Like all members of the ponyfish family, the longspine ponyfish is bioluminescent. The ventral surface glows, which is thought to provide camouflage and confuse predators.
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Equulites klunzingeri, or Klunzinger's ponyfish, is a marine, demersal species of ponyfish from the family Leiognathidae which was originally found only in the Red Sea. It is colonizing the Mediterranean as part of the Lessepsian migration through the Suez Canal.
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It is unclear whether the longspine ponyfish as currently defined represents a single or more than one species. The longspine ponyfish reaches a total length of . It is distinguished by a long spine on both its dorsal and anal fin. Found to depths of around , the longspine ponyfish forages on the sea floor, generally in murky environs, consuming fish, crustaceans, arrow worms, nematodes, and shellfish such as bivalves, and gastropods.
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Photopectoralis aureus, commonly known as the golden ponyfish or false toothed ponyfish, is a marine fish native to the Western Pacific from Taiwan south to Indonesia as well as to the Gulf of Thailand, Timor Sea, and the Arafura Sea. It grows to TL.
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Karalla daura, commonly known as the goldstripe ponyfish, is a marine fish native to the Indian Ocean.
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Photobacterium leiognathi is a species of Gram-negative bacteria. The species is bioluminescent and a symbiont of ponyfish (family Leiognathidae).
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Although ponyfish seem quite ordinary and morphologically similar, their light organ systems are highly variable across species and often between sexes.
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Nuchequula gerreoides, commonly known as the longspine ponyfish, is a fish of brackish and marine waters found in the Indian and western Pacific Oceans.
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Equula fasciata Ford Aurigequula fasciata, the striped ponyfish, is a species of ponyfish native to the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean where it occurs in coastal marine and brackish waters. It occurs at depths of from . It is a predator upon smaller fishes, small crustaceans and polychaete worms. This species grows to a length of TL though most do not exceed TL. It is of minor importance to local commercial fisheries.
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Leiognathus equulus, the common ponyfish is a fish of brackish and marine waters found from East Africa to Fiji in the Indian and western Pacific Oceans, Red Sea and Persian Gulf.
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They are distinguished by highly extensible mouths, and the presence of a mechanism for locking the spines in the dorsal and anal fins. They also possess a highly integrated light organ in their throats that houses symbiotic bioluminescent bacteria that project light through the animal's underside. Typically, the harbored bacterium is only Photobacterium leiognathi, but in the two ponyfish species Photopectoralis panayensis and Photopectoralis bindus, Photobacterium mandapamensis is also present. Two of the most widely studied uses for luminescence in ponyfish are camouflage by ventral counterillumination and species-specific sexual dimorphism.
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Secutor hanedai is a species of ponyfish native to the Indian and Pacific ocean waters around the countries of Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia. It can be found in marine and brackish waters. This species can reach a length of SL.
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Leiognathus berbis, commonly known as the Berbis ponyfish, is a fish of brackish and marine waters found from Indo-West Pacific to along the Indian coasts and off Sri Lanka. Like its relatives, the fish is a demersal species that feeds on small crustaceans and bivalves.
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225-230 Published by: American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH) The Kayal is rich in prawns. An environment impact assessment by National Thermal Power Corporation in association with the Fisheries department lists about 70 species of fishes in the Kayal. There are about 40 commercially important fish species which includes flathead mullet, greenback mullet, longarm mullet, largescale mullet, gold-spot mullet, bluespot mullet, tade grey mullet, bluetail mullet, Commerson's glassy perchlet, bald glassy perchlet, greasy grouper, tiger perch, spotted catfish, milkfish, longfin snake-eel, largetooth flounder, Solea indica, roughscale tonguesole, speckled tonguesole, barracuda, pearlspot, orange chromide, sulphur goatfish, spotted scat, whipfin silver- biddy, slender silver-biddy, small Bengal silver-biddy, common ponyfish, splendid ponyfish, shortnose ponyfish, Indo-Pacific tarpon, tenpounder, fringescale sardinella, Indian anchovy, Commerson's anchovy, Malabar thryssa and walking catfish. Besides the commercially important species there are about 30 other species of fish including northern whiting, bigeye trevally, black-tailed trevally, congaturi halfbeak, long-billed halfbeak, Quoy's garfish, chacunda gizzard shad, milkspotted puffer, diodon, Indian halibut, chorinemus, dusky sleeper, tank goby, mangrove red snapper, dory snapper, sleepy goby, sharptail goby, spotfin snouted goby Indian short-finned eel, Macrognathus guentheri, long whiskers catfish, yellow catfish, striped dwarf catfish, scarlet-banded barb, greenstripe barb, climbing perch, Indian carplet and spotted snakehead.
