subdomains, representing the foot (the N-terminal domain), followed by the ankle, distal leg, knee, proximal leg, and trimerization domains. The N-terminal domain consists of a seven-bladed β-propeller structure. The other domains form a super-helix of short alpha helices. This was originally determined from the structure of the proximal leg domain that identified and is composed of a smaller structural module referred to as clathrin heavy chain repeat motifs.

This fibrocartilaginous structure is attached to the base of the proximal phalanx distal to the joint. From there, it forms a palmar continuation of the articular surface of the phalanx bone and its inner surface thus adds to the articular surface during extension. In its proximal end, the volar plate becomes membranous and blends with the volar capsule which is attached to the head of the metacarpal bone. During flexion, the plate glides proximally down the volar surface of the metacarpal head.

In the 10 years following an initial VTE, about 30% of people will have a recurrence. VTE recurrence in those with prior DVT is more likely to recur as DVT than PE. Cancer and unprovoked DVT are strong risk factors for recurrence. After initial proximal unprovoked DVT with and without PE, 16–17% of people will have recurrent VTE in the 2 years after they complete their course of anticoagulants. VTE recurrence is less common in distal DVT than proximal DVT.

They are found in the membranes of many cells, and especially in those of the nephron of the kidney, specifically in the intercalary cells of the collecting duct and in the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule. The membrane pump is primarily responsible for maintaining homeostasis of pH and sodium. Defects in Na+/H+ antiporters may result in heart or kidney failure. Angiotensin II upregulates this antiporter in the proximal convoluted tubule in order to promote Na+ reabsorption and H+ secretion.

A fragmentary ilium is all that is known from the pelvis, with a thick anterior edge and a well-developed dorsal process. The femur is much better known, as several specimens have been found, and was sigmoidal with weak lateral compression. A trochanter projects from near the proximal end of the bone and is relatively close to it. The tibia is well preserved, as it is relatively stout as well as being lengthened, and twists slightly from proximal to distal end.

The telson's dorsal row of spines has one median spine, three submedian spines, and six lateral spines. The dactylus of the raptorial claw has a large distal lobe on the outer proximal margin, which can extend distally to the fifth occlusal tooth. The rostral plate consists of a long proximal trapezoidal section and a rostral spine whose length is less than a quarter of the total rostral length. Males can have a total length of ; femals can have a total length of .

Arterial supply to the colon comes from branches of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and inferior mesenteric artery (IMA). Flow between these two systems communicates via the marginal artery of the colon that runs parallel to the colon for its entire length. Historically, a structure variously identified as the arc of Riolan or meandering mesenteric artery (of Moskowitz) was thought to connect the proximal SMA to the proximal IMA. This variably present structure would be important if either vessel were occluded.

Most of the reabsorption (65%) occurs in the proximal tubule. In the latter part it is favoured by an electrochemical driving force, but initially it needs the cotransporter SGLT and the Na-H antiporter. Sodium passes along an electrochemical gradient (passive transport) from the lumen into the tubular cell, together with water and chloride which also diffuse passively. Water is reabsorbed to the same degree, resulting in the concentration in the end of the proximal tubule being the same as in the beginning.

The nature of proximal processes varies according to aspects of the individual and of the context—both spatially and temporally. As explained in the second of the two central propositions, the social continuities and changes occur overtime through the life course and the historical period during which the person lives. Effects of proximal processes are thus more powerful than those of the environmental contexts in which they occur. Person. Bronfenbrenner acknowledges here the relevance of biological and genetic aspects of the person.

Further, using fluoroscopy or hysteroscopy proximal tubal occlusion can be overcome by unilateral or bilateral selective tubal cannulation, a procedure where a thin catheter is advanced through the proximal portion of the fallopian tube os to examine and possibly restore tubal patency salpinostomy (creating an opening for the tube) or falloposcopy. Results of tubal surgery are inversely related to damage that exists prior to surgery. Development of adhesions remains a problem. Patients with operated tubes are at increased risk for ectopic pregnancy.

Scaphoid fractures occur in three locations: (A) Distal tubercle, (B) waist, and (C) proximal pole. Fractures of scaphoid can occur either with direct axial compression or with hyperextension of the wrist, such as a fall on the palm on an outstretched hand (FOOSH). Using the Herbert classification system, there are three main types of scaphoid fractures. 10%-20% of fractures are at the proximal pole, 60%-80% are at the waist (middle), and the remainder occur at the distal pole.

Fractures of the humerus are classified based on the location of the fracture and then by the type of fracture. There are three locations that humerus fractures occur: at the proximal location, which is the top of the humerus near the shoulder, in the middle, which is at the shaft of the humerus, and the distal location, which is the bottom of the humerus near the elbow.Cameron, et al., 2014, p. 167 Proximal fractures are classified into one of four types of fractures based on the displacement of the greater tubercle, the lesser tubercle, the surgical neck, and the anatomical neck, which are the four parts of the proximal humerus, with fracture displacement being defined as at least one centimeter of separation or an angulation greater than 45 degrees.

A 2009 study utilizing magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography discovered strain and pennation angle heterogeneity within the medial gastrocnemius pennate muscle during differing modes of contraction. Parameters of fascicle location and contraction type (eccentric or passive), determined the magnitude of strain experienced by differing regions of the MG. Fascicle ends nearest the deep MG aponeurosis (Achilles tendon) showed an increase in strain from the proximal to distal portions of the MG muscle. The converse was seen in the fascicle ends adjacent to the superficial aponeurosis, which decreased in fiber strain from proximal to distal portions of the MG muscle. These trends may have been due to changes in CSA of the muscle at the proximal and distal ends of the MG, resulting in regions of high stress and strain concentration.

It has been determined from electrophysiological data that excitatory synapses on proximal apical dendrites of prefrontal cortex pyramidal neurons serve to amplify excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP) signals generated in distal apical dendrites. This suggests that reduction in distal dendrite mass due to the stress hormone elevation may result in an increase in proximal apical dendrite complexity as the proximal apical dendrites attempt to offset the reduced distal apical dendrite signals. Serotonergic alterations and alterations in glutamate release in the prefrontal cortex indicate that the neurochemical mechanisms altering structure in both the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex are similar. The division of management between extrinsic and intrinsic inputs to the dendrites in the piriform cortex (mentioned above) is also seen to a lesser degree in the medial prefrontal cortex.

It is crucial that motion of the upper extremity be restricted to the distal IP joint, and that the MP and PIP joints are in full flexion and wrist neutral or slightly flexed. If the distal flexors of the index finger and thumb are weak, the patient will be unable to resist this motion, and Ericson's test is considered positive for proximal median nerve weakness. "Dual Oblique Skin Incisions For Proximal Median Entrapment" W.B. Ericson Ericson's test is frequently positive for proximal median nerve weakness (of which AIN syndrome is but one subtype) even in the context of normal imaging, EMG, and nerve conduction studies, which highlights the clinical nature of the diagnosis. Overreliance on electrical diagnostic workup unfairly excludes patients who would otherwise benefit from surgical decompression.

The referred specimen was redescribed by him, creating a new genus and species: Graciliceratops mongoliensis. The holotype is fragmentary, consisting of a very fragmented skull with mandibles; vertebrae, 4 cervicals, 12 dorsals and 7 sacrals; right scapula; proximal end of left scapula; left coracoid; right humerus, radius and fragmentary ulna; proximal and distal end of left humerus; proximal fragments of both pubis; fragments of both illium and fragment of right ischium; right femur, tibia and nearly complete pes; distal part of left tibia, fragmentary left pes; tarsals and isolated ribs. The generic name, Graciliceratops, is derived from the Latin gracilis (meaning slender) and the Greek κέρατο (kérato, meaning horn) in reference to its fragile build. Lastly, the specific name, mongolienses, is to emphasize the place of its discovery: Mongolia.

The upper or proximal extremity of the humerus consists of the bone's large rounded head joined to the body by a constricted portion called the neck, and two eminences, the greater and lesser tubercles.

It is laterally equivalent to the La Casita Formation, which represent more proximal facies. The ichthyosaur Ophthalmosaurus icenicus, metriorhynchid Cricosaurus saltillensis and the undescribed giant pliosaur "Monster of Aramberri" are known from the formation.

If cells spend a very short time in this area as they receive signals from the apical ectodermal ridge, then more proximal limb structures are not able to develop even if distal ones can.

May 15, 2001. Vol. 63, Number 10. Pp. 1961-1966. The force of this action hyperextends the tip of the finger at the DIP joint while the proximal portion of the finger is flexed.

Spiders of Amphidraus can be distinguished from these other two by the presence of both a proximal tegular lobe and a cylindrical embolic filament that emerges from the distal region of the embolus shaft.

A carboxylate transporter is a membrane transport protein that transports carboxylate. They are responsible for the reabsorption of filtered carboxylate in renal physiology, resulting in a 100% Page 799 reabsorption in the proximal tubule.

The optic nerve may be elevated if the infiltration occurs in the proximal portion of the nerve. The appearance of the nerve on examination depends on the portion of the nerve that is affected.

The hindfoot is the most proximal and posterior portion of the foot.McPoil TG, Brocato RS. The foot and ankle: biomechanical evaluation and treatment. In: Gould JA, Davies GJ, ed. Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy.

"Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry: A Contemporary Approach." 2nd edition. Carol Stream, Illinois, Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc, 2001, p. 75. . Proximal caries take an average of four years to pass through enamel in permanent teeth.

The origin of this artery is proximal to the origin of medial and lateral posterior choroidal branch of the posterior cerebral artery. The main collicular artery also gives branch to an accessory collicular artery.

Jennette, D.C., and Pryor, W.A., 1993, Cyclic alternation of proximal and distal storm facies; Kope and Fairview Formations (Upper Ordovician), Ohio and Kentucky: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 63, no. 2, p. 183-203.

Pomerantz, James R. (2003): "Perception: Overview". In: Lynn Nadel (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science, Vol. 3, London: Nature Publishing Group, pp. 527–537. This raw pattern of neural activity is called the proximal stimulus.

GAT2 (SLC6A13) is predominantly expressed in hepatocytes in the liver, but is also found in proximal tubules in the kidney as well as in the leptomeninges and in some blood vessels in the brain.

The incremental gradient method can be shown to provide a minimizer to the empirical risk.Bertsekas, D. P. (2011). Incremental gradient, subgradient, and proximal methods for convex optimization: a survey. Optimization for Machine Learning, 85.

The proximal median spots narrow, irregular. Discal spot black. Cell with two very broad white longitudinal bands, posteriorly confluent. Hindwing predominantly red brown with a silver-white median band about 3 mm in breadth.

The medial epicondyle is the most distal and anterior prominence. The adductor tubercle is just proximal and posterior to the medial epicondyle. The gastrocnemius tubercle is just distal and posterior to the adductor tubercle.

Subsequently CAT has been influenced by ideas from the work of Vygotsky and Bakhtin. From Vygotsky come concepts such as the zone of proximal development (ZPD) and scaffolding.Vygotsky, L. S. (1987). Thinking and speech.

Hamman's crunch is caused by pneumomediastinum or pneumopericardium, and is associated with tracheobronchial injury. due to trauma, medical procedures (e.g., bronchoscopy) or rupture of a proximal pulmonary bleb. It can be seen with Boerhaave syndrome.

Paper presented at the 57th annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Boston. and Kirk and Brown.Kirk, A.K., & Brown, D. F. (2003). Latent constructs of proximal and distal motivation predicting performance under maximum test conditions.

Claudin-17 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CLDN17 gene. It belongs to the group of claudins. It forms anion-selective paracellular channels and is localized mainly in kidney proximal tubules.

Drug-induced lipodystrophy is a cutaneous condition that presents as one or multiple depressed areas (i.e. indentations), usually on the proximal extremities, ranging from under a few centimeters to greater than 20 cm in diameter.

This can be done with the assistance of a physical therapist. When properly indicated, non-surgical treatment options for proximal humerus fractures have good outcomes in terms of fracture healing and restoration of arm function.

The palpus is grey and the thorax underside darker. The abdomen underside has ill-defined buffish-grey mesial patches on the proximal segments. The hindwing upperside base is more extensively black than in similar species.

Rosenblatt's research in developmental psychobiology focused on early neonate learning and maternal behavior. It explored these processes using multiple levels of analysis, using multiple techniques, and from multiple perspectives (i.e., proximal, functional, comparative, and evolutionary).

Chaiklin, Seth. 2003. The Zone of Proximal Development in Vygotsky’s Analysis of Learning and Instruction. In Vygotsky’s Educational Theory in Cultural Context, ed. A. Kozulin, V.S. Ageyev, S.M. Miller, and B. Gindis, pp. 39–64.

Distal apical dendrites extend upwards from the soma. The shorter proximal apical dendrites extend outward and below. Shape of majority of 2d section is approximately a cylinder with a pointed base for the apical arbor.

The third aortic arch constitutes the commencement of the internal carotid artery, and is therefore named the carotid arch. It contributes to the common carotid artery and the proximal portion of the internal carotid artery.

In addition to exon R, a stretch of the proximal promoter that contains a GATA element, an SP1 site, CCAAT, and an Ets-binding motif is necessary for expression of HK-R in erythroid cells.

Finally, after autoamputation, the base of the proximal phalanx remains. Radiological examination allows early diagnosis and staging of ainhum. Early diagnosis is crucial to prevent amputation. Doppler shows decreased blood flow in posterior tibial artery.

The ulnar collateral ligament (UCL or internal lateral ligament) is a thick triangular band at the medial aspect of the elbow uniting the distal aspect of the humerus to the proximal aspect of the ulna.

The femur assigned to Vytshegdosuchus is consistent with proterosuchids, Euparkeria and archosaurs since, according to Gower and Sennikov (2000), it has no intertrochanteric fossa and a low fourth trochanter. Furthermore, the femur has a groove on its proximal surface, a character state found in paracrocodylomorphs, as well as some dinosauriforms. The lack of distinct anteromedial tuber of the femur' proximal end is found in nearly all archosaurs ancestrally. Thus, both the ilium and the femur bear features only present in Archosauria, regardless of their association.

In Encyclopaedic dictionary of psychology. Retrieved from Credo Reference database Any function within the zone of proximal development matures within a particular internal context that includes not only the function's actual level but also how susceptible the child is to types of help, the sequence in which these types of help are offered, the flexibility or rigidity of previously formed stereotypes, how willing the child is to collaborate, along with other factors.Bozhovich, E. D. (2009). Zone of Proximal Development: The Diagnostic Capabilities and Limitations of Indirect Collaboration.

Dislocations can be categorised based on location and type. The finger can be split into three bones and two joints in an alternating order. From the fingertip to the knuckle, these are as follows; distal phalanx, distal inter-phalangeal (DIP) joint, middle phalanx, proximal inter-phalangeal (PIP) joint, and proximal phalanx. DIP dislocations are much less common than PIP dislocations, due to the “stability provided by strong collateral ligaments, palmar plates, and tendinous insertions, as well as the short lever arm of the distal phalanx”.

Another leading cause of shunt failure is the blockage of the shunt at either the proximal or distal end. At the proximal end, the shunt valve can become blocked due to the buildup of excess protein in the CSF. The extra protein will collect at the point of drainage and slowly clog the valve. The shunt can also become blocked at the distal end if the shunt is pulled out of the abdominal cavity (in the case of VP shunts), or from similar protein buildup.

Cancer cell line supernatant is an attractive source of secreted proteins. There are many standardized cell lines available and supernatant is much simpler to analyze than proximal body fluid. But it is unclear whether a cell line secretome is a good representation of an actual tumor in its specific microenvironment and a standardized cell line is not illustrative of the heterogeneity of a real tumor. Analysis of proximal fluids can give a better idea of a human tumor secretome, but this method also has its drawbacks.

Renal oligopeptide reabsorption is the part of renal physiology that deals with the retrieval of filtered oligopeptides, preventing them from disappearing from the body through the urine. Almost all reabsorption takes place in the proximal tubule. Practically nothing is left in the final urine. Longer oligopeptides, such as angiotensin and glutathione are degraded by enzymes on the brush border, while shorter ones, such as carnosine, are transported across the apical membrane as a whole by the PepT 1 transporter, and degraded inside the proximal tubule cell.

The gracile femur (thigh bone) of aphanosaurs possesses a characteristic set of features which can be used to diagnose the group. The proximal (near) surface of the bone, which connects to the hip socket, has a deep groove on it, rather than simply being a flat articulation surface. In addition, the bone's distal (far) articulation, which connects to the lower leg bones, is concave. The proximal part of the femur also has several bumps (tubers) on either the outer or inner edge of the bone.

Another synapomorphy of Eurotrochilus and crown- group Trochilidae includes the presence of deep fossae, or depressions, on the caudal surface of the proximal end of the ulnae. The humeri of Eurotrochilus have been measured to be between 6.0 and 6.5 millimeters. It is considered short and stout when compared to other Apodiformes, except extant hummingbirds. In addition, the humeri have a wide proximal articular part and there are pronounced distal protrusions on the caput humeri, which is a synapomoprhy of Jungornis, Eurotrochilus, and crown group Trochilidae.

The loose fibrous mass of the tympanic part arises at the proximal tip along with the dense fibrous mass, but the loose fibrous mass covers a greater width of the basilar membrane. The only thing that separates the vestibular and tympanic parts are thin, discontinuous cords of fibers. These cords of fibers are visible at the pendulous tympanic edge of the loose fibrous mass in the proximal part of the papilla, but are much more scattered throughout the mass distally.Smith, C., Konishi, M., & Schuff, N. 1985.

Neoteuthis is a monotypic genus of squid, the sole member is Neoteuthis thielei, from the family Neoteuthidae. This species has long tentacular clubs measuring 60% of the mantle length and fins which are 70% of its mantle length. It has a proximal locking-apparatus for the club which is restricted to manus, which in turn has proximal suckers which are circular. It has been recorded from the South Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, near the Canary Islands and North Pacific Ocean, north of Hawaii.

There are several risk factors leading to the development of black triangles. Papillae dimension can be changed due to any of the following reasons: 1\. Inter-proximal space between teeth; diverging roots can result in the presence of an interproximal space when the contact point between the two clinical crowns is situated too incisally, diverging roots may also be a result of orthodontic treatment. 2\. The increased distance between inter-proximal contact position to bone crest, example to that is the naturally occurring diastema. 3\.

The promoter is located at the 5' end of the gene and is composed of a core promoter sequence and a proximal promoter sequence. The core promoter marks the start site for transcription by binding RNA polymerase and other proteins necessary for copying DNA to RNA. The proximal promoter region binds transcription factors that modify the affinity of the core promoter for RNA polymerase. Genes may be regulated by multiple enhancer and silencer sequences that further modify the activity of promoters by binding activator or repressor proteins.

Hypovolemia results in an increase of proximal salt and water at the descending limb of the loop of Henle, where calcium and phosphate are unable to permeate. Hypovolemia collectively combines with the ongoing water and salt reabsorption in the proximal tubules, enhances the calcium phosphate precipitation within the renal tubular lumen. Parathyroid hormone-induced calcium precipitation also contributes to the formation of calcium phosphate crystals, which thus impairs the renal function. An excess phosphorus triggers calcium precipitation and reduces calcium absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.

The fore- and hindwings are lustrous white, the forewings with the costa pale yellowish brown at the base, the remainder white. There are pale grey broad fasciae, straight and faintly marked, consisting of two closely opposed medial fasciae crossing the distal end of the cell. There are two or more fasciae proximal to the medial pair, and three nearly parallel fasciae distal to the medial pair. The hindwings are similar to the forewings, but with only one distinct fascia proximal to the medial pair.

Radial nerve would be injured if the distal humerus is displaced postero-medially. This is because the proximal fragment will be displaced antero-laterally. Ulnar nerve is most commonly injured in the flexion type of injury because it crosses the elbow below the medial epidcondyle of the humerus. A puckered, dimple, or an ecchymosis of the skin just anterior to the distal humerus is a sign of difficult reduction because the proximal fragment may have already penetrated the brachialis muscle and the subcutaneous layer of the skin.

Tailless. Pronotum spotted with red. Hindwing beneath with red basal spot behind the cell. Subcostal of the hindwing much more proximal than the 2. median. Sexes different from one another, each variable in itself, male-f.

Inape stella is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Ecuador (Napo Province). The wingspan is . The ground colour of the forewings is white, in the proximal half partly tinged brownish.

The arms lack dorsal and ventral shields; the madreporite is on edge of central disc. The digestive glands extend into proximal portions of arms. It has no bursae for gonads and gas exchange/excretion.R.C.Brusca, G.J.Brusca. Invertebrates.

The technetium-99m DMSA binds to the proximal convoluted tubules in kidney so the excretion pattern of the kidneys cannot be assessed by this for which renal dynamic scans using radiotracers like DTPA, MAG3 are used.

The proximal radioulnar articulation (superior radioulnar joint) is a synovial pivot joint between the circumference of the head of the radius and the ring formed by the radial notch of the ulna and the annular ligament.

Over 90% of the debris falls within approximately 5 radii of the center of the crater. Ejecta which falls within that area is considered proximal ejecta. Beyond 5 radii, the discontinuous debris is considered distal ejecta.

This maintains a sodium concentration gradient in the proximal tubule lining, so the first step continues to happen. Gliflozins such as canagliflozin inhibit renal glucose reabsorption, and are used in diabetes mellitus to lower blood glucose.

Only the humerus is known, and of that only a fragment with most of the proximal end. This is strongly expanded, narrowing steeply and indicating that the main length of the bone may be rather slender.

From the lumen outwards, the first layer is the proximal wall of the intussusceptum, the middle is the wall of the intussusceptum folded back on itself, and the outer is the distal rectal wall, the intussuscipiens.

Adults can be recovered from the distal ileum to the rectum, but most are located in the cecum and proximal colon. The prepatent period is 6 to 8 weeks and lifespan is 4 to 5 months.

The APOA5 gene resides on chromosome 11 at the band 11q23 and contains 4 exons and 3 introns. This gene uses alternate polyadenylation sites and is located proximal to the apolipoprotein gene cluster on chromosome 11q23.

Upper surface grey green. Forewing with two rows of submarginal yellow dots, of which the proximal are considerably broader than the antemarginal. Patch before the apex of the cell narrow, dark green, subobsolete. Cell black green.

Male grows up to maximum length of 5 cm. Carapace square-shaped and relatively flat. Body color brown to brownish grey in carapace with violet colored outer surface of palm with proximal parts. Fingers are whitish.

Their endoderm consists of a proximal digestive and a distal non-digestive section. The tentacles of some but not all carry webbing between them; likewise, the presence of nematophores, nematothecae and nematodactyls varies throughout this family.

There is no distinct medio-costal brown area even in dark specimens. In dark specimens, the discal lines are pronounced; in pale ones the markings, including the proximal part of the apical black line, become indistinct.

There is a yellow patch proximal to the apex. There is only a terminal line, indicated by small, black interneural spots. The hindwing is dark grey, with an indistinct discal spot. The underside is unicolorous grey.

In addition, a fibula was also preserved, it has a length of . Overall, the fibula is more straight and thin compared to the femur and tibia, its distal end is more wide than the proximal end.

Black eyes at proximal 1/3 of tentacles. Foot and cephalic tentacles withish/yellowish semi-transparent with many bright white spots, head semi-transparent greyish/blackish. Siphon blackish with withish spots and a whitish ring at top.

However, reports link pump therapy to increased incidence of edema proximal to the affected limb, such as genital edema arising after pump therapy in the lower limb. IPC should be used in combination with complete decongestive therapy.

