1000 Sentences With "praetor" | Random Sentence Generator

Amalfitano said Embraer has already secured firm orders for the Praetor planes, although he declined to give figures.

After being defeated in Cahokia (modern day St. Louis), Roman Praetor Gaius Marcellinus has established a fragile peace with the League of native nations.

The launch of the two Praetor models - named after Ancient Roman officials - coincides with the business jet industry's flagship show in Orlando from Oct.

The super-midsized Praetor 600 can fly four well-heeled travelers nonstop between London and New York, or eight passengers on that route at a slower speed.

LAS VEGAS, Oct 21 (Reuters) - Embraer SA on Monday announced an order worth $1.4 billion from Flexjet, which becomes the new launch customer for the Brazilian companys Praetor jets.

The Praetor launch comes under the direction of Michael Amalfitano, who took over Embraer's executive jet division in 2017 with a plan to deliver new features that generate higher margins.

When the Praetor models hit the market in 2019, they will join a fiercely competitive space that includes Bombardier's Challenger 350 and Gulfstream's G280, along with Textron's upcoming Cessna Citation Longitude.

In a call with journalists, Embraer executives said they were optimistic about demand for their newest executive jet, known as the Praetor 600, which recently received flight certification from Brazil's civil aviation regulator.

Michael Silverstro, chief executive of fractional aircraft ownership provider Flexjet, announced a firm order for 64 Embraer business jets, including a mix of the planemaker's mid-size and super mid-sized Praetor aircraft.

Still, Brazil's Embraer SA began Monday with a firm order valued at $1.4 billion order for 64 business jets, including a mix of the planemaker's mid-size and super mid-sized Praetor aircraft, from fractional aircraft ownership provider Flexjet.

It seems that these existential issues -- or what U.S. politicians call "the people's business" when they run for office every four years – were not considered important enough in the best ancient Roman tradition that the bosses don't concern themselves with trifles (de minimis non curat praetor).

You climbed the cursus honorum, you reached the office of praetor or consul, you governed honorably and ably (at least in theory), and then your reward was to become a provincial governor and have the chance to squeeze the inhabitants of Hispania Ulterior or Gallia Narbonensis for every last denarius — subject only to occasional prosecution for "abuses" if you made the wrong enemies back home.

When the peregrine praetor was abroad with a military command, the urban praetor could remain in Rome to avoid suspending public and judicial business. The praetor urbanus, however, might also go abroad to take on a military command if the situation seemed to warrant it. During the 220s and 210s, the praetor peregrinus is found most often in northern Italy, fighting without much success against various Gallic polities.Brennan, Praetorship pp. 603–605.

The incoming Praetor by his Edict laid out legal principles he intended to follow when making judicial decisions during his year in office. To some degree the new Praetor had sufficient discretion to modify the existing Edict of the former Praetor. Many years the new Praetor would simply adopt and so continue the contents of Edict he "inherited" from his predecessor. Praetors often did not possess any special expertise in law, but rather were successful politicians.

Around 70 BC, Octavius was elected quaestor. In 61 BC, he was elected praetor. In 60 BC, after his term as praetor had ended, he was appointed propraetor, and was to serve as governor (praefectus pro praetor) of Macedonia. However, before he left for Macedonia, the senate sent him to put down a slave rebellion in Thurii.

Praetor turns Pandora off but Mikey escapes with the deactivated Pandora.

Originally, every praetor drafted his own edict, but over time, a standard text was established, which was regularly re-enacted by the new praetor. Even later, Emperor Hadrian commissioned a final redaction of the text and prohibited any further changes. The edict had thus changed its nature from being an announcement by the praetor himself to being a legal rule binding on the praetor himself, which made known to all citizens under what circumstances they could bring a successful action in the Roman courts. This text is called the edictum perpetuum (the eternal edict).

There was such a person: the earliest studies of the inscription (Mommsen and others, 1892-1894) suggest that he was the same as the Lucius Lentulus, a praetor at Rome, to whom Metellus complained of erasures in the roll of citizens in the events leading up to the civil war of 88 BC, as reported by Cicero.Pro Archias, Chapters 5. Appeals of this sort were processed by the Urban Praetor (Praetor urbanus), who was also required to remain in range of the city. Thus as praetor this Lentulus could not have gone with Sulla.

60 In 253 BC, Megellus had the unusual distinction of being elected both to the office of Praetor and Censor in the same year.Broughton, pg. 211Broughton identifies the Praetor of 253 BC with the consul of 262 BC. However, according to Francis X. Ryan, Rank and Participation in the Republican Senate (1998), pg. 163, there is some doubt about this, and he argues that the Praetor in 253 was not the consul of 262.

Flaccus was curule aedile in 201 BC.Livy 31.4.5–6. He was probably the L. Valerius Flaccus who was a legate under the praetor L. Furius Purpureo in Gaul in 200.Livy 31.21.8. As praetor in 199, he was assigned to the province of Sicily.

He was assigned as praetor in 195 to Pisa with the task of fighting the Ligurians.

Livy, Ab urbe condita, 8.32 Very likely, the king himself was the first praetor. The best explanation available is that of Cicero in De legibus, in which he proposes ideal laws based on Roman constitutional theory:Cicero, De legibus 3.8 This etymology of praetor became and remains the standard. \- "Latin praetor 'one who goes before'". Cicero considers the word to contain the same elemental parts as the verb praeire (praeeo: "to go before, to precede, to lead the way").

While chronology suggested that the tribune might be the son of the Sextus who had been praetor in 208 BC, the consul's filiation indicated that his grandfather's name was Lucius. Accordingly, Drumann inferred the existence of an otherwise unknown Lucius Julius Caesar between the praetor and the military tribune, although in order to make sense chronologically, the praetor would have to have been rather elderly and the tribune very young when they held their respective offices.

The following is a list of Roman praetors as reported by ancient sources. A praetor in ancient Rome was a person who held an annual office below the level of a consul but who still received a grant of imperium, allowing him to command armed forces. Two praetors each year had specific duties in Rome: the praetor urbanus (who presided in civil cases between citizens) and the praetor peregrinus (who administered justice among foreigners). Unless otherwise noted all dates are reported in BC.

In general, Consular authority did not extend beyond the civil administration of Italy or the senatorial provinces.Abbott, 376 Julius Caesar had increased the number of Praetors to sixteen,Abbott, 376 but Caesar's successor, the emperor Augustus, reduced this number to twelve. The number of Praetors reached its maximum of eighteen under the emperor Claudius.Abbott, 377 The chief Praetor in Rome, the Urban Praetor (praetor urbanus), outranked all other Praetors, and for a brief time, they were given power over the treasury.

All that remains of the palace of the Urban Praetor at Rome, seen from the ruins of the emperor's palace on Palatine Hill. The Praetor's Edict (Edictum praetoris) in ancient Roman law was an annual declaration of principles made by the new praetor urbanus – the elected magistrate charged with administering justice within the city of Rome.Such Edicts were also issued by the Praetor peregrinus and by the Aediles. During the early Empire the Praetor's Edict was revised to become the Edictum perpetuum.

Gnaeus Manlius was a Roman Praetor who was involved in the Third Servile War with Gnaeus Tremellius Scrofa.

Praetor 600 with longer ventral fuel tank and larger winglets Embraer introduced improved variants at the October 2018 NBAA convention, the Praetor 500 and 600, presented on display, with 3,250 nmi (6,019 km) and 3,900 nmi (7,223 km) of range; the 600 should be certified in the second quarter of 2019 and the 500 in the third quarter of 2019. Both have taller and wider winglets. The $17 million Praetor 500 boosts the fuel capacity of the Legacy 450 from to match the Legacy 500. The $21 million Praetor 600 is based on the Legacy 500 with two tanks on the fuselage belly for more fuel for a capacity, and more powerful HTF7500E engines.

Livy, Ab urbe condita 8.12. From then on, praetors appear frequently in Roman history, first as generals and judges, then as provincial governors. Beginning in the late Republic, a former Praetor could serve as a Propraetor ("in place of the Praetor") and act as the governor of one of Rome's provinces.

Two more of the traditional Republican magistracies followed: plebeian tribune, then praetor around the year 150. After stepping down as praetor, Antiquus was appointed curator of the viae tres Trajana: the Via Clodia, Via Cassia, and Via Ciminia; Alföldy dates this office from around the year 152 to around 155.

The most important change in this period was the shift from priest to praetor as the head of the judicial system. The praetor would also make an edict in which he would declare new laws or principles for the year he was elected. This edict is also known as praetorian law.

Praetore ("nobleman Luchetto Gattilusio, citizen of Genoa, praetor of Bologna," praetor being synonymous with podestà at that time). The next year (1273), however, he was also capitano del popolo of Lucca under Charles. He was still at Lucca in 1277. In 1282 Luchetto served a term as podestà of Milan.

The consuls for 168 BC were Lucius Aemilius Paulus (for the second time) and Gaius Licinius Crassus. Macedon was assigned to Lucius Aemilius and the command of the fleet was assigned to the praetor Gnaeus Octavius. The praetor Lucius Anicius was put in charge of Illyria.Livy, The History of Rome, 44.17.

The word play is also seen as being employed in Horace's Odes, to banter Lucius Aelius Lamia the praetor.

Also, a praetor could exercise the functions of the consuls throughout Rome, but their main function was that of a judge. They would preside over trials involving criminal acts, grant court orders and validate "illegal" acts as acts of administering justice. A praetor was escorted by six lictors, and wielded imperium. After a term as praetor, the magistrate would serve as a provincial governor with the title of propraetor, wielding propraetor imperium, commanding the province's legions, and possessing ultimate authority within his province(s).

Commanders were often prorogued during the First Punic War (264–241 BC). By the end of this long conflict, a second praetor had been added to the three magistrates holding imperium. The new office was the praetor qui inter peregrinos ius dicit ("praetor who administers justice among foreigners"). Brennan has argued that the purpose of this new office was not, as is often thought, to administer justice to foreigners living in Rome, but inter peregrinos in the provinces as the situation seemed to require.

Because during this procedure the praetor had granted, or denied, litigation by granting or denying, respectively, an actio. By granting the actio the praetor in the end has created claims. I.e. a procedural act caused substantive claims to exist. Such priority (procedure over substance) is contrary to what we think of the relationship nowadays.

The Classical-era authors do not describe the events leading to the origin of the title Praetor, but the writings of the late Republican statesman and attorney Cicero explored the philosophy and uses of the term praetor. The prefix prae provides a good indication that the title-holder was prior, in some way, in society. Livy mentions that the Latini were led and governed in warfare by two of themLivy, Ab urbe condita, 8.3 and the Samnites by one.Livy, Ab urbe condita, 8.26 A dictator was called the praetor maximus.

Praetor 600 flight testing began on 31 March and 300h were logged with three aircraft by October 2018, while the Praetor 500 flight tests began on 13 September with 80h accumulated. The synthetic vision system has a flight guidance system for CAT I airports approach with SBAS, allowing decision height to be reduced from . Within US SBAS zones, the synthetic vision guidance system (SVGS) allows autopilot-flown instrument approaches down to height and RVR without the optional Rockwell Collins EVS and HUD. Previous Legacy 450s can be upgraded to the Praetor 500 configuration for $500,000.

Varro, De lingua latina 6.5; Millar, "Political Power in Mid-Republican Rome," p. 146. It is assumed to have redefined the duties of the praetor as established by the Twelve Tables, perhaps because of the recent creation of the praetor peregrinus. It specifies that the praeter urbanus administered justice inter cives, "among citizens," in contrast to the praetor inter peregrinos, among foreigners. This assumption dates the Lex Plaetoria to 242 BC or after, but the dating is problematic because the Plaetorii are not known to have been prominent in public life until after 200.

Livy, The History of Rome, 41.21.3 In a passage that comes after the recording of the praetors for 174 BC, Livy wrote about a praetor called Appius Claudius and noted that on his arrival in Hispania the Celtiberians, who had surrendered to Tiberius Gracchus were quiet during the praetorship of Marcus Titinius, rebelled. Presumably he was a praetor for 175 BC and the record of his election was in the part of chapter 18 of book 40, which is lost. He was probably the praetor of Hispania Citerior.

Because he had ignored a tribune's veto and incited violence against a consul, Cornelius was prosecuted twice in the following years. In 66 BC, two brothers, Publius and Gaius Cominius, indicted him under the lex Cornelia de maiestate. However, on the day of the trial, the presiding praetor failed to arrive, leaving Cornelius' supporters free to intimidate and threaten the Cominii brothers. On the next day, the praetor appeared but the Cominii stayed away out of fear, with the result that the praetor declared the trial null and void.Asc.

The Magister Equitum was granted a form of imperium, but at the same level as a praetor, and thus was subject to the imperium of the Dictator and was not superior to that of a Consul. In the Dictator's absence, the Magister Equitum became his representative, and exercised the same powers as the Dictator. It was usually but not always necessary for the man nominated as Magister Equitum to have already held the office of Praetor. Accordingly, the Magister Equitum had the insignia of a praetor: the toga praetexta and an escort of six lictors.

Richard Talbert, The Senate of Imperial Rome (Princeton: University Press, 1984), p. 16 The next two traditional Republican magistracies followed: plebeian aedile and praetor. Upon concluding the office of praetor, Caecilianus could then hold a number of significant offices. The first was curator alvei Tiberis et riparum, or overseer of civil works concerning the Tiber river.

Neither men dismissed their armies. Both were candidates for the consulship. Crassus had been praetor as the law of Sulla required. Pompey had been neither praetor nor quaestor, and was only thirty-four years old, but he had promised the plebeian tribunes to restore much of their power that had been taken away by Sulla's constitutional reforms.

His family owned large estates in Galatia. Apart from this, not much is known on the family and early life of Varus. Between the years of 56-69, Varus served as a Praetor during the reign of the Roman Emperor Nero. He entered the Roman Senate as a praetor and through this entry, became a Roman Senator.

1–5; Livy also has a similar account (42.45.1–7) that seems to repeat but confuse what he had reported earlier. It is also possible that this Claudius Nero was either the Tiberius Claudius Nero who was praetor in 178 BC, or the praetor of 181 BC who had the same name.See discussion by Broughton, MRR1 p.

Michael Charles Alexander, The Case for the Prosecution in the Ciceronian Era (University of Michigan Press, 2002), p. 80 online. By 92 BC he was elected praetor (commander) of a Roman field army. He was a praetor or propraetor in Asia around 92–91 BC, only a few years after his brother Gaius held the same post.

An important aspect of the Praetor's Edict concerned formulary procedure. During the late Republic, the trial at civil law increasingly employed formulary procedure. In this process, the Praetor first determines the legal issue in a pending case. Then the Praetor decides on a prescriptive formula which instructs what remedy will be appropriate depending on what facts are found.

Two more of the traditional Republican magistracies then followed: plebeian tribune, and praetor. Once he stepped down from his duties as praetor, Maximus was assigned a series of imperial posts. First was curator of the Via Aurelia, which Géza Alföldy dates to around 132.Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter der Antoninen (Bonn: Rudolf Habelt Verlag, 1977), p.

He then advanced through the traditional Republican magistracies of curule aedile and praetor. Géza Alföldy estimates the date of this last office as around the year 150.Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter den Antoninen (Bonn: Habelt Verlag, 1977), p. 336 After stepping down as praetor, Junior was commissioned as legatus legionis or commander of two legions consecutively.

The following individuals held the position of Praetor during the Roman Republic, starting with the creation of the office in 366 BC.

Her maternal grandparents were Antoninus Pius and Faustina the Elder and her paternal grandparents were Domitia Lucilla and praetor Marcus Annius Verus.

It is probable that Sertorius became praetor in the year Cinna died.Philip Matyszak, Sertorius and the Struggle for Spain, pp 29-31.

Livy 32.29.3–4 and 34.45.2; Velleius Paterculus 1.15.2. As praetor in 196, he was assigned to Hispania Citerior ("Nearer Spain").Livy 33.24.

Livy, The History of Rome, 42.10.13; 42.18.6 During the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC) only one praetor was allocated to Hispania.

In time, such sample formulae became listed by the Praetor in his Edict issued at the beginning of his term of office.

Domitius Calvinus was a member of the Plebeian gens Domitia, who was elected praetor, serving in the office around the year 80 BC.

In the “Star Trek” franchise, Praetor is the usual title of the leader of the Romulan Empire. In the New Phyrexia expansion of the Magic: the Gathering collectible card game, the five Phyrexian rulers were labeled as praetors. In the 2016 game “Doom”, the armor worn by the protagonist is called the Praetor suit. In the 2017 game “Xenoblade Chronicles 2”, one of the central antagonists Amalthus holds the title of Praetor in the Praetorium of Indol. In the popular book series by Rick Riordan, “The Heroes of Olympus”, there is a Senate with two Praetors, one male and one female.

Caprarius was praetor in 117 BC, consul in 113 BC, and fought as proconsul in Thrace in 112 BC. He received a triumph for his victory in Thrace in 111 BC. He was censor in 102 BC. Creticus had two brothers. One was Lucius Caecilius Metellus. He was praetor in 71 BC and governor of Sicily in 70 BC. He died in office as consul in 68 BC. The other was Marcus Caecilius Metellus, praetor. In 69 BC he presided over the quaestio de repetundis, a standing tribunal of senatorial iudices (juror-judges) for investigating and deciding cases of extortion.

The elected praetor was a magistratus curulis, exercised imperium, and consequently was one of the magistratus majores. He had the right to sit in the sella curulis and wear the toga praetexta.Livy, 7.1 He was attended by six lictors. A praetor was a magistrate with imperium within his own sphere, subject only to the veto of the consuls (who outranked him).

Calvinus then served as quaestor in Africa. Later, he was the emperor Hadrian's candidate for the other traditional Roman magistracies of plebeian tribune and praetor; this dates the last prior to Hadrian's death in 138. As ex-praetor, Calvinus was appointed legatus or commander of Legio III Gallica, also stationed in Syria, which Alföldy dates to around 138.Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand, p.

Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae 17 §7. Atinius seems to have been a different man from the Gaius Atinius Labeo who was praetor in Sicilia in 190 BC, and the Gaius Atinius who was praetor in Hispania Ulterior in 188.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.T. Robert S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic (1952).

Scaevola was elected as praetor in 136 BC. Lucius Furius Philus and Sextus Atilius Serranus were consuls during this year. During his year as a praetor Scaevola argued vehemently against the citizenship rights of Mancinus, who had demonstrated cowardice the previous year during a campaign in the Numantine War and had subsequently been surrendered to the Numantines as punishment, but had been rejected.

With this army, he invaded Macedonia and defeated the Roman praetor Publius Juventius. Andriscus then declared himself King Philip VI of Macedonia. In 148 BC, Andriscus conquered Thessaly and made an alliance with Carthage, which angered the Romans who declared war (Fourth Macedonian War) on Macedonia. He was defeated by the Roman praetor Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus in the Battle of Pydna.

In 54 BC, Vatia was praetor. As praetor he opposed Gaius Pomptinus in his endeavour to obtain a triumph. At the start of the civil war, Vatia defected from the optimates to Caesar. Caesar made him his colleague as consul for 48 BC. Caesar soon left Rome to fight Pompey in Greece and left Vatia in command of the city.

Caprarius had two sisters, both named Caecilia Metella. One married Gaius Servilius Vatia, who was praetor in 114 BC. The other married Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio, who was consul in 111 BC. Caprarius had three sons. One was Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus, who was praetor in 74 BC and consul in 69 BC. He was pontifex from 73 BC until his death.

It was left to the praetor to make further extensions, not of the action itself, but by providing analogous remedies for analogous cases. Firstly, the lex applied only where the aggrieved person was the dominus. The praetor provided an actio utilis, or one in factum, to persons with lesser property rights in the thing, e.g. the usufructuary, alongside the owner.

Roman court cases fell into the two broad categories of civil or criminal trials. The involvement of a Praetor in either was as follows.

Paetus Catus came from a prominent plebeian noble family; his father was a praetor, and his elder brother was another consul, Publius Aelius Paetus.

He also had a brother, Lucius Valerius Triarius, who was quaestor in 81 and praetor in 78.Broughton, vol. II, pp. 77, 86, 91.

By the end of the First Punic War, a fourth magistrate entitled to hold imperium appears, the praetor qui inter peregrinos ius dicit ("the praetor who administers justice among foreigners"). Although in the later Empire the office was titled praetor inter cives et peregrinos ("among citizens and foreigners", that is, having jurisdiction in disputes between citizens and noncitizens), by the time of the 3rd century BC, Rome's territorial annexations and foreign populations were unlikely to require a new office dedicated solely to this task. T. Corey Brennan, in his two-volume study of the praetorship, argues that during the military crisis of the 240s the second praetorship was created to make another holder of imperium available for command and provincial administration inter peregrinos. During the Hannibalic War, the praetor peregrinus was frequently absent from Rome on special missions.

Corculum was praetor in 165, although nothing is known on his magistracy because Livy's manuscript ends the previous year.Broughton, vol. I, p. 438 (note 2).

He was elected praetor in 189 BC, and received Sicily as his purview. In 164 BC Philippus was elected censor with Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus.

16 Two more of the traditional magistracies followed: plebeian tribune and praetor; at some time afterwards he received his commission with the Twenty- second Legion.

Lucius Julius Caesar (consul 90 BC), second cousin of Caesar's father (d. 87 BC, praetor 94 BC, consul 90 BC, killed by partisans of Marius).

Two of the praetors were more prestigious than the others. The first was the Praetor Peregrinus, who was the chief judge in trials involving one or more foreigners. The other was the Praetor Urbanus, the chief judicial office in Rome. He had the power to overturn any verdict by any other courts, and served as judge in cases involving criminal charges against provincial governors.

The praetor urbanus presided in civil cases between citizens. The Senate required that some senior officer remain in Rome at all times. This duty now fell to the praetor urbanus. In the absence of the consuls, he was the senior magistrate of the city, with the power to summon the Senate and to organize the defense of the city in the event of an attack.

Administration et prosopographie sénatoriale (Rome: École Française de Rome, 1974), p. 210 His next posting was as quaestor to the proconsular governor of Africa, and upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy Modestinus was enrolled in the Senate. Two more of the traditional Republican magistracies followed: plebeian tribune and praetor. Once he completed his term as praetor, Modestinus was qualified to hold several important offices.

136-138 if Strabo was praetor in the year 53, then it took him 27 years to reach the office of consul, whereas the Lex Villia Annalis specifies a period of ten years between the office of praetor and consul for senators who were not in the patrician class. While lengthy periods between the two offices are documented for other senators, it is unusual.

When the Praetor administered justice in a tribunal, he sat on a sella curulis, which was that part of the court reserved for the Praetor and his assessors and friends, as opposed to the subsellia, the part occupied by the iudices (judges) and others who were present. In court, the Praetor was referred to as acting e tribunali or ex superiore loco (lit. from a raised platform or from a higher place) but he could also perform ministerial acts out of court, in which case he was said to be acting e plano or ex aequo loco (lit. from the flat ground or from an equal or level place).

For the higher thrust Praetor 600, Honeywell maintenance plans increases to $294 per engine per hour. Active load alleviation deflects both ailerons upward at 2.0 Gs to prevent overstressing the wing without adding structural weight. At FL410, ISA-7°C to -14°C and cruise, the Praetor 600 burns of fuel per hour at a weight of , increasing to at max cruise. The Praetor 600 was certified by the National Civil Aviation Agency of Brazil by April 2019. Its range with four passengers and NBAA IFR reserves reached 4,018 nmi (7,441 km) from a 4,436 ft (1,352 m) take-off, and 3,719 nmi (6,887 km) at Mach 0.80.

Lucius Canuleius Dives was tasked with assigning five judges of senatorial rank for each man the Hispanics were seeking to recover money from and to allow the latter to choose advocates. They were told to nominate them. They chose Marcus Porcius Cato (who had conducted the Roman campaign of 195 BC), Publius Cornelius Scipio (who had been praetor in Hispania Ulterior in 193 BC), Lucius Aemilius Paulus (who had been praetor in Hispania Ulterior from 191 to 189 BC) and Gaius Sulpicius Gallus. The case of Marcus Titinius (praetor in Hispania Citerior in 175 BC) was taken up first and was heard by a board of judges.

In 195 BC, Atinius was praetor peregrinus. He may have been the author of the lex Atinia de usucapione.Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita xxxiii.42, 43.

A member of the Plebeian gens Cocceia, Cocceius Balbus was a supporter of Marcus Antonius.Syme, pg. 200 He was probably elected as Praetor in 42 BC.

In the first floor was held the Carroccio and the war machines, while in the middle floor were the offices of the praetor and the chapel.

After the capture of Jerusalem, he went with his sister Berenice to Rome, where he was invested with the dignity of praetor and rewarded with additional territory.

Gnaeus Suellius Flaccus was a Roman Praetor of Creta et Cyrenaica. He is known for defeating the Nasamones, a nomadic Berber tribe that rose against Roman rule.

At some point during this period both Piso and Scaevola were absent from the city of Rome, meaning the Senate was presided over by the urban praetor.

Lucius Anicius Gallus (fl. 2nd century BC) was a Roman praetor and consul. He led the conquest of Illyria during the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC).

His father was likely the urband praetor of 69 BC Publius Cornelius Dolabella and his grandfather Lucius Cornelius Dolabella who was awareded a triumph in 98 BC.

After serving either as quaestor or as aedile, a man of 39 years could run for praetor. The number of praetors elected varied through history, generally increasing with time. During the republic, six or eight were generally elected each year to serve judicial functions throughout Rome and other governmental responsibilities. In the absence of the consuls, a praetor would be given command of the garrison in Rome or in Italy.

4; Plutarch, Cato Maior 10.1. In 191 Flaccus was a legate under M'. Acilius Glabrio in the war against the Aetolians and at the Battle of Thermopylae.Livy 36.19.1, 22.7, 27.3–8, 28.8; Appian, Syrian War 19. In 190, Flaccus served on the three-man commission (triumviri coloniis deducendis) created to strengthen Placentia and Cremona. His fellow commissioners were M. Atilius Serranus (praetor 174 BC) and L. Valerius Tappo (praetor 192 BC).

Following this Fabianus held the typical series of republican magistracies: quaestor, assigned to the city of Rome; then plebeian tribune; and praetor. After completing his duties as praetor, he was appointed curator of the Via Latina (c. 132-c. 135), then legatus or commander of Legio X Fretensis stationed in Judea (c. 135-c. 138), and finally governor of the imperial province of Dacia from 138 to 141.

Richard Talbert, The Senate of Imperial Rome (Princeton: University Press, 1984), p. 16 Following this he served as ab actis Senatus, or recorder of the Acta Senatus. Two more of the traditional Republican magistracies followed: curule aedile and praetor. After stepping down from the office of praetor, Maximus was selected to serve as legatus or adjunct to the proconsular governor of Asia; Géza Alföldy dates his office to circa 146.

Messallinus' daughter Valeria Messallia was born c. 10 BC (her mother might have been Claudia Marcella Minor) and later married the praetor of AD 17, Lucius Vipstanus Gallus.

The urban praetor more often remained in the city to administer the judicial system.T. Corey Brennan, The Praetorship in the Roman Republic (Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 604 (online.

Her maternal grandparents were an unnamed Roman woman and politician Gaius Antonius Hybrida, while paternal grandparents were Julia (third cousin of dictator Julius Caesar) and praetor Marcus Antonius Creticus).

The large New Guinea spiny rat (Rattus praetor) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is found in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands.

After having lived for a number of years as a lawyer in Hamburg, where he helped to administer the newly founded Armen-Anstalt (Poor's Institution), he was elected alderman on 5 September 1800. In this capacity he held the office of praetor - meaning mayor - during the French occupation. The praetor was the first instance for civil cases and led the fact-finding actions when required. In 1809 he became governor of Ritzebüttel.

Marcus Minucius Thermus was an ancient Roman soldier and statesman. He was praetor in 81 BC and propraetor of the Roman province of Asia the following year,T.R.S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, vol. 2 (New York 1952), pp. 76, 78, 81, citing Suetonius, Divus Iulius 2.1, where he is identified as a praetor, and David Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor (Princeton University Press, 1950), vol. 1, p 246f.

Milo was a praetor at the time who was attempting to gain the much-wanted post of consul. Clodius was a former tribune standing for the office of praetor. The charge was brought against Milo for the death of Clodius following a violent altercation on the Via Appia, outside Clodius' estate in Bovillae. After the initial brawl, it seems that Clodius was wounded during the fight that was started by both men's slaves.

Decimus Haterius Agrippa (c. 13 BCAD 32) was a Roman plebeian tribune, praetor and consul. He was the son of the orator and senator Quintus Haterius and his wife Vipsania.

Lucius Cossinius was a Roman praetor who aided Publius Varinius against Spartacus during the Third Servile War. He was aided by his tribune Lucius Furius and the quaestor Gaius Toranius.

He was later made Aedile of the Plebeians in 209, and Urban Praetor in 206. In 205 he was sent as an Ambassador to the Court of Attalus I Soter.

Gaius Arrius Quadratus was a Roman senator. As praetor he was appointed governor of the imperial province of Dacia. He was the son of Gaius Arrius Antoninus, senator and jurist.

Antonia Minor's husband Nero Claudius Drusus, a.k.a. Drusus the Elder, was a Claudian like his brother emperor Tiberius: they were the sons of Tiberius Claudius Nero, the praetor of 42 BC.

Cicero implies in his first Verrine Oration that the measure was the work of the father of Manius Acilius Glabrio, the praetor in charge of the extortion courts in 70 B.C.

At least some scholars have proposed that this Lucius was the son of Lucius Julius Libo, consul in 267 BC.Griffin, p. 13. Sextus appears to have had at least two children: Lucius, who was praetor in 183 BC, and Sextus, who served as military tribune in 181, and attained the consulship in 157. In his reconstruction of the Julii Caesares, classical scholar Wilhelm Drumann assumed that the consul was the son of the military tribune, rather than the same man, and therefore inserted an otherwise unknown Lucius between Sextus the praetor and his two sons; but since the tribune and the consul are identical, the consul's grandfather Lucius must have been the father of Sextus, praetor in 208.Drumann, p. 113.

The praetor was, in an English sense, the chief justice, and yet more than that. The consuls were his peers; he was elected by the same electorate and sworn in on the same day with the same oath. (The Comitia Centuriata elected consuls and praetors.) Until 337 BC the praetor was chosen only from among the patricians. In that year eligibility for the praetura was opened to the plebeians, and one of them, Quintus Publilius Philo, won the office.

As imperial administrators, their duties extended to matters that the republic would have considered minima. Two praetors were appointed by Claudius for matters relating to Fideicommissa (trusts), when the business in that department of the law had become considerable, but Titus reduced the number to one; and Nerva added a Praetor for the decision of matters between the Fiscus (treasury) and individuals. Marcus AureliusCapitolinus, Vita Marci Antonini Chapter 10. appointed a Praetor for matters relating to tutela (guardianship).

In 204 BC he was appointed plebeian aedile. In the following two years, he was praetor and propraetor in Sicily. After his time as a Praetor he would lend Cneius Tremellius two legions for the Second Punic War. In 201 BC he held the decemvirate (decemvir agris dandis adsignandis) for distributing ager publicus in Samnium and Apulia. He became consul in 199 BCVarro and went to Macedon to take over the command after Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus.

They moved around the base of Vesuvius, outflanked the army, and annihilated Glaber's men.Plutarch, Crassus, 9:1–3; Frontinus, Stratagems, Book I, 5:20–22; Appian, Civil Wars, 1:116; Broughton, Magistrates of the Roman Republic, p. 109. Note: Plutarch and Frontinus write of expeditions under the command of "Clodius the praetor" and "Publius Varinus", while Appian writes of "Varinius Glaber" and "Publius Valerius". A second expedition, under the praetor Publius Varinius, was then dispatched against Spartacus.

He takes on the form of Velvet's deceased brother and serves as the game's secondary antagonist. ; :Voiced by: Tomoaki Maeno :A Praetor-rank Exorcist who tries to stop Velvet after the latter escapes from prison. He has a strong sense of justice as an Exorcist and loyalty to his sister. ; :Voiced by (English): Brina Palencia Voiced by (Japanese): Yui Horie :A Praetor-rank Exorcist and Oscar's half- sister who governs the northern area of the empire.

Then he was commissioned a military tribune in Legio V Macedonica, then stationed in Moesia Inferior. Next he was elected a quaestor, and upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy Rutilianus would be enrolled in the Senate. Two more traditional Republican magistracies followed: plebeian tribune and praetor. After completing his term as praetor, Rutilianus likely served as legatus legionis for Legio VI Victrix, stationed in Roman Britain, under his father who was governor of the province c.133-138.

Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Hispanus of the Scipiones branch of the gens Cornelia, was a Roman politician. Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Hispanus was the son of Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Hispallus. He was one of the decemviri stlitibus judicandis and military tribune before 150 BC, and became quaestor around that date. He then became aedile, probably in 141 BC. He was a praetor in 139 BC. As praetor, he expelled the astrologers (Chaldaeans and Jews) from the city of Rome.

Julia (c. 130 BC – 69 BC) was a daughter of praetor Gaius Julius Caesar II (grandfather of Caesar) and Marcia (daughter of praetor Quintus Marcius Rex). She was a sister of Gaius Julius Caesar III (the father of Julius Caesar) and Sextus Julius Caesar III, consul in 91 BC. At about 110 BC she married Gaius Marius; as a result, she is sometimes referred to as Julia Maria. They had a son, Gaius Marius the Younger.

121 He was the emperor's candidate for plebeian tribune and praetor, a clear honor; that the emperor's name is not provided suggests he was Domitian, who suffered damnatio memoriae after his death. After achieving the rank of praetor, Senecio was commissioned legatus or commander of Legio I Minervia. He was then governor of Gallia Belgica for the term 96 to 98.Werner Eck, "Jahres- und Provinzialfasten der senatorischen Statthalter von 69/70 bis 138/139", Chiron, 12 (1982), pp.

So, in deciding whether or not to augment or otherwise modify the Edict, the new Praetor would usually consult with Roman jurists who were familiar with the applicable areas of the law, and who knew the emerging currents of legal change. Language from the responsa of these Roman scholars of jurisprudence often found its way into the Edict.Fritz Schulz at 53. The Praetor's Edict had legal force only during the incumbency of the particular Praetor who issued it.

He states his debt to Titus in his Histories (1.1); since Titus ruled only briefly, these are the only years possible. He advanced steadily through the cursus honorum, becoming praetor in 88 and a quindecimvir, a member of the priestly college in charge of the Sibylline Books and the Secular games.In the Annals (11.11), he mentions that, as praetor, he assisted in the Secular Games held by Domitian, which can be precisely dated to 88. See Syme, 1958, p.

Creticus was praetor in 74 BC, consul in 69 BC, and pontifex from 73 until his death in the late 50s BC. He was given the proconsular command against Crete during his consulship. He subjugated the island and triumphed for his victory in 62 BC. He was an opponent of Pompey. Lucius' other brother was Marcus Caecilius Metellus. He was praetor and president of the extortion court in 69 BC. Lucius' sister, Caecilia Metella, was married to Gaius Verres.

Furthermore, Rome conquered Panormos in 254 BCE. Hence, it is possible that Rome was at least familiar with local practises as early as 254 BCE. Appian claims that after the first Punic war, the Sicilians under Roman rule were subjected to an agricultural tithe.App. 2.2 In the same passage, Appian states that Rome also sent a praetor to Sicily in 241 BCE. However, other sources contradict this claiming that the first Sicilian praetor arrived in 227 BCE.

Appian claims that when Praetor Brutus sacked Lusitania after Viriathus's death, the women fought valiantly next to their men as women warriors. Gladius hispaniensis, a sword of Celtiberian origin used by Lusitanians.

415, notes 4 and 5. Friedrich Münzer favors the praetor of 178 in this role. It is possible that the two later are also one and the same, possibly the consuls son.

He was elected praetor for 94 BC, though no evidence exists for his previous occupation of the roles of quaestor and aedile. In 93 BC, as propraetor, he was governor of Macedonia.

This post, apparently designated with the title of "praetor", entailed a very wide remit, encompassing military, fiscal and judicial authority over the lands and cities of Macedonia that were in Nicaean hands.

None of the Canuleii mentioned by ancient writers bore a cognomen, except for Lucius Canuleius Dives, praetor in 171 BC. His surname originally signified someone possessing great wealth.Cassell's Latin & English Dictionary, s.v. dives.

The Praetor Urbanus was not allowed to leave the city for more than ten days. If one of these two Praetors was absent from Rome, the other would perform the duties of both.

This part appointed a judge, in a similar matter to before, with the plaintiff suggesting names from the official list until the defendant agreed. If there was no agreement, the praetor would decide.

Crassus and his wife Mucia had two surviving daughters, the elder of whom married a praetor Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica, descended from several consuls and censors and had several children including Metellus Scipio.

Their camp was captured; 15,000 were killed or captured. This ended the conflict. The Celtiberians submitted.Livy, The History of Rome, 41.26 We do not have any information on the other praetor in Hispania.

Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus (c. 188 BC - 116 BC/115 BC) was a praetor in 148 BC, consul in 143 BC, Proconsul of Hispania Citerior in 142 BC and censor in 131 BC.

For Rome, the end of the First Punic War marked the start of its expansion beyond the Italian Peninsula. Sicily became the first Roman province as Sicilia, governed by a former praetor. Sicily would become important to Rome as a source of grain. Sardinia and Corsica, combined, also became a Roman province and a source of grain, under a praetor, although a strong military presence was required for at least the next seven years, as the Romans struggled to suppress the local inhabitants.

Polybius, The Histories, ii. 19.Fast. Sicul. Fischer, in his Römische Zeittafeln, has him as praetor and also dying in 285 BC, and in the year following he has him again as consul. Wilhelm Drumann denies the identity of the consul and the praetor, on the ground that it was not customary for a person to hold the praetorship the year after his consulship; but examples of such a mode of proceeding do occur, so Drumann's objection fails.E.W. Fischer, Römische Zeittafeln (1846).

"Gaius Marius Sitting in Exile among the Ruins of Carthage" plate from The Story of Rome by Mary Macgregor Publius Sextilius was a Roman praetor (92 BC?) and governor of Africa during the civil wars between Sulla and Marius. As propraetor in 88 B.C., he refused Marius and his followers asylum in Africa.Plutarch, Marius 40.3–4; Appian, Bellum civile 1.62 as Σέξστιος; Varro, De re rustica 1.1.10 with the title praetor; T.R.S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, vol.

Like his forefathers, Cato was devoted to agriculture when not serving in the army. Having attracted the attention of Lucius Valerius Flaccus, he was brought to Rome and began to follow the cursus honorum: he was successively military tribune (214 BC), quaestor (204 BC), aedile (199 BC), praetor (198 BC), consul (195 BC) together with Flaccus, and censor (184 BC). As praetor, he expelled usurers from Sardinia. As censor, he tried to save Rome's ancestral customs and combat "degenerate" Hellenistic influences.

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 539. Since the two Sexti were in fact the same man, this would probably make the senator Gaius a third son of Sextus Julius Caesar, the praetor of 208 BC. If he was a senator in 143, and the great- grandfather of Caesar, who was born in BC 100, he was probably not the consul's son, as his eponymous and presumably eldest son, Sextus, was praetor in BC 123.

Livy, The History of Rome, 34.16 Meanwhile, the praetor Publius Manlius marched into Turdetania with the army he had taken over from Quintus Minucius, joining it with the force the other praetor, Appius Claudius Nero, had in Hispania Ulterior. The reason why Manlius, who had been sent to Hispania Citerior as consular assistant, should campaign in Hispania Ulterior and also take the command of the troops of the praetor of the other province in unclear. Moreover, the mentioned rumour of an attack on Turdetania by the Romans may not have been unfounded, and there may have been a mistake about who was going to lead it and which of the two Turdetanias (see note 78) to attack. The Turdetani were considered the least warlike tribe, and were easily defeated.

From his filiation, we know that Sextus' father was also named Sextus, and that his grandfather was named Lucius. In his reconstruction of the family, classical scholar Wilhelm Drumann assumed that he was the son of Sextus Julius Caesar, one of the military tribunes of 181 BC, and the grandson of an otherwise unknown Lucius Julius Caesar, who would have been the son of Sextus, praetor in 208 BC.Drumann, p. 113. However, more recent scholarship has concluded that the military tribune and the consul were the same person, and that his father was the praetor of 208. Sextus had at least one brother, Lucius, who was praetor in 183 BC, and probably a second, Gaius, who was a senator and the great-grandfather of Gaius Julius Caesar, the dictator.

In Rome, there were primarily two kinds of praetor, the praetor urbanus and the praetor peregrinus, in charge of suits involving citizens and foreigners, respectively. They were also assigned, in the late Republic, to various permanent courts with specific criminal jurisdiction. When the consuls were away, the praetors were empowered to command armies and serve in the place of the consuls, and thus also held authority to call assemblies and introduce legislation Over time, as Rome's empire grew, the two annual consuls ceased to be enough to command its many armies in the field or administer its many provinces. To solve this problem, it became normal to prorogue the authority of current consuls and praetors beyond their normal terms so they could continue to command in the field.

The Praetores Peregrini (sg. Praetor Peregrinus) were the people who had jurisdiction over cases involving citizens and foreigners. Ius Naturale encompassed natural law, the body of laws that were considered common to all beings.

Its construction was vowed in 200 BC by the praetor Lucius Furius Purpurio in the Battle of Cremona during the war against the Boii, and then dedicated in 192 BC by Quintus Marcius Ralla.

William III of Weimar (Wilhelmi Thuringorum praetor; died 16 April 1039) was count of Weimar from 1003 and of the Eichsfeld from 1022. He was the youngest son of Count William II of Weimar.

Clodius and Fulvia had at least two children who survived to adulthood: a son, Publius Claudius Pulcher, who eventually became praetor; and a daughter, Claudia Pulchra, who would become the first wife of Augustus.

The Romans suffered casualties in a number of hard battles. The praetor persevered. The Celtiberians, exhausted by many battles, withdrew and the town fell a few days later. He then went to winter camp.

Livy 24.43.6–8. As praetor the following year, he was stationed at Suessula and received the knights from Capua who had decided to defect from Hannibal and join Rome.Livy 24.47.12–13; Broughton, MRR1, p. 263.

Ryan, Rank and Participation, p. 242. Two years later (208 BC) he was appointed dictator in order to hold the elections and preside over the games that had been promised by the Praetor M. Aemilius.

His consulship, however, was annulled, likely due to accusations of a faulty election. In 215, during the Second Punic War, Laevinus was elected praetor peregrinusLivy 23.24.4 with command of the Roman forces in Apulia.Polybius 8.1.

Elected praetor in 208 BC, Sextus was assigned the province of Sicily, and given the command of the legiones Cannenses, legions formed from the survivors of the Battle of Cannae.Livy, xxvii. 21, 22.Broughton, vol.

The senate was so opposed to Fulvius' holding another curule office that it refused to hold elections. As praetor in Hispania Ulterior in 182, he waged war successfully against the Celtiberians, capturing Urbicua.Livy 40.16.7–10.

Lucius Julius, possibly with the cognomen Caesar and to be identified as the Julius Caesar who was praetor urbanus in 166 and died suddenly in office.Pliny the Elder, Natural History 7.181; Broughton, MRR1, p. 437.

Local laws remained in force as long as they did not come into conflict with Roman law; this compatibility was understood as reflecting the underlying ius gentium.Bozeman, Politics and Culture in International History, pp. 208–209. The praetor assigned to foreign affairs (praetor peregrinus) is thought by many scholars to have played an important role in extending Roman civil law to the gentes.T. Corey Brennan, The Praetorship in the Roman Republic (Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 134; Dyson, Natural Law and Political Realism, p.

9-11 It seems that in these instances an extra commander was drawn from men who had previously been consuls because they had prior experience of commanding an army. The concept of promagistracy originally involved the notion of the promagistrate acting on behalf of a magistrate: pro consule (on behalf of the consul), pro preaetore (on behalf of the praetor). However, in practice this changed when there was a more regular need to create additional military commanders. In 366 BC the office of the praetor was created.

De minimis is a Latin expression meaning "about minimal things", normally in the terms de minimis non curat praetor ("The praetor does not concern himself with trifles") or de minimis non curat lex ("The law does not concern itself with trifles"), a legal doctrine by which a court refuses to consider trifling matters. Queen Christina of Sweden (r. 1633–1654) favoured the similar Latin adage, aquila non capit muscās (the eagle does not catch flies). The legal history of de minimis dates back to the 15th century.

Yet, as the pre-existing contents of the ongoing Edict were generally adopted by next Praetor, the Edict attained substantial continuity, subject to marginal changes. On the other hand, the yearly changes usually resulted in welcome legal innovations. With the accretion of annual modifications, the document grew in stature, as well as in size, scope, and reach; it became a primary source of legal growth and evolution. In 67 BCE, a lex Cornelia de edictis passed, which required the Praetor to abide by his own Edict.

This was followed in around 220/222 by his appointment as praetor, a senior imperial administrator, probably under Elagabalus () . This career path from quaestor to praetor as an imperial candidate was standard during the third century for ascent up the cursus honorum, the traditional series of military, administrative and judicial positions of steadily increasing responsibility which aspiring upper-class Romans were expected to progress through.Mennen, pg. 58Birley, pg. 115 Following in his father’s steps, Caesonius Lucillus was appointed curator (overseer) of a number of Italian cities.

The Senate did retain its legislative powers over public games and the senatorial order, as well as the power to try cases, especially treason, if the Emperor gave permission. The executive magistrates had been little more than municipal officials since long before Diocletian became Emperor, and so Diocletian's reforms simply declared this openly. The Consul now could only preside over the senate, and the Praetor and Quaestor could only manage public games, although the Praetor did retain some limited judicial authority. All other magisterial offices disappeared.

As urban praetor he was with Cicero in the Conspiracy of Catiline, and then governor in Asia. In 59 Cicero defended him in a speech. Flaccus was then a legate of a later Piso, in Macedonia.

162-3 Then in 308 BC he was elected Praetor for the fourth time, as a reward for his services at Longulae.Broughton, pg. 164; Smith, pg. 862The dates for Corvus’ second and third praetorships remain unknown.

The Praetor extended the rules of possession to new cases, which came to form a central part of usucapio: for example, the case of the inheritor believing that formerly borrowed goods are part of his inheritance.

Sextus was the son of Gaius Julius Caesar and Marcia. Little is known of his father, except that he might have been the praetor Caesar who died suddenly at Rome.Pliny, vii. 53. s. 54.Livy, Epitome, 53.

Just like in the old legis actiones system, this took place before the praetor. During the hearing, a formula was agreed on. It consisted of up to six parts: the nominatio, intentio, condemnatio, demonstratio, exceptio, and praescriptio.

The action of the praetor has been seen as politically motivated, and in accord with the Catonian reaction of those years.F. Sini Documenti sacerdotali di Roma antica. I. Libri e commentari Sassari 1983 p. 22 n. 75.

He was praetor in 212, and assigned the province of Etruria, where he remained as propraetor the following year. During this time, he purchased and despatched grain for the Roman army besieging Capua.Livy, xxv. 20, xxvi. 1.

IGR III.174 = OGIS 543. English translation in Robert K. Sherk, The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian (Cambridge: University Press, 1988), p. 208 He was praetor, the next magistracy after plebeian tribune, probably around the year 126.

The historian Titus Livius does not assign him a cognomen, but the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology indicates that he was one of the Atinii Labeones. He does not appear to have been the same man as Gaius Atinius Labeo, praetor peregrinus in 195 BC, nor the same as Gaius Atinius Labeo, praetor in Sicilia in 190. He may have been a brother of the Marcus Atinius who was slain in Gaul while serving as praefectus socium under Sempronius in 194.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.

The office was only open to former consuls. Around 450 BC, with the coming of the Decemvirs, the office of the custos urbis was renamed the praefectus urbi (Prefect of the City of Rome), and was stripped of most of its powers and responsibilities, becoming a merely ceremonial post. Most of the office's powers and responsibilities had been transferred to the urban praetor (praetor urbanus). The praefectus urbi was appointed each year for the sole purpose of allowing the Consuls to celebrate the Latin Festival, which required them to leave Rome.

