A fraktur labyrinth, a style of Pennsylvania-German folk art, dated 1824.
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History. Groundhog Day began as a Pennsylvania German custom in the 18th and 19th centuries.
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Pennsylvania German settlers pulled the tradition from European weather lore that used the appearance of hibernators, like badgers, as a sign it was time to prepare for spring.
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Included are carefully handcrafted cards, from Pennsylvania-German folded love tokens to cobweb cards — named for their delicate paper spirals that lift to form a cage and reveal a hidden message.
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In 1983, 69 acres were designated as the German Valley Historic District, "a microcosm of vernacular architectural styles found in New Jersey," from early Pennsylvania-German to Victorian shingle style, notes the nomination for protected status.
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Michael Werner (born 1965 in Frankenthal, Germany) is a publisher of Pennsylvania German publications and writer of Pennsylvania German articles, prose and poetry. He is the founder and publisher of the only existing Pennsylvania German newspaper, Hiwwe wie Driwwe.
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As discussed supra, in 1924, the Pennsylvania German Society published a dictionary prepared by Marcus B. Lambert and entitled A Dictionary of the Non-English Words of the Pennsylvania-German Dialect, With an Appendix. The preface discussed previous systems of spelling Pennsylvania German, Pennsylvania German phonology, and the transcription used by Lambert in the dictionary. There were 16,438 entries.Rosenberger 1966, p. 371.
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The current Pennsylvania German Society continues with its annual meeting, in which numerous speakers present on topics relating to Pennsylvania German history, language, culture, religion, and way of life. The Society publishes an annual volume that also focuses on all aspects of Pennsylvania German culture and continues to publish dialect materials and to encourage the study of the dialect through the use of grammars, dictionaries, and courses. The Society publishes two periodicals, Der Reggeboge (Pennsylvania German for “The Rainbow”) and Es Elbedritsch (named after the Elbedritsch, which is Pennsylvania-German for “Elwetritsch”). Der Reggeboge is a semi-annual journal devoted to Pennsylvania German culture and history, and Es Elbedritsch is a semi-annual newsletter detailing activities of the Society and other aspects of Pennsylvania German culture.
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Pennsylvania German pioneers; a publication of the original lists of arrivals in the port of Philadelphia from 1727 to 1808. Norristown, Penn., Pennsylvania German Society, 1934.
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In 2011, has created a " Award for Pennsylvania German Literature" in cooperation with the Palatine Writers Contest in Bockenheim (Germany) and Kutztown University's Pennsylvania German Minor Program. Since 2013, is printed in Pennsylvania, and in 2015, the editorial headquarter was moved to the Pennsylvania German Cultural Heritage Center at Kutztown University.
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While singing in church is in German, singing outside of the church is more often in English than in Pennsylvania German, even though the Amish know many traditional worldly Pennsylvania German songs. The most popular performer of worldly Pennsylvania German songs is John Schmid, who is also very popular among the Amish.
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This conviction was another factor which led to the formation of the Pennsylvania German Folklore Society in 1935. On May 4, 1935, the Pennsylvania German Folklore Society was formed in Allentown, Pennsylvania to collect and preserve the contributions of the Pennsylvania Germans. The Folklore Society did not restrict full membership to those of Pennsylvania German ancestry.Rosenberger 1966, p. 206.
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Both facing declining memberships and financial strains, the Pennsylvania German Society and the Pennsylvania German Folklore Society merged in 1965 to form The Pennsylvania German Society. (The official name of the Society was changed in 1965 to add a capitalized “The” at the beginning.) The two Societies had many overlapping members, notably Preston Barba and Albert Buffington among others.
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Solomon DeLong (born February 8, 1849, Schnecksville, Pennsylvania-February 2, 1925, Allentown, Pennsylvania) was a Pennsylvania German language writer and journalist. DeLong was a teacher, business man, and, for twelve years, Pennsylvania German columnist of the Allentown newspaper The Morning Call, where he wrote under the pen name Obediah Grouthomel. DeLong provided the Pennsylvania German language translation of Clement Clarke Moore's poem A Visit from St. Nicholas (also known as The Night before Christmas). The Pennsylvania German language translation of the poem was first printed in The Morning Call on December 24, 1920.
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Pennsylvania German is often—even though misleadingly—called "Pennsylvania Dutch". The term "Dutch" used to mean "German" (including the Netherlands), before the Latin name for them replaced it (but stuck with the Netherlands). When referring to the language spoken by the Pennsylvania Dutch people (Pennsylvania German) it means "German" or "Teutonic" rather than "Netherlander". Germans, in their own language, call themselves "Deutsch", (Pennsylvania German: "Deitsch").
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Well known, for example, is Isaac Horst (1918–2008) from Mount Forest (Ontario, Canada), who wrote the book Bei sich selwert un ungewehnlich (in English: "Separate and Peculiar"). Pennsylvania German texts are mostly published in the Pennsylvania German dialect newspaper Hiwwe wie Driwwe.
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Some Amish read the Pennsylvania German newspaper , and some of them even contribute dialect texts.
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The Lambert dictionary used a German-based orthography for the Pennsylvania Dutch dialect, rejecting previous attempts which used English-based orthographies. The dictionary was quite popular and superior to prior attempts. The Pennsylvania German Society reprinted the dictionary in 1965 because of demand. However, some still found deficiencies in the orthography used. In 1954, Albert F. Buffington and Preston Barba released their influential grammar, A Pennsylvania German Grammar, which was published by Schlechter’s of Allentown, PA. This grammar also proffered a German-based orthography, for Pennsylvania German and it became so popular that it is now considered to be the de facto official orthography for Pennsylvania German. The Pennsylvania German Folklore Society published a revised edition of Buffington’s and Barba’s influential grammar in 1965 as volume 27 of its annual series.
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In addition to English, most Old Order Amish speak a distinctive German dialect called Pennsylvania German or, much more commonly, Pennsylvania Dutch. Pennsylvania German is related to the Palatinate German of the 18th century. It has also been strongly influenced by American English.Smith, p. 511.
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Harry Hess Reichard (August 27, 1878 - August 26, 1956) was a Pennsylvania German writer and scholar.
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Assabe and Sabina was extremely popular amongst the Pennsylvania German-speaking populations of Lehigh and Northampton counties, and thousands listened to the program weekly. The show served to sustain interest in Pennsylvania German language and culture in the period during, and immediately after, World War II.
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Fersommlinge continue to be held throughout eastern Pennsylvania as a means of preserving the Pennsylvania German dialect and culture. For example, the Berks County Fersommling, which started in 1937, annually attracts more than 700 participants, most of whom are of Pennsylvania German ancestry. Since 1997, some of the texts presented at Fersommlinge are also published in the Pennsylvania German newspaper Hiwwe wie Driwwe. Current Fersommling and Grundsau lodge information is kept up to date at groundhoglodge.