Abbott's artery describes an anomalous artery that arises from the posteromedial aspect of the proximal part of the descending aorta. Normally a minor congenital abnormality, its presence is important during surgical repair of coarctation of the aorta.

"The Zone of Proximal Development in Vygotsky's analysis of learning and instruction." In Kozulin, A., Gindis, B., Ageyev, V. & Miller, S. (Eds.) Vygotsky's educational theory and practice in cultural context. 39-64. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityZaretskii,V.K. (2009).

Second joint of palpi not reaching above vertex of head, but roughly scaled. Metathorax and proximal segments of abdomen with more or less prominent dorsal tufts. Forewings with more rounded apex. Hindwings with non-truncate anal angle.

The Sepetiba Formation is the uppermost formation of the Santos Basin stratigraphy. It has a variable thickness, with a maximum of ,Kiang Chang et al., 2008, p.32 due to the proximal erosion of the uppermost part.

Its closest relative within the group is the Christmas Island frigatebird (F. andrewsi). A Late Pleistocene fossil wing phalanx and proximal end of humerus indistinguishable from the living great frigatebird were recovered from Ulupau Head on Oahu.

Phoretic deutonymph: Gnathosomal solenidion and palp setae present and free palps absent. Coxal fields IV closed. Apodemes of ps1 partially fused anteriorly. Dorsal cuticular folds of ambulacra I-III weakly developed, with distal part smaller than proximal.

Vygotsky believed we get our complex mental activities through social learning. A significant part of Vygotsky's theory is based on the zone of proximal development, which he believes is when the most effective learning takes place. The Zone of proximal development is what a child cannot accomplish alone but can accomplish with the help of an MKO (more knowledgeable other). Vygotsky also believed culture is a very important part of cognitive development such as the language, writing and counting system used in that culture. Another aspect of Vygotsky’s theory is private speech.

In addition, the lateral and medial condyles each have a small depression at their extemities, with that of the medial condyle likely corresponding to the femorotibialis muscle. The proximal part of the tibia (inner shin bone) is roughly diamond- shaped in cross section, with rounded lateral and medial tubera as well as a low and indistinct forward-pointing ridge known as a cnemial crest. The lateral tuber is larger and more concave, like that of ornithosuchids. Apart from these tubera, the proximal part of the tibia is mostly convex.

Five small, rounded ankle bones, known as "distal tarsals", connect to the metatarsal bones which each lead to a toe. Three somewhat larger ankle bones, known as "proximal tarsals", connect to the bones of the lower leg. These three are the medium-sized fibulare (which connects to the fibula), the small tibiale (which connects to the tibia), and the quite large intermedium which lies in the middle and contacts both the fibula and tibia. Four small numbered bones known as "centralia" fill in the gaps between the proximal and distal tarsals.

The classic radiologic findings were first described by Edward B. Singleton and David Merten in 1973. Typical radiographic appearances include skeletal demineralization, expanded shafts of the metacarpals and phalanges with widenend medullary cavities, cardiomegaly, and intramural calcification of the proximal aorta with occasional extension into the aortic or mitral valves. Other commonly seen radiographic findings include shallow acetabular fossa, subluxation of the femoral head, coxa valga, hypoplastic radial epiphysis, soft tissue calcifications between the radius and ulna, constriction of the proximal radial shaft, acro-osteolysis, and equinovarus foot deformities.

In addition, proximal cells to the inflammation site showed chemotaxis similar to the control cells while distant cells were poorly attracted. This finding suggests that the proximal neutrophils that are recruited early on are not affected by the lack of LTB4R1, but distant neutrophils that are required for the propagation of neutrophil swarming are not able to be recruited to the swarming site. These results present LTB4 as a key signaling molecule for a prolonged neutrophil swarm response and recruitment of neutrophils from distant areas of the tissue.

Adult proximal tubule cells were directly transcriptionally reprogrammed to nephron progenitors of the embryonic kidney, using a pool of six genes of instructive transcription factors (SIX1, SIX2, OSR1, Eyes absent homolog 1(EYA1), Homeobox A11 (HOXA11) and Snail homolog 2 (SNAI2)) that activated genes consistent with a cap mesenchyme/nephron progenitor phenotype in the adult proximal tubule cell line. The generation of such cells may lead to cellular therapies for adult renal disease. Embryonic kidney organoids placed into adult rat kidneys can undergo onward development and vascular development.

The neurons comprising the dorsal root ganglion are of the pseudo-unipolar type, meaning they have a cell body (soma) with two branches that act as a single axon, often referred to as a distal process and a proximal process. Unlike the majority of neurons found in the central nervous system, an action potential in posterior root ganglion neuron may initiate in the distal process in the periphery, bypass the cell body, and continue to propagate along the proximal process until reaching the synaptic terminal in the posterior horn of spinal cord.

Additional, the cervicals show some resemblance to those of Segnosaurus, however, being much smaller. The preserved right pes is virtually complete, only missing the proximal end of the metatarsals II, III and IV. It is shortened in length, with robust metatarsals that bear widened articular extremities, and form a non-compact metatarsus. The metatarsal I is the shortest in comparison, it measures long and expands the laterally extended proximal articular surface of the metatarsus. All of the remaining metatarsals, are somewhat equal in size, metatarsal II covers in length.

This plasma membrane is in turn associated with a layer of carbohydrate-containing macromolecules known as the glycocalyx, that varies in thickness from one species to another. The distal cytoplasm is connected to the inner layer called the "proximal cytoplasm", which is the "cellular region or cyton or perikarya" through cytoplasmic tubes that are composed of microtubules. The proximal cytoplasm contains nuclei, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, mitochondria, ribosomes, glycogen deposits, and numerous vesicles. The internal most layer is bounded by a layer of connective tissue known as the "basal lamina".

Reabsorption of molecules and ions back into the blood from the proximal tube is done via epithelial cells. The epithelial cell create a low Na+ concentration within the cell by actively pumping out Na+ into the blood via a Na+/K+ ATPase pump on the basolateral membrane. The osmotic gradient allows for the cotransport of Na+ with molecules such as Cl-, glucose, and vitamins into the epithelial cell from the apical side (side facing the proximal tubule). Water freely crosses the apical side into the epithelial cell following the solutes entering actively.

The first hit with the proximal interphalangeal joint neutralizes the hardness of the target, then the second blow, struck with the proximal phalanx, breaks the target before it recovers from the force of the first blow. Using his mastery from this art with his right hand allows him to defeat the third most powerful opponent in Shishio's army: Anji. Months later, in an act of revenge on Kenshin, Yukishiro Enishi fakes Kamiya Kaoru's death. Kenshin loses the will to live and when Sanosuke is unable to reach him, he wanders away from Tokyo.

In Calyptratae which includes the most advanced Diptera, the halteres are protected by calyptrae (small membranes above the halteres). The mesothoracic wing is entirely membranous, completely transparent and colourless, or bearing zonal pigmentation useful for recognition. Its surface is divided into three regions: the most developed is the alar (main flight) region, supported by robust wing veins; posteriorly is the anal region; and, finally, in the rear section-proximal, there is an expanded lobiform alula. The alula also termed the axillary lobe is a broad lobe at the proximal posterior margin of the wing stalk.

Avisauridae was erected as a family by Brett-Surman and Paul in 1985. At that time the family consisted of a few fossils that they believed belonged to small non-avian dinosaurs. They doubted that these fossils belonged to birds due to the presence of several features of the tarsometatarsus. In Avisaurus (the only avisaurid known at that time), only the proximal parts of the metatarsals were fused, the proximal part of metatarsal III was wide, and the hypotarsus (a wide ridge extending down the back of the tarsometatarsus) was poorly developed.

The skin is cleaned, draped, and anesthetized if time allows. The greater saphenous vein is identified on the surface above the medial malleolus, a full-thickness transverse skin incision is made, and 2 cm of the vein is freed from the surrounding structures. The vessel is tied closed distally, the proximal portion is transected (venotomy) and gently dilated, and a cannula is introduced through the venotomy and secured in place with a more proximal ligature around the vein and cannula. An intravenous line is connected to the cannula to complete the procedure.

The lateral portion of the proximal articular surface protrudes proximally to the medial portion, creating a prominently angled proximal articular surface similar to that of A. hildebrandti. The tarsometatarsus is larger than Mullerornis in all measurements, and larger than Aepyornis in most measurements. Samples from two femora assigned to Vorombe titan (specimens MNHN MAD 364 and NHMUK A2142) were sent for accelerator mass spectrometer carbon-14 dating at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit and calibrated using ShCal13. Both specimens were dated to the Holocene (3,680 to 2,352 BP).

This plasma membrane is in turn associated with a layer of carbohydrate-containing macromolecules known as the glycocalyx, that varies in thickness from one species to another. The distal cytoplasm is connected to the inner layer called the "proximal cytoplasm", which is the "cellular region or cyton or perikarya" through cytoplasmic tubes that are composed of microtubules. The proximal cytoplasm contains nuclei, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, mitochondria, ribosomes, glycogen deposits, and numerous vesicles. The internal most layer is bounded by a layer of connective tissue known as the "basal lamina".

A fraction of the effects of amiloride is inhibition of cyclic GMP-gated cation channels in the inner medullary collecting duct. page 875 Amiloride has a second action on the heart, blocking Na+/H+ exchangers sodium–hydrogen antiporter 1 or NHE-1. This minimizes re-perfusion injury in ischemic attacks. Amiloride also blocks the Na+/H+ antiporter on the apical surface of the proximal tubule cells in the nephron, abolishing more than 80% of the action of angiotensin II on the secretion of hydrogen ions in proximal tubule cells.

Ileal Interposition is a Metabolic Surgery procedure, used to treat overweight diabetic patients through surgical means. First presented by the Brazilian surgeon Aureo De Paula in 1999, this technique is applied by placing ileum, which is the distal part of the small intestine, either between stomach and the proximal part of the small intestine (1) or by placing the ileum to the proximal part of the small intestine without touching the natural connections of the stomach (2). There are 2 different versions of the operation. Sleeve gastrectomy procedure is standard for both of the versions.

The SOD2 gene contains five exons interrupted by four introns, an uncharacteristic 5′-proximal promoter that possesses a GC-rich region in place of the TATA or CAAT, and an enhancer in the second intron. The proximal promoter region contains multiple binding sites for transcription factors, including specific-1 (Sp1), activator protein 2 (AP-2), and early growth response 1 (Egr-1). This gene is a mitochondrial member of the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family. It encodes a mitochondrial matrix protein that forms a homotetramer and binds one manganese ion per subunit.

The arterial supply is by the femoral artery and the obturator artery. The lymphatic drainage closely follows the arterial supply and drains to the lumbar lymphatic trunks on the corresponding side, which in turn drains to the cisterna chyli. The deep venous system of the thigh consists of the femoral vein, the proximal part of the popliteal vein, and various smaller vessels; these are the site of proximal deep venous thrombosis. The venae perfortantes connect the deep and the superficial system, which consists of the saphenous veins (the site of varicose veins).

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is an autoimmune disorder that affects the presynaptic portion of the neuromuscular junction. This rare disease can be marked by a unique triad of symptoms: proximal muscle weakness, autonomic dysfunction, and areflexia. Proximal muscle weakness is a product of pathogenic autoantibodies directed against P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channels, which in turn leads to a reduction of acetylcholine release from motor nerve terminals on the presynaptic cell. Examples of autonomic dysfunction caused by LEMS include erectile dysfunction in men, constipation, and, most commonly, dry mouth.

The loop of Henle is a U-shaped tube that extends from the proximal tubule. It consists of a descending limb and an ascending limb. It begins in the cortex, receiving filtrate from the proximal convoluted tubule, extends into the medulla as the descending limb, and then returns to the cortex as the ascending limb to empty into the distal convoluted tubule. The primary role of the loop of Henle is to enable an organism to produce concentrated urine, not by increasing the tubular concentration, but by rendering the interstitial fluid hypertonic.

A broad ridge extends longitudinally along the proximal third of the lateral face of the blade. The dorsal margin of the blade is straight, whereas the ventral margin expands distally such that the ratio of the maximum to minimum blade dorsoventral height is 1.7, less than the originally described value of ca. 2. The development of the acromion and distal expansion of the blade are similar to those of other somphospondylans and not as marked as in rebbachisaurids. The left radius is damaged at its proximal and distal ends.

Proximal femoral focal deficiency (PFFD), also known as Congenital Femoral Deficiency (CFD), is a rare, non-hereditary birth defect that affects the pelvis, particularly the hip bone, and the proximal femur. The disorder may affect one side or both, with the hip being deformed and the leg shortened. It is commonly linked with the absence or shortening of a leg bone (fibular hemimelia) and the absence of a kneecap. Other linked birth defects include the dislocation or instability of the joint between the femur and the kneecap, a shortened tibia or fibula, and foot deformities.

The structure in E. eocaenus, by contrast, must have allowed a much better toe-flexing ability. The shallow grooves on the trochleae allowed for considerable sideways mobility of the toes; if the single phalanx bone known is assigned correctly to this species (it is the best match in size by far), it is very wide at the proximal end and tapers noticeably distad. The third (middle) toe was the most robust and largest. The inner toe was about as large as the outer one, and attached noticeably more proximal on the tibiotarsus.

This porcine nephropathy bears typical signs of toxicity to proximal tubules: loss of ability to concentrate urine, glycosuria, and histological proximal tubule degeneration. Other nephropathies, although not responding to the "classical" definition of BEN, may be linked to ochratoxin. Thus, this could in certain circumstances be the case for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis after inhalational exposure: such a glomerulopathy with noteworthy proteinuria has been described in patients with very high urinary ochratoxin levels (around 10 times levels that can be met with in "normal" subjects, i.e. around 10 ppb or 10 ng/ml).

Proximal 18q- is a rare genetic condition caused by a deletion of genetic material within one of the two copies of chromosome 18. This deletion involves the proximal (near the centromere) section of the long arm of chromosome 18 somewhere between 18q11.2 (18.9 Mb) to 18q21.1 (43.8 Mb).Cody JD, Sebold C, Malik A, Heard P, Carter E, Crandall A, Soileau B, Semrud-Clikeman M, Cody CM, Hardies LJ, Li J, Lancaster J, Fox PT, Stratton RF, Perry B, Hale DE (2007). Am J Med Genet 143A(11):1181-90.

The genus was named in honour of Andrei N. Ostrovsky, for his studies on the reproductive structures of cheilostomes. The species epithet refers to three apices on the heterozooecium located directly against the proximal wall of the mouth.

SGLT2 is one subtype of SGLTs and plays a key role in the reuptake of glucose in the proximal tubule of the kidneys. Ipragliflozin reduces blood glucose levels by inhibiting the reuptake of glucose by selectively inhibiting SGLT2.

In The Merck Manuals Online Medical Library. Holmes tremor. A rubral or midbrain tremor, is another form of tremor that includes intention tremors, among other symptoms. This disease affects the proximal muscles of the head, shoulders, and neck.

The primary defect appears to be abnormal keratinization of the hair shaft in the keratogenous zone, allowing for intussusception of the fully keratinized and hard distal shaft into the incompletely keratinized and soft proximal portion of the shaft.

The subgenual organ is found in all insects except Diptera and Coleoptera. It is located in the proximal part of the tibia and detects high-frequency acoustic vibrations transmitted through the substrate as well as sound through air.

The QCT along with the papyri of the first century after the Islamic conquests attest a form with an l-element between the demonstrative base and the distal particle, producing from the original proximal set ḏālika and tilka.

The arterial supply comes via the left colic artery. The descending colon is also called the distal gut, as it is further along the gastrointestinal tract than the proximal gut. Gut flora are very dense in this region.

Megalin usually mediates the endocytosis and degradation of PTH in proximal tubular cells. In knock-out mice, the downregulation of megalin leads to PTH defective endocytosis and progressively increases luminal PTH levels that enhance the internalization of NaPi2a.

People with DM experience progressively worsening muscle weakness in the proximal muscles (for example, the shoulders and thighs). Tasks that use these muscles: standing from sitting, lifting, and climbing stairs, can become increasingly difficult for people with dermatomyositis.

There are no public libraries in Alamo Heights. The Landa Memorial Library of the San Antonio Public Library, located in the Monte Vista Historic District in San Antonio, is the most proximal."Landa Library." San Antonio Public Library.

Sarah Reinertsen (born 22 May 1975) is an American Paralympic triathlete and former track athlete. She was born with proximal femoral focal deficiency, a bone-growth disorder; her affected leg was amputated above the knee at age seven.

The shrub typically grows to a height of . The pinnae form in pairs along the branchlet. The proximal pinnae are in length while the distal are long. It blooms from May to November and produces cream-yellow flowers.

The deeply trilobate lip is adnate to the column to its apex: the small lateral lobes are sickle-shaped, with slight fringing on the proximal edge, and the much larger central lobe is kidney-shaped at its apex.

Hemiballismus differs from chorea in that the movements occur in the proximal limbs whereas in chorea the limb movements are in the distal limbs. Also in chorea the movements are more dance-like, flowing from one region to another.

It lacks any stridulatory setae, and was therefore considered as ischnocoline but was not placed there, on account of the lack of any medial and proximal hairs on the tibial leg sections, and the presence of integral tarsal scopulae.

And inside the penis, between the distal and proximal parts, is a small flap that is absent in other species. Reise et al. (2011) detail the mating behaviour and compare it with that of Deroceras invadens and Deroceras golcheri.

Centrosomal protein of 68 kDa is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CEP68 gene. CEP68 is required for centrosome cohesion. It decorates fibres emanating from the proximal ends of centrioles. During mitosis, CEP68 dissociates from centrosomes.

Palpi upturned and very slender, almost naked, where the second joint reaching vertex of head, and third joint variable in length. Antennae minutely ciliated in male. Metathorax with a large spreading tuft. Abdomen with dorsal tufts on proximal segments.

Treatment is generally with an arm sling for a brief period of time followed by specific exercises. This appears appropriate in many cases even when the fragments are separated. Less commonly surgery is recommended. Proximal humerus fractures are common.

The ratio is predictive of prerenal injury when BUN:Cr exceeds 20 or when urea:Cr exceeds 100. In prerenal injury, urea increases disproportionately to creatinine due to enhanced proximal tubular reabsorption that follows the enhanced transport of sodium and water.

A Cushing ulcer, named after Harvey Cushing, is a gastric ulcer associated with elevated intracranial pressure. It is also called von Rokitansky-Cushing syndrome. Apart from the stomach, ulcers may also develop in the proximal duodenum and distal esophagus.

In Vygotsky's definition of zone of proximal development, he highlighted the importance of learning through communication and interactions with others rather than just through independent work.Vygotsky, Lev. (1997). "Interaction between Learning and Development" . W.H. Freeman and Company, New York.

This is perhaps the most important form of dendritic coincidence detection in the brain. The more easily understood proximal activation acts over much longer time periods, and is thus much less sensitive to the time factor in coincidence detection.

Other possible causes of radiculopathy include neoplastic disease, infections such as shingles, HIV, or Lyme disease, spinal epidural abscess, spinal epidural hematoma, proximal diabetic neuropathy, Tarlov cysts, or, more rarely, sarcoidosis, arachnoiditis, tethered spinal cord syndrome, or transverse myelitis.

Animal remains are most commonly preserved within ancient stream channels of the floodplain and channel facies. Within this facies, fossilized bone occurs proximal to conglomeratic lenses. Taxa recovered include: freshwater actinopterygian fishes, temnospondyl amphibians, diadectomorphs, seymouriamorphs, and early synapsids.

Pchyostosis also results in rib thickening, where the proximal section in each rib is around three times thicker in the posterior most than the anterior most. All exhibit a tapering to the distal tip for a consistent slender end.

Ultimately, this leads to the inactivation of transcription. Acetylation is usually linked to the upregulation of genes. This is the case in H3K27ac which is an active enhancer mark. It is found in distal and proximal regions of genes.

Ventrally body is black. First and second leg pairs possess identical markings, which have yellow color bands. Third leg pair has bluish grey femur with a proximal black patch. Patella is blue grey with a thin black band distally.

Mature tectonic aneurysm systems, such as the Nanga Parbat, can have very high local reliefs of young rocks due to consistent erosion maintaining the elevation in the erosive area and vertical strain forcing material up along the proximal edges.

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors inhibit the enzyme carbonic anhydrase which is found in the proximal convoluted tubule. This results in several effects including bicarbonate accumulation in the urine and decreased sodium absorption. Drugs in this class include acetazolamide and methazolamide.

Pelvis and parts of femur and dorsal vertebra The holotype is NHMUK PV R4840 that includes a posterior dorsal vertebra, partial left and right ilia, that are fused to the proximal portion of the pubis, lacking the femoral head. The specimen shows some evidence of skeletal maturity, meaning it is not an early juvenile, but its exact ontogenetic stage cannot be ascertained. Referred specimens include the non mature NHMUK PV R3542 (holotype of Sarcosaurus andrewsi) that includes a complete right tibia; WARMS G667–690, a partial skeleton of a single individual that includes posterior dorsal vertebra, middle caudal vertebra, dorsal rib fragments, left ilium, right and left pubes, femora and tibiae, proximal end of left fibula, probable distal half of fibula, distal portions of metatarsals IV, II or III proximal half of left pedal phalanx II-1, and three indeterminate bone fragments.Carrano and Sampson (2004).

Acetylation is usually linked to the up regulation of genes. This is the case in H3K27ac which is an active enhancer mark. It is found in distal and proximal regions of genes. It is enriched in Transcriptional start sites (TSS).

Specific proteins are expressed in the different compartments of the kidney with podocin and nephrin expressed in glomeruli, Solute carrier family protein SLC22A8 expressed in proximal tubules, calbindin expressed in distal tubules and aquaporin 2 expressed in the collecting duct cells.

All palmar interossei originate along the shaft of the metacarpal bone of the digit on which they act. They are inserted into the base of the proximal phalanx and the extensor expansion of the extensor digitorum of the same digit.

The proximal margin is well defined and somewhat curved and the distal side is straight and diffuse. The hindwings are uniform greyish brown, with a paler spot at tornus. The abdominal tufts are light red. Females have broader, more rounded wings.

Clarkeulia medanosa is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Argentina. The wingspan is 17–19 mm. The ground colour of the proximal half of the forewings is cream, slightly suffused with brownish ochreous costally.

Culture & Psychology, 6(3), 353-364Chapters 7. Michael Cole: artefact-mediated action -- setting the record straight; 8. James V. Wertsch: cultural tools and mediated action -- getting it wrong; 9. James V. Wertsch: mediation and the zone of proximal development; and 10.

There is a large, irregular, triangular area on the outer margin emphasized by darker scaling. The hindwing upperside is brown, with a broad median band which is very diffuse on its proximal edge. There is blue scaling along the outer margin.

Some use laparoscopy to establish the extent of the disease. Pelvic adhesions can be visualized, if present. Distal tubal obstruction is more often observed (70%) than proximal obstruction. It can be caused by hydrosalpinges, pelvic adhesions, or fusion of the fimbriae.

At the vascular pole, the afferent arterioles and efferent arterioles enter and leave the glomerulus in the Bowman's capsule. The tubular pole is at the other end opposite to the vascular pole. At the tubular pole, the proximal convoluted tubule arises.

Claes and Bellemans (2013) found that the ALL originates at the lateral epicondyle of the femur, and inserts at the anterolateral aspect of the proximal tibia. However, Vincent et al. (2012) reported the origin to be the lateral femoral condyle.