Aulus Atilius Serranus was a Roman consul in the year 170 BC, together with Aulus Hostilius Mancinus. Atilius Serranus began as praetor urbanus in 173 BC. He was instructed to renew the alliance with Antiochus IV.Livy, 42.6Broughton, 1. p. 408, who also suggests that he was praetor in 192 BC. The next year, he was charged with ensuring that a part of the Roman army in Brundusium was successfully moved to Macedonia in support of the Third Macedonian War by consul Gaius Popillius Laenas. After this, he was appointed consul in 170 BC.

Following Caesar into Italy, Trebonius was elected urban praetor in 48 BC, and was given the task of administering Caesar’s debt laws. In this, he had to deal with the ambitions of Marcus Caelius Rufus, the Praetor peregrinus, who had turned against Caesar as he had been hoping for the post of Urban Praetor.Holmes III, pg. 223 Caesar’s debt laws robbed him of the chance to clear his enormous debts, and so he was determined to obstruct Trebonius’s administration of the law and to court popularity by siding with the debtors.

The fact that Cornificia's brother became both a praetor and an augur indicates that the family was of considerable status.Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, vol. VI, 1300a A praetor was a magistrate and/or military commander, while an augur was a priest whose task was to 'take the auspices', interpreting the will of the gods by studying the activities of birds. The author Christine de Pisan references Cornificia in her book The Book of the City of Ladies (1405), stating that she had an aptitude for learning, particularly poetry and the sciences.

Despite support from notable backers, Drusus' legislation attracted powerful opposition, including the consul Lucius Marcius Philippus. Also among Drusus' opponents was the praetor Servilius Caepio, his former brother-in-law. On the day of voting, Philippus tried to stop proceedings, and was only deterred when one of Drusus' supporters throttled the consul to the point that he started bleeding.Florus, 2.5Pseudo-Aurelius Victor, De Viris Illustribus 66.9 When Caepio continued to oppose the legislation, Drusus threatened to have the praetor hurled from the Tarpeian Rock, an archaic punishment for treasonable magistrates.

Following the cursus honorum, he was probably approaching forty years of age when he was elected praetor, and was probably born no later than 220 BC, while his brother, Sextus, first appears in history holding the rather junior post of military tribune in 181, and did not become consul for another twenty-four years after that. Further, Lucius had a son, also named Lucius, who was praetor in 166, and thus was probably born before 200; Sextus' son only obtained the praetorship in 123 BC.Broughton, vol. I, pp. 385, 437, 513.

This trial was adjourned twice and on the third session he was acquitted. There was a dispute between the envoys of the two provinces. As a result, the peoples of Hispania Citerior chose Marcus Porcius Cato and Publius Cornelius Scipio as advocates and the peoples of Hispania Ulterior chose Lucius Aemilius Paulus and Gaius Sulpicius Gallus. The case of the people of Citerior was against Publius Furius Philus (praetor 174 and 173 BC) and that of the people of Ulterior was against Marcus Matienus (praetor in 173 BC).

However, there was a Marcus Atilius Regulus who was Praetor Urbanus (and later also Peregrinus), but it is thought that this person is actually a textual mis-reading of the name Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. It is unlikely that the aged, former consul would become a Praetor again three years after Cannae. His younger brother Gaius was killed fighting the Gauls at the Battle of Telamon in 225 BC, while his father, Marcus Atilius Regulus, who was executed by Carthage, was a consul twice during the First Punic War.

The eponymous princess is the young Cleopatra VII of Egypt. #A Point of Law (51–50 BC): While running for election to the office of praetor, Decius must deal with accusations that he murdered a man who had threatened to denounce him for actions he took while on Cyprus the previous year. #Under Vesuvius: In 50 BC, while touring Campania as praetor peregrinus, Decius investigates a murder near Mount Vesuvius.Published as Mord am Vesuv in Germany in 2001, and in English in December 2007; #Oracle of the Dead (50 BC).

It is believed that Gaius Marcius Figulus was originally born "Gaius Minucius Thermus", before at some point being adopted by a Marcius Figulus.Broughton III, p. 138 He was elected to the office of Praetor in around 67 BC.

She was a sister to Roman Empress Lucilla and Roman Emperor Commodus. Her maternal grandparents were Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius and Roman Empress Faustina the Elder and her paternal grandparents were Domitia Lucilla and praetor Marcus Annius Verus.

A member of the patrician gens Quinctia, Lucius Quinctius Flamininus was the brother of Titus Quinctius Flamininus. He was elected Curule aedile in 201 BC,Broughton, pg. 320 and in 199 BC, he served as Praetor urbanus.Broughton, pg.

Their father, Quintus, was a praetor; the Q. Baebius Tamphilus who was tribune of the plebs in 200 may have been the eldest of his sons.See Baebia (gens) for more on Q. Baebius, the tribune of 200 BC.

With all the members of the Antonius family, he was then promoted to high offices of the cursus honorum. In 44 BC, Gaius was urban praetor, while his brothers Mark Antony and Lucius Antonius were consul and tribune respectively.

Hillebrand, Der Vigintivirat, p. 205 Upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy Postumus would be enrolled in the Senate. The inscription breaks off after telling us he had been a plebeian tribune. Postumus' tenure as praetor can be deduced.

Livy, xxxiv.54 Regular annual celebration of the Megalesia began in 191, with the temple's completion and dedication by Marcus Junius BrutusTribune of the plebs (195 BC), praetor (191 BC), and perhaps the consul of 178 BC.Livy, xxxvi.36.

In 85 BC he was praetor in Sicily, and, by direction of the senate, gave laws to the Halesini respecting the appointment of their senate.Cicero, In Verre ii. 49. The Mamertines made him their patronus.Cicero, In Verre iv. 3.

The gens Cincia was a plebeian family at Rome. The first member of the gens to achieve prominence was Lucius Cincius Alimentus, who was elected praetor in 209 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.

The Imperial Guard is led by a praetor. The military itself (outside of the Imperial Guard) has been depicted as consisting almost exclusively of Shi'ar personnel, at least in most of the command positions.Uncanny X-Men #471. Marvel Comics.

These included the curule aedile, the praetor, the consul, the magister equitum, and the dictator. In a general sense, imperium was the scope of someone's power, and could include anything, such as public office, commerce, political influence, or wealth.

Lucius Julius, possibly with the cognomen Caesar, a praetor in Cisalpine Gaul in 183 BC. His mission was to keep Transalpine Gauls from settling in the area of Aquileia, without resorting to war.Livy 39.45.6–7; Broughton, MRR1, p. 378.

Flaccus was a patrician and son of the Publius Valerius Flaccus who was consul in 227 BC with M. Atilius Regulus. His brother was the flamen dialis Gaius Valerius Flaccus, who made a respectable political career as praetor, though not consul.

Catulus, by then the principal leader of the Optimates, testified in his favor. Catiline was acquitted.Cicero, "In Catilinam" III.9; Asconius 91C He was praetor in 68 BC, and for the following two years was the propraetorian governor for Africa.

This was followed by the EASA and FAA approval by the end of September. On 23 December, the first was delivered to fractional operator Flexjet, two months after signing for 64 jets, including Praetor 500/600s and light Phenom 300Es.

A monument to Cornificia and her brother survives in Rome, the inscription reading - CORNIFICIA Q. F. CAMERI Q. CORNIFICIUS Q. F. FRATER PR. AUGUR (Cornificia, the daughter of Quintus, wife of Camerius, [and] her brother Quintus Cornificius, Praetor and Augur).

Lucius Julius Sex. f. L. n. Caesar was a member of the patrician house of the Julii Caesares at Ancient Rome, and held the office of praetor in 183 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, pp.

Lucius Caecilius Metellus was a Roman aristocrat. He was praetor in 71 BC. He succeeded Gaius Verres as governor of Sicily in 70 BC. He died in office as consul in 68 BC. His co-consul was Quintus Marcius Rex.

Years later, in 70 BC, the censors Gellius and Lentulus expelled Hybrida from the Senate for the criminal offences committed by him while in Greece, for disobeying the summons of a praetor and for the wasteful use of his property. Hybrida is described by the English Historian Antony Kamm as "a thoroughly disreputable character" and by author Dunstan as "thuggish". In spite of this notorious reputation, Hybrida regained his seat in 68 or 66 after being elected as praetor. Hybrida also probably served as a tribune sometime before his expulsion from the Senate and also served as aedile from 69 to 66.

Like many other Roman institutions, the praetor (, praitōr) survived in the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565) undertook a major administrative reform beginning in 535, which involved the reunification of civil and military authority in the hands of the governor in certain provinces, and the abolition of the dioceses. The Diocese of Thrace had already been abolished by the end of the 5th century by Anastasius, and its vicarius became the new praetor Justinianus of Thrace, with authority over all the former Thracian provinces except for Lower Moesia and Scythia Minor, which became part of the quaestura exercitus.

During the transition from republic to empire, no office lost more power or prestige than the Consulship, which was due, in part, to the fact that the substantive powers of republican Consuls were all transferred to the emperor. Imperial Consuls could preside over the senate, could act as judges in certain criminal trials, and had control over public games and shows. The Praetors also lost a great deal of power, and ultimately had little authority outside of the city. The chief Praetor in Rome, the Urban Praetor, outranked all other Praetors, and for a brief time, they were given power over the treasury.

Molding from the inscription in the , Kipfenberg, Bavaria A legatus Augusti pro praetore (literally: "envoy of the emperor - acting for the praetor") was the official title of the governor or general of some imperial provinces of the Roman Empire during the Principate era, normally the larger ones or those where legions were based. Provinces were denoted imperial if their governor was selected by the emperor, in contrast to senatorial provinces, whose governors (called proconsuls) were elected by the Roman Senate. A legatus Augusti was always a senator of consular or praetorian rank (i.e. who had previously held the office of consul or praetor).

Flaminius was elected praetor for the year 227 BC. It was the first year in which four praetors were elected as Rome had gained overseas provinces, meaning Flaminius was made the first praetor of Sicily.Livy, Perochiae, 20. Through his position in Sicily he was tasked with ruling over the Sicilians as praetors held imperium, which gave him the power to command an army and to quell any rebellions against Rome's administration in Sicily. He was also the magistrate who dealt with all judicial matters that arose in Sicily and regularly exchanged messages with the senate in Rome to resolve judicial matters.

The formulary system was originally used by the peregrine praetor (who was responsible for the affairs of foreigners in Rome) to deal with cases involving foreigners, which often involved substantial sums of money. This allowed the use of formulae, standardized written pleadings, to speed up cases. This was soon, by popular demand, adopted by the urban praetor for use by all Roman citizens. The lex Aebutia, of an uncertain date but somewhere between 199 BC and 126 BC, is connected with the reform of civil procedure, and it can be stated that it abolished the legis actiones and introduced the formulary procedure.

The Borough of Leeds was created in 1207, when Maurice Paynel, Lord of the Manor, granted a charter to the inhabitants of the town of Leeds. They were created "burgesses", and were given the right to hold half an acre of land, trade as they liked, and transport their goods by land or water, subject to tolls and restrictions paid to the manor. The only officer of the borough was a praetor, appointed annually at the Feast of Pentecost by the Lord of the Borough. The praetor had the duty of administering justice and collecting fines and other revenues.

It records that Allenius was a military tribune (but not in which legion), quaestor, legatus under Tiberius, plebeian tribune, praetor, propraetorian legate for Tiberius, and then consul. He also held the priestly office of Quindecimviri sacris faciundis. Syme offers some explication of these offices: the first time as legatus under Tiberius, Allenius was commander of a legion, although its identity is unknown; the date he was praetor is AD 27; the time as propraetorian legate was a governorship in one of the five praetorian provinces under imperial control. Syme also implies that Allenius owed his consulship to the influence of Lucius Vitellius.

The scriba brought the case to the tribunes of the plebs, and the tribunes in turn brought it to the senate. The praetor declared he was ready to swear an oath that it was not a good thing either to read or to store those books, and the senate deliberated that the offer of the oath was sufficient by itself, that the books be burnt on the Comitium as soon as possible and that an indemnity fixed by the praetor and the tribunes be paid to the owner. L. Petilius though declined to accept the sum. The books were burnt by the victimarii.

Marcus Claudius Marcellus re- emerged onto both the political and military scene during the Second Punic War, in which he took part in important battles. In 216 BC, the third year of the Second Punic War, Marcellus was elected as a praetor. A praetor served either as an elected magistrate or as the commander of an army, the latter of which duties Marcellus was selected to fulfil in Sicily. Unfortunately, as Marcellus and his men were preparing to ship to Sicily, his army was recalled to Rome owing to the devastating losses at Cannae, one of the worst defeats in Roman history.

The senate ordered the Urban praetor, Lucius Manlius Acidinus to take a letter to Valerius, along with that sent to the Senate by Marcellus, and to explain to him why they had decided to recall him.Livy, 27.4.3–4. Valerius Laevinus set out from Rome with ten ships and arrived in Sicily safely, entrusted control of the province and command of the army to the praetor Lucius Cincius Alimentus, then sent the commander of the fleet, Marcus Valerius Messalla to Africa with part of the fleet to investigate the preparations of the Carthaginians and to raid their territory.Livy, 27.5.

Here the inscription lists the office curator locorum publicorum, which is odd because it was usually held after the next Republican magistracy Carminius is known to have achieved, praetor. Once Carminius had completed his duties as praetor, he was eligible to hold a number of important responsibilities. The first recorded was praefectus frumenti dandi, or the prefect responsible for the distribution of Rome's free grain dole. Next he was governor of the imperial province of Lusitania; an inscription in his name found in the Roman villa of Ammaia at São Salvador da Aramenha, tells us his tenure was around the year 44.

Miguel returns to Vulcan's Forge, where Praetor asks him to verify himself. Pandora, an android assistant of Vulcan's, learns that Vulcan has been killed, and she goes to retrieve the sword and helmet which were left behind in Miguel's hasty retreat. Praetor, upon Mikey's failure to recite any of the five governing laws of the Line of Fire and thus vox-confirm his identity as Vulcan, begins to scuttle the Forge and ejects Miguel into space, in compliance with Forge security protocols. Pandora saves Miguel and they try to leave the Forge in a jumpjet, the Justi-Flyer.

The bonitary owner was protected against anyone, the good faith possessor was protected with regards to everyone except the owner. To deny the owner the right of vindicatio against the good faith possessor would run contrary to the concept of the usucapio, with it effectively completed before the required time had passed. In the case of the bonitary owner, the Praetor provided a defence to the vindicatio if there had been a transfer (improper or not). It was typical of the Praetor to ignore technical formalities to achieve practical benefits, in this case certainty of ownership.

Taylor, L. R., Roman Voting Assemblies, p. 40 The Tribal Assembly was chaired by a magistrate, usually a consul or a praetor. The presiding magistrate made all decisions on matters of procedure and legality. His power over the assembly could be nearly absolute.

In recent years, one scholar has postulated that Lucius Julius, the father of Sextus Julius Caesar, who was praetor in 208 BC, was the son of Libo, but if so it is not clear whether his surname was Libo or Caesar.Griffin, p. 13.

Tiberius' retreat lasted about twenty months.Tacitus, Annals, III.31 As consul he took part in a number of Senate debates. His first chance to shine in the Senate came in the dispute between ex-praetor Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo and Lucius Cornelius Sulla.

In 96, while praetor urbanus, the senior magistrate of the city of Rome, Flaccus sponsored legislation to grant citizenship to Calliphana of Velia, a priestess of Ceres.Cicero, Pro Balbo 55; Valerius Maximus 1.1.1; Brennan, The Praetorship in the Roman Republic, p. 472 online.

263, note 1. At one time, numismatic evidence was interpreted as referring to Sextilius as praetor and propraetor, but the coin has since been determined to belong to the Augustan period.See discussion in T.R.S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, vol.

The gens Burriena was a Roman family during the late Republic. It is known chiefly from a single individual, Gaius Burrienus, praetor urbanus about 82 B.C.Marcus Tullius Cicero, Pro Quinctio, 6, 21.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.

240; Syme, pg. 71; Anthon & Smith, pg. 601 During the civil war between Julius Caesar and Pompey, he actively supported the cause of the Caesareans. In 48 BC it is believed he was elected either as an aedile or as a praetor.

During the Second Punic War, Philip V of Macedon allied himself with Hannibal.Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 47Grant, The History of Rome, p. 115 Fearing possible reinforcement of Hannibal by Macedon, the senate dispatched a praetor with forces across the Adriatic.

In 1440, Capodilista visited Le Puy Cathedral, where he saw the relic of the Holy Prepuce. With his cousin Antonio Capodilista, he worked for Cardinal Ludovico Scarampi Mezzarota, Patriarch of Aquileia, for many years. He also held the office of praetor at Bologna.

Piso was a tall, swarthy man with huge bristling black eyebrows. He served as an urban praetor.Caesar's Women, Colleen McCullough, Harper Collins, 2008, pg. 605. When he was serving as a praetor in Spain Piso was killed while practicing his exercises in arms.

564Smith, pg. 1209 This was followed by his election as Praetor in 89 BC, and his appointment as governor of Sicily. He kept the peace in his province, defending it against the Italian socii during the Social War.Broughton II, pg. 41; Smith pgs.

Claudia Pulchra Major was the elder daughter of Appius Claudius Pulcher, praetor of 57 BC, elder brother of Publius Clodius Pulcher. Her sister was Claudia Pulchra Minor. Claudia Pulchra Major was the first wife of Marcus Junius Brutus,Cicero. ad Fam. iii. 4.

This was followed by the traditional order of republican magistracies: quaestor, aedile, and praetor. Then he was legate to the proconsular governor of Asia.Dabrowa, Legio X Fretensis: A Prosopographical Study of its Officers (I-III c. A.D.) (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1993), p.

410 Both were descended from Gaius Servilius Geminus the praetor, who had renounced his patrician status.Syme, "Servilius Nonianus", p. 409 The consul Servilius married the daughter of the Nonius, whom Mark Antony proscribed over the possession of a gem.Pliny the Elder, Natural History, XXXVII.

Claudianus was praetor of Rome in 50 BC and presided over a court case brought under the Lex Scantinia. Caelius, writing to Cicero, seems to find the situation ironic.T. Corey Brennan, The Praetorship in the Roman Republic (Oxford University Press, 2000), vol. 2, p. 459.

In the senatorial provinces, the governors were called proconsuls. Tenure was generally restricted to one year.Lord, p. 46. According to Suetonius: Augustus decreed that the governors of the senatorial provinces would receive the title proconsul, regardless of whether they had served as praetor or consul.

Then, a judge was appointed who was agreeable to both parties, the praetor making a decision in the event of a disagreement. Judges were chosen from a list called the album iudicum, consisting of senators, and in the later Republic, men of equestrian rank.

The first Battle of Herdonia was fought in 212 BC during the Second Punic War between Hannibal's Carthaginian army and Roman forces led by Praetor Gnaeus Fulvius Flaccus, brother of the consul. The Roman army was destroyed, leaving Apulia free of Romans for the year.

A member of the ancient plebeian clan Licinia, he was tribune in 73BC. Sallust mentions him agitating for the people's rights.Sallust, Histories, 3.34. He became praetor in 68BC, but in 66BC Cicero succeeded in convicting him of bribery and extortion, upon which Macer committed suicide.

Sextus Julius Caesar was a Roman praetor in 208 BC, during the Second Punic War. He is thought to be the ancestor of all of the later Julii Caesares who appear in history.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 537.

He had held the office of praetor by 149 BC. In 161, Cornelius Lentulus was sent as an ambassador with Publius Apustius to Cyrene for the purpose of informing Ptolemy VII of Rome's decision to end its alliance with Ptolemy VI.Polybius 31.20.4; Diodorus Siculus 31.23.

He had two sons: Sextus, who was praetor urbanus in 123 BC, and Lucius, by whom he was the grandfather of Lucius Julius Caesar, consul in BC 90, (and through him the great-grandfather of Mark Antony) and the orator Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo Vopiscus.

Terentius Gentianus was the son of Quintus Hedius Rufus Lollianus Gentianus who had been suffect consul in around AD 186/8. In AD 200, Terentius Gentianus was elected as Praetor tutelaris. Then in AD 211, he was appointed consul ordinarius alongside Pomponius Bassus.Mennen, p.

Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus (c. 114 BC - late 50s BC) was a politically active member of the Roman upper class. He was praetor in 74 BC and pontifex from 73 BC until his death. He was consul in 69 BC along with Quintus Hortensius Hortalus.

The Senate, upon becoming aware of this, issued a senatus consultum ultimum declaring Catiline and his army as enemies of the state. Finally, Cicero arrested five men to be brought to the Senate for an immediate trial, the outcome of which was an order for their executions which was delivered and enacted by the Senate. Towards the end of 63, Hybrida went to Etruria to assist the praetor Quintus Metellus Celer in preventing Catiline escaping through the Alps and into Gaul. Catiline, hoping that Hybrida might choose to help him, opted to engage him and his consular army rather than the forces under the praetor.

Abbott, 377 The chief Praetor in Rome, the urban praetor, outranked all other Praetors, and for a brief time, they were given power over the treasury.Abbott, 377 Under the empire, the plebeian tribunes remained sacrosanct,Abbott, 378 and, in theory at least, retained the power to summon, or to veto, the senate and the assemblies.Abbott, 378 Augustus divided the college of Quaestors into two divisions, and assigned one division the task of serving in the senatorial provinces, and the other the task of managing civil administration in Rome.Abbott, 379 Under Augustus, the Aediles lost control over the grain supply to a board of commissioners.

Gnaeus Octavius was consul of the Roman Republic in 76 BC. His father Marcus Octavius was possibly either the Marcus who was the tribunus plebis in 133 BC, political opponent of Tiberius Gracchus, or the Marcus who was also tribunus plebis and brought forward a law raising the price at which corn was sold to the people. A member of the Plebeian gens Octavia, Gnaeus Octavius was elected Praetor by 79 BC at the latest. He may have been the praetor urbanus who introduced the Formula Octaviana, a law which provided for the restoration of property and money which had been obtained by violent acts, or by threats of violence.Brennan, pg.

Having been recalled to Rome by Galba in 68, he at once impeached Eprius Marcellus, the accuser of Thrasea Paetus, but dropped the charge, as the condemnation of Marcellus would have involved a number of senators. As praetor elect Priscus ventured to oppose Vitellius in the senate (Tacitus, Hist. ii. 91), and as praetor (70) he maintained, in opposition to Vespasian, that the management of the finances ought to be left to the discretion of the senate. He proposed that the Temple of Jupiter Best and Greatest, which had been destroyed towards the end of the Year of Four Emperors, should be restored at the public expense.

His next post, as legate to the proconsular governor of Asia, supports this hypothesis; in any case it demonstrates that Gallus had powerful mentors assisting his career, for only five other examples are known of men serving as legates to proconsuls prior to holding the office of quaestor, which he served in the public province of Bithynia and Pontus. The traditional Republican magistracies of plebeian tribune and praetor followed. Once he completed his term as praetor, Gallus was appointed to a series of imperial posts. First was curator of a network of Etruscan roads, which comprised the Trajanae novae: the Viae Clodia, Cassia, Annia, and the Ciminia.

The grandfather of the dictator is relatively unknown; he might have been the same Julius Caesar who died while praetor urbanus. Nothing is known of the career of Gaius Julius Caesar, except that he can possibly be identified with a praetor who died suddenly at Rome, according to Pliny; but that may instead have been the Lucius Julius Caesar who held that office in 166 BC. The dictator's paternal grandmother was named Marcia, and through her the family traced its descent from Ancus Marcius, the fourth king of Rome.Pliny the Elder, Natural History vii. 181.T. R. S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, vol.

Next he served his quaestorship in the province of Bithynia and Pontus, which had to follow Pliny the Younger's presence there, as the latter never mentions him in his letters from that province. Ligarianus then held in order the next two republican magistracies, aedile and praetor, which, like the majority of his recorded career, were held during the reign of Hadrian. That he had to work to achieve his consulship is reflected in the number of offices he had to hold between being praetor and his consulship. First he was curator of the Viarum Clodia, Cassia and Cimina; oversight of the three Italian roads was usually combined.

16 He returned to Rome, where he held two more of the traditional Republican magistracies: curule aedile, and praetor. Roman provinces of Asia Minor, around AD 100 After completing his year as praetor, Sospes was then appointed to two civilian offices: praefectus frumenti dandi, the officer in charge of the Roman alimentum; and curator coloniarum et municipiorum, the equivalent of the governor of Roman Italy. Syme notes these last two offices are "something of a surprise": the first was not normally held by "men who achieve eminence in war or peace", while the second is otherwise not attested before the reign of Trajan.Syme, "Enigmatic Sospes", pp.

Pretorius is a common Afrikaans surname. Recorded in several forms (including Praetor, Praetorius, Pratorius, Pretorius, (German), and in English Preater, Preter and Pretor), Pretorius is a surname of Germanic origins, although the ultimate origin is the Roman (Latin) word "praetor". This literally meant "leader", but was used in Imperial Rome to describe officials who led processions, as well as the Praetorian Guard, who provided the security for the Senate and the Imperial Roman family. Although apparently first recorded in England several centuries before Germany, which is probably because of lost medieval records, it is rare in England, although now found in some numbers in Austria, Switzerland and South Africa.

The panel on the top right narrates the torments inflicted on Saint Barbara. She was taken to the Praetor after her capture and sentenced to death after torture. The right side of the panel illustrates her breasts being pulled. The bottom right panel depicts two additional scenes.

He became plebeian tribune in AD 15 and vetoed proposals. Agrippa advanced to praetor in 17. Agrippa was ordinary consul in 22 with Gaius Sulpicius Galba as his colleague.Attilio Degrassi, I fasti consolari dell'Impero Romano dal 30 avanti Cristo al 613 dopo Cristo (Rome, 1952), p.

Lucius Caecilius Metellus Denter was consul in 284 BC, and praetor the year after. In this capacity he fell in the war against the Senones, and was succeeded by Manius Curius Dentatus.Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita Epitome, 12.Paulus Orosius, Historiarum Adversum Paganos Libri VII, iii. 22.

Chionodes praetor is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from southern Manitoba and southern British Columbia to Utah, Colorado, Arizona and California.Chionodes at funetmothphotographersgroup The larvae feed on Abies lasiocarpa, Picea pungens and Pinus contorta.

Roman history. Civil wars, II, 92(Cass. Dio, XLII, 52) Cassius Dio. Roman history, XLII, 52 In 46 BC, he served as a praetor and accompanied Caesar in his African campaign, which ended in the decisive defeat of the remains of the Pompeian war party at Thapsus.

The praetor Gaius Sextius C. f. Calvinus may have restored an earlier altar reading "sei deo sei deivae", or he may have been restoring an altar that had been left to decay, after the god or goddess to whom it had originally been dedicated was forgotten.

He was praetor and president of the extortion court in 69 BC. Caprarius' daughter, Caecilia Metella, was the wife of Gaius Verres. Verres was the governor of Sicily from 73 BC to 71 BC. He was also the defendant on trial in Cicero's speech Against Verres.

The gens Splattia or Splatia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Almost no members of this gens appear in history, but a few are known from inscriptions. The most illustrious of the Splattii was Gaius Splattius, praetor in AD 29, during the reign of Tiberius.

More recent scholarship has concluded that the military tribune and the consul were the same man, which means that his grandfather, Lucius, was the father of the praetor of 208 BC, rather than his son.Griffin, p. 13. It is therefore Sextus, the praetor of 208 BC, rather than an otherwise unknown Lucius Julius Caesar, who was the father of Lucius Julius Caesar, praetor in 183 BC, and Sextus, the consul of 157 BC. These sons provide the first two branches of the family; but the third branch, representing the ancestors of Gaius Julius Caesar, the dictator, are less certain. We know that Caesar's grandfather was also named Gaius, and that he married a woman of the Marcia gens. Drumann supposed that he might have been the son of a senator named Gaius Julius, who wrote a Roman history in Greek about 143 BC. This Gaius, he proposed, might have been a brother of Sextus Julius Caesar, the consul of 157, and therefore a son of the Sextus who was military tribune in 181.

Frank (the other praetor of Rome) sacrifices himself holding his firewood killing Caligula along the way to save the other legionnaires. Apollo later kills Commodus in the grief of losing Frank. Commodus gives the order to fire. Due to Plan L, it fails and the yachts are destroyed.

He was praetor, most likely in 55 BC, during the second consulship of Pompeius and Marcus Crassus. In 53 BC, Scipio was interrex with Marcus Valerius Messalla.Since only a patrician could be interrex, the holding of this office casts further doubt on whether he was ever plebeian tribune.

Wilhelm Drumann suspected that his grandfather was the senator Gaius Julius who wrote a history of Rome in Greek around 143 BC.Drumann, Geschichte Roms, vol. iii. pp. 113ff. Sextus had a brother, Gaius, who was praetor in an uncertain year (Broughton suggests BC 92).Broughton, vol. II, p. 17.

Marciana married Gaius Salonius Matidius Patruinus. Patruinus was a wealthy man, who served as a praetor and later became a senator. He originally came from Vicetia (modern Vicenza in northern Italy). She bore Patruinus a daughter and only child Salonina Matidia, who was born on July 4, 68.

Olyndicus (?-170 BC), also known as Olonicus, was a Celtiberian war chief who led a rebellion against Rome, fighting against the praetor Lucius Canuleyus and his troops, in the province of Hispania Ulterior. According to Florus, he was a great leader, and a cunning and daring warrior.Florus, Epitomae, 1.33.

He served as praetor of Chişinău's Buiucani district. He has been a member of the Parliament of Moldova since 2009. His doctoral dissertation in law, Models and systems of public administration of the capital-municipalities, 2008, contains an in-depth analysis of the public municipality administration system in Chişinău.

He was curule aedile in 195 BC,Broughton, vol. 1 pg. 340. and praetor assigned to Sicily in 193 BC, helped by the influence of his brother. He was a candidate for consul in 191 BC, but lost to his first cousin Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica.Liv. 35.24.4-5.

Octavius was from the plebeian gens Octavia and was the first member of the gens to be elected consul. His father also had the praenomen Gnaeus and was a praetor in 205 BC who fought in the Second Punic War. His grandfather, Gnaeus Octavius Rufus was quaestor 230 BC.

4-8 His next office was as a military tribune in Legio V Macedonica. As quaestor, Montanus was assigned his home province of Bithynia et Pontus. Montanus held these posts, as well as the subsequent offices of plebeian tribune and praetor, under Nero, who apparently favored the young senator.

From the hagiography of Saint Meletios the Younger, it is known that he occupied the office of praetor of Hellas and the Peloponnese three times, twice while Meletios was alive, and once at the time of his death, in September 1105, and Hikanatos even participated in the saint's burial.

It was alleged that the defendant, Ap. Claudius Pulcher, a censor at the time, had failed to maintain public access to a sacellum on his property.The plaintiff was Marcus Caelius Rufus, a curule aedile in 50 and two years later a praetor. Cicero, Ad familiares 8.12.3, and Livy 40.51.

524-525 In 111 BC, it is believed that Hortensius served as praetor in Sicily.Broughton, pgs. 540-542 He was then elected consul in 109 BC for the following year (108 BC), but was put on trial and condemned prior to taking office, most likely for electoral bribery.Swan, pg.

In 116 BC he barely won election as praetor for the following year, coming in last, and was promptly accused of (electoral corruption). Being accused of electoral corruption was common during the middle and late Republic and details of the trial are sketchy or apocryphal. Marius, however, was able to win acquittal on this charge, and spent an uneventful year as praetor in Rome, likely as either or as president of the corruption court. In 114 BC, Marius' imperium was prorogued and he was sent to govern the highly sought-after province of Further Spain (), where he engaged in some sort of minor military operation to clear brigands from untapped mining areas.

Prorogation takes on a new importance with the annexation of Macedonia and the Roman province of Africa in 146 BC. The number of praetors was not increased even though the two new territories were organized as praetorian provinces. For the first time since the 170s, it became impossible for sitting magistrates to govern all the permanent praetorian provinciae, which now numbered eight.This includes the six territorial provinces requiring a governor (Sicily, Sardinia, the two Spains, Macedonia, and Africa), and the two city jurisdictions of the praetor urbanus and the praetor peregrinus. This point marks the beginning of the era of the so-called "Roman governor," a post for which there is no single word in the Republic.

Praetor Lupus, the brotherhood of werewolves, is soon attacked by the Endarkened with Jordan and Praetor Scott among the casualties, resulting in Bat Velasquez and Rufus Hastings battling for the position of pack leader. Rufus is about to deliver the death blow to Bat when Maia Roberts steps in and challenges Rufus. The vacuum of power is finally ended when Maia kills Rufus, becoming the new leader, and also tricks Maureen into drinking holy water so the latter's aide, Lily, can usurp her to become the leader of the vampire clan. At Alicante, Emma and Julian Blackthorn are interrogated using the Mortal Sword, Clary comforting the former when she breaks into tears.

The Scribonii Libones were long associated with a sacred structure in the forum known as the Pueal Scribonianum or Puteal Libonis, frequently depicted on their coins. So called because it resembled a puteal, or wellhead, the structure enclosed a "bidental", a place that had been struck by lightning, or in one tradition the spot where the whetstone of the augur Attius Navius had stood, in the time of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus. The Puteal Scribonianum was dedicated by one of the Scribonii Libones, probably either the praetor of 204 BC, or the tribune of the plebs in 149. It was renovated by Lucius Scribonius Libo, either the praetor of 80 BC, or his son, the consul of 34.

L; see Tertia Aemilia. gives her name as Tertia Aemilia, "the wife of Scipio Africanus and the mother of Cornelia."Boccaccio, in On Famous Women, also refers to her as Tertia Aemilia, and in the biography as just "Tertia" (in Virginia Brown's translation, Harvard University Press, 2001, pp 153 - 154; ). Aemilia is not known to have had sisters. Aemilia Tertia's marriage to Scipio Africanus took place no later than 215 BC.Her second son Lucius was praetor in 174 BC. A praetor at this time must be at least 39 years old, so he was born no later than 213 BC. They were very happily married, according to Livy, Polybius, and other classical historians.

In his first victory, he eluded the siege of Roman praetor Gaius Vetilius and attracted him to a narrow pass next to the Barbesuda river, where he destroyed his army and killed the praetor. Viriathus's ability to turn chases into ambushes would grant him victories over a number of Roman generals. Another famous Lusitanian ambush was performed by Curius and Apuleius on Roman general Quintus Fabius Maximus Servilianus, who led a numerically superior army complete with war elephants and Numidian cavalry. The ambush allowed Curius and Apuleius to steal Servilianus's loot train, although a tactic error in their retreat led to the Romans retaking the train and putting the Lusitanians to flight.

Lex de consule altero ex plebe (et de praetore ex patribus creando?). This law provided for the termination of the military tribunes with consular powers and the return to regular consulships, one of which was to be held by the plebeians. It is possible that the law also provided for the creation of a new and elected magistracy (office of state), the praetorship, as Livy wrote that in 367 BC "the plebs gave way to the nobility on the appointment of a praetor";Livy, The History of Rome, 6.42 that is, the plebeians agreed that the praetor should be a patrician. The praetors were chief justices who presided over criminal trials and could appoint judges for civil cases.

459 With family origins in Campania, Regulus is described by Ronald Syme as "the first consul and the last of an inconspicuous family." Syme suggests he may be the "Reg(ulus)" attested as praetor peregrinus in 2 BC, noting that "nothing would indicate a youthful consul."Syme, "Early Tiberian Consuls", p.

It was once thought that she was a daughter to Roman Magistrate Marcus Aufidius Lurco. In actuality her name was Alfidia, a nomen which was quite rare. She married the future praetor, Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus. They had at least one child: a daughter Livia Drusilla (58 BC-29 AD).

The gens Geminia was a plebeian family at Rome. The only member of this gens to hold any of the higher offices of the Roman state under the Republic was Gaius Geminius, praetor in 92 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p. 238 ("Geminius", no. 1).

Nonianus was descended from Gaius Servilius Geminus the praetor, who had renounced his Patrician status.Syme, "Servilius Nonianus", p. 409 His father was Marcus Servilius, consul in AD 3 and his mother the daughter of the Nonius, whom Mark Antony proscribed over the possession of a gem.Pliny the Elder, Natural History, XXXVII.

A member of the plebeian gens Junia, he was one of the young nobles who fought against Lucius Appuleius Saturninus and killed him and his followers in the Curia Hostilia.Smith, pg. 510 A supporter of the Dictator, Lucius Cornelius Sulla,Gruen, pg. 123 he was elected Praetor, probably in 80 BC.

Plutarch, Crassus, 9:1–3; Frontinus, Stratagems, Book I, 5:20–22; Appian, Civil Wars, 1:116; Broughton, Magistrates of the Roman Republic, p. 109. Note: Plutarch and Frontinus write of expeditions under the command of "Clodius the praetor" and "Publius Varinus", while Appian writes of "Varinius Glaber" and "Publius Valerius".

676 If he is identified as the Faustus mentioned on the Great Altar of Hercules in Rome, he served as Praetor urbanus early in his career.Chastagnol, pg. 32 He was subsequently appointed suffect consul probably sometime during the 270s. He was then made consul posterior alongside Virius Gallus in 298.

Livia paid a settlement and the matter was closed. Tacitus recounts a second trial where Urgulania was called as a witness; she demanded that the praetor take her deposition in her own home, rather than have her attend the court. Even the vestal virgins did not have this privilege.Tacitus, Annals 2.34.

Marcus Atius Balbus (105 – 51 BC) was a 1st-century BC Roman who served as a praetor in 62 BC and became governor of Sardinia. He married Julia, the sister of Julius Caesar, and was the maternal grandfather of Augustus the first Roman Emperor, as well as a cousin of Pompey.

In 70 BC, the praetor Caecilius Metellus fought successfully against the pirates which infested the seas around SicilyAppian, Mithridatic Wars, 93.Livy, Periochae ab Urbe condita libri, 98.3. and Campania,Florus, Compendium of Livy, 1.41.6. who went on to plunder Gaeta and Ostia (69–68 BC)Cassius Dio, Roman History, 36.22.2.

The gens Afrania was a plebeian family at Rome, which is first mentioned in the second century BC. The first member of this gens to achieve prominence was Gaius Afranius Stellio, who became praetor in 185 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 55 ("Afrania Gens").

The praetor, Q. Mucius Scavola, was also sick. Payment and provisions from Rome were irregular. Hampsicora, a Punic-Sardinian landowner, asked for aid from Carthage. Carthage sent an officer named Hanno to finance the revolt and then raised an army similar to that of Mago's for an expedition to Sardinia.

Titus Albucius (praetor c. 105 BC) was a noted orator of the late Roman Republic. He finished his studies at Athens at the latter end of the 2nd century BC, and belonged to the Epicurean sect. He was well acquainted with Greek literature, or rather, says Cicero, was almost a Greek.

He died when praetor designatus, about 152 BC, a few years before his father, who bore his loss with resignation, and, on the ground of poverty, gave him a frugal funeral.Livy, Periochae, 48.Cicero, On old age, 19. His elder son was the consul of 118 BC, Marcus Porcius Cato.

She was willing to risk her life for his love. Upon arriving in Sicily, she soon learned where Lentulus was. He was supposed to be a praetor but his attitude did not reflect this. He was found in the gutter with unkempt hair eating rotten food mourning for his lovely wife.

Born and raised in Rome into an influential political family, Lucilla was a younger twin with her elder brother Gemellus Lucillae, who died around 150. Lucilla’s maternal grandparents were Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius and Roman Empress Faustina the Elder and her paternal grandparents were Domitia Lucilla and praetor Marcus Annius Verus.

Map showing ancient Thessaly. Phaestus is shown in the centre north of Mt. Titanus. Phaestus or Phaestos or Phaistos () was a town of ancient Thessaly in the district Pelasgiotis, a little to the right of the Peneius. It was taken by the Roman praetor Marcus Baebius Tamphilus in 191 BCE.

Valerius Maximus, vi. 3. § 5 He was consul in 94 BC. In the civil war between Gaius Marius and Sulla, he took the side of the latter, and was murdered at Rome by the praetor Damasippus on the orders of Gaius Marius the Younger.Appian B. C. i. 88Marcus Velleius Paterculus, ii.

Sallust, Catiline War 49 After serving as praetor in 62 BC, Caesar was appointed to govern Hispania Ulterior (the western part of the Iberian Peninsula) as propraetor, though some sources suggest that he held proconsular powers.T.R.S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic (American Philological Association, 1952), vol. 2, pp.

Monument of Titus Calidius Severus. The gens Calidia or Callidia was a Roman family during the final century of the Republic. The first of the gens to achieve prominence was Quintus Calidius, tribune of the plebs in 99 and praetor in 79 B.C.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.

In the meantime, Glaucus has been restored to reason. He rushes in to save her, but is seized, accused of sacrilege and condemned to death. Arbace offers to save Glaucus' life in return for Jone's favors, which she refuses. With the crowd assembled in the circus, Nidia reveals Arbace's infamy to the praetor.

108, note 9, disagrees with this identification. the Fabius Maximus who presided as praetor over the court in which Lucius Licinius Crassus prosecuted Gaius Papirius Carbo. The charge is unclear: extortion, perhaps under the Lex Acilia de repetundis, or laesa maiestas, an offense against the dignity of the state, have both been proposed.

The gens Opsia was a minor plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens first appear in history during the reign of Tiberius. The most notable may have been Marcus Opsius Navius Fannianus, who filled a number of important posts, rising to the rank of praetor. Many other Opsii are known from inscriptions.

The gens Cornificia was a plebeian family at Rome. No persons of this name occur until the last century of the Republic; and the first who obtained any of the higher honours of the state was Quintus Cornificius, praetor in 66 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.

He was born in Miasino in the Province of Novara, in the Piedmont. He was active in Milan and in the Riviera del Cusio. In the Basilica di San Giulio in Orta San Giulio, he painted a canvas of Visit of the Praetor Audenzio to San Giulio.Orta San Giulio website, illustrious persons.

The gens Aburia was a plebeian family at Rome during the latter centuries of the Republic, and the first century of the Empire. The first member of this gens to achieve prominence was Marcus Aburius, praetor peregrinus in 176 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 4 ("Aburia Gens").

The gens Atinia was a plebeian family at Rome. None of the members of this gens ever attained the consulship; and the first who held any of the higher offices of the state was Gaius Atinius Labeo, who was praetor in 195 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus was a consul of the Roman Republic in 97 BC. He had been praetor by 100 BC.T.R.S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic (American Philological Association, 1952), vol. 2, p. 6. His consular colleague was Publius Licinius Crassus. During their consulship, the senate passed a decree banning human sacrifice.

250 BC, and his grandfather was Publius Cornelius Rufinus, who served twice as consul during the Samnite Wars. Publius was elected praetor urbanus and peregrinus in 212 BC. He presided over the first ludi Apollinares, thereby instituting an annual Roman festival in honour of Apollo. He was also Decemvir Sacris Facundis.Broughton, vol.

The Cajamarca Oldfield mouse (Thomasomys praetor) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It is present in the Andes of northwestern Peru, where its habitats include shrubby páramo, montane forest, and secondary forest. The rodent is nocturnal and may be partly arboreal. It was formerly considered a subspecies of T. aureus.

The Justice of the Peace is the court of original jurisdiction for less significant civil matters. The court replaced the old Preture (Praetor Courts) and the Giudice Conciliatore (Judge of conciliation) in 1999. This court presides over lawsuits in which claims do not exceed €5,000 in value or €15,000 in certain circumstances.

They did not encounter any armies and pillaged the countryside, sparing the towns.Liv. 7 16–20 In 350, there were troubles with the Gauls and a Greek fleet. A huge army of Gauls had encamped in Latium. The Romans levied an army of four legions led by a consul and a praetor.

Lucius Turranius Venustus Gratianus was a Roman Praetor c. 300. He was the son of Lucius Turranius Gratianus (c. 240 - after 291) and wife Venusta, and possibly the paternal grandson of Lucius Turranius Gratianus Crispinus Lucilianus (born 215). He married and was the possibly the father of Lucius Turranius Honoratus (born c.

The gens Cluvia was a plebeian family at Ancient Rome, known from the later Republic, and early imperial times. The first member of the gens to achieve prominence was Gaius Cluvius Saxula, praetor in 175 and 173 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 807 ("Faucula Cluvia", "Cluvius").

They were all under the praetor or camp commander, who might be the legatus but more often was under the legatus himself. There was, then, a medical corps associated with each camp. The cavalry alae ("wings") and the larger ships all had their medical officers, the medici alarum and the medici triremis respectively.

After the battle, Hannibal did not pursue the army of Claudius. Instead, he marched east into Apulia, where a Roman army under Praetor Gnaeus Flavius Flaccus was operating against towns allied to Carthage. The Roman consular armies, free of Hannibal, united and resumed their harassment of Capua. Hanno the Elder remained in Bruttium.

In 169 BC, he served as a praetor, being assigned to Hither and Farther Spain.Livy, XLIII.14-15 In 155 BC, he celebrated a triumph against the Apuani. In 152 BC he assumed his third Consulship and replaced the previous Consul, Quintus Fulvius Nobilior, in his command against the Celtiberians in Spain.

The Lex Aurelia iudicaiaria was a Roman law, introduced by the praetor Lucius Aurelius Cotta in 70 BC. The law defined the composition of the jury of the court investigating extortion, corruption and misconduct in office, the perpetual quaestio de repetundis. Previously exclusive to senators, the juries henceforth included equites and tribuni aerarii.

She was born in Rome around 39 or 40, shortly before the assassination of Caligula, and her father's subsequent accession to the throne. Her brother, Britannicus, was born soon after, in 41. As a young girl, her father betrothed her to future praetor Lucius Junius Silanus Torquatus, who was a descendant of Augustus.

A fifth-generation descendant of the praetor adopted by M. Pupius went back to using the original form Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi, along with Licinianus in reference to a grandfather's adopted name.Stephen Wilson, The Meaning of Naming: A Social and Cultural History of Personal Naming in Western Europe (UCL Press, 1998), p. 13.

Although not part of the Cursus Honorum, upon completing a term as either Praetor or Consul, an officer was required to serve a term as Propraetor and Proconsul, respectively, in one of Rome's many provinces. These Propraetors and Proconsuls held near autocratic authority within their selected province or provinces. Because each governor held equal imperium to the equivalent magistrate, they were escorted by the same number of lictors (12) and could only be vetoed by a reigning Consul or Praetor. Their abilities to govern were only limited by the decrees of the Senate or the people's assemblies, and the Tribune of the Plebs was unable to veto their acts as long as the governor remained at least a mile outside of Rome.

Marcus Plautius Silvanus was a Roman senator, and was praetor elect in AD 24. He held the duumvirate of Trebula Suffenas in AD 23.Ursula Vogel-Weidemann, M Plautius M.F.M.N. Silvanus, Praetor AD 24: A Note on Inscription AE 1972, 162, 1976 He was a member of the gens Plautia, the son of Marcus Plautius Silvanus, consul in 2 BC, and Lartia, and was therefore related to the Aulus Plautius who invaded Britannia in 43 AD.Lily Ross Taylor, "Trebula Suffenas and the Plautii Silvani", Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, 24 (1956), p. 24 He first married Fabia Numantina, but their marriage was over by AD 24, as by then he was married to Apronia, daughter of Lucius Apronius.

The Ius Civile ("Citizen Law") was the body of common laws that applied to Roman citizens. The Praetores Urbani (sg. Praetor Urbanus) were the people who had jurisdiction over cases involving citizens. The Ius Gentium ("Law of nations") was the body of common laws that applied to foreigners, and their dealings with Roman citizens.

The gens Raecia, also spelled Racia, was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned at the time of the Second Punic War. Marcus Raecius was praetor in 170 BC. However, after this the family fell into obscurity until imperial times.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.

The gens Satria was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are mentioned in the first century BC, and under the early Empire, but none of them rose higher than the rank of praetor. Otherwise the Satrii are known largely from inscriptions.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.

Quintus Baebius Sulca was a Roman of the 2nd century BC. He probably served as praetor in 175 BC.Werner Huß: Ägypten in hellenistischer Zeit 332–30 v. Chr. C. H. Beck, Munich 2001, . p. 542f Two years later he was sent in an envoy of five men to Macedonia and to Ptolemy VI in Alexandria.

