267 Sentences With "pipette" | Random Sentence Generator

Although this person was using a new pipette every time, the squeezy rubber top of the pipette had not been replaced.

The pipette touches the neuron and partially sucks it in.

What makes Pipette stand out from other baby care products?

" Scattered around the lab were several pipette calibrators bearing the name "Haruko.

I tried Pipette on a lark thanks to a 20% off coupon.

Kai bent over the bowl, pursed her lips over the pipette, and blew.

The technician, guided by a microscope, injects the sperm using a glass pipette.

At $13 for 2 ounces, Pipette is pricier than many store-bought options.

Launched in September 2019, Pipette makes bath and moisturizing products for mom and baby.

Then, using a dropper, Pasteur pipette or straw, drip water on the different surfaces.

She notified the supervising technician, and upon further investigation, they discovered that sperm from a previous procedure had somehow gotten into the pipette — evidently because the technician had mistakenly used the wrong kind of rubber apparatus on the end of the pipette.

Behaviorally, their fused, pipette mouths allow them to suck up food like tiny crustaceans or larvae.

For a period of seven months, a lab technician used a tainted pipette to inject the sperm.

I pipette the tears off my face and squeeze them into my bottles at the eleventh hour.

You can purchase Pipette Baby Balm on its own or as part of a bundled gift pack.

And then also somebody pre-chews your food and puts it into your mouth with a glass pipette. No!

There was also a pair of entries — PIPETTE and NANETTE — that would have been hard to deduce without crosses.

The prize for the contest was ten thousand dollars—barely enough to keep a research lab in pipette tips.

It drips out of the pipette with a silky, milk-like consistency and is designed to be used after cleansing.

She plucked it out when their course eased; the pipette was small, and her professional wards closed the wound instantly.

It's easy for shellfish larvae to get stuck in a pipette tip or in a vial, as she showed me.

When the talk comes to a close, I'm handed a pipette, a test tube, and two beautiful antique glass bottles.

If the swab is tested manually, a scientist will use a pipette to put the assay kit onto the sample.

PIPETTE made me think of math humor — I had a teacher once who was full of these kinds of jokes.

The electrodes then create an electric current inside the pipette that the researchers recorded to see how the neuron was behaving.

Pipette is truly about the art of natural winemaking, something its editor, Rachel Signer, 35, felt there was an appetite for.

Pipette&aposs Baby Balm is the most effective and nonirritating lotion alternative I&aposve found for my daughter&aposs sensitive skin.

Each margarita even had its own tiny pipette so you could taste the tequila on its own before mixing it in.

Surrounded by large oak barrels and ancient wooden vats, Ange-Aristide, pipette in hand, offers guests a taste of his latest counterfeits.

The scientists created a tiny and very precise glass pipette with an opening of one micron in diameter that holds an electrode.

Pipette is available online for $30 and in select shops in the U.S., Europe, Asia, Mexico, Canada, Brazil, Australia and New Zealand.

The technician, upon completing the procedure, discovered that there was still genetic material on the tip of the pipette, Mr. Geurts said.

While a new pipette was used each time, he failed to replace the rubber top, which was accumulating sperm cells from prior procedures.

While pipette drift was something that ailed all blood analyzers that relied on pipetting systems, the phenomenon was particularly pronounced on the miniLab.

Part of her job is to extract that larvae, whatever kind it may be, from a slide under a microscope using a pipette.

Rather, a pipette is used to dispense urine on the page, revealing a special "family price" for the crib (of 495 kroner, or $80).

Equally adept with a pipette and a trowel, she unites the collective insights of traditional plant-based healing with the rigor of modern laboratory experiments.

If the problem with Hodgson could be boiled down, distilled and dripped by pipette into a three-word mantra, it would probably be: these things happen.

Martin had starved the cells, frozen them, and deprived them of oxygen, but he got the best results from mechanical stress—squeezing them through a pipette.

There, he joined some 20 students learning to pipette liquid extracts into gels and stain them with pigments to figure out which protein molecules they contained.

To make sand art like this one, artists typically use a small pipette, funnel, or other device to layer sand strategically into a glass container or vase.

The cabin shook again--you'd think they'd find some halfway competent ageless lizards to fly these runs--and the pipette waggled in the meat of her finger.

When the pipette is brand new, aspirating 2500 microliters of blood might require the little motor that activates the pipette's pump to rotate by a certain amount.

Mr. Walker, 25, rubbed his forehead and plucked a strand from his eyebrow and carefully placed it inside a thin clamp-like device called a pipette tip.

Nalgene, which began as a plastic laboratory pipette maker before outdoorsy scientists realized they were perfect for camping, became an accessory for college students in the early aughts.

Plastic petri dishes, bottles of various shapes and sizes, several types of glove, a dizzying array of pipettes and pipette tips, a hoard of sample tubes and vials.

The standard process for isolating stem cells from neural tissue required roughing up the tissue and then sluicing it aggressively through a pipette, a process known as trituration.

She took a sacrificial pipette from her inside jacket pocket, peeled open the paper to reveal the glass, and, in a reprieve between lurches, stabbed herself in the forefinger.

Inside, biohackers can fabricate new ways to image the brain, develop new microbial dyes for textiles, or simply to learn to pipette before embarking upon a new type of project.

Or we can load neurons with a fluorescent dye—inject it, using a very thin glass pipette that runs right into the neuron—so then we have a fluorescent neuron!

When I try using the pipette to draw up some of the pink goo and put it on the testing slide, I feel like a teenager in a high school chemistry class.

To make an Old-fashioned, for example, one site suggests packing Angostura bitters in a pipette in your carry-on luggage, as well as slices of orange, sugar lumps and a muddler.

It is said one or two drops of the chemical fell from her pipette onto her gloves, a smaller quantity of which penetrated the latex and entered her system via her skin.

"We can't wait," said Dr. Song, at the university's Institute for Cell Engineering, where he and his wife and research partner, Dr. Guo-Li Ming, provided a pipette-and-petri-dish-level tour.

Aside from its cartridge, pipette, and temperature issues, many of the other technical snafus that plagued the miniLab could be chalked up to the fact that it remained at a very early prototype stage.

Before this technology, one would need highly trained people moving small amounts of liquid around with a pipette and then spending hours looking through microscopes to achieve similar (potentially less accurate and less efficient) outcomes.

Yola issued me a spinner gun, Rowley strapped on some more bombs, and, through an extruded organic pipette, Huggit slurped up from shipboard reservoirs several kinds of catalysts and acids that plumped out his vacuoles.

In a world where most scientists are so wary of public conflict that they seem to apportion criticism with a pipette, the new doubts about Dr. Croce's work draw carefully measured opinions from some towering figures.

When Dr Dötterl and Ms Heiduk caught some foraging bees, stuck them in test tubes and poked them with the tip of a glass pipette to mimic a spider attack, the bees produced exactly these four compounds.

While "nontoxic" and "unscented" were the initial siren song for me, I will admit that I am a sucker for minimalist packaging, and Pipette&aposs sedate, slightly retro, mint-and-navy blue combo definitely caught my eye.

But, after a few uses, scratches compromised the integrity of the chambers, so Epstein built a more primitive version, using the perforated base of a pipette stand, which was cheap enough to throw away when it became worn.

It's unclear how much of the drug the New York man consumed, but according to his medical report, it was probably "much more than 50 mg/mL that the measuring pipette would have delivered"—and the amount was likely key.

As he recounts his jarring life story to me at his newest, high-ceilinged, shiny location in Highland Park, he takes swigs of Hennessy, an ingredient in an experimental Cruffin that is served with a tiny pipette of boozy cereal milk, and woofs down more of his own pastries.

"With a pipette I added a last drop of ink into a messed up petri dish and saw this single drop expanding from the midpoint through to the edge of the petri dish before contracting in a fast reaction and decomposing into a mesh of thousands of microscopic dots," De Giuli explains.

Nakayama seeks to preserve a meditative atmosphere at her restaurant, in which cooks have a chance to "learn and be bored, and have that boredom turn into mastery" — essential for a kaiseki meal that unfolds in delicate stanzas and infinitesimal details including beads of ponzu gel set with the precision of a chemist's pipette.

Having cut her teeth as a session player for Charli XCX and BØRNS, the LA-based singer still values the importance of an absolutely killer bass line pushed front and center, but on "Stronger" the production is cleaner and clearer, a song that's fingerclicky cool, with a pinch of 60s shimmy and a pipette full of 80s power pop.

This type of pipette does not have its first (lowest) graduation mark until well past the base of the tip. An error can occur because of improper use by the person using the pipette or if there is a break or crack in the pipette. A Serological pipette is designed for use as a blow-out pipette. A Serological pipette also has graduation marks, which start nearer the end of the tip.

The volume is read by looking directly at the level of the meniscus, with the volume controlled by an index finder closing the top of the pipette tube left The recommendation is for using a pipette whose size is nearest to the volume being worked with. Rinsing the pipette before use is required to prevent error. The standard technique for handling a graduated pipette is to hold the pipette tip dipped in the solution without touching the bottom of the beaker. Then use a propipetter, a pipette bulb, or rubber bulb, to draw the liquid into the pipette.

A zeptoliter pipette has been developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The pipette is made of a carbon shell, within which is an alloy of gold-germanium. The pipette was used to learn about how crystallization takes place.

Smart pipette stand capable to control electronic pipettes Typically the pipettes are vertically stored on holder called pipette stands. In case of electronic pipettes, such stand can recharge their batteries. The most advance pipette stand can directly control electronic pipettes.

There are two types of pipettes that differ based on where the markings are located in reference to the pipette tip. These are Mohr pipettes and Serological pipettes, and they differ only by the position of the first graduation mark, nearest the tip of the pipette. A Mohr pipette is designed for use as a drain-out pipette. It has a straight tube and graduation marks indicating changes volume.

Animation showing the gigasealing process. The pipette approaches the cell and a plume of liquid flowing out of the pipette makes a small dimple on the surface of the cell. When the resistance has increased enough, a small amount of suction is applied to the pipette which draws the cell membrane into contact with the pipette tip. This creates the gigaohm seal characteristic of a patch clamp recording.

Although specific descriptive names exist for each type of pipette, in practice any type of pipette will merely be referred to as a "pipette" and the desired device will be obvious from context. Sometimes, pipettes that dispense between 1 and 1000 μl are distinguished as micropipettes, while macropipettes dispense greater volumes.

Microfluidic pipette, housed in a manifold holder. The colored solutions highlight the solutions loaded into the wells of the PDMS pipette. Pneumatic actuation is used to keep all tubing free of contamination. A recent introduction into the micropipette field integrates the versatility of microfluidics into a freely positionable pipette platform.