This effect has been found to be extremely localized and accurate, meaning the cannabinoids do not diffuse far from their intended target. This inhibition of inhibitory neurotransmission primes proximal excitatory synapses for future LTP induction and is thus metaplastic in nature.

SFE may also enable the interventionist to use less angiography – the angiography would be used as a roadmap, and the SFE to assist in wiring the vessel, see the proximal surface of totally occluded vessels and other unique vascular nuances.

The humerus is robust. At the proximal end, the shaft is bent backwards and expanded along the coronal plane. The distal humerus has a flat posterior surface and a curved ectepicondylar groove. The radius and ulna are the same length.

It acts to flex the carpus, metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints of the digits. It is innervated by the median nerve. Flexor carpi ulnar: originates on the olecranon and inserts on the accessory carpal bone. It acts to flex the carpus.

Since duodenum and the proximal part of the small intestine is disabled, a partial bypass is in question. Patients who undergo this operation achieve better weight and blood sugar control, but face anemia (iron deficiency) risk because of the bypass procedure.

There are direct and indirect impacts, immediate and long- term impacts, and there are impacts that are both proximal and distal to the tourist destination. These impacts can be separated into three categories: facility impacts, tourist activities, and the transit effect.

The minor duodenal papilla is contained within the second part of the duodenum. It is situated 2 cm proximal to the major duodenal papilla, and thus 5–8 cm from the opening of the pylorus. The gastroduodenal artery lies posterior.

Idiopathic eruptive macular pigmentation is a skin condition developing in young persons, with an average age of 11, characterized by asymptomatic widespread brown to gray macules of up to several centimeters in diameter on the neck, trunk, and proximal extremities.

That trait is the fact that their metatarsal II has a diminished proximal (near) end. One noasaurine, Velocisaurus, took this trait even further, with both its metatarsal II and IV reduced to very thin rod-like bones along their entire length.

Langer and Benton (2006) noted that Staurikosaurus can be distinguished based on the anterior trochanter being reduced to a scar. Bittencourt and Kellner (2009) also noted that the proximal fibula has a medial sulcus, which is unique to Staurikosaurus pricei.

The tail becomes fat a few mm from the proximal end and remains so right up to the tip. They are eaten by many things, including foxes and cats, as well as other feral animals that live among its environment.

Tibia shaft fracture is a fracture of the proximal (upper) third of the tibia (lower leg bone). Due to the location of the tibia, it is frequently injured. Thus it is the most commonly fractured long bone in the body.

Hamate bone of the left hand. Hamulus shown in red. The hook of hamate () is found at the proximal, ulnar side of the hamate bone. The hook is a curved, hook-like process that projects 1–2 mm distally and radially.

In Nicrosaurus, the proximal end the humerus is flattened.Kimmig, J. 2013. Possible secondarily terrestrial lifestyle in the European phytosaur Nicrosaurus kapfii (Late Triassic, Norian): a preliminary study. Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science 61, 306-312.

Knowing this, students, educators, researchers, and beyond need to conceptualize and implement the idea of inclusive education as one that treats students with exceptionalities equitably and with respect, based on their strengths, needs, interests, background, identity, and zone of proximal development.

Opposite the metatarsophalangeal articulation, the tendon gives off a thin prolongation on either side, to cover the surface of the joint. An expansion from the medial side of the tendon is usually inserted into the base of the proximal phalanx.

Myopathy, isolated mitochondrial, autosomal dominant (IMMD) is a mitochondrial myopathy presenting with severe exercise intolerance, progressive proximal weakness, and lactic acidemia. The disorder is slowly progressive, with later involvement of facial muscles, muscles of the upper limbs, and distal muscles.

The subapical patch ochre yellow, its proximal edge straight or even concave. Remainder of wing brownish black. Hindwing ochre yellow with a greenish tinge at base. Some irregular black at base of wing and a small basal spot in cell.

The morphology of the proximal portion of metatarsal IV suggests that Dryptosaurus had an arctometatarsalian foot, an advanced feature shared by derived tyrannosauroids such as Albertosaurus and Tyrannosaurus, in which the third metatarsal is "pinched" between the second and fourth metatarsals. According to Brusatte et al. (2011), Dryptosaurus can be distinguished based on the following characteristics: the combination of a reduced humerus (humerus: femur ratio = 0.375) and a large hand (phalanx I-1:femur ratio = 0.200), the strong mediolateral expansion of the ischial tubercle, which is approximately 1.7 times as wide as the shaft immediately distally, the presence of an ovoid fossa on the medial surface of the femoral shaft immediately proximal to the medial condyle, which is demarcated anteriorly by the mesiodistal crest and demarcated medially by a novel crest, the presence of a proximomedially trending ridge on the anterior surface of the fibula immediately proximal to the iliofibularis tubercle, the lip on the lateral surface of the lateral condyle of the astragalus is prominent and is overlapping the proximal surface of the calcaneum, metatarsal IV is observed with a flat shaft proximally, resulting in a semiovoid cross section that is much wider mediolaterally than it is long anteroposteriorly.

Bones of the lower limb, present in both the front and hind legs, include the cannon bone (3rd metacarpal/3rd metatarsal), splint bones (2nd and 4th metacarpal/metatarsal), proximal sesamoid bones, long pastern (proximal or 1st phalanx), short pastern (middle or 2nd phalanx), coffin bone (distal or 3rd phalanx), and navicular bone (distal sesamoid). There are usually slight differences in these bones when comparing the front and the hind. The 3rd metatarsal is about 1/6 longer than the 3rd metacarpal. Similarly, the 2nd and 4th metatarsals are longer in length when compared to their front-end counterpart.

The SLC26A2 protein has been localized to the brush border membrane of the rat kidney proximal tubule. In that location, oxalate/SO42− exchange, or chloride/SO42− exchange by SLC26A2 might contribute to the critical process of sodium chloride reabsorption across the proximal tubular epithelium. Under one proposed model, an anion transporter exchanges intracellular oxalate for luminal chloride in parallel with the Na–SO4 cotransporter, resulting in net sodium chloride readsorption. Under this model, a third transport process is required that functions as a method of recycling oxalate back into the cell, and recycling sulfate from the cell to the lumen.

It does so in a time-dependent rather than dose-dependent manner, meaning that risk can be minimized by reducing the duration of use. Amikacin causes nephrotoxicity (damage to the kidneys), by acting on the proximal renal tubules. It easily ionizes to a cation and binds to the anionic sites of the epithelial cells of the proximal tubule as part of receptor-mediated pinocytosis. The concentration of amikacin in the renal cortex becomes ten times that of amikacin in the plasma; it then most likely interferes with the metabolism of phospholipids in the lysosomes, which causes lytic enzymes to leak into the cytoplasm.

In the gastric adenocarcinoma associated with proximal polyposis of the stomach (GAPPS), there is a high risk of early development of proximal gastric adenocarcinoma. It is still unclear which patients would benefit with surveillance gastroscopy, but most physicians recommend endoscopy every one to three years to survey polyps for dysplasia or cancer. In the event of high grade dysplasia, polypectomy, which is done through the endoscopy, or partial gastrectomy may be recommended. One study showed the benefit of NSAID therapy in regression of gastric polyps, but the efficacy of this strategy (given the side effects of NSAIDs) is still dubious.

The diagnosis of serrated polyposis syndrome is achieved when either one of two criteria are met: ≥5 serrated lesions/polyps proximal to the rectum (all ≥ 5 mm in size, with two lesions ≥10 mm), or >20 serrated lesions/polyps of any size distributed throughout the large bowel with 5 proximal to the rectum. Any serrated polyp is counted towards the diagnosis, including sessile serrated lesions, hyperplastic polyps, and traditional serrated adenomas. In addition, the cumulative number of serrated lesions is cumulative over time and includes multiple colonoscopies. The diagnosis of SPS is often overlooked, and requires lifelong tracking of cumulative serrated polyps.

The remains of Ekrixinatosaurus helped fill in more information about abelisaur anatomy as it contained portions of the skeleton that were previously unknown, unpublished, or poorly preserved in other specimens. The holotype skeleton (MUCPv-294) was well preserved yet disarticulated. It contained elements including a left and partial right maxillae; basicranium; both dentaries; teeth; cervical, a dorsal, sacral and caudal vertebrae; haemal arches; ribs; ilia, pubis and proximal ischia; left and distal end of right femur; left tibia; left astragalus and calcaneum; proximal end of left fibula and right tibia; metatarsals; phalanges; and a pedal ungual.

Allain (2005 pp. 75–76) diagnoses Erectopus superbus as follows: "Rounded anterior ramus of maxilla; slender neck of femur; posterior curvature of proximal half of femur; anterodorsal edge of calcaneum dorsally projected; calcaneum twice as long as deep vertically; posteromedial process for tibia on articular surface of astragalus; length of second metatarsal equal to half the length of femur; lateral margin of proximal end of second metatarsal regularly concave." Allain estimated the weight at two hundred kilogrammes. In 2016 it was estimated to be 5 meters (16 ft) in length and 315 kg (694 lbs) in weight.

The new formed joint between the capitate and the lunate fossa of the distal radius is not as congruent as the former scaphoid-lunate-radius joint, however the results of proximal row carpectomy are generally excellent. In patients older than 40 years proximal row carpectomy is preferred because these patients have a small chance of developing osteoarthritis in the new formed capitate-radial joint during their remaining life. Patients younger than 40 years have a big chance to develop osteoarthritis in the radiocapitate joint. These patients have longer to live, therefore the incongruence of the joint will exist for a longer time.

Tyto pollens was an extinct giant barn owl which lived in the Bahamas during the last Ice Age. It is only known from the partial remains of three individuals which have been collected on the islands of Little Exuma (the site was misidentified as on Great Exuma in the original literature) and New Providence. Alexander Wetmore initially described the species from fossils of a single individual from Little Exuma site which are the holotype: a complete coracoid, a proximal end of the ulna, a major metacarpal lacking the proximal end and the complete femur. The femur is 81.2mm in length.

The proximal portion of the underside of the forewing is white; the hindwing has a larger and a smaller white middle spot, the ground colour being lighter than in the male, dusted with grey-greenish scaling. A darkened form of this species is being sold as nebulosa, but is not identical with this species. In this form tancrei from the Kuku-nor, which we name ab. tancrei (25 f), the black marking are more developed and the proximal area of the forewing and hindwing is so strongly dusted with dark that there remain only narrow streak-like spots of the yellow ground colour.

In the distal 1/3 of the transverse colon, and through the sigmoid and rectum, and the cervix in females, the pelvic splanchnic nerves supply parasympathetic function, including transmitting the sensation of pain. The proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon, and the rest of the proximal gastrointestinal tract is supplied its parasympathetic fibers by the vagus nerve. The parasympathetic nervous system is referred to as the craniosacral outflow; the pelvic splanchnic nerves are the sacral component. They are in the same region as the sacral splanchnic nerves, which arise from the sympathetic trunk and provide sympathetic efferent fibers.

Orkoraptor was a medium-sized theropod. In 2010, Gregory S. Paul estimated its length as and mass as 500 kilograms. In 2016 Molina-Pérez and Larramendi gave a higher estimation of 8.4 meters (27.5 ft) and 1.4 tonnes (1.5 short tons) for the holotype specimen. The holotype, MPM-Pv 3457 was excavated in 2001 and consists of a right postorbital, a right quadratojugal, a probable right coronoid, eight isolated teeth, the intercentrum of the atlas and its right neurapophysis, two proximal caudal vertebrae, the proximal half of the right tibia, eight fragmentary ribs, and three incomplete chevrons.

If each side of the body is separately stimulated, then each stimulus is correctly reported without delay. Incomplete sensory suppression has also been observed using ipsilateral double stimulation to one side of the body. Results indicate that stimulation to a proximal and distal segment [for example, the face and hand] on one side of the body will result in a distal [hand] stimulus suppression, to which the patient will report feeling only the proximal [face] stimulation. Further evidence suggests that the parietal lobe gives rise to the processing of attention and awareness that is necessary for sensory perception.

Its flexible attachment to the phalanx bone not only prevents it from restricting joint movements, but also prevents the long flexor tendons from being pinched in the joint. Flexion of the proximal phalanx is facilitated by the shape of the proximal edge, known as the volar recess, but this diaphanous end of the volar plate is also the part of the metacarpophalangeal joint that is most susceptible to injury during dislocations. Due to its fibrocartilaginous composition, the plate is thus able to (1) resist tensile stresses while (2) restricting hyperextension and compression and (3) protecting the volar articular surface.

Horses with small intestinal obstruction will usually have an intestinal diameter of -10 cm with a wall thickness of 3-5mm. Horses with proximal enteritis usually have an intestinal diameter that is narrower, but wall thickness is often greater than 6mm, containing a hyperechoic or anechoic fluid, with normal, increased, or decreased peristalsis. However, obstructions that have been present for some time may present with thickened walls and distention of the intestine. Horses experiencing intussusception may have a characteristic "bullseye" appearance of intestine on ultrasound, which is thickened, and distended intestine proximal to the affected area.

The extracellular region of adhesion GPCRs can be exceptionally long and contain a variety of structural domains that are known for the ability to facilitate cell and matrix interactions. Their extracellular region contains the membrane proximal GAIN (GPCR-Autoproteolsis INducing) domain. Crystallographic and experimental data has shown this structurally conserved domain to mediate autocatalytic processing at a GPCR- proteolytic site (GPS) proximal to the first transmembrane helix. Autocatalytic processing gives rise to an extracellular (α) and a membrane- spanning (β) subunit, which are associated non-covalently, resulting in expression of a heterodimeric receptor at the cell surface.

Processive antitermination was first discovered in a bacteriophage, but examples have since been found in bacterial operons. The E. coli rrn operons are regulated by an antitermination mechanism that is dependent on sites that are closely related to lambda boxA and located promoter proximal to the 16S and 23S structural genes in each operon. The sequences of the rrn BOXA sites are more similar to the bacteriophage consensus than is that of lambda, and they bind NusB-S10 more efficiently. Although stem-loop structures analogous to BOXB are found promoter proximal to the BOXA sites, they are not essential for antitermination.

Each nephron contains a glomerulus with basement membrane pores that allow filtration of immunoglobulin light chains and other small molecules from the blood into the proximal tubule of the nephron. Filtered molecules are either excreted in the urine or may be specifically re-absorbed. Protein molecules that pass through the glomerular pores are either absorbed unchanged (such as albumin), degraded in the proximal tubular cells and absorbed (such as free light chains), or excreted as fragments. This re-absorption is mediated by a receptor complex (megalin/cubulin) and prevents the loss of large amounts of protein into the urine.

Conversely, urine concentrations of free light chains could increase if renal function improved in a multiple myeloma patient receiving treatment. This could account for the poor correlation frequently seen when urine and serum free light-chain concentrations are compared. The 500 mg of FLCs produced per day by the normal lymphoid system, however, flows through the glomeruli and is completely processed by the proximal tubules. If the proximal tubules of the nephrons are damaged or stressed (such as in hard exercise), filtered FLCs may not be completely metabolised and small amounts may then appear in the urine.

Vygotsky's 1933 notion of the zone of proximal development served as the basis of his proposal to measure potential development using moderately assisted problem solving and to measure actual development from the child's independent problem solving.Vygotsky, L.S. (19332-34/1997). 'The zone of proximal development, often abbreviated as ZPD (zona blizhaishego razvitiia, in original Russian), is best understood as the zone of the closest, most immediate psychological development of the children that includes a wide range of their emotional, cognitive, and volitional psychological processes.The Problem of Age. in The Collected Works of L. S. Vygotsky, Volume 5, 1998, pp.

The interosseous membrane is composed of 5 ligaments:- Central band (key portion to be reconstructed in case of injury)- Accessory band- Distal oblique bundle- Proximal oblique cord- Dorsal oblique accessory cordSevere forearm injuries involving separation of the radius and ulna may be due to rupture of the interosseous membrane. Rupture can lead to proximal migration of the radius and an apparent lengthening of the ulna at the wrist. Often interosseous membrane tears are associated with adverse impacts on forearm rotation. MRI-assisted diagnosis has been used for mid- substance tears of the interosseous membrane but is expensive and not widely available.

Although, those with isolated distal DVT at a high-risk of VTE recurrence are typically anticoagulated as if they had proximal DVT. Those at a low-risk for recurrence might receive a four to six week course of anticoagulation, lower doses, or no anticoagulation at all. In contrast, those with proximal DVT should receive at least 3 months of anticoagulation. Some anticoagulants can be taken by mouth, and these oral medicines include warfarin (a vitamin K antagonist), rivaroxaban (a factor Xa inhibitor), apixaban (a factor Xa inhibitor), dabigatran (a direct thrombin inhibitor), and edoxaban (a factor Xa inhibitor).

Midline diastema (spacing in upper teeth) is a common occurrence in the population. An arbitrary number for the spacing between the teeth to consider as midline diastema is a width of 0.5 from a proximal surface of a teeth to the proximal surface of adjacent teeth. Midline diastema usually occur in the upper teeth compared to lower. The cause of this spacing includes but not limited to microdontia, labial frenulum, peg-shaped lateral incisors, mesiodens, cysts in midlene region, tongue trusting, finger sucking, dental malformations, maxillary incisor proclination, genetics, imperfect joining of interdental septum, dental skeletal discrepancies.

This regional variability in strain was accompanied by a statistically significant increase in AGR and resting pennation angle from distal to proximal portions of the muscle. Furthermore, greater changes in pennation angle were visible at the proximal end of the MG. The experimental AGR values modulated positively with the pennation angle as well as the distance between the deep and superficial apopneuroses and may have been affected by regional patterns in orthogonal bulging. These trends highlight the complexity of muscle physiology, as different regions of muscles may contract with diverse contractile properties, such as strain and AGR.

However, subsequent analyses have cast doubt on this assessment, instead proposing that the two preserved proximal tarsals are the fibulare and intermedium, and that Limnoscelis possessed an unfused tibiale along with these elements. The absence of the tibiale has been attributed either to poor preservation (possibly due to being cartilaginous), or to being displaced and misidentified as one of the distal tarsals. This differs from other diadectomorphs in the family Diadectidae, which possessed an astragalus consisting of a fused tibiale, intermedium, and proximal centrale, similar (and possibly homologous) to the astragalus or talus bone found in amniotes.

In addition to sleeve gastrectomy procedure, the connection between the stomach and the duodenum is closed off from the level of the second segment of the duodenum. While preserving the last 30 cm part of the small intestine, a 170 cm segment of ileum is prepared and connected to the first segment of the duodenum, which is at the end of the stomach. The other end of the ileum segment is connected to the proximal part of the small intestine. Thus, distal part of the small intestine is ‘’interposed’’ between proximal part of the small intestine and the stomach.

Hypoxia appears to initiate dilation by causing release of an as yet unknown and yet-to-be-isolated substance. In 91 patients examined by angiography, 90% of which had exertional angina, Kolibash discovered 110 occluded LAD and RCA vessels, 101 of which showed evidence of collateral vessels in their proximal areas. Kolibash divided these 101 proximal areas into two groups: those with normal perfusion at rest (43) and those with abnormal perfusion at rest (58). Wall motion abnormalities were significantly less evident in areas with normal rest perfusion—only 35% of these areas showed decreased segment shortening.

Location and structure of the human androgen receptor: Top, the AR gene is located on the proximal long arm of the X chromosome. Middle, the eight exons are separated by introns of various lengths. Bottom, illustration of the AR protein, with primary functional domains labeled (not representative of actual 3-D structure). The human androgen receptor (AR) is a protein encoded by a gene located on the proximal long arm of the X chromosome (locus Xq11-Xq12). The protein coding region consists of approximately 2,757 nucleotides (919 codons) spanning eight exons, designated 1-8 or A-H.

The CLCN5 gene encodes the chloride channel Cl-/H+ exchanger ClC-5. ClC-5 is mainly expressed in the kidney, in particular in proximal tubules where it participates to the uptake of albumin and low-molecular-weight proteins, which is one of the principal physiological role of proximal tubular cells. Mutations in the CLCN5 gene cause an X-linked recessive nephropathy named Dent disease (Dent disease 1 MIM#300009) characterized by excessive urinary loss of low-molecular-weight proteins and of calcium (hypercalciuria), nephrocalcinosis (presence of calcium phosphate aggregates in the tubular lumen and/or interstitium) and nephrolithiasis (kidney stones).

Dogma in vascular bypass technique says to obtain proximal and distal control. This means that in a vessel with flow through it, a surgeon must be have exposure of the furthest and nearest extents of the blood vessel in which the bypass is being created, so that when the vessel is opened, blood loss is minimized. After the necessary exposure, clamps are usually used on both the proximal and distal end of the segment. Exceptions exist where there is no blood flow through the target vessel at the area of proposed entry, as is the case with an intervening occlusion.

Firstly, an Na+/K+ ATPase pump on the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubule cell uses ATP molecules to move 3 sodium ions outward into the blood, while bringing in 2 potassium ions. This action creates a downhill sodium ion gradient from the outside to the inside of the proximal tubule cell (that is, in comparison to both the blood and the tubule itself). The SGLT proteins use the energy from this downhill sodium ion gradient created by the ATPase pump to transport glucose across the apical membrane, against an uphill glucose gradient. These co-transporters are an example of secondary active transport.

The small intestine is divided approximately below the lower stomach outlet and is re-arranged into a Y-configuration, enabling outflow of food from the small upper stomach pouch via a "Roux limb". In the proximal version, the Y-intersection is formed near the upper (proximal) end of the small intestine. The Roux limb is constructed using of the small intestine, preserving the rest (and the majority) of it from absorbing nutrients. The patient will experience very rapid onset of the stomach feeling full, followed by a growing satiety (or "indifference" to food) shortly after the start of a meal.

The nerve net of each cnidarian species has a unique composition and the distribution of neurons throughout the body occurs by a density gradient along the proximal-distal axis. The density gradient goes from high to low from the proximal to the distal end of the Hydra. The highest concentration of neurons is in the basal disk and the lowest (if neurons are even present) is in the tentacles. During development of Hydra, the amount of neurons gradually increases to a certain level, and this density is maintained for the duration of the organism's life-span, even following an amputation event.

Radioulnar synostosis is one of the more common failures of separation of parts of the upper limb. There are two general types: one is characterized by fusion of the radius and ulna at their proximal borders and the other is fused distal to the proximal radial epiphysis. Most cases are sporadic, congenital (due to a defect in longitudinal segmentation at the 7th week of development) and less often post-traumatic, bilateral in 60%, and more common in males. Familial cases in association with autosomal dominant transmission appear to be concentrated in certain geographic regions, such as Sicily.

The lower two units coincide with the Lower and Middle Omingonde Formation, the upper two units make up the Upper Omingonde Formation. Thicknesses and architectural style of the units vary laterally and are influenced by syn-sedimentary tectonic activity of the Waterberg-Omaruru Lineament. The full range of facies is best developed in the Mt. Waterberg area, whereas farther west in the Erongo Region more proximal facies are favored. This proximal facies association has been termed the Krantzberg Formation in the western, northern and eastern Erongo area, and interfingers with the Lions Head Formation towards the southeastern Erongo Region.

Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are identified via proximity labeling. Enzyme-catalyzed proximity labeling (PL), also known as proximity-based labeling, is a laboratory technique that labels biomolecules, usually proteins or RNA, proximal to a protein of interest. By creating a gene fusion in a living cell between the protein of interest and an engineered labeling enzyme, biomolecules spatially proximal to the protein of interest can then be selectively marked with biotin for pulldown and analysis. Proximity labeling has been used for identifying the components of novel cellular structures and for determining protein-protein interaction partners, among other applications.