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Pennsylvania Dutch English is a dialect of English that has been influenced by the Pennsylvania German language. It is largely spoken in South Central Pennsylvania, both by people who are monolingual (in English) and bilingual (in Pennsylvania German and English). The dialect has been dying out, as non- Amish younger Pennsylvania Germans tend to speak General American English. Very few non-Amish members of these people can speak the Pennsylvania German language, although most know some words and phrases.
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Like the Pennsylvania German Society, the Pennsylvania German Folklore Society issued annual volumes, the first in 1936 covering dialect poems of Charles Calvin Ziegler, papers by Joseph Downs on the Millbach House and on the Pennsylvania German Galleries in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, a paper by W. J. Hinke and J. B. Stoudt on German immigrants from Zweibruecken, 1728–49, and a catalogue of the Pennsylvania Folk Art Exhibition held that year in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.
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Charles Richard Beam (February 15, 1925—January 26, 2018) was a major figure in twentieth-century Pennsylvania German linguistics, folklore studies, and social history who wrote under the pen-name Es Bischli-Gnippli (Little Clodhopper). He was born in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, and received his doctorate in German at the University of Pennsylvania (Ph.D. 1970). Beam wrote newspaper columns in the Pennsylvania German dialect for over fifty years, and also hosted radio broadcasts in Pennsylvania German from 1971 until 2013.
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The infinitive (and gerund) form "-a" is standard in Pennsylvania German and other forms of general Upper German.
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', which means "Over here as over there" (compare ), is the title of the only existing Pennsylvania German language newspaper.
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Tales of the Elbedritsche are also documented in Amish communities. The newsletter of the Pennsylvania German Society is Es Elbedritsch.
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Arcadia Publishing, 2008. 2\. Richman, Irwin. Pennsylvania German Farms, Gardens, and Seeds: Landis Valley in Four Centuries. Schiffer Books, 2007.
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From 1924 to 1948, Reichard was a professor of German at Muhlenberg College in Allentown, Pennsylvania. He also portrayed the character of Der Assabe Mumbauer on the popular Pennsylvania German dialect radio program, Assabe and Sabina from 1944 to 1955. For his work, Reichard was awarded a citation by the Pennsylvania German Society in 1950.
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The English term "Dutch" originally referred to all forms of German and Netherlandic languages. Pennsylvania German, which is a High German dialect, is distinct from Mennonite Low German and Hutterite German dialects spoken by other Anabaptist groups. Now spoken primarily by the Old Order Amish and Old Order Mennonites, Pennsylvania German was originally spoken by many German- American immigrants in Pennsylvania and surrounding areas, especially those who came prior to 1800. There are also several sizable Old Order Amish communities where a variety of Swiss German is spoken, rather than Pennsylvania German.
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The home is an example of Pennsylvania German architecture. Hard Lodging was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.
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In 1743 Christopher Sauer, an early pastor and a printer by trade, printed a Bible in German, the first published in a European language in North America. Many members of the Schwarzenau Brethren came from the Southwest of Germany, the same region where the Pennsylvania German dialect originated. Because they settled in Pennsylvania among other Germans, who mainly came from the Palatinate and adjacent regions, they took part in the dialect leveling, that was the cradle of Pennsylvania German. Their language therefore was or soon became what today is called "Pennsylvania Dutch" or sometimes "Pennsylvania German".
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In 1993, he became a student of C. Richard Beam (1925-2018), director of the Center for Pennsylvania German Studies at Millersville University (PA). In the same year, Werner started a private "Archive for Pennsylvania German Literature" in the Palatinate, Germany. In 1996, the newspaper Hiwwe wie Driwwe was founded by him in Ebertsheim, Palatinate (Germany). Actually, it is being published bi-annually.
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Kraybill (2000), p. 68. Most Old Order Amish people speak Pennsylvania German in the home, with the exception of several areas in the Midwest, where a variety of Swiss German may be used. In Beachy Amish settings, the use of English in church is the norm, but with some families continuing to use Pennsylvania German, or a variety of Swiss German, at home.
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Its first major codification was in Buffington and Barba's 1954 A Pennsylvania German Grammar (rev. ed. 1965). A member of the United Church of Christ, Barba also belonged to the Modern Language Association, the National Society of Sons of the American Revolution, and the Goethe Society of America. He was a board member of the Pennsylvania German Society and the Pennsylvania Folklore Society.
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Approximately 0.94% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 3.57% percent reported speaking Pennsylvania German or German at home. Dallas County is the county with the largest concentration of Kauffman Amish Mennonites, who have preserved Pennsylvania German as their every day language and an old form of Standard German for church. They had 950 adherents in Dallas County in 2010.
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Also on the property is a Pennsylvania-German forbay barn. Note: This includes It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.
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Orthographically, when writing in these dialects, ö becomes e or ee and ü becomes i or ie. Hence, in Low German dialects commonly encountered in the United States, such as Pennsylvania German, the word schön rhymes with the English words 'pain' and 'explain'. Standard German Danke schön would be translated into Pennsylvania German as danki schee () or dank scheene (). Similarly, it would be translated into , (, ).
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Weaverland Conference Mennonites are dressed plain. They used to speak Pennsylvania German, but it is no longer used in church services and there has generally been a shift to the English language in daily life. Older members of the church still speak Pennsylvania German. Ideologically this group shares many similar beliefs with Conservative Mennonites though differing in not having Sunday Schools or revival meetings.
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The Pennsylvania German Society was organized in a series of four meetings from February to April, 1891. The delegates present at the organizational meetings shared a number of characteristics. They were Pennsylvania German in family background, city dwellers, upper middle class professionals, and business men. They were older men having been born largely in the 1830s and 1840s, and they were well established in their careers.
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Rosenberger 1966, p. 150. It suspended its annual meetings of 1917, 1918, and 1919, although it did publish annual volumes during those years.Rosenberger 1966, p. 150. The executive committee of the Pennsylvania German Society continued to meet,Rosenberger 1966, p. 150. and several meetings were held at the Historical Society of Berks County. The annual meetings of the Pennsylvania German Society resumed in 1920.
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Funnel cake (Pennsylvania German: Drechderkuche) is a regional food popular in North America, mainly at carnivals and fairs, but can also be found at other events.
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Books by George Tice Fields of Peace: A Pennsylvania German Album. New York: Doubleday, 1970. Text by Millen Brand. Goodbye, River, Goodbye. New York: Doubleday, 1971.
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Seacoast Maine: People and Places. New York: Doubleday, 1973. Text by Martin Dibner. Fields of Peace: A Pennsylvania German Album. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1973 (revised).