Different sizes of rubber bulb, flip style pipette filler and wheel style pipette filler The rubber bulbs can also be replaced with wheel style pipette filler or flip style pipette filler. The flip style pipette fillers have two valves system and have a removable top valve which makes cleaning easy and it can be used with one hand. The plastic wheel style pump help reduce the amount of work done by the users, as there are no squeezing involved. The liquid is drawn up by use of wheel movement and can be easily released by using the lever.

Ostwald designed a pipette that could be used to transfer and measure liquids, especially serous fluids. This design was later improved by Otto Folin. This type of pipette has a bulb at the lower end as a particular design feature. It became known as the Ostwald-Folin pipette and is widely used in contemporary times.

Once the pipette is attached to the cell membrane, there are two methods of breaking the patch. The first is by applying more suction. The amount and duration of this suction depends on the type of cell and size of the pipette. The other method requires a large current pulse to be sent through the pipette.

The traditional manual method to patch clamp using glass pipettes was developed by Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann and required a highly skilled technician. The technician would position the glass pipette near a cell and apply the appropriate suction to create an electrical seal between the pipette and the cell membrane. This seal ensures a quality recording by preventing any current from leaking out between the tip of the pipette and the cell membrane. This seal is made when the membrane of the cell chemically binds with the tip of the pipette so that the inside of the pipette is only connected to the cytoplasm of the cell.

After the cells have been mapped, the computer moves the pipette over to a selected cell and lowers it to form a gigaseal with it. Another technique simply automates the business of carefully making contact with cells. The operator positions a pipette over the sample and then lets the automated software take over, lowering the pipette and seeking to detect an increase in resistance on the pipette as it makes contact with a cell. At this point the process ends, and a technician creates the gigaseal manually.

The pipette itself is an apparatus comprising following members (see Fig. 2). : pipette tip configured to be able to access and aspirate/discharge liquid from/into each of vessels, having ::a front end portion, ::a reservoir portion, ::a liquid passage :::connecting the front end portion and the reservoir portion, ::a separation region :::in the liquid passage subjected to an action of a magnetic field, and ::a mechanism :::for applying a negative or positive pressure to the interior of the pipette portion to draw or discharge a magnetic substance suspended liquid into or from the pipette portion :magnetic field Source ::arranged on the outside of and adjacent to pipette tip; and :magnetic field source driving device ::for driving the magnetic field source to apply or remove a magnetic field to or from the separation region from outside the liquid passage. When the magnet is brought close to the pipette tip, a magnetic field is applied; when retracted away from the pipette tip, that magnetic field is removed. A nucleic acid extraction apparatus incorporating Tajima pipettes typically consists of: :Above mentioned Tajima pipette, :Plurality of tubes.

A small pipette allows for more precise measurement of fluids; a larger pipette can be used to measure volumes when the accuracy of the measurement is less critical. Accordingly, pipettes vary in volume, with most measuring between .

A pipette is worked by creating a partial vacuum above the liquid-holding chamber, to draw up liquid, and by releasing the partial vacuum to deliver liquid. Historically, the accuracy of a graduated pipette was not as good as that of a volumetric pipette (accuracy of 3 significant figures); however, with improved manufacturing methods, the accuracy listed by the manufacturer can equal that of a volumetric pipettes. Graduated pipettes are considered to be more precise than the Pasteur pipette. They have tolerances that range from ±0.6% to ±0.4% of the nominal volume when measured at .

After squeezing the bulb to expel air, a pasteur pipette is inserted into the tube just below the level of the ring of refluxing liquid (into the vapor). The vapor is then drawn into the relatively cold pipette tip, causing it to condense and accumulate inside of the pipette. ; Microscale liquid storage Heat can be applied to the tip of a plastic Pasteur pipette to seal the solution and create a liquid-tight storage. Medical Laboratory Medical Laboratory required high efficiency and precision for drug test and observation of diseases.

Semen was actually placed in a plastic polybulb and frozen on canes. The polybulb was thawed, sealed end cut, and attached to a pipette. The semen expelled through the pipette. There were several size of ampules used during the early days.

A Mohr pipette, also known as a graduated pipette, is a type of pipette used to measure the volume of the liquid dispensed, although not as accurately as a volumetric pipette. These use a series of marked lines (as on a graduated cylinder) to indicate the different volumes. They come in a variety of sizes, and are used much like a burette, in that the volume is found by calculating the difference of the liquid level before and after. The last graduation mark is some distance from the tip, to avoid errors in measuring the narrower volume of the nozzle.

Web site of their U.S branch are The Tajima pipette was invented by Hideji Tajima, founder and president of Precision System Sciences (PSS) Inc., a Japanese manufacturer of precision and measuring instruments. Tajima pipette is a Core Technology of PSS Inc. PSS Inc.

The difference between the calibration mark of Serological pipette (top) and Mohr (bottom) A graduated pipette is a pipette with its volume, in increments, marked along the tube. It is used to accurately measure and transfer a volume of liquid from one container to another. It is made from plastic or glass tubes and has a tapered tip. Along the body of the tube are graduation markings indicating volume from the tip to that point.

The pipette can be blown out by gravitational force or air pressure. Rubber bulbs attached to the end opposite the tip are commonly used to "blow out" any remaining solution. Having solution remain in the pipette can affect an experiment by allowing a discrepancy between what is measured and what is transferred. The designation of whether the pipette is "to deliver" (TD) or "to contain" (TC) is marked on most serological pipettes.

Schematic of a patch clamp system using a droplet suspension culture and gravity to position the cells above the pipette. Suction inside the pipette draws the cells to the tip of the pipette which then forms the gigaseal. A schematic of a patch clamp chip showing a gigaseal, whole cell recording configuration, and the ion channel and whole cell currents. Many types of systems have been developed for patch clamping cells in suspension cultures.

The combination of the pipette and rubber bulb has also been referred to as a teat pipette. The Pasteur pipette name is from the French scientist Louis Pasteur, who used a variant of them extensively during his research. In the past, there was no equipment to transfer a chemical solution without exposing it to the external environment. The hygiene and purity of chemical compounds is necessary for the expected result of each experiment.

Do not blow the solution out if the pipette has no rings on the upper end.

Pasteur pipettes are commonly used in the medical lab because of its essential accuracy. The design of the Pasteur pipette allows for high effective performance in the medical lab. It produces a constant volume of drop. This reduces the concern of liquid remaining in the pipette.

Automated patch clamp systems have recently been developed, in order to collect large amounts of data inexpensively in a shorter period of time. Such systems typically include a single-use microfluidic device, either an injection molded or a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) cast chip, to capture a cell or cells, and an integrated electrode. In one form of such an automated system, a pressure differential is used to force the cells being studied to be drawn towards the pipette opening until they form a gigaseal. Then, by briefly exposing the pipette tip to the atmosphere, the portion of the membrane protruding from the pipette bursts, and the membrane is now in the inside-out conformation, at the tip of the pipette.

When the pipette knob is pressed on an air displacement pipette, the piston inside the instrument moves down to let air out. Air is displaced by the piston. The volume of air displaced is equivalent to the volume of liquid aspirated. These pipettes are capable of being very precise and accurate.

Pipette recalibration is an important consideration in laboratories using these devices. It is the act of determining the accuracy of a measuring device by comparison with NIST traceable reference standards. Pipette calibration is essential to ensure that the instrument is working according to expectations and as per the defined regimes or work protocols. Pipette calibration is considered to be a complex affair because it includes many elements of calibration procedure and several calibration protocol options as well as makes and models of pipettes to consider.

Trajectory of a SICM probe in DC mode In direct current (DC) mode (constant distance mode), the micro-pipette is lowered toward the sample until a predefined resistance is reached. The pipette is then moved laterally and a feedback loop maintains the distance to the sample (through the resistance value). The z-position of the pipette determines the topography of the sample. This mode does not detect steep slopes in sample, may contact the sample in such cases and is prone to electrode drift.

Trajectory of a SICM probe in AC mode In alternating current (AC) mode, the micro-pipette oscillates vertically in addition to its usual movement. While the pipette is still far from the surface the ionic current, and the resistance is steady, so the pipette is lowered. Once the resistance starts oscillating, the amplitude serves as feedback to modulate the position until a predefined amplitude is reached. The response of the AC component increases much steeper than the DC, and allows for the recording of more complex samples.

A graduated pipette commonly used in medical technology with serologic pipettes for volumetric analysis. Invented by Donald Dexter Van Slyke.

Scanning ion conductance microscopy is a technique using the increase of access resistance in a micro-pipette in an electrolyte-containing aqueous medium when it approaches a poorly conducting surface. It monitors the ionic current flowing in and out of the micro/nano-pipette, which is hindered if the tip is very close to the sample surface since the gap through which ions can flow is reduced in size. The SICM setup is generally as follows: A voltage is applied between the two Ag/AgCl electrodes, one of which is in the glass micro-pipette, and the other in the bulk solution. The voltage will generate an ionic current between the two electrodes, flowing in and out of the micro-pipette.

The conductance between the two electrodes is measured, and depends on the flux of ions. Movements of the pipette are regulated through piezoelectrics. The micro-pipette is lowered closer and closer to the sample until the ionic flux starts to be restricted. The conductance of the system will then decrease (and the resistance will increase).

This membrane-glass connection or seal is called a "gigaseal". The technician traditionally used their mouth to provide the precise pressures required to seal it to the cell. In addition to controlling the pressure, the technician must also position the pipette at precisely the correct distance from the cell so that the membrane will seal with it. Using a micromanipulator, the pipette is moved towards the cell until the technician sees a change in the electrical resistance between the fluid inside of the pipette and the surrounding fluid (see animation).

The automation technique varies, depending on the surrounding environment of the cells. For cells in vivo, this typically means that the cells are in the brain and surrounded by other cells. This environment also contains blood vessels, dendrites, axons, and glial cells which make it harder to form a gigaseal by clogging the 1-2μm diameter pipette tip. Here, the precise control of pressure and position at the pipette tip plays a big role in preventing clogging, and detecting whether a cell is near the tip of the pipette, as discussed above.

These were all controlled by a computer, to select among the pressures as the resistance at the tip of the pipette changed. The manual position control in this case was replaced by a computer controlled piezoelectric micromanipulator that moved the pipette in discrete 2-3μm steps into the tissue until it made contact with a cell. This precision control is much more accurate and repeatable than manual positioning and doesn't require an operator. The computer also calculates and tracks the change in the electrical resistance as the pipette makes contact with the cell.

The electrolyte within the pipette may be brought into fluid continuity with the cytoplasm by delivering a pulse of negative pressure to the pipette in order to rupture the small patch of membrane encircled by the pipette rim (whole-cell recording). Alternatively, ionic continuity may be established by "perforating" the patch by allowing exogenous pore-forming agent within the electrolyte to insert themselves into the membrane patch (perforated patch recording). Finally, the patch may be left intact (patch recording). The electrophysiologist may choose not to insert the tip into a single cell.