The company also assembled Jeep models.M. Compton/ T. J. Gallwey: Motor Assemblies Limited. A small South African Assembly Plant that became a major Manufacturer, 2009. In 1970, BMW bought shares in Praetor Monteerders to completely take it over in 1975, thus establishing BMW South Africa, and was also the first BMW plant outside of Germany.

Birley, Fasti of Roman Britain, p. 14 After his term as praetor, Vopiscus was admitted as flamen, then was co-opted into the College of Pontiffs. He served as a curator fani Herculis Victoris fuit Tibure before acceding to the consulship. Vopiscus' career after the consulate and the date of his death are unknown.

237 Geta was appointed as Quaestor and Praetor of Crete and Cyrenaica and became one of the Consuls in 203.Leunissen, Konsuln und Konsulare, p. 203 Geta died around 203 or 204. On his deathbed, Geta stated to Severus that he hated the Praetorian Prefect, Gaius Fulvius Plautianus, and warned him of Plautianus' treachery.

In 89 BC, a praetor now, Sulla served under the consul Lucius Porcius Cato Licinianus. Cato got himself killed early on while storming a rebel camp.Philip Matyszak, Cataclysm 90 BC, p. 105. Sulla, being an experienced military man, took command of Rome's southern army and continued the fight against the Samnites and their allies.

8–10 # Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus (augur), elder surviving son of no.8 # Lucius Cornelius Scipio, praetor 174 BC, younger surviving son of no.8 # Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum, consul 162 BC, 155 BC, son of no.10 # Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Numantinus (Scipio the Younger, or Scipio Aemilianus), adoptive son of no.

The government of the island in this period was controlled by a praetor, who was assisted by two quaestores (who focussed on financial matters), one based at Syracuse and one at Lilybaeum. Some communities continued to possess a popular assembly, but there was an increasing concentration of power in the hands of local elites.

After this, all of Sicily had to submit to him.Livy, Periochae ab Urbe condita libri, 123.1. First he killed the praetor, Aulus Pompeius Bithynicus and then he defeated Octavian's legatus, Quintus Salvidienus Rufus in a naval battle off Rhegium (40 BC). Sextus Pompey was able to prevent the supply of grain to Rome from Sicily.

Soldiers were generalists in the military and construction arts. They practiced archery, spear-throwing and above all swordsmanship against posts (pali) fixed in the ground. Training was taken very seriously and was democratic. Ordinary soldiers would see all the officers training with them including the praetor, or the Emperor, if he was in camp.

In seeking this province, Spinther received support for the first time from Julius Caesar. As pro-praetor in Spain, Spinther struck coins which bore his name and nickname - proving the 'Spinther' nickname was now being officially used to distinguish him from those others in the Cornelia gens who bore the same name as he.

Cimber was initially one of Caesar's strongest supporters. Caesar granted Cimber governorship of the provinces of Bithynia and Pontus in 44 BC. He may also have been Praetor in the same year.Mark Toher, "Tillius and Horace", Classical Quarterly, 55.1, 2005, pp.183–189 Cicero once used Cimber's influence on Caesar to help a friend.

The lex Caecilia de vectigalibus was a Roman law, passed in 60 BC, and proposed by the praetor Caecilius Metellus Nepos, concerning the abolition of port duties in Italy. The senate wished to remove Nepos' name from the bill, and replace it with another, but this attempt failed. Cassius Dio, Roman History, 37.51.3-4.

Fabia Numantina was married twice: first to Sextus Appuleius, a half-great-nephew of Augustus, by whom she had a son, also named Sextus Appuleius. This child died young, and Fabia described him on his tombstone as 'last of the Appuleii'. = ILS 935; Luna. Fabia's second husband was Marcus Plautius Silvanus, praetor in AD 24.

The Annales Maximi of the Pontifex Maximus, the annual edicts of the praetor, the lists of Roman and municipal senators (decuriones) and jurors (album indicum) were exhibited in this manner. The Acta Diurna, a sort of daily government gazette, containing an officially authorized narrative of noteworthy events in Rome was also published this way.

The peasants killed many of the scattered plunderers. Appius Claudius had strengthened his army with some units of Bulinian, Apollonian, and Dyrrhachian contingents and left his winter quarters. He was encamped near the river Genusus. The praetor Lucius Anicius had arrived in Apollonia and sent a letter to Appius, asking him to wait for him.

Annia Cornificia Faustina (122/123between 152 and 158) was the youngest child and only daughter of the praetor Marcus Annius Verus and Domitia Lucilla. The parents of Cornificia came from wealthy senatorial families who were of consular rank. Her brother was the future Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius, and both were born and raised in Rome.

Albinus was praetor in 180 BC, and obtained the province of Hispania Ulterior. His command was prorogued in the following year. After conquering the Vaccaei and Lusitani, he returned to Rome in 178 BC, and was awarded a triumph on account of his victories.Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, xl.35, 39, 44, 47-50; xli.6-7.

In early life he became devoted to literature. In 369 he met Ausonius; their friendship proved mutually beneficial.Trout, Dennis E., Paulinus of Nola: Life, Letters, and Poems, University of California Press, 1999, p. 33 Having discharged the functions of quaestor and praetor, he was appointed Corrector of Lucania and the Bruttii in 365;Cod. Theod. VIII.

Suetonius tells us that Galeria was the daughter of an ex-praetor, and bore two children during her marriage, a son and a daughter.Life of Vitellius chapter 6Vitellius, livius.org. Gwyn Morgan adds that she was related to Publius Galerius Trachalus, "Otho's alleged speechwriter".Morgan, 69 A.D., the Year of Four Emperors (Oxford: University Press, 2006), p.

The uniform and title of Smasher has since been passed onto an unidentified member of the original's race.War of Kings #3 (May 2009) However, the newest version of Smasher was killed by Gladiator during a raid performed by Starjammers and Guardians of the Galaxy. The Strontian praetor killed Smasher as a sign of defecting to Lilandra.

25, de Off. ii. 21 As he continued his political career, he became praetor in 136 BC, and consul (along with Publius Mucius Scaevola) in 133 BC. While consul, he took command of the First Sicilian Slave War, captured Morgantina, and began to attack Henna, the origin of the uprising.Forsythe, G. 2012. Calpurnius Piso Frugi, Lucius.

Agricola was born in the colonia of Forum Julii, Gallia Narbonensis (now Fréjus, France). Agricola's parents were from noted political families of senatorial rank in Roman Gaul. Both of his grandfathers served as imperial governors. His father, Lucius Julius Graecinus, was a praetor and had become a member of the Roman Senate in the year of his birth.

In Ankara, Turkey, a funeral inscription has been found that names a Sempronia Romana, daughter of a named Sempronius Aquila (an imperial secretary).Birley, pg. 340 Romana erected this undated funeral inscription to her husband (whose name is lost) who died as a praetor-designate.Meckler, Gordian I Gordian might have been related to the gens Sempronia.

Carthage encouraged the cultivation of grain and cereals and prohibited fruit trees. Tharros, Nora, Bithia, Monte Sirai etc. are now important archaeological sites where Punic architecture and city planning can be studied. In 238 BC, following the First Punic War the Romans took over the whole island, incorporating it into the province of Corsica et Sardinia, under a praetor.

In the constitution of ancient Rome, prorogatio was the extension of a commander's imperium beyond the one-year term of his magistracy, usually that of consul or praetor. Prorogatio developed as a legal procedure in response to Roman expansionism and militarization.Andrew Lintott, The Constitution of the Roman Republic (Oxford University Press, 1999.), p. 113 ff. online.

The praetor had substantial discretion regarding his Edict, but could not legislate. In a sense the continuing Edicts came to form a corpus of precedents. The development and improvement of Roman Law owes much to the wise use of this praetorial discretion.Alan Watson, Law making in the later Roman Republic (Oxford University 1974) at 31–62.

The gens Cosconia was a plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned in the Second Punic War, but none ever obtained the honours of the consulship; the first who held a curule office was Marcus Cosconius, praetor in 135 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 863 ("Cosconia Gens").

Upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy, Bruttianus would have been enrolled in the Senate. Two more of the traditional Republican magistracies followed: aedile and praetor. He is also attested as having been appointed legatus or assistant to the proconsular governor of Africa. After stepping down from the praetorship, he was twice legatus or commander of two legions.

Following this he was curule aedile, then praetor, an office commonly held at the age of 30. Both inscriptions include a term as governor of Hispania Citerior, although Werner Eck does not mention this office in his fasti of governors for this period. Then Agricola received a commission and was commander, or legatus of Legio VI Ferrata.

84, 85; Liv. xxii. 6, 7; Appian, Annib. 10. Maharbal, despite being a cavalry commander, led Iberian skirmishers and infantry to round up the Romans who had survived the battle. The consul Gnaeus Servilius Geminus, who was en route to meet with his co-consul Gaius Flaminius, had sent his cavalry ahead, led by the praetor Gaius Centenius.

Quintus Valerius Orca (fl. 50s–40s BC) was a Roman praetor, a governor of the Roman province of Africa, and a commanding officer under Julius Caesar in the civil war against Pompeius Magnus and the senatorial elite. The main sources for Orca's life are letters written to him by Cicero and passages in Caesar's Bellum Civile.

The commander of an imperial legion was known as the legatus legionis. He was typically a senator of praetorian rank i.e. he had held the post of praetor, implying that he would normally be in his mid-30s. His military experience would be limited to that gained as serving in his early twenties as tribunus laticlavius.

Patruinus came from a wealthy family of Vicetia (modern Vicenza, northern Italy). Around 63, he married a noble Roman woman called Ulpia Marciana, the eldest sister of the future Emperor Trajan. On 4 July 68, Marciana bore him a daughter and their only child, Salonina Matidia. He served as a praetor and, through this position, became a senator.

Publilius thus became the first proconsul.Lord, p. 23. With territorial expansion beyond Italy and the annexation of territories as Roman provinces, the proconsul became one of the three types of Roman provincial governors. The others were the praetor and the propraetor.Livy, The History of Rome, 8.22–23, 9.42, 410.16.1–2 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman antiquities, 17/18.4.5.

In 103 BC the Senate sent the praetor Lucius Licinius Lucullus, who had just put down a revolt in Campania (the Vettian Revolt), to quell the rebellion. Lucullus, at the head of a 17,000 men strong Roman and Allied army, landed in western Sicily and marched on the rebel stronghold of Triocala.Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, 36.8.

Verus was the son of an elder Marcus Annius Verus, who gained the rank of senator and praetor. His family originated from Uccibi (modern Espejo) near Corduba (modern Córdoba) in the Roman province of Hispania Baetica. The family came to prominence and became wealthy through olive oil production in Spain.Anthony Birley, Marcus Aurelius, a Biography (London: Routledge, 1987), p.

Decianus's commitment to popularist politics is well-established and consistent. His father was the Publius Decius (praetor 115 BC) who prosecuted Lucius Opimius for the murder of the popularist leader Gaius Gracchus. The formation of the name Appuleius Decianus indicates that he was adopted by a member of the gens Appuleia and perhaps even by Saturninus himself.

Gades was one of the wealthiest Roman cities. Little is known of the life of Paulina. Paulina married Spanish Roman Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer, a praetor who was a paternal cousin of Roman Emperor Trajan. Paulina and Afer had two children, a daughter Aelia Domitia Paulina (75-130) and a son emperor Publius Aelius Hadrianus (76-138).

Aelia Domitia Paulina or Paullina or Domitia Paulina Minor (Minor Latin for the younger) also known as Paulina the Younger (early 75-130). The younger Paulina was the eldest child and only daughter to Domitia Paulina and praetor Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer. She was Hadrian’s eldest sister and only sibling. She was Spanish, but was of Roman descent.

At least two tribunes of the plebs, Marcus Fulvius and Manius Curius, vetoed his candidacy, precisely on the ground that he was too young and had not held any curule office (praetor or aedile).Livy, xxxii. 7.Plutarch, Flamininus, 2. However, the Senate compelled them to remove their veto and allow Flamininus to present himself in the elections.

European and US certification were secured by May. The first delivery, to a European customer, happened on 28 June 2019. The Praetor 500 received its Brazilian type certificate in August, achieving a 3,340 nautical miles (6,186 km) range, high-speed cruise, a takeoff within 4,222 ft (1,287 m) and a landing within 2,086 ft (636 m).

Augustus bestowed many honors on his stepsons. In 19 BC, Drusus was granted the ability to hold all public offices five years before the minimum age. When Tiberius left Italy during his term as praetor in 16 BC, Drusus legislated in his place. He became quaestor the following year, fighting against Raetian bandits in the Alps.

Similarly, Aurelius Victor stated he had received instruction in Greek from Ennius while praetor in Sardinia. Nevertheless, because his speech was an affair of state, it is probable that he complied with the Roman norms of the day in using the Latin language while practicing diplomacy, which was considered as a mark of Roman dignity.Valerius Maximus, ii, 2. § 2.

T. Corey Brennan, The Praetorship in the Roman Republic (Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 665–666. The law also provided the urban praetor with two lictors while he was exercising his jurisdiction.Daniel J. Gargola, Lands, Laws, and Gods: Magistrates and Ceremony in the Regulation of Public Lands in Republican Rome (University of North Carolina Press, 1995), p. 226.

However, the family entered into the senatorial ranks with the elder Octavius as its novus homo. The elder Octavius' entrance into the Senate came when he was appointed Quaestor in 69 BC. In 61 BC the elder Octavius was elected Praetor. Following his praetorship, he would serve for two years as governor of Macedonia.Suetonius, Augustus 1–4.

Her younger sister was Lucilla and her younger brother was Commodus. Her maternal grandparents were Antoninus Pius and Faustina the Elder, while her paternal grandparents were Domitia Lucilla and praetor Marcus Annius Verus. She was born and raised in Rome. The parents of Faustina betrothed her to Gnaeus Claudius Severus, whom she later married after 159.

The gens Arria was a plebeian family at Rome, which occurs in history beginning in the final century of the Republic, and became quite prominent in imperial times. The first of the gens to achieve prominence was Quintus Arrius, praetor in 72 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 350 ("Arria Gens").

Marcus Aemilius Scaurus was the son of Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (Praetor 56 BC) and Mucia Tertia, former wife of Pompey the Great. Sextus Pompey was his half brother. He accompanied Sextus to Asia after the defeat of his fleet in Sicily by Octavian's general Marcus Agrippa. In 35 BC, he betrayed his brother to Marcus Antonius's generals.

Publius Plautius Hupsaeus (Hypsaeus) was a politician of the Roman Republic. Praetor and ally of Pompey, Hypsaeus was later tried under Pompey's retroactive laws on violence and corruption (52 BC) for bribery. In 53 BC he was a candidate for the consular position, against Milo. Hypsaeus' gangs were reinforced by Clodius and fights broke out between the competing parties.

274 which is probably a later forgery. In late summer 47 BC a group of soldiers rebelled near Rome, demanding their discharge and payment for service. Sallust, as praetor designatus, with several other senators, was sent to persuade the soldiers to abstain, but the rebels killed two senators, and Sallust narrowly escaped death.(App. B. C., II, 92) Appian.

A legatus was one of the most respected military ranks in Rome. The men who filled the office of legate were drawn from among the senatorial class of Rome. There were two main positions; the legatus legionis was an ex-praetor given command of one of Rome's elite legions,"The Roman Army ". Accessed April 16, 2007.

Proconsular imperium became an extension (prorogatio) of the imperium of a consul. During the Third Samnite War (298–290 BC) the propraetors were also created. These were praetors whose imperium was extended and who were given the task of commanding reserve armies. Prorogatio was the extension of imperium beyond the one-year term of the consul or praetor.

It was a dispensation from the limit of the existing term of office which applied only outside the city walls of Rome. It did not have effect within the city walls. Therefore, it was an exertion of the military command of the consul or praetor, but not of his public office. It was an exclusively military measure.

In the meantime, Domitian acted as the representative of the Flavian family in the Roman Senate. He received the title of Caesar and was appointed praetor with consular power.Jones (1992), p. 15 The ancient historian Tacitus describes Domitian's first speech in the Senate as brief and measured, at the same time noting his ability to elude awkward questions.

On Sulla's return from the East in 83 BC a second civil war broke out. Sertorius, a praetor now, was called upon to serve in the government's armies. When the consul Scipio Asiaticus marched against Sulla, Sertorius was part of his staff. Sulla arrived in Campania and found the other consul, Gaius Norbanus, blocking the road to Capua.

A pinax from Locri depicting Persephone (Roman Proserpina) and Hades (Roman Pluto) enthronedAlberto Bernabé and Ana Isabel Jiménez San Cristóbal, Instructions for the Netherworld: The Orphic Gold Tablets (Brill, 2008), p. 275. As praetor in 200, Minucius was assigned to Bruttium (modern-day Calabria), where he investigated thefts from the temple of Proserpina at Locri.Livy 31.12.1–5 and 13.1.

Another L. Valerius Flaccus was aedile in 98 BC, but prosecuted (unsuccessfully) afterwards by Decianus. Flaccus was then praetor, then governor of Asia. He was a suffect consul in 86, taking command against Mithridates, passing a law cancelling three-quarters of all debts, and leaving for Asia. He was murdered in a mutiny by Gaius Flavius Fimbria.

12, and adoptive grandson of no.8 # Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio, consul 138 BC, son of no.14 and grandson maternally of no.8 (Scipio Africanus) # Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica (consul 111 BC), son of the previous # Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica, praetor 94 BC, son of the previous # Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus (consul 83 BC), descendant of no.

VarusUnless otherwise noted, offices and dates are from T.R.S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, vol. 2, 99 B.C.–31 B.C. (New York: American Philological Association, 1952), pp. 228, 237, 260, 275, 290, 300, 310–311, 535. held the office of praetor no later than 53 BC. No record of his earlier political career survives.

Cato 'Uticensis', a praetor in 54 and a political leader of Caesar's optimate opponents. was at Utica with Juba I. Cato was widely admired, but also widely mocked.Cato's posthumous title 'Uticensis' refers to the Punic city of Utica, where he died. This Cato was a descendant of the famous Cato the Elder (234–149, Consul 195).

There were clashes with the Gauls and the Etruscans. The sources lack detail and can be confused. According to Polybius in 283 BC unspecified Gauls besieged Arretium and defeated a Roman force which had come to the aid of the city. The praetor Lucius Caecilius Metellus Denter died in the battle and was replaced by Manius Curius Dentatus.

Delbrück, Geschichte der Kriegskunst, I, S. 358-360 The first battle of Herdonia ended with the almost total annihilation of the troops led by the praetor Gnaeus Fulvius Flaccus.Livy, XXV, 21; Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, Vol. 2, p. 338 However Flaccus' army was just a fraction of the forces fielded by Rome.

Both men found excuses not to go. Were are not told why these two praetors were unwilling to take their office; normally they were taken up eagerly. It is at this point that we find out who the other praetor was. Livy wrote that the praetorships of Marcus Titinius and Titus Fonteius in Hispania were extended.

44 The senate must have decided to withdraw the exemptions because it was worried about the development of Segeda into a powerful city in the land of the Celtiberians, who had a history of rebellions. Rome prepared for war. In 153 BC, the praetor Quintus Fabius Nobilitor arrived in Hispania with a force of nearly 30,000 men.

Then the Praetor assigns the case to a iudex for trial. After the facts are determined at trial, the iudex gives judgment according to the formula. The Praetor's Edict contained many different principles of law, often drawing on prior legal rulings. Besides the trial formulas, it also regulated procedural matters, such as the initiation of a legal suit.

Eventually, the above discretion allowed the Praetor urbanus regarding his Edict was no longer considered appropriate. Accordingly circa CE 129, action was taken that severely restricted its further modification. Under the emperor Hadrian (r. 117–138), the celebrated jurist Salvius Julianus made a formal revision to the Praetor's Edict as well as to similar edicts, e.g.

Titus Octacilius Crassus was a Roman Praetor in 217 BC. He was of the gens Otacilius. He was in charge of a fleet in Lilybaeum, which he used to raid Africa in 215 and 212. In 214 he stood to obtain the consulship but had his consulship stolen from him by Fabius Maximus. Instead he received a second praetorship.

Marcus Aper was a Roman orator and a native of Gaul, who rose by his eloquence to the rank of Quaestor, Tribune, and Praetor, successively. He is introduced as one of the speakers in the Dialogus de oratoribus, attributed to Tacitus, defending the style of oratory prevalent in his day against those who advocated the ancient form.

David Stahel, Cambridge University Press, 2017, Joining Hitler's Crusade, p. 71 The resulting territory amounted to . It was divided into 13 counties, each ruled by a high-ranking officer with the role of prefect. A county was further divided into raions, each raion being ruled by a praetor, who had much broader powers than the prefect.

Gaius or Gnaeus Hosidius Geta (; c. 20 – after 95) was a Roman Senator and general who lived in the 1st century. Geta was a praetor some time before 42. In the latter year, commanding a legion, probably the Legio IX Hispana in the Africa Province, he was a part of Gaius Suetonius Paulinus' campaigns into Mauretania.

He was given an Argent energy-charged exomantle of controversial design known as the Praetor Suit by a rogue demon, who was reviled by his own kind as a traitor called The Wretch for aiding the Doom Slayer's bloody cause. Additionally, at some point the "seraphim" further enhanced the Slayer with superhuman strength, durability, and speed.

5 Family History Publishers, 1997 or identical to Lucius Julius Libo II, with Sextus Julius Caesar (praetor 208 BC) as his son, in which case the latter would be the father of Sextus Julius Caesar (military tribune 181 BC) identical to Sextus Julius Caesar (consul 157 BC).Miriam Griffin. A Companion to Julius Caesar, p. 13 ff.

Later that year, Baebius and his troops were moved to Tarentum and Brundisium, where he prepared for a crossing to Epirus.The province of the Bruttii passed to A. Cornelius Mamulla, praetor 191 BC, in command of a force comparable in size to that of Baebius; see Grainger, The Roman War of Antiochus p. 167; Brennan, Praetorship, p. 203 online.

The appointment of his junior and brother-in-law, Marcus Brutus, as praetor urbanus deeply offended him. Although Cassius was "the moving spirit" in the plot against Caesar, winning over the chief assassins to the cause of tyrannicide, Brutus became their leader.T.R.S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic (American Philological Association, 1952), vol. 2, p.

The main text of the inscription replies to a request to Lucullus that the Temples of Isis and Serapis be granted the power of refuge. It was granted. An initial paragraph from Sulla underwrites the decision by Lucullus. The latter refers to himself as Quaestor pro Praetore (Tamias kai Antistrategos): that is, a former quaestor promoted to acting praetor.

The Toga picta was solid purple, embroidered with gold. During the Roman Republic, it was worn by generals in their triumphs, and by the Praetor Urbanus when he rode in the chariot of the gods into the circus at the Ludi Apollinares.cf. Liv. v. 41, 2. As cited by The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities.

Glabrio was a tribune of the plebs in 201, plebeian aedile in 197, and praetor peregrinus in 195. He was elected consul for the year 191 BC together with Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica.Broughton, MRR2, p. 525. As consul, Glabrio defeated the Seleucid ruler Antiochus the Great at the Battle of Thermopylae, and compelled him to leave Greece.

Quintus Valerius Falto was a Roman politician in the 3rd century BC. Quintus was elected consul in 239 BC alongside Gaius Mamilius Turrinus. He was the brother of his successor, the consul Publius Valerius Falto who served in 238 BC. Falto was also the first Praetor Peregrinus at Rome in 242 BC, the development of which was occasioned by the war with Carthage which required a second Praetor, but the consul of the year, Aulus Postumius Albinus, was not allowed to leave the city because he was also a priest of Mars. After his superior, Gaius Lutatius Catulus, was injured at the Siege of Drepana, Falto took over command of the Roman forces. He conducted himself with such bearing that, on his return, he demanded to share in the triumph to which Catulus was entitled.

Marcus Marius Gratidianus (c. 125 – 82 BC) was a Roman praetor, and a partisan of the political faction known as the populares, led by his uncle, Gaius Marius, during the civil war between the followers of Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla. As praetor, Gratidianus is known for his policy of currency reform during the economic crisis of the 80s. Although this period of Roman history is marked by the extreme violence and cruelty practiced by partisans on each side, Gratidianus suffered a particularly vicious death during the Sullan proscriptions; in the most sensational accounts, he was tortured and dismembered by Catiline at the tomb of Quintus Lutatius Catulus, in a manner that evoked human sacrifice, and his severed head was carried through the streets of Rome on a pike.

In 317, Morgantina received the tyrant Agathocles, then in exile, and offered him help in returning to Syracuse. He was elected praetor at Morgantina, and later dux. As part of the Syracusan kingdom of Hiero II, Morgantina fell under the hegemony of Rome when Hieron became a Roman vassal in 263. In 214, Morgantina switched its allegiance from Rome to Carthage.

Matyszak, Sertorius and the struggle for Spain (2013), p. 145. and stormed Cauca.Frontinus, Stratagemata, II, 11, 2. Defeated in 73 BC by Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius and Pompey, the Vaccei rose again in 57-56 BC in a joint uprising with the Turmodigi and northern Celtiberians, only to be crushed by the Praetor of Citerior Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos Iunior.

De agris publicis imperatoriisque ab Augusti tempore usque ad finem imperii romani, Paris 1887. Le sénat romain depuis Dioclétien à Rome et à Constantinople, Paris 1888. 238 articles in "Dictionnaire des Antiquités grecques et romaines". The most notables are: Eisphora, Epikleros, Eupatrides, Helotae, Phratria, Phylë, Prytaneia, Trapezitai, Gens, Hospitium, Latifundia, Lictor, Manumissio, Patricii, Patrimonium, Plebs, Praetor, Quaestor, Senatus, Tribuni plebis, and Vicarius.

291Holmes II, pg. 168 As a result of a law passed by Pompey during his sole consulship, proscribing that governorships could not be held by persons who had served as praetor or consul within five years of leaving office,Syme, pg. 39; Smith, pg. 488 Bibulus was not appointed to a post-consular governorship until 51 BC. He then became governor of Syria.

Géza Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter den Antoninen (Bonn: Habelt Verlag, 1977), p. 277 At this point Crispinus became a quaestor, and was assigned to assist in the administration of the province of Macedonia. This was followed by the traditional Republican offices of plebeian tribune and praetor; the last is dated around the year 135 at the latest.Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand, p.

It banned the former Bacchic cult organisations. Each meeting must seek prior senatorial approval through a praetor. No more than three women and two men were allowed at any one meeting, Those who defied the edict risked the death penalty. Bacchus was conscripted into the official Roman pantheon as an aspect of Liber, and his festival was inserted into the Liberalia.

Publius Cornelius Cethegus, Roman statesman, was a member of the gens Cornelia of the branch with the cognomen Cethegus. Cethegus was elected curule aedile in 187 BC, praetor in 185 BC and consul in 181 BC.T. Robert S. Broughton: The Magistrates Of The Roman Republic. Vol. 1: 509 B.C. - 100 B.C.. Cleveland / Ohio: Case Western Reserve University Press, 1951. Reprint 1968.

John, Leach, Pompey the Great, p. 182. Caesar made Curio a praetor and sent him with four legions and 1,000 Gallic cavalry to Sicily and Africa to take possession of both provinces and secure the grain supply.T.R.E. Holmes, The Roman Republic and the Founder of the Empire, Vol III, p. 95. Curio drove Cato from Sicily and secured the island for Caesar.

Livy xxvii.11 In 204 BC, he was elected consul, possibly to aid his kinsman Scipio, then in Africa. In 203 BC he was proconsul in Italia Superior, where, in conjunction with the praetor Publius Quintilius Varus, he gained a hard-won victory over Mago Barca, Hannibal's brother, at the Battle of Insubria, which forced him to retreat from Italy.Livy xxx.

This division of civil and military duties was often abandoned in the 12th century, when the posts of civil praitōr and military doux were frequently held in tandem. The provincial post fell out of use after the collapse of the Empire in 1204. According to Helene Ahrweiler, Emperor Nikephoros II (r. 963–969) reinstituted a praetor in Constantinople, as a high-ranking judge.

95 He pushed Curio to take advantage of a break in the enemy lines to achieve victory at the Battle of Utica,Holmes, III, pg. 103 and after the latter's defeat and death, he was one of the few who escaped from Africa Province.Holmes III, pg. 107 In the following year (48 BC), it is assumed that he was made Praetor.

Lucius Cornelius P.f. P.n. Scipio (fl. 174 BC), Roman praetor in 174 BC, was the younger son of Scipio Africanus, the great Roman general and statesman by his wife Aemilia. He was the son and grandson of Roman consuls, but his own personal life and political career was vitiated by his dissolute habits and possibly by his continued ill-health.

Pompey and Crassus reaped political benefit for having put down the rebellion. Both Crassus and Pompey returned to Rome with their legions and refused to disband them, instead encamping outside Rome. Both men stood for the consulship of 70 BC, even though Pompey was ineligible because of his youth and lack of service as praetor or quaestor.Appian, Civil Wars, 1:121.

In the Roman Republic, a law was passed imposing a limit of a single term on the office of censor. The annual magistrates—tribune of the plebs, aedile, quaestor, praetor, and consul—were forbidden reelection until a number of years had passed.Robert Struble Jr., Treatise on Twelve Lights, chapter six, part II, "Rotation in History." (see cursus honorum, Constitution of the Roman Republic).

Cipus was a legendary Roman praetor famous for his pietas. After receiving a prophecy that he would become king of Rome, he chose voluntary exile instead of the throne. He is mentioned by Ovid in his Metamorphoses, Pliny the Elder in Natural History, and Valerius Maximus.G. Karl Galinsky, The Cipus Episode in Ovid's Metamorphoses, Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association Vol.

Map showing Apulia, where Laevinus was stationed in 215 BC. Laevinus was the son of P. Valerius Laevinus, and grandson of P. Valerius Laevinus. The latter may have been the consul of 280 BC whom Pyrrhus of Epirus defeated at Heraclea.Broughton. MRR. p.190-191. Praetor of Sicily in 227.Solinus 5.1; M. Laevinus was first elected consul in 220.

News of Drusus' achievements—navigating the North Sea, carrying the Roman eagles into new territory, and fixing new peoples into treaty relations with Rome—caused considerable excitement in Rome and were commemorated on coins. Drusus did not have it in him to stay in Rome. In the spring of his term as praetor urbanus, he set out for the German border once more.

Charles Brandon Potter (born July 28, 1982) is an American voice actor, voice director, and script writer who works for anime series at Funimation/OkraTron 5000. He is also widely known for acting the role of the Roman Praetor Quintus in the TV Series The Chosen. He has provided voices for a number of English- language versions of Japanese anime series and films.

He was not meant to get involved. The war with the Lusitanians was under the jurisdiction of Servius Sulpicius Galba, the praetor of Hispania Ulterior (Further Spain, roughly modern Andalusia) and Lucullus was wintering in his province. However, Appian wrote that Galba was even more greedy than Lucullus. He let him do so and did the same on the other side of Lusitania.

Eck, "Jahres- und Provinzialfasten", (1982), pp. 361f The date of his death is unknown. If we assume Cornutus was around 30 when adlected as praetor (the legal age one held that magistracy) in 73/74, he would have been in his seventies when he concluded his term in Roman Asia, so it is likely Cornutus died not long after that.

Roman aqueduct in Hispania at Segovia Each province was to be ruled by a praetor. Members of the tribal elite of Hispania were introduced into the Roman aristocracy and allowed to participate in their own governance. Roman emperors Trajan, Hadrian and Theodosius I were all born in Hispania. Roman latifundia were granted to members of the aristocracy throughout the region.

Lutatius was therefore the only candidate for commanding the war in Sicily. The senate appointed the praetor Quintus Valerius Falto as his second-in-command. This was somewhat of a novelty, since a second praetorship was created only a few years earlier, thereby allowing one of the praetors to leave Rome. Typically the two consuls shared the command of the army.

His taking for himself a position Marius had hoped to control was an unforgivable betrayal. The animosity between them had begun previously when the ambitious Sulla ran for Praetor, lost, ran again, bought some votes and won, to be ridiculed for it by Julius Caesar. Sent to Asia without troops he brought about peace using the troops of his allies there.

Over a year had passed since the hapless Romans in Asia had sent urgent appeals for assistance. Mithridates had established sovereignty over nearly all of Greece. The Roman government seemed paralyzed by incidents of partisan contention. Meanwhile, Bruttius Sura, a Legate of one Gaius Sentius, Praetor of Macedonia, was conducting small-unit operations quasi-autonomously against the Pontians in Boeotia with minimal success.

Antoninus Pius, sculpture of c.250 AD, Albertinum, Dresden Having filled the offices of quaestor and praetor with more than usual success,Traver, Andrew G., From polis to empire, the ancient world, c. 800 B.C. – A.D. 500, (2002) p. 33; Historia Augusta, Life of Antoninus Pius 2:9 he obtained the consulship in 120 having as his colleague Lucius Catilius Severus.

The Tribal Assembly, while under the presidency of a higher magistrate (either a consul or praetor), elected the two curule aediles. While they had a curule chair, they did not have lictors, and thus they had no power of coercion.Lintott, p. 130 The Plebeian Council (principal popular assembly), under the presidency of a plebeian tribune, elected the two plebeian aediles.

John Leach, Pompey the Great. In 61 BC, Gabinius, then a praetor, tried to win public favour by providing games on a scale of unusual splendour. In 58 BC Gabinius managed to secure the consulship, although not without the suspicion of bribery. During his term of office he aided Publius Clodius Pulcher in bringing about the exile of Marcus Tullius Marcus Tullius Cicero.

A sestertius of Domitian. Caption: IMP. CAES. DOMIT. AVG. GERM. CO[N]S. IV, CENS. PERP. P. / IOVI VICTORI. The political career of Vespasian included the offices of quaestor, aedile, and praetor, and culminated in a consulship in 51, the year of Domitian's birth. As a military commander, Vespasian gained early renown by participating in the Roman invasion of Britain in 43.

Minucius Acilianus (fl. late 1st century AD, early 2nd century AD) was born in Brixia, and was the son of Minucius Macrinus, who was enrolled by Vespasian among those of praetorian rank. Like his father, he was also a friend of Pliny the Younger. Acilianus was successively quaestor, tribune, and praetor, and at his death left Pliny part of his property.

Atia, one of Julia's daughters. Caesar's youngest sister married Marcus Atius Balbus, a praetor and commissioner who came from a senatorial family of plebeian status. Julia bore him three (or two, according to other sources) daughters. The second daughter, known as Atia Balba Caesonia was the mother of Octavia Minor (fourth wife of triumvir Mark Antony) and of first Emperor Augustus.

There are many details about how the battle was fought. According to Polybius, the battle followed events which started with the siege of Arretium (Arezzo, in north-eastern Tuscany). Unspecified Gauls besieged Arretium and defeated the Romans who came to the aid of the city. The praetor Lucius Caecilius Metellus Denter died in the battle and was replaced by Manius Curius Dentatus.

It is likely that the praetor had a third son, Gaius, who was a senator, and is said to have written a Roman history in Greek about 143 BC. This Gaius was probably the great-grandfather of Gaius Julius Caesar, the dictator, whose father and grandfather were also named Gaius.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 539.

When he was Praetor, Domitius would swindle the prize money of victorious charioteers. Managers would complain, but Domitius decreed that future prizes would be paid on the spot. Domitius was also considered a serious womanizer. The Emperor Tiberius charged him with treason, adultery and incest with his sister and also with adultery with another noblewoman, but the ascension of Caligula saved him.

22, 30. In 187 BC, he was made a praetor, and the governor of Tarentum, which fell to him by lot as his province.Livy, xxxviii. 42. In 185 BC, he was elected as a consul, and gained some advantages over the Ingaunians, a Ligurian tribe, and, by his violent interference at the comitia, procured the election of his brother Publius to the consulship.

The senate sent a messenger to order Gaius Calpurnius Piso, his successor, to hasten his departure. However, he had already left two days earlier. The other praetor, Lucius Manlius Acidinus fought an indecisive battle against the Celtiberians. Both sides withdrew and the Celtiberians moved their camp the next night, giving the Romans the chance to bury their dead and collect the spoil.

Livius Drusus was elected Praetor around the year 150 BC. He was then elected consul for 147 BC, alongside Scipio Aemilianus, who was possibly his first cousin.Broughton, pg. 463; Boren, pg. 29 As the Third Punic War was raging, there was enormous concern in Rome about who was going to be assigned the command of the Roman forces against Carthage.

Marcus Popillius Laenas was a Roman statesman. He was praetor in 176 BC. He did not go to his province of Sardinia because he did not want to upset the success that the propraetor, Titus Aebutius, was enjoying. A new leader would need time to get acquainted with the situation and thus precious time would be lost.Livy, Ab urbe condita, xli.15.

After the Second Gigantomachy, Hazel is promoted to the rank of centurion of the Fifth Cohort, succeeding her boyfriend Frank Zhang. Though she is much cooler than her boyfriend, she finds his inability to be cool endearing. Also as of The Trials of Apollo The Tyrant's Tomb Hazel is now a praetor of the twelfth legion with her boyfriend Frank Zhang.

The Caecilii Metelli were an illustrious family of the Roman republic. They were politically conservative, although members of the plebeian gens Caecilia. Lucius' grandfather was Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus. He was praetor in 148 BC, consul in 143 BC, and censor in 131 BC. He was given the command in Macedonia, where he defeated Andriscus, a pretender to the throne.

Lucius' father was Gaius Caecilius Metellus Caprarius, Macedonicus' youngest son. Caprarius fought under Scipio Aemilianus in Numantia. He was praetor in 117 BC, consul in 113 BC, and fought as proconsul in Thrace in 112 BC. He triumphed for his victory in Thrace in 111 BC. He was censor in 102 BC. Lucius had two brothers. One was Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus.

Gaius Caecilius Metellus Caprarius (born c. 160 BC) was a consul of the Roman Republic in 113 BC with Gnaeus Papirius Carbo. He served under Scipio Aemilianus in Numantia around 133 BC. He was praetor in 117 BC. His proconsulship in Thrace in 112–111 BC earned him a triumph. He was censor in 102 BC with his cousin, Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus.

The Caecilii Metelli were an extremely prominent family in the late Roman Republic. They were conservative aristocrats, though members of the plebeian gens Caecilia. Caprarius was the youngest son of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus. Macedonicus was praetor in 148 BC and consul in 143 BC. He received the command in Macedonia, where he defeated a pretender to the throne named Andriscus.

The consuls for 169 BC were Quintus Marcius Philippus (for the second time) and Gnaeus Servilius Caepio. The Macedonian War was assigned to Quintus Marcius and the command of the fleet to the praetor Quintus Marcius Figulus.Livy, The History of Rome, 43.1.6, 15.2-3 The troops allocated for Greece were 6,000 Roman infantry, 6,000 Latin infantry, 250 Roman cavalry and 300 allied cavalry.

Later they issued edicts for amendments of existing laws. They also held imperium; that is, they could command an army. Forty years later, in 337 BC, the plebeians gained access to the praetorship, when the first plebeian praetor, Quintus Publius Philo, was elected.Livy, The History of Rome, 8.12 Law proposed at the beginning of the tenth tribunate: Lex de Decemviri Sacris Faciundis.

Both cases were presided over by the praetor Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus—ironically, in the view of Caelius, since Drusus himself was "a notorious offender"Shackleton Bailey, Epistulae, p. 433.—and evidently came to nothing.Michael C. Alexander, Trials in the Late Roman Republic, 149 BC to 50 BC (University of Toronto Press, 1990), pp. 167–168, records no outcome for either.

An inscription, now preserved in the Museum of Mytilene, provides details of Macrinus' cursus honorum.Greek text published with a French translation in René Hodot, "La grande inscription de M. Pompeius Macrinus à Mytilène", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 34 (1979), pp. 221-237 The earliest office mentioned in this inscription was the quaestor, which he is said to have served in Bithynia and Pontus; Werner Eck dates his quaestorship to 98/100.Eck, "Miscellanea prosopographica", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 42 (1981), pp. 245f Upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy Macrinus would be enrolled in the Senate.Richard Talbert, The Senate of Imperial Rome (Princeton: University Press, 1984), p. 16 This was followed by the other Republican magistracies, plebeian tribune and praetor. After stepping down from the office of praetor, Macrinus received a series of imperial appointments.

Returning to the Republic of Moldova, he was appointed the head of the Executive Committee of the Ciocana Soviet district (1986-1991). After the proclamation of the independence of the Republic of Moldova in 1991, he was praetor of the Ciocana sector in Chișinău municipality (1991-1993), first deputy mayor of Chișinău municipality (1993-1999); later praetor of the Râșcani sector (1999-2003) of the Chișinău municipality. In parallel, for 1990-1993 he was also a Member of the Parliament of the Republic of Moldova. Being elected in the first Parliament of the Republic of Moldova for 1990–1993, Vasile Ursu voted the Declaration of Independence. For 1995-1999 he worked in the economic field as first vice- president of the "ASCOM-GRUP" Association S.A. (1995) and then, the president of the “COMCON-VM” S.A. Association (1995-1999).

Lucius Aurelius Cotta was a Roman politician from an old noble family who held the offices of praetor (70 BC), consul (65 BC) and censor (64 BC). Both his father and grandfather of the same name had been consuls, and his two brothers, Gaius Aurelius Cotta and Marcus Aurelius Cotta, preceded him as consul in 75 and 74 BC respectively. His sister, Aurelia, was married to Gaius Julius Caesar, brother-in-law to Gaius Marius and possibly Lucius Cornelius Sulla, and they were the parents of the famous general and eventual dictator, Gaius Julius Caesar. While praetor in 70 BC, he brought in a law for the reform of the jury lists, by which the judices were to be selected, not from the senators exclusively as limited by Sulla, but from senators, equites and tribuni aerarii.

During his consulship, Matho carried on the war against the Sardinians and was granted a triumph for his victory over them. However, this victory was incomplete, because the war was continued by his brother Marcus, consul in 231 BC. In 217 BC, he was apparently chosen magister equitum (Eng. "master of the horse") to the dictator, Lucius Veturius Philo, and was elected praetor for the following year, 216 BC. There seems no reason for believing that the Matho, praetor of this year, was a different person from the consul of 233 BC, as the Romans were now at war with Hannibal, and were therefore anxious to appoint to the great offices of the state generals who had had experience in war. The lot, however, did not give any military command to Matho, but the jurisdictio inter cives Romanos et peregrines.

He was first employed as the private tutor of the young Julius Caesar,Suetonius. Gram. 7.2 and later set up a school in his own house, where it is said he never haggled over pay, but relied on his pupils' generosity. The great orator Marcus Tullius Cicero is said to have frequented his school while praetor in 66 BC. Suet. Gram. 7.4-5, cf.

Holmes, pg. 241; Anthon & Smith, pg. 125 In 40 BC, Atratinus was elected praetor suffectus, as all the previously elected praetors had retired from office after the Treaty of Brundisium between Octavianus, Mark Antony and Lepidus. Late in 40 BC, he and his colleague Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus convened the Senate to introduce Herod the Great, who received the title of King of Judea.

Lucius Porcius Cato was a son of Marcus Porcius Cato Salonianus. He was elected praetor in 92 BC. In 90 BC, during the Social War, he was given a propraetoral command and defeated an Etruscan army which had joined the revolt. He was elected consul in 89 BC, alongside Pompey Strabo, and took over the southern command from Lucius Caesar.Philip Matyszak, Cataclysm 90 BC, p.

340 Once he left the office of praetor, Crispinus then served as juridicus, or judge, in Asturia and Gallaecia, around the years 136 through 138, then he was commissioned as legatus or commander of Legio I Italica from c. 146 to c. 150.Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand, p. 297 Crispinus was allocated Gallia Narbonensis, which he governed in 144/145,Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand, p.

In the legal sense, concepta verba (the phrase is found with either word order) were the statements crafted by a presiding praetor for the particulars of a case.The jurist Gaius (4.30) says that concepta verba is synonymous with formulae, as cited by Adolf Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law (American Philosophical Society, 1991 reprint), p. 401, and Shane Butler, The Hand of Cicero (Routledge, 2002), p. 10.

Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus, c. 122 BC; the altar shows two Roman infantrymen equipped with long scuta and a cavalryman with his horse. All are shown wearing chain mail armour. Following the end of a term as praetor or consul, a Senator might be appointed by the Senate as a propraetor or proconsul (depending on the highest office held before) to govern a foreign province.

Following this, Marius took command of and regrouped Lupus' army. The Senate then decided to give joint command to Marius and the praetor Quintus Servilius Caepio the Younger. Marius had expected sole command and he did not get along with Caepio with disastrous results. After having dealt with a raiding legion of Marsi at Varnia, Caepio attempted to give Marius instructions, but Marius ignored them.

No mention of it is found on the occasion of the Roman conquest of the island but, during the Second Punic War, Caralis was the headquarters of the praetor, Titus Manlius Torquatus, whence he conducted his operations against Hampsicora and the Carthaginians.Livy xxiii. 40, 41. At other times it was also the Romans' chief naval station on the island and the residence of its praetor.Id. xxx. 39.

Classical Latin Praetor became medieval Latin Pretor; Praetura, Pretura, etc. During the interwar period the 71 counties of Romania were divided into a various numbers of plăşi (singular: plasă), headed by a Pretor, appointed by the Prefect. The institution headed by the Pretor was called Pretură. Currently, this office has survived only in the Republic of Moldova, where praetors are the heads of Chişinău's five sectors.

The one principle that limited what could be assigned to them was that their duties must not concern them with minima, "little things". They were by definition doers of maxima. This principle of Roman law became a principle of later European law: Non curat minima praetor, that is, the details do not need to be legislated, they can be left up to the courts.

445 After serving his year in office, he was appointed by lot to a Propraetoreal command, possibly either Cisalpine Gaul or Transalpine Gaul.Broughton, pgs. 93-94 He was then elected as consul alongside Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura in 71 BC. According to Cicero, Aufidius Orestes’ elections as praetor and consul were due in part to the expensive and extravagant games he held while he was aedile.Smith, pg.

By 145 BC, the city had again outgrown its combined supplies. An official commission found the aqueduct conduits decayed, their water depleted by leakage and illegal tapping. The praetor Quintus Marcius Rex restored them, and introduced a third, "more wholesome" supply, the Aqua Marcia, Rome's longest aqueduct and high enough to supply the Capitoline Hill. The works cost 180,000,000 sesterces, and took two years to complete.

Although he failed to be elected Aedile, Tullus was elected to the office of Praetor by 69 BC,Broughton, pg. 130 and possibly Curator Viarum in 68 BC,Broughton, pgs. 138-140 before being elected consul in 66 BC.Broughton, pg. 150; Smith, pg. 1190 During his consulate, it was brought to his attention that Catiline was intending to seek the consulship for 65 BC.Holmes I, pg.

The chief results of the insult being classed "atrocitas" were that an action would lie on insult to a slave, and that the damages were differently estimated. In general the plaintiff fixed his maximum claim by a taxatio, which the iudex could cut down. In atrox iniuria the praetor fixed the maximum, usually at a higher rate, and the iudex did not interfere with it.

Gaius Atinius served as military tribune in Gaul under the consul Tiberius Sempronius Longus in 194 BC. He is probably the same Gaius Atinius who served as praetor in 188, and received Hispania Ulterior as his province. He remained there as propraetor, defeating the Lusitani, before being killed during the siege of Hasta in 186 BC.Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita xxxiv.46, xxxviii.35, xxxix.21.

This extension applied only outside the city walls of Rome. It was an extension of the military command of the consul, but not of his public office. As the number of Roman legions was increased, there was a need to increase the number of military commanders. The office of the praetor was introduced in 366 BC. The praetors were the chief justices of the city.

80, in Mogontiacum (modern Mainz). Next he held the office of quaestor (c. 83/84), and upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy Priscus would be enrolled in the Senate. The two other magistracies followed: plebeian tribune (c. 85/86) and praetor (c. 88/89); usually a senator would govern either a public or imperial praetorian province before becoming a consul, but none is known for Priscus.

Because Fabius was a dictator who had been elected by the senate (not the usual way to become dictator), the senate could avail other options to minimize his powers. A praetor named “Metellus”Livy, 22.25-26. or, according to other sources, G. Terentius Varro (the future consul in 216 BC),Baker, G.P., Hannibal, p. 123 proposed a bill to elevate Minucius to the equal rank of Fabius.