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The Society published a series entitled Narrative and Critical History in 33 parts from 1897 to 1929 covering all aspects of Pennsylvania German immigration, culture, and religion.
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The Pennsylvania German language is a descendant of German, in the West Central German dialect family. It is closest to Palatine German. Pennsylvania German is still very vigorous as a first language among Old Order Amish and Old Order Mennonites (principally in the Lancaster County area), whereas it is almost extinct as an everyday language outside the plain communities, though a few words have passed into English usage.
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The call for the April 15 convocation was adopted in a meeting held on March 9, 1891 and was printed widely in Pennsylvania. Frank R. Diffenderffer was a central figure in the organization of the Pennsylvania-German Society and assumed a leading role in the lead-up to the convocation. He has been called the founder of the Pennsylvania-German Society, although no such designation has been officially made.
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Following the war, a number of prominent men were elected to serve as president of the Society, including among them Martin Brumbaugh, who served as governor of Pennsylvania during the war.Rosenberger 1966, pp. 138, 159. The 30th volume of the Pennsylvania German Society, published in 1924, was a dictionary prepared by Marcus B. Lambert and entitled A Dictionary of the Non-English Words of the Pennsylvania-German Dialect, With an Appendix.
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The village population of 270 residents is composed of 40 families of Plautdietsch and Pennsylvania German speaking Mennonites. They have large families, in average 6.8 persons per household.
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A member of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, Beam also belonged to the Pennsylvania German Society and a large number of German-American and Pennsylvania local history organizations.
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Klingerstown (Pennsylvania German: Glingerschteddel) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Upper Mahantongo Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, United States. As of the 2000 census, the CDP population was 102.
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The building in which the museum is located is a historic Pennsylvania German stone farm house and two-story stone spring house built by the Bieber family around 1750.
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Assabe and Sabina was a regionally popular Pennsylvania German dialect radio program that was broadcast from radio station WSAN in Allentown, Pennsylvania in the United States from 1944 until 1955. The show centered on the relationship between Der Assabe Mumbauer, a Pennsylvania German farmer, and his wife, Die Sabina Mumbauer. The character of Assabe was a "humorous prankster who frequently was in difficulty with his wife or with his neighbors."Rosenberger, p. 251.
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Ellis, History of Fayette County, Pennsylvania, "German Township." p. 601. McClellandtown has a volunteer fire department and a post office. The McClellandtown United Presbyterian Church is also located in McClellandtown.
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A large number were college graduates. It is likely that all knew and on occasion spoke the Pennsylvania German dialect and that most could read and speak standard High German.
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Gobin died in Lebanon on May 1, 1910.Pennsylvania German Society, Annual Meeting Proceedings: 1909, Volume XX, 1911, after page 50 He was interred at Mt. Lebanon Cemetery in Lebanon, Pennsylvania.
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It's also the village, where the German- Pennsylvanian newspaper Hiwwe wie Driwwe is published by the German- Pennsylvanian Archive in cooperation with the Pennsylvania German Cultural Heritage Center at Kutztown University, Pennsylvania.
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John Birmelin (October 31, 1873 – September 3, 1950) has been called the Poet Laureate of the Pennsylvania Dutch and is one of the most popular poets and playwrights in the Pennsylvania German language.
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The various German dialects that were brought to Wisconsin did not develop into a leveled dialect form, like, e.g., in southeastern Pennylvania, where Pennsylvania German as a leveled dialect emerged, but remained distinct.
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Like Old Order groups, New Order Amish Fellowship wear plain clothing, speak Pennsylvania German and use horse and buggy, but allow tractors for field work. They still speak Pennsylvania German, but there is a tendency to shift to the English language.Donald B. Kraybill: Concise Encyclopedia of Amish, Brethren, Hutterites, and Mennonites, Baltimore, 2010, page234. All New Order Amish districts still preserve the traditional Amish dress, although there is a trend towards slimmer brimmed hats and trimmed beards among the men.
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Because both Yiddish and Pennsylvania Dutch are High German languages, there are strong similarities between the two languages and a degree of mutual intelligibility. Pennsylvania Dutch is spoken by some Anabaptists, particularly older Amish people and to a less degree older Mennonites. In Pennsylvania, the Pennsylvania Dutch and Pennsylvania German Jews have often maintained a special relationship due to their common German language. Historically, Pennsylvania Dutch and Pennsylvania German Jews often had overlapping bonds in German-American business and community life.
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The Russian Mennonite majority share a common ancestry, Plautdietsch language, and many other traditions, which are quite distinct from the small group of Amish- Mennonites in Paraguay, who speak Pennsylvania German along with English.
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In 1872, he began writing humorous verses for periodicals and newspapers in a burlesque broken- English imitation of Pennsylvania German dialect. His first published work was “The Puzzled Dutchman” which appeared in Our Young Folks.
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The Solomon Arter House is a historic two-story, three-bay log home in Union Mills, Carroll County, Maryland, United States. It was built in about 1810 by Solomon Arter, a member of the Arter family that was prominent in the Pennsylvania German culture of this region. The structure is representative of Pennsylvania German domestic architecture in Carroll County, and is significant for the preservation of its interior stenciling. Also on the property is an 1872 bank barn, hogpen, and 1883 frame Victorian tenant house.
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The Old Order Mennonites find an affinity with the Old Order Amish publishing house called Pathway Publishers located in Lagrange, Indiana, and Aylmer, Ontario. More recently the Old Order Mennonites of Ontario have done some of their own publishing and a private enterprise known as Vineyard Publications has been formed near Wallenstein, Ontario. Members of the Old Order churches tend to use the Pennsylvania German dialect for literary expression more often than Old Order Amish. There are several authors of Pennsylvania German prose and poetry.
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Since 1998, he has been a member of the jury of the oldest Palatine Dialect Writers Contest in Bockenheim an der Weinstraße, Palatinate (Germany). In 2003, Michael Werner was one of the co-founders of the German-Pennsylvanian Association and the first president of the association (until 2010). Since 2008, Werner invites speakers of Pennsylvania German to give presentations about the language and culture in Germany. In 2013, "Hiwwe wie Driwwe" started a cooperation with the Pennsylvania German Cultural Heritage Center at Kutztown University (PA).
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As descendants from the Amish, the Kauffman Amish Mennonites are an Anabaptist Christian group in the tradition of the Radical Reformation of the early 16th century. In contrast to other Amish Mennonites they have retained the Pennsylvania German language, which they also use for church service. The Pennsylvania German language is seen as a "neat wall" against the evil influence of the "world".Edwin Blosser: History of Tampico Amish & Modern Technology – Part 1 at the Anabaptist Identity Conference, February 15, 2014, minute 17:00-20.