Trajectory of a SICM probe in hopping mode. In hopping (/backstep/standing approach) mode, the micro-pipette is lowered to the sample until a given resistance is reached, and the height is recorded. Then the pipette is dragged back, laterally moved and another measurement is made, and the process repeats. The topography of the sample can then be reconstituted.

An example of the operations of the nucleic acid extraction apparatus which incorporates Tajima pipette are typically as shown in Fig. 1.

An example of mechanical pipettes manipulated by an anthropomorphic robot Pipette robots are capable of manipulating the pipettes as humans would do.

Loose patch clamp technique Loose patch clamp is different from the other techniques discussed here in that it employs a loose seal (low electrical resistance) rather than the tight gigaseal used in the conventional technique. This technique was used as early as the year 1961, as described in a paper by Strickholm on the impedance of a muscle cell's surface, but received little attention until being brought up again and given a name by Almers, Stanfield, and Stühmer in 1982, after patch clamp had been established as a major tool of electrophysiology. To achieve a loose patch clamp on a cell membrane, the pipette is moved slowly towards the cell, until the electrical resistance of the contact between the cell and the pipette increases to a few times greater resistance than that of the electrode alone. The closer the pipette gets to the membrane, the greater the resistance of the pipette tip becomes, but if too close a seal is formed, and it could become difficult to remove the pipette without damaging the cell.

The effective way to control the volume of the solution is to use one's forefinger. After getting the desired volume, the solution can be released into another vessel by lifting the finger. During pipetting, the pipette must not be held other than upright. The solution will form a meniscus, whose position is read according to the scale printed on the pipette.

Several sizes of volumetric pipette. Volumetric pipettes or bulb pipette allow the user to measure a volume of solution extremely precisely (precision of four significant figures). These pipettes have a large bulb with a long narrow portion above with a single graduation mark as it is calibrated for a single volume (like a volumetric flask). Typical volumes are 10, 25, and 50 mL.

Combustion pipette A combustion pipette is an apparatus for the reaction of liquids under a mild electric current and a supply of oxygen. In this experiment the test solution is a mixture of agar and oxalic acid in the presence of an electrolyte called cadmium chloride and an oxidant potassium permanganate. The voltage applied is 105VDC and a current of about 300mADC.

Volumetric pipettes are commonly used in analytical chemistry to make laboratory solutions from a base stock as well as to prepare solutions for titration. ASTM standard E969 defines the standard tolerance for volumetric transfer pipettes. The tolerance depends on the size: a 0.5-mL pipette has a tolerance of ±0.006 mL, while a 50-mL pipette has a tolerance of ±0.05 mL.

170: " F, petite mesure ou pipette de 2 ½ centimètres cubes, … " ( F, small measure or "pipette" of 2 ½ cc., … ) From p. 171: " I, burette destinée à mesurer la teinture d'épreuve: … " ( I, "burette" intended to measure the test dye: … ) The first true burette was invented in 1845 by the French chemist Étienne Ossian Henry (1798–1873). A sketch of Henry's burette appears on p. 218.

The Robot can pipette onto FTA paper for dry, room temp DNA storage as well as into barcoded cryotubes for Ultra Low Temperature (ULT) storage.

These analyzers pipette red blood cells and plasma onto gel cards, centrifuge them, and scan and read the agglutination reactions to determine the blood type.

For the loose patch technique, the pipette does not get close enough to the membrane to form a gigaseal or a permanent connection, nor to pierce the cell membrane. The cell membrane stays intact, and the lack of a tight seal creates a small gap through which ions can pass outside the cell without entering the pipette. A significant advantage of the loose seal is that the pipette that is used can be repeatedly removed from the membrane after recording, and the membrane will remain intact. This allows repeated measurements in a variety of locations on the same cell without destroying the integrity of the membrane.

It sends a voltage signal in the form of a square wave down the pipette which either exits the end of the pipette or is blocked by the cell membrane. When the membrane blocks it, the computer stops the motion of the pipette and applies suction to form the gigaseal. This automation eliminates the decision- making a technician had to perform, and unlike a technician, the computer can perform these tasks tirelessly and with greater precision. All of these steps are performed in the same logical sequence as manual patch clamping, but don't require extensive training to perform, and are completely controlled by the computer.

Hand fatigue results from continuous contact between a hard object and sensitive tissues. This occurs when a firm grip is needed to hold a pipette, such as when jamming on a tip, and results in diminished hand strength. :Corrective action: Use pipettes with hooks or other attributes that allow a relaxed grip and/or alleviate need to constantly grip the pipette. This will reduce tension in the arm, wrist and hand.

Scanning near- field optical microscopy has been used with SICM; the SICM measurement allowed for the tip of the pipette to be placed very close to the surface of the sample. Fluorescent particles, coming from the inside of the micro-pipette, provide a light source for the SNOM that is being continuously renewed and prevent photobleaching. FSICM (Fast SICM), improving notably the speed of hopping mode has recently been developed.

Different sizes of rubber bulbs Rubber bulbs are used in chemistry laboratories, by placing them on top of a glass or plastic tube. It serves as a vacuum source for filling reagents through a pipette or pasteur pipette and also help control the flow of liquid from the dropping bottle. By using rubber bulb, the contact of the mouth to the chemicals can be avoided. These rubber rods come in different shapes, sizes and colors.

The loading buffer also includes colored dyes such as xylene cyanol and bromophenol blue used to monitor the progress of the electrophoresis. The DNA samples are loaded using a pipette.

Hinge-top vials being filled by pipette on a plastic vial rack. This type of rack is designed for much smaller plastic vials. It is often made out of plastic.

Air from the tip rises to fill the space left vacant, and the tip air is then replaced by the liquid, which is drawn up into the tip and thus available for transport and dispensing elsewhere. When the pipette knob is pressed on an air displacement pipette, the piston inside the instrument moves down to let air out. Air is displaced by the piston. The volume of air displaced is equivalent to the volume of liquid aspirated.

Smart pipette stand capable to control electronic pipettes The term "smart" is related to the additional functionalities of the stand besides the storage and charging of pipettes. For example, from simply functionalities such as reading RFID and NFC labels to more complex such as to directly control electronic pipettes. In fact, smart pipette stands are equipped with microcontroller or embedded PC capable to communicate directly with electronic pipettes using wired (e.g. USB) or wireless technologies (e.g. Bluetooth).

Using a glass pipette, the photolysed cell is isolated by aspiration. Cells are lysed and affinity purification is performed using streptavidin-coated beads that bind, immobilize and purify the biotinylated TIVA tag.

Pipetting syringes are hand-held devices that combine the functions of volumetric (bulb) pipettes, graduated pipettes, and burettes. They are calibrated to ISO volumetric A grade standards. A glass or plastic pipette tube is used with a thumb-operated piston and PTFE seal which slides within the pipette in a positive displacement operation. Such a device can be used on a wide variety of fluids (aqueous, viscous, and volatile fluids; hydrocarbons; essential oils; and mixtures) in volumes between 0.5 mL and 25 mL.

Such a configuration allows direct observation and recording of the intracellular electrical activity of a single cell. However, this invasive setup reduces the life of the cell and causes a leak of substances across the cell membrane. Intracellular activity may also be observed using a specially formed (hollow) glass pipette containing an electrolyte. In this technique, the microscopic pipette tip is pressed against the cell membrane, to which it tightly adheres by an interaction between glass and lipids of the cell membrane.

An eye dropper, also known as a Pasteur pipette, or dropper, is a device used to transfer small quantities of liquids. They are used in the laboratory and also to dispense small amounts of liquid medicines. A very common use was to dispense eye drops into the eye. The commonly recognized form is a glass tube tapered to a narrow point (a pipette) and fitted with a rubber bulb at the top, although many styles of both plastic and glass droppers exist.

To use the dropper, squeeze the bulb to expel air out of the pipette and submerge the tip of the pipette to the solution vertically. Gently relax the bulb to draw the solution up and make sure that the solution does not overshoot into the bulb contaminating it. To dispense the reagent, hold the tip against the side of the target container at a 30 to 45 degrees angle. Broken pasteur pipettes should be disposed of in an appropriate glassware container.

Spider keepers at the Australian Reptile Park must use steady hands and extreme focus to milk funnel-web spiders. Using a glass pipette on the end of a small vacuum, keepers encourage the funnel web spider to rear up in a defensive position and then gently suck the venom from the end of the spider’s fangs. Once all spiders have been milked, the venom is then removed from the pipette and frozen until shipment to Seqiris, where the venom is made into antivenom.

Nucleic acid extraction apparatus based on the Tajima pipette (see Fig. 2) are one of the most widespread instruments to perform the Boom method. See the web site of (PSS) Inc.(Written in Japanese).

A transfer pipette Transfer pipettes, also known as Beral pipettes, are similar to Pasteur pipettes but are made from a single piece of plastic and their bulb can serve as the liquid-holding chamber.

After liquefaction, the viscosity of the sample can be estimated by gently aspirating into a wide-bore (approximately 1,5 mm of diameter) plastic disposable pipette, allowing the semen to drop by gravity and observing the length of any thread. A normal sample leaves the pipette in small discrete drops. If viscosity is abnormal, the drop will form a thread more than 2 cm long. High viscosity can interfere with determination of sperm motility, sperm concentration, detection of antibody-coated spermatozoa and measurement of biochemical markers.

Trajectory of a SICM probe in constant-z mode. In constant-z mode, the micro- pipette is maintained at a constant z (height) while it is moved laterally and the resistance is monitored, its variations allowing for the reconstitution of the topography of the sample. This mode is fast but is barely used since it only works on very flat samples. If the sample has rugged surfaces, the pipette will either crash into it, or be too far for imaging most of the sample.

Amyris, Inc. is a biotechnology company headquartered in Emeryville, California. Amyris's products include ingredients for cosmetics, flavors, and fragrances. Amyris owns three brands: Biossance and Pipette, for beauty and baby skincare, and Purecane, a sugar substitute.

Classical patch clamp setup, with microscope, antivibration table, and micromanipulators During a patch clamp recording, a hollow glass tube known as a micropipette or patch pipette filled with an electrolyte solution and a recording electrode connected to an amplifier is brought into contact with the membrane of an isolated cell. Another electrode is placed in a bath surrounding the cell or tissue as a reference ground electrode. An electrical circuit can be formed between the recording and reference electrode with the cell of interest in between. Schematic depiction of a pipette puller device used to prepare micropipettes for patch clamp and other recordings Circuit formed during whole-cell or perforated patch clamp The solution filling the patch pipette might match the ionic composition of the bath solution, as in the case of cell-attached recording, or match the cytoplasm, for whole-cell recording.