While the creditor was still essentially responsible for executing the judgement, there was now a remedy he could look to. This was called bonorum vendito. Thirty days after the judgement, the creditor would apply for an actio iudicati, giving the debtor a last chance to pay. If he failed to meet the debt, the creditor could apply to the praetor for missio in possessionem ("sending into possession").

As early as 1929, the first BMW motorcycle was imported to South Africa by a private individual. The first cars of the brand in 1952 was a BMW 501.Keeping the wheels turning , in: Annual Report of the Southern African-German Chamber of Commercean Industry 2013-2014, S. 51–55. However, the assembly of BMW automobiles did not begin until 1968 by Praetor Monteerders in Rosslyn.

This was done several times until the wreath was finally placed upon the head of a statue of Caesar, which was then immediately torn down by Caesar's enemies. The rostra was the most prestigious spot in Rome to speak from. Cicero remarked on the honor in his first speech during his term as praetor. It was the first time Cicero spoke from the rostra.

Panares was a general (strategos) of the ancient Cretan city of Kydonia in 69 BC at the time when the Romans attacked the city.Appianus, 1899Kydonia had aligned itself with the interests of pirates and incurred the anger of the Roman Senate. The Romans commissioned the praetor Marcus Antonius to take care of the Pirate Problem in the Mediterranean. In 69 BC he besieged Kydonia.

He was the matrilineal great- grandson of Scipio Africanus. He was married to Caecilia Metella, daughter of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus. He had two children: Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica, who married a daughter of the famous orator Lucius Licinius Crassus, and a daughter who married Publius Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus. His son was praetor in 93 BC and the father of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica.

Finally, he was elected to the office of Praetor, possibly around AD 167. In AD 169, Sosius Priscus was elected consul ordinarius with Publius Coelius Apollinaris as his colleague. He was then appointed to the proconsular posting of praefectus alimentorum (or the officer responsible for organising Rome’s food supply). This was followed by his appointment as proconsular governor of Asia at an unknown date.

It was not until c. 136 that the last of them were abolished. Under the Roman Republic and later through the Principate, Greek historians often used the term strategos when referring to the Roman political/military office of praetor. Such a use can be found in the New Testament: Acts of the Apostles 16:20 refers to the magistrates of Philippi as strategoi (στρατηγοί).

Philip V of Macedon seized Zakynthos in the early 3rd century BC when it was a member of the Aetolian League. In 211 BC, the Roman praetor Marcus Valerius Laevinus took the city of Zakynthos with the exception of the citadel. It was afterwards restored to Philip V of Macedon. The Roman general, Marcus Fulvius Nobilior, finally conquered Zakynthos in 191 BC for Rome.

They were never regarded as magistrates, but merely as judices, and as such would be appointed for a fixed term of service by the magistrate, probably by the praetor urbanus. But in Cicero's time they were elected by the Comitia Tributa. They then numbered 105. Their original number is uncertain, although the centum (Latin for the number 100) portion of centumviri may provide a clue.

46-55 When Volusius arrived on the island, he had heard and settled civil cases to a small group of Roman citizens who lived on the island. Cicero describes Volusius as a 'man both trustworthy and extraordinarily moderate'. Volusius married Claudia, the daughter of Pompey's officer, Tiberius Claudius Nero, and sister of the father of the future Roman emperor Tiberius, praetor Tiberius Claudius Nero.

L. Cincius Alimentus was part of the Cincia clan of ancient Rome. He was captured in one of the early battles of the Second Punic War. He spent years as a prisoner of the Carthaginian general Hannibal, whoaccording to Alimentus's later accountconfided in the Roman the details of his crossing of the Alps. He served as praetor in Sicily in 209, commanding two legions.

He left two legions in the city to defend it and shared the command of the other eight with a praetor, who was put in charge of preventing the Greeks from landing. The consul encamped in the Pomptine Marshes. His aim was to prevent the Gauls from obtaining their sustenance through plunder. There was single combat between a Gaul and a Roman, which the latter won.

32 and, eventually, began to act as chief judges over the courts. Praetors usually stood for election with the consuls before the assembly of the soldiers, the Centuriate Assembly. After they were elected, they were granted imperium powers by the assembly. In the absence of both senior and junior consuls from the city, the Urban praetor governed Rome, and presided over the Roman Senate and Roman assemblies.

In 204 BC, Claudius Nero was assigned as praetor to the provincia of Sardinia, where he gathered and shipped supplies of grain and clothing for soldiers under the command of Scipio in Africa.Livy 29.36.1–3. As consul, he was assigned to Africa with imperium equal to that of Scipio,Livy 30.27.1–5. but storms and delays in his preparations prevented him from ever arriving.

Publius Mucius Scaevola served as tribune of the plebs in 141 BC. The consuls of this year were Cnaeus Servilius Caepio and Quintus Pompeius. Not much is known of Scaevola’s actions during his year as tribune. Most significant in the historical record is his carrying of a plebiscite which placed Hostilius Tubulus on trial for accepting bribes during his year as praetor in 142 BC.

He returned to Roman Britain where he served as legatus Augusti pro praetor of Britannia Inferior in 220.Anthony Birley, The Fasti of Roman Britain (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), pp. 188-190 He was a popular man. While he was away governing Gaul, the Silures tribe set up an official monument, the Marble of Thorigny dedicated to him despite their usual hostility to Rome.

Milo was a strong candidate for he had won popular support through largesse and the promotion of extravagant games, and he enjoyed the support of the Optimates. Pompey, however, gave his support to Milo's opponents. Plautius was an old quaestor of his and Scipio was his father-in-law. Meanwhile, Clodius feared he would achieve little as praetor if Milo were to become consul.

It continued to exist as a separate community in the days of Pliny.Pliny the Elder, Natural History, 3.11.6; Lib. Col. p. 235 Three of the minor towns of the Hirpini were mentioned by Livy as having being retaken by the praetor M. Valerius in 215 BC;Livy, The History of Rome, 23.37 but the names given in the manuscripts, Vescellium, Vercellium, and Sicilinum, are probably corrupted.

Syme, "The Ummidii", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 17 (1968), pp. 101f This was followed by the office of plebeian tribune as the candidatus of the emperor. After reaching the office of praetor, around 130 he was appointed legatus legionis or commander of the Legio VI Victrix in Britain. Birley speculates that he owed this command to the recommendation of Sextus Julius Severus, governor of Roman Britain.

Whatever quaestor he was, Curtius performed impressively, according to Tiberius. After an unspecified time he stood for Praetor, the next office below Consul. Tacitus says that he competed with "noble" (nobilis) candidates, but the emperor's vote was for him. The electoral body was probably the usual, the Centuriate Assembly, which, like all other institutions of government under the empire, received its direction from the emperor.

Lucius Anicius Gallus belonged to the Anicia gens, an old plebeian family of Rome. He was elected praetor in 168 BC,Livy xliv.17 replacing the propraetor Appius Claudius Caecus as the military leader of the Roman conquest of Illyria. He took control of the region in twenty or thirty days following the defeat of Perseus of Macedon, the ally of the Illyrian king Gentius.

In 143 BC, the consul Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus subdued the Arevaci by attacking them suddenly while they were harvesting. He did not take Termantia and Numantia. In 142 BC, the praetor Quintus Pompeius Aulus took over with a well- trained army of 30,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry. While he went away, the Numantines made a sortie against a cavalry detachment and destroyed it.

The fight was most intense in the centre and when the enemy saw that it could not be broken it formed a wedge formation. Gaius Calpurnius made a short detour with the cavalry and attacked the flank of the wedge. The allied cavalry attacked the other flank. The praetor rode so deep into the enemy ranks that it was difficult to distinguish which side he belonged to.

Marcus Valerius Messalla served as prefect of the fleet in Sicily in 210 BC, the ninth year of the Second Punic War, carried out a successful raid on the countryside around Utica. He was nominated dictator, but his appointment was annulled. Messalla was praetor peregrinus in 194 BC, and Roman consul for 188 BC, together with Gaius Livius SalinatorLivy, xxvii. 5, xxxiv 54, 55, xxxviii.

Thrasea Priscus was a member of the second century gens Valeria.Birley, Anthony, Septimius Severus: The African Emperor (1999), pg. 159 It is possible he was the son of Lucius Vipstanus Poplicola Messalla, who may have been a praetor designatus but died before he acceded to the consulate. If so, Thrasea Priscus altered his gentilicum to reflect his descent through the Vipstani from the republican Valerii.

After the fulfillment of Paullus' military service, and being elected military tribune, he was elected curule aedile in 193. The next step of his cursus honorum was his election as praetor in 191. During his term of office, he went to the Hispania provinces, where he campaigned against the Lusitanians between 191 and 189. However, he failed to be elected consul for several years.

A novus homo of the late republic, and originally hailing from Picenum,Syme, pg. 92 Asprenas was elected to the office of praetor by 47 BC.Broughton, pg. 286 Although having no obvious connections or political ties to Julius CaesarSyme, pgs. 63-64 he held a proconsular command under Caesar in Africa during the civil war, holding the town of Thapsus with two legions in 46 BC.Broughton, pg.

Lucius Cassius Longinus was a consul of the Roman Republic in 107 BC. His colleague was Gaius Marius who then served in his first of seven consulships. As a praetor in 111 BC, he was sent to Numidia to bring Jugurtha to Rome to testify in corruption trials, promising him safe passage.Sallust, Jug., 32 Jugurtha valued this pledge as much as the public pledge for his safety.

He was the oldest son of Quintus Caecilius Metellus and grandson of Lucius Caecilius Metellus. A brilliant general, he fought in the Fourth Macedonian War. In 148 BC, as a praetor he led the Roman troops into victory over Andriscus twice. Andriscus was a self-proclaimed pretender to the Macedonian throne who claimed to be son of Perseus, last king of the Antigonid dynasty.

In 50 the Senate, led by Pompey, ordered populist politician and general Julius Caesar to disband his army and return to Rome because his term as governor had ended.Suetonius, Julius 28. Caesar thought he would be prosecuted if he entered Rome without the immunity enjoyed by a magistrate. Torquatus was elected praetor (commander of a field army) for 49 and given command of six cohorts.

The Oppidani were certainly defeated and technically included in Hispania Ulterior province by the praetor Publius Licinius Crassus in the wake of his campaign against the Lusitani and Celtici in 93 BC. Again the Turduli Oppidani and the Turduli Veteres suffered the same treatment in 61-60 BC, when they were incorporated into H. Ulterior by the Propraetor Julius Caesar.Cassius Dio, Romaïké istoría, 37, 52-55.

Licinius Nepos is a personage who lived during the reign of the emperor Trajan. Pliny the Younger, a Roman writer, mentions Licinius Nepos in his letters.Pliny the Younger, Books VI, V Pliny describes him as a praetor, who is so brave and strong that he is unafraid to punish even senators. Ronald Syme has proposed identifying him with the suffect consul of 127, M. Licinius Celer Nepos.

He then went to Thrace to help Cotys against the aforementioned invasion. Epirus, on the west coast of Greece, went over to the Macedonians.Livy, The History of Rome, 43.3-4 (Crevier supplement) The consuls for the year 170 BC were Aulus Hostilius Mancinus and Aulus Atilius Serranus. Macedon was assigned to Aulus Hostilius and the fleet and the coast of Greece to the praetor Gaius Hortensius.

Quintus Fulvius Flaccus (c. 277 BC202 BC), son of Marcus Fulvius Flaccus (consul 264 BC), was consul in 237 BC, fighting the Gauls in northern Italy. He was censor in 231 BC, and again consul in 224 BC, when he subdued the Boii. He was a praetor in 215 BC and in 213 BC Master of Horse in the dictatorship of Gaius Claudius Centho.

55 ("Aesernia"). Beginning in the mid-second century there is a family with the surname Macrinus, a diminutive of the cognomen Macro, a Greek name meaning "great" or "large". This family distinguished itself through military and civil service, and evidently obtained patrician rank, as Marcus Nonius Arrius Paulinus Aper was advanced to the office of praetor without having first served as tribune of the plebs.PIR, vol.

All three brothers were commanders in the Roman Province of Hispania Ulterior (Further Spain) and fought in the Lusitanian War. Servilianus was born into the patrician gens Servilia before his adoption. His early career is unknown, but it is speculated that he would have been elected praetor by 145 BC.Broughton, pg. 469 Servilianus was also a priest and member of the College of Pontiffs.

Caesar then accepted him into his inner circle and made him governor of Gaul when he left for Africa in pursuit of Cato and Metellus Scipio. In 45 BC, Caesar nominated Brutus to serve as urban praetor for the following year. Also, in June 45 BC, Brutus divorced his wife and married his first cousin, Porcia Catonis, Cato's daughter.Plutarch, Marcus Brutus, 13.3.Cicero. Brutus.

Presumably recalling him from Asia, they elected him praetor of Africa. After a few years of that he ran for consul and won for the year 74 BC with Marcus Aurelius Cotta (consul 74 BC). His old friend and mentor, Sulla, had died in 78 after refusing to continue with the dictatorship despite popular urging to do so. He knew that he was seriously ill.

Gaius Servilius Glaucia (died 100 BC) was a Roman politician who served as praetor in 100 BC. He arranged for the murder of an elected tribune of plebs to make way for Lucius Appuleius Saturninus who had been elected tribune for the next year. While attempting to stand for consul in 99 BC, he was engaged in an exchange between himself and another candidate, Gaius Memmius, who attempted to prevent his candidature on the grounds that he had not waited the mandatory two years between election as praetor and election to the consulship, as stipulated by the Lex Villia Annalis. In a fit of rage he killed Memmius and fled to the home of one of his supporters, where he committed suicide after Saturninus' riot was suppressed. The accepted account of Glaucia's death is that he died in 100 BC alongside his ally the Tribune Saturninus.

First he was commissioned legatus or commander of Legio VI Ferrata, then stationed at Samosata; Birley dates his command around the years 104 to 106.Birley, "Hadrian and Greek Senators", p. 234 Next was legatus pro praetor of the Transpadene region. Proculus then was appointed to supervise the census of the imperial province of Gallia Lugdunensis, and his final appointment prior to his consulate was curator operum publicorum.

Denarius of Lucius Caninius Gallus, moneyer in 12 BC. The gens Caninia was a plebeian family at Rome during the later Republic. The first member of the gens who obtained any of the curule offices was Gaius Caninius Rebilus, praetor in 171 BC; but the first Caninius who was consul was his namesake, Gaius Caninius Rebilus, in 45 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.

Gaius Sulpicius Galba was a Roman senator, who was active during the reign of Augustus. He was suffect consul in 5 BC as the colleague of Quintus Haterius, succeeding Lucius Vinicius.Alison E. Cooley, The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy (Cambridge: University Press, 2012), p. 458 Galba was the son of historian Gaius Sulpicius Galba, son of Servius Sulpicius Galba, a praetor in 54 BC and conspirator against Julius Caesar.

In the Early Republic, only three magistrates — the two consuls and the sole praetor — held imperium. At first, the appointment of dictatores and magistri equitum filled the need for additional military commanders.Lintott, Constitution p. 113. The first recorded prorogation was that of the consul Q. Publilius Philo in 327 BC. Philo was in the middle of a siege of Naples when his term in office was due to expire.

A Romulan polearm, similar to a trident with retractable blades. It appears in the 2009 Star Trek reboot and is used by the renegade miner Nero. In the Countdown comic, Nero's weapon is revealed to be the "Debrune teral'n", an ancient Romulan artifact that symbolized the empire's power; it is traditionally held by the presiding Praetor. A similar weapon, resembling an axe was also used by a member of Nero's crew.

46–47 The majority of votes in each tribe decided how that tribe voted. The presiding magistrate (either a consul or a praetor), always ensured that all tribes had at least five members voting, and if a tribe did not, individuals from other tribes were reassigned to the vacant places in that tribe.Taylor, L. R., Roman Voting Assemblies, p. 66 The order in which the tribes voted was determined by lot.

The first appearance of Persicus is in June of the year 15, when he was co-opted into the Arval Brethren aged c. 15 to replace his then recently deceased father. Around the same time, he was also made a member of the College of Pontiffs and of the Sodales Augustales. He subsequently held the posts of quaestor under Tiberius and praetor, though the details of these posts are unknown.

The Senate sent the praetor perginus Lucullus to crush the rebellion. Salvius planned to respond to Lucullus' arrival by withdrawing into his fortress of Triocala and there hold out against the Romans. However, his general Athenion prevailed upon him not to hide behind the walls of and instead face the Romans in open battle. Marching to meet Lucullus, the rebels encamped at Scirthaea, twelve miles distant from the Roman camp.

Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica (c. 154 – 111 BC) was a politician of the Roman Republic. He belonged to the great patrician family of the Cornelii Scipiones, and was the son of the pontifex maximus Nasica Serapio, who famously murdered Tiberius Gracchus in 133 BC. Nasica was on track to a prestigious career like most of his ancestors, being praetor in 118 BC, but he died during his consulship in 111 BC.

62 to 58 BC. Lepidus soon became one of Julius Caesar's greatest supporters. He was appointed as a praetor in 49 BC, being placed in charge of Rome while Caesar defeated Pompey in Greece.Holland, Tom, Rubicon: The Triumph and Tragedy of the Roman Republic, Abacus, 2004, , 316. He secured Caesar's appointment as dictator, a position Caesar used to get himself elected as consul, resigning the dictatorship after eleven days.

In 169 BC, he served as praetor urbanus.Livy xliii.14 Under Lucius Aemilius Paulus, his intimate friend, he commanded the 2nd legion in the campaign against Perseus, king of Macedonia, and gained great reputation for having predicted a lunar eclipse on the night before the Battle of Pydna (168 BC). On his return from Macedonia he was elected consul (166 BC), and in the same year reduced the Ligurians to submission.

Portrait of Gaius Sextius Calvinus (Fountain of Preachers, Aix-en-Provence). Gaius Sextius Calvinus was a consul of the Roman Republic in 124 BC. During his consulship, he joined M. Fulvius Flaccus in waging war against the Ligures, Saluvii, and Vocontii in the Mediterranean region of present-day France. He continued as proconsul in Gaul for 123–122. He had held office as praetor no later than 127.

As a reward for his actions, Kallark was named the Praetor (leader) of the Shi'ar Imperial Guard.War of Kings: Warriors #1 (2009) When the X-Men come into conflict with the Shi'ar empire regarding the Phoenix entity, Gladiator battles them first at the command of Emperor D'Ken,X-Men # 107 - 108 (Oct & Dec. 1977) and then at the behest of his successor, Empress Lilandra Neramani.Uncanny X-Men #137 (Sep.

660 The title of perfectissimus was granted only to mid- or low-level officials by the end of the 4th century. By the new Constantinian arrangement, one could become a senator by being elected praetor or by fulfilling a function of senatorial rank.Christol & Nony, Rome et son Empire, 247; Carrié & Rousselle L'Empire Romain, 658. From then on, holding actual power and social status were melded together into a joint imperial hierarchy.

Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum Her first marriage was to Publius Clodius Pulcher, circa 62 BC. Fulvia and Clodius had two children together, a son also named Publius Clodius Pulcher and a daughter, Clodia Pulchra. As a couple they went everywhere together.Cicero.Mil.28Cicero.Mil.55. Clodia later married the future Emperor Augustus. In 52 BC, Clodius ran for praetor and political competition with a consular rival, Titus Annius Milo, escalated to violence.

Marcus was born during the reign of Hadrian to the emperor's nephew, the praetor Marcus Annius Verus, and the heiress Domitia Calvilla. His father died when he was three, and Marcus was raised by his mother and grandfather. After Hadrian's adoptive son, Aelius Caesar, died in 138, the emperor adopted Marcus' uncle Antoninus Pius as his new heir. In turn, Antoninus adopted Marcus and Lucius, the son of Aelius.

"Crassus" 9.7 Two years later, Cassius appeared as a witness for the prosecution, which was being led by Cicero, in the trial against the corrupt former governor of Sicily, Verres. In 66 BC, Cassius supported the Manilian lawCic. "Manil." 68. that gave command of the war against Mithridates to Pompey; he was joined in this by Cicero, then praetor, whose famous speech in support of the same bill survives.

Rebuilding of the city of Carthage began under Augustus and, notwithstanding reported ill omens, Carthage flourished during the 1st and 2nd centuries. The capital of the Province of Africa, where a Roman praetor or proconsul resided, was soon moved from nearby Utica back to Carthage. Its rich agriculture made the province wealthy; olives and grapes were important products, but by its large exports of wheat. it became famous.

Conquests by "criminal virtue" are ones in which the new prince secures his power through cruel, immoral deeds, such as the elimination of political rivals. Machiavelli's offers two rulers to imitate, Agathocles of Syracuse, and Oliverotto Euffreducci. After Agathocles became Praetor of Syracuse, he called a meeting of the city's elite. At his signal, his soldiers killed all the senators and the wealthiest citizens, completely destroying the old oligarchy.

The senate sent a ten-man commission headed by Marcus Pomponius Matho to investigate,Livy 29.20–22; Diodorus 27.4; Bagnall, Punic Wars, p. 274. along with two tribunes of the plebs and an aedile. Matho was the praetor and propraetor assigned to Sicily from 204 to 202 BC, and had been authorized to recall Scipio if necessary, but the commission had no judicial powers.Vishnia, State, Society, and Popular Leaders, pp.

Sicilia () was the first province acquired by the Roman Republic. The western part of the island was brought under Roman control in 241 BC at the conclusion of the First Punic War with Carthage. A praetor was regularly assigned to the island from c.227 BC. The Kingdom of Syracuse under Hieron II remained an independent ally of Rome until its defeat in 212 BC during the Second Punic War.

The court was composed exclusively of senators, some of whom may have been his friends. However, the presiding judge, the city praetor, Manius Acilius Glabrio, was a thoroughly honest man, and his assessors were at least not accessible to bribery. Verres vainly tried to get the trial postponed until 69 BC when his friend Marcus Caecilius Metellus would be the presiding judge. Hortensius tried two successive tactics to delay the trial.

Gaius Fabius HadrianusThe nomen is given as Fulvius in some editions of Orosius (Historiae 5.20), but is generally corrected to Fabius, as in the 1889 edition of C. Zangemeister here. was praetor in 84 BC and propraetor 83–82 in the Roman province of Africa.Orosius, 5.20.3; Pseudo-Asconius 241 in the edition of Thomas Stangl, Pseudoasconiana (1909, reprinted 1967), cited in T.R.S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, vol.

Despite Aspar's great influence, the Eastern Roman elites retained much of their anti- German sentiment. Marcian's principal advisors were Pulcheria, Euphemius the (master of offices), Palladius the praetor, and Anatolius of Constantinople. In 453, Marcian had his daughter from a previous marriage, Marcia Euphemia, marry Anthemius, an aristocrat and talented general. Marcian patronized the Blues, who were one of the two circus teams, the other being the Greens.

Orfitus came from a noble family, and started his career at a relatively young age. He held a posts of quaestor and praetor before becoming consularis of Sicilia under Constantius II and Constans (340/350). He supported Constantius in a war against Magnentius and was appointed to the office of proconsul of Africa after Constantius got control over it. In 353-355 he was praefectus urbi, succeeding Neratius Cerealis.

The central portion was used as a parade ground and headquarters area. The "headquarters" building was called the praetorium because it housed the praetor or base commander ("first officer"), and his staff. In the camp of a full legion he held the rank of consul or proconsul but officers of lesser ranks might command. On one side of the praetorium was the quaestorium, the building of the quaestor (supply officer).

Subsequently, Balbus became Caesar's private secretary, and Cicero was obliged to ask for his good offices with Caesar. After Caesar's murder in 44 BC, Balbus was equally successful in gaining the favour of Octavian; in 43 BC or 42 BC he was praetor, and in 40 BC he became the first naturalized Roman citizen to attain the consulship.Cicero, Marcus Tullius. (1872). The year of his death is not known.

They lost 12,000 men and 5,000 men and 400 horses were captured. Quintus Fulvius then marched through Celtiberian territory, ravaged the countryside and stormed many forts until the Celtiberians surrendered. In Hispania Ulterior the praetor Publius Manlius fought several successful actions against the Lusitanians.Livy, The History of Rome, 40.30–34 In 180 BC, the praetors Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus and Lucius Postumius Albinus were assigned Hispania Citerior and Ulterior respectively.

The town became the "Colony of the Libertini" with Latin rights.Livy, The History of Rome, pp. 43.3.1–4 In 169 BC, Hispania was given reinforcements of 3,000 Roman and infantry and 300 cavalry and the number of soldiers in each legion was fixed at 5,200 infantry and 300 cavalry. The praetor Marcus Claudius Marcellus, who was assigned Hispania, was to demand from the local allies 4,000 infantry and 300 cavalry.

They could also summon any of the three Roman assemblies (Curiate, Centuriate, and Tribal) and presided over them. Thus, the consuls conducted the elections and put legislative measures to the vote. When neither consul was within the city, their civic duties were assumed by the praetor urbanus. Each consul was accompanied in every public appearance by twelve lictors, who displayed the magnificence of the office and served as his bodyguards.

Suetonius, The Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Julius Caesar, 16 In the end, both men dropped their proposals. When Metellus Nepos was a praetor in 60 BC, he passed a law which abolished import duties in Rome and Italy. The senate was angry and wished to erase his name for the law and replace it with another one, but, for whatever reason, this was not carried out.Cassius Dio, Roman History, 37.51.

Praetor (56 BC) and propraetor (55 BC) in Sardinia, Scaurus was supported by the First Triumvirate for the consulship in 54 BC, but was accused of extortion in his province. Scaurus was defended by Cicero, and acquitted in spite of his obvious guilt. In 53 BC, however, he was accused of ambitio (shameless bribery) and went into exile. He married Mucia Tertia, who had previously been married to Pompey the Great.

Chapter 21 says the first praetor the Romans sent anyplace was to Capua, four hundred years after they began making war. Claims that the Romans were changing things and were acting differently from past precedents. Chapter 22 talks about how false the opinions of men often are in judging great things. Says that the best men are treated poorly during the quiet times because of envy or from other ambitions.

The town was occupied by the Roman praetor Marcus Baebius Tamphilus in the war with Antiochus III in 191 BCE. The site of Iresiae has not been securely located. In the 19th century, William Smith suggested that Livy's Iresiae may be a confusion for Peiresiae; however, modern scholars treat the town as distinct from Peiresiae and suggest the site is to be found in Magnesia not at Peiresiae.

Little is known about the consulship of Lucius Sextius Lateranus. Livy only wrote that in the year of his consulship one praetor and two curule aediles from the patrician ranks were elected. There were rumours about a gathering of Gallic soldiers and a defection by the Hernici, who were Roman allies. The patrician senators decided to defer any action so as not to give the plebeian consul a military task.

From 185 to 184, Baebius was one of the ambassadors (legati)The others were Q. Caecilius Metellus and either Ti. Sempronius Gracchus or the Ti. Claudius Nero who was praetor in 181. sent to negotiate disputes between Philip, his former joint commander in the Roman-Syrian War, and surrounding Greek polities, who had lodged complaints about Philip's occupation of Aenus and Maroneia.Polybius 22.10; Livy 39.23.5–29.3; Pausanias 7.8.6.

Macrides (2007), pp. 27–28, 242, 244 (note 7) During his governorship, Philes slighted the Nicaean heir-apparent, Theodore II Laskaris, who now became his avowed enemy. When Theodore II succeeded to the throne in 1254, Philes and another leading noble, Constantine Strategopoulos, were blinded at the emperor's orders for lèse-majesté.Macrides (2007), pp. 321, 339ff. He was succeeded as praetor in Thessalonica by the historian George Akropolites.Macrides (2007), pp.

Albinus was a member of the patrician gens Postumia, and the son of Aulus Postumius Albinus, who was a consul in 242 BC.Smith, pg. 91 He was elected as a consul for the first time in 234 BC, during which he campaigned against the Ligures.Broughton, pgs. 223-224 It has been conjectured that he was then elected Praetor for the first time in the following year (233 BC).

Albinus disappears from the historical record during the next decade, but resurfaced in 216 BC, with the Second Punic War in full swing. The Romans, finding themselves short of experienced military commanders, were forced to recall men such as Albinus to serve during this period of crisis.Livy, 22:35 Consequently, Albinus, who was not even in Rome for the election, was elected praetor for the second time,Broughton, pg.

Prorogation became fully institutionalized, and even the praetor urbanus was sometimes prorogued. Governors who received established territorial provinces could expect longer tenures.Brennan, Praetorship pp. 626–627. The addition of the wealthy Asian province in 133 BC as a bequest of Attalus III put further pressure on the system, again without increasing the number of praetorships: In one major administrative development for which the career of Marius offers the clearest evidence, praetors now needed to remain in Rome to preside over increased activity in the criminal courts, often occasioned by prosecutions for extortion in the provinces or electoral corruption,Asconius remarks that when a praetor was given an extended command, it allowed him to extort enough money out of allies to buy the consulship, which in turn would give him another chance to plunder a province before he lost his immunity from prosecution as a magistrate; scholion to Pro Scauro 14.3, as cited by Brennan, p. 584.

Praetor ( , ), also spelled prætor or pretor in English, was a title granted by the government of Ancient Rome to men acting in one of two official capacities: the commander of an army (in the field or, less often, before the army had been mustered); and as an elected magistratus (magistrate), assigned various duties (which varied at different periods in Rome's history). The functions of the magistracy, the praetura (praetorship), are described by the adjective:In the Latin language, the ending of the adjective agrees with the case, gender, and number, of the noun, which is why the ending of praetori- varies in the phrases given. the praetoria potestas (praetorian power), the praetorium imperium (praetorian authority), and the praetorium ius (praetorian law), the legal precedents established by the praetores (praetors). Praetorium, as a substantive, denoted the location from which the praetor exercised his authority, either the headquarters of his castra, the courthouse (tribunal) of his judiciary, or the city hall of his provincial governorship.

Pflaum, "Deux familles sénatoriales", p. 108 The earliest office Gallus is recorded as holding was quaestor, which he discharged in the province of Asia; upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy he was enrolled in the Senate. Two more of the traditional Republican magistracies followed: plebeian tribune and praetor. Upon completing his term as praetor, Gallus was selected as legatus or assistant to the proconsular governor of Africa. Upon returning to Rome, he was appointed curator of a network of roads in Etruria: the Via Clodia, Annia, Cassia, Cimina, and the Via Nova Trajana; Pflaum dates his curatorship of these roads to the years 117-120.Pflaum, "Deux familles sénatoriales", p. 113 Following this, Gallus was appointed legatus or commander of the Legio III Gallica stationed at Raphaneae in Syria. He returned to Rome, where the sortition allocated him the public province of Gallia Narbonensis to govern; Werner Eck assigns the term 124/125 to his tenure in that province.

Upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy Proculus would be enrolled in the Senate. This was followed by a commission as a military tribune in the Legio IV Scythica, then stationed at Zeugma in Syria; upon returning to Rome, Proculus was appointed ab actis for the emperor Trajan. Then he advanced to the next two traditional Republican magistracies: plebeian tribune and praetor. After completing his praetorship, Proculus was appointed to a series of offices.

Celsus was presumably born in upper Italy, where the gentilicum of Juventius was common and where senatorial Juventii can also be found. In either 106 or 107, Celsus was praetor. In 114/115 he was governor of Thracia, and afterwards he became suffect consul for the nundinium of May to August 115 as the colleague of Lucius Julius Frugi.Alison E. Cooley, The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy (Cambridge: University Press, 2012), p.

His cursus honorum can be reconstructed from an inscription.IGRR I.622 While still an equestrian, Longinus was prefect, or commander, of an unspecified ala; his adlection followed this. He advanced through the traditional Republican magistracies: quaestor, aedile, and praetor. After stepping down from the last magistracy, Longinus was commissioned legatus or commander of Legio I Adiutrix, stationed on the Danube frontier; Géza Alföldy dates his command from around 143 to the year 146.

J.-C.) (Istanbul: Institut Français d'Études Anatoliennes-Georges Dumézil, 1989), pp. 90-92 This was followed by his service as a legatus or assistant to the proconsular governor of Gallia Narbonensis. Orbius Speratus returned to Rome where he advanced through the traditional Republican magistracies of plebeian tribune and praetor. Once he stepped down from his praetorship, Orbius Speratus was appointed curator of the Viae Valeria, Tiburtina, and a third road whose name is lost.

Marcus Considius Nonianus was a praetor in the late Roman Republic, holding the office around 55–50 BC. In 49 BC, as civil war was breaking out, the senate assigned him as propraetor to succeed Julius Caesar in the province of Cisalpine Gaul. He served in Campania. A denarius, notable for its unique depiction of Venus Erycina, was minted by his contemporary C. Considius Longus (or Paetus) but is sometimes misattributed to him.

The gens Servenia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. No members of this gens are mentioned in ancient writers, but a number are known from inscriptions, dating from the late Republic to the third century. At least some of the Servenii attained senatorial rank under the early Empire. None of them appear to have held the consulship, but Lucius Servenius Cornutus was praetor, and an important provincial governor under the Flavian dynasty.

By the classical period, physical punishment had been abandoned for manifest theft and Gaius records merely four-times damages, introduced by the praetor. This meant, somewhat strangely, that a praetorian action could be more serious than a civil action, which was unusual. Gaius also elaborates slightly on what constitutes manifest theft. He says that most jurists believed it extended to being caught in the place of the theft with the thing, and no further.

Caelius and Clodia soon became lovers. In late 57 or early 56 BC, Caelius broke from the Clodii for some unknown reason. Clodius and Clodia were determined to punish Caelius for leaving them. On February 11, 56 BC, Caelius charged Lucius Calpurnius Bestia with electoral malpractice in the elections for praetor in 57 BC. Cicero came to Bestia's defense and successfully acquitted him four times already and doing so once again against Caelius.

Livy, Ab urbe condita, 28: 44, 4. After being crushed by Quintus Minucius Thermus, Praetor of Hispania Citerior in a pitched battle near the ruins of Turba,Livy, Ab urbe condita, 33: 44, 4–5; 34: 10, 5–7. the remaining Turboletae population appears to have been either obliterated or simply reduced to subject status and their devastated lands divided among the Bastetani and Edetani, resulting in their total disappearance from the historical record.

A praetor or a propraetor could only command a single legion and not a consular army, which normally consisted of two legions plus the allies. In the early republican period, it was customary for an army to have dual commands, with different consuls holding the office on alternate days. In later centuries this was phased out in favour of one overall army commander. The legati were officers of senatorial rank who assisted the supreme commander.

The gens Helvia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. This gens is first mentioned at the time of the Second Punic War, but the only member of the family to hold any curule magistracy under the Republic was Gaius Helvius, praetor in BC 198. Soon afterward, the family slipped into obscurity, from which it was redeemed by the emperor Pertinax, nearly four centuries later.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.

1–16 According to this source, Gordian served as quaestor in Elagabalus' reignHistoria Augusta, The Three Gordians, 18:4 and as praetor and consul suffect with Emperor Alexander Severus.Historia Augusta, The Three Gordians, 18:5Birley, pg. 341. An inscription confirming this fact has been found at Caesarea in Palestine. In 237 or 238, Gordian went to the province of Africa Proconsularis as a legatus under his father, who served as proconsular governor.

41 In 211 BC, as praetor, he was in charge of Apulia. In 209 BC, before he had been consul, he was elected censor with Publius Sempronius Tuditanus. During their censorship, Cethegus disagreed with his colleague about which senator should be elected Princeps Senatus. Tuditanus had the right of choice and chose Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucoses Cunctator, while Cethegus wanted the most senior censor Titus Manlius Torquatus to be the Princeps Senatus.

This was followed by his admission to the Roman priesthoods of sodales Hadrianales then the College of Pontiffs; the latter may have transpired prior to his accession to the consulate. He was also made a member of the sodales Antoniniani around that time. As a member of the Patrician order, Priscus acceded to the consulate two years after he was praetor. After his consulate, Priscus became a member of the comites of emperor Marcus Aurelius.

The gens Coponia was a plebeian family at Rome. The family was prominent at Rome during the first century BC. The most famous of the gens may have been Gaius Coponius, praetor in 49 BC, and a partisan of Pompeius, whom although proscribed by the triumvirs in 43, was subsequently pardoned, and came to be regarded as a greatly respected member of the Senate.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.

Gaius Gracchus, tribune of the people, presiding over the Plebeian Council The Roman magistrates were elected officials of the Roman Republic. Each Roman magistrate was vested with a degree of power.Abbott, 151 Dictators (a temporary position for emergencies) had the highest level of power. After the Dictator was the Consul (the highest position if not an emergency), and then the Praetor, and then the Censor, and then the curule aedile, and finally the quaestor.

The rebels also defeated a second expedition, nearly capturing the praetor commander, killing his lieutenants and seizing the military equipment.Plutarch, Crassus, 9:4–5; Livy, Periochae , 95; Appian, Civil Wars, 1:116; Sallust, Histories, 3:64–67. With these successes, more and more slaves flocked to the Spartacan forces, as did "many of the herdsmen and shepherds of the region", swelling their ranks to some 70,000.Plutarch, Crassus, 9:3; Appian, Civil War, 1:116.

Amir Moayed, Iranian Deputy Minister of Defense. The German firm, was a Channel Islands dummy company owned by Peter Mulack, a West German who lived in the United States. SA-7 missile and launcher Details on the SA-7 missiles were to come from a Soviet- controlled Polish firm, Perenosny Zenitiny Raketny Kompleks. Gantzer, acting for Praetor Trading, posted, a $100,000 performance bond using the London branch of Commerzbank A.G., a West German bank.

Gaius Sosius Gaius Sosius (fl. 66 – 17 BC) was a Roman general and politician. Gaius Sosius was elected quaestor in 66 BC and praetor in 49 BC. Upon the start of the civil war, he joined the party of the Senate sometimes called optimates by modern scholars (even though the term belongs to the era of Sulla and Marius). Upon the flight of Pompey to Greece, Sosius returned to Rome and submitted to Julius Caesar.

In ancient Roman culture, infamia (in-, "not," and fama, "reputation") was a loss of legal or social standing. As a technical term of Roman law, infamia was an official exclusion from the legal protections enjoyed by a Roman citizen, as imposed by a censor or praetor. More generally, especially during the Republic and Principate, infamia was informal damage to one's esteem or reputation. A person who suffered infamia was an infamis (plural infames).

In 113 or 112 BC Silanus was perhaps praetor in Spain. In 109 BC Silanus became the first member of his family, the Junii Silani, to be elected consul. He held this highest public office together with Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus, who had to continue the war against Jugurtha, king of Numidia, whereas Silanus undertook to fight against the Cimbri. To increase the power of Rome, Silanus abolished exemptions from military service.

In 337 BC, the first Plebeian Praetor was elected. In 342 BC, two significant laws were passed. One of these two laws made it illegal to hold more than one office at any given point in time, and the other law required an interval of ten years to pass before any magistrate could seek re-election to any office.Byrd, 110 As a result of these two laws, the military situation quickly became unmanageable.

36 The following year another uprising occurred in Sardinia, the island's praetor Atilius Servatus was defeated and forced to take refuge on the other island. Atilius asked Rome for reinforcements, which were provided by Gaius Cicerius. Vowing to Juno Moneta to build a temple in case of success, Cicerius reported a victory, killing 7,000 Corsi and enslaving 1,700 of them. In 163 BC, Marcus Juventhius Thalna quashed another revolt without further details about the expedition.

Drusus was soon brought in to weigh on the matter, for the Senate felt only a member of the imperial family could speak on such a delicate issue. At the request of many senators, Drusus had Rufilla arrested and imprisoned.Tacitus, Annals, III.36 Later, he was given credit for the condemnation of two Roman equites, Considius Aequus and Coelius Cursor, who had attacked the praetor, Magius Caecilianus, with false charges of maiestas.

Summons under the legis actiones system were in the form of in ius vocatio, conducted by voice. The plaintiff would request, with reasons, that the defendant come to court. If he failed to appear, the plaintiff could call reasons and have him dragged to court. If the defendant could not be brought to court, he would be regarded as indefensus, and the plaintiff could, with the authorization of the praetor, seize his property.

Publius Cornelius Sulla was a Roman politician of the second century BC. He is most significant for having been the grandfather of the dictator and social reformer Lucius Cornelius Sulla through his son Lucius Cornelius Sulla. He was the son of Publius Cornelius Sulla, the first member of the family to bear the name Sulla, and the brother of Servius Cornelius Sulla. He was elected praetor in 186 BC, receiving the province of Sicily.

Anthony Birley, The Fasti of Roman Britain (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), pp. 4f This was followed at 25 by a posting as quaestor, then at 30 as praetor. By the age of 32 or 33 Regulus was appointed consul, the usual age for patricians.For the age requirements of each step of a Senator's career under the Empire see John Morris, "Leges Annales under the Principate", Listy filologické / Folia philologica, 87 (1964), pp.

The Battle of Vesuvius was the first conflict of the Third Servile War which pitted the escaped slaves against a military force of militia specifically dispatched by Rome to deal with the rebellion. When the militia, led by the Roman Praetor Gaius Claudius Glaber, besieged the group of escaped slaves on Mount Vesuvius, Spartacus's men adopted unusual tactics, rapelling down the steeper cliff face opposite the Roman forces, flanking and defeating them.

These trace his ascent from a protospatharios epi tou Chrysotriklinou to judge of the joint themes of Hellas and the Peloponnese, and eventually, sometime around 1090, to praetor of the latter.Guilland (1967), p. 543Skoulatos (1980), pp. 79–80 In about the same time, he was sent by Emperor Alexios to a mission to Hungary to arrange matters relating to the marriage of Alexios' son and heir, John II Komnenos, to Irene of Hungary.

It appears Augustus was experimenting with a "share the honors" program before he consolidated enough power to rule as the unofficial emperor. Statilius Taurus' amphitheatre was completed in 29 BC, opening with a number of gladiatorial contests. These were received with so much acclaim that the people's assembly accorded Taurus the right to name a praetor every year. Taurus is said to have maintained a private bodyguard of German slaves in Rome.

Though supported with an auxiliary force both by Attalus and by the Roman praetor Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus, he was defeated by Philip in two successive battles (First and Second Battle of Lamia) and forced to retire within the walls of Lamia. (Livy, XXVII.30) It is not improbable that Sipyrrhicas, who appears in Livy (XXXI.46) as chief of the Aetolian deputation which met Attalus at Heracleia, is only a false reading for Pyrrhias.

The iudex privatus was a sole arbitrator or lay judge who conducted a civil case to which the parties had consented and who usually nominated him. In the event that the parties could not agree on a judge, he was chosen from an official list of potential judges drawn up by the praetor. He was also called a iudex unus.George Mousourakis, The Historical and Institutional Context of Roman Law (Ashgate, 2003), p.

Calvisius was praetor possibly in 46, but more likely in 44 BC. In 45, he was governor of Africa Vetus,G.V. Sumner, "The Lex Annalis under Caesar," Phoenix 25 (1971), pp. 265–267. the province formed from Carthaginian territory after the Third Punic War, while C. Sallustius Crispus, the historian usually known as Sallust, became the first governor of Africa Nova, the province created by Caesar from the former kingdom of Numidia.Syme, Sallust p. 38.

In response, the Senate asked him to name a dictator to conduct the elections in his absence. Laevinus nominated his cousin M. Valerius Messala, his praefectus classis, but the Senate refused since he was not in Italy. Frustrated, Laevinus returned secretly to Sicily. Laevinus had forbidden the praetor from bringing a motion to the people for the appointment of a dictator, but as he was no longer in Italy, the tribunes ignored his order.

The rise of the city of Carthage from the ashes began under Julius Caesar (100F44 BC) and continued under Augustus (63 BC – 14 AD), notwithstanding reported ill omens. It became the new capital of Africa Province. Resident in the city was a Roman praetor or proconsul. Carthage as the urban center of the Roman Africa not only recovered, but flourished, especially during the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd centuries.Soren, Khader, Slim, Carthage (1990) at 167.

Iullus and Marcella's sons were Lucius Antonius, Gaius Antonius and a daughter Iulla Antonia. Iullus became praetor in 13 BC, consul in 10 BC, and Asian proconsul in 7/6 BC, and was highly regarded by Augustus.Marcus Velleius Paterculus 2.100Syme, Ronald, Augustan Aristocracy, p. 398. Horace refers to him in a poem, speaking of an occasion when Iullus intended to write a higher kind of poetry praising Augustus for his success in Gaul.

Abbott, 42 In 337 BC, the first Plebeian Praetor (Q. Publilius Philo) was elected.Abbott, 42 In addition, during these years, the Plebeian Tribunes and the senators grew increasingly close.Abbott, 44 The senate realized the need to use Plebeian officials to accomplish desired goals,Abbott, 44 and so to win over the Tribunes, the senators gave the Tribunes a great deal of power, and unsurprisingly, the Tribunes began to feel obligated to the senate.

Tiberius was elected praetor for 180 BC, in which year he would have been about 38 if born in 217 BC. During his praetorship, he successfully put down uprisings in Spain, conciliated various tribes, and brokered an equitable peace treaty with the Numantines. He was awarded a triumph upon his return. In 177 BC, he was elected consul with Gaius Claudius Pulcher. He obtained Sardinia for his province, where he had to suppress a revolt.

Gaius Julius Caesar, sometimes distinguished as "the Elder", was the father of the dictator. In 103 or 100 BC, he served on a commission for the distribution of land, which was then awarded mainly to veterans who had served under Marius. Caesar was praetor around 92 BC, and proconsul of Asia for at least two years, although he had never held the consulship. He seems to have departed his province before the Mithridatic War.

The traditional Roman republican magistracies of aedile and praetor followed, without distinction. His first praetorian post was as legatus or commander of Legio XVI Flavia Firma, then stationed at Samosata in Commagene; Géza Alföldy dates his commission to around the year 138.Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand, p. 301 As Proculus was close to Syria, he was ordered to lead vexillationes against the Parthians; Mireille Corbier dates this military campaign to 139 or shortly thereafter.

Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 29; McLynn, Marcus Aurelius: Warrior, Philosopher, Emperor, p. 14. This branch of the Aurelii based in Roman Spain, the Annii Veri, rose to prominence in Rome in the late 1st century AD. Marcus' great-grandfather Marcus Annius Verus (I) was a senator and (according to the Historia Augusta) ex-praetor; his grandfather Marcus Annius Verus (II) was made patrician in 73–74.HA Marcus i. 2, 4; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p.

Caesar's progress through the cursus honorum is well known, although the specific dates associated with his offices are controversial. According to two elogia erected in Rome long after his death, Caesar was a commissioner in the colony at Cercina, military tribune, quaestor, praetor, and proconsul of Asia.Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, 6.1311 The dates of these offices are unclear. The colony is probably one of Marius' of 103 BC.T.C. Brennan, The Praetorship in the Roman Republic, 555.

In Augustus' provincial reforms, Sardinia et Corsica became a senatorial province. The province was administered by a proconsul with the rank of a praetor. In AD 6, a separate senatorial province of Corsica was established, since Augustus had appropriated the island of Sardinia, where a large garrison was kept under arms, as one of his personal provinces. Even after the return of Sardinia to the Senate in AD 67, the two islands remained separate provinces.

Vulcan and Gladiator (still the praetor of his Imperial Guard) attack the leader of the Scy'ar Tal and are easily defeated, whereupon they retreat deeper into Shi'ar space. Marvel Girl makes contact with the Eldest Scy'ar Tal and discovers their true origin. The Scy'ar Tal were originally called the M'Kraan. Early in their history, the Shi'ar attacked them, killed a great number of their people, making the rest flee for their lives.

Badian, "The Consuls, 179-49 BC", Chiron, 20 (1990), p. 374 but was adopted into the Manlia gens, probably by Lucius Manlius Acidinus.Velleius Paterculus, ii.8 Fulvianus was praetor in 188 BC, and had the province of Hispania Citerior allotted to him, where he remained until 186 BC. In the latter year he defeated the Celtiberi, and had it not been for the arrival of his successor would have reduced the whole people to subjection.

Following his tenure as praetor, in 129 Minicius decided to participate in the Olympic Games in Greece. To do so, he traveled to Tarraco, the largest city in Hispania Tarraconensis, where Roman chariot races to qualify for the Olympic Games were being held. Minicius hired the best chariot driver who won the race and, therefore, qualified to go to Greece. He went on to win the chariot race in the 227th Olympiad.