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Equulites elongates has an Indo-Pacific distribution which extends from the east coast of Africa through the coastal waters of south-western India eastwards to the Philippines, north to Japan and south to Australia. It was recorded for the first time in the Mediterranean in 2011 and had reached Turkey by 2015, making it the second species of ponyfish to have colonised the eastern Mediterranean as part of the Lessepsian migration, the first being Equulites klunzingeri.
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Leiognathus brevirostris, commonly known as the shortnose ponyfish, is a fish of brackish and marine waters found from Indo-West Pacific to the Indian coasts and off Sri Lanka to China and south of Australia. Like its relatives, the fish is an amphidromous, demersal species which feeds on diatoms, copepods, Lucifer, nematodes and polychaetes. The fish has eight dorsal spines, sixteen dorsal soft rays, three anal spines and fourteen anal soft rays. Fresh specimens possess a golden gleam which fades with dryness.
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Various peoples in the East Indies and Brazil viewed the four main stars as the body of a ray. In both Indonesia and Malaysia, it is known as Bintang Pari and Buruj Pari, respectively ("ray stars"). This aquatic theme is also shared by an archaic name of the constellation in Vietnam, where it was once known as sao Cá Liệt (the ponyfish star). The Javanese people of Indonesia called this constellation Gubug pèncèng ("raking hut") or lumbung ("the granary"), because the shape of the constellation was like that of a raking hut.
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The cowtail stingray (Pastinachus sephen) prefers to rest with the reticulate whipray over others of its own species, because the whiprays' longer tails grant them superior predator detection. These mixed-species groups often settle into a "rosette" with their tails pointing radially outward for maximum predator awareness. The reticulate whipray preys on a variety of benthic and neritic organisms, including crabs, shrimps, mantis shrimps, bivalves, gastropods, worms, jellyfish, and bony fishes. In the western Indian Ocean, about two-thirds of its diet consists of fishes, in particular ponyfish and anchovies, with shrimps and other crustaceans making up most of the remainder.
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While oceanographer Steve Zissou is working on his latest documentary at sea, his best friend and chief diver, Esteban du Plantier, is eaten by a 10-meter-long, luminescently- spotted creature Zissou describes as a "jaguar shark." Fictional marine animals like the crayon ponyfish and sugar crab also appear as props throughout the film. For his next project, Zissou is determined to document the shark's destruction. The crew aboard Zissou's aging research vessel Belafonte includes his estranged wife Eleanor, chief strategist and financial backer; Pelé dos Santos, a safety expert and Brazilian guitarist who sings David Bowie songs in Portuguese; and Klaus Daimler, the German first mate who views Zissou and Esteban as father figures.
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After settling, young lobster are quite aggressive competing for habitat and food, but as they become juveniles and sub-adults they are generally gregarious in nature being attracted to each other by con-specific chemical cues and have a diverse diet. The wild seedstock normally used by farmers are past this early aggressive stage. When cultured in Vietnam, lobsters are normally fed trash fish, such as lizardfish, red bigeye, and ponyfish, that are caught as a by-product of fishing activities and fishery offal from the cleaning and processing of commercial fishery species. They are also fed mollusk such as sea snails, oysters, cockles etc.. These raw foods are given to the lobsters in the cages after being chopped into small pieces, and the mollusc shells are often removed for the younger lobsters.
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Leiognathus longispinis, commonly known as the longspine- or Smithurst's ponyfish, is a fish of brackish and marine waters found in the Indian and western Pacific Oceans, from India through Malaysia and Indonesia south to northern Australia and east to the Philippines and Fiji It was described in 1835 by French Zoologist Achille Valenciennes from a specimen caught off Waigeo island in Irian Jaya in New Guinea. In 1886 Ramsay and Ogilby described what turned out to the same species from Hood Lagoon in Papua New Guinea, naming it Leiognathus smithursti. In 2008, ichthyologists Prosanta Chakrabarty and John S. Sparks resurrected the genus Aurigequula and placed L. longispinis and L. fasciatus in it, on the basis of a horizontal row of yellow markings on their flanks and elongated second spine of the dorsal fin. However, a molecular study showed that the genus Leiognathus was nested within Aurigequula, and hence the genera were merged once more.
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