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Maxatawny is served by the Kutztown Area School District. Kutztown University of Pennsylvania lies mostly in the township and straddles the boundary with Kutztown. The Pennsylvania German presence remains strong there despite more ethnically-diverse movement from metropolitan areas and significant numbers of Mennonite continue to farm some of the township's land. Renninger's Antique and Farmers' Market and the Pennsylvania German Cultural Heritage Center of Kutztown University are located in Maxatawny Township, as well as the annual Bowers Chili Pepper Festival, held in September at DeLong Park.
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Of particular interest are the beautiful schranks (clothespresses or wardrobes) made by Jacob Fry. The pieces produced by Jacob Fry, along with those of some other local cabinetmakers of Pennsylvania German Mennonite origin, launched the interest in antiques in Niagara. The house has undergone a complete restoration, and now offers summer visitors the opportunity to experience a tour with costumed interpreters, including a peek upstairs at some of the beds originally used by the Fry family. The beds are made up in the traditional Pennsylvania German manner.
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"Landis Valley Village & Farm Museum preserves Pennsylvania German culture through its Heirloom Seed Project." Reading, Pennsylvania: Reading Eagle, May 8, 2019."The Heirloom Seed Project." Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Landis Valley Farm Museum, retrieved online September 6, 2019.
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Earnest was born in Waltham, Massachusetts, and attended Wellesley College. As a young woman, newly married, she lived for a time in Pennsylvania German country, an experience to which she ascribed her interest in folk art.
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The dialect of Bad Dürkheim and environs is closer to the Pennsylvania Dutch language—also known as Pennsylvania German or as Deitsch, the native tongue of the Amish and others—than any other dialect of German.
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In the Pennsylvania Dutch region, some people make a dish called "bot boi" (or "Bottboi") by Pennsylvania German-speaking natives. Pennsylvania Dutch pot pie is a stew without a crust.Longacre, D. J. (1976). More-with-Less Cookbook.
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Here he was a frequent correspondent of the German newspapers, and wrote much. He wrote chiefly in Hochdeutsch (literary or high German), but also did some pieces in Pennsylvania German dialect. He loved the Pennsylvania-Germans and their dialect, and they were glad for his book (see the first item in Works below). He was probably the only one of the 19th-century immigrants who deliberately wanted to be counted as a Pennsylvania German, and tried to speak and write, or thought he was speaking and writing, their idiom.
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In Pennsylvania among the Pennsylvania Dutch, the Elwetritsch is known as the Elbedritsch.Stine, Eugene S., Pennsylvania German Dictionary, The Pennsylvania German Society, 1996. The lore concerning the Elbedritsch is similar to that of the Elwetritsch in that the victim of the trick was set out with a bag to catch one and left abandoned. The Pennsylvania Dutch are convinced that Palatinate people—their biggest group of ancestors—had taken some “Elbedritschelcher” (diminutive of Elbedritsch) with them “so dass sie kenn Heemweh grigge deede” (so that they wouldn't become homesick).
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Pennsylvania German language singer John Schmid (born in 1949) sings a Pennsylvania German version of the Schnitzelbank song; it was uploaded to YouTube in 2010.Schnitzelbank by John Schmid at youtube.com. Dutch Country troubadour Percy Einsig, 45 RPM Up-Town Records In 1994, Steven Spielberg's popular cartoon show Animaniacs featured a segment using a version of the song, with heavily modified lyrics. In the sketch, Yakko, Wakko, and Dot learn the song (referred to as the "International Friendship Song" in the show) from Professor Otto von Schnitzelpusskrankengescheitmeyer, a one-shot character voiced by Jim Cummings.
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Built circa 1817 in what is now Jefferson Township in Berks County, Pennsylvania, the John Nicholas and Elizabeth Moyer House (also known as "Richland") is a 2 1/2-story, four-over-four stone dwelling with a stone summer kitchen, which was added to the rear of the structure between 1818 and 1820. The house reflects Georgian and Federal styles of architecture, and also has touches of Pennsylvania German vernacular design. Frame additions were subsequently erected in 1998. The house reflects Georgian, Federal, and Pennsylvania German Vernacular design influences.
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Denig's book was published in 1990 as The Picture-Bible of Ludwig Denig: A Pennsylvania German Emblem Book. At the time it was owned by Esther Ipp Schwartz, who had offered it to folklorist Don Yoder for study.
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Landis, then in his eighties, retained life tenancy of their family home, retained some rights to the collections, and remained a lifetime curator. Landis died in 1955. 1\. Richman, Irwin. The Landis Family: A Pennsylvania German Family Album.
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Landis had been president of the Society in 1924. Two aspects of the charter were notable. The first was that it confirmed that the requirement for voting membership in the Society was direct descent from Pennsylvania German settlers.
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He sings popular Pennsylvania German songs like "Mei Vadder un Mudder sinn Deitsch" and "Schnitzelbank".Mei Vadder un Mudder sinn Deitsch at youtube.com.Schnitzelbank at youtube.com. He is an admirer of Johnny Cash and has sung many of his songs.
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Although the issue of the ancestry requirement for regular membership of the Pennsylvania-German Society seemed to be decided at the foundational meeting and confirmed in its articles of incorporation, it was not. It continued to smolder underground over the years and reappeared in 1935 in the organization of the Pennsylvania German Folklore Society, which did not require proof of descent from seventeenth- and eighteenth-century German or Swiss immigrants as a condition for membership. The place of the dialect, not only in the daily lives of the people, but also as a vehicle for literary expression, also continued to trouble Pennsylvania Germans long after the founding of the Pennsylvania German Society in 1891. Many discovered that it had an inner beauty which justified its use in prose and poetry, as well as in speech, and that it deserved to be studied and preserved in its pure form.
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Rosenberger 1966, p. 166. The second was that it removed the term limits for certain board members. From its beginning, the Pennsylvania German Society had prohibited reelection of the president, vice president, and treasurer of the Society.Rosenberger 1966, p. 184.
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The Pennsylvania German Society fared better during World War II than it did during World War I. It continued to hold its annual meetings.Rosenberger 1966, p. 231. In 1941, it held its 50th anniversary meeting in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.Rosenberger 1966, p. 229.
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All Amish Old Order groups speak a German dialect in every day life, either Pennsylvania German, or one of two Alemannic dialects (Swiss Amish). Among the Old Order Mennonites, all horse and buggy groups, except the Virginia groups, speak Pennsylvania German. The car driving groups of Old Order Mennonites shifted to English in the second half of the 20th century. The groups from which the Old Order Schwarzenau Brethren and Old Order River Brethren split, had already started shifting to English in the 19th century and mostly completed it in the first half of the 20th century.