Cicero hoped for Lentulus' aid against Clodius;Cicero, ad Quintum Fratrem i.2 although the praetor did, with other senior figures, attempt to persuade Pompeius to act to protect Cicero, this failed, as Pompeius refused to act against an elected tribune on his own authority.Cicero, in Pisonem 77 In 51 BC he stood for election to the prestigious priestly board of fifteen men in charge of the Sibylline Books (Quindecimviri sacris faciundis),MRR II s.a.

It is possible that his grandfather had been the slave of an ancestor of Aulus Larcius Priscus, consul in 110. Werner Eck writes there is no doubt that the homonymous senator Aulus Larcius Macedo, who achieved the rank of praetor, is the father of the consul. The older Macedo is best known as a slave owner whose cruelty provoked some of his slaves to murder him in his baths.Pliny the Younger, Epistulae, III.

Antonio Beccadelli (1394–1471), called Il Panormita (poetic form meaning "The Palermitan"), was an Italian poet, canon lawyer, scholar, diplomat, and chronicler. He generally wrote in Latin. Born at Palermo, he was the eldest son of the merchant Enrico di Vannino Beccadelli, who had played an active role in Sicilian politics, serving as Praetor of Palermo in 1393. He helped his father with his business until he became consumed with enthusiasm for humanistic studies.

Bassus then spread the rumour that Caesar had been defeated and killed in Africa, and claimed that he had been appointed governor of Syria. He marched against Sextus, who defeated him; but then induced Sextus' own soldiers to revolt and slay their commander. Bassus claimed the title of praetor, and most of Sextus' troops, although a few remained loyal, and fled to Cilicia. Caesar then assigned Syria to Quintus Cornificius, then in Cilicia.

Galba was a praetor in 151 BC. He was awarded Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula, including modern Spain and Portugal) as his province, where a war was being fought against the Celtiberians. When Galba arrived, he immediately confronted the Lusitanians. Galba successfully drove the enemy away, but he exhausted his undisciplined army and decided not to pursue the enemy. The Lusitanians turned around and a fierce battle ensued in which 7,000 Romans died.

The senate did not take any immediate action and instead decided to get the new praetors to ask for instructions after they were elected in the forthcoming elections.Livy, The history of Rome, 33.19.7; 33.21.6–9 At the end of the year, soon after the elections of the new consuls and praetors, news arrived that the army of Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus had been routed in Hispania Citerior and that the praetor had been mortally wounded.

Quintus Fulvius then marched through Carpetania and went to Contrebia (Contrebia Belaisca near Botorrita, in the province of Zaragoza). The townsfolk sent for Celtiberian assistance by they were delayed by floods. The praetor seized the city and heavy rains forced him to take his army into the town. After the floods the Celtiberians arrived, saw no Roman camp and were caught by surprise then the Roman army came out of the town.

He was a praetor in 200 BC and received Cisalpine Gaul as his province. Shortly after he arrived in Cisalpine Gaul with 5,000 Latin troops, about 40,000 Insubres, Cenomani, and Boii, led by the Carthaginian general, Hamilcar, plundered Placentia and besieged Cremona. Upon learning of the invasion, Purpureo requested more troops from Rome. The Senate responded by sending him a new army of two Roman legions and a similar number of Latin troops.

These included Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus (consul 79 BC), Gaius Scribonius Curio, Gaius Cassius Longinus Varus (consul 73 BC), and Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus (consul 72 BC).Cicero, De Imperio Cn. Pompei, 68T.P. Wiseman, 'The Senate and the Populares', in The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume IX, 2nd edition (Cambridge: 1994), p. 335 The proposal was also supported by Cicero, at the time serving as praetor, in his extant speech De Imperio Cn. Pompei.

Creticus was given the proconsular command against the island of Crete, which was aiding Mithridates and infested with pirates. He defeated the island and triumphed for it in 62 BC, receiving the cognomen 'Creticus'. Another son was Lucius Caecilius Metellus. He was praetor in 71 BC. He succeeded Gaius Verres as governor of Sicily in 70 BC. He died in office as consul in 68 BC. Marcus Caecilius Metellus was Caprarius' third son.

Numidicus was possibly mint master in 117 or 116 BC, he was praetor by 112 BC, and he was consul in 109 BC. Both Caprarius and Numidicus were conservative aristocrats, in keeping with their family history. In their censorship, Numidicus tried unsuccessfully to expel Lucius Appuleius Saturninus and Gaius Servilius Glaucia from the Senate. Saturninus was a popularis, a politician that drew his power from the people. He was of plebeian stock.

He was taken prisoner at Battle of Cannae and, with two others, was sent to Rome to negotiate the release of his fellow prisoners. However, the Senate refused to entertain the proposition. In 211 BC, he was made urban praetor and at the expiration of his year of office he made promagistrate of Etruria. In 209 BC, he was commanded by dictator Quintus Fulvius Flaccus to the command of an army at Capua.

According to the Fraccaro hypothesis, when the Roman monarchy was replaced by two praetores in c. 500 BC, the royal legion was divided into two (one for each praetor), each legion comprising 3,000 hoplites. The velites and cavalry were also split equally (1,200 velites and 300 cavalry each), for a total of 4,500 men.Cornell (1995) 182 This remained the normal size of a Republican legion until the end of the Social War (88 BC).

The company was founded as Munich Helicopter Service (MHS) in 1977. After the purchase of the airline by the entrepreneur Gerhard Brandecker in 2009, the airline put a focus on adding business jets to its fleet. MHS Aviation has been in business for more than 40 years and has developed into one of the largest executive charter operators in Germany. In October of 2019 MHS Aviation took delivery of Europe’s first Embraer Praetor 600.

The patrician senators declared that they would not ratify the election. The bitter dispute almost led to another plebeian secession. Camillus struck a compromise: in exchange for the patricians acknowledging the election of Lucius Sextius, the plebeians made the concession that the patricians might elect from the patricians one praetor to administer justice in the City.Livy, The History of Rome, 6.42 In that year the office of the curule aediles was also created.

These include a praetor's edict setting forth the laws of the praetor's area of jurisdiction, the praetorship of Sicily being rotated annually. Each praetor introduced his own edict. However, it was customary for a praetor's edict to conform to previous edicts. Unfortunately, it is difficult to determine whether or not a provision pertaining to tax collection from the edict of Verres is a continuation of the Lex Hieronica or a new regulation.ibid.

Cassius spent the next two years in office, and apparently tightened his friendship with Cicero.In a letter written in 45 BC, Cassius says to Cicero, "There is nothing that gives me more pleasure to do than to write to you; for I seem to be talking and joking with you face to face" (Ad Fam., xv.19). In 44 BC, he became praetor peregrinus with the promise of the Syrian province for the ensuing year.

5 His next office was as quaestor of the province of Sicily, and upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy Aponianus would be enrolled in the Senate.Richard Talbert, The Senate of Imperial Rome (Princeton: University Press, 1984), p. 16 The traditional Republican magistracy plebeian tribune followed, and after that praetor, which enabled him to hold important appointments. Late in the year 69 Aponianus was commissioned legatus legionis or commander of Legio III Gallica.

Lucius Licinius Murena was the father (pater) of a son by the same name also involved in the Civil and Mithridatic Wars. Unlike Lentulus, Murena is an imperator, but not a proconsul, not even ex praetura. Moreover, he cannot be found on the list of consuls, even though his son can. The idea that he was some sort of praetor at Rome, to become pro consule ex praetura is thus unsubstantiated by any evidence.

Altar to the unknown god. There is an altar dedicated to the unknown God found in 1820 on the Palatine Hill of Rome. It contains an inscription in Latin that says: SEI·DEO·SEI·DEIVAE·SAC G·SEXTIVS·C·F·CALVINVSPR DE·SENATI·SENTENTIA RESTITVIT Which could be translated into English as: "Either for a god or a sacred goddess, Caius Sextius Calvinus, son of Gaius, praetor by order of the Senate restored this." The altar is currently exhibited in the Palatine Museum.

Corbier, L'aerarium saturni et l'aerarium militare, p. 193 After completing three years with the legion, Papus advanced through the traditional Republican magistracies: quaestor, which he served in Africa, plebeian tribune, and peregrine praetor. Anthony Birley notes that despite his father's friendship with emperor Hadrian, Papus received no signs of special favor: he was never a candidatus of the emperor for any Republican magistracy, nor did he hold a major priesthood. The only such religious duty was as sodalis Augustalis.

It may have been in the same year that Agrippa began his political career, holding the position of Tribune of the Plebs, which granted him entry to the Senate.Mentioned only by Servius auctus on Virgil, Aeneid 8.682, but a necessary preliminary to his position as urban praetor in 40 BC. Roddaz (p. 41) favours the 43 BC date. Bust of Agrippa, Pushkin Museum In 42 BC, Agrippa probably fought alongside Octavian and Antony in the Battle of Philippi.

" In Rome, the settlement of the colony was marked by the minting of a coin, by order of the Senate, dedicated to emperor Trajan. During the reign of Hadrian the city was renamed Colonia Ulpia Traiana Augusta Dacica Sarmizegetusa. Between 222 and 235 the colony was called a metropolis. The name was found on a stone inscription that reads "To Gaius Arrius Quadratus, son of Gaius, acting praetor of the emperor in Colonia Ulpia Traiana Augusta Dacica Sarmizegetusa.

Cicero, De Imperio Cn. Pompei, 68T.P. Wiseman, 'The Senate and the Populares', in The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume IX, 2nd edition (Cambridge: 1994), p. 335 It was also supported by Cicero, at the time serving as praetor, in his extant speech pro lege Manilia (also known as de Imperio Cn. Pompei). Pompey soon moved against Mithridates and Tigranes and had defeated both by the end of 65 BC (though Mithridates was not killed until 63 BC).

Battle of Teutoburg Forest, by Otto Albert Koch (1909). After a distinguished start to his military career, Germanicus returned to Rome in late AD 9 to personally announce his victory. He was honored with a triumphal insignia (without an actual triumph) and the rank (not the actual title) of praetor. He was also given permission to be a candidate for consul before the regular time and the right to speak first in the Senate after the consuls.

Several legions grouped together made up a distinctive field force or "army". Fighting strength could vary but generally a legion was made up of 4,800 soldiers, 60 centurions, 300 artillerymen, and 100 engineers and artificers, and 1,200 non-combatants. Each legion was supported by a unit of 300 cavalries, the equites. Supreme command of either legion or army was by consul or proconsul or a praetor, or in cases of emergency in the republican era, a dictator.

The revolt was tangentially related to the Republic's attempts to raise more troops by appeasing the Italians by emancipating Italians who had been enslaved for failure to pay tax. In 104 BC, a praetor by the name of Publius Licinius Nerva was instructed to establish a tribunal to identify and emancipate enslaved Italians. The premature closure of the tribunal due to local pressure caused unrest and ignited an uprising that would consume the island until 100 BC.

In the constitution of ancient Rome, prorogatio was the extension of a commander's imperium beyond the one-year term of his magistracy, usually that of consul or praetor. Prorogatio developed as a legal procedure in response to Roman expansionism and militarization; the number of annexed territories and theaters of operations outgrew the number of elected officials available to take on military and administrative duties.Andrew Lintott, The Constitution of the Roman Republic (Oxford University Press, 1999.), p. 113 ff. online.

Serge Lancel, Hannibal (Blackwell, 1999, from the French edition of 1995), p. 147. Ruin of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi In 205, Catius and Marcus Pomponius Matho, who would later become the praetor in charge of the investigation against Pleminius, were sent as Rome's ambassadors to Delphi with gifts to dedicate at the temple. These included a 200-pound gold crown and images (simulacra) of the spoils seized from Hasdrubal, amounting to 1,000 pounds of silver.Livy 28.45.

Augustus made changes that were designed to reduce the Praetor to being an imperial administrator rather than a magistrate. The electoral body was changed to the Senate, which was now an instrument of imperial ratification. To take a very simplistic view, the establishment of the principate can be seen as the restoration of monarchy under another name. The Emperor therefore assumed the powers once held by the kings, but he used the apparatus of the republic to exercise them.

Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus (born no later than 93 BC \- died 42 BC) was a senator and praetor of the Roman Republic. He was born with the name Appius Claudius Pulcher, into the patrician family of the Claudii Pulchri but adopted by a Livii Drusi as a small child. His daughter Livia Drusilla became the wife of the first Roman Emperor Augustus, and he was a direct ancestor of the Julio-Claudian emperors Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius and Nero.

A distinction between "atrox" and ordinary iniuria frequently recurs. As the question, which it was, was probably left to the praetor, it is likely that the distinction was not very exactly drawn. We are told in varying terms that it might be atrox ex re (or facto) from its extreme nature, or ex persona, the person insulted being one to whom special respect was due (e.g. the patron, or a magistrate), or ex loco, where it was very public.

As the young king was about to kneel a second time, Nero lifted him by his right hand and after kissing him, made him sit at his side on a chair a little lower than his own. Meanwhile, the populace gave tumultuous ovations to both rulers. A Praetor, speaking to the audience, interpreted and explained the words of Tiridates, who spoke in Greek. According to Pliny the Elder, Tiridates I then introduced Nero to magian feasts (magicis cenis).

While Histor was a praetor, he also achieved the honor of being a comites or companion of the emperor Claudius. One office Histor held not recorded in the Istrian inscription was governor of the imperial province of Pannonia; Tacitus is our source for this fact. While the translation of Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb call this governor "P. Atellius Hister", editions of Tacitus more recent than that used by Church and Brodribb call him "Palpellius Hister".

In Augustus's provincial reforms in 27 BC, Sardinia et Corsica became a senatorial province. The province was administered by a proconsul with the rank of a praetor. In AD 6, a separate senatorial province of Corsica was established since Augustus had appropriated the island of Sardinia, where a large garrison was kept under arms, as one of his personal provinces. Even after the return of Sardinia to the Senate in AD 67, the two islands remained separate provinces.

Quintus Ancharius was a politician in the 1st century BCE in Ancient Rome. He was tribunus plebis in 59 . He took an active part in opposing the agrarian law of Julius Caesar, and in consequence of his services to the aristocracy of Rome was made praetor in 56, during which time he was a juror in the case of Publius Sestius under Lex Plautia Papiria. Ancharius received the province of Macedonia the following year, succeeding Lucius Piso.

J.: This was Cicero (1964) p.83 His brother, Marcus, tried several times to reconcile the spouses, but to no avail.Marcus Tullius Cicero: Samtliga brev, collected letters translated into Swedish by Gabriel Sjögren (1963) The couple had a son born in 66 BC and named Quintus Tullius Cicero after his father. Quintus was Aedile in 66 BC, Praetor in 62 BC, and Propraetor of the Province of Asia for three years 61-59 BC.Rawson, E.: Cicero (1975) p.

After three years in prison, Velvet is freed by Seres, Artorius' former malak, who has broken away from him. During her escape, Velvet aids fellow prisoners Rokurou and Magilou and fights against the Praetor Exorcist Oscar Dragonia. Seres takes a fatal attack when Oscar turns one of his Malakhim servants into a dragon to face them. Absorbing Seres at her own request, Velvet makes a final attack on Oscar that blinds him in one eye before he escapes.

Crassus was elected praetor in 73 BC and pursued the cursus honorum. During the Third Servile War, or Spartacus revolt (73-71 BC), Crassus offered to equip, train, and lead new troops, at his own expense, after several legions had been defeated and their commanders killed in battle. Crassus was sent into battle against Spartacus by the Senate. At first he had trouble both in anticipating Spartacus' moves and in inspiring his army and strengthening their morale.

Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus was a Roman statesman in the 2nd century BC. He was elected consul in the year 148 BC, serving alongside Spurius Postumius Albinus Magnus. His last name indicates that he was originally a member of the Caesonia and was adopted by one of the Pisones. Lucius served as Praetor in 154 BC, receiving the province Hispania Ulterior during the period of the Lusitanian War. He was defeated in battle against the Lusitani led by Punicus.

16 Two more of the traditional Republican magistracies followed: plebeian tribune and praetor. The last appointment, before the inscription breaks off, was his commission as legatus legionis or commander of Legio XV Apollinaris; Everett L. Wheeler dates his tenure with this unit to the 90s of this era.Everett L. Wheeler, "Legio XV Apollinaris: From Carnuntum to Satala—and beyond", in Y. Le Bohec and C. Wolff, eds. Les Légions de Rome sous le Haut-Empire (Lyon/Paris 2002), pp.

Iulianus was then admitted directly to the senate with quaestorian rank (Allectus inter quaestorios), and this was followed by an appointment as Praetor. In 232, Iulianus was granted an ordinary consulship, with Lucius Marius Maximus as his colleague. His last known posting was as Legatus Augusti pro praetore (or imperial governor) of the province of Syria Coele, sometime during the reign of Gordian III (238—244). Iulianus' brother, Lucius Virius Agricola, served as consul ordinarius in 230.

Two more of the traditional Republican magistracies followed: aedile plebis Cerialis, and praetor. After stepping down from the praetorship, Priscus held a series of posts. First he held a pair of consecutive appointments as legatus or assistant to two proconsuls, the first was in the public province of Sicily, the second Asia. This was followed by his own governorship of the public province of Gallia Narbonensis; Werner Eck dates his governorship to the term 119/120.

Statue of Annia Cornificia Faustina Minor (Archaeological Museum in Ostia antica) Annia Cornificia Faustina Minor (Minor Latin for the younger, 160–212) was a daughter of the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius and his wife, Faustina the Younger. She was sister to Lucilla and Commodus. Her maternal grandparents were Antoninus Pius and Faustina the Elder, and her paternal grandparents were Domitia Lucilla and praetor Marcus Annius Verus. She was named in honor of her late paternal aunt Annia Cornificia Faustina.

42 The Master of the Horse had constitutional command authority (imperium) equivalent to a praetor, and often, when they authorized the appointment of a dictator, the senate specified who was to be the Master of the Horse. In many respects, he functioned more as a parallel magistrate (like an inferior co-consul) than he did as a direct subordinate.Lintott, p. 112 Whenever a dictator's term ended, the term of his Master of the Horse ended as well.

Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus (flourished 1st century BC) was the brother of triumvir Marcus Aemilius Lepidus and son to Marcus Aemilius Lepidus the consul of 78 BC. His mother may have been a daughter of Lucius Appuleius Saturninus. Paullus supported Cicero during the Catiline Conspiracy. He never supported Pompey, probably because he held a grudge against him for betraying his father in 77. Paullus was quaestor in 59 BC, aedile in 55, praetor in 53 and consul in 50.

By marrying Vespasia Polla, he allied himself to the more prestigious patrician gens Vespasia, ensuring the elevation of his sons Titus Flavius Sabinus II and Vespasian to the senatorial rank. The political career of Vespasian included the offices of quaestor, aedile and praetor and culminated with a consulship in 51, the year Domitian was born. As a military commander, he gained early renown by participating in the Roman invasion of Britain in 43.Jones, (1992), p.

Tiberius Claudius Paulinus was a Roman general and politician of the early third century. Several inscriptions in Britain preserve details of his cursus honorum. The earliest office Paulinus held was legatus or commander of Legio II Augusta at Caerleon. After an unknown period of time, he was proconsular governor of Gallia Narbonensis for the term 216/217; this was followed by legatus Augusti pro praetor, or governorship of the imperial province of Gallia Lugdunensis around 218.

In support of this thesis it's showed that there was a proper legal structure around it. Nerva established one specific magistrate (praetor) designed to judge over the legal cases between private individuals and fiscus. The legal agents of the fiscus were the rationalis (and the procurator fisci from the Flavian dynasty ages), nevertheless the judicial actions themselves were made by the advocatus fisci, role created by Hadrian. They were appointed to defend its reasons in trial.

With the abolition of the Roman monarchy in 509 BC, the imperium, or executive power, of the king was divided between two annually-elected magistrates, known as praetors. In time they would come to be known as consuls, although probably not until the creation of a third, junior praetor in 367 BC.Oxford Classical Dictionary, p. 286 ("Consul"). Neither consul was superior to the other, and the decisions of one could be appealed to the other (provocatio).

Livy, ii. 18. According to most authorities, the first dictator was Titus Lartius in 501 BC, who appointed Spurius Cassius his magister equitum. Although there are indications that the term praetor maximus may have been used in the earliest period, the official title of the dictator throughout the history of the Republic was magister populi, or "master of the infantry". His lieutenant, the magister equitum, was the "master of the horse" (that is, of the cavalry).

Lucius Aelius Lamia (before 43 BC - AD 33) was a Roman Senator who held a number of offices under Augustus and Tiberius. He was consul in the year 3 CE with Marcus Servilius as his colleague.Alison E. Cooley, The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy (Cambridge: University Press, 2012), p. 458 Lucius was the son of Lucius Aelius Lamia, a loyal partisan of Cicero who was made praetor in 43 BC but died before completing his term.

Many of his clients were the governors of provinces which they were accused of having plundered. Such men were sure to find themselves brought before a friendly, not to say a corrupt, tribunal, and Hortensius, according to CiceroDiv. in Caecil. 7. was not ashamed to avail himself of this advantage. Having served during two campaigns (in 90 and 89 BC) in the Social War, he became quaestor in 81, aedile in 75, praetor in 72, and consul in 69.

The governor was the province's chief judge. The governor had the sole right to impose capital punishment, and capital cases were normally tried before him. To appeal a governor's decision necessitated travelling to Rome and presenting one's case before either the Praetor Urbanus, or even the Emperor himself, an expensive, and thus rare, process. An appeal was unlikely to succeed anyway, as a governor wouldn’t generally take the chance of convicting someone contrary to the Emperor's wishes.

The praetor or consul who appeared in the ponipa circensis wore the robes of a triumphing general (see Mommsen, Staatsrec/zt I. 397 for the connection of the triumph with the ludi). Thus, when it became customary for the consul to celebrate games at the opening of the consular year, he came, under the empire, to appear in triumphal robes in the processus consularis, or procession of the consul to the Capitol to sacrifice to Jupiter.

Returning to the Greek mainland as strategos in 193 BC, Philopoemen was appointed strategos for a second time to lead the fight against Nabis. In 192 BC, Nabis attempted to recapture the Laconian coastline. The Achaeans responded to Sparta's renewed interest in recovering lost territory by sending an envoy to Rome with a request for help. In response, the Roman Senate sent the praetor Atilius with a navy, as well as an embassy headed by Flamininus.

He had a sister called Licinia who married the consul Lucius Calpurnius Piso; their son, Gaius Calpurnius Piso, was a conspirator against the Emperor Nero. Frugi served as a praetor and in 27 AD as ordinary consul as the colleague of Lucius Calpurnius Piso, under the reign of Emperor Tiberius.Attilio Degrassi, I fasti consolari dell'Impero Romano dal 30 avanti Cristo al 613 dopo Cristo (Rome, 1952), p. 9 Sometime after 44 AD, he served as governor of Mauretania.

The second law was concerned with the sponsio, which was the sum in dispute in cases of debt and usually had to be lodged with the praetor before the case was heard. This, of course, meant that many cases were never heard at all, as poorer clients did not have the money for the sponsio. Sulla's law waived the sponsio, allowing such cases to be heard without it. This, of course, made him very popular with the poorer citizens.

He went to stay at the house of Metellus Celer to allay suspicions as Metellus was the praetor, but was unsuccessful.Cassius Dio, Roman History, 37.1-2. Metellus then brought several conspirators to trial by virtue of a decree of the senate and imprisoned them.Sallust, The War with Catiline, 42.3 Cicero entrusted matters outside Rome to Metellus Celer.Plutarch, Parallel lives, The Life of Cicero, 16.1 He was sent to the district of Pisa (in Etruria) with three legions.

This was an informal conveyance which required only an intention to transfer and delivery of the property. If res mancipi were transferred by traditio, full ownership would not pass and the recipient would become a bonitary owner. Therefore another form of conveyance was required that did not necessitate a ceremony or appearance before the praetor. Because Rome was becoming mercantile, it was simply inconvenient to perform a formal conveyance simply because property was classed as res mancipi.

Lucius Caecilius Metellus Calvus (c. 200 BC or before 178 BC - after 136 BC) was a Roman statesman. He was a son of Quintus Caecilius Metellus and brother of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus. First Calvus used to be a Praetor, later a Consul and Governor of Hispania in 142 BC, where he fought, without success, against Viriathus, then he became a Proconsul of Cisalpine Gaul in 141 BC, and from 140 BC to 139 he was a Legate.

His son, also called Gaius Scribonius Curio, was made a praetor by Julius Caesar, and sent to Sicily and Africa to try and take these provinces for Caesar. There was a rumor that Curio Junior and Mark Anthony had an affair when they were young. When the two men had been banned from seeing each other by Curio Senior, Curio Junior smuggled Mark Anthony in through his father's roof.Tom Holland, Rubicon, pp 235-236 and 251.

The Battle of Decimomannu or Caralis took place in Sardinia when a Carthaginian army sailed to the island to support a local revolt against Roman rule. The army, led by Hasdrubal the Bald, fought a similar size Roman army under the Praetor Titus Manlius Torquatus in the Fall of 215 BC somewhere between Sestu and Decimomannu, just north of Caralis. The Romans destroyed the Carthaginian army and then scattered their fleet in a sea battle south of Sardinia.

In 342, during the dictatorship of Marcus Valerius Corvus, Aemilius served as Magister Equitum. The following year he was elected to his first consulship with Gaius Plautius Venox Hypsaeus. Gaius Plautius led his troops to victories in Priverno and Volsci, while Lucius Aemilius travelled to Samnium where he received the region's ambassadors who demanded peace. The praetor laid the petition of the Samnites before the Senate, and the Senators voted to renew the treaty with them.

London: John Murray, 1872. It derived from the name of one of the chief Roman magistrates, the praetor. (Latin, "leader") was originally the title of the highest-ranking civil servant in the Roman Republic, but later became a position directly below the rank of consul. The general's war council would meet within this tent, thus acquiring an administrative and juridical meaning that was carried over into the Byzantine Empire, where the was the residence of a city's governor.

Born sometime before 97 BC,MRR gives his praetorship in 58 BC. Under the cursus honorum he could not have been praetor until he was aged 39, so he would have been born in or before 97 BC. son of a Publius Lentulus,MRR II, s.a. 49 BC (AUC 705) “L. Cornelius P.f. - n. Lentulus Crus Pat.” his origins are otherwise unknown, though he was most likely a member of the patrician Cornelii Lentuli branch of the gens Cornelia.

Cicero, ad Att. i.16 Lentulus' rise through the cursus honorum of political office is not now known prior to his election, during the consulship of Caesar and Bibulus, as Praetor for 58 BC.MRR II, s.a. 58 BC (AUC 696) During his term of office Clodius, now a tribune of the people, moved against his enemy Cicero on the basis that the latter, as consul of 63 BC, had put Roman citizens to death without trial.

Until 1950, each județ was divided into a number of plăși (singular plasă), each administered by a pretor (from the Latin praetor), appointed by the prefect. Currently, Romania has no NUTS-4 units, the counties being composed directly of cities (with or without municipality status) and communes. As in all modern democracies, the political power in Romania is divided into three independent branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. The prefect and his administration have only executive prerogatives.

The elder boy, Titus Flavius Sabinus, entered public life and pursued the cursus honorum. He served in the army as a military tribune in Thrace in 36. The following year he was elected quaestor and served in Creta et Cyrenaica. He rose through the ranks of Roman public office, being elected aedile on his second attempt in 39 and praetor on his first attempt in 40, taking the opportunity to ingratiate himself with the Emperor Caligula.

In 47, he suppressed a rebellion and was promoted by the Senate to the rank of praetor and was given one and half a million sesterces. In AD 51, the Empress Agrippina the Younger removed him from his command position and replaced him with Sextus Afranius Burrus. She regarded Crispinus as loyal to Messalina's memory. Crispinus married Poppaea Sabina, who would later become Empress (also Nero's second wife) and would bear him a son of the same name.

Denarius of Lucius Memmius, 106 BC. The reverse depicts Venus driving a chariot, with Cupid flying above, alluding to the Trojan ancestry claimed by the Memmii. The gens Memmia was a plebeian family at Rome. The first member of the gens to achieve prominence was Gaius Memmius Gallus, praetor in 172 BC. From the period of the Jugurthine War to the age of Augustus they contributed numerous tribunes to the Republic.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.

The town was one of three captured by the praetor Marcus Valerius Laevinus after they had revolted in 215 BC. Its inhabitants, the Viscellani, are also mentioned by Pliny the Elder. This suggests the possibility that the ancestors of the Cassii were from Hirpinum, or had some other connection with Viscellium. The existence of a substantial estate of the Cassii in Hirpinum at a later time further supports such a connection.Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, xxiii. 37.

Octavius served as praetor in 168 BC and was given control of the Roman fleet in the Third Macedonian War.Livy, Ab Urbe Condita 44.17 After the consul Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus defeated Perseus at Pydna, Octavius took the Roman fleet to Samothrace in pursuit of Perseus. Perseus surrendered himself to Octavius and was brought to Macedonicus at Amphipolis.Livy, Ab Urbe Condita 45.5-6 The next year, 167, Octavius transported the spoils from the Macedonian War and received a triumph.

During his time in these positions, Caesar befriended Pompey and Crassus, the two men with whom he would later form the First Triumvirate. As the years went on, recognition for Caesar's political, military, and oratory skills grew and he easily was elected praetor and consul. After his consulship, Caesar gained control of the provinces of Illyricum, Cisalpine, and Transalpine Gaul. In 58 BC, trouble arose in the Gallic provinces, sparking one of the most important wars of Caesar's career.

He is of above-average height, with an athletic build and muscular arms. By the age of fifteen, he has earned the rank of praetor and leads the legion with his longtime partner, Reyna. Jason also coordinated the Roman camp's attack on the Titan force. He led an assault against Mount Tamalpais/Othrys, a Titan stronghold near San Francisco, and defeated the Titan Krios in combat, much as Percy Jackson defeated Hyperion and helped to defeat Kronos.

Not a great deal is known about the career of Serranus, who was born into the Plebeian branch of the gens Atilia. By 109 BC had been elected to the rank of Praetor,Broughton, pg. 545 and this was followed by his election as consul in 106 BC.Broughton, pg. 553 Although noted by Cicero as being a "stultissimus homo" ("a most stupid man"), he managed to defeat Quintus Lutatius Catulus in the consular elections of that year.

The consuls for 171 BC were Publius Licinius Crassus and Gaius Cassius Longinus. Macedon was assigned to Publius Licinius and the command of the fleet was assigned to the praetor Gaius Lucretius.Livy, The History of Rome, 22.28, 32, 35 Two legions were assigned for Macedon and the number of men for each was 6,000 instead of the usual 5,200, plus allied troops numbering 16,000 infantry and 800 cavalry. Envoys were sent to confer with the Greek states.

As a patrician, Pollio was ineligible to hold the office of plebeian tribune, and was excused from serving as an aedile, so his next office was the traditional Republican magistracy of praetor. At this point, he acceded to the suffect consulship almost automatically after reaching his thirty-second or thirty-third birthday. By this point in his life Pollio had been admitted to the sodales Antoniniani. Upon stepping down from the consulate, Pollio received a series of imperial appointments.

Secondly, leges did not in themselves apply to persons who were not true Roman citizens but an actio ficticia was given in this case for others. Thirdly, the lex covered only cases of property. Injury of a freeman was thus not within it, as a man was not considered to own his body. The praetor gave an actio utilis to a freeman who, or whose filiusfamilias, had been injured, but not where a freeman was killed.

39 Many Roman emperors included public libraries into their political propaganda to win favor from citizens. While scholars were employed in librarian roles in the various emperors' libraries, there was no specific office or role that qualified an individual to be a librarian. For example, Pompeius Macer, the first librarian of Augustus' library, was a praetor, an office that combined both military and judicial duties. A later librarian of the same library was Gaius Julius Hyginus, a grammarian.

Still, 12,000 men died and 5,000 men and 400 horses were captured. The fugitives bumped into another body of Celtiberians on its way to Contrebia which, on being told about the defeat, dispersed. Quintus Fulvius marched through Celtiberian territory, ravaged the countryside and stormed many forts until the Celtiberians surrendered.Livy, The History of Rome, 40.33 In 180 BC the praetor Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus was assigned the command of Hispania Citerior and the conduct of the war with the Celtiberians.

The first speech was the only one to be delivered in front of the praetor urbanus Manius Acilius Glabrio. In it, Cicero took advantage of the almost unconditional freedom to speak in court to demolish Verres' case. Cicero touched very little on Verres' extortion crimes in Sicily in the first speech. Instead, he took a two-pronged approach, by both inflating the vanity of the all-senator jury and making the most of Verres' early character.

249 and given command of the province of Gallia Cisalpina. He led his army of two legions plus reinforcements against the Celtic Boii, who had risen in revolt and declared for Hannibal. The death of the Roman General Postumius at the hands of the Boii During his term as a praetor, he was elected in absentia (and whilst on campaign) as a consul for the year 215. However, he did not live to officially enter the consulship.

Sallust, Bellum Catilinae 59, 6: Homo militaris, quod amplius annos triginta tribunus aut praefectus aut legatus aut praetor cum magna gloria in exercitu fuerat. Petreius served at the latest in 64 BC as Praetor, although the exact year he took on this position is unknown. Petreius first served under Pompeius Strabo during the Social War (91-88 BC). In 76-71 BC he served Pompey as a Legate in Spain fighting Sertorius. In 63/62 BC he served as Legate under the Consul Gaius Antonius Hybrida. He led the Senatorial forces in the victory over the revolutionary Lucius Sergius Catilina at Pistoria in early 62 BC, while Hybrida remained away from the battle with a foot ache.Sallust, Bellum Catilinae 59, 4–61. During Gaius Julius Caesar’s Consulship of 59 BC, Marcus Petreius allied himself with Caesar’s bitter opponent Marcus Porcius Cato (the Younger).Cassius Dio 38, 3, 2. From 55 BC, Petreius and Lucius Afranius administered the Spanish provinces as Legates, while the official governor Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus remained in Rome.

At first it was practically unlimited. The law was then gradually modified in favour of the heir, until in the time of Justinian the heir who duly made an inventory of the property of the deceased was liable only for the assets to which he had succeeded. This limitation of liability is generally termed by the civilians beneficium inventarii. Something like the English probate is to be found in the rules for breaking the seals of a will in presence of the praetor.

His cursus honorum begins with the quaestorship in 113 BC and a incident involving the Vestals, and in 102 Antonius was elected praetor with proconsular powers for the Roman province of Cilicia. During his term, Antonius fought the pirates with such success that the Senate voted a naval triumph in his honor. He was then elected consul in 99, together with Aulus Postumius Albinus, and in 97, he was elected censor. He held a command in the Social War in 90.

It was mostly assumed that the husband of Octavia maior and brother-in-law of Octavian, the quaestor and praetor urbanus Sextus Apuleius was meant here.Cp. e.g. Walther Sontheimer & Konrat Ziegler, Der kleine Pauly – Lexikon der Antike in fünf Bänden, München 1979, p. 470 A strong case has however been made for his son Sextus Apuleius, who was augur and consul with Octavian in 29 BC.John Pollini, "Ahenobarbi, Appuleii and Some Others on the Ara Pacis", American Journal of Archaeology, Vol.

Massimo Pallottino, "The Doctrine and Sacred Books of the Disciplina Etrusca", Roman and European Mythologies (University of Chicago Press, 1992, from the French edition of 1981), pp. 43–44. Nigidius Figulus, the Late Republican scholar and praetor of 58 BC, was noted for his expertise in the disciplina.Elizabeth Rawson, "Caesar, Etruria, and the Disciplina Etrusca", Journal of Roman Studies 68 (1978), p. 138. Extant ancient sources on the Etrusca disciplina include Pliny the Elder, Seneca, Cicero, Johannes Lydus, Macrobius and Festus.

Agricola began his military career in Britain, serving under governor Gaius Suetonius Paulinus. In his subsequent career, he served in a variety of positions: he was appointed quaestor in Asia province in 64, Plebeian Tribune in 66, and praetor in 68. He supported Vespasian during the Year of the Four Emperors (69), and was given a military command in Britain when the latter became emperor. When his command ended in 73, he was made patrician in Rome and appointed governor of Gallia Aquitania.

Syme, pg. 228 It is assumed Libo reached the office of praetor by 50 BC.Broughton, pg. 247 In 50 BC the Senate, led by Pompey, ordered populist politician and general Julius Caesar to disband his army and return to Rome because his term as governor had ended.Suetonius, Julius 28 Caesar thought he would be prosecuted if he entered Rome without the immunity enjoyed by a magistrate. On 10 January 49 BC Caesar crossed the Rubicon river, and ignited Caesar's Civil War.

Lea actually does not know where he is. In revenge, Julia orders Lea to be blinded by a white-hot sword. Marco Valerio finds refuge with fellow soldiers on abandoned caves outside the city and through his friend, Tullius rally up his supporters in the region including the powerful Praetor Licinius and the senators Faustus Domitius and Horace Tiberius. They all plan to remove Flavius Metellus and the corrupt Publio Cornelio from power taking the city military from two sides.

4f His service as prefect of the feriae Latinae preceded his term as quaestor, possibly attached to the Roman emperor, most likely Hadrian. Priscus then achieved the office of praetor around the year 142; there is no mention of any intermediary magistracy like plebeian tribune or aedile, which supports Alföldy's assertion that Priscus was a patrician. However, that he was commissioned legatus or commander of Legio I Italica (dated to c. 143-144), is unusual for a patrician by the mid-second century.

Gaius Octavius (fl. 216 BC) was a Roman army officer who was active during the third century BC. He was the son of the equestrian Gaius Octavius and grandson of the quaestor Gnaeus Octavius Rufus, also the father of Velitrae's magistrate Gaius Octavius, grandfather of praetor Gaius Octavius and great- grandfather of Roman emperor Augustus (reigning 27 BC - 14 AD). When Marcus Antonius tried to show his contempt against Augustus, he said that Octavius was a freedman and rope-maker from Thurii., p.

9, 2.2 During the Second Punic War, Octavius served as military tribune and participated in the disastrous battle of Cannae, being one of few survivors. When the Carthaginians marched into the Roman camp, Octavius and his colleague, tribune P. Sempronius Tuditanus, managed to cut their way through the enemy and arrived safely in Canusium. He served in Sicilia (modern Sicily) under the praetor Lucius Aemilius Papus in 205 BC, but it is unknown whether he took part in some other expedition.

The son of Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica, praetor about 95 BC, and Licinia, Scipio was the grandson of Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica, consul in 111, and Lucius Licinius Crassus, consul in 95. His great-grandfather was Scipio Nasica Serapio, the man who murdered Tiberius Gracchus in 133 BC. Through his mother Cornelia, Serapio was also the grandson of Scipio Africanus. Scipio's father died not long after his praetorship,Cicero, Brutus 212. and was survived by two sons and two daughters.

As magistrates, they had standing duties to perform, especially of a religious nature. However, a consul or praetor could be taken away from his current duties at any time to head a task force, and there were many, especially military. Livy mentions that, among other tasks, these executive officers were told to lead troops against perceived threats (domestic or foreign), investigate possible subversion, raise troops, conduct special sacrifices, distribute windfall money, appoint commissioners and even exterminate locusts. Praetors could delegate at will.

Another leading conspirator, Lucius Cassius Longinus, who was praetor in 66 BC with Cicero, joined the conspiracy after he failed to obtain the consulship in 64 BC along with Catiline. By the time that the election came around, he was no longer even regarded as a viable candidate. Gaius Cornelius Cethegus, a relatively young man at the time of the conspiracy, was noted for his violent nature. His impatience for rapid political advancement may account for his involvement in the conspiracy.

Taylor, 85 The president of the Centuriate Assembly was usually a Consul (although sometimes a Praetor). Only Consuls (the highest-ranking of all Roman Magistrates) could preside over the Centuriate Assembly during elections because the higher-ranking Consuls were always elected together with the lower-ranking Praetors. Consuls and Praetors were usually elected in July, and took office in January. Two Consuls, and at least six Praetors, were elected each year for an annual term that began in January and ended in December.

While praetor in 62 BC, Caesar supported Metellus Nepos, now tribune, in proposing controversial legislation that would recall Pompey and his army in order to quell the rising disorder in Italy.p173, Caesar, Goldsworthy However, the pair were so obstinate in their proposals that they were suspended from office by the Senate. Caesar attempted to continue to perform his duties, only giving way when violence was threatened. The Senate was persuaded to reinstate him after he quelled public demonstrations in his favour.

Salonia Matidia (4 July 68 CE – 23 December 119 CE) was the daughter and only child of Ulpia Marciana and wealthy praetor Gaius Salonius Matidius Patruinus. Her maternal uncle was the Roman emperor Trajan. Trajan had no children and treated her like his daughter. Her father died in 78 CE and Matidia went with her mother to live with Trajan and his wife, Pompeia Plotina. Between 81 and 82, Matidia married a suffect consul and former proconsul Lucius Vibius Sabinus.

Lucilla married Marcus Annius Verus, a praetor, who came from a wealthy senatorial family. Verus' sister Faustina the Elder was a Roman Empress and married the Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius. Verus was a nephew to Roman Empress Vibia Sabina and his maternal grandmother was Salonina Matidia (niece of Roman Emperor Trajan). With Verus, she had two children, a son, the future Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius (26 April 121) and a daughter Annia Cornificia Faustina (122/123 – between 152 and 158).

799 During this period he wrote a series of witty and informative letters to Cicero, who was serving as proconsul of Cilicia at the time. After much hesitation, Caelius sided with Julius Caesar against Pompey in the civil war, warning Cicero accordingly not to align his fortunes with Pompey:D R Shackleton Bailey trans., Cicero’s Letters to his Friends (Atlanta 1988) p. 158 and p. 270 in 48 BC he was rewarded with the office of praetor peregrinus (“judge of suits involving foreigners”).

Caecilia Metella was daughter of Lucius Caecilius Metellus Calvus, Consul in 142 BC, and sister of Lucius Caecilius Metellus Dalmaticus and Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus. She was married to Lucius Licinius Lucullus, Praetor in 104 BC. Instead of playing the role of a virtuous married woman, Calva engaged in a succession of scandalous affairs, mostly with slaves, that eventually led to divorce. She was the mother of Lucius Licinius Lucullus (Consul in 74 BC) and Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus (Consul in 73 BC).

Regardless, his ambition to further expand his power was clear.Suetonius, The Lives of Twelve Caesars, Life of Claudius 27 By AD 23, Sejanus had come to exert considerable influence over the emperor. Such was his relationship with the emperor that he was referred to by Tiberius as Socius Laborum ("my partner in my toils").Tacitus, Annals, IV.2 Sejanus' influence and position allowed him to be elevated to the rank of praetor, a position typically confined to members of the equestrian order.

Following his consulship, Priscus was legatus pro praetor, or governor, of the imperial province of Pannonia, which Werner Eck dates from 91 to 94.Eck, "Jahres- und Provinzialfasten der senatorischen Statthalter von 69/70 bis 138/139", Chiron, 12 (1982), pp. 319-322 Although the name of his wife is not known, it is known that Priscus had two sons, Marcellus and Priscus. Marcellus was adopted by Priscus' childless older brother, Marcus Hirrius Fronto Neratius Pansa, and became his heir.

The lex Calpurnia (also lex Calpurnia de repetundis) was a law sponsored in 149 BC by tribune Lucius Calpurnius Piso. According to this law, a permanent court, presided by a praetor, was to be established to prosecute extortion committed by magistrates and governors. Provincial governors tried to compensate for their preceding service in Rome, which was unpaid, by levying extremely high taxes and extorting the populace. The penalties were probably only pecuniary as a compensation and did not include exile.

A Roman praetor, Gaius Claudius Glaber, gathered a force of 3,000 men, not as legions, but as a militia "picked up in haste and at random, for the Romans did not consider this a war yet, but a raid, something like an attack of robbery."Appian, Civil Wars, 1:116. Glaber's forces besieged the slaves on Mount Vesuvius, blocking the only known way down the mountain. With the slaves thus contained, Glaber was content to wait until starvation forced the slaves to surrender.

At the request of Pompey, Cicero defended him. Gallus travelled to Greece in 51 BC and became a praetor in Achaea, then travelled to Athens, to visit Cicero. During the civil war between Caesar and Pompey, Gallus remained neutral. Gallus had a son of the same name, who served as a consul with Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa in 37 BC and a grandson of the same name that served as a suffect consul in 2 BC, along with Marcus Plautius Silvanus.

For many authors Viriatus is the model of the guerrilla fighter. Nothing is known about Viriatus until his first feat of war in 149 BC. He was with an army of ten thousand men that invaded southern Turdetania. Rome sent the praetor Caius Vetilius to fight the rebellion. He attacked a group of Lusitanian warriors who were out foraging, and after several of them were killed, the survivors took refuge in a place that was surrounded by the Roman army.

The Mediterranean during 218 BC, showing Italy, Carthage, and Greece. As praetor peregrinus, Laevinus commanded the Roman fleet off the Adriatic coast during the First Macedonian War,Eutr. 3.12.3 which occurred contemporaneously with the Second Punic War against Carthage. Rome's preoccupation with war against Carthage provided an opportunity for Philip V of Macedon to extend his power westward. Following the Carthaginian victory over Rome at Cannae in 216, Philip sent ambassadors to Hannibal's camp in Italy to negotiate an alliance against Rome.

According to William Smith, this Atilius is the first Atilius who bears the surname Serranus, which afterwards became the name of a distinct family in the gens. Caius Atilius Serranus, who was a praetor in 218 BC and a failed candidate for the consulship in 216, was his son and the ancestor of all subsequent praetors and consuls from this family. One of his descendants, Sextus Atilius Serranus, became a consul in 136 BC with Lucius Furius Philus (wrongly called Publius by Smith).

In 217 BC, Claudius was an aedile.Livy, xxii. 53. In the following year, he was a military tribune and fought at Cannae. Together with Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major, he was raised to the supreme command by the troops who had fled to Canusium. In 215 BC, he was created a praetor, and conducted the survivors of the defeated army into Sicily, where his efforts to detach Hieronymus, the grandson of Hiero II, from his connection with the Carthaginians, were unsuccessful.

Upon returning to Rome, he held the traditional Roman magistracies -- quaestor, plebeian tribune and praetor -- all with the recommendation of the emperor Hadrian. Edward Dabrowa attributes this favor to the intercession of either his father or the well-known lawyer and friend of the Emperor, his brother-in-law Publius Pactumeius Clemens. According to Ronald Syme, Clemens was quaestor to Paetus' father, when he was proconsular governor of Africa.Syme, "Pliny's Less Successful Friends", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 9 (1960), p.

371 After serving as praetor, Paetus went on to be legate of a legion whose name has not been preserved (the two most likely units are Legio XIV Gemina or Legio IV Scythica), then governor of Gallia Aquitania; Géza Alföldy offers the dates for this office as from around 142 to 145.Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand, p. 252 Dabrowa notes, "This post was of great significance because at that time it promised a swift promotion to consulship."Dabrowa, Legio X Fretensis, p.

His career is documented in a fragmentary honorary inscription found at Tergeste. = ILS 989 He started his career in his teens as a member of the quattuorviri viarum curandarum, one of the four boards that make up the vigintiviri. This was followed by a term as military tribune in Legio VI Victrix. Next came the office of quaestor, followed by serving as sevir equitum Romanorum at the annual review of the equites, then the magistracies of plebeian tribune and praetor.

The origin of the town's name is unknown, but may derive from Latin (villa) Matidiae: Matidia Minor. Matidia Minor was a noble Roman woman, a distant cousin and sister-in-law of Emperor Hadrian. This town is also named after Matidia's mother Salonina Matidia and her late maternal grandfather Praetor Gaius Salonius Matidius Patruinus. Matidia was known to have had a villa in Umbria and Matidia was a wealthy and socially conscious woman, responsible for one of the grander building schemes in Ostia.

Thereafter in descending order came the censor (who, while the highest-ranking ordinary magistrate by virtue of his prestige, held little real power), the consul, the praetor, the curule aedile, and the quaestor. Any magistrate could obstruct (veto) an action that was being taken by a magistrate with an equal or lower degree of magisterial powers. If this obstruction occurred between two magistrates of equal rank, such as two praetors, then it was called par potestas (negation of powers).Abbott, p.