Normally, blood flows from the aorta into the subclavian artery, and then some of that blood leaves via the vertebral artery to supply the brain. In SSS a reduced quantity of blood flows through the proximal subclavian artery. As a result, blood travels up one of the other blood vessels to the brain (the other vertebral or the carotids), reaches the basilar artery or goes around the cerebral arterial circle and descends via the (contralateral) vertebral artery to the subclavian (with the proximal blockage) and feeds blood to the distal subclavian artery (which supplies the upper limb and shoulder).

Chinchenia is known from at least 4 extremely fragmentary individuals all preserved and collected together. The lectotype of Chinchenia was chosen to be IVPP V3227, the front end of the left mandible, since that at the time of its original description, its type material was not specified. Other elements from its original description are considered to be paratypes and include the front part of a left lower jaw with 5 broken teeth, 11 neck, six lower back and one sacral vertebrae in various degrees of completeness, 8 unidentified neural arch fragments, many fragments of dorsal and sacral ribs including one proximal part of a left dorsal rib, two right scapulae one of which is very incomplete, two complete humeri, 5 incomplete humeri of which four are distal ends and one is proximal, two complete thigh bones, a proximal and a distal tibiae, and a fibula fragment. Other fragments of potentially coracoids, ilia, ischia, etc.

The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is deep and wide, reaching the suture The outer lip is thin, sharp, and arcuately produced. The inner lip is slightly eroded, polished, with no callus. There is plication at the proximal end of the columella.

Lake Forest School District, in Kent County, Delaware, was created when funding was not sufficient for three proximal districts (Harrington School District, Felton School District, and Frederica School District) so the three were merged to create a new combined district in 1969.

The forewings are blackish brown, mottled with some rusty brown, particularly in the proximal half. There are supplementary black spots in the fold and in the cell. The costal and tornal spot are small, cream and separated. The hindwings are light grey.

The pes showed five partial digits and they were all robust with arthrodial joints between the distal metatarsals and proximal phalanges as well as between the phalanges. Additionally, 15 left and three right gastralia were preserved as long, thin, and delicate bones.

Patient outcomes are experienced by the patient and have a more proximal relationship with the healthcare intervention. System measures are more distal to the patient experience but are important for assessment of quality of care and influence the patient experience as well.

Thiazides are also thought to increase the reabsorption of Ca2+ by a mechanism involving the reabsorption of sodium and calcium in the proximal tubule in response to sodium depletion. Some of this response is due to augmentation of the action of parathyroid hormone.

The scaphoid is situated between the proximal and distal rows of carpal bones. It is located on the radial side of the wrist, and articulates with the radius, lunate, trapezoid, trapezium and capitate. Over 80% of the bone is covered in articular cartilage.

After the procedure, the pressure forcing the urine from the bladder through the urethra is resisted by the addition of the bulking agent in the tissue surrounding the proximal urethra. Most of the time this procedure prevents urinary stress incontinence in women.

The cause of a humerus fracture is usually physical trauma such as a fall. Other causes include conditions such as cancer in the bone. Types include proximal humeral fractures, humeral shaft fractures, and distal humeral fractures. Diagnosis is generally confirmed by X-rays.

Cameron, et al., 2014, pp. 168–169 Compared with non-surgical treatment, surgery does not result in a better outcome for the majority of people with displaced proximal humeral fractures and is likely to result in a greater need for subsequent surgery.

Proeulia talcana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Chile's Maule Region. The wingspan is 20 mm. The proximal half of the forewings is cream brown, suffused and strigulated (finely streaked) with brown and reddish between strigulae.

There is a rectangulate dark grey basal spot on the costa and a fainter dark grey triangulate spot proximal to the apex. The hindwings are dark grey. Females have pale brownish grey forewings. There are four to five generations per year in Hubei.

Along the proximal and distal ileum, these conjugated primary bile salts are reabsorbed actively into hepatic portal circulation. Bacteria deconjugate some of the primary and secondary conjugated bile salts back to lipid-soluble bile acids, which are passively absorbed into hepatic portal circulation.

There have been numerous developments within the past decade in convex optimization techniques which have influenced the application of proximal gradient methods in statistical learning theory. Here we survey a few important topics which can greatly improve practical algorithmic performance of these methods.

There are five to ten leaves per stem. They are up to 80 centimeters long by 1 centimeter wide. The proximal ones have green or reddish sheaths. The inflorescence has upright or spreading branches bearing cymes of up to 15 spikelets each.

Pityriasis rotunda is a disorder of keratisation of the skin that manifests as a perfectly circular, scaly patches on the torso and proximal portions of the extremities.James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. .

CT scan is also an option if an axillary view is unattainable. MRI is not typically indicated in the setting of proximal humerus fracture, although it may be useful in assessing injury to soft tissue structures such as the rotator cuff muscles.

It is a medium-sized dragonfly with brown-capped grey eyes. Its thorax is dark blue, pruinosed in adults. Wings are transparent with dual color pterostigma, black at centre and dark brown at distal and proximal ends. Base of wings are brown.

"Clinical and electrophysiological presentation of pronator syndrome." Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology 47, no. 2: 89-92. . Conduction velocity of the median nerve in the proximal forearm may be slow but the distal latency and sensory nerve action potential at the wrist are normal.

Non-surgical treatment consists of splinting, proximal tissue massage and anti-inflammatory drugs. Surgical treatment consists of releasing the compression on the nerve from surrounding structures. Pronator Syndrome is similar, but involves both the AIN as well as the median nerve proper.

Bart–Pumphrey syndrome (also known as "Palmoplantar keratoderma with knuckle pads and leukonychia and deafness") is a cutaneous condition characterized by hyperkeratoses (knuckle pads) over the metacarpophalangeal, proximal and distal interphalangeal joints. It was characterized in 1967. It can be associated with GJB2.

The superficial sensory branch of the median nerve, which provides sensation to the base of the palm, branches proximal to the TCL and travels superficial to it. Thus, this branch spared in carpal tunnel syndrome, and there is no loss of palmar sensation.

He was author of the treatise On Wounds and Diseases of Arteries and Veins. Hodgson is best known for his description of Hodgson's disease, an aneurysmal dilatation of the proximal part of the aorta, often accompanied by dilatation or hypertrophy of the heart.

The sound stimulating a person's auditory receptors is the proximal stimulus. The brain's interpretation of this as the "ringing of a telephone" is the percept. The different kinds of sensation (such as warmth, sound, and taste) are called sensory modalities or stimulus modalities.

Chicago: University Press Nouns are declined according to their endings. Pronouns are inflected for number, person, and gender. Third person is distinguished not only in gender but also in remote-proximal level. There are three tenses—present, past, and future; and four moods.

Patients with diabetes and proximal (hip, thigh) pain and weakness may be suspected of having diabetic amyotrophy. More definitive diagnosis can be made with electrodiagnostic studies including nerve conduction studies (NCS) and electromyography (EMG).Diabetic Amytrophy. 2014. American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine.

Proximal: zi "this, these"; zini "this one". E.g.: zi məss "this man", zi məšt "this woman", zi säbočč "these men". Distal: za "that, those, that one, those ones"; zani "that one there". E.g. tä-za məss goy mät't'ahi "I came with that man".

This includes the caudal region of the vertebral column. Slender ribs attached have holocephalous heads joined by a web of bones. The proximal ends are slender while the heads are triangular in shape. Very slender gastralia are present in the aggregate fossil.

Unique characteristics are found in the femur, the humerus, and the ulna bones. The femur has a non-pendant, crested . The humerus lacks a proximal bicipital sulcus, and a concave border between the head and the deltopectoral crest. The ulna has a large .

In those with initial acute proximal DVT or acute PE who had IVC filters placed instead of anticoagulation, and who have their risk of bleeding resolve, the American College of Chest Physicians suggested, in 2012, that they receive a standard course of anticoagulation.

The central incisors have fossa on their lingual surfaces. Their mesial and distal proximal contacts are located in the incisal third. The facial and lingual heights of contour are in the cervical third, as is the case with all incisors and canines.

The discriminative touch system deals with everything from the toes to the neck through the spinal cord. The sensation experienced enters the periphery by axons. More specifically, the sensory axons. This signal passes through axon to axon from the distal to proximal process.

In brain, NBCe1 is predominantly expressed by astrocytes. NBCe1 may participate in regulation of brain extracellular space pH. Some mutations in NBCe1 have been associated with Familial hemiplegic migraine. Other NBCe1 mutations disrupt kidney bicarbonate transport and cause proximal renal tubular acidosis.

The hindwings are dark, olive grey, with an indistinct whitish spot in proximal part and white submarginal striped and apical stripe-shaped patch with pink-metallic scales. The female differs externally from the male in absence of short cilia on the antennae.

The lunate is a crescent-shaped carpal bone found within the hand. The lunate is found within the proximal row of carpal bones. Proximally, it abuts the radius. Laterally, it articulates with the scaphoid, medially with the triquetral, and distally with the capitate.

Vomiting may occur before constipation. In large bowel obstruction, the pain is felt lower in the abdomen and the spasms last longer. Constipation occurs earlier and vomiting may be less prominent. Proximal obstruction of the large bowel may present as small bowel obstruction.

Hyperkeratotic hand dermatitis presents with hyperkeratotic, fissure-prone, erythematous areas of the middle or proximal palm, and the volar surfaces of the fingers may also be involved.James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. .

The vertebral column consists of irregular bones. # Sesamoids: Bones embedded within a tendon. The horse's proximal digital sesamoids are simply called the "sesamoid bones" by horsemen, his distal digital sesamoid is referred to as the navicular bone. Ligaments and tendons hold the skeletal system together.

In higher primates it has evolved into two separate muscles — serratus anterior and levator scapulae — by concentration of the proximal and distal fibers and progressive reduction of the intermediate fibers. The fibers concerned with the cranial displacement of the scapula became the levator scapulae.

Most ash guards are fingerless, in order not to reduce dexterity, but new gloves like the Mycro Long Finger Glove are designed to protect the proximal phalanges without affecting dexterity. Some rugby union players have also used ashguards, including André Joubert and Tommy Bowe.

The basal markings consist of three proximal elements followed by an elongate blotch and three similar streaks. The hindwings are yellow-orange, bot brownish anally and more cream towards the base., 1981: Nigerian Tortricini (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae). RAZOWSKI, Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 25(14): 319-340.

When the base of the fifth metatarsal is fractured, the peroneus brevis may pull on and displace the proximal fragment (Jones Fracture). An inversion sprain of the foot may pull the tendon such that it avulses the tuberosity at the base of the fifth metatarsal.

Prickle is another protein in the planar cell polarity signaling pathway. Prickle is recruited to the cell surface membrane by strabismus. In cells of the developing Drosophila wing, Prickle and Strabismus are concentrated at the cell surface membrane on the most proximal side of cells.

The quadrate ligament reinforces the inferior part of the capsule of the elbow joint and contributes to joint stability by securing the proximal radius against the radial notch and by restricting excessive supination (10–20° restriction) and, to a lesser degree, pronation (5–8°).

The medial pathway helps control gross movements of the proximal limbs and trunk. The lateral pathway helps control precise movement of the distal portion of limbs. The vestibulospinal tract, as well as tectospinal and reticulospinal tracts are examples of components of the medial pathway.

If in any year there was less than normal rainfall and the taankas did not get filled, water from proximal wells and tanks would be obtained to fill the household taankas. In this way, the people of Bikaner were able to meet their water requirements.

On returning to the United States, Lipkin self-quarantined for 14 days. Lipkin later contracted SARS-CoV-2 in New York City. Lipkin co-authored a paper on The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2, which was published in Nature Medicine in March 2020..

The palmar plate moves in three phases during joint flexion. First, it slides back toward the hand. Next, it is lifted away from the proximal phalanx by the A3 pulley. Last, a lip on the middle phalanx rolls into a recess on the plate.

187-205 The difference between the higher level of potential and the lower level of actual development indicates the zone of proximal development. Combination of these two indexes provides a more informative indicator of psychological development than assessment of actual development alone.Chaiklin, S. (2003).

The palmar digital veins (or volar digital veins) on each finger are connected to the dorsal digital veins by oblique intercapitular veins. Some sources distinguish between the "proper palmar digital veins", which are more distal, and the "common palmar digital veins", which are more proximal.

In addition, this enzyme is directly denatured by chlorate. Acute severe hemolysis results, with multi-organ failure, including DIC and kidney failure. In addition there is a direct toxicity to the proximal renal tubule. The treatment will consist of exchange transfusion, peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis.

Prurigo gestationis is an eruption consisting of pruritic, excoriated papules of the proximal limbs and upper trunk, most often occurring between the 20th and 34th week of gestation.James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. .

Children who have not finished fusing their proximal radial epiphyseal plate may suffer dislocations of this joint, called pulled elbow or Nursemaid's elbow. This frequently happens when parents sharply jerk their children by their arms, e.g. the act of grabbing a child away from traffic.

The Burch colposuspension is a procedure to treat urinary incontinence due to pelvic floor relaxation. The paravaginal fascia is attached to Cooper's ligament. The purpose is to suspend the prolapsed urethra so that the urethrovesical junction and proximal urethra are replaced in the abdominal cavity.

The ulnar olecranon process has a mediolaterally pinched posterior margin. The ulnar distal end bends anteriorly and is strongly expanded laterally. The proximal end of metacarpal II has a strong ventrolateral extension. Metacarpal III is laterally bowed and adorned with a longitudinal ventral groove.

Terminal phalanges have short recurved claws with a phalangeal formula of 2:3:4:5:3. The femoras are straight, thick with ends that aren't enlarged. The tibia is big and bowed shaped. The astragulus is short and square-cut without a long proximal neck.

Common genital pore ventral, dextral to distal chamber of MCO. Vaginal pore sinistroventral at level of seminal vesicle. Vaginal vestibule delicate; vaginal sclerite with distal funnel and two comparatively large juxtaposed thick-walled chambers; seminal receptacle subspherical, immediately proximal to vagina and anterior to ootype.

The astragalus displays two unique features in neosauropods. When viewed from the proximal side, the ascending process extends to the posterior end of the astragalus. The astragalus is also wedge shaped when viewed from the anterior side due to a reduction in the medial portion.

Thus, a molar behaviorist would describe "loving someone" as a pattern of loving behavior over time; there is no isolated, proximal cause of loving behavior, only a history of behaviors (of which the current behavior might be an example) that can be summarized as "love".

In plants, the substomatal cavity is the cavity located immediately proximal to the stoma. It acts as a diffusion chamber connected with intercellular air spaces and allows rapid diffusion of carbon dioxide and other gases (such as plant pheromones) in and out of plant cells.

Ecologie, Systématique, Evolution - Technology Transfer It allows to perform real-time and non-destructive measurements.Zoran G. Cerovic. 2012 New proximal sensors of vegetation: towards a non destructive quantitative estimation of plant constituents Ebernburg-Workshop "Leaf Optics" The main applications are plant science and agriculture research.

Its forelimbs were much more similar to later sauropods than basal sauropodomorphs because they are straight, much more gracile, and the proximal end of the ulna is v-shaped. Unfortunately, no skull or neck of Vulcanodon is known, although it is otherwise very well known.

In the inner side, on the proximal third part of the shaft, a coarse, concave area is preserved, likely an attachment for m. pubo ischio femoralis externus-3. Below this area, a small, convex tubercle attended the insertion for m. pubo ischio femoralis-2.

The operculum, a flap that hinges to form a lid over the aperture of the lophophore, has a membranous edge and is chitinised. It is thick and crescent-shaped when closed. The walls between the zooids are calcified on the proximal edge and membranous elsewhere.

In total, it is long. Their forearms are long. Their dorsal fur is dark brown to brownish-black in color. Individual hairs have frosted tips at the distal third of the hair, while the proximal two-thirds of the hairs are dark brown or black.

The forewings have a light brown postmedial and subterminal fasciae, the postmedial fascia with a proximal row of brown spots. There are also darker brown terminal spots. The hindwings are as the forewings., 1967: A taxonomic revision of the genus Teldenia Moore (Lepidoptera: Drepanidae, Drepaninae).

Tibial-fibular trunk (or tibial-peroneal trunk) is a segment of the artery below the knee, distal to the origin of the anterior tibial artery off the popliteal artery, and proximal to the branch point of the posterior tibial artery and the fibular artery.

Landweber, L. (1951): An iteration formula for Fredholm integral equations of the first kind. Amer. J. Math. 73, 615–624 P. L. Combettes and J.-C. Pesquet, "Proximal splitting methods in signal processing," in: Fixed-Point Algorithms for Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering, (H.

Methotrexate-induced papular eruption appears in patients being treated with methotrexate, such as those with rheumatic disease, presenting with erythematous indurated papules, usually located on the proximal extremities.James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders.

Proximal tubal occlusion has also been overcome by using hysteroscopy with tubal canalization using a catheter, not a falloposcope. Extensive tubal obstruction, however, cannot be overcome by falloposcopy and would require tubal surgery or in vitro fertilization (IVF) to be overcome to achieve a pregnancy.

The specific name, mongoliensis, refers to the country of its discovery, Mongolia. Translated paper Some therizinosaur fossil findings at the Iren Dabasu Formation were first thought to be referable to Enigmosaurus. Although it is commonly known from the pelvis, several remains not mentioned in the original description of the holotype were labelled under the same specimen number (IGM 100/84). These elements are in poor condition compared to the pelvis, and they were not measured and illustrated: proximal end of a femur; large femoral shaft, might be a tibial shaft; some ribs; distal end of a humerus; a tentative radius and the proximal end of an ulna.

The zone of proximal development is the field between what a learner can do by himself (expert stage) and the most that can be achieved with the support of a knowledgeable peer or instructor (pedagogical stage) (Ellis & Worthington, 1994). Vygotsky was convinced that a child could be taught any subject efficiently using scaffolding practices by implementing the scaffolds through the zone of proximal development. Students are escorted and monitored through learning activities that function as interactive conduits to get them to the next stage. Thus the learner obtains new understandings by building on their prior knowledge through the support delivered by more capable individuals (Raymond, 2000).

Their leg bones are proportioned differently from those of a human. For example, the body part that is called a horse's "knee" is actually made up of the carpal bones that correspond to the human wrist. Similarly, the hock contains bones equivalent to those in the human ankle and heel. The lower leg bones of a horse correspond to the bones of the human hand or foot, and the fetlock (incorrectly called the "ankle") is actually the proximal sesamoid bones between the cannon bones (a single equivalent to the human metacarpal or metatarsal bones) and the proximal phalanges, located where one finds the "knuckles" of a human.

PCFT operates most efficiently when there is a strong transmembrane pH gradient. Under these conditions transport of a folate molecule across the cell membrane is accompanied by a sufficient number of protons to result a positive charge and current mediated by the ternary carrier complex. It is the pH gradient present across the apical brush-border membrane of the proximal jejunum, where PCFT is highly expressed, that drives intestinal folate absorption. PCFT is expressed to a lesser extent elsewhere in the small and large intestine along with the canalicular membrane of the hepatic sinusoid and in the apical brush-border membrane of the proximal tubule of the kidney.

The inside edge of the trochlea (toe joint) of metatarsal III (the middle preserved ankle bone) possesses a small but noticeable bony tab (known as a plantar projection) which extends towards the underside of the ankle. Although the tarsometatarsas is mostly unfused, the proximal (near) parts of metatarsals II and III have fused together into a flat area that extends about a third the length of their shafts. The proximal end of the tarsometatarsus bends laterally (outwards). However, Bauxitornis can be distinguished from these other enantiornitheans due to having a shortened metatarsal II (the innermost preserved ankle bone) without a tubercule (scarred bump) for the M. tibialis cranialis muscle.

Children at low risk may not need any restorative therapy, and frequent visits should be made to detect possible early lesions. Children at moderate risk may require restoration of progressing and cavitated lesions, while white spot and enamel proximal lesions should be treated by preventive techniques and monitored for progression. Children at high risk, however, may require earlier restorative intervention of enamel proximal lesions, as well as intervention of progressing and cavitated lesions to minimize continual caries development. As Early Childhood Caries occurs in children under the age of 5, restorative treatment is conventionally performed under general anesthetic to prevent a traumatic experience for the child.

Many types of medications are secreted in the proximal tubule. Further reading: Table of medication secreted in kidney Most of the ammonium that is excreted in the urine is formed in the proximal tubule via the breakdown of glutamine to alpha-ketoglutarate. This takes place in two steps, each of which generates an ammonium anion: the conversion of glutamine to glutamate and the conversion of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate. The alpha- ketoglutarate generated in this process is then further broken down to form two bicarbonate anions, which are pumped out of the basolateral portion of the tubule cell by co-transport with sodium ions.

Proximal enteritis, also known as anterior enteritis or duodenitis-proximal jejunitis (DPJ), is inflammation of the duodenum and upper jejunum. It is potentially caused by infectious organisms, such as Salmonella and Clostridial species, but other possible contributing factors include Fusarium infection or high concentrate diets. The inflammation of the intestine leads to large secretions of electrolytes and fluid into its lumen, and thus large amounts of gastric reflux, leading to dehydration and occasionally shock. Signs include acute onset of moderate to severe pain, large volumes orange-brown and fetid gastric reflux, distended small intestine on rectal examination, fever, depression, increased heart rate and respiratory rate, prolonged CRT, and darkened mucous membranes.

It is very efficient and can process10–30g of low-molecular-weight proteins per day, so under normal conditions no light chains pass beyond the proximal tubules. If immunoglobulin light chains are produced in sufficient amounts to overwhelm the proximal tubules’ absorption mechanisms (usually due to the presence of a plasma cell tumour) the light chains enter the distal tubules and can appear in the urine (Bence Jones protein). The passage of large amounts of immunoglobulin light chains through the kidneys may cause inflammation or blockage of the kidney tubules. The distal tubules of the kidneys secrete large amounts of uromucoid (Tamm–Horsfall protein).

Its sensory component supplies the skin of the palm, thumb, index and middle finger as well as half the ring finger, and the bones of the wrist. In the proximal forearm it gives rise to the anterior interosseous nerve which innervates the flexor of the thumb (FPL), the flexor digitorum profundus of the index finger (FDP IF), and the pronator quadratus, and terminates in a sensory branch to the bones of the wrist, i.e., the carpal tunnel. Compression of the proximal median nerve results in weakness of these three muscles, and can cause aching pain in the wrist on the basis of the sensory nerve to the carpal bones.

Campaniform sensilla are distributed across the body surface of many insects. Sensilla with similar orientations are often grouped together in regions where stress is likely to be high, including on the legs, antennae, and wings. For example, stick insects have groups of campaniform sensilla on the trochanter, a group on the proximal femur, a group on the proximal tibia, and a small number of sensilla on the distal end of each tarsomere (see leg schematic). In Diptera like blow flies, the highest density of campaniform sensilla is found at the base of the modified hind-wings, or halteres, which function as gyroscopic sensors of self-motion during flight.

Under the rhizomes are fleshy-like roots. The branches are brown. The creeping habit can create large masses of plants over time.Richard Lynch Nick Romanowski Holly Kerr Forsyth (Editor) It has 6–8 basal leaves, which are divided onto 2–3 proximal (close to centre) leaves and 4–5 distal (away from centre) leaves. The proximal leaves are falcate (sickle-shaped), light brown with a darker brown central mid-rib, and the distal leaves are ensiform (sword-like),John Darby (1841) green or yellowish green, with a few visible veins. They can grow up to between long and 1-2.5 cm wide. They elongate after flowering, growing up to long.