It is not actually specified that Jacques or anyone else sings in the opening chorus. See Gilbert (1911), p. 311. # "Some people love Spring" – Boomblehardt # "At home at last all danger past" – Sergeant Klooque # "A soldier in the King's Hussars" – Sergeant Klooque, Pipette, and Peter # "With furious blow" – Peter, Pipette, Sergeant Klooque, and Martha # "Finale: Go away, ma'am, go away, ma'am" – ensemble While the lyrics survive, none of the music was ever published, and it has been lost. The version in Original Plays omits the second verse of Nos.

Cell- attached patch configuration For this method, the pipette is sealed onto the cell membrane to obtain a gigaseal, while ensuring that the cell membrane remains intact. This allows the recording of currents through single, or a few, ion channels contained in the patch of membrane captured by the pipette. By only attaching to the exterior of the cell membrane, there is very little disturbance of the cell structure. Also, by not disrupting the interior of the cell, any intracellular mechanisms normally influencing the channel will still be able to function as they would physiologically.

Another technique automates the positioning of patch clamping cells in cultures. It uses a nanopipette on a precise, piezo-actuated stage to scan a surface within a culture dish. As it scans, it maintains a constant electrical capacitance between the tip of the pipette and the surface or cells beneath it by moving it up and down. (As it moves close to a cell, the capacitance increases, so the actuator moves the pipette away, and vice versa.) This give a precise topographical mapping of the surface within the culture dish.

Equivalent electrical circuit of a SICM setup. The total resistance of the setup (Rtot) is the sum of the three resistances: Rb, Rm, and Rt. Rb the resistance of the electrolyte solution between the tip of the micro-pipette and the electrode in the bulk of the solution. Rm is the resistance of the electrolyte solution between the electrode in the micro-pipette and the tip. Rt is the resistance of the current flowing through the tip Rb and Rm depend on the electrolyte conductivity, and the position and shape of the Ag/AgCl electrodes.

Glass pasteur pipettes The two types of glass that are usually found in the laboratory and in the Pasteur pipette are borosilicate glass and soda lime glass. Borosilicate glass is a widely used glass for laboratory apparatus, as it can withstand chemicals and temperatures used in most laboratories. Borosilicate glass is also more economical since the glass can be fabricated easily compared to other types. Soda lime glass, although not as chemically resistant as Borosilicate glass, are suitable as a material for inexpensive apparatus such as the Pasteur pipette.

In 2000, Eppendorf Gerätebau, Netheler und Hinz GmbH was renamed Eppendorf AG and became a public company. In 1961, Eppendorf launched the microliter pipette system. This allowed precise measurement of liquids. The first microcentrifuge was sold in 1962.

In a completely automated system, the pipette and the membrane patch can then be rapidly moved through a series of different test solutions, allowing different test compounds to be applied to the intracellular side of the membrane during recording.

A special pipette used in measuring viscous fluid such as whole blood. Common in medical technology laboratory setups together with other pipettes. Invented by Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald, a Baltic German Chemist and later refined by Otto Folin, an American chemist.

Pipette arrives and watches his behaviour in astonishment. "He's showing you how he fought the enemy at Johannesburg,"Gilbert (1911), p. 321 exclaims the old lady, but he replies "No, my dear!" I'm showing you how the enemy fought us.

Geoffrey was a cousin of the actresses Olivia de Havilland and Joan Fontaine. In 1933, he married Gwendoline Maud Alexander. They divorced in 1942, and in 1943 he married Pipette Marion Scott Bruford. There were no children of either marriage.

TD/EX pipettes are the most common type. Another type is identified as TC ("to contain"), or IN, which means that the specified volume is the actual amount of solution present in the pipette, and therefore it is essential to blow it all out to get that amount into the secondary container. Less commonly, some TD pipettes are made "to contain" as per manufacturer and made to be blown out. A set of two rings printed on the upper end of the pipette indicate that it is a "blow out" type and should be blown using a rubber bulb.

Example of pipette held by robotic hand Liquid handling robot capable of reverse pipetting by means of manual pipette In reverse pipetting, the volume aspirated to the tip is bigger than the volume delivered to the receiving vessel. The excess of volume compensates for the liquid that remains as film inside the tip during dispensing. Liquid aspiration is achieved by creating vacuum by means of the vertical travel of a metal or ceramic piston within an airtight sleeve. As the piston moves upward, driven by the depression of the plunger, a vacuum is created in the space left vacant by the piston.

Using this method it is also relatively easy to obtain the right configuration, and once obtained it is fairly stable. For ligand-gated ion channels or channels that are modulated by metabotropic receptors, the neurotransmitter or drug being studied is usually included in the pipette solution, where it can interact with what used to be the external surface of the membrane. The resulting channel activity can be attributed to the drug being used, although it is usually not possible to then change the drug concentration inside the pipette. The technique is thus limited to one point in a dose response curve per patch.

One system uses a traditional pipette and cells in a droplet suspension culture to obtain patch clamp recordings (see figure). This has the added benefit of using traditional pipette fabrication systems that heat a glass capillary and pull it lengthwise to create the tapered tip used in patch clamping. More common automation systems for suspensions cultures use microchips with tiny (1-2μm) holes in a planar substrate instead of pipettes to create the gigaseal and record from single cells. Patch chips were developed in the early 2000s as a result of the improvement of microfabrication technologies developed by the semiconductor industry.

Each of these automated systems must perform several tasks. It must position the cell next to the tip of a pipette, or some other device with a 1-2μm hole, control the pressure at the hole, and control the voltage inside the cell.

Paris: Honoré Champion, Éditeur. 1904. pp. 52-64. Abbot Leopold Dardy collected two tales from Albret (Labrit) and Gascony: Pipéto ("Pipette")Dardy, Leopold. Anthologie populaire de l'Albret (sud-ouest de l'Agenais ou Gascogne landaise). Tome II. J. Michel et Médan. 1891. pp. 188-195.

The experimental set-up is simple: the sample to be characterized is deposited by usual deposit techniques such as dip-coating, spin-coating, deposit pipette, evaporation… on a surf instead of the traditional microscope slide. The support is then placed on the microscope stage.

He offers her a golden guinea. The fairy decides that someone that miserly must be punished and compels him to continue passing out guineas to all he meets.Gilbert (1911), pp. 323–24 Pipette throws herself at the Sergeant, in an illustration from The Graphic, 1871.

Nanopipettes are pipettes in nanometer scale, generally made from quartz capillaries with the help of laser-based pipette puller system.K.Hu,Y.Wang, H.Cai and V.Mirkin, Anal.Chem.,2014,86,8897-8901 Glass and carbon nanopipettes are most encountered ones in literature. Carbon nanopipettes are nanopipette shaped,hollow carbon layer.

A burette is a volumetric measuring glassware which is used in analytical chemistry for the accurate dispensing of a liquid, especially of one of the reagents in a titration. The burette tube carries graduated marks from which the dispensed volume of the liquid can be determined. Compared to a volumetric pipette, a burette has similar precision if used to its full capacity, but as it is usually used to deliver less than its full capacity, a burette is slightly less precise than a pipette. The burette is used to measure the volume of a dispensed substance, but is different from a measuring cylinder as its graduations measure from top to bottom.

The solution in the bath solution may match the physiological extracellular solution, the cytoplasm, or be entirely non-physiological, depending on the experiment to be performed. The researcher can also change the content of the bath solution (or less commonly the pipette solution) by adding ions or drugs to study the ion channels under different conditions. Depending on what the researcher is trying to measure, the diameter of the pipette tip used may vary, but it is usually in the micrometer range. This small size is used to enclose a cell membrane surface area or "patch" that often contains just one or a few ion channel molecules.

Focused judgement and great dexterity are needed to obtain snake venom from the venomous species of snakes found in Australia. Keepers at the Australian Reptile Park use two different techniques depending on the species of snake. For taipans, mulga (king brown snakes) and tiger snakes, keepers position the snake’s fangs to penetrate a latex membrane stretched over a glass beaker. The snake then bites onto the beaker and the venom is dropped into the beaker and collected. For Eastern brown snakes and death adders, a technique called “pipetting” is used. The procedure requires keepers to push a polypropylene pipette onto the snake’s fang with the venom dropping into the pipette.

Large rubber bulbs The larger rubber bulbs are commonly used to draw liquid through a pipette when the reagents are needed in a larger amount. These rubber bulbs will compliment larger pipettes and plastic rods, as the glass will easily break due to uneven pressure distribution.

In the SurePath method, the sample is vortexed, strained, layered onto a density gradient, and centrifuged. Instruments required are a computer-controlled robotic pipette and a centrifuge. The cells form a circle 12.5 mm in diameter. The ThinPrep method requires an instrument and special polycarbonate filters.

This was a frozen pipette that contained about .75 cc of extended semen. With the use of a connector and adapter which had a syringe or rubber bulb attached it was air thawed or thawed in the cow. The frozen polybulb was another semen package that had some usage.

Through the same technology that created the artemisinin molecule, a new yeast pathway led to the development of the cosmetic ingredient, squalane. Used by major cosmetic companies globally as a skin moisturizer, the ingredient was originally obtained from shark liver. Squalane is found in Biossance and Pipette brands.

The perforated patch can be likened to a screen door that only allows the exchange of certain molecules from the pipette solution to the cytoplasm of the cell. Advantages of the perforated patch method, relative to whole-cell recordings, include the properties of the antibiotic pores, that allow equilibration only of small monovalent ions between the patch pipette and the cytosol, but not of larger molecules that cannot permeate through the pores. This property maintains endogenous levels of divalent ions such as Ca2+ and signaling molecules such as cAMP. Consequently, one can have recordings of the entire cell, as in whole-cell patch clamping, while retaining most intracellular signaling mechanisms, as in cell-attached recordings.

Cells in vitro can be suspended in a fluid, made to adhere to a culture dish, or remain part of a piece of tissue that has been removed from the animal. These environments typically don't have to compensate for motion of the tissue due to the heartbeat or breathing of an animal. In the case of cells in suspension, the pipette is completely replaced with a microchip with holes that can create gigaseals and measure the electrical activity. Clogging is also less problematic for cells or tissue in culture dishes because the cells and pipette can be seen through a microscope which helps the technician avoid everything but the cell of interest.

Nystatin is also used as a tool by scientists performing "perforated" patch-clamp electrophysiologic recordings of cells. When loaded in the recording pipette, it allows for measurement of electrical currents without washing out the intracellular contents, because it forms pores in the cell membrane that are permeable to only monovalent ions.

Pasteur pipettes with rubber bulbs attached. Pasteur pipettes are plastic or glass pipettes used to transfer small amounts of liquids, but are not graduated calibrated for any particular volume. The bulb is separate from the pipette body. Pasteur pipettes are also called teat pipettes, droppers, eye droppers and chemical droppers.

There are several additional quantitative methods to determine soil texture. Some examples of these methods are the pipette method, the particulate organic matter (POM) method, and the rapid methodKettler, T., Doran, J., Gilbert, T., 2001. Simplified method for soil particle-size determination to accompany soil-quality analyses. Soil Sci. Soc.