Marcus Marius was the younger brother of the far more famous Gaius Marius, who was consul seven times. Marcus was a few years younger than Gaius Marius, hailing from the same relatively wealthy equestrian family. During his brother's series of successive consulships between 104 and 100 BC, Marcus was elected as praetor for 102 BC. He then served as propraetor in Hispania Ulterior, like his brother before him. Marcus, however, never attained the consulship, as he likely died in the 90s BC.

Lenel is best known for his reconstruction of the fundamental text of the Roman legal system, the so-called edictum perpetuum of the Roman praetors. The praetors were the government officials responsible for the administration of justice during the Roman republic and the principate. The edictum (or edict) was the text in which the newly elected praetor announced how he would handle his responsibilities. More precisely, the edict announced, under what circumstances it would succeed and when it would fail.

Cornificia belongs to the last generation of the Roman Republic.Stevenson, Jane: Women Latin Poets: Language, Gender, and Authority from Antiquity to the Eighteenth Century, p. 34 (Oxford University Press, May 2005) The daughter of Quintus Cornificius and the sister of the poet, praetor and augur Cornificius, Cornificia is known to have married a man called Camerius. Jane Stevenson has suggested that this may be the same Camerius who was a friend of the poet Catullus, mentioned in his poem 55.

Lucius Annius was a nobleman of ancient Rome of the Annia gens who lived in the 4th century BCE. Annius lived in Setia, a Roman colony (modern Sezze), and was praetor of the Latins in 340, at the time of the Latin War. He was sent as ambassador to Rome to demand for the Latins political equality with the Romans. According to the popular Roman story, Annius dared to say, in the capitol, that he defied the Roman god Jupiter.

In ancient Rome a promagistrate () was an ex-consul or ex-praetor whose imperium (the power to command an army) was extended at the end of his annual term of office or later. They were called proconsuls and propraetors. This was an innovation created during the Roman Republic. Initially it was intended to provide additional military commanders to support the armies of the consuls (the two annually elected heads of the Republic and its army) or to lead an additional army.

Caecus' early career before his censorship is only known from his eulogy, formerly displayed on the Forum. This summary of his career lists all the responsibilities he held, including some junior offices, while literary sources only record upper magistracies (censor, consul, and praetor); however it does not provide any date and the offices are not ordered chronologically.Ferenczy, "La carrière d'Appius jusqu'à la censure", p. 381. The eulogy tells that he was military tribune three times, one time quaestor, and curule aedile two times.

Livy, 41.15Livy, 42.32 Licinius adopted as his son and his heir, his sister Licinia's second son, Publius Licinius Crassus Dives Mucianus. This son was born a Mucius Scaevola, son of another consul, Publius Mucius Scaevola, who attained the consulship in 175 BC, and who was the brother of another consul (174 BC) and son of a praetor who had died in the Second Punic War. The adoptive son who also became a Pontifex Maximus and who was a political ally of the Gracchi.

Gian Franco Schietroma graduated in law, with 110/110 cum laude, from the "La Sapienza" University of Rome. He worked as a lawyer and in the 1990-1991 period he was President of the Lawyers' order of Frosinone. He was honorary Deputy Praetor of Frosinone from 1980 to 1989. In 1990 he was elected to the Regional Council of Lazio and served as Regional Assessor for Public Works and subsequently for Culture, while from 1995 to 1998 he was municipal councillor of Frosinone.

The Praetorian Guard intervened to propose the election of Claudius, Livilla's brother, which was accepted with gratitude. These certainly were not the times when a popular new emperor could propose in person the success of a new man who had seen a vision. In the entire remaining historical record is not one word of Curtius Rufus, though he had been praetor (like Sejanus). Perhaps the answer to the puzzle was in the missing portion of Book V of the Annales.

2; 39.20.3–4; 39.30; 39.31 In 184 BC, the praetor Aulus Ternentius Varro and Publius Sempronius Longo were assigned Hispania Citerior and Ulterior respectively. Hispania Ulterior was quiet during the tenure of Longus due to the successful campaign of the previous year. However, during his second year he was incapacitated by illness and died.Livy, The History of Rome, 39.42.1; 39.56.2; 40.2.6 In Hispania Citerior Varro seized the Suessetani town of Corbio (near Sanguesa, Navarre), north of the River Ebro, and sold the prisoners.

Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1942. and served as an envoy to Pompey in 50. It was reported that Hirtius dined with Caesar, Sallust, Oppius, Balbus and Sulpicius Rufus on the night after Caesar's famous crossing over the Rubicon river into Italy on 10 January 49 BC. During Caesar's Civil War he served in Spain; he may have been a tribune in 48, and in 47 was at Antioch. He was a praetor in 46 and governor of Transalpine Gaul in 45.

Maternus was born to the equestrian order; his hometown was Liria in Hispania, where an inscription honoring him was found. While still an eques, Maternus served as a military tribune of Legio XIV Gemina, which was stationed in Roman Britain at the time. He was adlected into the Roman Senate as an ex-praetor by Vespasian for his loyalty in the Year of Four Emperors.George W. Houston, "Vespasian's Adlection of Men in Senatum", American Journal of Philology, 98 (1977), p.

Lucius Caesonius Lucillus Macer Rufinianus () was a Roman military officer and senator who was appointed suffect consul probably between AD 225 and 229. Much of what we know about him comes from an inscription found on the base of a statute near Tivoli. Caesonius Lucillus occupied a succession of posts: the junior magistracy of the decemvir stlitibus judicandis; a quaestor; and a praetor, all sponsored by the emperor, Caracalla (). He was appointed imperial governor of several Italian towns, then legate of Roman Tunisia.

They were supervised by the praetor urbanus. These triumviri, or the tresviri nocturni,Triumviri or tresviri nocturni may be another name or nickname for the capitales, because their duties often pertained to the streets at night. may also have taken some responsibility for fire control. John E. Stambaugh, The Ancient Roman City (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988), p. 347, note 4 online and p. 348, note 13; O.F. Robinson, Ancient Rome: City Planning and Administration (Routledge, 1994), p. 105 online.

He conquered more towns after his narrow escape from the Carthaginians, and was granted a triumph on his return. He was elected or appointed praetor in 257 in the year of his triumph. Atilius was reelected consul in 254 with Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Asina, and the two co-consuls rebuilt the Roman fleet with 220 ships, after the earlier fleet had been lost in a storm off Cape Pachynum. Both consuls sailed to Sicily, where they captured Panormus the same year.

Before Miguel can be trained, Praetor, the computer for the Vulcan’s Forge, informs Vulcan that Floronic Man has escaped from custody. Vulcan and his new sidekick, Miguel, go to put Floronic Man back in custody. Miguel quickly realizes that they are not fighting the real Floronic Man for he has two arms and not one. Vulcan is killed by a female White Martian named A'Morr who was disguised as Floronic Man, but not before the Flame of Vulcan is passed on to Mikey.

Quintus Pompeius Rufus (flourished 1st century BC) was a praetor in 63 BC. It is unknown how this Pompeius was related to the above named. In 62 BC, he went to Capua, in fear of the supporters of politician Catiline. Pompeius was the governor of the African Province in 61 BC, where he obtained the title of Proconsul and Cicero states he governed with integrity. In 56 BC, he bore witness to Marcus Caelius Rufus, who was in Africa at that time.

Lollius either served in a political position as a quaestor, aedile, tribune or praetor before being appointed by Augustus as a provincial governor. His first known office was his governorship of Galatia in Anatolia in 25 BC. For Augustus to appoint him as a governor, Lollius must have proven himself to be a capable politician. Lollius was the first Roman governor of Galatia.Furneaux, Cornelii Taciti Annalium, Libri V, VI, XI, XII: With Introduction and Notes Abridged from the Larger Work, p.

Tiberius prompted Gallus to read to the Senate a letter he sent the emperor, in which he accused the ex-praetor Quintus Servaeus and the equestrian Minucius Thermus of being supporters of the feared but now dead praetorian prefect. In response to Gallus' prosecution, the two then offered up Julius Africanus and Seius Quadratus as other associates of Sejanus to avoid proscription.Annales, VI.7 Cestius Gallus is known to have had at least one son, Cestius Gallus, suffect consul in 42.

Bagnell, Nigel, The Punic Wars, p. 240 He had marched to join Hannibal in Campania in early 214 BC, but, near the River Calor, at Beneventum, his army was intercepted by the praetor Tiberius Gracchus and his legions of mostly freed slaves. In the ensuing combat, Hanno’s army of 17,000 foot (mostly Bruttians and Lucanians) and 1,200 horse was utterly routed, forcing Hanno to escape with only 2,000 soldiers, chiefly cavalryLivy's History of Rome Bk 24.14 in Everyman's Library edn, vol.4, ed.

In 1094/5, he participated in the synod at Blachernae Palace, where Leo of Chalcedon was condemned. He appears in the list of attendees with the high title of sebastos, in fifth place overall. John next appears in a document of 1102 holding the position of civil governor (praetor) and head fiscal official (anagrapheus) of the combined themes of Thrace, Macedonia, Boleron, Strymon, and Thessalonica. In 1104 his paternal cousin, Gregory Taronites, governor of Chaldia, rebelled against Alexios at Trebizond.

Baebius’s theater of operations: Macedonia and the Aegean, c. 200 BC :See Roman–Syrian War for background on Baebius's military and diplomatic activities. In November 193 BC, Baebius was elected praetor for the following year. In the sortition to allot provincesA provincia was a task assigned to an elected magistrate who held imperium; although the task might be defined in terms of a geographical area, it was not originally a "province" in the modern sense of an area under formal administration.

After this both sides withdrew to their camps. Both cavalries went out on patrol and collected wood at the rear of their camps without interfering with each other.Livy, The History of Rome, 40.30 When the praetor thought that the enemy would not expect action, he sent Lucius Acilius to go around the hill behind the enemy camp with a contingent of troops of Latin allies and 6,000 native auxiliaries with orders to assault the camp. They marched at night to elude detection.

He is also recorded as having been the patron of a city, probably Cadurci (now Cahors) in Gaul. Next he served as a praetor, commanding the Legio V Macedonica which was stationed in Troesmis in Moesia Inferior (which roughly corresponds to modern Serbia. He was then appointed curator, or overseer, of the Via Flaminia, the major road north from Rome over the Apennines. Severianus was governor of Roman Dacia and commander of Legio XIII Gemina, which was stationed there, from 151 to 152.

The second part of his career began when Vindex was adlected into the Senate inter praeterio, that is, he was admitted into that deliberative body with the rank of ex-praetor. The reason for this has not been recorded. While he had shown military skill, Vindex had been decorated once for his victory over the Germans. Another possibility is the likelihood his father may have been the praetorian prefect; Alföldy connects his adlection to the date the older Vindex died in combat.

Her first marriage was with Gaius Octavius, the praetor in 61 BC and then Macedonian governor. Her family lived close to Velitrae, ancestral home of the Octavii. They had two children: Octavia Minor, born in 69 BC, and the younger Gaius Octavius, born in 63 BC. Octavius died in 59 BC, when their son Gaius Octavius (future Roman emperor Augustus) was four years old. That same year Atia remarried to Lucius Marcius Philippus, consul in 56 BC. They had no known children.

Caracalla recalled Marcellus from Roman Britain to Rome and promoted him to the roles of Praefectus urbi and Praetorian prefect in which he briefly took over the positions. He was later admitted into the Roman Senate with the rank of a former Praetor and almost immediately, Marcellus became praefectus of the military treasury. He later became a Roman governor of Numidia, either dying in Numidia or immediately after his return to Rome. Although he missed out, Marcellus was in reach of serving as a Roman consul.

After stepping down from the office of praetor, Annianus was appointed to four more positions; with Werner Eck's dating of his consulate fixed in the year 142, these appointments can be confidently dated to the reign of Hadrian. First was as curator of the Via Latina. Next he was commissioned as legatus or commander of the Legio VII Gemina, which at the time was stationed at the modern Leon in Hispania Tarraconensis. Upon returning to Rome, Annianus was appointed curator of another road, the Via Appia.

He was elected praetor in 74 BC and received an extraordinary commission, similar to that bestowed upon triumvir Pompey by the Gabinian law 7 years later in 67 BC, and that conveyed on his father three decades before in 102 BC, to clear the Mediterranean Sea of the threat of piracy, and thereby assist the operations against King Mithridates VI of Pontus. Creticus not only failed in the task, but plundered the provinces he was supposed to protect from robbery.Sallust, Histories iii, fragments ed. B. Maurenbrecher, p.

A smaller force of Roman allies was stationed on the border of Etruria under a praetor, and it was this force that encountered the Gauls first, suffering a defeat at Faesulae (modern Fiesole). Papus arrived shortly after the battle and this persuaded the Gauls to withdraw along the coast. Meanwhile, Regulus had crossed from Sardinia, landed at Pisa, and was marching towards Rome. His scouts met the Celts' advance guard head-on near Telamon (modern Talamone), in an area called Campo Regio, to the surprise of both.

He therefore moved his army out of their winter quarters at Nymphaeum, added to it troops from Byllis, Epidamnus, and Appolonia, as he marched north, and encamped by the river Genesus. There, he met with the new Roman commander, Lucius Anicius Gallus, a praetor. Anicius had crossed over from Italy to Apollonia with two legions totalling 600 cavalry and 10,400 infantry and of Italian allies, 800 cavalry and 10,000 infantry. His fleet, the size of which is not known, was strengthened by a draft of 5,000 sailors.

The Digest granted the fetus consanguinity rights, vesting the protection of fetal interests in the praetor. The Digest also prohibited the execution of pregnant women until delivery. The Roman law also envisaged that if a slave mother had been free for any period between the time of the conception and childbirth, the child would be regarded as born free. Although the mother might have become slave again before the childbirth, it was considered that the unborn should not be prejudiced by the mother's misfortune.

In 197 BC, he was elected plebeian aedile and in 196 BC made praetor of Sicily, both times apparently with the aid of his former commander and old friend. Scipio's influence, however, did not serve to win Laelius the consulship in 192 BC.Michael Akinde. "Scipio_Africanus_:_Princeps_(200_-_190_BCE)". Retrieved 23 April 2007. Finally, in 190, he was elected consul along with Scipio's elder brother Scipio Asiaticus but failed to win leadership of the campaign against Antiochus III the Great, which would have enriched him.

Each assembly was presided over by a single Roman Magistrate, and as such, it was the presiding magistrate who made all decisions on matters of procedure and legality. Ultimately, the presiding magistrate's power over the assembly was nearly absolute. The only check on that power came in the form of vetoes handed down by other magistrates. Any decision made by a presiding magistrate could be vetoed by a tribune of the plebs, or by a higher-ranked magistrate (for example, a consul could veto a praetor).

His first known office was quaestor and was assigned to Germanicus.Tactius, Annales, IV.31.1 However, for Germanicus to have a quaestor, he needed to hold imperium, which he would as consul (Germanicus was consul in the years 12 and 18), or if granted that by the Senate (which he was as proconsul 17 September 14); Ronald Syme has argued the date of Rufus' quaestorship was AD 15. Syme further argued that Rufus was praetor four years afterwards.Syme, "Domitius Corbulo", Journal of Roman Studies, 60 (1970), pp.

Lucius Flaccus was flamen MartialisCicero, Pro Rabirio Perduellionis Reo 27, De Divinatione 1.104, Varro, De lingua latina 6.21. The passages from Cicero's treatise on divination and from Varro less likely refer to the Lucius Valerius Flaccus who was consul in 131 and also a flamen Martialis, but the reference from Rab. Perd. points to the consul of 100. when he died, sometime after the cooptation of Julius Caesar to the pontifical college in 73 and before that of the Publius Sulpicius Galba who was praetor around 66.

Not only did they have none, but these particular [tribes] did not set any value on those metals.Appian, Roman History, The foreign Wars, Book 6, The Spanish wars, 54 In his account of the Lusitanian War, Appian wrote that Lucullus and Servius Sulpicius Galba, a praetor who was in charge of the troops in Hispania Ulterior and was campaigning against a Lusitanian rebellion, conducted a joint pincer operation against Lusitania. According to Appian they gradually depopulated it. Appian described Galba as being even more Greedy than Lucullus.

Gellius engaged a group of about 30,000 slaves, under the command of Crixus, near Mount Garganus and killed two-thirds of the rebels, including Crixus himself.Appian, Civil Wars, 1:117; Plutarch, Crassus 9:7; Livy, Periochae 96. Livy reports that troops under the (former) praetor Quintus Arrius killed Crixus and 20,000 of his followers. At this point, there is a divergence in the classical sources as to the course of events which cannot be reconciled until the entry of Marcus Licinius Crassus into the war.

Rufus treated it by dieting and "virtuous living" in his younger years, but towards his last years the disease worsened, afflicting all of his body and not just his legs.Pliny, Epistulae, I.12.4-6 After his consulate, Rufus served as legatus pro praetor, or governor, of Germania Superior from 79 to 84.Werner Eck, "Jahres- und Provinzialfasten der senatorischen Statthalter von 69/70 bis 138/139", Chiron, 12 (1982), pp. 302-305 Then either due to his illness, or antipathy to Domitian, he withdrew from public life.

The senate was also attacked on the ground that it did not have the right to condemn any citizens without a trial before the people.Cassius Dio, Roman History, 37.42 Caesar, who was a praetor, proposed that Catullus, a prominent optimate, be relieved from restoring the temple of Jupiter and that the job be given to Pompey. Metellus Nepos proposed a law to recall Pompey to Italy to restore order. Pompey was away commanding the final phase of the Third Mithridatic War (73–63 BC) in the east.

Titus Annius Milo, another plebeian tribune, presented the measure to the plebeian council and Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, one of the consuls for 57 BC, provided support in the senate partly as a favour to Pompey and partly because of his enmity towards Clodius. Clodius was supported by his brother Appius Claudius, who was a praetor, and the other consul, Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos who had opposed Cicero six years earlier (see above). Pro-Cicero and pro-Clodius factions developed, leading to violence between the two.

Livy, History of Rome, xxix. 19, etc. The author of the abridged life of Cato, commonly considered the work of Cornelius Nepos, asserts that Cato, after his return from Africa, put in at Sardinia, and brought the poet Quintus Ennius in his own ship from the island to Italy. But because Sardinia is rather out of the line of the trip to Rome, it is more likely that the first contact between Ennius and Cato happened at a later date, when the latter was praetor in Sardinia.

There is uncertainty about who his father was. It was most probably the Appius Claudius Pulcher who was consul in 143 BC.Livy Priochae, 53.1 He was a supporter of Lucius Cornelius Sulla and served as praetor in 88 BC. He was exiled in that year by Gaius Marius while Sulla was away in the east. He returned to Rome after Lucius Cornelius Cinna died in 84 BC, and served as consul in 79 BC and as governor of Roman Macedonia from 78 BC to 76 BC.

The emperor Hadrian appointed Julian, this native of a small city in Africa province, to revise the Praetor's Edict (thereafter called the Edictum perpetuum). This key legal document, then issued annually at Rome by the Praetor urbanus, was at that time a most persuasive legal authority, pervasive in Roman Law. "The Edict, that masterpiece of republican jurisprudence, became stabilized. ... [T]he famous jurist Julian settled the final form of the praetorian and aedilician Edicts."Fritz Schulz, History of Roman Legal Science (Oxford University 1946, 1967) at 127.

Despite their ancient pedigree, the Julii Caesares were not especially politically influential, having produced only three consuls. Caesar's father, also called Gaius Julius Caesar, reached the rank of praetor, the second highest of the Republic's elected magistracies, and governed the province of Asia, perhaps through the influence of his prominent brother-in-law Gaius Marius.Suetonius, Julius 1 ; Plutarch, Caesar 1, Marius 6; Pliny the Elder, Natural History 7.54; Inscriptiones Italiae, 13.3.51–52 His mother, Aurelia Cotta, came from an influential family which had produced several consuls.

As praetor in Hispania Ulterior (194), he defeated the Lusitanians at Ilipa, and as consul subjugated the Boii.Livy, 36.38 He was not chosen as censor despite standing in both the elections of 189 and 184, a failure marking the decline of the influence of the Scipiones in Rome. He went on to help found Aquileia in 181, and appears in an inquiry of 171. This Scipio Nasica was the father of the Scipio Nasica who opposed Cato the Censor for several years on the question of Carthage.

Quintus Marcius Rex was a member of the Marcii Reges, the family founded by the Roman King Ancus Marcius. His father Quintus Marcius Rex, the praetor in 144 BC, built the Aqua Marcia aqueduct, the longest aqueduct of ancient Rome. The aqueduct was known for its water purity and its cold temperature. Marcius carried on a war against the Stoeni, a Ligurian people at the foot of the Alps, and obtained a triumph in the following year on account of his victories over them.

She left Italy and, on Agrippina's orders, committed suicide. In the months leading up to her marriage to Claudius, Agrippina's maternal second cousin, the praetor Lucius Junius Silanus Torquatus, was betrothed to Claudius' daughter Claudia Octavia. This betrothal was broken off in 48, when Agrippina, scheming with the consul Lucius Vitellius the Elder, the father of the future Emperor Aulus Vitellius, falsely accused Silanus of incest with his sister Junia Calvina. Agrippina did this hoping to secure a marriage between Octavia and her son.

Phasarius eventually defects from his brother's army when Spartacus forbids his advance on Julia, the captured niece of Crassus, a Roman praetor. Splintered, the various rebelling armies are easily defeated by the Romans. Phasarius, reconciled and reunited with his brother's dwindling campaign, attempts to escort Senona and her son through a forest to safety. In this attempt, Senona and her child are slain by waiting Roman troops, while Phasarius manages to stumble back to Spartacus and deliver the tragic news before he too dies.

He became praetor in 25 AD, and gained the favor of Tiberius by accusing Claudia Pulchra, the second cousin of Agrippina, of adultery and the use of magic arts against the emperor, in 26 AD.Tacitus, Annales iv.52 From this time he became one of the most celebrated orators in Rome, but sacrificed his character by conducting accusations for the government. In the following year, 27 AD, he is again mentioned by Tacitus as the accuser of Quinctilius Varus, the son of Claudia Pulchra.Tacitus, Annales iv.

From Augustus, the emperor gave the title of legatus legionis to senior commanders (former military tribunes) of a legion, except in Egypt and Mesopotamia, where the legions were commanded by a praefectus legionis of an equestrian rank. The legatus legionis was under the supreme command of a Legatus Augusti pro praetore of senatorial rank. If the province was defended by a single legion, the Legatus Augusti pro praetor was also in direct command of the legion. This post was generally appointed by the emperor.

Sicily remained under autonomous stable Byzantine rule as the Theme/Province of Sicily (Theme (Byzantine district)) for several peaceful centuries, until an invasion by Arab Muslims (Aghlabids from the Banu Tamim Clan) in the 9th century. Besides Sicily, the Theme or Province of Sicily also included the adjacent region of Calabria in Mainland Italy. The capital city of Byzantine Sicily was Syracuse. The province was looked after by the imperial governor known as a Praetor, and was militarily protected under a general by the title of Dux.

Lucius Valerius Flaccus was the younger brother of Gaius Valerius Flaccus, who served as consul in 93 BC. Flaccus's son, also named Lucius Valerius Flaccus, was praetor in 63 BC and was defended by Cicero in the speech Pro Flacco.Cicero, Pro Flacco 55–57. He was a cousin of the older Lucius Valerius Flaccus, who was consul in 100 BC and princeps senatus in 86 BC.T.R.S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, vol. 2, 99 B.C.–31 B.C. (New York: American Philological Association, 1952), pp.

Lictors were exempted from military service, received a fixed salary (of 600 sesterces, in the beginning of the Empire), and were organized in a corporation. Usually, they were personally chosen by the magistrate they were supposed to serve, but it is also possible that they were drawn by lots. Lictors were associated with Comitia Curiata and, probably, one was originally selected from each curia, since there were originally 30 curiae and 30 lictors (24 for the two consuls and six for the sole praetor).

According to Polybius, unspecified Gauls besieged the city of Arretium (Arezzo, in northeastern Tuscany) and defeated a Roman force which had come to the aid of the city. Their commander, the praetor Lucius Caecilius Metellus Denter, died in the battle. This would place the battle in 283 BC because Denter was a consul in 284 BC. In Polybius’ account, Denter was replaced by Manius Curius Dentatus after the battle. Dentatus sent envoys to negotiate the release of Roman hostages, but the envoys were killed.

The official bodies which first succeeded the censors in the care of the streets and roads were two in number. They were: # Quattuorviri viis in urbe purgandis, with jurisdiction inside the walls of Rome; # Duoviri viis extra urbem purgandis, with jurisdiction outside the walls. Both these bodies were probably of ancient origin, but the true year of their institution is unknown. Little reliance can be placed on Pomponius, who states that the quattuorviri were instituted eodem tempore (at the same time) as the praetor peregrinus (i.e.

Lucius was the son of Sextus Julius Caesar, who had distinguished himself as praetor in 208 BC, during the Second Punic War. He had at least one brother, Sextus, who obtained the consulship in 157, and probably a second, Gaius, a senator who wrote a history of Rome in Greek about 143 BC.Drumann, vol. iii. pp. 113 ff. Although it was common for the eldest son in a family to be named after his father, Lucius, apparently named after his grandfather, was probably the eldest brother.

Pollienus Armenius Peregrinus was probably the biological son of Lucius Armenius Peregrinus, who was appointed Praetor in AD 213. At some point he was adopted either by Pollienus Auspex or his son Tiberius Julius Pollienus Auspex.Much depends on the dating of the career of the elder Pollienus Auspex, and his relationship with Julius Pollienus Auspex. See Mennen’s Power and Status in the Roman Empire, AD 193-284 (2011), pgs. 116-118 In AD 243, Armenius Peregrinus was the Proconsular governor of Lycia et Pamphylia.

During Domitian's Chattan War of 83, two vexillations were sent from Legio IX to Germany, one under Celer, the other under Velius Rufus. For Celer's efforts in the conflict, he was awarded Dona militaria appropriate for his rank.Valerie A. Maxfield, The Dona Militaria of the Roman Army (Durham theses, Durham University, 1972), Part 2, p. 39 He was admitted to the Senate when he became quaestor for an unnamed emperor, possibly Domitian; this was followed by the traditional republican magistracies of plebeian tribune and praetor.

Mennen, pg. 115 Nummius Albinus may also have been the Albinus who was either Praeses or legatus proconsulis in Lycia et Pamphylia. It is assumed that he was the Albinus who died of old age during the reign of Aurelian.Mennen, pg. 113; Martindale & Jones, pg. 35 He was perhaps the brother of Marcus Nummius Tuscus who was consul ordinarius in AD 258, and he may have been the father of Marcus Nummius Ceionius Annius Albinus, who was probably Praetor urbanus during the reign of Diocletian.

P. Gautier suggested that he is to be identified with the logothetes ton sekreton Andronikos Doukas, active under Alexios I, possibly after 1109. The only definitive information about his career is that he served as governor of Thessalonica. The Timarion, a satirical dialogue placed in the city, alludes to him without naming him, while an act preserved in the Docheiariou monastery records the "pansebastos sebastos Andronikos Doukas" serving as "doux and praetor" of Thessalonica in January/February 1112. Andronikos died young of heart failure, predeceasing his parents.

Next, he was an imperial candidate for the office of Quaestor, and this was followed by his candidature for the office of Praetor tutelaris (the official responsible for matters of guardianship), which he probably was nominated for prior to AD 240.Mennen, pg. 124 Valerius Balbinus Maximus was then appointed as Legatus proconsulis in the province of Asia. He reached the office of consul in AD 253, serving as consul posterior alongside the emperor Volusianus, until Volusianus was murdered in the first few months of that year.

Lollianus Plautius was the son of Quintus Hedius Rufus Lollianus Gentianus who had been suffect consul in around AD 186/8. He began his career as a Tribunus laticlavius with the Legio XIII Gemina stationed in the province of Dacia. Possibly in AD 195, he was a candidate for the office of Quaestor, followed by his standing for Praetor candidatus tutelaris in AD 200.Mennen, p. 107 Lollianus Plautius’ next posting was as legatus proconsularis (assistant to the governor) in Asia in AD 201/2.

Tiberius Sempronius Longus was a Roman consul in 194 BC, praetor assigned to Sardinia in 196 BC, and a contemporary of Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus. He was the son of Tiberius Sempronius Longus who commanded Roman legions during the Second Punic War and was the consular colleague of Scipio Africanus’ father. During his time as consul, Tiberius oversaw the Roman colonization of Puteoli, Volturnum, Liternum, Salernum and Buxentum. During the colonization of Gaul, his legions came under siege by the Boii, who surrounded their encampment.

Maecianus, Lucius Volusius – Codex Theodosianus, 1586 Lucius Volusius Maecianus (c. 110 - 175) was a Roman jurist, who advised the Emperor Antoninus Pius on legal matters, as well educating his son the future Marcus Aurelius in the subject. Originally of the equestrian class, Maecianus held a series of imperial offices culminating with prefect of Egypt in 161, when Marcus Aurelius adlected him inter praetorios, or with the rank of praetor, into the Roman Senate.Anthony Birley, Marcus Aurelius: A Biography, revised edition (London: Routledge, 1993), p.

He was given the cognomen 'Diadematus' because of the bandage he wore on a head wound. He was consul in 117 BC, and promoted infrastructural improvement in Italy. A conservative aristocrat like his father, he probably opposed Gaius Gracchus. The third brother was Marcus Caecilius Metellus. He was mint master in 127 BC, praetor by 118 BC, and consul in 115 BC. Marcus was given the proconsular command in Corsica and Sardinia from 114 BC to 111 BC, and triumphed for his victory there.

His career is set forth in an inscription found at Lepcis Magna, dated to AD 61 or 62.Inscriptions of Roman Tripolitania, p. 341. According to the inscription, he was first quaestor to the emperor Claudius, then praetor urbanus; both of these are prestigious offices, and he likely owed them to his father's half-brother, Publius Suillius Rufus, who was an intimate associate of Claudius. Following his consulate in 51, Servius was inducted into the collegia of Pontifices and the sodales Augustales, also socially powerful groups.

In response the Senate sent the praetor Atilius with a navy to defeat Nabis' navy as well as an embassy headed by Flamininus. Instead of waiting for the Roman fleet to arrive, the Achaean army and navy headed towards Gythium under the command of Philopoemen. The Achaean fleet was defeated by the recently constructed Spartan fleet, with the Achean flagship falling to pieces in the first ramming attack. On land as well the Achaeans could not defeat the Spartan forces outside Gythium and Philopoemen retreated to Tegea.

The two cases where usucapio could be said to create two classes of people - the "bonitary owner" where formalities have not been complied with, and the "good faith possessor" where, for example, the seller is not the owner. Under statute, neither class of persons had any more protection than a mere possessor. As such, their claim lay solely against their immediate dis-possessor, and were without an action against any further dis-possessors. The Praetor granted them further protection, probably in the late Republic.

In the 2004 revised Legion continuity, unlike the rest of his Legion comrades, Dirk Morgna's parents openly support the galactic movement the Legion represents. Joining the Legion as Sun Boy, Cosmic Boy names him the group's field leader. Confused as to whether or not his Legion membership is his desire or that of his parents, Dirk ultimately opts to resign from the group. He then decides to help the myriad of exiled descendants living in "otherspace" in the wake of the defeat of their leader, Praetor Lemnos.

After the final conquest and destruction of Carthage in 146 BC, northwestern Africa went under Roman rule and, shortly thereafter, the coastal area of what is now western Libya was established as a province under the name of Tripolitania with Leptis Magna capital and the major trading port in the region. In 96 BC Rome peacefully obtained Cyrenaica (left as bequeathing by the king Ptolemy Apion) with the so-called sovereign Pentapolis, formed by the cities of Cyrene (near the modern village of Shahat), its port of Apollonia, Arsinoe (Tocra), Berenice (near modern Benghazi) and Barce (Marj), that will be transformed into a Roman province a couple of decades later in 74 BC. The Roman advance southward, however, was stopped by the Garamantes. Cyrenaica had become part of the Roman Egypt already from the time of Ptolemy I Soter, despite frequent revolts and usurpations.Ptolemy VIII, as a measure of preventive defense, made his will in favor of Rome if he died without legitimate heirs In 74 BC was established the new province, governed by a legate of praetorian rank (Legatus pro praetor) and accompanied by a quaestor (quaestor pro praetor).

The gens Faucia was a Roman family at Arpinum. It is known chiefly from a single individual, Marcus Faucius, an eques and a native of Arpinum, who was one of three commissioners sent in 46 BC to recover the dues of his municipium from its estates in Cisalpine Gaul. The rents from this land were the only fund for the repair of their temples and the cost of their sacrifices and festivals, and had perhaps been withheld due to the Civil War. Cicero recommended the commissioners to Marcus Junius Brutus, then praetor of Cisalpine Gaul.

Trio had a reputation as an accusator, that is, for making accusations (lit. accuser). The first accusation he made was in 16: he had joined the prosecution against praetor Marcus Scribonius Libo and his brother Lucius Scribonius Libo, that they had been conspiring against the emperor.Tacitus, Annales 2.27-32 The other accusators were Firmius Catus, Fonteius Agrippa, and Gaius Vibius. Among the accusations were Libo consulting persons to see whether or not he would have enough money to build the Appian Way (Via Appia) as far as Brundisium, which Tacitus describes as "absurd".

Once again in Rome, he was urban praetor around the year 127. These responsibilities had accrued to Clemens a degree of prominence in the "Cirtan community at Rome" Edward Champlin infers existed there; other members of this community included Quintus Lollius Urbicus, consul in either 135 or 136; Gaius Arrius Antoninus, consul around the year 170; and the rhetorician Fronto. Champlin notes that Lollius Urbicus and Pactumeius Clemens themselves "could provide powerful support for Cirtan interests, and such support is attested by strong circumstantial evidence."Champlin, Fronto and Antonine Rome (Cambridge: Harvard University, 1980), pp.

Not much of Nerva's early life or career is recorded, but it appears he did not pursue the usual administrative or military career. He was praetor-elect in the year 65 and, like his ancestors, moved in imperial circles as a skilled diplomat and strategist. As an advisor to Emperor Nero, he successfully helped detect and expose the Pisonian conspiracy of 65. His exact contribution to the investigation is not known, but his services must have been considerable, since they earned him rewards equal to those of Nero's guard prefect Tigellinus.

Galba became praetor in about 30, then governor of Aquitania for about a year, then consul in 33. In 39 the emperor Caligula learned of a plot against himself in which Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus, the general of the Upper German legions, was an important figure; Caligula installed Galba in the post held by Gaetulicus. According to one report Galba ran alongside Caligula's chariot for twenty miles.[Suentonius "Life of Galba" Chapter 6] As commander of the legions of Upper Germany, Galba gained a reputation as a disciplinarian.

The two generals crossed the Rhine, made various excursions into enemy territory and, in the beginning of autumn, recrossed the river. The campaigns of Tiberius and Germanicus in Germania in the years AD 11–12, combined with an alliance with the Marcomannic federation of Marbod, prevented the German coalition from crossing the Rhine and invading Gaul and Italy. In winter, Germanicus returned to Rome, where he was, after five mandates as quaestor and despite never having been aedile or praetor, appointed consul for the year AD 12. He shared the consulship with Gaius Fonteius Capito.

Earlier in the Roman legal system, the plaintiff had to state his claim within a narrowly defined set of fixed phrases (certa verba); in the Mid Republic, more flexible formulas allowed a more accurate description of the particulars of the issue under consideration. But the practice may have originated as a kind of "dodge," since a praetor was liable to religious penalties if he used certa verba for legal actions on days marked nefastus on the calendar.T. Corey Brennan, The Praetorship in the Roman Republic (Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 131–132.

The brothers were born to a plebeian branch of the old and noble Sempronia family. Their father was the elderly Tiberius Gracchus the Elder (or Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus) who was tribune of the plebs, praetor, consul, and censor. Their mother was Cornelia, daughter of Scipio Africanus, himself considered a hero by the Roman people for his part in the war against Carthage. Their parents had 12 children, but only one daughter—who later married Scipio Aemilianus (Scipio Africanus the Younger)—and two sons, Tiberius and Gaius, survived childhood.

Gaius Fonteius Capito was a Roman senator, who was active during the Principate. He was consul in the year 59 as the colleague of Gaius Vipstanus Apronianus.Paul A. Gallivan, "Some Comments on the Fasti for the Reign of Nero", Classical Quarterly, 24 (1974), p. 291, 310 Capito came from a plebeian family whose members had reached the rank of praetor since the 2nd century BC, but none had achieved the consulate until the end of the republic in 33 BC, when Gaius Fonteius Capito acceded to that magistracy.

Larga; a sister has been identified for him, Larcia A.f. Priscilla. His father Sulpicianus is best known as quaestor to the proconsular governor of Crete and Cyrenaica and commander of Legio X Fretensis in the year 70; his cursus honorum does not list any offices from praetor forward, so it is possible Sulpicianus died before he reached that rank. Priscus' maternal grandfather was Gaius Silius, consul in AD 13. His paternal grandparents were Aulus Larcius Gallus, a member of the equestrian class, and Sulpicia Telero, a daughter of the aristocracy of Crete.

After this anomalous assumption of authority, Priscus returned to Rome and resumed his career in the emperor's service. He held the next two republican magistracies, plebeian tribune and praetor, then served as legate to the proconsular governor of Hispania Baetica. After that he was praefectus frumenti dandi (the prefect responsible for the distribution of Rome’s free grain dole). Then followed a pair of military commands, first as legate of Legio II Augusta in Roman Britain, then a second legion, Legio III Augusta during the years 105 to 108.

Under the monarchy, the hoplite armies were led by the kings of Rome. During the early and middle Roman Republic, military forces were under the command of one of the two elected consuls for the year. During the later Republic, members of the Roman Senatorial elite, as part of the normal sequence of elected public offices known as the cursus honorum, would have served first as quaestor (often posted as deputies to field commanders), then as praetor. Julius Caesar's most talented, effective and reliable subordinate in Gaul, Titus Labienus, was recommended to him by Pompey.

Coupled with the corruption and autocratic behaviour of officials, this led to a decline in industry and the impoverishment of the peasantry, eloquently lamented by the Metropolitan of Athens, Michael Choniates. This decline was temporarily halted under Andronikos I Komnenos (), who sent the capable Nikephoros Prosouch as praetor, but resumed after Andronikos' fall. At the turn the 13th century, the centrifugal tendencies in the Byzantine state became more and more pronounced. In the northwestern Peloponnese, Leo Sgouros, ruler of Nauplia, had already taken over Argos and Corinth, and launched raids into Attica.

The consuls served for only a year (a restriction intended to limit the amassing of power by individuals) and could only rule when they agreed, because each consul could veto the other's decision. The consuls would alternate monthly as the chairman of the Senate. They also were the supreme commanders in the Roman army, with each being granted two legions during their consular year. Consuls also exercised the highest juridical power in the Republic, being the only office with the power to override the decisions of the Praetor Urbanus.

Tiberius was appointed triumvir monetalis in 79 BC. He minted denarii with a bust of Diana and a chariot driven by Victory. Some numismatists have explained the presence of Diana as an allusion to the Sabine origin of the gens Claudia, but Michael Crawford dismisses this theory, which comes from a mistake of Varro.Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, p. 398. Tiberius was praetor at an undetermined date in the 60s, at least before 63, and perhaps before 67, when he was given a command in the expedition of Pompey against the Cilician Pirates.

Arulenus Rusticus was Tribune of the plebs in AD 66, in which year Thrasea was condemned to death by the Roman Senate; he would have placed his veto upon the senatus consultum, had not Thrasea prevented him, as he would only have brought certain destruction upon himself without saving the life of the defendant.Tacitus, Annales, XVI.26 He was praetor in the civil wars after the death of Nero (69 AD), when as one of the senate's ambassadors to the Flavian armies he was wounded by the soldiers of Petilius Cerialis.Tacitus, Historiae, III.

Broughton, pg. 22 He served with distinction in the Social War (91–88 BC), probably serving as legate under Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius. He achieved some victories, most notably he was credited with killing the general of the Marsi, Quintus Poppaedius Silo, during the storming of Venusia.Broughton, pg. 42 Although having failed once to be elected praetor, Livianus tried again, achieving the office by 81.Broughton, pg. 75 He ran for the office of consul in 77, achieving it only after Gaius Scribonius Curio withdrew his candidature for that year in favor of Livianus.Broughton, pg.

In exactly what way a praetor goes before did not survive. Livy explainsLivy, Ab urbe condita, 6.42, 7.1 that in the year 366 BC the praetura was set up to relieve the consuls of their judicial duties. The first man to be elected to the new praetura was the patrician Spurius Furius, the son of Marcus Furius Camillus,Livy, Ab urbe condita 7.1 in exchange for the election of Lucius Sextius, plebeian leader, as one of the consuls for the year. Partisan politics greatly influenced the outcome of elections.

58 He served as tribune in the legio X Fretensis when Julius Severus was governor of Judaea from 132 to 135. That Verus served as a tresvir monetalis, then quaestor Augusti, and was co-opted as an augur; all suggesting that he was marked out at an early stage for a prominent career. Following his achievement as praetor, Verus was legatus or commander of Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix in the 140s, which was stationed at Xanten, which was part of Germania Inferior. He returned to Rome to serve as prefect of the aerarium Saturni.

However, matters soon turned violent. On 29 January 83 BC, Publius set off from Rome for Gaul, accompanied with some slaves he intended to sell there. Hearing of this, Naevius quickly gathered a number of friends, and (according to Cicero) pretended that a vadimonium had been called. With these friends as witnesses, he announced that Publius had failed to attend the vadimonium: as a result, he was able to obtain an edict from a praetor, Burrienus, announcing Publius as a defaulting debtor, and granting Naevius permission to seize his property.

A faction of the Romulan Star Empire wishes to keep the plague alive in an attempt to undermine newly appointed Romulan Praetor Tal'aura. Picard will be faced with working alongside allies new and old, as well as an enemy from the past who has a way of turning up when Picard least expects. This book also includes characters Doctor Carter Greyhorse, a scientist whose past has landed him in a penal colony, along with Pug Joseph, a former member of Starfleet turned merchant, both of whom served with Picard aboard the USS Stargazer.

In the earliest period of Roman history, a nail-driving ritual in the Temple of Jupiter marked the passing of the political year, with the consuls at that time taking office on the Ides.J. Rufus Fears, "The Cult of Jupiter and Roman Imperial Ideology," Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II.17.1 (1981), p. 12. T. Corey Brennan, The Praetorship in the Roman Republic (Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 21: The senior magistrate (praetor maximus, the chief magistrate with imperium) on the Ides of September drove a nail called the clavus annalis ("year-nail").

He attended the Pythian Games in the year 147, and resided for a considerable period in Athens. Gellius studied rhetoric under Titus Castricius and Sulpicius Apollinaris; philosophy under Calvisius Taurus and Peregrinus Proteus; and enjoyed also the friendship and instruction of Favorinus, Herodes Atticus, and Fronto. He returned to Rome, where he held a judicial office. He was appointed by the praetor to act as an umpire in civil causes, and much of the time which he would gladly have devoted to literary pursuits was consequently occupied by judicial duties.

After the bloody escape from the House of Batiatus that concluded Spartacus: Blood and Sand, the gladiator rebellion begins to strike fear into the heart of the Roman Republic in Spartacus: Vengeance. Praetor Claudius Glaber and his Roman troops are sent to Capua to crush Spartacus' growing band of freed slaves before they can inflict further damage. Spartacus is given a choice between satisfying his personal need for vengeance against the man who condemned his wife to slavery and eventual death, or making the larger sacrifices necessary to keep his budding army from breaking.

Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand, p. 298 After returning to Rome, the sortition awarded Voconius the governorship of the public province of Bithynia et Pontus, which Alföldy and Remy separately date to the term 142/143.Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand, p. 266; Rémy, Les carrières sénatoriales, p. 54 His final posting as an ex-praetor was governor of the imperial province of Lycia et Pamphylia; Alföldy dates his tenure from around the year 143 to 147, while Remy dates it from the year 144 to 147.Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand, p.

When Cicero, who was consul that year, exposed Catiline's conspiracy to seize control of the republic, Catulus and others accused Caesar of involvement in the plot.Sallust, Catiline War 49 Caesar, who had been elected praetor for the following year, took part in the debate in the Senate on how to deal with the conspirators. During the debate, Caesar was passed a note. Marcus Porcius Cato, who would become his most implacable political opponent, accused him of corresponding with the conspirators, and demanded that the message be read aloud.

The province was established under Theodosius I and named after his younger son Honorius. It formed part of the Diocese of Pontus, bordering with Bithynia in the west, Galatia Prima in the south and Paphlagonia in the east. In the administrative reforms of Emperor Justinian I, the province was united with that of Paphlagonia and formed a new province of Paphlagonia, under a governor styled praetor Iustinianus. Aside from the capital Claudiopolis, the major cities and episcopal seats of the province listed in the Synecdemus were Prusias and Tium.

A member of the Plebeian gens Caninia, Gallus was the son of Lucius Caninius Gallus, and a grandson of Gaius Antonius Hybrida.Valerius Maximus, Memorable Deeds and Sayings: One Thousand Tales from Ancient Rome (2004), pg. 130 He was thus related to the triumvir Mark Antony, and was a second cousin to Mark Anthony's children, such as Antonia Minor (mother of Germanicus and emperor Claudius) and Cleopatra Selene II, Queen consort of Numidia and Mauretania. Gallus was probably elected to the office of Praetor by 40 BC at the latest.

To fund his case and also his aedile election campaign, Cicero is obliged once more to borrow money from Terentia. At the first round of the elections, Cicero learns that Verres is bribing the voters with his immense wealth; Marcus Metellus also draws the election court as praetor. At his wit's end, Cicero pays a visit with Tiro to Pompey's house and a secret bargain is made. The second round of the aedile elections takes place on the Field of Mars Marcus Cicero is victorious against all the odds.

In 174 BC, he was elected praetor with the help of his father's former scribe, Gaius Cicereius, now a considerably wealthy freedman. However, in the same year, he was expelled by the Senate, in a low point for the Scipiones. His date of death is unknown, but he probably died between 174 BC and 170 BC. It is possible that his death, which left his brother with no male heirs, forced the brother Publius to adopt his own first cousin as his heir. This adoptive son would be Scipio Aemilianus.

It was once thought that an irregular circle of travertine blocks found near the Temple of Castor formed part of the puteal, but this idea was abandoned in the early 20th century. A coin issued in 62 BC by Lucius Scribonius Libo (praetor 80 BC) depicts this puteal, which he had renovated. It resembles a cippus (sepulchral monument) or an altar, with laurel wreaths, two lyres and a pair of pincers or tongs below the wreaths. The tongs may be those of Vulcan, emblematic of him as a forger of lightning.

Aemilia Tertia and Scipio Africanus had four surviving children, two sons and two daughters. The elder son Publius Cornelius Scipio was a noted historian, but as his health was poor he could not follow a political career. He adopted his first cousin Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus as heir. The younger son Lucius Cornelius Scipio became praetor in 174 BC. Her two daughters married prominent politicians: the elder Cornelia married her cousin Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum and the younger Cornelia became the wife of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, and the mother of the famous Gracchi brothers.

46 The Prefect also had the duty of publishing the laws promulgated by the Emperor, and as such acquired a legal jurisdiction. This extended to legal cases between slaves and their masters, patrons and their freedmen, and over sons who had violated the pietas towards their parents. Gradually, the judicial powers of the Prefect expanded, as the Prefect's office began to re- assume its old powers from the praetor urbanus. Eventually there was no appeal from the Prefect's sentencing, except to that of the Roman Emperor, unlike the sentencing of other officials.

Little is known of Sisenna's life or family. The first Cornelius Sisenna (perhaps Lucius' grandfather or great-grandfather) appears as urban praetor in 183 BCE.Livy 39.45 It is not thought that his family, the Cornelii Sisennae, were related to the patrician branches of the famous gens Cornelia, with some scholars suggesting that the Sisennae hailed from Etruria instead.L. Rawson, 'L. Cornelius Sisenna and the early first century B.C.', CQ 29/2 (1979), It is likely that Sisenna actively supported Sulla during the civil wars of the 80s BCE.