Pseudorhabdosynochus firmicoleatus from snowy grouper, sclerotisd parts Kritsky, Bakenhaster & Adams (2015) wrote that Pseudorhabdosynochus firmicoleatus most closely resembles Pseudorhabdosynochus sulamericanus (a species described by Santos, Buchmann and Gibson in 2000 ) in the general morphology of the vaginal sclerite. The structure in both species possesses a delicate distal funnel at its attachment to the vaginal vestibule, a proximal bulge of the distal tube, and a small chamber. In P. firmicoleatus, however, the vaginal sclerite is delicate and lacks the irregular sclerites along the distal tube typical of P. sulamericanus. It further differs from P. sulamericanus in that the deep root of the ventral anchor has its proximal end directed dorsally.

A fragment of a proximal left carpometacarpus was one of the bones discovered to be a part of robustus, consisting of half of the os metacarpale majus and the trochlea carpalis. Ventrally within the fossa infratrochlearis lies a 2 millimeter diameter pneumatic foramen, a feature that is characteristic of the genus Leptoptilos. The morphology of the trochlea carpalis was also similar when compared to those of extant Leptoptilini members. Measurements of the proximal width and depth of the carpometacarpi fell within the range of the extant species L. dubius, suggesting that L. robustus was more close to L. dubius' size based on carpometacarpal measurements alone.

The proximal line of the antemedial fascia, the distal line of the postmedial fascia, the brown streak extending towards the apex from the cell, and a brown apical patch are all highly lustrous and there is a line of highly lustrous scales concolorous with the ground colour below the whole of the costa and in the cell from the base to the cell-spots. These are non-lustrous. The colour of the hindwing markings is as for the forewings. The distal line of the postmedial fascia is highly lustrous and there are some highly lustrous scales on the vestige of the proximal line of the antemedial fascia.

There is a line of lustrous scales immediately posterior to the costa from the base to near the apex and a second line along the middle of the cell from the base of the wing. The antemedial fascia is double, the proximal line brown and lustrous and the distal line pale brown and faintly marked. There is an irregular brown or dark brown marking at the distal end of the cell, and an irregular, lustrous, brown marking between the apex and the cell. The postmedial fascia is double, with a pale brown proximal line hardly discernible and a darker distal line which is lustrous with black spots on the veins.

It then secretes a much greater than normal amount of fluid into the closed cavity of the bursa, from where it has nowhere to go. The bursa therefore inflates, producing a swelling over the proximal end of the ulna which is usually inflamed and tender. Another possible cause of inflammation of the bursa is infection, which can usually (but not always) be traced to a crack or other lesion in the skin which allowed for bacteria of the normal skin flora to invade deeper layers of tissue. This bursa is located just over the extensor aspect of the extreme proximal end of the ulna.

While there are colors and patterns that are objectively more vivid, salience is a function of the difference between the target object and its environment, or "ground". The greater the difference between the target and the ground, the stronger the social salience of that target. In the case of social salience, this distinction is characterized as a comparison between the attributes of the target and the attributes of other items in the target's proximal ground. Other items in the target's proximal ground set the norm for attributes an observer can expect. When an object’s attributes violate those pre-set expectations, it is socially salient.

Proximal myopathy, inflammatory polyarthritis, central nervous system symptoms, esophageal aperistalsis, and hoarseness are among the notable systemic symptoms. If viscera is involved, the disease will be fatal. The dermatoneuro syndrome is a rare neurological complication of the disease presenting with fever, seizures and altered mental status.

The footplate, or proximal end of the columella, rests in the oval window. Sound is conducted through the oval window to the interior of the otic capsule. This motion ultimately stimulates sensory cells in the inner ear.Depiction of the evolution of the ossicles of the ear.

Surgical options may include open reduction and internal fixation, closed reduction and percutaneous pinning, and intramedullary nailing. Joint replacement may be another option. Proximal and shaft fractures generally have a good outcome while outcomes with distal fractures can be less good. They represent about 4% of fractures.

A mycotoxin is suspected to be involved, but one has not been found in grapes or raisins ingested by affected dogs. The reason some dogs develop kidney failure following ingestion of grapes and raisins is not known. The most common pathological finding is proximal renal tubular necrosis.

Academic Search Complete. Web. 10 June 2014. Translation in eukaryotic cells according to most scanning mechanisms occurs at the AUG start codon proximal to the 5' end of mRNA; however, the scanning ribosome may encounter an “unfavorable nucleotide context” around the start codon and continue scanning.

Lowery was born in Russia and was adopted when she was four years old. She grew up in Cumberland, Maine. When she was eight years old, because of a congenital bone defect, Proximal Focal Femoral Disorder (PFFD), her right leg was amputated. Lowery attended Gould Academy.

This peptidoglycan-less bacterium reproduces via budding, which forms at the proximal cell pole. The internal membrane is compartmentalized into three parts: central pirellulosome, riboplasm, and paryphoplasm. The cells are pear-shaped and are either single or multiple form a flower pattern. The mature cells are inactive.

Stress, cold weather, and infections lead to an increase in symptoms, and sleep decreases them. SPS patients suffer superimposed spasms and extreme sensitivity to touch and sound. These spasms primarily occur in the proximal limb and axial muscles. There are co-contractions of agonist and antagonist muscles.

There are several drug interactions with lithium. Interactions can occur from typical antipsychotics or atypical antipsyhcotics. In particular, certain drugs enhance lithium levels by increasing renal re-absorption at the proximal tubule. These drugs are angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and thiazide diuretics.

Unlike spoken languages, words in sign languages are perceived with the eyes instead of the ears. Signs are articulated with the hands, upper body and head. The main articulators are the hands and arms. Relative parts of the arm are described with the terms proximal and distal.

The shell is smooth, shiny, weakly reddish to greenish brown. The animal is blackish blue. Anatomy: The internal ornamentation of the proximal penis consisting of not more than four longitudinal pleats, usually straight, sometimes slightly wavy, but never laterally branched or papillate.Species summary for Oxychilus alliarius.

Epigenetic differences in DNA methylation of the CpG islands proximal to the DLX1 gene correlated with the differing behavior. The authors of the twin study noted that despite the associations between epigenetic markers and differences personality traits, epigenetics cannot predict complex decision-making processes like career selection.

The intercarpal joints (joints of the carpal bones of the wrist) can be subdivided into three sets of joints (also called articulations): Those of the proximal row of carpal bones, those of the distal row of carpal bones, and those of the two rows with each other.

The presumed metacarpal is flat and slightly twisted, with a wider proximal end. The other specimens of Rhombopholis are close to this individual in size. CAMSM G.324 resembles the lumbar vertebrae of Macrocnemus. WARMS Gz21 has a wide posterior expansion and a thin anterior expansion.

Gauthier, J. & Rowe, T. (1990). Ceratosauria. In The Dinosauria, Dodson et al (eds.). The femur of Protoavis is astonishingly similar to non-tetanurans, namely coelophysoids. The proximal femur displays a trochanteric shelf caudal to the lesser and greater trochanters, a feature distinguishing non-tetanurans theropods from Tetanurae.

In human anatomy, extensor carpi radialis brevis is a muscle in the forearm that acts to extend and abduct the wrist. It is shorter and thicker than its namesake extensor carpi radialis longus which can be found above the proximal end of the extensor carpi radialis brevis.

The extensor hallucis brevis is essentially the medial part of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle. Some anatomists have debated whether these two muscles are distinct entities. The extensor hallucis brevis arises from the calcaneus and inserts on the proximal phalanx of the digit 1 (the big toe).

The name of the lunate bone derives from the "crescent-shaped" (), from Latin luna ("moon"), from the bone's resemblance to a crescent moon. In amphibians and reptiles, the bone is instead referred to as the intermedium, because of its position between the other two proximal carpals.

The mechanism of diuresis involves the proximal tubule of the kidney. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase is found here, allowing the reabsorption of bicarbonate, sodium, and chloride. By inhibiting this enzyme, these ions are excreted, along with excess water, lowering blood pressure, intracranial pressure, and intraocular pressure.

TYK This disorder results from mutations in the proximal tyrosine kinase domain of the FGFR3 gene. This gene plays an important role in embryonic development, playing a part in regulating activities such as cell division, migration and differentiation. Hypochondroplasia can result from p. Lys650Asn as well.

The stems shows proximal portions to be woody and the distal portions of the shoots to be herbaceous. Hence the species is regarded as a semi-woody vine. The optimum temperature found for germination of the species is 35 °C in both soil and Petri dishes.

The second specimen, BEXHM 2015.18, consists of a small fragment of jaw with three teeth; six complete caudal vertebrae fused together and two fragmentary caudal vertebrae in articulation; a distal left ulna; a right proximal syncarpal; portions of a minimum of three phalanges and two indeterminate elements.

Extension of the rejection sensitivity construct to the interpersonal functioning of gay men. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 306-317. Thus, previous experiences with prejudice are associated with proximal stress among LGB individuals, including concealment of their sexual identity, internalized homophobia, and rejection sensitivity.

Racial and gender discrimination: Risk factors for high blood pressure? Social Science and Medicine, 30, 1273-1281. Thus, exposure to distal stressors has been linked to poor mental and physical health outcomes for African Americans. Other studies have linked proximal stressors and health outcomes for African Americans.

It does allow that proximal influences such as family or peers may alter aggressiveness but not media and games.Ferguson C. et al. "Violent video games and aggression: Causal relationship or byproduct of family violence and intrinsic violence motivation?" Criminal Justice and Behavior 2008 35 p311–332.

Genes related to the proximal area are HFE2, TXNIP, POLR3GL, LIX1L, RBM8A, PEX11B, ITGA10, ANKRD35, PIAS3, NUDT17, POLR3C, RNF115, CD160, PDZK1, and GPR89A Genes related to the distal area are PDE4DIP, HYDIN2, PRKAB2, PDIA3P, FMO5, CHD1L, BCL9, ACP6, GJA5, GJA8, NBPF10, GPR89B, GPR89C, PDZK1P1 and NBPF11.

Tension band fixation is the most common form of internal fixation used for non-comminuted olecranon fractures. It is typically reserved for noncomminuted fractures that are proximal to the coronoid. This procedure is performed using Kirschner wire (K-wires) which converts tensile forces into compressive force.

The body is dark brown. The first chelipeds are dark brown distodorsally with reticulated pattern on the manus, orange at the fingertips, orange at proximal segments, and cream at the ventral manus and fingers. Second chelipeds and ambulatory legs are greenish-cream dorsally and light cream ventrally.

Fossils of Spheniscus muizoni The holotype material consists of a partial postcranial skeleton, subcomplete left and right coracoid, subcomplete right scapula, a subcomplete left and right humerus, the left complete ulna, proximal and distal end of the right femur, the complete right and proximal end of the left tibiotarsus, the proximal end of the left fibula, the right complete tarsometatarsus, the cranial portion of the sternum with articular sulcus for coracoid and fragment of the craniolateral process, two fragmentary thoracic vertebrae from the caudal region, seven caudal vertebrae and a fragmentary synsacrum.Göhlich, 2007, p.287 Paratype fossils of the species consist of isolated bones; a distal fragmentary half of left coracoid, the right subcomplete coracoid, a left complete ulna, left complete radius, right complete carpometacarpus, the distal end of a right femur, the cranial end of pygostyle and a rib fragment without ends. The body mass of the penguin species has been estimated to , making it smaller than the Magellanic penguin at and distinctly smaller than the Humboldt penguin, but larger than the Galapagos penguin, which has a body mass of .

Chemical arthrodesis has the potential to damage the joint cartilage without fusing the joint, leading to increased pain and lameness.Penraat, Jan H., et al. "An evaluation of chemical arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal joint in the horse by using monoiodoacetate." Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 64.4 (2000): 212.

Social factors heavily influence cognitive development under Vygotsky's beliefs. Environment and parents the child has will play a big role in a child's cognitive development. The child learns through the Zone of Proximal Development with help from their parent. 3. Vygotsky believes that language is important in cognitive development.

The person learning the skill set cannot complete it without the assistance of the teacher or peer. The teacher then helps the student attain the skill the student is trying to master, until the teacher is no longer needed for that task.Burkitt, E. (2006). Zone of proximal development.

Type II receptors bind ligands in the absence of type I receptors, but they require their respective type I receptors for signaling, whereas type I receptors require their respective type II receptors for ligand binding. The BMPR1B receptor plays a role in the formation of middle and proximal phalanges.

These tendons divide before their insertions and the tendons of flexor digitorum longus pass through these divisions. Flexor digitorum brevis flexes the middle phalanges. It is occasionally absent. Between the toes, the dorsal and plantar interossei stretch from the metatarsals to the proximal phalanges of digits two to five.

This is its primary form in non-reducing conditions. The proximal tubules of epithelial cells in the kidney express cauxin. This protein is secreted into the urine from the renal tubular cells. The gene for the protein is also found in several other mammalian genomes in various organs.

The uterotubal junction or utero-tubal junction is the connection between the endometrial cavity of the uterus and the fallopian tube (uterine tube) at the proximal tubal opening, the beginning of the intramural part of the fallopian tube. Histologically, the endometrial epithelium changes over to the ciliated tubal epithelium.

Histura perseavora is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Guatemala. The length of the forewings is 5–5.5 mm. The forewings have a two-toned pattern, with the darker proximal one-third distinguished from the lighter distal two-thirds by an oblique line.

Isolated intestine transplant diagram. First, any abdominal scar tissue from previous surgeries must be removed. The aorta and vena cava are dissected in preparation for vascular anastomosis, followed by dissection of the proximal and distal ends of the digestive tract. Anastomosis is then performed to revascularize the graft.

Excavation of the interior space has revealed an accumulation of modern garbage including fragments of liquor bottles. A small pit observed at the proximal end of this canoe is a hole dug out by treasure-hunters. Several potsherds of urns deposited in the interior were discovered. Haldummulla Fig.

Morphology Adult worms of all Oesophagostomum spp. exhibit a cephalic groove by its proximal gut as well as a visible secretory pore, or stomum, at the same level of the oesophagus19. Like other nematodes, Oesophagostomum spp. contain a developed, multi-nucleate digestive tract as well as a reproductive system.

In most cases, people are discharged from an emergency department with pain medicine and a cast or sling. These fractures are typically minor and heal over the course of a few weeks. Fractures of the proximal region, especially among elderly people, may limit future shoulder activity.Malhotra, 2013, p.

Theory & Psychology, Vol. 16, No. 1, 109-123 (2006) Newman and Holzman challenged what they described as the "hoax/myth of psychology," the various components of which were termed "destructive pieces of pseudoscience."Nissen M, Axel E, Bechmann Jensen T. The Abstract Zone of Proximal Conditioning. Theory & Psychology, Vol.

This disease is characterised by multifocal stenosing ulceration of the small intestine. The ulcers are circular or irregular in shape and their margins are always clear. The intervening mucosa appears normal. The lesions involve only the mucosa and submucosa and are confined to the jejunum and proximal ileum.

Proeulia macrobasana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Chile in the Araucanía and Bío Bío regions. The wingspan is 18 mm. The proximal half of the forewings is cream suffused with ferruginous in the basal and dorsal parts of the wing.

Individuals with pes cavus display characteristic reduced load-attenuation features, and other structures proximal to the foot may compensate with increased load transfer (i.e., excessive loading to the knees, hips, lumbo-pelvic joints or lumbar vertebrae). Foot disorders are common in captive elephants. However, the cause is poorly understood.

They differ from Brisingidae in having the interradial arcs curved, having smaller madreporites, having bare interadial plates on the disc, having the aboral (upper) surface of the arms continuous with the disc, and having the plates on the proximal parts of the arms abutting rather than overlapping each other.

They are formed from the confluence openings of several alveoli. Distal terminations of alveolar ducts are atria which then end in alveolar sacs. In human anatomy, respiratory bronchioles exist proximal to the alveolar ducts. The epithelial lining consists of smooth muscle knobs covered by nonciliated, simple cuboidal cells.

Boudinaged quartz vein (with strain fringe) showing sinistral shear sense. Starlight Pit, Fortnum Gold Mine, Western Australia. Veins are of prime importance to mineral deposits, because they are the source of mineralisation either in or proximal to the veins. Typical examples include gold lodes, as well as skarn mineralisation.

The ears are short, rounded and lie almost flattened against the skull. The claws are not retractable, and are large in proportion to the digits. Each foot has five toes. The male stoat has a curved baculum with a proximal knob that increases in weight as it ages.

BiFC has been used to study nuclear translocation, via complex localisation, as well as interactions involving integral membrane proteins.de Virgilio, M., Kiosses, W. B. & Shattil, S. J. Proximal, selective, and dynamic interactions between integrin alphaIIbbeta3 and protein tyrosine kinases in living cells. J. Cell Biol. 165, 305–311 (2004).

Sulfinpyrazone is a uricosuric medication used to treat gout. It also sometimes is used to reduce platelet aggregation by inhibiting degranulation of platelets which reduces the release of ADP and thromboxane. Like other uricosurics, sulfinpyrazone works by competitively inhibiting uric acid reabsorption in the proximal tubule of the kidney.

From proximal view, the head of the humerus is concave, which is a sign of a substantial cap of cartilage at the head of humerus. The humerus of Pistosaurus also lacks entepicondylar foramen. Pistosaurus has a strongly flattened ulna. It has medium length and nearly symmetrical in dorsal view.

This exopod is attached along the whole length of the base segment (coxa) and at least the proximal part of the first segment of the inner branch (endopod). The shaft of the exopod tapers gently towards its tip. The endopod is composed of seven podomeres including a terminal claw.

The surgical procedure of biliopancreatic diversion First appeared in 1980, biliopancreatic diversion involves two parts: gastrectomy and intestinal bypass. Firstly, gastrectomy removes a large portion of the stomach. Reduction in stomach capacity decreases the appetite of patients. Secondly, intestinal bypass anastomoses the proximal duodenum and the distal ileum.

The characteristic physical finding is tenderness over the proximal median nerve, which is aggravated by resisted pronation of the forearm.Hartz, C R, R L Linscheid, R R Gramse, and J R Daube. "The pronator teres syndrome: compressive neuropathy of the median nerve." The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery.

OAT1, OAT3, and OATP4C1 transport small organic anions from the plasma into the S2 cells. MDR1, MRP2, MRP4 and URAT1 then transports these organic anions from the cytoplasm of the S2 cells into the lumen of the proximal convoluted tubules. These organic anions are then excreted in the urine.

The hindwing has a postbasal hyaline patch extending hardly (or not at all) beyond the cell. The tips of the antennae and proximal joints of the tarsi are white. The spots of the forewing vary considerably in size. The male individual is slender and long abdomen than female.

Ethoxzolamide, a sulfonamide, inhibits carbonic anhydrase activity in proximal renal tubules to decrease reabsorption of water, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate. It also decreases carbonic anhydrase in the CNS, increasing the seizure threshold. This reduction in carbonic anhydrase also reduces the intraocular pressure in the eye by decreasing aqueous humor.

In this animal model of ischemic stroke the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is surgically dissected and subsequently permanently occluded, e.g. by electrocautery or ligation. Occlusion can be performed on the proximal or distal part of the MCA. In the latter, ischemic damage is restricted to the cerebral cortex.

Life restoration Quetecsaurus was diagnosed based on three autapomorphies, i.e. unique traits, by its describers. The intercentrum of its atlas shows a prominent anteroventral border and enlarged posteroventral processes. Its humerus is uniquely shaped, with strongly sigmoid ("S" shaped) proximal border, rounded proximomedial border, and angular proximolateral corner.

According to a triple analysis – autosomal, mitochondrial and paternal — of available data from large-scale studies on Balto-Slavs and their proximal populations, the whole genome SNP data situates Bulgarians in a cluster with Romanians, Macedonians and Gagauzes, and they are at similar proximity to Montenegrins and Serbs.

Kaatsu (Japanese: 加圧, often styled as KAATSU or KAATSU) is a patented exercise method developed by Dr. Yoshiaki Sato that is based on blood flow moderation exercise (or vascular occlusion moderation training) involving compression of the vasculature proximal to the exercising muscles by the Kaatsu Master device.

It also recovers a succession of reddish brown tones predominantly terrigenous: Conglomerates, Sandstone, clays related to Paleosoils, along with dolomitized Limestone. The Wazzant formation has a notorious proximal character compared to the Azilal formation. These deposits fill in many small tear pools in the Atlas Central.Laville, E. (1978).

Image of proximal femur bone projection Clinically, QCT is used at the hip to produce areal BMD measurements and T-Scores that are equivalent to DXA measurements.B. C. C. Khoo et al., "Comparison of QCT-derived and DXA-derived areal bone mineral density and T scores.," Osteoporosis International, vol.

The stems are a brownish color and grow 50–90 cm high. Connected to the stem are pedicels of simple thin proximal attachments that slightly thicken to 2–8 mm. The light green leaves are arranged alternately on the stem. The common leaf shape of Rumex spiralis is lanceolate.

Among African Americans, proximal stressors were described by early social psychological theorists. For example, Erving Goffman observed that racial minorities approach social interactions with a high degree of anxiety, because they have been discriminated against in the past.Goffman E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity.

Weakness is symmetric, progressive, and proximal (on or close to the torso), usually affecting the hip girdle and shoulder girdle muscles. Hip weakness can manifest as a waddling gate. Shoulder weakness can manifest as winged scapulas. Muscle contractures, especially of the Achilles tendon, and scoliosis can also occur.

A demonstrative or the definite determiner ho is placed at the end of the noun phrase. The demonstrative paradigm shows a distinction between proximal (hɔʔɔ) and distal, and distal demonstratives further distinguish between location above the speaker (hɛtɔ), below the speaker (hɛpɔ) and level with the speaker (hɛmɔ).

This multi articular movement is executed by segmental and joint torques in multiple planes and produces and angular velocity generated from proximal to distal limbs.Kellis, Eleftherios, and Athanasios Katis. "Biomechanical Characteristics and Determinants of Instep Soccer Kick." ©Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 6 (2007): 154–65.

Multiple miR-744 binding sites have been identified in the proximal 3' untranslated region of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). Direct targeting of TGF-β1 by miR-744 has been identified, and transfection is seen to inhibit endogenous TGF-β1 synthesis by directing post-transcriptional regulation.

The kidney(s) are drained via mesonephric/archinephric duct. Unlike many other vertebrates, this duct is separate from the reproductive tract. Unlike all other vertebrates, the proximal tubule of the nephron is also connected with the coelom, provided lubrication. The single testicle or ovary has no transportation duct.

The peripheral portion of the TFC is well vascularised, while the central portion has no blood supply. This discus is attached by thick tissue to the base of the ulnar styloid and by thinner tissue to the edge of the radius just proximal to the radiocarpal articular surface.

Alnashetri is known only from the holotype MPCA-477, articulated hind limbs of a single individual. The holotype consists of a partial left femur, distal portions of left and right tibiae, right fibula, proximal tarsals of both ankles, a nearly complete right metatarsus, proximal and distal parts of the left metapodials and left pedal digit III. The specimen was collected at the "Hoyada de los esfenodontes" sublocality, part of the main fossiliferous locality of La Buitrera, about 30 km south of the village of El Chocόn. It was recovered from massive red sandstones that form the upper part of the Candeleros Formation of the Rio Limay Subgroup (Cenomanian to Turonian stage), close to its border with the Huincul Formation.