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Although he wrote some poetry and verse as a young child, Birmelin did not begin writing again until the later years of his life. During the early 1930s, Birmelin's poetry was included as part of "'S Pennsylvaanisch Deitsch Eck" ("The Pennsylvania Dutch Corner") column in The Morning Call, and writings from Birmelin were in 62 of the first 100 published columns. His most commercially successful work was Mammi Gans: The Dialect Nursery Rhymes of John Birmelin, a Pennsylvania German translation of many of the Mother Goose nursery rhymes. Birmelin's poetry often dealt with aspects of Pennsylvania German life and history.
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The book contains a family register recording births, marriages, and deaths; his own death was noted in the ledger by one of his children. Denig's illustrations depict their subjects dressed in the costume of contemporary Pennsylvania German people. They were painted when the fraktur tradition in Pennsylvania was at its height, and accordingly they bear its imprint, as well as the influence of Christian devotional prints and illustrated Bibles popular during the period. Theologically, the book contains moralistic texts and illustrations of sacrifice, reflective of the Pietism then in vogue among some members of the Pennsylvania German Community.
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Belize is also home to three Mayan languages: Q’eqchi’, the endangered indigenous Belizean language of Mopan, and Yucatec Maya. Approximately 16,100 people speak the Arawakan-based Garifuna language. 6,900 Mennonites in Belize speak mainly Plautdietsch while a minority of Mennonites speak Pennsylvania German.
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Steven Hartman Keiser: Pennsylvania German in the American Midwest, Durham, NC 2012. Today it is home to only seven church districts. The Somerset Amish hold Sunday service at meetinghouses, instead of practicing home worship, as almost all other Old Order Amish do.Somerset County at amishamerica.com.
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The mill is located at 2239 Floradale Road. Floradale was originally called Musselman after Jacob Musselman, a Pennsylvania German and one of the fIrst settlers. In 1863, the settlement was named Flora, and in 1876, 'dale' was added to avoid confusion with nearby Elora.
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In 2015 there were some 300,000 Amish, more than 200,000 "Russian" Mennonites in Latin America, some 60,000 to 80,000 Old Order Mennonites and some 50,000 Hutterites, who have preserved their ethnicity, their German dialects (Pennsylvania German, Plautdietsch, Hutterisch), plain dress and other old traditions.
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The collection includes furniture, household art, folk art paintings and drawings, agricultural equipment, quilts, show towels, coverlets and other textiles as well as an herbarium. The widely known Schwenkfelder Fraktur collection at the Schwenkfelder Library includes bookplates, Vorshriften, religious texts, Labyrinths, certificates and manuscript books.Dennis K. Moyer, Fraktur Writings and Folk Art Drawings of the Schwenkfelder Library Collection, 1997, The Pennsylvania German Society, Volume XXXI, Kutztown, PA. In addition to the Corpus project, the library and archive collection includes, but is not limited to, local church and cemetery records, German and English newspapers, deeds and land draughts, family genealogies, the H. Winslow Fegley photograph collection, and Pennsylvania German prints and manuscripts.
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The editorial office was moved to Pennsylvania in 2015. In 2017, Werner donated his private archive of Pennsylvania German literature and folk life to the Mennonite Research Center at Weierhof (Palatinate, Germany), where it will be presented to the public as "Deutsch-Pennsylvanisches Archiv" (German- Pennsylvanian Archive).
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The name Dunkard or Dunker is derived from the Pennsylvania German word dunke, which comes from the German word tunken, meaning "to dunk" or "to dip". This refers to their preference for the immersion method of baptism observed by all of the various branches of Schwarzenau Brethren.
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Frederick and Catherine Leaser Farm, also known as the Frederick Leaser Farm, is a historic home and farm located at Lynn Township, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania. It includes the original log cabin (c. 1750), Pennsylvania German vernacular farmhouse (1849), Pennsylvania bank barn (1888), outhouse (c. 1900), smokehouse (c.
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World War I had a negative impact on Pennsylvania Germans, and the Pennsylvania German Society was no exception.Rosenberger 1966, p. 149. In the midst of a wave of anti- German sentiment, Pennsylvania Germans were vilified as German descendants and immigrants in the United States.Rosenberger 1966, p. 149.
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Preston Albert Barba (April 7, 1883 – April 11, 1971) was a major figure in twentieth-century Pennsylvania German linguistics, folklore studies, and social history. He was born in Hellertown, Pennsylvania, and received degrees at Muhlenberg College (B.A. 1906), Yale University (M.A. 1907), and the University of Pennsylvania (Ph.
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The Hans Herr House The Hans Herr House, built by his son Christian Herr in 1719, is open to the public as a museum, and is the oldest Pennsylvania German settlement still in existence today. The house is located at 1849 Hans Herr Drive in Willow Street, Pennsylvania.
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Despite having been a part of American society for roughly four generations, at a minimum, many assumed that Pennsylvania Germans were sympathetic with Germany and, more particularly, the greatly vilified Kaiser Wilhelm II.Rosenberger 1966, pp. 132, 150. The Pennsylvania German Society lowered its profile in World War I.
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Common artistic motifs in Fraktur include birds (distelfinks), hearts, and tulips, as well as blackletter (Fraktur) and italic calligraphy. This 1789 Pennsylvania German chest of drawers show many of the traditional forms that are used in fraktur Many major American museums, including the American Folk Art Museum, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the Philadelphia Museum of Art have Fraktur in their collection. Important Fraktur have been sold by major American auction houses and antique dealers for prices in excess of $100,000. The definitive text on Fraktur is widely considered to be The Fraktur-Writings or Illuminated Manuscripts of the Pennsylvania Germans, written by Dr. Donald A. Shelley and published by the Pennsylvania German Society in 1961.
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In The Thomas R. Brendle Collection of Pennsylvania German Folklore, Brendle preserved the following lore from the local Pennsylvania German dialect: > Wann der Dachas sei Schadde seht im Lichtmess Marye, dann geht er widder > in's Loch un beleibt noch sechs Woche drin. Wann Ilchtmess Marye awwer drieb > is, dann bleibt der dachs haus un's watt noch enanner Friehyaahr. (When the > groundhog sees his shadow on the morning of February 2, he will again go > into his hole and remain there for six weeks. But if the morning of February > 2 is overcast, the groundhog will remain outside and there will be another > spring.) The form grundsow has been used by the lodge in Allentown and elsewhere.
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Werner was raised in the Palatinate (Germany). Members of his family had emigrated from this area to the U.S. in the 19th century. He studied at the University of Mannheim and holds a Master's degree in General Linguistics, Germans Studies and Sociology. His Ph.D. Thesis is dealing with Pennsylvania German literature.
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Restoration began soon afterward and many examples of colonial life in the Oley Valley have been moved to the site of the Daniel Boone Homestead. A circa 1769 blacksmith's shop has been restored at the park as well as the "Bertolet House," an example of early 18th-century Pennsylvania German architecture.