Before the measure can be taken, the cell must be stimulated by an ejection pipette to cause a cellular release. This can be cellular release can be measured via the aforementioned methods. From this method, it was seen that instrumental advances were needed in order to perform quality SEE measurements.

New studs often require encouragement in the form of manual stimulation. Generally the male will mount the female, and the collector quickly directs the male's penis into the latex sleeve. The male ejaculates and the semen is collected in the tube. The semen is then drawn up into a long thin pipette.

Forward pipetting is a technique to dispense a measured quantity of liquid by means of air displacement pipette. The technique is mainly recommended for aqueous solutions, such as buffers, or diluted acids or alkalis. In case of solutions with a high viscosity or a tendency to foam, reverse pipetting is more suitable.

Gay-Lussac developed an improved version of the burette that included a side arm, and invented the terms "pipette" and "burette" in an 1824 paper on the standardization of indigo solutions. On pp. 170–171, Gay-Lussac describes various figures that appear in a plate (illustration) that accompanies the article. From p.

Liquid handling robots can be customized using different add-on modules such as centrifuges, PCR machines, colony pickers, shaking modules, heating modules and others. Some liquid handling robots utilize Acoustic Liquid Handling (also known as acoustic droplet ejection or ADE) which uses sound to move liquids without the traditional pipette or syringe.

149x149px Two classes of the accuracy of classification. Class AS and Class B Class A: The error limits of this class of glass volumetric equipment is specified by DIN EN ISO 9712, which applies both to Class A itself and to other classes that have a similar designation, such as Class AS. Class AS: Specifies a "swift" delivery pipette, facilitated by the pipette having an expanded tip. The class marking is found near the volume specification. Class B: The different between Class A/AS and Class B is that the error limits for Class B are twice that allowed classes A and AS, Class B pipettes can be made of plastic, and the delivery system (TD, Ex) waiting time isn't specified.

Example of pipette held by robotic hand Liquid handling robot capable of forward pipetting by means of manual pipette In forward pipetting, an exactly set volume of liquid is aspired to the tip and then it is delivered to a new vessel. This is achieved by creating vacuum by means of the vertical travel of a metal or ceramic piston within an airtight sleeve. As the piston moves upward, driven by the depression of the plunger, a vacuum is created in the space left vacant by the piston. Air from the tip rises to fill the space left vacant, and the tip air is then replaced by the liquid, which is drawn up into the tip and thus available for transport and dispensing elsewhere.

The inchworm motor can be used in the patch clamping of biological cells. This technique is most often performed with an optical microscope and micromanipulator holding a glass pipette. The inchworm motor is particularly ideal in patch clamping because it provides the operator with virtually an instantaneous, precise, smooth and predictable motion without drift.

Prior to joining the federal government, Panchadsaram was responsible for Customer Development at Ginger.io, a spin-off from MIT Media Lab, using big data to transform health. He was a Fellow at Rock Health, where Pipette, the company he founded, was incubated and ultimately acquired by Ginger.io. He previously worked at Microsoft and Salesforce.com.

Diagram of a general set-up of electrospinning. Taylor cone from which jet of polymer solution is ejected. Electrospinning is the most commonly used method to fabricate nanofibers. The instruments necessary for electrospinning include a high voltage supplier, a capillary tube with a pipette or needle with a small diameter, and a metal collecting screen.

Open system microfluidics enable surface-tension driven flow in channels thereby eliminating the need for external pumping methods. For example, some open microfluidic devices consist of a reservoir port and pumping port that can be filled with fluid using a pipette. Eliminating external pumping requirements lowers cost and enables device use in all laboratories with pipettes.

The average human arm weighs approximately 6% of the total body weight. Holding a pipette with the elbow extended (winged elbow) in a static position places the weight of the arm onto the neck and shoulder muscles and reduces blood flow, thereby causing stress and fatigue. Muscle strength is also substantially reduced as arm flexion is increased.

It is effective in larger-diameter oocytes, but more difficult to use with small cells. Additionally, TEVC method is limited in that the transmitter of current must be contained in the pipette. It is not possible to manipulate the intracellular fluid while clamping, which is possible using patch clamp techniques. Another disadvantage involves "space clamp" issues.

To minimize the chance of contamination, investigators should reserve separate rooms for reagent preparation, the PCR, and analysis of product. Reagents should be dispensed into single-use aliquots. Pipettors with disposable plungers and extra-long pipette tips should be routinely used. Environmental samples that contain humic acids may inhibit PCR amplification and lead to inaccurate results.

The eye dropper, both glass and plastic types, can be sterilized and plugged with a rubber bulb at the open end of the pipette preventing any contamination from the atmosphere. Generally, they are considered cheap enough to be disposable, however, so long as the glass point is not chipped, the eye dropper may be washed and reused indefinitely.

In homeopathy, a trituration is a mixture, often with lactose, of a substance that is not water-soluble. In developmental, cell and molecular biology, trituration is the process of fragmenting of solid material (often biological tissue or aggregated material) into smaller components (often, respectively, cells or molecules in suspension/solution) by means of repeated passage through a pipette.

To achieve the inside-out configuration, the pipette is attached to the cell membrane as in the cell-attached mode, forming a gigaseal, and is then retracted to break off a patch of membrane from the rest of the cell. Pulling off a membrane patch often results initially in the formation of a vesicle of membrane in the pipette tip, because the ends of the patch membrane fuse together quickly after excision. The outer face of the vesicle must then be broken open to enter into inside-out mode; this may be done by briefly taking the membrane through the bath solution/air interface, by exposure to a low Ca2+ solution, or by momentarily making contact with a droplet of paraffin or a piece of cured silicone polymer.

The semen is then drawn up into a long thin pipette. Prior to ejaculation, the penis is massaged inside its sheath. It is then extruded from its sheath, and the collector massages the dog's erect penis near the base of the bulbus glandis using the thumb and index finger. The dog begins pelvic thrusting movements at the onset of ejaculation.

There are also various small changes to the order of events, not described.For example, in the story Peter is cursed, then Jenny, the Sergeant, and finally the miser. In the play, the order is Peter, then the Sergeant, then Pipette (Jenny's name in the play), then the miser. Compare Gilbert (1890), pp. 163–66 with Gilbert (1911), pp. 318–23.

Biliverdin dimethyl ester, biliverdin, and phycocyanobilin are commercially available from Frontier Scientific. Biliverdin dimethyl ester, biliverdin, or phycocyanobilin is dissolved in DMSO at a concentration of 5 mM. The solution is very dark and pipette vigorously to ensure all is dissolved. Biliverdin dimethyl ester is not soluble in common buffers, including phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS).

The ampules were fastened to a cane which was placed inside the canister. The process of insemination involves transferring the ampule to a water/ice bath. The ampule thaws for several minutes and when opened, the semen is drawn up into a pipette. Other semen packages that have been tried include the "Magic Wand" developed by Badger Breeders Co-op in the mid-1960s.

This image shows a model of a patch clamp used in neuroscience. The pipette tip is placed at an ion channel opening and a current is applied and measured using a voltage clamp. Hyperpolarization is a change in membrane potential, neuroscientists measure it using a technique known as patch clamping. Using this method they are able to record ion currents passing through individual channels.

Thus, sustained ethanol exposure may participate in the development of ethanol dependence in neurons. Other experiments done by Malysz et al. have looked into ethanol effects on voltage-gated calcium channels on detrusor smooth muscle cells in guinea pigs. Perforated patch clamp technique was used having intracellular fluid inside the pipette and extracellular fluid in the bath with added 0.3% vol/vol (about 50-mM) ethanol.

Eppendorf develops, produces and sells devices, consumables and services for laboratories. The liquid handling line includes products such as manual and electronic micropipettes, automated pipetting systems, and milliliter pipette controllers. The cell handling line includes products such as fermenters and bioreactors and cell culture supplies. The sample handling line includes products such as centrifuges and related accessories, PCR equipment, laboratory freezers, and reagent tubes.

Depending on the total amount of spermatozoa in the semen sample, either low or high, it can be just washed or capacitated via swim-up or gradients, respectively. A medical animation still showing the ICSI procedure. The procedure is done under a microscope using multiple micromanipulation devices (micromanipulator, microinjectors and micropipettes). A holding pipette stabilizes the mature oocyte with gentle suction applied by a microinjector.

Patch clamp of a nerve cell within a slice of brain tissue. The pipette in the photograph has been marked with a slight blue color. Many patch clamp amplifiers do not use true voltage clamp circuitry, but instead are differential amplifiers that use the bath electrode to set the zero current (ground) level. This allows a researcher to keep the voltage constant while observing changes in current.

These losses are due to washout during different processing steps, adsorption to the surface of reaction tubes and pipette tips, incomplete extraction of peptides from the gel and/or bad ionisation of single peptides in the mass spectrometer.Stewart, II et al., Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 2001, 15 (24), 2456-65. Depending on the physicochemical properties of the peptides, losses can vary between 15 and 50%.

Tye was raised in Ithaca, New York, where both of her parents worked at Cornell University. Her parents Henry Tye and Bik Kwoon Tye had emigrated from Hong Kong. As a child, Tye worked in her mother's laboratory organizing pipette tips. She completed a Bachelor of Science with a major in cognitive science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) from 1999 to 2003.

One method utilized has been to study how vesicles swell in response to osmotic stress. This method is, however, indirect and measurements can be perturbed by polydispersity in vesicle size. A more direct method of measuring Ka is the pipette aspiration method, in which a single giant unilamellar vesicle (GUV) is held and stretched with a micropipette.E. Evans, V. Heinrich, F. Ludwig and W. Rawicz.

215x215pxA few drops that remain due to adhesion are the difference in volume between the amount contained and the amount delivered. Pipettes can be calibrated to account for this expected volume or else to have this liquid blown out and transferred as well. The delivery and waiting times represent the efficiency of the fluid being delivered as TD and EX. The marking of TD ("to deliver"), or EX, means that the specified volume is the amount of solution that will drain out of the pipette, which might be less than the total amount that is present due to remnant fluid that adheres to the wall of the equipment. The delivery time is described as the duration of time that the meniscus reaches the end of the tip starting from the topmost volume, which is specified as 5 seconds for Class AS bulb and graduated- pipette volumetric equipment.

Paper towel or similar may scratch the cuvette. Mild detergent or ethanol may be applied, followed by rinsing with tap water. Acid and alkali are avoided due to their corrosive effects on glass, and acetone is unsuitable when working with plastic cuvettes. If solution is transferred into a cuvette using a Pasteur pipette containing air, bubbles may form inside the cuvette, reducing the purity of a solution and scattering light beams.