Diagnosis requires colonoscopy, and is defined by the presence of either of two criteria: ≥5 serrated lesions/polyps proximal to the rectum (all ≥ 5 mm in size, with two lesions ≥10 mm), or >20 serrated lesions/polyps of any size distributed throughout the colon with 5 proximal to the rectum. A family history of SPS and smoking tobacco are associated with a higher risk of serrated polyposis syndrome, whereas the use of aspirin and Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs) are associated with a lower risk. While there are several genetic abnormalities associated with SPS, including RNF43, BRAF, abnormal CpG island methylator phenotype, and microsatellite instability. However, most individuals with the syndrome do not have an associated germline mutation.

The recurrent artery of Heubner, Heubner's artery or medial striate artery is named after the German paediatrician Otto Heubner and is a branch of the anterior cerebral artery, most often arising from the A1-A2 junction (44%) or the proximal A2 segment (43%), or more rarely from the A1 segment. Its vascular territory is the anteromedial section of the caudate nucleus and the anterioinferior section of the internal capsule, as well as parts of the putamen and septal nuclei. In cases of obstructed flow in the Heubner's artery, the individual may experience infarction in those subcortical areas and thus hemiparesis. More proximal portions of the artery may cause spastic paraparesis and sensory loss contralateral to the lesioned side.

The oblique cord is a ligament between the ulnar and radius bones in the lower arm near the elbow. It takes the form of a small, flattened band, extending downward and lateralward, from the lateral side of the ulnar tuberosity at the base of the coronoid process to the radius a little below the radial tuberosity. Its fibers run in the opposite direction to those of the Interosseous membrane of the forearm. It is called by other names including oblique ligament, chorda obliqua, radio-ulnar ligament, chorda oblique antebrachii anterior, proximal interosseous band, dorsal oblique accessory cord, proximal band of the interosseous membrane, superior oblique ligament, oblique ligament proper, round ligament, and ligament of Weitbrecht.

The holotype skeleton, STMN 26-3STMN 26-3 consists of an incomplete skeleton preserving a partial skull and mandible, partial presacral vertebrae, proximal–middle caudal vertebrae, nearly complete right scapula, both humeri, the proximal end of the left ulna, partial pubes, both ischia, both femora, the right tibia and fibula and pes, as well as remains of long, singular and unbranched filamentous integumentary structures. The holotype is from a subadult individual that probably measured 70 cm in length based on the proportions of the related South African species Heterodontosaurus tucki. However, Tianyulong had unusual proportions compared to other heterodontosaurids. The head was large and the legs and tail were long, but the neck and forelimbs were short.

Because the proximal arch simultaneously has to adapt to the articular surface of the radius and to the distal carpal row, it is by necessity flexible. In contrast, the capitate, the "keystone" of the distal arch, moves together with the metacarpal bones and the distal arch is therefore rigid. The stability of these arches is more dependent of the ligaments and capsules of the wrist than of the interlocking shapes of the carpal bones, and the wrist is therefore more stable in flexion than in extension. The distal carpal arch affects the function of the CMC joints and the hands, but not the function of the wrist or the proximal carpal arch.

Tibetan has proximal, medial and distal demonstrative pronouns: proximal འདི་ <'di> "this," medial དེ་ "that," and distal ཕ་གི་ "that over there (yonder.)" འདི་ <'di> and དེ་ also have temporal meanings where འདི་ <'di> is connected with present and དེ་ is connected with the past or the future: : ཕ་གི་ , on the other hand, can only express spatial distance. From these demonstrative pronouns the following adverbs are derived: འདིར་ <'dir> "here," དེར་ "there," and ཕ་གིར་ "over there." The demonstratives can be used as both pronouns and adjectives. As pronouns they act much in the same way as the third person pronouns do, but may also refer to previous clauses or events.

Two independent ClC-5 knock-out mice, the so called Jentsch and Guggino models, provided critical insights into the mechanisms of proximal tubular dysfunction in Dent disease 1. These two murine models recapitulated the major features of Dent disease (low-molecular-weight proteinuria, hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis/nephrolithiasis) and demonstrated that ClC-5 inactivation is associated with severe impairment of both fluid phase and receptor-mediated endocytosis, as well as trafficking defects leading to the loss of megalin and cubilin at the brush border of proximal tubules. However, targeted disruption of ClC-5 in the Jentsch model did not lead to hypercalciuria, kidney stones or nephrocalcinosis, while the Guggino model did. The Jentsch murine model produced slightly more acidic urines.

Autosomal SNP analysis situates Lithuanians most proximal to Latvians, followed by the westernmost East Slavs, furthermore, all Slavic peoples and Germans are situated more proximal to Lithuanians than Finns and northern Russians. Lithuanian Ashkenazi Jews also have interesting genetics, since they display a number of unique genetic characteristics; the utility of these variations has been the subject of debate.Genetic diseases among the Ashkenazi One variation, which is implicated in familial hypercholesterolemia, has been dated to the 14th century, corresponding to the establishment of Ashkenazi settlements in response to the invitation extended by Vytautas the Great in 1388. At the end of the 19th century, the average height of males was and the average height of females was .

Inflammation of the intestine leads to the secretion of a large amounts of electrolytes, primarily sodium and chloride, into its lumen, resulting in the osmotic movement of water. The production of fluid is thought to be due to active hypersecretion, passive secretion of proteins secondary to damage to epithelium of the mucosa and capillaries, and a functional ileus which prevents removal of this fluid. Massive fluid production results in extensive reflux, usually produced at a rate of 50–100 mL/min, in addition to distention of the proximal small intestine, dehydration, and possible shock secondary to hypovolemia. Proximal enteritis can also occur with inflammation of other organs in the gastrointestinal tract, including gastritis, ileitis, typhlitis, and colitis.

Mice and other mammalian species undergo epigenesis during development, where germ cells are separated from the somatic lineage during early gastrulation, occurring at embryonic day 7 in mice, and are derived directly from proximal epiblast cells relative to the extraembryonic ectoderm. Prior to gastrulation the epiblast cells are not yet set in their role as cells of the germ lineage and can act as precursors for somatic cells Matsui and Okamura, 2003. At this stage, cells transplanted to the proximal epiblast from other parts of the epiblast can also be differentiated into germ line cells. The potential germ line cells are specified by the extracellular signalling of BMP4, BMP2 and BMP8b from the extraembryonic ectoderm.

Active site of eosinophil peroxidase in the resting (reduced) state. Pictured: Proximal histidine-asparagine interaction (bottom); distal histidine and bound water (top). In the oxidized form, the oxyferryl radical takes the place of the bound solvent molecule, and the halide substrate binds alongside that. Not pictured: other bound solvent water molecules.

Spina ventosa is the term given for tuberculous dactylitis. Reviewed in Nearly 85% of the patients of spina ventosa are below 6 years of age.The bones of hands are more commonly involved than those of the feet. Proximal phalanx of the index and middle fingers are the commonest sites of involvement.

Kuusisaari, H. (2014). Teachers at the zone of proximal development: Collaboration promoting or hindering the development process. Teaching and Teacher Education, 43, 46–57. Utilizing student's ZPD can assist especially with early childhood learning by guiding each child through challenges and using their student collaboration as a tool for success.

The thenar eminence is stroked briskly with a thin stick, from proximal (edge of wrist) to distal (base of thumb) using moderate pressure. A positive response is considered if there is a single visible twitch of the ipsilateral mentalis muscle (chin muscle on the same side as the hand tested).

This resulted in the deposition zones shifting from the proximal or distal regions of the Karoo Basin. The Beaufort Group rocks are predominantly mudstone- dominated up until the upper sections in the lower Tarkastad Subgroup. Tuffs are also found due to concurrent volcanic activity that took place with the foreland tectonics.

It is usually assigned to the Fatricum as well as the Drietoma and Haligovce units. Its origin is still disputed, because some geologists consider it a proximal part of the Tatric sedimentary cover.Andrusov, D., 1968: Grundriss der Tektonik der Nördlichen Karpaten. Verlag der Slowakishen akademie der Wissensshaften, Bratislava, 188 p.

Onychophosis is a localized or diffuse hyperkeratotic tissue that develops on the lateral or proximal nailfolds, within the space between the nailfolds and the nail plate, and is a common finding in the elderly.James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. .

Half and half nails (also known as "Lindsay's nails") show the proximal portion of the nail white and the distal half red, pink, or brown, with a sharp line of demarcation between the two halves.James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. .

Eupanacra sinuata, the sinuous rippled hawkmoth, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is known from Nepal, north-eastern India, south-western China, northern Thailand and Vietnam. The wingspan is 58–68 mm. The middle of the thorax upperside and proximal abdominal tergites are pale (as in similar Eupanacra variolosa).

Proximal Sensing is a similar idea but often refer to laboratory and field measurements, instead of images showing a large spatial extent.Mulder, V. L., de Bruin, S., Schaepman, M. E., Mayr, T. R. (2011). The use of remote sensing in soil and terrain mapping — A review. Geoderma, 162, 1–19.

The only treatment option for stage III wrist osteoarthritis is four-corner arthrodesis, as described above in stage II. Proximal row carpectomy is not an option, because in stage III patients the capitate is already affected by the osteoarthritis. So, this procedure would merely lead to a new painful joint.

The fibular artery typically arises from the posterior tibial artery. Therefore, the posterior tibial artery proximal to the fibular artery origin is sometimes called the tibial-peroneal trunk or tibial-fibular trunk and it could be said that the popliteal artery bifurcates into the tibial-fibular trunk and anterior tibial artery.

The right prefrontal cortex has been shown to take a more global perspective while greater left prefrontal activity relates to local or focal processing. From the Theory of Leaky ModulesDrake, R. A. (2004). Selective potentiation of proximal processes: Neurobiological mechanisms for spread of activation. Medical Science Monitor, 10, 231–234.

Lev Vygotsky was also very influential in cognitive development theory. His theory included the Zone of proximal development. Vygotsky also believed that social and cultural factors contributed heavily to cognitive development. Vygotsky argued that development first takes place socially as infants observe their parent's behaviour and try to imitate it.

The ciliary rootlet is a cytoskeleton-like structure that originates from the basal body at the proximal end of a cilium. Rootlets are typically 80-100 nm in diameter and contain cross striae distributed at regular intervals of approximately 55-70 nm. A prominent component of the rootlet is Rootletin.

In birds, the columella is anchored to the conical tympanic membrane at an acute angle, rather than a 90-degree angle relative to the plane of the tympanic membrane. This is thought to provide a lever advantage in conducting airborne sound from the distal to the proximal end of the columella.

In cellular biology, stable cells are cells that multiply only when needed. They spend most of the time in the quiescent G0 phase of the cell cycle but can be stimulated to enter the cell cycle when needed. Examples include the liver, the proximal tubules of the kidney and endocrine glands.

Schmid–Röhl, A., & Röhl, H. J. (2003). Overgrowth on ammonite conchs: environmental implications for the Lower Toarcian Posidonia Shale. Palaeontology, 46(2), 339–352. Near Shore sections are filled with algal fragments and pollen, that suggest interceded dunar environments with proximal water and Halophile flora, and probably water flooded forests.

Imelcana camelina is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae which is endemic to Venezuela. The wingspan is . The ground colour of the forewings is pale brownish cream, suffused and strigulated with brownish, especially in the distal half of the wing. The markings are brownish, with brown proximal edges.

The proximal elements of the fin formed a mosaic pattern while the more distal elements were relatively round. There were two notches on the fin's anterior margin. The paired fins were used to steer and stabilize the animal while swimming instead of paddling or propulsion devices. The pelvic girdle was tripartite.

Lipocosma albinibasalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Arizona, Californiamothphotographersgroup and Baja California. The length of the forewings is 7–8 mm. The proximal half of the forewings is white, while the distal half is dark brownish-grey.

12 hours after the heart attack Anker underwent surgery in Kathmandu. A thrombotic occlusion was removed from his proximal left artery. As a result of this injury Anker quit high altitude climbing, or the "hurt locker" as he calls it. Lama was left behind without climbing partner at the base camp.

In its proximal half the rostrum is of almost uniform height, in the distal half it narrows to the acute tip. A slightly larger immovable hepatic spine is placed below and a considerable distance behind the antennal. No other spines are present on the carapace. The pterygostomian angle is bluntly rounded.

Lenz–Majewski syndrome (LMS), also known as Lenz–Majewski hyperostotic dwarfism (LMHD), is a skin condition characterized by hyperostosis, craniodiaphyseal dysplasia, dwarfism, cutis laxa, proximal symphalangism, syndactyly, brachydactyly, mental retardation, enamel hypoplasia and hypertelorism.James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. .

These facies are interbedded with and change laterally to the Marambaia Formation. The depositional environment is thought to be a marine carbonate platform, influenced by the arrival of alluvial clastics in the most proximal areas. Biostratigraphic data from planktonic foraminifera, calcareous nanofossils and palynomorphs indicate a Tertiary age.Clemente, 2013, p.

The abdomen upperside has two prominent white basal spots, brownish black side tufts and a yellow side patch. The underside of the palpus and middle of the thorax are greyish white. The thorax is dark brown laterally. The forewing upperside has an olive-black band proximal to the median band.

As a region, the ankle is found at the junction of the leg and the foot. It extends downwards (distally) from the narrowest point of the lower leg and includes the parts of the foot closer to the body (proximal) to the heel and upper surface (dorsum) of the foot.

The middle unit is a pebbly-sandy stratified mud from the proximal-ice or sub-ice shelf. The youngest unit consists of diatmaceous mud originating from open marine conditions. Sedimentary systems occur on the margins that are related to glacial and glacialmarine, mass wasting, seabed fluid-escape, and countour current processes.

The femur of Pistosaurus is longer than its humerus. Its anterior margin is almost straight whereas the posterior margin is concave. According to the specimen provided by paleontologist Sues, the proximal articular end is much more robust than the distal one, and is more or less triangular in transverse section.

Sensory changes may be found in the first three fingers as well as in the palm, indicating impairment of the median nerve proximal to the flexor retinaculum.Bridgeman, C, S Naidu, and M J Kothari. "Clinical and electrophysiological presentation of pronator syndrome." Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology 47, no. 2: 89-92. .

The clinical and electrophysiological features of pronator teres syndrome are quite different from patients with carpal tunnel syndrome or pure anterior interosseous syndrome.Johnson, R K, M Spinner, and M M Shrewsbury. "Median nerve entrapment syndrome in the proximal forearm." The Journal of Hand Surgery 4, no. 1 (January 1979): 48-51. .

The radial artery runs along the lateral aspect of the volar forearm deep to the superficial fascia. The artery runs between the styloid process of the radius and the flexor carpi radialis tendon. The point of maximum pulsation of the radial artery can usually be palpated just proximal to the wrist.

The most acute complication is paraphimosis. In this condition, the glans is swollen and painful, and the foreskin is immobilized by the swelling in a partially retracted position. The proximal penis is flaccid. Some studies found phimosis to be a risk factor for urinary retention and carcinoma of the penis.

When light from the shoe enters a person's eye and stimulates the retina, that stimulation is the proximal stimulus. The image of the shoe reconstructed by the brain of the person is the percept. Another example could be a ringing telephone. The ringing of the phone is the distal stimulus.

This regulatory protein (factor) interacts with a sodium/hydrogen exchanger NHE3 (SLC9A3) in the brush border membrane of the proximal tubule, small intestine, and colon that plays a major role in transepithelial sodium absorption. SLC9A3R2, as well as SLC9A3R1 and protein kinase A phosphorylation, may play a role in NHE3 regulation.

In 1916, the American ornithologist Robert Ridgway criticised the illustration for differing from Du Tertre's description; Du Tertre supposedly only meant that the proximal primary feathers were yellow, whereas all the covert feathers are yellow in the illustration, apart from a red edge, and the head and underparts are slate.

Spiral valves of Heister are undulating folds or valves in the proximal mucosa of the cystic duct. The cystic duct attaches the gallbladder to the common bile duct. The spiral valves of Heister are supported by underlying smooth muscle fibers. There is some uncertainty regarding the role of the folds.

The proximal end of the specific axon leads into the spinal cord on the dorsal half. This then moves towards the brain. These axons that are leading the signal towards the spinal cord to the brain are classified as primary afferents. This makes sense as afferent is defined conducting toward something.

Dental tape is used for polishing the proximal surfaces of teeth that are inaccessible to other polishing instruments. It is also used with polishing paste. Particular care should be taken to avoid injury to the gingiva. The area should be cleaned with warm water to remove all remnants of the paste.

Also, the front (proximal) caudal vertebrae were particularly strong procoelous. This first feature is also shared with Mamenchisauridae. Unchurch et al. named Lithostrotia based on the presence of osteoderms in many members, but the eponymous osteoderms do not represent synapomorphy, as the evolutionary history of osteoderms is unknown within the titanosaurs.

It shows heavy wear, and has a distinct twist where it probably attached to the fibula. This is more slender than the tibia, but still relatively robust. All the proximal tarsals and three of the distal tarsals are present, but are worn and broken. In general, they are quite rounded.

Spinal muscular atrophy, Jokela type (SMAJ) is an autosomal dominant, slowly progressive, lower motor neuron disease. SMAJ is characterized by adult-onset of muscle cramps and fasciculations affecting the proximal and distal muscles of the upper and lower limbs. The disorder results in weakness and mild muscle atrophy later in life.

The proximal ends of the leg joints are yellowish-brown and the distal parts brownish-black. The legs have short bristles on the inside and end in a claw. The front pair of legs are modified into chelae for gripping prey, although in this species, the chelae are relatively small.

Umbilical-urachal sinus is a congenital disorder of the urinary bladder caused by failure of obliteration of proximal or distal part of the allantois, and the presentation of this anomaly is more common in children and rarer in adults. It is thought have been first described by Cabriolus in 1550.

Mathew has a height of 3 feet 5 inches and has severely under-developed legs, which is a condition caused by Proximal Fimoral Focal Deficiency PFFD."Who needs legs? Meet Joby, the 3ft 5in world champion arm wrestler who can bring down opponents twice his size". dailymail.co.uk (6 October 2009).

Most vulnerable structure to get damaged is Median Nerve. Meanwhile, the flexion-type of supracondylar humerus fracture is less common. It occurs by falling on the point of the elbow, or falling with the arm twisted behind the back. This causes anterior dislocation of the proximal fragment of the humerus.

Pachydermodactyly is a superficial dermal fibromatosis that presents as a poorly circumscribed symmetric, infiltrative, asymptomatic soft-tissue hypertrophy of the proximal fingers, typically sparing the thumbs and fifth fingers and rarely extending proximally to the wrists or occurring distally.Freedberg, et al. (2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. .

Peters's dwarf epauletted fruit bat is one of the two species contained within its genus Micropteropus. M. pusillus belongs to the order Chiroptera and the family Pteropodidae. In contrast to the other species in this genus, Micropteropus intermedius, both sexes contain white tuffs at the proximal end of their ears.Owen-Ashley, Noah.

The vine is glabrous. The stems are terete and glaucous. Stipules are 10-19 × 10-20mm, depressed ovate, auriculate, clasping, widely obtuse, abruptly acute and apiculate-mucronlate to abruptly long- acuminate, and the margin entire to obscurely crenulate and 8-15 glandular. Petioles are (1-)2- glandular near or proximal to the middle.

The anatomy proximal to the site of constriction (or amputation) is developmentally normal. CRS can be associated with other malformations with club foot being most common. (see also Types and Classification). The precise configuration of the bands, lymphedema, and character of the amputations are not predictable and vary with each individual patient.

In the case of choroid plexus papilloma, surgical removal of the cyst-containing lesion from within the third ventricle caused a full recovery. The mobile nature of the cystic lesion led to its intermittent obstruction of the foramen of Monro and proximal aqueduct, producing the bobble-head symptoms. Once removed, all symptoms disappeared.

The three personal pronoun bases are: h- first person/proximal, s- second person/near distal, k- third person/further distal. These are also the forms found as bound prefixes on verbs. Free/emphatic forms: Nominative Singular: 1 hai, 2 sa, 3 kvnjin. Dual: 1 hipai, 2 sapai, 3 kvnde:(i) or kvnde:u:.

Clinically and radiologically the disease is characterized by severe shortening of long bones (limb's both proximal and median segments are affected), aplasia or severe hypoplasia of ulna and fibula, thickened and curved radius and tibia. These anomalies can cause deformities of the hands and feet. Hypoplasia of the mandible can also be present.

Subtle findings can be missed easily when a single previous examination is reviewed. #The abdominal examination should include a minimum of three views—supine, prone and erect. #On every abdominal examination, evaluate the chest as if you were looking at a chest film. #In obstruction of the lumen, there should be proximal distention.

Larvae of lycaenid butterflies that parasitize ant colonies provide exceptions to normal insect growth rules. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. Vol 73: 259-278. This is strategically placed so the newborn caterpillars will have an immediate source of food and are proximal to the host ants that will later adopt them.

Myopathic gait (or waddling gait) is a form of gait abnormality. The "waddling" is due to the weakness of the proximal muscles of the pelvic girdle. The patient uses circumduction to compensate for gluteal weakness. Conditions associated with a myopathic gait include pregnancy, congenital hip dysplasia, muscular dystrophies and spinal muscular atrophy.

Distal intentions are delayed in the sense that they are about acting at a later point in time. For instance, deciding to go to the store later. Research has mostly focused on proximal intentions; however, it is unclear to what degree findings will generalize from one sort of intention to the other.

Radiograph of a close-range shotgun blast injury to the knee. Birdshot pellets are visible within and around the shattered patella, distal femur, and proximal tibia The initial assessment is critical in determining the extent of injuries and what will be needed to manage an injury, and for treating immediate life threats.

This is because peristaltic action of the intestine pulls the proximal segment into the distal segment. There are, however, rare reports of the opposite being true. An anatomic lead point (that is, a piece of intestinal tissue that protrudes into the bowel lumen) is present in approximately 10% of intussusceptions.Chapter X.4.

In human anatomy, the eponychium, or cuticle, is the thickened layer of skin surrounding fingernails and toenails. It can also be called the medial or proximal nail fold. Its function is to protect the area between the nail and epidermis from exposure to bacteria. The vascularization pattern is similar to that of perionychium.

Renal protein reabsorption is the part of renal physiology that deals with the retrieval of filtered proteins, preventing them from disappearing from the body through the urine. Almost all reabsorption takes place in the proximal tubule. Only ~1% is left in the final urine. The proteins cross the apical membrane by endocytosis.

Basilosaurinae was proposed as a subfamily containing two genera: Basilosaurus and Basiloterus.. Retrieved July 2013. They were characterized by elongated distal thoracic vertebrae, lumbar, and proximal sacrococcygeal. All known members of the subfamily are larger than their relatives of the Dorudontinae subfamily except Cynthiacetus. It was declared an invalid subgroup of Basilosauridae by .

The sacral vertebrae have a total length of , with the total sacral length being . The pelvic girdle is well-preserved and well studied. In the holotype, the pelvic girdle is almost complete, only lacking the proximal ends of each ischium. The ilia of the holotype are well known, and show many distinct features.

In the juvenile, the fourth trochanter is completely in the proximal end. The tibia has a well-developed cnemial crest, and is also short and robust. The surface that would have articulated with the astragalus in life has the anterior half raised, and the posterior half lowered. The pectoral girdle is well known.

Selective reabsorption is the process whereby certain molecules (e.g. ions, glucose and amino acids), after being filtered out of the capillaries along with nitrogenous waste products (i.e. urea) and water in the glomerulus, are reabsorbed from the filtrate as they pass through the nephron. Selective reabsorbtion occurs in the PCT (proximal convoluted tubule).