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Between 1990 and 2000, the Hispanic population in the county increased by 653%. In 2000, 45.4% of the population of Juniata County were of German, 20.2% American, 5.7% Irish and 5.0% English ancestry according to Census 2000. 3.95% reported speaking Pennsylvania German, German, or Dutch at home; 1.63% speak Spanish.
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Roberts, History of Lehigh County, Pages 104-107. The earliest hotel in the area was the Werley House, which operated from 1796 to 1815.Roberts, History of Lehigh County, Page 1015. The first "English school" (as opposed to one that taught students in the Pennsylvania German dialect) was organized in 1808.
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Beyond the groups they divided from, there are some similarities between the Old Brethren German Baptist and Old Order Amish and also the horse and buggy groups among the Old Order Mennonites. Besides horse and buggy transportation, Plain dress and low technology, they share traditions stemming from their common Pennsylvania German heritage.
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The Russian Mennonites speak Plautdietsch in everyday life among themselves. There are also some hundred Pennsylvania German-speaking Old Order Mennonites who came from the USA and Canada in the late 1960s and settle now in Upper Barton Creek and daughter settlements. Mennonites from El Salvador moved to Belize during their civil war.
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Foreword by George Tice. Afterword by Juliet R. V. Barker. Stone Walls • Grey Skies: A Vision of Yorkshire. (expanded edition) Bradford, UK: National Museum of Photography, Film & Television, 1992. Foreword by George Tice. Afterword by Juliet R. V. Barker. Fields of Peace: A Pennsylvania German Album. Boston: David R. Godine, 1998 (revised).
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The members use horse and buggy for transportation. Their stance on technology is quite similar to that of the Groffdale Conference Mennonite Church. The German language is used in worship services and Pennsylvania German is spoken at home and with members of the own group as well as with other Old Order groups.
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Groups that sprang from the same late 19th century Old Order Movement as the Amish share their Pennsylvania German heritage and often still retain similar features in dress. These Old Order groups include different subgroups of Old Order Mennonites, traditional Schwarzenau Brethren and Old Order River Brethren. The Noah Hoover Old Order Mennonites are so similar in outward aspects to the Old Order Amish (dress, beards, horse and buggy, extreme restrictions on modern technology, Pennsylvania German language), that they are often perceived as Amish and even called Amish. Conservative "Russian" Mennonites and Hutterites who also dress plain and speak German dialects emigrated from other European regions at a different time with different German dialects, separate cultures, and related but different religious traditions.
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Clement Studebaker (March 12, 1831 - November 27, 1901) was an American wagon and carriage manufacturer. With his brother Henry, he co-founded the H & C Studebaker Company, precursor of the Studebaker Corporation, which built Pennsylvania-German Conestoga wagonsGerman Americans, Studebaker, usaembassy.de and carriages during his lifetime, and automobiles after his death, in South Bend, Indiana.
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Lancaster County , (Pennsylvania German: Lengeschder Kaundi) sometimes nicknamed the Garden Spot of America or Pennsylvania Dutch Country, is a county located in the south central part of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 519,445. Its county seat is Lancaster. Lancaster County comprises the Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Metropolitan Statistical Area.
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He was not a candidate for renomination in 1892. He taught at the Reading Business College and died in Reading in 1903 and was interred in Amityville Cemetery. Brunner was also the author of several Pennsylvania German poems, including "Wann ich yuscht en Bauer waer" ("If only I were a farmer").Earl C. Haag (1988).
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The dialects of German that are or were spoken primarily in colonies or communities founded by German-speakers resemble the dialects of the regions of the founders. For example, Pennsylvania German and Volga German resemble dialects of the Baden-Württemberg, Hutterite German resembles dialects of Carinthia and Venezuelan Alemán Coloniero is a Low Alemannic variant.
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Birmelin was born in Longswamp Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania to a Pennsylvania German mother, and a German father who was a native of Baden, Germany. He studied music at a young age, and by the age of eleven was an organist in the local church where his father was a member of the choir.
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Somerset County Courthouse Somerset County (Pennsylvania German: Somerset Kaundi) is a county located in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 77,742. Its county seat is Somerset. The county was created from part of Bedford County on April 17, 1795, and named after the county of Somerset in England.
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For the Antiquarian Society, he wrote and read two papers. The first in 1934 was titled "The Libraries of the Presidents of the United States" and the second 1938 named "The First Theatrical Company in America". Right before his death, he was working on a third paper called "Some Discoveries in Early Pennsylvania-German Printing".
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Byers-Muma House is a historic home located in East Donegal Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. It is a 2 1/2-story, stone dwelling with Pennsylvania German Colonial and Georgian style design influences. The original section was built about 1740, with additions about 1805, 1840–1850, and 1998. Also on the property is a mid-18th century well.
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Orthodox Mennonites advocate high moral standard and have many restrictions on technology. They live with no electricity, no telephones, and no propane gas in their homes. They do not own automobiles or computerized technologies, and farmers use work horses instead of tractors. They dress very plain, with or without beards and no neckties, and speak Pennsylvania German.
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Rhineland-Palatinate showing the North PalatinateRainbow, Volumes 18-22, Pennsylvania German Society., 1984.Das Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges in der Nordpfalz by Timo Scherne, Nordpfälzer Geschichtsverein, 2006. () is a region in southwest Germany with an area of just 650 km², making it the smallest landscape in the Palatinate region of the German state of Rhineland- Palatinate.
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Janet M. Fuller (1996). When cultural maintenance means linguistic convergence: Pennsylvania German evidence for the Matrix Language Turnover hypothesis. Language in Society, 25 , pp 493-514 Individuals in two-person interactions exhibit linguistic style matching on both the conversational level and on a turn-by-turn level. This coordinated use of language occurs at a remarkably basic level (e.g.
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The word "Dutch" in "Pennsylvania Dutch" comes from the Pennsylvania German endonym Deitsch, which means "Pennsylvania Dutch / German" or "German".Hughes Oliphant Old: The Reading and Preaching of the Scriptures in the Worship of the Christian Church, Volume 6: The Modern Age. Eerdmans Publishing, 2007, p. 606.Mark L. Louden: Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language.
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Kutz Mill is a historic grist mill complex located on Sacony Creek in Greenwich Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania. It is adjacent to the Kutz's Mill Bridge. The complex includes the 1 1/2-story, stone mill (c. 1850); brick farmhouse (1855); 1 1/2-story, stone summer kitchen; stone and frame Pennsylvania German bank barn; and three frame outbuildings.
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Except Pennsylvania German Settlers, who were enthusiastic celebrators of Christmas, Irving contributed to a revival of customs in the United States. Charles Dickens later credited Irving as an influence on his own Christmas writings, including the classic A Christmas Carol. The U.S. Postal Service issued a Legend of Sleepy Hollow postage stamp for use with the 1974 Halloween mail.