Motile and non-motile bacteria can be differentiated along the stab lines. Motile bacteria will grow out from the stab line while non-motile bacteria are present only along the stab line. Stab cultures are similar to agar plates, but are formed by solid agar in a test tube. Bacteria is introduced via an inoculation needle or a pipette tip being stabbed into the center of the agar.

Blood (300 µl, anticoagulated with citrate) is placed into the disposable cuvette using an electronic pipette. A disposable pin is attached to a shaft which is connected with a thin spring (the equivalent to Hartert's torsion wire in thrombelastography) and slowly oscillates back and forth. The signal of the pin suspended in the blood sample is transmitted via an optical detector system. The test is started by adding appropriate reagents.

Blood (300 µl, anticoagulated with citrate) is placed into the disposable cuvette using an electronic pipette. A disposable pin is attached to a shaft which is connected with a thin spring (the equivalent to Hartert’s torsion wire in thrombelastography) and slowly oscillates back and forth. The signal of the pin suspended in the blood sample is transmitted via an optical detector system. The test is started by adding appropriate reagents.

To make these recordings, the patch pipette is compared to the ground electrode. Current is then injected into the system to maintain a constant, set voltage. The current that is needed to clamp the voltage is opposite in sign and equal in magnitude to the current through the membrane. Alternatively, the cell can be current clamped in whole-cell mode, keeping current constant while observing changes in membrane voltage.

The sample may be sonicated or agitated to aid dissolution, and solids are removed via filtering through a plug of celite in a Pasteur pipette, directly into the NMR tube. The NMR tube is then usually sealed with a polyethylene cap, but can be flame sealed or sealed with a Teflon 'Schlenk' tap or even a very small rubber septum. Parafilm may be wrapped around the cap to reduce solvent evaporation.

22 alt=A very small sample of a blue liquid in a plastic pipette held by a hand wearing heavy protection equipment There is currently no use for any isotope of berkelium outside basic scientific research. Berkelium-249 is a common target nuclide to prepare still heavier transuranic elements and transactinides,Stwertka, Albert. A Guide to the Elements, Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 211. such as lawrencium, rutherfordium and bohrium.

Patch-Clamp Electrophysiology was developed by Neher and Sakmann in 1976. This technique allowed measurements of individual proteins through ion channels. A glass pipette was fixed to the cell membrane, and the ion currents though the ion channels were measured. The Patch-Clamp method increased the sensitivity of detection by three orders of magnitude over previous methods, and the time resolution for the measurements was decreased to nearly 10 microseconds.

When the electrode is pulled far enough away, this bleb will detach from the cell and reform as a convex membrane on the end of the electrode (like a ball open at the electrode tip), with the original outside of the membrane facing outward from the electrode. As the image at the right shows, this means that the fluid inside the pipette will be simulating the intracellular fluid, while a researcher is free to move the pipette and the bleb with its channels to another bath of solution. While multiple channels can exist in a bleb of membrane, single channel recordings are also possible in this conformation if the bleb of detached membrane is small and only contains one channel. Outside- out patching gives the experimenter the opportunity to examine the properties of an ion channel when it is isolated from the cell and exposed successively to different solutions on the extracellular surface of the membrane.

In order to further classify the extent of dysgeusia and clinically measure the sense of taste, gustatory testing may be performed. Gustatory testing is performed either as a whole-mouth procedure or as a regional test. In both techniques, natural or electrical stimuli can be used. In regional testing, 20 to 50 µL of liquid stimulus is presented to the anterior and posterior tongue using a pipette, soaked filter-paper disks, or cotton swabs.

An E.coli spheroplast patched with a glass pipette. Specially prepared giant spheroplasts of Gram-negative bacteria can be used to study the function of bacterial ion channels through a technique called patch clamp, which was originally designed for characterizing the behavior of neurons and other excitable cells. To prepare giant spheroplasts, bacteria are treated with a septation inhibitor (eg. cephalexin). This causes the bacteria to form filaments, elongated cells that lack internal cross-walls.

For cell seeding the mounted tissue carrier is transferred by a forceps in a 24 well culture plate (Fig. 2). To concentrate cells on top of a tissue carrier culture medium is added to a level so that the selected biomaterial is just wetted. Then an aliquot of cells is transferred by a pipette to the surface of the mounted biomaterial. Figure 2: Minusheet tissue carriers including different biomaterials within a 24 well culture plate.

Dougall was born in Hampstead in London, but raised in Brighton and attended Camberwell College of Arts as late as mid-2006, and as a student appeared uncredited on the BBC Two show James May's Top Toys in December 2005, drawing the presenter on an Etch A Sketch.rose pipette on "james may's top toys" - Megavideo.com Her father, Alastair Dougall, is a singer-songwriter. She is the granddaughter of former BBC news broadcaster Robert Dougall.

There are several ways to isolate individual cells prior to whole genome amplification and sequencing. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) is a widely used approach. Individual cells can also be collected by micromanipulation, for example by serial dilution or by using a patch pipette or nanotube to harvest a single cell. The advantages of micromanipulation are ease and low cost, but they are laborious and susceptible to misidentification of cell types under microscope.

The cell-attached patch clamp uses a micropipette attached to the cell membrane to allow recording from a single ion channel. Patch clamp recording is used to measure electrical activity in neurons. The technique uses a one micrometer diameter open tip glass micropipette to suction the membrane of a cell. The pipette is filled with ionic solution, and a silver wire is placed in the solution to conduct and amplify electrical signals.

Soon complications arise from these curses. Boomblehardt finds Sergeant Klooque's curse hilarious and decides that if he must give out money, the sergeant is as good as any other. The shy Pipette throws herself at Sergeant, who unwillingly ducks and dodges, trying to avoid her. When Peter arrives, he is forced to get into a fight with the sergeant over her, at which, to his surprise, the brave sergeant cowers, dodges, and ducks.

This is referred to as the electrode "dialyzing" the cell's contents. After a while, any properties of the cell that depend on soluble intracellular contents will be altered. The pipette solution used usually approximates the high-potassium environment of the interior of the cell to minimize any changes this may cause. There is often a period at the beginning of a whole-cell recording when one can take measurements before the cell has been dialyzed.

In laboratory use, droppers should not be used for work involving high accuracy since droppers are not designed to measure specific volume; however, it can be used to add drops of reagents. Each type of dropper is designed to produce a specific drop volume, but this is not highly precise. Before using a dropper, the tip should be carefully examined for cracks. To increase accuracy, the pipette is to be rinsed with the reagent.

Graduated cylinders are often used to measure the volume of a liquid. Graduated cylinders are generally more accurate and precise than laboratory flasks and beakers, but they should not be used to perform volumetric analysis; volumetric glassware, such as a volumetric flask or volumetric pipette, should be used, as it is even more accurate and precise. Graduated cylinders are sometimes used to measure the volume of a solid indirectly by measuring the displacement of a liquid.

Reverse pipetting is a technique to dispense a measured quantity of liquid by means of air displacement pipette. The technique is mainly recommended for solutions with a high viscosity or a tendency to foam: as it reduces the risk of splashing, foam or bubble formation. Reverse pipetting is more precise in dispensing small volumes of liquids containing proteins and biological solutions compared to forward pipetting, which is mostly used for aqueous solutions, such as buffers, diluted acids or alkalis.

To eject a droplet, a transducer generates and transfers acoustic energy to a source well. When the acoustic energy is focused near the surface of the liquid, a mound of liquid is formed and a droplet is ejected. [Figure 1] The diameter of the droplet scales inversely with the frequency of the acoustic energy—higher frequencies produce smaller droplets. Unlike other liquid transfer devices, no pipette tips, pin tools, or nozzles touch the source liquid or destination surfaces.

This is substantially cutting into Martha's profits. She enlists Boomblehardt and Klooque, the cowardly farmer Peter, and her extremely shy niece, Pipette, to help solve this problem. Peter, not cowardly enough to fear an old woman, nor superstitious enough to believe in her power, threatens the old fairy, trying to chase her away. Unfortunately, she does indeed have fairy powers and casts a spell that forces Peter to threaten anyone he encounters or, if alone, to fight imaginary enemies.

L’Odyssée d’un Roi was released as a collaboration with three French luxury houses, Hermès, Puiforcat, and Saint-Louis. Hermès created a bespoke leather trunk, Puiforcat forged a white gold serving pipette, and Saint-Louis hand- blew and engraved a unique version of the decanter with a map of Louis XIII’s journey around the world. Only three were made, and were auctioned by Sotheby’s in New York, Hong Kong, and London, with the proceeds benefitting The Film Foundation’s preservation efforts.

A diagram showing the change in membrane capacitance before (top) and after (middle and bottom) vesicle fusion. Neurotransmitter release can be measured by determining the amplitude of the postsynaptic potential after triggering an action potential in the presynaptic neuron. Measuring neurotransmitter release this way can be problematic because the effect of the postsynaptic neuron to the same amount of released neurotransmitter can change over time. Another way is to measure vesicle fusion with the presynaptic membrane directly using a patch pipette.

The BSA blocker improves sensitivity by decreasing background noise as the sites are covered with the moderately non- reactive protein. During this process, minimization of nonspecific binding of antibodies is essential in order to acquire the highest signal to noise ratio. BSA is also used as a nutrient in cell and microbial culture. In restriction digests, BSA is used to stabilize some enzymes during the digestion of DNA and to prevent adhesion of the enzyme to reaction tubes, pipette tips, and other vessels.

At the tip of the device a localized flow zone is created, allowing for constant control of the nanoliter environment, directly in front of the pipette. The pipettes are made from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) which is formed using reactive injection molding. Interfacing of these pipettes using pneumatics enables multiple solutions to be loaded and switched on demand, with solution exchange times of 100ms. Invented by Alar Ainla, currently situated in the Biophysical Technology Lab at Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden.

Whole-cell patch configuration Whole-cell recordings involve recording currents through multiple channels simultaneously, over a large region of the cell membrane. The electrode is left in place on the cell, as in cell-attached recordings, but more suction is applied to rupture the membrane patch, thus providing access from the interior of the pipette to the intracellular space of the cell. This provides a means to administer and study how treatments (e.g. drugs) can affect cells in real time.

May also constructed an Airfix model of the battleship Bismarck. Upon completion, he took it out on a boating lake and shot at it with an air rifle, while pretending to be a British seaman firing a salvo at the battleship. In the feature of the Etch-A-Sketch, Rose Pipette of The Pipettes is one of the students "etching" May on the toy. A spin off of the show, James May: My Sisters' Top Toys, came on 23 December 2007.

A ten-minute treatment of small tissue pieces (less than 1 mm3) will allow papain to begin cleaving the extracellular matrix molecules holding the cells together. After ten minutes, the tissue should be treated with a protease inhibitor solution to stop the protease action. Left untreated, papain activity will lead to complete lysis of the cells. The tissue must then be triturated (passed quickly up and down through a Pasteur pipette) to break up the pieces of tissue into a single cell suspension.