They mainly cause tissue damage to the big toe and rarely other nails. Common symptoms include difficulty walking while wearing shoes, thickening and discolouration of nails, and deformation of nails. The infection often begins at the lateral edge of the nail instead of the proximal edge. Patients are typically middle- aged or older.

In the proximal sections, the formation comprises limestones of stromatolites and laminated microbialites. In the distal sections, it is composed of shales. Interbedded with the laminated microbialites there are limestones with packstone and grainstone textures made up of algal clasts and bioclasts (fragmented ostracods). The carbonates frequently are partly or completely dolomitized.

Gunnar Johansson (1911–1998) was a Swedish psychophysicist. He was interested in the Gestalt laws of motion perception in vision. He is best known for his investigations of biological motion. He helped develop the rigidity assumption which posits that proximal stimuli that can be perceived as rigid objects are generally perceived as such.

It is innervated by the ulnar nerve. Deep digital flexor: originates on the medial epicondyle of the humerus and inserts on the palmar surface of the distal phalanx. It acts to flex the carpus, metacarpophalangeal joints, and the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints of the digits. It is innervated by the median nerve.

Chevron nail (also known as a "Herringbone nail") is a rare transient fingernail ridge pattern seen in children, a ridge arising from the proximal nailfold and converging in a V-shaped pattern towards the midpoint distally.James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. .

In the proximal sections, the formation comprises limestones of stromatolites and laminated microbialites. In the distal sections, it is composed of shales. Interbedded with the laminated microbialites there are limestones with packstone and grainstone textures made up of algal clasts and bioclasts (fragmented ostracods). The carbonates frequently are partly or completely dolomitized.

The pus comes out and a hole forms under which the lesion grows deeper. This leads to punched-out, painless ulcers usually under metatarsal heads, tip of toe, proximal interphalangeal joint of a hammertoe or on the heel. In non-ambulatory patients, these ulcers are found on buttocks and back of heel.

Limb development is controlled by Hox genes. All jawed vertebrates surveyed so far organize their developing limb buds in a similar way. Growth occurs from proximal to distal part of the limb. On the distal end, the differentiation of skeletal elements occurs in an apical ectodermal ridge (AER) which expands in rays.

Surgical decompression can give excellent results if the clinical picture and the EMG suggest a compression neuropathy.Nigst, H, and W Dick. "Syndromes of compression of the median nerve in the proximal forearm (pronator teres syndrome; anterior interosseous nerve syndrome)." Archives of Orthopaedic and Traumatic Surgery. Archiv für Orthopädische und Unfall-Chirurgie 93, no.

Subsequent studies found that axo-axonic synapses showed varying numbers of occurrence based on the location of the leg muscles from the nervous system. For instance, proximal regions have thrice as many axo-axonic synapses than the central regions. These synapses are proposed to function by limiting neurotransmitter release for controlled leg movements.

The limb shortening is fundamentally confined to the proximal limb segments i.e. Femurs and humeri. A known presenting feature is a waddling gait, noticed at the onset of walking. A prompt diagnosis of a skeletal dysplasia in general and Pseudoachondroplasia in specific is still based upon a comprehensive clinical and radiographic correlation.

Meristem tissue is often fibrillose. The branch stems are green, with pinkish coloration at the proximal ends, and the cortex region is enlarged. The leaves on the branches are ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate in shape, and are between 1.6–5 mm in length. These leaves falcate back towards the tips of the branches.

The genitalia of the long- tailed vole have been described. The baculum has broad and straight proximal bone. It is similar in structure to that of the meadow vole, but with different proportions. The basal shaft is dumb-bell shaped in cross section and tapers to a blunt point at the end.

The sandy mudstones are reddish in colour, they contain lenticular interbeds of fine grained sandstones. They are characterised by a climbing-ripple lamination. Furthermore, the mudstones contain thin interlayers of blocky calcrete and carbonate nodules with some rhizoliths. Massive pebbly mudstones are restricted to positions very proximal to the Waterberg-Omaruru Fault.

There are three tarsal segments on the fore legs. The first segment is the longest and contains the proximal comb, which has 7-12 teeth. The second segment contains the distal comb, which has 10-13 teeth. The females share the same characteristics as the males, except in respect to tarsal combs.

Crossyne guttata, showing prostrate leaves The leaves are often prostrate (on the ground). The flowers may be zygomorphic or actinomorphic, and may or may not have a perigone tube. The stamens are connate (fused) into a tube at their proximal end. However Strumaria has one whorl of the stamens fused to the style.

Deictic adverbs are often used in a noun phrase as demonstrative adjectives.Bradley and Hollenbach (1988, 1990, 1991, 1992). Some Mixtec languages distinguish two such demonstratives, others three (proximal, medial, distal), and some four (including one that indicates something out of sight). The details vary from variety to variety, as do the actual forms.

Comprehensive Psychology, 21, 119-127. Rejection sensitivity represents a third proximal stress among sexual minority individuals. Rejection sensitivity refers to chronic, anxious expectations of rejection based on one's stigmatized status. Among sexual minority individuals, rejection sensitivity emerges from experiences of rejection from parents and is associated with internalized homophobia, unassertiveness, depression, and anxiety.

Minority stress research has demonstrated that several specific processes are associated with minority health disparities. For example, existing studies highlight the differences between distal and proximal stressors, drawing attention both to socio- cultural factors (e.g., high rates of prejudice against minority individuals) and internal processes (e.g., rumination) that affect minority well-being.

The adductor pollicis also has two heads. It lies deeper and more distal to flexor pollicis brevis. Despite its name, its main action is mainly rotation and opposition. The transversal head originates along the entire third metacarpal bone, while the oblique head originates on the carpal bones proximal to the third metacarpal.

There are some sites that have been detected to be methylated at a higher frequency in tumor tissues than normal tissues. These sites are mostly within the proximal promoter; however, some are in the 5’ UTR as well and there is a lot of interindividual variability in the cytosine methylation in these regions.

The ground colour, fringe and costa are white, the forewings with buff lunulate postmedial and subterminal fasciae. There is a row of buff spots edged in dark brown immediately proximal to the postmedial fascia. There is also a row of dark brown or black terminal spots. The hindwings are as the forewings. (1967).

Ashwin Porwal is a Pune-based procto-surgeon and the founder of Healing Hands Clinic. He has developed a technique - Distal Laser Proximal Ligation (DLPL), to cure anal fistulas. Porwal completed his M.B.B.S. from B.J. Medical College, Pune and did his specialization in proctology. He launched the Healing Hand Clinic in 2008.

Zakerana dhaka is a species of frogs found in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Specimens have been collected from the campus of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University in Dhaka and Mymensingh Division. It is closely related to Zakerana asmati. Other geographically proximal species are Zakerana nepalensis, Zakerana pierrei, Zakerana syhadrensis, Zakerana teraiensis, and Zakerana asmati.

The ground colour, fringe and costa are white, the forewings with buff lunulate postmedial and subterminal fasciae. There is a row of buff spots edged in dark brown immediately proximal to the postmedial fascia. There is also a row of dark brown or black terminal spots. The hindwings are as the forewings.

More specifically, the abaxial surface of the sepal is moderately to densely covered in fine, pilose hair. The adaxial surface of the sepal is glabrous on the proximal part and sparely hairy to glabrous near the distal part. The stems hold one flower apiece. These features distinguish it from the R. piliferus.

Axon branches retract in a distal to proximal manner. The axonal contents that are retracted are thought to be recycled to other parts of the axon. The biological mechanism with which axonal pruning occurs still remains unclear for the mammalian central nervous system. However, pruning has been associated with guidance molecules in mice.

Rul’s prosupination The TFCC is a major stabilizer of the DRUJ. To control the forearm rotation the DRUJ acts in concert with the proximal radioulnar joint. The connection between the distal radius and the distal ulna, maintain the congruency of the DRUJ. This attachment is mainly created by the RUL’s of the TFCC.

During palmar flexion the proximal carpal bones are displaced towards the dorsal side and towards the palmar side during dorsiflexion. While flexion and extension consist of movements around a pair of transverse axes -- passing through the lunate bone for the proximal row and through the capitate bone for the distal row -- palmar flexion occurs mainly in the radiocarpal joint and dorsiflexion in the midcarpal joint. Dorsiflexion is produced by (in order of importance) extensor digitorum, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor indicis, extensor pollicis longus, and extensor digiti minimi. Palmar flexion is produced by (in order of importance) flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor pollicis longus, flexor carpi radialis, and abductor pollicis longus.

Although a post-cranial skeleton was not found with the partial skull of Anomocephalus, its sister taxa Tiarajudens eccentricus was discovered in 2011 with a partial left pectoral girdle and its left limb, an isolated left tibia with the pes, and foot elements. Of the axial elements, only two fragmentary ribs of parallel margin were found with no clear curvature and the most complete fragment was 8 mm wide and 86 mm long. The humerus that was found with T. eccentricus is approximately 177 mm in length and displayed well-expanded proximal and distal portions. The radius is 128 mm in length with expanded, flat proximal and distal surfaces, and the ulna is more robust than the radius and slightly longer at 137 mm.

Halszkaraptorinae is defined as the most inclusive clade that contains Halszkaraptor escuilliei but not Dromaeosaurus albertensis, Unenlagia comahuensis, Saurornithoides mongoliensis or Vultur gryphus. The subfamily is diagnosed by their long necks, proximal caudal vertebrae with oriented articular processes (projections of the vertebra fits with an adjacent vertebra) and prominent zygodiapophyseal laminae (plates of bone that form the posterior walls of each vertebra), a flattened ulna with a sharp posterior margin, ilium with a shelf-like supratrochanteric (above the trochanter of the femur) process, metacarpal III shaft transversely as thick as that of metacarpal II, a posterodistal surface on the femoral shaft with an elongate fossa bound by a lateral crest and the proximal half of metatarsal III being unconstricted and markedly convex anteriorly.

Subsequently, other types of serrated polyps were found to occur in this condition, so the name was adjusted to the present "serrated polyposis syndrome." The World Health Organization released diagnostic criteria in 2010, which were updated in 2010 and again in 2019. The 2010 classification defined SPS as meeting any of the following criteria: 1) five or more serrated polyps proximal to the sigmoid colon with 2 larger than 10 mm in size, 2) any serrated polyps found proximal to the sigmoid colon in a person with a first-degree relative with serrated polyposis, or 3) more than 20 serrated colon polyps. The updated 2019 classification revised the first criterion to include lesions in the sigmoid colon, and excluded very small polyps (<5 mm).

If the aortic commissure has not yet been marked, it may be done at this point, using the same method as would be used prior to bypass; however, there is a third opportunity for this still later in the procedure. Coronary arteries are examined closely, and the ostia and proximal arterial course are identified, as are any infundibular branches, if they exist. The coronary ostia and a large "button" of surrounding aortic wall are then excised from the aorta, well into the sinus of Valsalva; and the proximal sections of the coronary arteries are separated from the surface of the heart, which prevents tension or distortion after anastomosis to the neo- aorta. Infundibular branches are sometimes unable to be spared, but this is a very rare occurrence.

Extracellular fluid (ECF) volume contraction is associated with decreased blood volume and decreased renal perfusion pressure. Three compensation mechanisms engage as a result: # renin secretion is increased, # production of angiotensin II is increased, and # secretion of aldosterone is increased. Increases in angiotensin II cause increased Na+–H+ exchange in the proximal tubule and increased HCO3− (bicarbonate) reabsorption in the proximal tubule due to increased luminal H+. Increased aldosterone secretion stimulates the H-ATPase of alpha-intercalated cells of the collecting duct, which causes 1) increased distal tubule H+ secretion, worsening the metabolic alkalosis, and 2) increased generation of "new" bicarbonate within these same cells, which will be reabsorbed. Additionally, increased aldosterone secretion causes increased collecting duct K+ secretion, in turn causing the hypokalemia seen with contraction alkalosis.

X-ray showing the proximal portion of a fractured tibia with an intramedullary nail mandibular angle fracture; fixation of the bone fragments by the plates, the principles of osteosynthesis are stability (immobility of the fragments that creates the conditions for bones coalescence) and functionality Proximal femur nail with locking and stabilisation screws for treatment of femur fractures of left thigh Treatment of bone fractures are broadly classified as surgical or conservative, the latter basically referring to any non-surgical procedure, such as pain management, immobilization or other non-surgical stabilization. A similar classification is open versus closed treatment, in which open treatment refers to any treatment in which the fracture site is opened surgically, regardless of whether the fracture is an open or closed fracture.

In Child discourse and social learning: An interdisciplinary perspective, edited by D. Hicks, 165-186. New York: Cambridge University Press Palincsar (1998) said that the zone of proximal development was "one of the most used and least understood constructs to appear in contemporary educational literature", and Fischer & Mercer (1992) said that the construct was "used as little more than a fashionable alternative to Piagetian terminology or the concept of IQ for describing individual differences in attainment or potential". Van der Veer and Valsiner also suggest clearly distinguishing between Vygotsky's original notion of "zona blizhaishego razvitiia" (ZBR) and what they think of as its "superficial interpretations" collectively known as "zone of proximal development" (ZPD).Valsiner, J., & Van der Veer, R. (1993).

The proximal part of the sixth right arch persists as the proximal part of the right pulmonary artery while the distal section degenerates; The sixth left arch gives off the left pulmonary artery and forms the ductus arteriosus; this duct remains pervious during the whole of fetal life, but then closes within the first few days after birth due to increased O2 concentration. Oxygen concentration causes the production of bradykinin which causes the ductus to constrict occluding all flow. Within 1–3 months, the ductus is obliterated and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum. The ductus arteriosus connects at a junction point that has a low pressure zone (commonly called Bernoulli's principle) created by the inferior curvature (inner radius) of the artery.

Several paleontologists consider Coelophysis bauri to be the same dinosaur as Coelophysis rhodesiensis (formerly Syntarsus, alternately Megapnosaurus), however this has been refuted by the following: Downs (2000) concluded that C. bauri differs from C. rhodesiensis in cervical length, proximal and distal hindlimb proportions and proximal caudal vertebral anatomy;Downs, A. (2000). "Coelophysis bauri and Syntarsus rhodesiensis compared, with comments on the preparation and preservation of fossils from the Ghost Ranch Coelophysis quarry": In: Tykoski and Rowe (2004) concluded that C. bauri differs from C. rhodesiensis in that it lacks a pit at the base of the nasal process of the premaxilla; and Bristowe and Raath (2004) concluded that C. bauri differs from C. rhodesiensis in having a longer maxillary tooth row.

The small animal fauna of the site probably represents a "proximal" assemblage that lived at or near the final point of deposition, while the heavily worn bones represent a "distal" fauna. It is thought that the proximal fauna may have lived within a freshwater deltaic estuary that was affected by a coastal storm surge or a possible tsunami. The presence of numerous well-preserved amphibian fossils support the idea that the environment was freshwater, as amphibians are salt- intolerant. The disarticulated bones which accumulated in the lagoonal backbays by river transport, and in the shallow marine environment offshore, would have been mixed with the skeletal remains of the animals that lived within the delta as the storm surge swept over the estuary.

MAG3 is preferred over Tc-99m-DTPA in neonates, patients with impaired function, and patients with suspected obstruction, due to its more efficient extraction. The MAG3 clearance is highly correlated with the effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), and the MAG3 clearance can be used as an independent measure of kidney function. After intravenous administration, about 40-50% of the MAG3 in the blood is extracted by the proximal tubules with each pass through the kidneys; the proximal tubules then secrete the MAG3 into the tubular lumen. Tc-99m-DTPA is filtered by the glomerulus and may be used to measure the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (in a separate test), making it theoretically the best (most accurate) choice for kidney function imaging.

1.1 through MHNH-2013.2.1.12 housed at the Museum d’histoire naturelle du Havre, a partial skeleton including presacral vertebrae fragments, a partial sacrum, an anterior and a middle caudal vertebrae, a right scapula, fragments of both ilia and ischia, the proximal end of a femur and the proximal part of a fibula. A posterior caudal centrum, housed at the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Rouen, discovered at the end of the nineteenth century and described by Buffetaut in 1984, was also referred to this species. All specimens were collected on the north side of Cap de la Hève at Bléville, Le Havre, dating to the early to middle Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous period, although the referred specimen is apparently from a younger level of the Albian.

The fold of nitrophorin from Cimex lectularius consists of central 11-stranded β-sandwich and seven peripheral α-helices. The heme is positioned between β-sheet and an α-helix, with heme iron ligated to cysteinate residue. NO can bind both to heme Fe3+ and to proximal Cys-60 ligand causing reversible S-nitrosylation.

Video of Papilio xuthus in Tokyo, Japan The Asian swallowtail is a mid-sized, yellow, prominently-tailed butterfly. It has a wingspan of 45 to 55 mm. Its normal color pattern consists of a black pattern on a yellow background. Wing coloration is sexually dimorphic, with females showing broader proximal marginal bands in the hindwing.

The genus name is derived from Como Bluff and Greek daktylos, "finger", referring to the wing finger typical of pterosaurs. The specific name honours John Ostrom. The holotype is YPM 9150, consisting of an intact fourth metacarpal, . The metacarpal is quite robust with especially the proximal end, that touching the wrist bones, being very expanded.

The superior or proximal, and inferior or distal surfaces are articular, the superior generally convex, the inferior concave; the medial and lateral surfaces are also articular where they are in contact with contiguous bones, otherwise they are rough and tuberculated. The structure in all is similar: cancellous tissue enclosed in a layer of compact bone.

Platzer 2004, p 172 Ulnar adduction causes a tilting or dorsal shifting of the proximal row of carpal bones. It is produced by extensor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor digitorum, and extensor digiti minimi. Both radial abduction and ulnar adduction occurs around a dorsopalmar axis running through the head of the capitate bone.

The tips of the hairs on the head are simple or frayed, and overall the hairs measure . Both antennae have a subcone and three apical sensilla that resemble a spinule. The mandibles are sub-triangular with a curved apex. The apical and subapical teeth are sharp and short, but the proximal tooth is blunt.

Paraccra mimesa is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Kenya and Tanzania.Afro Moths The wingspan is about 14 mm. The ground colour of the forewings is bluish grey, the costa and proximal half of the termen edged with yellowish ochreous marked with blackish spots and grey dots respectively.

Research by Saunders and Gasseling in 1948 identified the AER and its subsequent involvement in proximal distal outgrowth. Twenty years later, the same group did transplantation studies in chick limb bud and identified the ZPA. It wasn't until 1993 that Todt and Fallon showed that the AER and ZPA are dependent on each other.

260(5547): 135. The larger size of these master claws allows the C. maculatus to feed efficiently on bigger members of its prey species. In general, C. maculatus tends to avoid consuming smaller-sized prey (< 10 mm). Proximal molars are located on these master claws that aid it in its shell- and spire-crushing behavior.

In contrast to Hartnup disease and related tubular conditions, Fanconi syndrome affects the transport of many different substances, so is not considered to be a defect in a specific channel, but a more general defect in the function of the proximal tubules. Different diseases underlie Fanconi syndrome; they can be inherited, congenital, or acquired.

The junction between the ventricle and the arterial bulb will be called the primary intra- ventricular hole. The tube is divided into cardiac regions along its craniocaudal axis: the primitive ventricle, called primitive left ventricle, and the trabecular proximal arterial bulb, called the primitive right ventricle. This time no septum is present in heart.

2011, Atacamatitan can be recognised in having dorsal centra with pleurocoels that are curved and do not point posteriorly, dorsal vertebrae with concave ventral surface, posterior caudal vertebrae with laterally compressed neural spine having a blade-like anterior margin, femur with the proximal end getting gradually reduced until two thirds of its total length.

Shepherd's Crook deformity is a severe form of coxa vara where the proximal femur is severely deformed with a reduction in the neck shaft angle beyond 90 degrees. It is most commonly a sequela of osteogenesis imperfecta, Pagets disease, osteomyelitis, tumour and tumour-like conditions (e.g. fibrous dysplasia). Coxa vara can happen in cleidocranial dysostosis.

At the base of the Upper Debolt is distal and medial ramp argillaceous limestone facies with limited laminations and thin bedding. These argillaceous facies rarely contain clean carbonate interbeds in the medial ramp setting, predominately wackestones and packstones. These facies are followed by a capping proximal ramp/shoal facies with abundant skeletal packstones and grainstones.

The scalp is the most commonly involved area with lesser involvement of trunk and extremities. Frieden classified ACC with fetus papyraceus as type 5. This type presents as truncal ACC with symmetrical absence of skin in stellate or butterfly pattern with or without involvement of proximal limbs.Moss C, Shahidulla H. Naevi and other developmental defects.

Ovary contains the highest level of STC1 mRNA. Fish stanniocalcin and mammalian STC1 are closely related, and are about 50% similar in their structure. They are both responsible for calcium and phosphate balance. In mammals the predominant function of STC1 is to activate phosphate reabsorption in the small intestine and proximal tubules of the kidney.

Mossy fibers form multiple synapses with the elaborate dendritic spines of CA3 pyramidal cells in the stratum lucidum of the hippocampus. These complex spines are known as "thorny excrescences." Thorny excrescences also cover the proximal dendrites of mossy cells in the hilus. Hilar thorny excrescences are more dense and complex than those in CA3.

The outermost lateral is so much concealed by the large uncini, that its shape could not be traced. It seems to have a simple cusp, without the sharp denticle of the preceding species. The proximal uncini are strongly hooked and simple. The median ones seem to be serrated and the exterior one again simple.

Generally, males reaches sexual maturity at a smaller size compared with females. Vitellogenesis happens when females are 45 days for the whole population. Both sexes tend to lose body fat during mating period, since their main energy resources come from body fat and from the liver and proximal at the tail. Strasbourg (26 October 2006).

The collateral ligaments originate on depressions on each side of the metacarpal heads dorsal to axis of rotation. From there, they extend obliquely and distally to their insertions onto tubercles at the base of the proximal phalanx. The accessory collateral ligaments originate volar to the collateral ligaments and are inserted on the palmar plate.

They primarily affect the cecum and proximal colon. It is assumed that when D. fragilis is inside the colon, it reproduces asexually by binary fission. From there, the trophozoites are in the lumen of the colon, and are excreted as wastes. D. fragilis is not considered to be invasive nor cause cell or tissue damage.

For cortical nephrons, a single network of capillaries, known as the peritubular capillaries, surrounds the entire renal tubule, whereas for juxtamedullary nephrons, the peritubular capillaries surround only the proximal and distal convoluted tubules, while another network branching from the efferent arteriole, known as the straight arterioles of kidney, surrounds the nephron loop (of Henle).

A proximal humerus fracture is a break of the upper part of the bone of the arm (humerus). Symptoms include pain, swelling, and a decreased ability to move the shoulder. Complications may include axillary nerve or axillary artery injury. The cause is generally a fall onto the arm or direct trauma to the arm.

In the case of traumatic brain injury or cerebral ischemia (e.g., cerebral infarction or hemorrhage), acute neurodegeneration caused by excitotoxicity may spread to proximal neurons through two processes. Hypoxia and hypoglycemia trigger bioenergetic failure; mitochondria stop producing ATP energy. Na+/K+-ATPase can no longer maintain sodium/potassium ion concentration gradients across the plasma membrane.

Archaeologist were able to identify the usages of these bone tools by analyzing the implements. For example, eight pointed implements from Firehouse retain part or all of an articular surface of the anatomical element used for their manufacture. The expanded proximal ends likely acted as grips for implements such as basketry, weaving, and matting tools.