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Church services are conducted in a mixture of Standard German (or 'Bible Dutch') and Pennsylvania German. Amish ministers and deacons are selected by lotBased on out of a group of men nominated by the congregation. They serve for life and have no formal training. Amish bishops are similarly chosen by lot from those selected as preachers.
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The wagon was pulled by a team of up to eight horses or a dozen oxen. In Canada, the Conestoga wagons were used by Pennsylvania German migrants who left the United States for Southern Ontario, settling various communities in Niagara Region, Kitchener-Waterloo area and York Region (mostly in Markham and Stouffville)."Conestoga Wagon". The Canadian Encyclopedia.
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A circa 1895 picture of the original configuration of Light's Fort. The dimensions of Light's Fort are 30 feet (9.2m) by 40 feet (12.3m). It is built of local limestone and timbers. Its architectural style is Colonial: Pennsylvania German Traditional, which was used by early German speaking settlers in the southeastern and central Pennsylvania area in the 1700s.
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The town is now supported by large industry. Several of the largest employers include C&S; Wholesale Grocers, a food distributor, Magnatech International, and Snap-On Tools. The town is also famous for its Pennsylvania German-style pottery, also sometimes called redware. The Robesonia area is served by the Conrad Weiser Area School District and Conrad Weiser High School.
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He grew up on this farm with his brother Abraham, and his four sisters-Mary, Martha, Rachel and Rebecca. Indians would visit the spring near their home to cure their meat and game. Ner had only three months of formal schooling. He was self-taught in both the English and Pennsylvania German languages and spoke both fluently.
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Berks County (Pennsylvania German: Barricks Kaundi) is a county located in the U.S. commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 411,442. The county seat is Reading. Berks County comprises the Reading, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), which is also included in the Philadelphia-Reading-Camden, PA-NJ-DE-MD Combined Statistical Area. (CSA).
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Chester County (Pennsylvania German: Tscheschter Kaundi), colloquially known as Chesco, is a county in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 498,886, increasing by 5.2% to a census-estimated 524,989 residents . The county seat is West Chester. Chester County was one of the three original Pennsylvania counties created by William Penn in 1682.
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Radeke's brother, Jesse H. Metcalf, was a U.S. Senator from Rhode Island.Albert Nelson Marquis, Who's who in New England, Volume 2 (Google eBook) (A.N. Marquis, 1915), pg. 885 Radeke was noted also for her collection of Pennsylvania German pottery, begun in 1911; she was one of the first major collectors to focus on the field of American folk art.
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Before this time there was no standardized term and many Pennsylvania German farmers simply called the signs "blume" or "sterne" (meaning flowers or stars). However one farmer used the term "Hexefoos" in his description. The term became popular with Pennsylvania Germans themselves during the blossoming tourist trade of southeastern Pennsylvania. These signs were traditionally ordained with six-pointed stars.
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Pennsylvania German is mostly preserved, but there is a tendency to shift to the English language. New Order Amish may be more lenient in the practice of shunning and may be more permissive of photography than lower-order groups. They were also known for introducing brighter colored fabrics."Differences Between New Order and Old Order Amish".
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The Swartzentruber Amish are the most well-known and one of the largest and the most conservative subgroups of Old Order Amish. Swartzentruber Amish are considered a subgroup of the Old Order Amish, although they do not fellowship or intermarry with more liberal Old Order Amish. They speak Pennsylvania German as their mother tongue as well as English (with outsiders).
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Frederick Muhlenberg was born in Trappe, Pennsylvania, the son of Anna Maria (Weiser) and Heinrich Melchior Mühlenberg. His father, an immigrant from Germany, was considered the founder of the Lutheran Church in North America. His maternal grandfather was Pennsylvania German colonial leader Conrad Weiser. His brother, Peter, was a General in the Continental Army and his brother Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst was a botanist.
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In the Pennsylvania German language, Welsch generally means "strange" as well as "Welsh", and is sometimes, although with a more restricted meaning, compounded with other words. For example, the words for "turkey" are Welschhaahne and Welschhinkel, which literally mean "French (or Roman) chicken". "Welschkann" is the word for maize and literally translates to "French (or Roman) grain." The verb welsche means "to jabber".
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He is not a native speaker of Pennsylvania German, but learned it at a young age from classmates. According to Ira Wagler, author of the best selling book "Growing Up Amish", he speaks "flawless PA Dutch".Schmid’s World at irawagler.com. He grew up north of Fredericksburg, Ohio in a not very religious family, but as a young adult he became a Christian.
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Ephrata ( ; Pennsylvania German: Effridaa) is a borough in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States, east of Harrisburg and about west-northwest of Philadelphia. It is named after Ephrath, a biblical town in what is now Israel. Ephrata's sister city is Eberbach, Germany, the city where its founders originated. In its early history, Ephrata was a pleasure resort and an agricultural community.
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The word for them in Pennsylvania German is Fuhremennischte. Sometimes the term "Old Order Mennonites" is restricted to groups that do not use cars. It is common to name groups after a bishop, in most cases the leading bishop during the time of division.Elmer Schwieder, Dorothy Schwieder, Tom Morain: A Peculiar People: Iowa's Old Order Amish, Iowa City 2009, page 146.
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She influenced the faith of Henry and his two brothers by reading the German Bible on Sunday afternoons with them. His mother spoke German but little English, therefore, German was Henry's first language. He grew up speaking Pennsylvania German in his home. His fluency in both written and spoken German later allowed him to communicate easily with Germans in America, Europe, and Korea.
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When these settlers arrived they found dense forest and wild prairie.Standard History of Adams and Wells Counties, Indiana by John Wilson Tyndall and Orlo Ervin Lesh, 1918 The first Amish settlers arrived in 1840; most came directly from Switzerland, preserving their Bernese German dialect, not adopting the Pennsylvania German dialect of the majority of the Amish.Who are the Swiss Amish? at amishamerica.
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His revised and expanded edition of Fields of Peace: A Pennsylvania German Album, was published by Godine in 1998. The Witkin Gallery closed in 1999, after thirty years of operation. Godine published George Tice: Selected Photographs, 1953-1999, a pocket-sized retrospective. His work was shown in American Photographs 1900/2000, Part 3, 1968-1999 at the James Danziger Gallery, New York.
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The first public place was opened about 1800; a post office was established in 1849. The correct pronunciation is "SEE-sholtz-vil," although the pronunciation of "SEE-sawz-vil" is also heard. The German word for liquorice is "Süßholz" which becomes "sees-holtz" in Pennsylvania German with the meaning "sweet"-"wood". "Süßholtz" also "Süssholtz", "Süßholz" and "Süssholz" is a German family name.