Defendants were summoned under the formulary system in a similar manner to under the legis actiones. The defendant was still summoned orally, but had an extra option; rather than immediately going to court, he could make a vadimonium, or promise, to appear in court on a certain day, on pain of a pecuniary forfeit. Although the plaintiff could still physically drag his opponent to court, this was scarcely used. Instead, the plaintiff could be given permission by the praetor to take possession of the defendant's estate, with a possible right of sale.

Quintus Marcius Rex was a consul of the Roman Republic. He was the grandson of another Quintus Marcius Rex, the consul of 118 BC. One of his second cousins was the dictator Julius Caesar, the great-grandson of another Quintus Marcius Rex, the praetor in 144 BC who constructed the Aqua Marcia. He was elected consul for 68 BC with Lucius Caecilius Metellus. Caecilius Metellus died near the start of the year, and, although Servilius Vatia was elected to replace him, Vatia died before he could enter office and Marcius continued as sole consul.

In 155 BC, Punicus instigated a Lusitanian uprising and started sacking and pillaging through Roman territories. In order to crush the rebellion, Rome sent Praetor Calpurnius Piso and Proconsul Manius Manilius at the head of an army of 15,000 legionaries, but Punicus defeated them, inflicting losses of around 6000 men. This victory enabled Punicus to ally himself with the neighboring Vettones; he marched south and sacked the Mediterranean Roman provinces, including Hispania Baetica and the territories of the Blastophoenicians, a people vassal to Rome. His campaign also saw the death of Roman Quaestor Terentius Varro.

Yet a third Temple of Concord was begun in 217 BC, early in the Second Punic War, by the duumviri Marcus Pupius and Caeso Quinctius Flamininus, in fulfillment of a vow made by the praetor Lucius Manlius Vulso on the occasion of his deliverance from the Gauls in 218. The reason why Manlius vowed a temple to Concordia is not immediately apparent, but Livy alludes to a mutiny that had apparently occurred among the praetor's men. The temple was completed and dedicated the following year by the duumviri Marcus and Gaius Atilius.Livy, xxii.

Quintus Arrius was a Roman Praetor in 73 BC. In the next year he should follow Gaius Verres as governor of Sicilia.Cicero, In Verrem 2.37 and 4.42 But first he had to support the consuls Lucius Gellius Publicola and Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus in the Third Servile War against the leaders of the rebellious slaves, Spartacus and Crixus. In the battle in which Arrius conquered Crixus 20,000 slaves are said to have been killed; but Arrius was soon after defeated by Spartacus.Livy, Ab urbe condita librorum periochae 96.

He was born at Conselice, graduated at the University of Bologna, practiced law at Ferrara, and in 1816 was made praetor at Crespino and became prominent in politics. In 1816, he also joined the Carbonari. As a consequence, in 1819 he was arrested. After two years in Piombi dungeon, and an unsuccessful attempt to take his own life, he was condemned to die on the public square of Venice, but when, with others, he was taken out for execution, the sentence was changed to “carcere duro” in Spielberg fortress for 20 years.

Claudius still trusted Narcissus, and had him named praetor. He was charged with overseeing the construction of a canal to drain Fucine Lake, but Agrippina, now Claudius's fourth wife, accused him of embezzling funds from the project, possibly as punishment for his support of Britannicus. According to Tacitus, Narcissus hoped to bring down Agrippina by revealing her affair with the freedman Pallas, which would also have destroyed her son. He supposedly told Britannicus of his plans in front of others, and was brazen in his intentions, promising to right all wrongs against him.

He was a tribune of the plebs in 44 BC, a year in which the people's tribunes were exceptionally numerous and his brother held the praetorship. Along with his fellow tribunes Tiberius Canutius and Decimus Carfulenus, L. Cassius was excluded from the important meeting of the Roman senate held November 28 to reassign several provinces for the following year.Cicero, Philippics 3.23. For more on these provincial assignments, see G. Calvisius Sabinus: Praetor and governor. A bill enabling Caesar to add new families to the patriciateSuetonius, Divus Iulius 41.1; Tacitus, Annales 11.25; Cassius Dio 43.47.3.

The Aqua Marcia was constructed from 144 to 140 BC by the praetor Quintus Marcius Rex (an ancestor of Julius Caesar), for whom it is named. The aqueduct was largely paid for by spoils from the recent Roman conquests of Corinth in 146 BC and the destruction of Carthage at the end of the Third Punic War, in the same year. The aqueduct followed the via Tiburtina into Rome, and entered the city in its eastern boundary at the Porta Tiburtina of the Aurelian Wall. It was well known for its cold and pure waters.

In 203 BC, the time came for decisive action. The proconsul M. Cornelius Cethegus and the praetor P. Quintilius Varus led an army of four legions against Mago in a regular battle in the Insubrian land (not far from modern Milan). The description by Livy in his “History of Rome” (Ab urbe condita)Livy, XXX, 18 shows that each of the opponents deployed their forces in two battle lines. Of the Roman army, two legions were in the front, the other two and the cavalry were left behind.

Drusus repelled them, gaining honors, but was unable to smash their forces, and required reinforcement from Tiberius. The brothers easily defeated the local Alpine tribes. Drusus arrived in Gaul in late 15 BC to serve as legatus Augusti pro praetore (governor on Augustus' behalf with the authority of a praetor) of the three Gaulish provinces. His contribution to the ongoing building and urban development in Gaul can be seen in the establishment of the pes Drusianus, or ‘Drusian foot’, of about , which was in use in Samarobriva (modern Amiens) and among the Tungri.

Anthony Birley, The Fasti of Roman Britain, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), p. 5 Evidence of this favor appears shortly afterwards: after serving a term as military tribune in Legio IV Flavia Felix based at Singidunum, Tuscus served as quaestor to the emperor Antoninus Pius, then was legatus or assistant to the proconsul of Africa. These latter two assignments provided him with potential for visibility and introductions to influential people. After holding the Republican magistracies of plebeian tribune and praetor, Tuscus was prefect of the aerarium Saturni (c. 147-c. 150).

When he arrived in the Po area, there was an uprising amongst the freshly conquered Gauls.Mommsen 1862, p. 102 More colonies were being established in the Po region, and this caused the Boii and Insubres to arise afresh who were now aware that Hannibal was heading to them. Instead of employing the legions that were on hand for their intended Iberian expedition, the Senate ordered that they should be sent to the Po under the command of a Praetor and new legions should be levied by the consul.

In 199 BC Cato was chosen aedile, and with his colleague Helvius, restored the Plebeian Games, and gave upon that occasion a banquet in honor of Jupiter. In 198 BC he was made praetor, and obtained Sardinia as his province, with the command of 3,000 infantry and 200 cavalry. Here he took the earliest opportunity to demonstrate his main beliefs by practicing his strict public morality. He reduced official operating costs, walked his trips with a single assistant, and placed his own frugality in contrast with the opulence of provincial magistrates.

He was praetor in 48. The Emperor Claudius betrothed him to his daughter Claudia Octavia, but this was broken off (also in 48) when the Empress Agrippina the Younger, hoping to secure Octavia as bride for her son Nero and also to eliminate a potential threat to Nero's prospects, falsely charged him with open affection toward his sister Junia Calvina. This was carried out through the agency of Lucius Vitellius, who was Junia's husband. Consequently Claudius broke off the engagement and forced Silanus to resign from public office.

250x250px The gens Annia was a plebeian family at Rome. Livy mentions a Lucius Annius, praetor of the Roman colony of Setia, in 340 BC, and other Annii are mentioned at Rome during this period. Members of this gens held various positions of authority from the time of the Second Punic War, and Titus Annius Luscus attained the consulship in 153 BC. In the second century AD, the Annii gained the Empire itself; Marcus Aurelius was descended from this family.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.

Nero, recognizing the urgency of the situation and the enormous threat that a merging of the Carthaginian brothers' armies would present to Rome, circumvented the authority of the Senate, instead advising them to organize levies for their own protection. Horsemen were sent forward along the line of march with orders for country people to prepare supplies for soldiers, who took only weapons from the camp. Nero's troops were joined by both young and veteran volunteers during the march. Claudius Nero quickly reached Marcus Livius, who was camped at Sena along with the praetor Porcius Licinius.

Tensions between Populares and Optimates had increased with the Catiline conspiracy (63 BC) against the consulship of Marcus Tullius Cicero (an Optimate) during which Cicero, supported by a final decree (senatus consultum ultimum) of the Senate, had some of the conspirators executed without trial. There were demonstrations against these summary executions and this display of arbitrary senatorial power. There were two attempts to counter senatorial dominance which failed, but they were popular. The proponents were Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos Iunior, a plebeian tribune; and Julius Caesar, who at the time was a praetor.

Following the emperor's death and her assumption of the regency, he was imprisoned.. He was released by the new emperor, Romanos IV Diogenes (r. 1068–1071), and appointed as praetor (civil governor) of the combined themes of Hellas (Central Greece) and the Peloponnese. On the assumption of power by Michael VII in 1071, Nikephoritzes was recalled to serve in the imperial government by the new emperor's uncle, the Caesar John Doukas, who valued his administrative skills. Back in Constantinople, Nikephoritzes was appointed logothetes tou dromou, and his power grew rapidly.

Consul Lucius Aemilius Papus had four legions of Roman citizens, 22,000 men in total, as well as 32,000 allied troops. He stationed the majority of his forces at Ariminum. He placed 54,000 Sabines and Etruscans on the Etruscan border under the command of a praetor, and sent 40,000 Umbrians, Sarsinates, Veneti, and Cenomani to attack the home territory of the Boii to distract them from the battle. The other consul, Gaius Atilius Regulus, had an army the same size as that of Papus but was stationed in Sardinia at the time.

According to Maltese tradition, during the persecution of Roman Emperor Decius (AD 249–251), Agatha, together with some of her friends, fled from Sicily and took refuge in Malta. Some historians believe that her stay on the island was rather short, and she spent her days in a rock-hewn crypt at Rabat, praying and teaching the Christian Faith to children. After some time, Agatha returned to Sicily, where she faced martyrdom. Agatha was arrested and brought before Quintanus, praetor of Catania, who condemned her to torture and imprisonment.

Plutarch, Pompey, 56.4 During the southern march, Caesar placed Antony as his second in command. Caesar's rapid advance surprised Pompey, who, along with the other chief members of the Optimates, fled Italy for Greece. After entering Rome, instead of pursuing Pompey, Caesar marched to Spain to defeat the Pompeian loyalists there. Meanwhile, Antony, with the rank of propraetor—despite never having served as praetor—was installed as governor of Italy and commander of the army, stationed there while Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, one of Caesar's staff officers, ran the provisional administration of Rome itself.

Tacitus, Annales 14.12. In 62, the praetor Antistius Sosianus, who had written abusive poems about Nero, was accused on a maiestas charge by Thrasea's old enemy Cossutianus Capito, who had recently been restored to the senate through the influence of his father-in-law Tigellinus. Thrasea dissented from the proposal to impose the death sentence and argued that the proper legal penalty for such an offence was exile. His view won majority assent, and was eventually passed, despite a clearly unfavourable response from Nero, whom the consuls had consulted when the vote was taken.

This Anicius Probus has been identified as a member of the gens Anicia; he should be the son of the consul Anicius Hermogenianus Olybrius and wife and cousin Anicia Iuliana. It is also possible that he was the Probus who, in 424, was a praetor. In the inscription, Probus is styled as vir inlustris, but his office is not given; however, since he belonged to a noble and prestigious family, he could have been a praetorian prefect or a praefectus urbi. Settipani suggests that he may have been the father of the emperor Olybrius.

Monument of Gaius Rabirius Hermodorus, Rabiria Demaris, and Usia Prima, priestess of Isis. Located on the Via Appia, probably dating to the late first century BC. The gens Rabiria was a minor plebeian family at Ancient Rome. Although of senatorial rank, few members of this gens appear in history, and the only one known to have held any of the higher offices of the Roman state was Gaius Rabirius Postumus, who was praetor circa 48 or 47 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, pp.

The furious Hiren banishes Muck to the mines of Remus, where the young slave endures years of torment from other miners, until he kills his tormenters. He is eventually purchased by the Mirror Soleta and her father, Rojan, and becomes Soleta's lover. Muck and Soleta are present during a meeting arranged by Praetor Hiren between Rojan and the Mirror Lord Si Cwan of the Thallonian Empire and Falkar of Danter aboard Si Cwan's ship, the Stinger. There, Muck meets the Mirror Kalinda, Burgoyne 182, Zak Kebron, Robin Lefler, and Elizabeth Shelby.

Her cargo vessel, which carried the bomb's final component, C-170, was attacked by the Alliance to prevent the Romulans from using the bomb against them. The Excalibur crew track down the hijacked supply ship and retake it, before journeying to Romulus with the C-170. As they assemble the bomb, they are confronted by Praetor Hiren, meeting Mac for the first time since his childhood. Hiren is forced into an allegiance with Mac against the Alliance, who arrive to take possession of the thalaron bomb, which they intend to test detonate on Romulus.

With Lila Cheney's help, she and the X-Men defeated the War Skrulls, and Deathbird ceded the empire back to Lilandra as she had grown bored of the bureaucracy.Uncanny X-Men #274-277 Deathbird later came to her sister's aid during the short Kree- Shi'ar War, assassinating Kree leaders Ael-Dann and Dar-Benn.Avengers #346 She was captured by Clint Barton in his guise as Goliath.Iron Man #279 She was later released and granted dominion over the conquered Kree Empire as viceroy, and also made praetor (leader) of the Kree Starforce by Lilandra.

The gens Cicereia was a Roman family during the time of the Republic. It is known primarily from a single individual, Gaius Cicereius, the scriba, or secretary, of Scipio Africanus, who was elected praetor in 173 B.C. He obtained the province of Sardinia, but was ordered by the senate to conduct the war in Corsica. After defeating the Corsicans, Cicereius was denied his request for a triumph, and celebrated one on the Alban mount at his own expense. He was appointed an ambassador to Gentius, king of the Illyrians in 172 and 167.

In 44 BC Julius Caesar added two plebeian aediles, called Cereales, whose special duty was the care of the cereal (grain) supply. Under Augustus the office lost much of its importance, its judicial functions and the care of the games being transferred to the praetor, while its city responsibilities were limited by the appointment of a praefectus urbi. Augustus took for himself its powers over various religious duties. By stripping it of its powers over temples, Augustus effectively destroyed the office, by taking from it its original function.

Publius Manlius Vulso held the office of praetor in the middle of the Roman fight against Hannibal, which is called the Second Punic war (218-201 BC). He commanded two legions in order to defend Sardinia against the Carthaginians. Yet a Punic fleet led by Hamilcar ravaged at the end of the summer of 210 BC Olbia, a city on the north-east coast of the island. When Manlius and his army appeared on the battlefield the Carthaginians sailed on and devastated the district of Carales (today Cagliari).

For this purpose the senate gave him proconsular imperium even through he had never been a consul.Plutarch, Parallel Lives, The Life of Pompey, 17 The term provincia referred to a field of responsibility, rather than a geographical administrative area. For example, the judicial responsibility of the urban praetor, who was a chief justice, was called provincia. The term often applied to military responsibility and was used to refer to the areas of military responsibility assigned to the consuls to deal with rebellions or threats of invasions; in other words, the area where imperium was exercised.

The former won through the support of Julius Caesar, who was the judge together with Lucius Julius Caesar, and Rabirius was charged. The judges had been unlawfully chosen by the urban praetor, Lentulus Sura, instead of the people. Rabirius appealed and would have been convicted by the people, but this was prevented by Metellus by obstructing the meeting of the assembly of the people.Cassius Dio, Roman History, 37.26 Metellus Celer was married to his cousin Clodia Quadrantaria, the daughter of Appius Claudius Pulcher and sister of Publius Clodius Pulcher.

Fregellae appears to have been a very important and flourishing place owing to its command of the crossing of the Liris and to its position in a fertile territory. After the rejection of Flaccus's proposals for the extension of Roman burgess-rights in 125 BC, a revolt broke out against Rome. A local traitor named Numitorius opened the gates to the Roman army under the praetor Lucius Opimius. The severity of its razing was later credited by the Romans with having prevented a general uprising among the Italian allies.

Gnaeus Octavius was a member of the Plebeian gens Octavia. His father, also called Gnaeus Octavius, was Consul in 128 BC, while his uncle, Marcus Octavius, was a key figure in opposition to the reforms of Tiberius Gracchus in 133 BC. He was a third cousin to Gaius Octavius, father of the future emperor Augustus. Although he had failed to be elected aedile, in around 90 BC, Octavius was elected Praetor, and in the following year (89 BC) was given a propraetoreal command in one of the eastern provinces.Broughton, pg.

The complexities of the case may account for the proliferating versions,Brennan, Praetorship, p. 142. and the potential legal status of Pleminius is of interest in documenting the use of exile in ancient Rome.Gordon P. Kelly, A History of Exile in the Roman Republic, (Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. 164–165. The case of sacrilege at Locri was a precedent in the investigation of an incident involving the same temple only a short time later, conducted by the praetor Quintus Minucius Rufus in 200 BC: see Minucius Rufus: Praetorship in Locri.

By this time he had been raised to the rank of praetor, a position which was not normally granted to Romans of the equestrian class. A statue had been erected in his honor in the Theatre of Pompey,Seneca the Younger, Essays, To Marcia On Consolation XXII.4–6 and in the Senate, his followers were advanced with public offices and governorships. However this privileged position caused resentment among the senatorial class and the imperial family, in particular earning him the enmity of Tiberius' son Drusus Julius Caesar.

Gnaeus Servilius Caepio was a Roman statesman. The son of the consul of 203 BC, Gnaeus Servilius Caepio, he also served as Roman consul in 169 BC alongside Quintus Marcius Philippus. He also served as Curule Aedile in 179 BC and as Praetor in 174, when he obtained the province of Further Spain. He had at least three sons, Quintus Fabius Maximus Servilianus, the Consul of 142 BC; Gnaeus Servilius Caepio, the Consul of 141 BC and Censor in 125; and Quintus Servilius Caepio, who was Consul in 140 BC.

Servilius was the younger son of Gaius Servilius Geminus, praetor about 220 BC, and grandson of Publius Servilius Geminus, consul in 252. The Servilii Gemini were a branch of an old and distinguished patrician family, but either Gaius or his sons went over to the plebeians, for reasons that are not entirely clear. Servilius' elder brother, Gaius, was tribune of the plebs in 211 BC, consul in 203, and dictator in 202. Servilius' additional surname, Pulex, refers to a flea, but the circumstances of this cognomen are not mentioned in any source.

Marcus Caecilius Metellus was one of the four sons of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus. He was Moneyer in 127 BC, Praetor in 118 BC, Consul in 115 BC and from 114 BC to 111 BC Proconsul of Corsica and Sardinia. He was sent to Sardinia to suppress an insurrection on the island, which he succeeded in doing and obtained a Triumph in consequence in Quintilis (July) 113 BC. The same day, his brother Gaius Caecilius Metellus Caprarius also received a triumph for his victories in Thrace.Veil. Pat. i. 11, ii.

Considius held the praetorship at an unknown date, not later than 52 BC,Brennan (2000) II 546, discusses possible dates, with references to earlier literature. He also discusses the possibility (no more) that, if Considius is the praetor of 52, he could be the otherwise unknown Considius who presided over the trial of M. Saufeius in that year. and followed it by governing the province of Africa as propraetor. During his administration, in 50 BC, he travelled to Rome to seek the consulship, leaving Quintus Ligarius as his representative.Cic. Lig.

The other individual who is known to have been admitted to the Senate then afterwards adlected inter praetorios was Gaius Salvius Liberalis. George W. Houston's study of Vespasian's adlection of men into the Senate shows that the emperor followed the leges annorum for the traditional magistracies, and suggests that at the time Vespasian promoted Fronto to the Senate (either in 74 or 75) Fronto was not yet 30 the age required by law to be praetor. Once Fronto reached that age, however, the emperor promoted him to the rank of having held that magistracy.

In 367, they carried a bill creating the Decemviri sacris faciundis, a college of ten priests, of whom five had to be plebeians, therefore breaking patricians' monopoly on priesthoods. Finally, the resolution of the crisis came from the dictator Camillus, who made a compromise with the tribunes; he agreed to their bills, while they in return consented to the creation of the offices of praetor and curule aediles, both reserved to patricians. Lateranus also became the first plebeian consul in 366; Stolo followed in 361.Livy, vi. 36–42.

Oakley (1998), p. 394 it could even have been entirely invented by a later writer to bring the war to an end with Rome in a suitably triumphant fashion.Oakley (1998), p. 311 The sparse mentions of praetors in the sources for the 4th century BC are generally thought to be historical; it is possible therefore that as praetor Ti. Aemilius really was involved in the peace negotiations with the Samnites.Oakley (1998), p. 394 The First Samnite War ended in a negotiated peace rather than one state dominating the other.

The devolution to the censorial jurisdictions soon became a practical necessity, resulting from the growth of the Roman dominions and the diverse labors which detained the censors in the capital city. Certain ad hoc official bodies successively acted as constructing and repairing authorities. In Italy, the censorial responsibility passed to the commanders of the Roman armies, and later to special commissioners - and in some cases perhaps to the local magistrates. In the provinces, the consul or praetor and his legates received authority to deal directly with the contractor.

Elected praetor for 183 BC, Lucius was assigned the province of Cisalpine Gaul. The senate gave him the task of preventing the Transalpine Gauls from building a city on the site of Aquileia, where they had begun to settle, but to do so without resorting to open hostilities. A Roman colony was planned for the location, and triumvirs were appointed for that purpose in the same year; thus Lucius played a crucial role in the founding of what would become one of the largest cities of classical antiquity.Livy, xxxix.

Climbing the cursus honorum, the sequential mixture of military and political administrative positions held by aspiring politicians in the early Roman Republic,Mennen, pg. 129Birley (2000b), pg. 115 it is assumed that he held the post of praetor in 77.Broughton, pg. 85 Elected consul in 74 BC alongside Lucius Licinius Lucullus, he was soon concerned with the escalating situation in the east brought about by the acquisition of the new province of Bithynia and the subsequent renewal of conflict with King Mithridates VI of Pontus who had invaded Bithynia.

Roughly a quarter of this huge force was called up for active service, while the rest was employed in garrison duty, or held back in reserve. One of the consuls, Gaius Atilius Regulus, who was fighting in Sardinia, received orders to return immediately without delay. The other consul, Lucius Aemilius Papus, with a full consular army, took up position at Ariminum, to guard the eastern coast route. Another army, composed of Sabines and Etruscans, and commanded by a praetor, advanced into Etruria, and it was here that the engagement took place.

Cato returned to Rome in 194, leaving two praetors in charge of the two Iberian provinces. In the late Roman Republic, Hispania remained divided like Gaul into a "Nearer" and a "Farther" province, as experienced marching overland from Gaul: Hispania Citerior (the Ebro region), and Ulterior (the Guadalquivir region). The battles in Hispania during the 1st century BC were largely confined to the north. In the reorganization of the Empire in 14 BC, when Hispania was remade into the three Imperial provinces, Baetica was governed by a proconsul who had formerly been a praetor.

Gaius Cassius Longinus was a Roman consul in the year 171 BC, together with Publius Licinius Crassus. He was probably praetor urbanus in 174 BC.Broughton, 1. p. 406 Cassius Longinus was not given a command position as he had hoped during the Third Macedonian War, and instead was sent to the northern border of Italy in the province of Illyria to man a defense against attacks from Macedon. Ignoring his orders, he decided to gather his army at Aquileia with thirty days worth of supplies and moved south into Macedonia.

124 This was followed by his being appointed Quaestor urbanus, after which he filled the office of Praetor tutelaris (the official responsible for matters of guardianship). Then in AD 233, Valerius Maximus was made consul prior alongside Gnaeus Cornelius Paternus. For his proconsular command, Valerius Maximus was appointed Curator alvi Tiberis riparum cloacarumque sacrae urbis (responsible for maintaining the sewers and the banks of the Tiber river within the city of Rome). In AD 238, Valerius Maximus was one of the Italian nobility who was involved in the senatorial revolt against the emperor Maximinus Thrax.

Acilius Strabo's first appearance in history is in Tacitus, as praetor. He had been sent by the emperor Claudius to Cyrenaica to resolve property disputes over personal estates that king Ptolemy Apion had bequeathed to the Roman people along with his kingdom. Consequently, some of the landowners objected to his judgments, and in the reign of Nero they petitioned the Roman senate for redress. The Senate responded that they had no knowledge of the instructions Claudius had given Strabo, and passed the petition to the emperor, who resolved the matter.

Reyna is generally more used to responsibility than other demigods, as she is a praetor at Camp Jupiter. (she left the camp in The Tyrant's Tomb and joined the hunters of Artemis) Reyna's demigod "power" is the ability to lend her energy, skills, and character traits to nearby demigods. Similar to Leo Valdez, she can speak English, Latin and Spanish. Reyna is often accompanied by two magical dogs, Aurum and Argentum, or by her pegasus Scipio ("Skippy" dies after their trip from New York to Greece in The House of Hades).

Soon after 125, the emperor Hadrian appointed Julianus to collect and revise all the edicta praetorum or Praetors' Edicts available. For centuries each incoming praetor urbanus had issued these annual edicts, which announced his legal positions for the next year. "The contents of the praetorian Edict can be summed up as constituting the praetor's programme of office: he is announcing to the public, at the beginning of his term, how he intends to exercise his office."Fritz Schulz, History of Roman Legal Science (Oxford University 1946, 1967) at 150.

2 When news reached Rome of the revolt, the Senate appointed Lucullus, then Praetor, 'to apprehend the fugitives.' Diodorus records that upon his arrival at Capua, Lucullus had four thousand infantry and four hundred cavalry under his command and that Vettius had a force of about three thousand five hundred. Upon learning of Lucullus' approach, Vettius and his men had taken up positions on a nearby hill which they had hastily fortified, and waited. Lucullus' first assault against the rebels was repulsed, given their advantage of the higher ground.

Possibly the son of twice-praetor Caius Plautius Rufus,Prosopographia Imperii Romani. p.516 Publius Plautius Rufus is mentioned in connection with two conspiracies in the ancient histories. In the year AD 6, Cassius Dio writes that, due to the discontent of the people due to fire, famine and the new military tax, a pamphletting campaign was launched in the city. This was traceable to 'Publius Rufus,' though it was soon found that others were using his name falsely and seditiously, and Plautius was found to be not guilty of the crime.

Quintus Marcius Rex ( 2nd century BC) was a Roman politician of the Marcii Reges, a patrician family of gens Marcia, who claimed royal descent from the Roman King Ancus Marcius. He was appointed praetor peregrinus in 144 BC under the consulship of Servius Sulpicius Galba and Lucius Aurelius Cotta. The two major Roman aqueducts, Aqua Appia and Aqua Anio Vetus, were greatly damaged and many fraudulent misappropriations of their water reduced the flow.Frontinus, De aquaeductu, Book I, 7 The Senate commissioned Marcius to repair the channels of two aqueducts and stop the diversion.

The Senate assigned Nerva to establish a tribunal in Sicily to determine who qualified for release. A coalition of slaveholders in Sicily confronted the praetor and, with bribes and threats, shut the tribunal down. With to the mounting pressure from the slaveholders and the slaves themselves, Nerva feared violent outbreaks from the side who came off worse in the confrontation and refused to listen to any more of the slaves' complaints. Claiming that they would not face repercussions for their actions, Nerva told the slaves to disperse and return to their masters.

Several years later, in 241, he was chosen as mediator between the proconsul C. Lutatius Catulus and the praetor Q. Valerius, to decide which of the two had the right to claim a triumph, and he decided in favour of the proconsul.Valerius Maximus ii. 8. § 2., as cited in Smith) According to Smith, Atilius dedicated temples to Spes (the personification of hope and safety of the young) in the Forum Holitorium and Fides (the personification of good faith whose symbol is a pair of covered hands symbolizing an agreement) on the Capitol.

In these circumstances it was decided to appoint a single magistrate, originally called the praetor maximus or magister populi, "master of the infantry", but afterwards known simply as the dictator, to oversee the defence of the city. The dictator held supreme authority in the exercise of his duties, and the people had no right to appeal from his decisions, as they could under the consuls. However, the command of the dictator was limited to a period of six months. The Senate directed the consuls to nominate a dictator, and Cominius chose his colleague, Lartius.

He returned to Rome where he was elected quaestor, and upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy he would be enrolled in the Senate. Two more of the traditional Republican magistracies followed: plebeian tribune and praetor. Upon stepping down from the praetorship, Faustus received another military commission, this time as legatus or commander of Legio XIII Gemina, stationed at Apulum in the imperial province of Dacia; Werner Eck dates his tenure as commander of this legion to between the years 106 and 119.Eck, "Ergänzungen zu den Fasti Consulares", p.

He is described in sources as Punicus's lieutenant, which would explain the quick way he was promoted to leader after the latter's death. Caesarus might have previously accompanied him during his service as a mercenary for Phoenician or Carthaginian territories in the south of the Iberian Peninsula. In 155 BC, Punicus provoked the Lusitanians and Vettones into revolting and pillaging the Roman colonies, but after being killed in 153 BC, he was relieved by Caesarus. The new chieftain had his first major battle in Hispania Baetica against the forces of Roman Praetor Lucius Mummius.

New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. Falco. The plebeian Valerii Triarii belong to the time of Cicero, in the first century BC. None of them rose higher than the rank of praetor, and the family was of brief duration. Their surname, Triarius, seems to allude to their military service; in the Roman army of this period, a triarius was a soldier of the third rank, the heavily armed reserve infantry, often consisting of older, wealthier men, and the last line of defense in battle.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.

Forsythe, pg. 237 Thus the reorganization of the Roman state in 367/6 BC. saw the replacement of the six consular tribunes with five officials with distinct functions: the head of state became the two consuls, who would wage Rome’s wars and lead the Senate's deliberations. In addition there was one praetor who would oversee lawsuits in the city, while two curule aediles would undertake all other administrative duties within the city, such as the organization and holding of public games and overseeing and controlling the markets in Rome.

By giving the bonitary owner the protection of an owner, the Praetor had very much weakened the res mancipi distinction and come close to abolishing the need for mancipatio. The Romans did not speak of the bonitary owner as dominus (as a normal owner would be), but rather to say that he had the thing in bonis from which the term "bonitary" is derived. The Romans considered ownership unique and indivisible: accordingly, one either had the rights of ownership or one did not. The Praetor's distinction made this unclear.

The cursus honorum for Lateranus can be reconstructed from an inscription from Rome. That this inscription attests he was a member of the tresviri monetalis, the most prestigious of the four boards that comprised the vigintiviri, and performed his duties as a quaestor for the Emperor indicates he was a member of the patrician order. His status also explains the absence of any office between quaestor and his consulate except for praetor. At an unknown date he was a member of the sodales Hadrianales, a priesthood dedicated to performing rituals honoring the deified emperor Hadrian.

In the territorial distribution that Rome made of Hispania, the current Aragon was included in the Hispania Citerior. In the year 197 BCE, Sempronius Tuditanus is the praetor of the Citerior and had to face a general uprising in their territories that ended with the Roman defeat and the own death of Tuditanus. In view of these facts the Senate sent the consul Marcus Porcius Cato with an army of men. The indigenous peoples of the area were rebelling, except for the Ilergetes who negotiated peace with Cato.

The most commonly cited possibility was the praetor of that name of 80 BC. If this is so then she was the younger sister of a brother of the same name who was consul in 34 BC, whose daughter, another Scribonia, married Sextus Pompey. Another less common hypothesis was that she was a second daughter of the consul of 34 BC, rather than his sister.Scheid, J. "Scribonia Caesaris et les Julio-Claudiens: Problèmes de vocabulaire de parenté", Mémoires de l'École francaise de Rome et Athènes. 87: 349-71.

The Romans abolished the Macedonian monarchy by installing four separate allied republics in its stead, their capitals located at Amphipolis, Thessalonica, Pella, and Pelagonia.; ; ; see also for further details. The Romans imposed severe laws inhibiting many social and economic interactions between the inhabitants of these republics, including the banning of marriages between them and the (temporary) prohibition on gold and silver mining. A certain Andriscus, claiming Antigonid descent, rebelled against the Romans and was pronounced king of Macedonia, defeating the army of the Roman praetor Publius Juventius Thalna during the Fourth Macedonian War (150–148BC).

Having achieved the rank of ex-praetor, Papus was then qualified to hold a number of substantial offices. The first was curator of the Via Aurelia, then legatus or commander of Legio XX Valeria Victrix, then stationed in Roman Britain; this was the last office listed on the inscription dated to the year 128, and attests his command includes that year. He was then prefect of the aerarium Saturni, or the public treasury; in her monograph on the administration of Roman public finances, Corbier dates his tenure from the years 132 to 134.Corbier, L'aerarium saturni et l'aerarium militare, p.

He was a vir clarissimus, the lowest rank of senator. His offices were: augur, pontifex major, quindecimvir sacris faciundis, pontifex flavialis, praetor tutelaris, legatus pro praetore in Numidia, peraequator census in Gallaecia, praeses of Byzacena, consularis of Europa and Thracia, consularis of Sicily, comes of the second order, comes of the first order, then proconsul of Africa (before 333). Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus wrote an epigram in his honour. A statue was dedicated to Proculus by the merchants of pig meat and the leather makers; the inscription is preserved in the Museo Nazionale Romano of Palazzo Altemps in Rome.

Pliny the Elder 7.148 cites him as an authority for Octavian's illness on the occasion. After their return to Rome, he played a major role in Octavian's war against Lucius Antonius and Fulvia, respectively the brother and wife of Mark Antony, which began in 41 BC and ended in the capture of Perusia in 40 BC. However, Salvidienus remained Octavian's main general at this time.Reinhold, pp. 17–20. After the Perusine war, Octavian departed for Gaul, leaving Agrippa as urban praetor in Rome with instructions to defend Italy against Sextus Pompeius, an opponent of the Triumvirate who was now occupying Sicily.

This distinction follows the analysis of Ronald Syme, "Legates of Cilicia under Trajan", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 18 (1969), pp. 359-362 One is the friend of Pliny the Younger, who was praetor in the year 93;Pliny provides a precis of that Tiro's career in Epistulae VII.16.1-2 next is the subject of this article; the third is Titus Calestrius Tiro Julius Maternus, governor of Lycia et Pamphylia from 136 to 138Eck, "Jahres- und Provinzialfasten der senatorischen Statthalter von 69/70 bis 138/139", Chiron, 13 (1983), pp. 179-183 and the son of the second.

According to Livy, it is likely that the lictors were an Etruscan tradition, adopted by Rome.Livy, Ab urbe condita, 1:8 The highest magistrate, the dictator, was entitled to twenty-four lictors and fasces, the consul to twelve, the proconsul eleven, the praetor six (two within the pomerium), the propraetor five, and the curule aediles two. Another part of the symbolism developed in Republican Rome was the inclusion of just a single-headed axe in the fasces, with the blade projecting from the bundle. The axe indicated that the magistrate's judicial powers (imperium) included capital punishment.

Julius Caesar was determined to excel Pompey in this as in other areas, and later gave six collections to his own Temple of Venus Genetrix; according to Suetonius gems were among his varied collecting passions.De Vita Caesarum, Divus Iulius, (The Lives of the Caesars, The Deified Julius), Fordham online text Many later emperors also collected gems. Chapters 4-6 of Book 37 of the Natural History of Pliny the Elder give a summary art history of the Greek and Roman tradition, and of Roman collecting. According to Pliny Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (praetor 56 BC) was the first Roman collector.

Broughton, pg. 9 This was followed by his election as Praetor Peregrinus in 94 BC, after which he was posted as propraetor to the province of Asia in the following year.Broughton, pg. 14 In 89 BC, Gellius was a senior legate under Pompeius Strabo, beginning a long association with that family that would continue with Strabo’s son, Pompeius MagnusBroughton, pg. 35 So much so that when he achieved the consulate in 72 BC, he was noted as a Pompeian consulSyme, pg. 66 and pushed through a bill to validate grants of citizenship by Pompey in Hispania.

He then was commissioned as a military tribune with Legio XIV Gemina stationed in Roman Britain; Birley dates this to before the year 60, meaning Messalla had left the legion when the unit triumphed in the Battle of Watling Street that year. He then proceeded through the traditional Republican magistracies -- quaestor, plebeian tribune and praetor -- before accepting a second commission, this time as legatus legionis or commander of Legio XVI Flavia Firma before the year 70. This was the point where the account of his cursus ends. From other sources we know Messalla was co-opted into the Septemviri epulonum following his consulate.

Despite that many Marci Clodii are known, Olli Salomies finds this theory "very likely".Salomies, Adoptive and polyonymous nomenclature in the Roman Empire, (Helsinski: Societas Scientiarum Fenica, 1992), p. 93 He may have benefited from the patronage of the Emperor Claudius's powerful minister Lucius Vitellius, who caused him to be made praetor for a day - the last day of the year 48.Tacitus, Annales, XII.4, 3 According to an inscription recovered at Paphos,AE 1956, 186 in the earlier part of his career he commanded a legion, was legate of Lycia et Pamphylia (in the period 53-56) and proconsul of Cyprus.

He gets reincarnated into a laurel tree, Apollo's tree of victory. Hazel is voted as the new Praetor of Camp Jupiter and Lavinia voted as Centurion of the Fifth Cohort. Apollo receives his old Godly Bow as a gift from Camp Jupiter, Meg receives seeds and they set off to New York after receiving the last and final prophecy from Ella and Tyson, which they realize is a terza rima, and they would have to find more stanzas in the East. They go in hopes to once again be reunited with their old friends from Camp Half- Blood.

Broughton, pg. 491 By 124 BC, he had been elected to the office of praetor, since in 123 BC, he was appointed propraetor (governor) of one of the Hispanias (Citerior or Ulterior).Broughton, pg. 512 Whilst there, he was censured by the Senate, following a motion by Gaius Gracchus, for extorting gifts of grain from a Spanish town.Broughton, pg. 514 Then in 121 BC, he was elected consul alongside Lucius Opimius. During his consulship, he campaigned in Gallia Transalpina (in the modern day Auvergne and Rhône-Alpes regions) with Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus against the Gallic tribes of the Allobroges and Arverni.Broughton, pg.

184f a vexillation of Legio III Cyrenaica participated in the Jewish War and Celsus may have come to Vespasian's notice that way. Regardless of the reason, promotion to the Senate was a significant social and political achievement for Celsus. Following this, Celsus achieved the republican magistracy of praetor of the people of Rome, requiring his presence in the capital city. Then he was appointed praetorian legate to the provincial complex of Cappadociae et Galatiae Ponti, Pisidiae Paphlagoniae, Armeniae minoris, an aggregation of territory that later became the provinces of Roman Cappadocia, Galatia, Paphlagonia, and Roman Armenia.

He arrives at a Roman establishment called Camp Jupiter, and is elected praetor as a result of the help he offers them on a quest. During the remaining three books in the third person his character develops significantly. He develops an irrational fear of drowning; is humbled by weakening sword-fighting skills; and expresses a new tendency to make ambiguous moral choices in defense of his friends and family. One of the character's darkest moments comes in The House of Hades, when Percy discovers that he can control the water in a person's body, and uses it to torture the goddess Akhlys.

Among the islands, the Greek city of Issa had retained some form of independence under Roman protection but Pharos remained an Illyrian possession. On the mainland, the Delmatae and the Daorsi were at one time subjects, but the former defected soon after the accession of Gentius. Illyrian strength lay in its navy and it was their interference with Adriatic shipping that once more aroused Roman interest in the area. In 180 BC, a Roman praetor responsible for coastal protection arrived in Brundisium with some of Gentius's ships that were said to have been caught in the act of piracy.

An embassy to Illyria failed to locate the king; but the praetor discovered that Romans were being held for ransom at Corcyra Nigra. No outcome of the affair is reported and it may well be that the Senate accepted a claim by Gentius' envoys that the charges were false. Ten years later, when Rome was gripped with war fever against Perseus of Macedonia, Issa accused Gentius of plotting war with the king and so the Illyrian envoys were denied a hearing before the Senate. Instead, the Romans seized 54 Illyrian lembi at anchor in the harbor of Epidamnus.

Syme, pg. 200 Flaccus was the grandson of Gaius Norbanus. His family had suffered under the proscriptions of Lucius Cornelius Sulla, but had found favour under the regime of Julius Caesar.Syme, pg. 200 With Caesar's death, his allegiance passed to Octavianus, Caesar's adopted son.Syme, pg. 235 Norbanus was first elected as praetor in 43 BC.Broughton, pg. 337 With the establishment of the Second Triumvirate and the launching of the civil war against the Liberatores, in 42 BC Norbanus and another general, Decidius Saxa, were sent by Marcus Antonius and Octavianus with eight legions into Macedonia against the assassins of Julius Caesar.

The Senate was directed by a presiding magistrate, who was usually either a consul (the highest-ranking magistrate) or, if the consul was unavailable, a Praetor (the second-highest ranking magistrate), usually the urban praetor.Byrd, 42 By the late Republic, another type of magistrate, a plebeian tribune, would sometimes preside. While in session, the Senate had the power to act on its own, and even against the will of the presiding magistrate if it wished. The presiding magistrate began each meeting with a speech (the verba fecit),Lintott, 78 which was usually brief, but was sometimes a lengthy oration.

Publius Sestius was a Roman senator in the 1st century BC. He was a praetor in 53 BC, as well as a friend and ally of Cicero, by whom he was defended in 56 BC. Upon the outbreak of Caesar's Civil War he joined the party of Pompey, having become the governor of Cilicia. According to Plutarch's Life of Brutus he was accompanied by Marcus Brutus to his province, but Sestius subsequently went over to Caesar, who sent him into Cappadocia in 48 BC. He was the son of a man by the same name and a woman named Postumia Albia.

Tullus was the son of Lucius Volcatius Tullus, the consul of 66 BC. Elected praetor urbanus in 46 BC, in 45 BC he was allotted the province of Cilicia for his propraetoral governorship, which he held until 44 BC. His decision not to give aid to Gaius Antistius Vetus, the governor of Syria, allowed Quintus Caecilius Bassus, the former governor and opponent of Julius Caesar, to hold out until the Parthians were able to reach Bassus. Tullus subsequently was elected consul in 33 BC. He later was proconsul in Asia either from 28 to 27 BC, or from 27 to 26 BC.

Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum Servius Sulpicius Galba, praetor in 54 BC. As legate of Julius Caesar's 12th Legion during his Gallic Wars, he defeated the Nantuates in 57 BC in the Battle of Octodurus.Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 3.5 Retrieved 2009-10-02. Servius Galba then had a dispute with Caesar over a debt, also felt his friendship with Caesar cost him the consular election in 49 BC. In 45 BC, Galba complained that the Senators were not given their proper respect. According to Suetonius, Caesar had an affair with Galba’s wife, which caused more anger.

For his service in these units, Voconius was awarded dona militaria. Next he achieved the office of quaestor, which he served in the public province of Macedonia; upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy he was enrolled in the Senate. Two more of the traditional Republican magistracies followed: plebeian tribune and praetor. After stepping down from his praetorship, Voconius was appointed to a number of responsible offices. The first listed in his cursus honorum was curator or overseer of the Viae Valeria and Tiburtina; Géza Alföldy estimates he held this post from around the year 135 to around the year 138.

Soon after, he fought in two campaigns in which he served for a year. Thereafter, he served an additional two campaigns in Hispania, one under Quintus Fulvius Flaccus who was acting as Praetor (182 BC - 181 BC), the other under Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (180 BC). Quintus Fulvius Flaccus requested he go to Rome with a few other officers for his triumph because of their bravery. He was soon asked to go back to Spain by Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, and four times during the three years in Spain he was made first centurion of the 1st century of the triarii.

However, since one had to be at least thirty years old before they could run for the Praetorship, Patricians ultimately had no true advantage over Plebeians. After an individual served as Praetor, they had to wait for another two years before they could seek election to the Consulship, and so, while it was not specifically mandated, candidates for the Consulship usually had to be at least thirty-three years old.Abbott, 375 After a magistrate's term in office expired, they could run again for the same office almost immediately.Abbott, 375 Roman Emperor Diocletian, who ultimately abolished the Principate.

Pompey later arrives in the forum wearing the paludamentum, the bright scarlet cloak of every Roman proconsul on active service, and leaves the city to tackle the pirates, not to return for another six years. Cicero is elected praetor and is allocated the extortion court. The lex Manilia is proposed, granting command of the war against Mithradates to Pompey, along with the government of the provinces of Asia, Cilicia and Bithynia, the latter two held by Lucullus, which is opposed by Catulus and Hortensius. Marcus Caelius Rufus, the son of a wealthy banker, becomes Cicero's pupil and brings him political gossip.

Next to nothing is known of Orca's early career. As praetor in 57 BC, he actively supported Cicero's return from exile,Marcus Tullius Cicero, Post reditum in senatu 23; Léonie Hayne, "Who Went to Luca?" Classical Philology 69 (1974), p. 218. and in 56, while governor in Africa, he was the recipient of two letters of recommendation from Cicero.On behalf of Caius Curtius and Publius Cuspius: Cicero, Epistulae ad familiares 13.6 (= 57 in the chronological edition of Shackleton Bailey) and 13.6a (= 58 SB); C. Nicolet, "Le cens senatorial sous la Republique et sous Auguste," Journal of Roman Studies 66 (1976), p. 27.

The family origins of Apollinaris lie in Vercellae in Northwestern Italy. Thanks to the ingenuous identification of Apollinaris with the subject of a headless inscription found in Asia Minor by Werner Eck, we know most of the earliest steps of his cursus honorum.Eck, "Epigraphische Untersuchungen zu Konsuln und Senatoren des 1.-3. Jh. N. Chr.", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 37 (1980), p. 56 n. 86 Apollinaris' first recorded republican magistracy was quaestor, which was followed by plebeian tribune, and praetor. Then he was appointed one of the nine curatores viarum, or curator of the public roads, in Italy.

In 108 or 107 BC, Flaccus issued coinage depicting Victory and Mars. Flaccus was elected praetor sometime before 103 BC. In 100, he was the colleague of Gaius Marius for Marius' sixth consulship. He was so little at variance with Marius that his contemporary Rutilius Rufus, in his non-extant history, disparaged him as "more a servant than a colleague."Quoted by Plutarch, Marius 28.8. In 97, Flaccus was censor with the Marcus Antonius who was consul in 99 BC. The duties of the censors included revising the census, which not only registered citizens, but determined social rank (ordo).

Aulus Hostilius Mancinus was consul of the Roman Republic, together with Aulus Atilius Serranus, in 170 BC. He had been an urban praetor in 180 BC. When he was consul he was given the command of the Third Macedonian War (171-168 BC) for that year. The ancient Historian Livy did not write much about his campaign, which he thought was quite uneventful. He went to Epirus on the western coast of Greece to march to Thessaly, where the Roman troops were stationed. Epirus had just switched sides, going over to Perseus, the king of Macedon.

Ever since its reconquest from the Ostrogoths by Belisarius in 535–536, Sicily had formed a distinct province under a praetor, while the army was placed under a dux. A strategos (military governor) is attested on the island in Arab sources between 687 and 695, and it is at that time that the island was probably made into a theme. The theme was based in Syracuse, traditionally the chief city of Sicily. It comprised not only the island, which was divided into districts called tourmai, but also the mainland duchy of Calabria (Greek: , doukaton Kalavrias), which extended roughly up to the river Crati.

Note: while there seems to be consensus as to the general history of the praetorian expeditions, the names of the commanders and subordinates of these forces varies widely based on the historical account. A Roman praetor, Gaius Claudius Glaber, gathered a force of 3,000 men, not regular legions, but a militia "picked up in haste and at random, for the Romans did not consider this a war yet, but a raid, something like an attack of robbery."Appian, Civil Wars, 1:116. Glaber's forces besieged the slaves on Mount Vesuvius, blocking the only known way down the mountain.