The horse stomach consists of a non-glandular proximal region (saccus cecus), divided by a distinct border, the margo plicatus, from the glandular distal stomach. In the stomach, assorted acids and the enzyme pepsin break down food. Pepsin allows for the further breakdown of proteins into amino acid chains. Other enzymes include resin and lipase.

Fanning, C.M.; and Link, Paul K. "Age and provenance of Precambrian metamorphic rocks in the Pioneer metamorphic core complex, south-central Idaho; the southern edge of the lower Belt Supergroup, the Grouse Creek Block, and hints of a proximal Grenville source in the Northe." Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, 41: 271 (2009).

The proximal segment can either die by apoptosis or undergo the chromatolytic reaction, which is an attempt at repair. In the CNS, synaptic stripping occurs as glial foot processes invade the dead synapse. Nervous system injuries affect over 90,000 people every year. It is estimated that spinal cord injuries alone affect 10,000 each year.

The number of carpal bones in neosauropods is reduced to two or fewer. This continues a trend of successive carpal loss seen in the evolutionary record. Early dinosaurs such as Eoraptor tend to have four distal carpals. In prosauropods, this is reduced to three and the proximal carpals are usually lost or shrink in size.

A small intestine neuroendocrine tumor is a carcinoid in the distal small intestine or the proximal large intestine. It is a relatively rare cancer and is diagnosed in approximately 1/100000 people every year. In recent decades the incidence has increased. The prognosis is comparatively good with a median survival of more than 8 years.

People with amyloidosis do not get central nervous system involvement but can develop sensory and autonomic neuropathies. Sensory neuropathy develops in a symmetrical pattern and progresses in a distal to proximal manner. Autonomic neuropathy can present as orthostatic hypotension but may manifest more gradually with nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms like constipation, nausea, or early satiety.

The dorsal ribs of Eosimops were long and relatively thin, and there was a ventral component to the curvature of the thorax. The sacral ribs were laterally expanded and robust. Its body likely resembled that of its close relatives Robertia and Diictodon. Typical of dicynodonts, the humerus of Eosimops sported expanded proximal and distal ends.

The proximal end is also more oval and the distal end almost perfectly round. There are fragments of fibula known; these indicate that this was also rather stout. The calcaneum is short and slightly L-shaped, with a calcaneum tuber projecting to the rear and side. Rugosities on this indicate attachments for the calf muscles.

First performed in 1963, the jejunocolic bypass is regarded as the first type of intestinal bypass surgery. This surgery anastomoses the proximal duodenum to the transverse colon (a part of the large intestine). The surgery, nevertheless, turned out to be a huge failure as patients suffered from severe electrolyte imbalance and metabolic disturbance after it.

The behavioristic approach was replaced by a cognitivist one in which there was a speech module. The module detected speech in terms of hidden distal objects rather than at the proximal or immediate level of their input. The evidence for this was the research finding that speech processing was special such as duplex perception.

CA3 projects Schaffer collaterals to apical dendrites in CA1. Individual pyramidal cells in the CA3 region have burst properties due to high densities of calcium channels in their proximal dendrites.Jerome Engel TAP, ed. Epilepsy: A Comprehensive Textbook in Three Volumes. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008 Depolarization of the membrane may also trigger these bursts.

Henze DA CW, Barrioneuvo G. Dendritic Morphology and its effects on the amplitude and rise-time of synaptic signals in hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells. Journal of Comparative Neurology. 1996;369:331–344. Pyramidal neurons segregate their inputs using proximal and apical dendrites.CL W. Dendritic Reorganization in Pyramidal Neurons in Medial Prefrontal Cortex after Chronic Corticosterone Administration.

Pterygium unguis (also known as "Dorsal pterygium"Freedberg, et al. (2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. .) forms as a result of scarring between the proximal nailfold and matrix, with the classic example being lichen planus, though it has been reported to occur as a result of sarcoidosis and Hansen's disease.

Inadequate DBH is called dopamine beta hydroxylase deficiency. The proximal promoter(genetics) SNPs rs1989787 and rs1611115 were found to be associated with cognition in Schizophrenia subjects. Further these SNPs and a distal promoter variant 19bp Ins/Del(rs141116007) were important in Tardive dyskinesia and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(PANSS) scores in schizophrenia subjects.

Revision Using Distal Inflow (RUDI) is a surgical treatment for Dialysis- associated Steal Syndrome. RUDI was first proposed by David J. Minion and colleagues in 2005. In the procedure, the fistula is ligated at a location slightly proximal to the anastomosis. A bypass to the venous outflow is then created from a distal arterial source.

The two centrioles in the centrosome are tied to one another. The mother centriole has radiating appendages at the distal end of its long axis and is attached to its daughter at the proximal end. Each daughter cell formed after cell division will inherit one of these pairs. Centrioles start duplicating when DNA replicates.

Anatomical diagrams illustrating the components of the plantar fascia. Dissection of the plantar aponeurosis: LP, lateral part; CP, central part; MP, medial part; L, length; W, width. Five central part plantar aponeurosis bundles. The plantar fascia is a broad structure that spans between the medial calcaneal tubercle and the proximal phalanges of the toes.

Immunofluorescence pattern of LKM1 antibodies on liver (left) and kidney (right). Staining of proximal tubules can be observerved on the kidney, whereas distal tubules remain unstained. Liver kidney microsomal type 1 antibody is an autoantibody associated with autoimmune hepatitis. It is one of the several subtypes of anti–liver-kidney microsome antibodies that are known.

The pisiform is a sesamoid bone, with no covering membrane of periosteum. It is the last carpal bone to ossify. The pisiform bone is a small bone found in the proximal row of the wrist (carpus). It is situated where the ulna joins the wrist, within the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle.

Other symptoms may include cerebellar ataxia, proximal muscle weakness, deafness, diabetes mellitus, growth hormone deficiency, hypoparathyroidism, and other endocrinopathies. In both of these diseases, muscle involvement may begin unilaterally but always develops into a bilateral deficit, and the course is progressive. This discussion is limited specifically to the more severe and systemically involved variant.

Estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRa) can activate RIP140 during adipogenesis, by means of directly binding to an estrogen receptor element/ERR element and indirectly through Sp1 binding to the proximal promoter. RIP140 suppresses the expression of mitochondrial proteins succinate dehydrogenase complex b and CoxVb and acts as a negative regulator of glucose uptake in mice.

DMNH EPV.48506, the most complete referred ilium Large referred proximal femora, including DMNH EPV.125924 (A-E) The hip is only represented by the ilium, which had a low, saddle-shaped upper blade like silesaurids such as Silesaurus, Eucoelophysis, and Ignotosaurus. It also resembles these taxa in its elongated and expanded preacetabular process.

Sugarman syndrome is the common name of autosomal recessive oral-facial- digital syndrome type III, one of ten distinct genetic disorders that involve developmental defects to the mouth. Alternative names for this condition include: Brachydactyly of the hands and feet with duplication of the first toes, Sugarman brachydactyly and Brachydactyly with major proximal phalangeal shortening.

The proximal surface of the lunate bone is smooth and convex, articulating with the radius. The lateral surface is flat and narrow, with a crescentic facet for articulation with the scaphoid. The medial surface possesses a smooth and quadrilateral facet for articulation with the triquetral. The palmar surface is rough, as is the dorsal surface.

Limb girdle syndrome is a term to describe several distinct medical conditions including polymyositis, myopathy associated with endocrine disease, metabolic myopathy, drug-induced myopathy and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. Limb girdle syndrome is weakness located and concentrated around the proximal limb muscles. There are many causes, manifestations and treatments.Wilkinson, Iain and Lennox, Graham (June 2005).

A stress ulcer is a single or multiple mucosal defect which can become complicated by upper gastrointestinal bleeding or physiologic stress. Ordinary peptic ulcers are found commonly in the gastric antrum and the duodenum whereas stress ulcers are found commonly in fundic mucosa and can be located anywhere within the stomach and proximal duodenum.

Thus the elbow is distal to a wound on the upper arm, but proximal to a wound on the lower arm. This terminology is also employed in molecular biology and therefore by extension is also used in chemistry, specifically referring to the atomic loci of molecules from the overall moiety of a given compound.

The leaves are situated to the base of the plant only. The pedicel, stalk bearing the inflorescense, is proximal 1/3 and rarely in the middle of the filiform. In general, it is larger than the inner tepals with distinctly swollen articulation. When flowering there are normally 10- 20 flowers in lax remote whorls.

The basal part of the upper surface in the males brilliant steel blue, the distal area of both wings delicate light blue. But in the female the proximal region is darkened, being broadly black, though with intensive metallic reflection. Forewing with three white median dots, the light blue restricted to a relatively narrow median area.

The main function of FGF23 seems to be regulation of phosphate concentration in plasma. FGF23 is secreted by osteocytes in response to elevated calcitriol. FGF23 acts on the kidneys, where it decreases the expression of NPT2, a sodium-phosphate cotransporter in the proximal tubule. Thus, FGF23 decreases the reabsorption and increases excretion of phosphate.

Basilosaurinae is a subfamily of cetaceans archaeocetes containing two genera: Basilosaurus and Basiloterus.. Retrieved July 2013. They were characterized by elongated distal thoracic vertebrae, lumbar, and proximal sacrococcygeal. All known members of the subfamily are larger than their relatives of the Dorudontinae subfamily except Cynthiacetus. It was declared an invalid subgroup of Basilosauridae by .

It is rose-red for its proximal half and transparent for the distal. Its abdomen is rusty-yellow, except for segments 8 to 10, which are azure blue. There is a large diamond- shaped spot on apical end of the dorsum side of segment 6. Segment 7 is broadly bronzed black on the dorsum.

Simulations predict the optimal activity of Plecanatide to occur at pH 5, making it suitable for targeting cells within the proximal intestine, which has a pH of between 5 and 6. The second is the ACTGC motif (residues Ala11 to Cys15) which is the region responsible for its binding to the receptor, guanylate cyclase-C.

Diagnosis is typically made on the basis of presenting symptoms in tandem with electrodiagnostic testing or a nerve biopsy. Doctors may use a lumbar puncture to verify the presence of increased cerebrospinal fluid protein. Symptoms such as diminished or absent deep-tendon reflexes and sensory ataxia are common. Other symptoms include proximal and distal muscle weakness in the limbs.

A second orange diamond filled with white pigment outlines the pericardium. Two thin orange bands extend almost to the tail, forming teardrops or diamond marks every time they join. The rhinophores and the oral tentacles have the same colour as the background. The smooth rhinophores have orange pigment over the proximal two-thirds and white pigmentation on their tips.

The duodenum is the first section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds. In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear, and the terms anterior intestine or proximal intestine may be used instead of duodenum. In mammals the duodenum may be the principal site for iron absorption.

The flap is incised and elevated from distal to proximal. Distally, the frontalis muscle and subcutaneous tissue are excised, this is done for 1.5 to 2 cm. Then more downwards the disscection goes through the muscle and over the periosteum. When reaching the brow, all of the skin borders are incised and the flap is carefully released.

The flap is incised and elevated over the periosteum from distal to proximal. The flap consists of skin, subcutaneous tissue, fat and frontalis muscle and is not thinned. When reaching the brow, all of the skin borders are incised and the flap is carefully released. The full-thickness flap is then sutured into the defect without tension.

57 In mathematics, proximal development uses mathematical exercises for which students have seen one or more worked examples. In secondary school some scaffolding is provided, and generally much less at the tertiary level. Ultimately students must find library resources or a tutor when presented with challenges beyond the zone. Another example of scaffolding is learning to drive.

The whole of the lower surface is black, with the exception of a small proximal portion which is yellow.”Woolley, P. "The Species of Dasycercus Peters, 1875 (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae)." Memoirs of Museum Victoria 62.2 (2005): 213-21. Print. The upper portion of fur appears sandy and speckled with brown, while the basal portion appears as a dark grey.

Wamesa has an applicative (it), causative (on), and essive (ve-). Additional affixes include markers for plural (-si ), singular (-i ), and 3rd plural human (-sia). Wamesa's clitics include the topicalizer =ma, focus =ya, =ye, =e; and the proximal (=ne), default/medial (=pa), and distal (=wa) definite determiners. Note that Wamesa clitics are only phonological and not syntactic.

D5 receptors are expressed in kidneys and are involved in regulation of sodium excretion. They are located on proximal convoluted tubules, and their activation suppresses the activity of sodium-hydrogen antiporter and Na+/K+-ATPase, preventing reabsorption of sodium. D5 receptors are thought to positively regulate expression of renalase. Their faulty functioning in nephrons can contribute to hypertension.

These cells are essential in providing navigational information to pioneer axons. Arrays of pioneer neurons create short segments of pioneer axons extending distal to proximal within an appendage. The resulting trajectories are due to pioneer axons growing from guidepost to guidepost cells. In addition, pioneer axons can act as guidepost cells to more distant pioneer neurons.

The Bearreraig Sandstone Formation is a geological formation in Scotland. It preserves fossils dating back to the lower to middle parts of the Jurassic period (Toarcian–Bajocian). The remains of the proximal portion of a right ulna and radius of an indeterminate thyreophoran dinosaur are known from the formation. The ichthyosaur Dearcmhara is also known from the formation.

The proximal ends of the elytra have parallel sides and bear prominent humeral humps. The general colour of the insect is black, with a reddish tinge to the legs and antennae. The pronotum has a greenish-gold sheen and the elytra have a greenish metallic appearance, both being the result of the presence of dissected scales.

The weakness from LEMS typically involves the muscles of the proximal arms and legs (the muscles closer to the trunk). In contrast to myasthenia gravis, the weakness affects the legs more than the arms. This leads to difficulties climbing stairs and rising from a sitting position. Weakness is often relieved temporarily after exertion or physical exercise.

The natural history of disease for trigger finger remains uncertain. There is some evidence that idiopathic trigger finger behaves differently in people with diabetes. Recurrent triggering is unusual after successful injection and rare after successful surgery. While difficulty extending the proximal interphalangeal joint may persist for months, it benefits from exercises to stretch the finger straighter.

Its muscle body, relatively thick behind, flattens as it goes forward. It ends in a common tendon with the medial head of the flexor hallucis brevis that inserts on the medial surface of the base of the first proximal phalanx and its related sesamoid bone. Its medial surface is superficial and covered with the muscle's fascia and the skin.

The carpometacarpal (CMC) joints are five joints in the wrist that articulate the distal row of carpal bones and the proximal bases of the five metacarpal bones. The CMC joint of the thumb or the first CMC joint, also known as the trapeziometacarpal (TMC) joint, differs significantly from the other four CMC joints and is therefore described separately.

Lunostoma was a small animal, branches being about 1.3 mm wide. It is unique among Rhabdomesina bryozoans in featuring "scutes", crescent-shaped structures on the proximal side of apertures. The function of these structures, which resemble the lunaria of cystoporate bryozoans, is unclear, and it is possibly an example of convergent evolution. Otherwise it is similar to Saffordotaxis.

Restoration of two individuals The holotype of Irisosaurus shows a unique combination of traits that in themselves are not unique. There is a large and deep neurovascular foramen on the perinarial fossa. The premaxillary ramus of the maxilla is higher than it is long prior to the nasal process. The proximal half of metacarpal V is strongly asymmetrical.

The gonophores in the family Corynidae are borne on hydranths and either liberated as free medusae or retained as medusoids or sessile sporosacs. The gonophores in the family Hydrocorynidae are borne in clusters on proximal part of hydranth body or develop from hydrorhiza (i.e. the stalk of a colony). The gonophores develop into free medusae or sessile sporosacs.

Epiblema lasiovalva is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in India (Jammu and Kashmir). The wingspan is about . The ground colour of the forewings is dirty cream, the dorsal interfascia distinctly suffused with brownish grey in the dorsal half of the wing, along the costa and in the proximal part of the ocellus.

Most ribs are heavily ossified and pachyostotic. They are most ossified and thickened at the middle of the dorsal region, while the anterior and posterior part of the dorsal region appear to be normal. And the pachyostosis is most prominent in the proximal half, with the distal half of the shaft being less ossified. There are two sacral vertebrae.

The arterial cone is closed by the infundibular cushions. The trunk cones are closed by the forming of an infundibulotroncal septum, which is made from a straight proximal portion and distal spiral portion. Then, the narrowest portion of the aorta is in the left and dorsal portion. The distal portion of the aorta is pushed forward to the right.

Coptodisca cercocarpella, the curl-leaf mountain mahogany leafminer, is a moth of the family Heliozelidae. It was described by Annette Frances Braun in 1925. It is found in North America, including Arizona, California, Utah and Colorado. Adults have a silvery iridescence on the proximal two thirds of the wing and orangish coloration at the distal end.

The forewings are dark brown, the proximal part of the wing lighter and mottled by sparse brown scales on a greyish ground colour. The wing is distinctly darker beyond the middle and there is a narrow, transverse, white antemedial fascia and the costal and tornal spots are also white. The hindwings are dark brown., 2006, Zootaxa 1350: 33-43.

The thorax is slightly convex. The wing veins are without scales (with scales in the closely related family Culicidae. The subcosta is fused with the costa at the level of the base of Rs or slightly proximal to this. The wing venation exhibits radial, medial, and cubital forks (R 4 branched, M 2 branched, Cu 2 branched).

It is also located in the S3 segment of the proximal tubule in each nephron in the kidneys. Its mechanism is exploited in glucose rehydration therapy This mechanism uses the absorption of sugar through the walls of the intestine to pull water in along with it. Defects in SGLT2 prevent effective reabsorption of glucose, causing familial renal glucosuria.

Creatine conversion to phosphocreatine is catalyzed by creatine kinase; spontaneous formation of creatinine occurs during the reaction. Creatinine is removed from the blood chiefly by the kidneys, primarily by glomerular filtration, but also by proximal tubular secretion. Little or no tubular reabsorption of creatinine occurs. If the filtration in the kidney is deficient, blood creatinine concentrations rise.

D-xylose absorption test is a medical test performed to diagnose conditions that present with malabsorption of the proximal small intestine due to defects in the integrity of the gastrointestinal mucosa.D-xylose absorption MedlinePlus. Accessed 19 Dec 2012. D-xylose is a monosaccharide, or simple sugar, that does not require enzymes for digestion prior to absorption.

The CAAT box is a crucial element of the 5′ flanking region of eukaryotic genomes. A specific transcription factor called CAAT-binding protein binds to this region and aids in transcription in eukaryotes. It is typically 10 nucleotides long, and is present -80 to -70 nucleotides upstream from the transcription start site, in the proximal promoter region.

Nerves play an important role in repetitive strain injuries as it is nerves that get pulled in injured soft tissues ultimately affecting motor functions. Pressure on the nerve will impair blood flow which can impair either distal or proximal points to the first injury and cause pain. Tendons connect muscle to bone whereas ligaments connect bone to bone.

Binding of GrpE's proximal β-sheet to Domain IIB of DnaK causes a 14° outward rotation of the nucleotide binding cleft, disrupting the binding of three side chains to the adenine and ribose rings of the nucleotide. This conformational change shifts DnaK from a closed to an open conformation and allows the release of ADP from the binding cleft.

A urethral bulking injection is a gynecological procedure and medical treatment used to treat involuntary leakage of urine: urinary incontinence in women. Injectional materials are used to control stress incontinence. Bulking agents are injected into the mucosa surrounding the bladder neck and proximal urethra. This reduces the diameter of the urethra and creates resistance to urine leakage.

The pectineal line of the pubis (also pecten pubis) is a ridge on the superior ramus of the pubic bone. It forms part of the pelvic brim. Lying across from the pectineal line are fibers of the pectineal ligament, and the proximal origin of the pectineus muscle. In combination with the arcuate line, it makes the iliopectineal line.

In human anatomy, juncturae tendinum or connexus intertendinei refers to the connective tissues that link the tendons of the extensor digitorum communis, and sometimes, to the tendon of the extensor digiti minimi. Juncturae tendinum are located on the dorsal aspect of the hand in the first, second and third inter-metacarpal spaces proximal to the metacarpophalangeal joint.

In crocodilians, the columella arises from a proximal and a distal component which develop into the columella and extracolumella, respectively. It is typically trifurcated, with three finger-like projections supporting it against the tympanic membrane. The extracolumella remains cartilaginous while the columella ossifies during development. The connection between the columella and extracolumella remains flexible over the animal's lifetime.

Fibrotic tissue may predispose the tissue to ulceration. Recurrent ulceration and fat necrosis is associated with lipodermatosclerosis. In advanced lipodermatosclerosis the proximal leg swells from chronic venous obstruction and the lower leg shrinks from chronic ulceration and fat necrosis resulting in the inverted coke bottle appearance of the lower leg.Habif TP. Habif: Clinical Dermatology, 4th ed.

Ekeke et al. 2015. Journal of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery. and others have shown bypass surgery is helpful as an addition to supplement unroofing surgery, but only when there is significant plaque just before (proximal to) the myocardial bridge or anatomic anomalies increase the risk of recurrence of such plaque. A 2013 Russian study by Bockeria et al.

The pars convoluta (Latin "convoluted part") is the initial convoluted portion. In relation to the morphology of the kidney as a whole, the convoluted segments of the proximal tubules are confined entirely to the renal cortex. Some investigators on the basis of particular functional differences have divided the convoluted part into two segments designated S1 and S2.

Flower of Oplopanax japonicus Flowers of Oplopanax japonicus, is usually hermaphrodite (having both male and female organs). Inflorescence terminal, a raceme of umbels, length of , densely covered with setae towards the bae, stiffly covered with tiny hairs throughout; umbels length of in diameter. Usually 6–12 flower with proximal peduncles that is long. Calyx 5-toothed and glabrous.

The tumour arises from the cells of the proximal renal tubular epithelium. It is considered an adenocarcinoma. There are two subtypes: sporadic (that is, non-hereditary) and hereditary. Both such subtypes are associated with mutations in the short-arm of chromosome 3, with the implicated genes being either tumour suppressor genes (VHL and TSC) or oncogenes (like c-Met).

During absolute inhibition is directed by more proximal synapses controlling the spike-initiating zones of the LGI. It is most likely that during restraint or feeding, the inhibitory process is mediated by inhibitory synaptic input on distal dendrites of the LGI . As a result, these signals would have to compete with other inputs for the control of the LGI.

The scapholunate ligament is an intraarticular ligament binding the scaphoid and lunate bones of the wrist together. It is divided into three areas, dorsal, proximal and palmar, with the dorsal segment being the strongest part. It is the main stabilizer of the scaphoid. In contrast to the scapholunate ligament, the lunotriquetral ligament is more prominent on the palmar side.

It had "type II" retroarticular process and proportionally shorter humeri than P. funkei. As also seen in CAMSM J.29564, it had cervical centra with ventral surface ornamentation, but lacking a ventral keel. According to Benson et al. (2013), the flat morphology of the proximal surface of the radius or tibia suggests that CAMSM J.35991 is a juvenile.

Pieces of bone can be left at the proximal and/or distal end of skeletal muscles to allow for anchoring. In addition, silk sutures or aluminium T-foil clips can be used to wrap around the tendon of the muscle to provide both support at the tendon and to be used for anchoring in the mechanics rig.

It is connected to two different neuronal ganglia, one with three bipolar neurons and the other with tens of neurons that also supplies other insect sensory organs located in the leg. Most of the subgenual organ is innervated by this major ganglion, except for the more proximal part. There is also an intermediary organ and a tympanal organ.