During the 1970s and 1980s, Jerne was a pioneer in the development of immune network theory. According to Jerne's biographer Thomas Söderqvist, Jerne was not a bench scientist, could not pipette accurately, and did not enjoy experimental work. His Nobel Prize was awarded for theories, rather than discoveries. Jerne developed the "natural selection theory of immunology", proposed by Paul Ehrlich 50 years earlier, although he was missing the clonal selection element proposed by David Talmage and then by Frank Macfarlane Burnet.

NAADP is charged and cannot cross cell membranes. Therefore, an inactive, lipophilic ester precursor (NAADP/AM) has been synthesised which crosses membranes and rapidly regenerates NAADP in the cytosol following the action of endogenous esterases. Caged NAADP is an inactive, membrane-impermeant analog of NAADP that can be introduced into cells by microinjection or a patch pipette. Flash photolysis with a UV light source rapidly converts this into NAADP, allowing the experimenter to precisely manipulate NAADP levels in time and space.

Nuclear transfer is a delicate process that is a major hurdle in the development of cloning technology. Materials used in this procedure are a microscope, a holding pipette (small vacuum) to keep the oocyte in place, and a micropipette (hair-thin needle) capable of extracting the nucleus of a cell using a vacuum. For some species, such as mouse, a drill is used to pierce the outer layers of the oocyte. Various chemical reagents are used to increase cloning efficiency.

Loading DNA samples into the wells of an agarose gel using a multi-channel pipette. The gel is prepared by dissolving the agarose powder in an appropriate buffer, such as TAE or TBE, to be used in electrophoresis. The agarose is dispersed in the buffer before heating it to near-boiling point, but avoid boiling. The melted agarose is allowed to cool sufficiently before pouring the solution into a cast as the cast may warp or crack if the agarose solution is too hot.

Column chromatography constructed using plastic pasteur pipette ; Microscale column chromatography The constriction toward the tip of the Pasteur pipettes may be plugged with a bit of tissue paper or cotton wool to filter off solids from small amounts of liquids. The bulb can be attached and squeezed to help viscous solutions filter more rapidly. With a bit of skill, Pasteur pipettes may also be used for microscale column chromatography. With appropriately fine silica gel, the bulb may be squeezed for microscale flash column chromatography.

Different types of bulb (controller pipettes, silicone bulbs, normal bulbs) for drawing up solution into a graduated pipette The standard classification of graduated pipettes is according to shape, delivery tips, graduation lines, periods of infill and discharge, and calibration. Standard classification The most accurate glass graduated pipettes are classified according to genre, class, and dimension. The two genres, Genre 1 and Genre 2, denote, respectively, pipettes with "standard taper tip" and "long taper tip". The two classes are Class A and Class B. Class A pipettes are manufactured to precise tolerances, or "error limits".

The other common design (the more traditional "pooter") consists of a length of flexible tubing, of which one end is held in the mouth, and the other end which holds the tip. The tip is usually a glass or plastic pipette inserted into the plastic tubing, with a piece of gauze as a filter at the inner end to prevent accidental ingestion. Small insects (e.g., Drosophila) may be gently collected and held against the filter by steady inhalation, and transferred into a container by then blowing the insect(s) out.

' In 1961. The Age reported that Sir Macfarlane Burnet was anxious when a photographer asked him to display the medallion at the awards ceremony: 'The nervous scientist, whose hand with a pipette would be as steady as a rock, fumbled the medal and dropped it under the table.' Greenhalgh's bronze medallion was presented to winners of the Victorian-based Australian of the Year award for two decades. When the NADC assumed responsibility in 1980, it apparently overlooked the issue of a trophy, so Manning Clark received a framed certificate.

This method is qualitative, but the addition of mass shifted variants of the analyte for use as an internal standard makes this method useful for quantitative analysis. Pipetor tips, which have been termed MSIA tips or affinity pipette tips play a key role in the process of detecting analytes within biological samples. MSIA tips typically contain porous solid support which has derivatized antigens or antibodies covalently attached. Different analytes have different affinity for the tips so it is necessary to derivatize MSIA tips based on the analyte of interest.

This typically requires 3–12 months of training before a technician is able to reliably record from cells. The technician is essentially performing a balancing act trying to watch and manipulate several systems simultaneously (motion, pressure, and electrical signals). Unless each portion of the process is performed accurately and with the right timing, the seal will not be formed properly and the technician will have to replace the pipette and start over. These challenges reduce the number of recordings a technician can obtain, and significantly increase the cost.

One example of in vivo patch clamping was shown by Kodandaramaiah, et al. In this case the pressure control consisted of a set of electronic valves and electronic pressure regulators to provide three pressures that were previously provided by a technician (high pressure 800-1000mbar, low pressure 20-30mbar, and a small vacuum 15-150mbar). Three electronic valves switched between the three pressures and atmospheric pressure. The high pressure was used to prevent clogging the pipette, the low pressure was used when searching for cells, and the vacuum was used to help the gigasealing process.

SICM was used to image a living neural cell from rat brain, determine the life cycle of microvilli, observe the movement of protein complexes in spermatozoa. SICM has been combined with fluorescence microscopy and förster resonance energy transfer. SICM has been used in a "smart patch-clamp" technique, clamping the pipette by suction to the surface of a cell and then monitoring the activity of the sodium channels in the cell membrane. A combination of AFM and SICM was able to obtain high resolution images of synthetic membranes in ionic solutions.

His name is also associated with the "Sahli pipette method" for performing red blood cell counts, as well as the "Hayem- Sahli hemocytometer", which is a device used to find the quantity of platelets in a specified volume of blood. This device is named in conjunction with French hematologist Georges Hayem (1841–1933). Sahli was the author of over 175 scientific articles, and in 1894 published an important book on clinical investigation methodologies called Lehrbuch der klinischen Untersuchungsmethoden. His name is associated with "2088 Sahlia", which is an asteroid that was discovered in 1976.

Plastic pasteur pipettes Plastic Pasteur pipettes, also referred to as transfer pipettes, have their stems and bulbs in the form of a single piece made of soft plastic such as polyethelene. The bulb portion is thinner and therefore "squeezable", while the pipette portion is thick enough to be rigid. They commonly come in 1, 2, 3, and 5 ml which comes with a specific drop size of 10, 20, 25, 35, and 50 µl. The volumes are usually marked on the stem, though the markings are rather crude and are not particularly accurate.

One of the challenges in using automated liquid handlers, or liquid handling robots, is in verifying the proper function of the device. Liquid handling operations, performed by these automated systems, can fail due to clogged pipette tips, failed solenoid valves, damaged labware, operator error and many other reasons. A variety of methods exist for performing quality control of liquid dispensing on automated platforms including gravimetric, fluorescent and colorimetric measurements. In addition to manual quality control methods, technologies have been developed which allow for the automated monitoring of quality control of liquid handling robots.

This is done using a glass micropipette, also called a patch pipette, with a 1 micrometer diameter. There is a small patch that contains a few ion channels and the rest is sealed off, making this the point of entry for the current. Using an amplifier and a voltage clamp, which is an electronic feedback circuit, allows the experimenter to maintain the membrane potential at a fixed point and the voltage clamp then measures tiny changes in current flow. The membrane currents giving rise to hyperpolarization are either an increase in outward current or a decrease in inward current.

For processes such as cellular or pronuclear injection the target cell is positioned under the microscope and two micromanipulators—one holding the pipette and one holding a microcapillary needle usually between 0.5 and 5 µm in diameter (larger if injecting stem cells into an embryo)—are used to penetrate the cell membrane and/or the nuclear envelope. In this way the process can be used to introduce a vector into a single cell. Microinjection can also be used in the cloning of organisms, in the study of cell biology and viruses, and for treating male subfertility through intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI, ).

172 makes it explicit that this is a tactical error on her part. She heads downstairs to check on her mischief, and the cursed group all run up to her to beg her to relent. They all behave as compelled by their curses: Peter threatens her, Pipette tries to kiss her, the sergeant ducks away from her, the miser offers her money, and the landlady keeps trying to chase her out with a broom. The chaos is overwhelming: "In short, the Old Lady, who was much more than a match for each of them taken singly, was overpowered by numbers".

SICM has a worse resolution than AFM or STM, which can routinely reach resolutions of about 0.1 nm. The resolution of SICM measurement is limited to 1.5 times the diameter of the tip opening in theory, but measurements taken with a 13 nm opening-diameter managed a resolution of around 3–6 nm. SICM can be used to image poorly or non-conducting surfaces, which is impossible with STM. In SICM measurements, the tip of the micro-pipette does not touch the surface of the sample; which allows the imaging of soft samples (cells, biological samples, cell villi) without deformation.

José del Castillo and Bernard Katz used ionophoresis to determine the location and density of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) at the neuromuscular junction. With this technique, a microelectrode was placed inside the motor endplate of the muscle fiber, and a micropipette filled with acetylcholine (ACh) is placed directly in front of the endplate in the synaptic cleft. A positive voltage was applied to the tip of the micropipette, which caused a burst of positively charged ACh molecules to be released from the pipette. These ligands flowed into the space representing the synaptic cleft and bound to AChRs.

A Safety and Environmental Services (SES) team provides numerous "hands-on" demonstrations and presentations on biosafety and occupational health and safety throughout the year and provides 24/7 response to biological or chemical issues. Any material exiting the level 3 or 4 laboratories must be sterilized or decontaminated in some manner. Air is drawn into the laboratories through the use of negative air pressure before being filtered out through High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters. Laboratory waste such as gloves, test tubes, and pipette tips are removed via an autoclave, a piece of equipment that sterilizes materials with steam and pressure.

One finds there at the same time some hands of men, women and children, and some representations of animals. The hands are 'negative hands': they are represented by outlines and not by their surface. One knows precisely today that at least one hand was drawn with some ochre with the help of a pipette. To represent animals, the first European Homo sapiens often chose parts of the walls of which the relief, under the torches' flickering lighting, would come out as shapes that reminded of the animals' anatomy, such as eyes or the antlers of large deer.

Colonies are sampled with a sterile pipette tip and a small quantity of cells transferred into a PCR mix. To release the DNA from the cells, the PCR is either started with an extended time at 95 °C (when standard polymerase is used), or with a shortened denaturation step at 100 °C and special chimeric DNA polymerase. The digital polymerase chain reaction simultaneously amplifies thousands of samples, each in a separate droplet within an emulsion. Suicide PCR is typically used in paleogenetics or other studies where avoiding false positives and ensuring the specificity of the amplified fragment is the highest priority.