The importance of Arval Brethren apparently dwindled during the Roman Republic, but emperor Augustus revived their practices to enforce his own authority. In his time the college consisted of a master (magister), a vice-master (promagister), a priest (flamen), and a praetor, with eight ordinary members, attended by various servants, and in particular by four chorus boys, sons of senators, having both parents alive. Each wore a wreath of corn, a white fillet and the toga praetexta. The election of members was by co-optation on the motion of the president, who, with a flamen, was himself elected for one year.

37 Egnatius was elected Praetor sometime prior to 146 BC, and following this he was assigned the newly created province of Macedonia as its Proconsular governor, replacing Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus who had just finished pacifying the new province.Broughton, pg. 84; Brennan, pg. 225 During his tenure as governor of Macedonia, Gnaeus Egnatius began the construction of the eponymous Via Egnatia which was begun in 146 BC and completed in 120 BC. His portion of the Roman road began at the Adriatic Sea, crossed the Pindus mountains and travelled eastward into central Macedonia, ending at Thessalonica.

The consul Fabius had ordered Gracchus, a praetor, to march from Lucercia, where he had been wintering, on to Beneventum. Fabius' son, the Q. Fabius Maximus who became consul the following year, was in command of a separate force, and was ordered to take possession of Lucercia. Fabius ordered Gracchus to Beneventum with the idea of cooping up Hannibal in Campania, he had failed to do this previously in 215 BC, and perhaps with the scheme in mind of preventing reinforcements from reaching him. There is no evidence that Fabius had any idea that reinforcements were on their way.

Velvet realizes at this point that Seres must be a reincarnation of her deceased sister, Celica. Velvet and company then escape the island. Over the course of her journey to get her revenge, she also meets Laphicet, a Malak formerly in service to Praetor Exorcist Teresa Linares until being kidnapped and named by her; Eleanor, an Abbey Exorcist who questions their methods; and Eizen, a Malak who travels with pirates who grant the group sanctuary. They are also joined by Bienfu, a Normin Malak originally contracted with Magilou and who had since been bound to Eleanor while Magilou was imprisoned.

A fourrée denarius of Domitian showing 2 plating breaks. Denarius Serratus - Pomponia 7 A serratus subaeratus A fourrée is a coin, most often a counterfeit, that is made from a base metal core that has been plated with a precious metal to look like its solid metal counterpart. The term is normally applied to ancient silver-plated coins such as the Roman denarius and Greek drachma, but the term is also applied to other plated coins. Cicero mentions that M. Marius Gratidianus, a praetor during the 80s BC, was widely praised for developing tests to detect false coins, and removing them from circulation.

Since 193 B.C., the Lusitanians had been fighting Rome and its expansion into the peninsula following the defeat and occupation of Carthage in North Africa. They defended themselves bravely for years, causing the Roman invaders serious defeats. In 150 B.C., they were defeated by Praetor Servius Galba: springing a clever trap, he killed 9,000 Lusitanians and later sold 20,000 more as slaves further northeast in the newly conquered Roman provinces in Gaul (modern France) by Julius Caesar. Three years later (147 B.C.), Viriathus became the leader of the Lusitanians and severely damaged the Roman rule in Lusitania and beyond.

But no ancient source accords him or his father the Dives cognomen; in fact, we are explicitly informed that his great wealth was acquired rather than inherited, and that he was raised in modest circumstances.Plutarch. Parallel Lives, The Life of Crassus, 1.1; 2.2 Crassus' grandfather of the same name, Marcus Licinius Crassus (praetor c. 126 BC), was facetiously given the Greek nickname Agelastus (the unlaughing or grim) by his contemporary Gaius Lucilius, the inventor of Roman satire, who asserted that he smiled once in his whole life. This grandfather was son of Publius Licinius Crassus (consul 171 BC).

In the mid-3rd century BC the Bardili were forced to acknowledge the suzerainty of Carthage at the latter part of the century. However, their history after the Second Punic War is unclear; they seem to have played no role in the Lusitanian Wars and subsequent conflicts during the 2nd-1st Centuries BC. It is almost certain that the Bardili recovered their independence, which they enjoyed for nearly a century before being included into Hispania Ulterior province by the praetor Publius Licinius Crassus in the wake of his campaign against the Lusitani and Celtici in 93 BC.

The praetor of Hispania Ulterior, Servius Sulpicius Galba commanded the Roman troops in Iberia c.150 BC, and at the same time Lucius Licinius Lucullus was appointed Governor of the Hispania Citerior and commander of an army. In the year 151 BC, Lucullus "being greedy of fame and needing money", made a peace treaty with the Caucaei, of the Vaccaei tribe, after which he ordered his men to kill all the tribe's adult males, of which it is said only a few out of 30,000 escaped. Servius Sulpicius Galba joined forces with Lucius Licinius Lucullus and together started to depopulate Lusitania.

The Roman navy had been mobilized in 219 BC, fielding 220 quinqueremes for fighting the Illyrians. Publius Cornelius Scipio received four legions (8,000 Roman and 14,000 allied infantry and 600 Roman and 1,600 allied horse) and was to sail for Iberia escorted by 60 ships. However, Gauls of the Boii and Insubre tribes in northern Italy attacked the Roman colonies of Placentia and Cremona, causing the Romans to flee to Mutina, which the Gauls then besieged. Praetor L. Manlius Vulso marched from Ariminium with two Roman legions, 600 Roman Horse, 10,000 allied infantry and 1,000 allied cavalry towards Cisalpine Gaul.

The Carthaginian navy struck the first blow of the war when a fleet of 20 quinqueremes, loaded with 1,000 soldiers, raided the Lipari Islands in 218 BC. Another group of eight ships attacked Vulcano island, but was blown off-course in a storm towards the Straits of Messina. The Syracusan navy, then at Messina, managed to capture three of the ships, which surrendered without resistance. Learning from the captured crew that a Carthaginian fleet was to attack Lilybaeum, Hiero II, who was at Messina awaiting the arrival of Sempronius, warned the Roman praetor Marcus Aemilius Lepidus at Lilybaeum about the impending raid.

Thereafter his mistress Caenis was his wife in all but name until she died in 74. The political career of Vespasian included the offices of quaestor, aedile and praetor, and culminated with a consulship in 51, the year Domitian was born. As a military commander, he gained early renown by participating in the Roman invasion of Britain in 43.Jones (1992), p. 8 Nevertheless, ancient sources allege poverty for the Flavian family at the time of Domitian's upbringing,Suetonius, Life of Domitian 1 even claiming Vespasian had fallen into disrepute under the emperors Caligula (37-41) and Nero (54-68).

Lucullus returned in 80 BC and was elected curule aedile for 79, along with his brother Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus, and gave splendid games.Plut.Luc.1.6, Granius Licinianus 32F The most obscure part of Lucullus' public career is the year he spent as praetor in Rome, followed by his command of Roman Africa, which probably lasted the usual two-year span for this province in the post-Sullan period. Plutarch's biography entirely ignores this period, 78 BC to 75 BC, jumping from Sulla's death to Lucullus' consulate. However Cicero briefly mentions his praetorship followed by the African command,Acad.

He was praetor in the year of Cicero's consulship, 63 BC, and consul in 61 BC, the year in which Publius Clodius profaned the mysteries of the Bona Dea, and Gnaeus Pompeius triumphed for his several victories over the Cilician pirates, Tigranes the Great and Mithridates VI of Pontus. Messalla, as consul, took an active part in the prosecution of Clodius. Messalla was censor in 55 BC. As an orator, Messalla was thought to be respectable. In 80 BC he was engaged in collecting evidence for the defence in the cause of Sextus Roscius of Ameria.

Fonteius Capito was a Roman senator, who was active during the reign of Nero. He was consul for the year 67 as the colleague of Lucius Julius Rufus.Paul A. Gallivan, "Some Comments on the Fasti for the Reign of Nero", Classical Quarterly, 24 (1974), pp. 292, 310 Capito came from a plebeian family whose members had reached the rank of praetor since the 2nd century BC, but none had achieved the consulate until the end of the Republic, in 33 BC, when Gaius Fonteius Capito did so.Friedrich Münzer, "Fonteius", Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (Stuttgart, 1909), volume VI,2, col.

After stepping down as praetor, Ambibulus served as praefectus frumentus dandi ex senatus, then was selected by the sortition to be proconsular governor of Macedonia in 124/125.Eck, "Jahres- und Provinzialfasten der senatorischen Statthalter von 69/70 bis 138/139", Chiron, 13 (1983), pp. 160f This was followed by two commissions as legate or commander of legions: Legio I Italica in Moesia, and Legio III Augusta in Numidia; we know from other sources he commanded a Legio III in 132.Paul Leunissen, "Direct Promotions from Proconsul to Consul under the Principate", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 89 (1991), p.

Postumius Titianus was a member of the third century ‘’gens Postumii’’, which was not descended from the Republican family of the same name. In his early career he was an imperial candidate for both the offices of Quaestor and Praetor. Before the year 291, he was either a suffect consul or perhaps adlectus inter consulares.Mennen, pg. 123 Around AD 291/2, Postumius Titianus was appointed corrector Transpadanae cognoscens vice sacra and electus ad iudicandas sacras appellationes (that is, the Corrector of Cisalpine Gaul and the officer responsible for the management of imperial judicial duties and the execution of the emperor’s will).

Darrow, now one of the Peerless Scarred and in the service of his enemy, Nero au Augustus, is poised to gain control of his own fleet of warships, which he knows will be useful to the Sons of Ares and their plan to undermine the Society. During his final exam at the Academy, Darrow faces off against Cassius's older brother, Karnus au Bellona, in an epic space battle. Darrow pulls a tactical move but underestimates Karnus and loses, resulting in hundreds of casualties. Karnus becomes praetor of his own fleet and all of Darrow's plans have unraveled.

The Lex Plaetoria de minoribus (192–191 BC) protected legal minors. If someone under age 25 entered into a legal transaction contrary to his own interests, it authorized a praetor to grant a restitutio in integrum, a legal remedy for a person who had suffered an unjust loss because of an overly strict application of law. The legal position of both parties was restored to their standing before the contested litigation, but as a matter of civil law (ius civile), the transaction itself was not reversed.George Mousourakis, The Historical and Institutional Context of Roman Law (Ashgate, 2003), p. 219.

The gens Annia, to which Marcus Aurelius belonged, had an undistinguished history. Their only famous member was Titus Annius Milo, a man known for hastening the end of the free republic through his use of political violence.Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 28. Marcus Aurelius' paternal family originated in Ucubi, a small town southeast of Córdoba in Iberian Baetica. The family rose to prominence in the late first century AD. Marcus Aurelius' great-grandfather Marcus Annius Verus (I) was a senator and (according to the Historia Augusta) ex-praetor; in 73–74 his grandfather Marcus Annius Verus (II) was made a patrician.

Germanicus' father, Drusus the Elder, was the second son of the Empress Livia Drusilla by her first marriage to praetor Tiberius Nero, and was the Emperor Tiberius's younger brother and Augustus's stepson. In the year 9, Augustus ordered and forced Tiberius to adopt Germanicus, who happened to be Tiberius's nephew, as his son and heir. Germanicus was a favourite of his great-uncle Augustus, who hoped that Germanicus would succeed his uncle Tiberius, who was Augustus's own adopted son and heir. This in turn meant that Tiberius was also Agrippina's adoptive grandfather in addition to her paternal great-uncle.

Anise K. Strong: Prostitutes and Matrons in the Roman World She became known for the influence she wielded over public affairs in 74 BC, when her lover Gaius Verres served as urban praetor of Rome. Her influence was used against Gaius Verres by his enemies, who accused him of allowing her an excessive influence over state affairs. Allegedly, she acted as the political advisor of Gaius Verres, who allowed her to make decisions within civil cases and prepare laws and political reforms. Aware of her de facto position, she was courted by supplicants and political officials.

The Histories of Appian, The Civil Wars Aquitania lay under the command of a former Praetor, and hosted no legions.Livius.org, Provinces (Roman). Sestertius of Hadrian found in the Garonne near Burdigala, from a shipwreck of 155/56 AD More so than Caesar, Strabo insists that the primeval Aquitani differ from the other Gauls not just in language, institutions and laws ("lingua institutis legibusque discrepantes") but in body make-up too, deeming them closer to the Iberians. The administrative boundaries set up by Augustus comprising both proper Celtic tribes and primeval Aquitani remained unaltered until Diocletian's new administrative reorganization (see below).

Humiliated by what he sees as his son's weakness, Gr'zy disowns the boy, who is treated as an outcast. When Praetor Hiren, the leader of the Danteri's allies, the Romulans, comes to Calhoun, he takes the boy, whom he renames "Muck", to live with him on Romulus, as assurance against further rebellion. The abusive Hiren gives Muck a scar on his face corresponding to the one possessed by Captain Calhoun in our universe. After a year in Hiren's residence, Hiren orders the boy to execute Gr'zy, who has continued his rebellion, but Gr'zy commits suicide before Muck can do this.

Isauricus was the son of Gaius Servilius Vatia and a member of the plebeian branch of the gens Servilia, while his mother was Caecilia Metella, daughter of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus. A traditionalist, he was among the group of young Roman nobles who killed Lucius Appuleius Saturninus in the Curia Hostilia after his failed revolt.Smith, pg. 1232 It has been conjectured that he served as plebeian tribune in 97 BC.Broughton, pg. 5 He held the office of praetor in 90 BC, following which he was given a propraetoreal governorship in 89 BC, with his province being either Corsica et Sardinia or Cilicia.

The Consul was the highest Roman magistrate. The Praetor (the office was later divided into two, the Urban and Peregrine Praetors) was the highest judge in matters of private law between individual citizens, while the Curule Aediles, who supervised public works in the city, exercised a limited civil jurisdiction in relation to the market.p4 and p18, Nicholas, Barry, An Introduction to Roman Law (Oxford University Press, 1975) Roman magistrates were not lawyers, but were advised by jurists who were experts in the law. The term was maintained in most feudal successor states to the western Roman Empire.

Instead, they established a governor, with civil and military responsibilities and the rank of praetor. For the management of the two new provinces, two new praetorships were created, which had not existed previously and the system for the expansion of the empire was established. Originally, this was a military administration for when there was conflict on the island only, but the administration simultaneously gained control of civil government as well and became a permanent fixture. The administration of the province was based in the Sardinian city of Cagliari and the first governor was Marcus Valerius Laevinus.

The Roman Emperor, Tiberius, agreed to waive all taxes due from Sardis and the other cities for a period of five years after the earthquake. He further sent Sardis ten million sesterces and appointed Marcus Aletius, an ex-Praetor, to assess their needs. In recognition of the aid received and the tributes that were waived, twelve of the cities raised a colossal statue in Tiberius' honour in Julius Caesar's Forum in Rome, with each of the cities represented by a recognisable figure. Two additional figures were added later, representing Kibyra and Ephesus as they had also received aid from Tiberius.

Half a year later, the moral teachings of Yevon were revitalized in the form of the New Yevon Party, later led in Final Fantasy X-2 by Praetor Baralai. Although technically a splinter group of Yevon, the New Yevon party was not a religion, but a simple philosophy, their motto and position on Spira's advancement being "One thing at a time." In Final Fantasy X the is an important song. Its fictional history started as a song of defiance turned scripture and has numerous variations that is played throughout the game throughout Yuna's journey; primarily as the music of the temples.

So- called “Sulla”, a copy (probably from the time of Augustus) after a portrait of an important Roman from the 2nd century BC, with similarities to the so- called "Marius", suggesting that both statues were conceived and exhibited together as either siblings or rivals; Munich, Glyptothek Returning to Rome, Sulla was elected Praetor urbanus for 97 BC.Keaveney, p. 30. In 96 BC he was appointed propraetor of the province of Cilicia in Asia Minor. There was a serious problem with pirates there and it is commonly assumed that he was sent there to deal with that.Lynda Telford, Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered, p. 72.

Much of this Greek art was taken to Rome, where it was one of the first major impacts of Greek influence on Roman culture. Following his victory at Syracuse, Marcellus remained in Sicily, where he defeated more Carthaginian and rebel foes. The important city of Agrigentum was still under Carthaginian control, though there was now little the Carthaginian leadership could do to support it, as the campaigns against the Romans in Spain and Italy now took precedence. At the end of 211 BC, Marcellus resigned from command of the Sicilian province, thereby putting the praetor of the region, Marcus Cornelius Cethegus, in charge.

Graduated in law at the University of Florence in 1966, Ferri has been a magistrate since 1970 and since 1971 a praetor in Pontremoli. He was a member of the Superior Council of the Judiciary from 1976 to 1981, when he became National Secretary of the Independent Judiciary (1981−1987). From 1988 to 1989 he served as Minister of Publick Works in the De Mita Cabinet and is known for having set the limit of 110 km/h on the highway. In 1989 he was elected MEP for the PSDI and in 1992 he was elected Deputy in the National Parliament.

Hampsicora was busy raising an army and collecting provisions near the city of Cornus (near Cuglieri on the western coast of Sardinia). The Carthaginian delay gave the Romans the opportunity to send fresh forces under the praetor Titus Manlius Torquatus, who had served as consul in Sardinia in 235 BC. Total Roman forces in Sardinia rose to 20,000 infantry and 1,200 horse with his arrival. Manlius managed to draw Hiostus, Hampsicora's son, into a rash attack on the Romans while Hampsicora was away on a recruiting mission. In the ensuing battle, 5,700 Sardinians were killed and the rebel army was scattered.

13 ff. The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology says this of the cognomen Caesar: > It is uncertain which member of the Julia gens first obtained the surname of > Caesar, but the first who occurs in history is Sextus Julius Caesar, praetor > in BC 208. The origin of the name is equally uncertain. Spartianus, in his > life of Aelius Verus, mentions four different opinions respecting its > origin: #That the word signified an elephant in the language of the Moors, > and was given as a surname to one of the Julii because he had killed an > elephant.

The Capitoline Brutus, an ancient Roman bust from the Capitoline Museums is traditionally identified as a portrait of Lucius Junius Brutus To replace the leadership of the kings, a new office was created with the title of consul. Initially, the consuls possessed all of the king's powers in the form of two men, elected for a one-year term, who could veto each other's actions. Later, the consuls’ powers were broken down further by adding other magistrates that each held a small portion of the king's original powers. First among these was the praetor, which removed the consuls’ judicial authority from them.

It can be assumed he was praetor, since Geminus had acceded to suffect consul. The date of his consulate is variously given. The older authorities follow Edmund Groag's argument that Geminus was suffect consul in AD 54 or 55. However, Eck has more recently shown that a nundinium in either year 60 or 61 is more likely. Syme endorses the years 60 or 61, and builds on it the hypothesis that Geminus may owe his appointment to the consulate to Lucius Vitellius, one of Nero's comites, just as had Titus Clodius Eprius Marcellus and Lucius Junius Quintus Vibius Crispus.

He was ravaging their territory when Samnite envoys came to ask for peace. When presenting their case to the Roman Senate, the Samnite envoys stressed their former treaty with the Romans, which unlike the Campani, they had formed in times of peace, and that the Samnites now intended to go to war against the Sidicini who were no friends of Rome. The Roman praetor, Ti. Aemilius, delivered the reply of the Senate: Rome was willing to renew her former treaty with the Samnites; moreover, Rome would not involve herself in the Samnites' decision to make war or peace with the Sidicini.

14f The beginning of his senatorial career was not impressive. As a member of the vigintiviri, a preliminary and required first step toward gaining entry into the Roman Senate, Marcianus was allocated to the tresviri capitalis, which was not a prestigious office. Following this he held the typical series of offices: a hitch as military tribune in Legio IV Scythica, then another hitch as military tribune in Legio X Fretensis. He returned to Rome to serve as quaestor, then plebeian tribune, praetor, legate to the proconsul of Africa, and legate or commander of Legio X Gemina.

In the reign of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the last Roman king, this office was held by Lucius Junius Brutus, the king's nephew, and thus the senior member of the king's household, after the king himself and his sons. It was Brutus who convened the comitia and asked that they revoke the king's imperium. After the fall of the monarchy, the powers of the tribune of the celeres were divided between the Magister Militum, or Master of the Infantry, also known as the Praetor Maximus or dictator, and his lieutenant, the magister equitum or "Master of the Horse".

Crassus was a Roman general, who fought first with Sextus Pompey and Mark Antony before defecting to Octavian. Octavian then appointed him as his colleague as consul for 30 BC, even though Crassus had not been praetor, the office that was traditionally a prerequisite for the consulship. Dispatched to Macedonia in 29 BC, he moved against the Bastarnae, a tribe of mixed ethnicity (Scythian, Dacian, and Germanic) who had crossed the Danube and threatened Roman allies in neighboring Thrace. He drove them back toward the Danube and finally defeated them in pitched battle, killing their King Deldo in single combat.

During his aedileship he distributed large quantities of low priced grain amongst the people. Elected praetor in 193 BC he was given Hispania Citerior as his province where he carried on a successful war by besieging and capturing the wealthy town of Litabrum. Flaminius was elected consul in 187 BC. He and his colleague were given the task of fighting the Friniates and the Apuani (Ligurians) who had been raiding in Northern Italy. After having gained several battles against the Friniates and Apuani he reduced them to submission and peace was restored in the north of Italy.

Here he fought under Marcus Aurelius in the Second Marcomannic War, during which time his unit was awarded dona militaria (or military honours) by the emperor. His next posting was as quaestor in the province of Gallia Narbonensis, after which he returned to Rome to serve as plebeian tribune, probably under the new emperor Commodus. In around AD 185, Caesonius Macer continued his climb up the cursus honorum with his appointment as legatus proconsulis, where he assisted the governor of Hispania Baetica in his duties. Then in around AD 187, he was back in Rome where he was elected praetor.

While the prefecture could be held by an ex-praetor, and thus before Vettonianus was suffect consul, the curatorship of the roads was more often held after the consulate, and that of the water supply always was; but the inscription grouped them together, as if Vettonianus held them before acceding to the consulate. It may be that as similar positions, it made sense to group them together in the inscription, or Vettonianus was adjunct curator aequarum to the man usually considered his predecessor, Manius Acilius Aviola.R. H. Rodgers, "Curatores Aquarum", Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, 86 (1982), pp.

A member of the patrician branch of the Claudii family, Pulcher originally bore the name Gaius Claudius Pulcher, and was the natural born son of Gaius Claudius Pulcher, a praetor in 56 BC. Upon his adoption by his uncle Appius Claudius Pulcher, the consul of 54 BC, he took his adopted father’s praenomen.Anthon & Smith, pgs. 209-210; Syme, pg. 229 He, along with his natural born brother, also called Appius Claudius Pulcher, prosecuted Titus Annius Milo in 51 BC for the murder of Publius Clodius Pulcher, and managed to convict him with the help of Pompey.

The altar as it stands in the Palatine Hill Museum today. In 1820, an altar was discovered on the Palatine Hill with an Old Latin inscription, :SEI·DEO·SEI·DEIVAE·SAC :C·SEXTIVS·C·F·CALVINVS·PR :DE·SENATI·SENTENTIA :RESTITVIT which can be transliterated into the modern form asDescription of the altar at University of Texas at Austin' Digital Archive Services :Sei deo sei deivae sac(r + dative case ending o [masc.] / ae [fem.]) :C(aius) Sextius C(ai) f(ilius) Calvinus pr(aetor) :de senati sententia :restituit and translated as :Whether to a god or goddess sacred, :Gaius Sextius Calvinus, son of Gaius, praetor :by order of the Senate :restored this.

Upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy, Lucanus would be enrolled in the Senate.Richard Talbert, The Senate of Imperial Rome (Princeton: University Press, 1984), p. 16 Returning to Rome, he proceeded through the next traditional Republican magistracies, plebeian tribune and praetor. After his praetorship, Lucanus and his brother were appointed legati, or commanders, of Legio III Augusta, a posting that included governing the province of Numidia, from the year 70 to 73; Werner Eck suggests Lucanus handled the civilian responsibilities while Tullus commanded the legion.Eck, "Jahres- und Provinzialfasten der senatorischen Statthalter von 69/70 bis 138/139", Chiron, 12 (1982), pp.

Aulus Atilius Calatinus (dead by 216 BC) was a politician and general in Ancient Rome. He was the first Roman dictator to lead an army outside Italy (then understood as the Italian mainland), when he led his army into Sicily. He was consul in 258 BC and again in 254, a praetor and triumphator in 257, and finally a censor in 247. Calatinus must have died by 216, because Marcus Fabius Buteo (censor in 241) was named the oldest living ex-censor; Calatinus would have been senior to him in terms of the date of censorship and their respective ages.

Atilius was the son of Aulus Atilius Calatinus, who had been accused of betraying the city of Sora in the Samnite Wars. Standing in disgrace of his imminent condemnation, the elder Atilius was saved by a few timely words from the great Fabius Maximus Rullianus (the first Maximus and at that time (306 BC) the thrice consul and acting praetor), his father-in-law. Fabius asserted that he would have never continued his relationship (as Patron) had he believed Atilius was guilty of such a crime. The Plebeian Atilii were therefore clients of the aristocratic Fabii, and also related to them by marriage.

A member of a family which originated from the Aequi who were enrolled in the tribe Claudia, and who first came to prominence during the reign of Tiberius, Vipstanus Gallus reached the office of praetor in AD 17, the year of his death.Ronald Syme, "Missing Persons III", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 11 (1962), pp. 149f He is known to have at least one relative, Marcus Vipstanus Gallus (suffect consul in AD 18), but it is unknown whether Marcus was a brother or cousin of Lucius.Syme, Ronald, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p. 241.

Aulus Pompeius Bithynicus (flourished 1st century BC) was the son to Senator Cicero’s friend Quintus Pompeius Bithynicus by an unnamed woman. When dictator Gaius Julius Caesar was murdered in March 44 BC, he was serving as a praetor in Sicily. Out of fear of the situation in Rome, Pompeius wrote a letter to Cicero, requesting for his protection, which Cicero promised in his reply. Pompeius was against the political rebel Sextus Pompeius, gaining control of Messina, however afterwards Pompeius allowed Sextus to control Messina, on the condition that Pompeius would have equal authority of government with Sextus.

400, the diocese included the provinces of Europa, Thracia, Haemimontus, Rhodope, Moesia II and Scythia Minor. In May 535, with Novel 26, Justinian I abolished the Diocese of Thrace. Its vicarius retained his rank of vir spectabilis and received the new title of praetor Justinianus, uniting in his hand both civil and military authority over the provinces of the former diocese, in a crucial departure from the strict separation of authority from the Diocletianian system. A year later, in May 536, the two Danubian provinces, Moesia Inferior and Scythia, where detached to form, along with other provinces, the quaestura exercitus.

In the early Republic, they held judicial duties until these responsibilities were moved to the praetors and later to permanent courts; similarly, they held financial responsibilities until these duties were transferred to the quaestors. The consuls also held vague religious duties inherited from the kings, along with their more important military functions, serving as the commander-in-chief of Rome's armies. The next magistrate was the praetor, who increased in number over the course of the Republic and were primarily judges. In the later Republic, praetors were increasingly sent out to the provinces to serve as provincial governors, especially as prorogued magistrates.

Serving as one of these minor magistracies was considered an important first step in a senator's career. Next was service as a military tribune with Legio II Augusta, which was stationed in Roman Britain at the time. Agrippinus is then documented as quaestor of the public province of Roman Cyprus, which qualified him to be a senator, which is followed by the magistracies of aedile cerialis then praetor,Until the recovery of a second fragment, the relevant inscription had been restored to indicate that Agrippinus had been plebeian tribune, as shown in the scholarship. where our material ends.

Dyck, Andrew R., Marcus Tullius Cicero: Speeches on Behalf of Marcus Fonteius and Marcus Aemilius Scaurus: Translated with Introduction and Commentary, (2012) pg. 58 In 100 BC, Memmius was a candidate for the consulship of the following year (99 BC), but was slain in a riot on the election day, stirred up by his rival the praetor Gaius Servilius Glaucia. It has been speculated that, primarily due to Cicero describing him as consul designatus,Broughton III, pg. 23 Memmius was actually elected Consul in the disrupted elections of 99 BC, and was killed after his successful candidature was announced in the Roman Forum.

In On Famous Women Triaria (1st-century) was a Roman woman, the second wife of Lucius Vitellius the younger (the brother of emperor Aulus Vitellius). She is mentioned on the funeral monument of her favourite slavewoman, Tyrannis, in Tibur:CIL XIV, 3661. According to Tacitus, when former praetor Marcus Plancius Varus implied treasonable behaviour by Dolabella, she terrified the City Prefect, Titus Flavius Sabinus, warning him not to seek a reputation for clemency by endangering the Emperor.,Crime and Punishment in Ancient Rome, Richard A Bauman, Routledge, 2005, , p86The Histories, Gaius Cornelius Tacitus, Oxford University Press, 2001, , p94.

There were four unbroken generations who kept the name Frugi, but the nomenclature of the family line is complicated by adoption in adulthood, a practice of elite Roman families to preserve their heritage, religious traditions (sacra gentilicia), influence and property. One member of this family line (who became the praetor of 112 BC) had been adopted by a Marcus Pupius, and also used the name Marcus Pupius combined with Piso Frugi. His name was rendered Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus. The name Frugi was used for three more generations, in one case again kept by an adoptee.

Sulla 7.1 Clearly the prevalent view at Rome was that the reoccupation of Cappadocia was the last straw and that the Pontic king should be attacked and deposed. Even more importantly, the winding-down of the Italic War now released the troops necessary to effect this. As for Sulla, he had put himself back in the public eye by a good showing as a commander in the Italic War. He had recently married Metella, widow of the recently deceased princeps senatus M. Aemilius Scaurus and cousin of the praetor Metellus Pius and the young Luculli brothers.

Damnum iniuria datum was a delict of Roman law relating to the wrongful damage to property. It was created by the Lex Aquilia in the third century BC, and consisted of two parts: chapter one, which dealt with the killing of another's slave or certain types of animal; and chapter three which related to other types of property. It was widely extended both by reference to the words of the statute themselves and by the Praetor. Like similar concepts in the modern law, it had to deal with changes in the way negligence was dealt with, issues of omission, and those of causation.

Lastly, the lex applied only where the damage was done by the body to the body, corpore corpori. The praetor gave an action, utilis or in factum where it was by but not to the body, as by throwing grain into a river: it might not be harmed, but in effect it was destroyed. So too where it was to, but not by, the body, as where one put poison where a slave was likely to take it, but not actually administering it. So too where it was neither, as by opening a stable door so that animals escaped and were lost.

Giovanni Niccolini, in I fasti dei tribuni della plebe (Milan 1934), the standard work of tribunicial prosopography, regards this as uncertain. Further discussion by Andrew Lintott, Judicial reform and land reform in the Roman Republic: a new edition, with translation and commentary, of the laws from Urbino (Cambridge University Press, 1992) pp. 245–246 online. In that same year, he served on a three-man commission (triumviri coloniae deducendae) with an otherwise unknown Decimus Junius Brutus and the Marcus Helvius who was praetor in 197, for the purpose of establishing a Roman colony at Sipontum in southern Italy.

A seal attests to his having held the office of governor, with the title of praetor, of the joint themes of the Peloponnese and Hellas. This is likely when, according to Choniates, he became rich from tax farming in the provinces. The wealth he accumulated allowed him to marry an imperial relative, Irene Doukaina. Archbishop Theophylact of Ohrid, who maintained friendly relations with Gregory and addressed five letters to him, implies that he was very influential at court; in a letter written , Theophylact congratulates Gregory on his promotion to the rank of nobilissimus and the position of protasekretis.

The urban praetor began to receive charges filed by many states of Greece claiming that Philip was not facilitating the terms of his settlement.The details of the charges were stated in Book IX of Appian but only fragments survive, without the detail. The fragments have been placed online in Philip sent Demetrius to defend him before the Senate. The fact that he produced a list given by Philip to the Senate earlier showing the tasks accomplished and those remaining to be accompilshed with regard to Greece suggests a defense of inability to keep up with the schedule.

Murena's son was praetor in 65 BC, and consul in 63 BC, the first of his family to reach this rank. He was promptly charged by an election rival with bribery, and was defended in court by Cicero. His former commanding officer, Lucullus, was there as a character witness. Cicero said that Murena, father, and his father, had been honorable praetors at Rome, that the family was plebeian, that the charges were trumped up, and in his view it was high time that the plebeian family were admitted to a Senatorial post (De Murena, Chapter 12).

Next, he was a legatus proconsulis in Asia before fulfilling the same role in Africa around AD 202, either under his adopted father Umbrius Primus (who was the proconsular governor), or just after his father stepped down from office. Around AD 204 he presented himself as a candidate of the Emperor for the position of Praetor. Then in the year 206 Senecio Albinus was appointed consul prior. In around 208 or 209, he was appointed the electus ab Augustis ad cognoscendum vice sacra (the officer presiding over judicial cases in place of the emperor), when Severus and his sons were on campaign.

In fact, they still continued to resist Roman integration and assimilation policies for decades, a situation coupled by fiscal abuse that led to sporadic outbursts of violence well into the 1st century AD. Although the Arevaci later, in 29 BC, contributed an auxiliary cavalry unit (the Ala Hispanorum Aravacorum) to fight alongside the Roman legions in the first Astur-Cantabrian war, TacitusTacitus, Annales, 4, 45. cites heavy taxation as the major reason for a revolt in the Termes region which resulted in the ambush and assassination of Lucius Piso, Praetor of H. Citerior in 25 AD.

According to Polybius, unspecified Gauls besieged the city of Arretium (Arezzo, in north-eastern Tuscany) and defeated a Roman force which had come to the aid of the city. Their commander, the praetor Lucius Caecilius Metellus Denter died in the battle. This would place the battle in 283 BC because Denter was a consul in 284 BC. Denter was replaced by Manius Curius Dentatus, who sent envoys to negotiate the release of Roman hostages, but they were killed. The Romans marched on Gaul and they were met by the Senones who were defeated in a pitched battle.

The Battle of Suthul was an episode of the Jugurthine War. The battle was fought in 110 BC between the Roman force led by the praetor Aulus Postumus Albinus and the army of Numidia, led by King Jugurtha. In 110 BC, the consul Spurius Postumus Albinus invaded Numidia, but left soon after to prepare elections in Rome. His brother Aulus Postumus Albinus got the leadership of the Roman army, but was easily tricked by Jugurtha, who trapped the Romans near the town of Suthul, which may be the same location as Calama, near modern-day Guelma in Algeria.

After the murder of Julius Caesar in 44 BC, when it seemed that the assassins were triumphant, he suggested that they be rewarded for their services to the state. However, due to his previous alliance with the Roman dictator, Nero was allowed to be elected praetor in 42 BC. Around this time Nero married his relative Livia Drusilla, whose father Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus was from the same gens. His son of the same name was born November 16, 42 BC, at Fondi Italy. Shortly afterwards, the Second Triumvirate began to break down, causing a dangerous situation in Rome as the triumvirs went to battle with each other.

Agricola was appointed as quaestor for 64, which he served in the province of Asia under the corrupt proconsul Lucius Salvius Otho Titianus. While he was there, his daughter, Julia Agricola, was born, but his son died shortly afterwards. He was tribune of the plebs in 66 and praetor in June 68, during which time he was ordered by the Governor of Spain Galba to take an inventory of the temple treasures. During that same, the emperor Nero was declared a public enemy by the Senate and committed suicide, and the period of civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors began.

His earliest known office was praetor, held in about 411;Mathisen around 415 he served as a tribunus et notarius, which was an entry position to the imperial bureaucracy and led to his serving as comes sacrarum largitionum (count of the sacred largess) between 416 and 419. From January or February 420 to August or September 421 he was praefectus urbi of Rome, meaning that he had executive authority for much of the municipal administration of Rome; he held the office again sometime before 439. As praefectus he restored the Old St. Peter's Basilica. He was also appointed praetorian prefect, a leading military and judicial position, sometime between 421 and 439.

After the Battle of Pydna his father sent him to Rome to announce his victory. Fabius served as praetor in Sicily in 149 BC to 148 BC and was elected consul for 145 BC. After his consulship he went as proconsul to Hispania where he fought and defeated Viriathus in an episode of the Lusitanian War but failed to capture him. The war went on until his brother, Scipio Aemilianus, took Numantia a decade later. Fabius and his brother were the pupils and patrons of the historian Polybius, who recorded the strong fraternal bond between the brothers, even after their adoption into other houses.

The next post listed was legate or commander of Legio IV Scythica, which was stationed in the adjacent province of Syria; normally a senator was not assigned command of a legion until he had been praetor, a much higher grade than Priscus had yet achieved. And the post after that was even more extraordinary: governor of the province of Syria itself, a post that usually required the man to have been consul first. According to reliable sources, Priscus was governor of Syria in 97/98, twelve years prior to becoming consul.Werner Eck, "Jahres- und Provinzialfasten der senatorischen Statthalter von 69/70 bis 138/139", Chiron, 12 (1982), pp.

The strategos of Hellas is still attested for much of the 11th century, and a doux of Thebes and Euripus after the middle of the 12th century. By the end of the 11th century, the joint administration of Hellas and the Peloponnese came under the control of the megas doux, the commander-in-chief of the Byzantine navy. Due to the latter's absence from the province, however, the local administration remained under the local praetor, a position often held during this period by senior and distinguished officials like the legal scholars Alexios Aristenos and Nicholas Hagiotheodorites. Increasingly, however, smaller jurisdictions appeared within the boundaries of both themes.

Realino was viewed as honest and became the praetor of Castelleone; he also worked as the chief tax collector in Alessandria. Realino became noted in these places for his legal brilliance and learning. He entered the service of Francesco Ferdinando d'Avalos and moved to Naples to act as the superintendent of the fiefs of the Marquis. In Naples a Jesuit preacher's sermon so moved him that he sought out the priest and had him hear his confession; the priest noted his inclination to the religious life and – with some other Jesuit priests – invited him in August 1564 to make a week-long spiritual retreat with them, to discern his call.

Hermann Dessau, and others after him, identify that person with this Gentianus, although Dessau may be wrong in further identifying the author of the poem as his sister.See Dessau's notes at ILS 1046a Gentianus' cursus honorum is known in frustratingly incomplete detail from a fragmentary inscription in Sarmizegetusa. Prior to acceding to the consulate, Gentianus held the usual posts of military tribune, quaestor, plebeian tribune, praetor, then governor of an imperial province; however, the portions of the inscription which identifies which legion he was tribune of and the name of the province he governed are both missing. However the inscription from Sarmizegetusa attests Gentianus was admitted to the College of Pontiffs.

His term as quaestor was followed by the Republican office plebeian tribune then praetor. According to the order of offices in the Budrum inscription, Dexter was admitted to the Septemviri epulonum, one of the four most prestigious collegia of ancient Roman priests, prior to acceding to the praetorship. After leaving that office, Dexter was commissioned as legatus or commander of Legio IV Scythica; Alföldy dated his tenure from around 144 to 147 based on incorrect information about the date of his quaestorship;Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter den Antoninen (Bonn: Habelt Verlag, 1977), pp. 160, 198 the date of Dexter's command of this legion thus must have been much later.

Abbott, 151 Dictators had more "major powers" than any other magistrate, and after the Dictator was the censor, and then the consul, and then the praetor, and then the curule aedile, and then the quaestor. Any magistrate could obstruct ("veto") an action that was being taken by a magistrate with an equal or lower degree of magisterial powers.Abbott, 154 By definition, plebeian tribunes and plebeian aediles were technically not magistratesAbbott, 196 since they were elected only by the plebeians,Abbott, 151 and as such, . During the transition from republic to the Roman empire, the constitutional balance of power shifted from the Roman Senate back to the executive (the Roman Emperor).

Many of the levels have multiple pathways and open areas, which allow players to explore and find collectibles and secrets throughout the levels. Many of these collectibles can be used as part of Dooms progression system, including weapon mods, rune powers, and Praetor Suit upgrades. Weapon points come from field drones and allow the player to unlock alternate modes of fire for many weapons, such as explosive shots and different rate and output of firepower. Each of the weapons' firing modes can be further upgraded using weapon tokens, but they can only be maxed out by completing a challenge related to that particular firing mode.

The facility is overrun by demons after one of Hayden's researchers, Olivia Pierce, makes a pact with them and uses the Tower to open a portal to Hell. In desperation, Hayden releases the Doom Slayer from his sarcophagus to repel the demonic invasion and close the portal. The Doom Slayer recovers his Praetor Suit and fights his way through the overrun facility, where he realigns a comms satellite dish to get a lay of the land, all guided by the AI VEGA. After clearing out the facility core and preventing a meltdown, he pursues Pierce as he destroys the energy induction filters to Hayden's objections.

In 62, Scapula was involved in a legal suit where the praetor Antistius Sosianus was accused of violating the lex maiestas by composing verses mocking Nero which Sosianus recited at a large gathering at Scapula's house. Although Scapula claimed he had heard nothing, several witnesses present at the time were produced who attested Sosianus had recited the verses, and the accused was found guilty and punished with exile.Tacitus, Annales, XIV.42 When Sosianus was recalled from exile three years later, according to Tacitus, he learned that the occupation of delator, or informer, was favored by the emperor Nero, and Sosianus accused Scapula of seeking to make himself emperor.

A number of appeals and disagreements followed over the next two years, including an attempted intervention on Publius’ behalf by the ex-consul and governor of Gallia Transalpina, Gaius Valerius Flaccus. Eventually, in 81 BC a praetor, Gnaeus Dolabella, forced Publius to enter a judicial wager (sponsio), in which Publius would try to establish that his property had not been seized according to Burrienus' edict. The judge for the trial was Gaius Aquilius, the same jurist who had handled the initial stages of the case. Publius initially chose a Marcus Junius as his representative, but at the last minute had to hire the young Cicero, aged only 25, as replacement.

In 20 AD Sejanus was reaching the height of his power, and the birth of his daughter offered an opportunity to connect his own family with the imperial Julio-Claudian dynasty. This betrothal filled Sejanus, then just a prefect, with unfulfilled hopes. The Roman historian Tacitus wrote that the people were not satisfied with this match as they were with the betrothal of Claudius Drusus's cousin, Nero Caesar, son of the popular general Germanicus Julius Caesar. Probably it was felt the nobility of the family () was to be polluted; Sejanus was not of senatorial rank and his appointment as a praetor in 20 AD was an unprecedented novelty.

Having presumably worked his way up the cursus honorum, achieving the pre-requisite offices of quaestor and praetor at an earlier date, in 66 BC Sulla stood for election to the consulship (to assume office in 65 BC). Sulla was elected consul by the unanimous vote of all the centuries and with Publius Autronius as his colleague.Cicero, Pro Sulla, 32. However, the two were not to enjoy their success for long as soon after the result had been declared Lucius Manlius Torquatus and Lucius Aurelius Cotta, who had both stood against Sulla in the election and lost, accused those who had defeated them of bribery.

The inscription records he was sevir equitum Romanorum of the annual review of the equites at Rome, then he was adlected inter patricios -- into the patrician order. The reason for Ambibulus' admission to this highest stratum of Roman society is unknown, but it is only the first instance of favor shown to him by the emperor Trajan. Ambibulus was appointed quaestor to the emperor Trajan; to hold this magistracy in connection with the emperor was a very prestigious honor. After serving as legatus or assistant to the governor of Macedonia, as a patrician Ambibulus was excused from the next Republican magistracy and was the emperor's candidate for praetor.

The lex Caecilia Didia was a direct response to the events of 100 BC and an attempt to reduce hasty legislation passed in the comitia. In that year, Gaius Marius gained his sixth term as consul. Under Marius, the popularist tribune Saturninus and the praetor Glaucia proposed and passed liberal land laws assigning land in the province of Africa to Marius’s veterans. However, the radical nature of these bills and the forcible methods Saturninus and Glaucia used in ensuring their passage alienated a large part of the Roman people and eventually even Marius. As a result Saturninus’s laws were repealed, and the lex Caecilia Didia was introduced.

This meant that each individual community had to pass the law, most likely by a vote in assembly, before it could take effect. It was also possible under the Lex Julia for citizenship to be granted as a reward for distinguished military service in the field. It is assumed that the Lex Julia was closely followed by a supplementary statute, the Lex Plautia Papiria, which stated that a registered male of an allied Italian state could obtain Roman citizenship by presenting himself to a Roman praetor within 60 days of the passing of the law. This law granted Roman citizenship to Italians who had rebelled against Rome.

A member of the Patrician gens Cornelia, Cruscellio was the son of Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus.Syme, Ronald, The Augustan Aristocracy (1986), pg. 286 From September 20 through to October 23, 54 BC, he was the prosecutor who brought charges under the Lex Cornelia de maiestate against Aulus Gabinius, the ex-consul of 58 BC.Alexander, Michael C., Trials in the Late Roman Republic, 149 BC to 50 BC (1990), pg. 296 In 44 BC, he was possibly elected to the office of Praetor, and he was one of those who declared that the Senate’s allotment of provinces for the following year (during the meeting of November 28, 44 BC) was not binding.

Broughton III, p. 138 He was then appointed as one of Lucius Calpurnius Piso’s legati, serving in Macedonia from 57 BC to 56/55 BC.Broughton II, p. 295; Ryan, p. 191 Sometime between 54 BC and 47 BC, Crispus was elected to the office of Praetor,Ryan, p. 190 and, although he had no strong political ties to him, by 46 BC, he was serving under Julius Caesar in North Africa as one of Caesar’s legates.Broughton III, p. 138; Broughton II, p. 299; Smye, p. 64 During this portion of the campaign, he was given the responsibility of attacking the town of Thabena, which he then garrisoned after taking it.

After serving as praetor, Macro was legatus legionis or commander of two Roman legions: Legio I Adiutrix, which was stationed at Brigetio in Pannonia Superior; and Legio VII Gemina, which was stationed in Hispania Tarraconensis. = ILS 2289 Senators rarely commanded more than one legion in their career; in compiling a list of all men known to have commanded two or more, Anthony Birley identified only thirty- three men.Birley, The Fasti of Roman Britain (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), pp. 18-20 Attius Macro is also attested as governor of Pannonia Inferior immediately before he acceded to the consulate;Ronald Syme, "Governors of Pannonia Inferior", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 14 (1965), pp.

The Puteal Scribonianum (Scribonian Puteal) or Puteal Libonis (Puteal of Libo) was a structure in the Forum Romanum in Ancient Rome. p. 434 A puteal was a classical wellhead, round or sometimes square, placed atop a well opening to keep people from falling in. The Scribonian Puteal was dedicated or restored by a member of the Libo family, perhaps the praetor of 204 BC, or the tribune of the people in 149 BC. The praetor's tribunal was convened nearby, having been removed from the comitium in the 2nd century BC. It thus became a place where litigants, money-lenders and business people congregated. According to ancient sources,Horace, Sat. ii.

In 216 BC, as a senior senator, Titus successfully opposed the ransoming of the Romans taken prisoner at the Battle of Cannae, on the grounds that they had made no effort to break out of the Carthaginian lines. In 215 BC as Praetor Titus was sent to Sardinia, after the illness of Quintus Mucius Scaevola and defeated a Carthaginian attempt under Hasdrubal the Bald to regain possession of the island. However, he also suffered a number of reverses. In 212 BC, he and Flaccus contested for the position of Pontifex Maximus (chief priest of Rome), and both lost to a younger and less distinguished man, Publius Licinius Crassus.

At the first stage of the case, a hearing took place before the praetor, in order to agree the issue and appoint a judge. This was conducted through exchanges of ritual words, the two different types being known as the declarative which were the legis actio sacramento (which could be in rem or in personam), legis actio per iudicis arbitrive postulationem and legis actio per condictionem and the executive type legis actio per pignoris capionem and legis actio per manus iniectionem.M. Horvat, Rimsko Pravo (Zagreb 2002). All of these involved, essentially, statements of claim by both parties, and the laying down of a wager by the plaintiff.

A second expedition, under the praetor Publius Varinius, was then dispatched against Spartacus. For some reason, Varinius seems to have split his forces under the command of his subordinates Furius and Cossinius. Plutarch mentions that Furius commanded some 2,000 men, but neither the strength of the remaining forces, nor whether the expedition was composed of militia or legions, appears to be known. These forces were also defeated by the army of escaped slaves: Cossinius was killed, Varinius was nearly captured, and the equipment of the armies was seized by the slaves.Plutarch, Crassus, 9:4–5; Livy, Periochae , 95; Appian, Civil Wars, 1:116; Sallust, Histories, 3:64–67.