Nuclear movement also occurs in response to mechanical stimulation. The nuclei of cultured ovule parenchyma tobacco cells were found to move directly to the site of probing by a fine glass pipette via cytoplasmic strands, which contain actin filaments specialized to carry out cytoplasmic streaming. This is likely a response co- opted from cytoplasmic streaming, but a receptor or other downstream signaling components underlying this cellular response have not been identified. Nonetheless mechanical stimulation is a potent signal resulting in nuclear movement, and suggests that nuclear movement may be a process important for integration of mechanical stimulation during thigmotropism, gravitropism, or cellular interactions during development.

On the end of the cone a glass or plastic centrifuge tube is attached usually 15ml size). Through the cap attachment water usually around 54°C is filled until the AV is 1/2 full (temperature may vary from bull to bull). This water is between the inside rubber and the inside hose wall of the AV. A small amount of K-Y jelly or Vaseline is placed just inside on the unconed end and then it is smeared with a pipette or greasing stick. Finally in most cases and AV jacket is tied or attached onto the cone end to cover the cone and tube.

A bacterial spheroplast patched with a glass pipette A patch clamp recording of current reveals transitions between two conductance states of a single ion channel: closed (at top) and open (at bottom). The patch clamp technique is a laboratory technique in electrophysiology used to study ionic currents in individual isolated living cells, tissue sections, or patches of cell membrane. The technique is especially useful in the study of excitable cells such as neurons, cardiomyocytes, muscle fibers, and pancreatic beta cells, and can also be applied to the study of bacterial ion channels in specially prepared giant spheroplasts. Patch clamping can be performed using the voltage clamp technique.

His nickname "Pipette" was a reference to his smoking habits, which at several stages saw him smoking on the field.Puig Aubert France, Carcassonne Rugby League Heroes and Hardmen Quite famously in a game against Wigan (which was played in a snowstorm), he actually caught the ball with one hand while holding a cigarette in the other hand. While he often had unusual habits for a sportsman, there was no denying his talent, he was a master at kicking in play and in overall attack he was both unorthodox and unpredictable. Aside from his playing skill, he developed a reputation based on his somewhat eccentric attitude or charismatic manner.

Additionally, the fighting machines of this film have a tentacle that is used as a camera probe to explore small places, such as the inside of buildings, and another used as a pipette to drain human blood directly from humans. The collected human blood is then sprayed from the tripods' "heads" as fertilizer to aid the spread of their fast-growing terraforming red weed. Similar to the novel, the fighting machines appear to emit some kind of novel-like black smoke before arming and firing the heat-ray, although this may only be accumulated dust and fine debris or a chemical steam for clearing vents. The huge tripods appear to have been made to resemble the aliens themselves.

In the 1960s, the pen's design evolved to feature tubes of ink that were filled with a Pasteur pipette or from a narrow spout on a special bottle of ink. Such pens frequently came in sets of various sizes, and several pen points which were installed into the holders that also contained a filled fountain, which in turn would be screwed into a handle. The construction and number of parts varied depending on the company, and the parts were not cross-compatible in most cases. Some later designs (like the Staedtler MarsMatic700) had specially designed channels to allow better air flow in between the wall of the external grip and the point assembly.

Class B are allowed twice the error limits of Class A. The class specification or serial number of Class B are not marked. Standard design The Genre 1 and Genre 2 the tapered delivery tips are different: for Genre 1, the tip is between 15 and 30 mm long, for a 5 ml capacity pipette, and between 20 and 40 mm, for 10 to 50 ml capacities; for Genre 2, the tip is longer, between 50 and 65 mm in length. The opening at the tip end is perpendicular to the tube axis, and an unexpectedly constricted opening is not acceptable for Genre 2 pipettes. Beveling and fire polishing of the external margin of the tip opening are essential.

Inside-out patch configuration In the inside-out method, a patch of the membrane is attached to the patch pipette, detached from the rest of the cell, and the cytosolic surface of the membrane is exposed to the external media, or bath. One advantage of this method is that the experimenter has access to the intracellular surface of the membrane via the bath and can change the chemical composition of what the surface of the membrane is exposed to. This is useful when an experimenter wishes to manipulate the environment at the intracellular surface of single ion channels. For example, channels that are activated by intracellular ligands can then be studied through a range of ligand concentrations.

Perforated patch technique This variation of the patch clamp method is very similar to the whole-cell configuration. The main difference lies in the fact that when the experimenter forms the gigaohm seal, suction is not used to rupture the patch membrane. Instead, the electrode solution contains small amounts of an antifungal or antibiotic agent, such as amphothericin-B, nystatin, or gramicidin, which diffuses into the membrane patch and forms small pores in the membrane, providing electrical access to the cell interior. When comparing the whole-cell and perforated patch methods, one can think of the whole-cell patch as an open door, in which there is complete exchange between molecules in the pipette solution and the cytoplasm.

This flexibility has been especially useful to researchers for studying muscle cells as they contract under real physiological conditions, obtaining recordings quickly, and doing so without resorting to drastic measures to stop the muscle fibers from contracting. A major disadvantage is that the resistance between the pipette and the membrane is greatly reduced, allowing current to leak through the seal, and significantly reducing the resolution of small currents. This leakage can be partially corrected for, however, which offers the opportunity to compare and contrast recordings made from different areas on the cell of interest. Given this, it has been estimated that the loose patch technique can resolve currents smaller than 1 mA/cm2.

On August 14, 1996, Wetterhahn, a specialist in toxic metal exposure, was studying the way mercury ions interact with DNA repair proteins, and she was investigating the toxic properties of another highly toxic heavy metal, cadmium. Dimethylmercury was a compound used, almost exclusively, as a reference standard for 199Hg nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements, a particular type of specialized chemical analysis. Wetterhahn would recall that she had spilled one or two drops of dimethylmercury from the tip of a pipette onto her latex-gloved hand. Not believing herself in any immediate danger, as she was taking all recommended precautions, she proceeded to clean up the area prior to removing her protective clothing.

This type of electrode is distinct from the "sharp microelectrode" used to puncture cells in traditional intracellular recordings, in that it is sealed onto the surface of the cell membrane, rather than inserted through it. Typical equipment used during classical patch clamp recording In some experiments, the micropipette tip is heated in a microforge to produce a smooth surface that assists in forming a high resistance seal with the cell membrane. To obtain this high resistance seal, the micropipette is pressed against a cell membrane and suction is applied. A portion of the cell membrane is suctioned into the pipette, creating an omega-shaped area of membrane which, if formed properly, creates a resistance in the 10–100 gigaohms range, called a "gigaohm seal" or "gigaseal".

Top to bottom: blue Lamy T 10 proprietary ink cartridge and Z 27 and Z 28 ink converters Fountain pens carry ink within the barrel, traditionally either inserted at one end in bulk with a syringe or eyedropper pipette, or through a mechanical filling system built into the pen (such as a piston or vacuum-pump mechanism). For such fountain pens, ink is available in bottles which will typically refill an individual pen many tens of times. Simpler fountain pens use pre-filled ink cartridges, although in many cases the cartridge can be replaced with a converter which replicates the mechanical filling action of more expensive pens. The cost per millilitre of ink tends to be lower for bottled ink than for cartridges, while cartridges can be simpler to use.

Ocepechelon is an extinct genus of giant protostegid sea turtle known from Late Cretaceous (late Maastrichtian stage, 67 Myr) phosphatic deposits of the Oulad Abdoun Basin, Khouribga Province of Morocco. It is known from the holotype OCP DEK/GE 516, a complete but isolated 70-cm-long skull, making it one of the largest marine turtles ever described. It was first named by Nathalie Bardet, Nour-Eddine Jalil, France de Lapparent de Broin, Damien Germain, Olivier Lambert and Mbarek Amaghzaz in 2013 and the type species is Ocepechelon bouyai. The feeding apparatus of Ocepechelon, a bony pipette-like snout, is unique among tetrapods and shares unique convergences with both syngnathid fishes (unique long tubular bony snout ending in a rounded and forward directed mouth) and beaked whales (large size and elongated edentulous jaws).

To meet the requirements of peptides with different physical and chemical properties an iterative extraction with basic or acidic solutions is performed. For the extraction of acidic peptides a solution similar to the concentration and composition of the digestion buffer is used; basic peptides are extracted in dependence to the intended mass spectrometric method with a low concentrated acidic solution of formic acid for ESI and trifluoroacetic acid for MALDI respectively. Studies on model proteins showed a recovery of approximately 70–80% of the expected peptide yield by extraction from the gel. Many protocols contain an additional fraction of acetonitrile to the extraction solution which, in concentrations above 30% (v/v), is effective in reducing the adsorption of peptides to the surface of reaction tubes and pipette tips.

In situations where one wants to record the potential inside the cell membrane with minimal effect on the ionic constitution of the intracellular fluid a sharp electrode can be used. These micropipettes (electrodes) are again like those for patch clamp pulled from glass capillaries, but the pore is much smaller so that there is very little ion exchange between the intracellular fluid and the electrolyte in the pipette. The resistance of the micropipette electrode is tens or hundreds of MΩ. Often the tip of the electrode is filled with various kinds of dyes like Lucifer yellow to fill the cells recorded from, for later confirmation of their morphology under a microscope. The dyes are injected by applying a positive or negative, DC or pulsed voltage to the electrodes depending on the polarity of the dye.

The simplest version simply dispenses an allotted volume of liquid from a motorized pipette or syringe; more complicated machines can also manipulate the position of the dispensers and containers (often a Cartesian coordinate robot) and/or integrate additional laboratory devices, such as centrifuges, microplate readers, heat sealers, heater/shakers, bar code readers, spectrophotometric devices, storage devices and incubators. More complex liquid handling workstations can perform multiple Laboratory Unit Operations such as sample transport, sample mixing, manipulation and incubation, as well as transporting vessels to/from other workstations. They can range from a specialized bench-top 8-channel DNA PCR processing robot, to a customized-for- process automated liquid handling system, such as the TECAN Freedom EVO (shown on the right), the HighRes Biosolution's PRIME and Janus Automated liquid handlers from PerkinElmer. Other liquid handling systems are designed for specific experiments, e.g.

Finally, Ryabovsky gets himself another woman and Olga Ivanovna, dejected and outraged, returns home, dreaming of how she'd either commit suicide, or write Ryabovsky a scathing, condemning letter... Something happens, though, to detract her attention: it turns out that Dymov is seriously ill: he'd caught diphtheria at the hospital by sucking up the mucus through a pipette from a sick man's throat. Several of his colleagues come to stay on duty by his bedside: they all speak of how gifted was this extraordinary, rare man, promising to become such a celebrity and is now dying due to his own carelessness. Horrified with the realization, that, while hunting for artists and singers, she'd 'missed out on' what could have become a true celebrity and the greatest 'gem' in her collection through her silliness, Olga Ivanovna rushes to her husband's deathbed to explain how wrong she'd been and how everything could be different from now on... But Dymov is quiet now and his hands and forehead are very cold.