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Hog maw (sometimes called "pig's stomach" or "Susquehanna turkey" or "Pennsylvania Dutch goose") is a Pennsylvania Dutch dish. In the Pennsylvania German language, it is known as "Seimaage" (sigh-maw-guh), originating from its German name Saumagen. It is made from a cleaned pig's stomach traditionally stuffed with cubed potatoes and loose pork sausage. Other ingredients may include cabbage, onions, and spices.
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The Jordan Historical Museum is a community history museum established in 1953 that tells the story of the five towns and villages located within the boundaries of the Lincoln, Ontario. The museum began as a joint project between Jordan Wines and the people of the area, many of whom were descendants of Pennsylvania German Mennonite Pennsylvania Dutch and Loyalist settlers United Empire Loyalists. The museum consists of an acre of land that overlooks the Twenty Mile Creek, with three buildings: the 1815 Pennsylvania German Mennonite log farmhouse, an 1859 stone school house, and a main administration building that features an exhibit gallery with a special collection of fraktur folk art Fraktur. The log farmhouse is located on the site of a former church, demolished in 1899, and is surrounded by is also a grave site featuring names of Loyalist and Mennonite families.
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Isaac Hoffman House is a historic home located at Houcksville, Carroll County, Maryland, United States. It was built about 1850 and is a two-story gable- roofed stuccoed stone farm house with a four bay façade with a one-story full length porch. Also on the property is a stone springhouse. The house is unusual for retaining elements of Pennsylvania German architecture at such a late date.
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Troxell-Steckel House is a historic home located at Egypt, Whitehall Township, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1756, and is a 2 1/2-story, fieldstone dwelling with a high-pitched gable roof in the Pennsylvania-German style. It measures 48 feet long and 35 feet wide. Also on the property is a contributing stone spring house and late-19th century barn.
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He also set constitutional precedent by being the first president to use the Presidential Veto.George Washington Biography. American- Presidents.com. Retrieved on October 20, 2008. As early as 1778 he was lauded as the "Father of His Country"The earliest known image in which Washington is identified as such is on the cover of the circa 1778 Pennsylvania German almanac (Lancaster: Gedruckt bey Francis Bailey).
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The central section is 2 1/2 stories and also three bays wide, with a gable and pent roof. The eastern section is also 2 1/2 stories, six bays wide, with a gable roof. Also on the property is a late-18th century, stone Pennsylvania German bank barn. Note: This includes It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.
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Rumspringa (Pennsylvania German lit. "jumping around") is the period of adolescence that begins the time of serious courtship. As in non-Amish families, it is understood that there will likely be a certain amount of misbehavior, but it is neither encouraged nor overlooked. At the end of this period, Amish young adults are baptized into the church and usually marry, with marriage permitted only among church members.
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The Plautdietsch-speaking Mennonites came mostly from Mexico in the years after 1958 and they are trilingual with Spanish. There are also some mainly Pennsylvania German-speaking Old Order Mennonites who came from the United States and Canada in the late 1960s. They live primarily in Upper Barton Creek and associated settlements. These Mennonites attracted people from different Anabaptist backgrounds who formed a new community.
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Berlin Township is one of the fourteen townships of Holmes County, Ohio, United States. It is at the heart of the Holmes County Amish settlement. As of the 2010 census the population of the township was 4,252, up from 3,857 at the 2000 census. As of 2011-15, 38.9% of the population spoke only English, 48.1% spoke Pennsylvania German at home, and 12.3% spoke German.
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Lehigh County (Pennsylvania German: Lechaa Kaundi) is a county located in the Lehigh Valley region of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 349,497. Its county seat is Allentown, the state's third- largest city behind Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. The county, which was first settled around 1730, was formed in 1812 with the division of Northampton County into two counties.
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However, in Swiss German as in some other southern German dialects, springen – besides meaning "to jump" – also means "to run". This term/concept also is used as a separable verb, i.e., rumspringen (to jump around) / er springt rum (he jumps around). In Pennsylvania German, the prefix rum is a contraction of herum – a development which is also all but general to spoken standard German.
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The Sharon Temple, built by the Children of Peace These groups of later Loyalists were proportionately larger in the early decades of the province's settlement. The Mennonites, Tunkers, Quakers and Children of Peace are the traditional Peace churches. The Mennonites and Tunkers were generally German-speaking and immigrated as Later Loyalists from Pennsylvania. Many of their descendants continue to speak a form of German called Pennsylvania German.
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The total population of Old Order Mennonites groups speaking Pennsylvania German was about 43,000 in 2015, Simon J. Bronner and Joshua R. Brown (edit.): Pennsylvania Germans: An Interpretive Encyclopedia, Baltimore, 2017, pages 126-7. which indicates that the total population of all Old Order Mennonites groups, including those who have lost the language or are in the process of losing it, was roughly between 60,000 and 70,000 in 2015.
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A large number of furniture pieces were made in the Schwaben Creek valley in the very late 18th century and early 1800s. The furniture was made by Pennsylvania German inhabitants, including Johannes Mayer. The types of furniture included blanket chests, chests of drawers, and cupboards. The 2013 book Encyclopedia of American Folk Art called the furniture from the Schwaben Creek valley "the most exuberant and unique paint-decorated furniture".
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The countries in which the German Wikipedia is the most popular language version of Wikipedia are shown in blue. Other countries are shown in yellow. Number of registered users, 2001 - May 2006 Separate Wikipedias have been created for several other varieties of German, including Alemannic German (:als:), Luxembourgish (:lb:), Pennsylvania German (:pdc:), Ripuarian (including Kölsch; :ksh:), Low German (:nds:) and Bavarian (:bar:). These however, have less popularity than the German Wikipedia.
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Leaving his position with the Museum in the late 1890s, Mercer devoted himself to finding old American artifacts and learning about German pottery. Mercer believed that American society was being destroyed by industrialism, which inspired his search for American artifacts. Mercer founded Moravian Pottery and Tile Works in 1898 after apprenticing himself to a Pennsylvania German potter. He was also influenced by the American Arts and Crafts Movement.
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The Amish from Somerset County became the "vanguard of Amish settlers in Midwest", because "out of and through it most Midwest Amish settlements were founded". This movement either to Lancaster or Somerset resulted in a first major divide in the family tree of the Amish. The two groups differ not only in dialect (Midwestern vs. Pennsylvania forms of Pennsylvania German) but also in the selection of typical Amish family names.
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Many had taken the opportunity to desert as the Convention Army was twice marched through Pennsylvania German settlements in eastern Pennsylvania. As the Duke of Brunswick received compensation from the British for every one of his soldiers killed in America, it was in his best interest to report the deserters as dead, whenever possible. The Duke even offered six months' pay to soldiers who remained or returned to America.
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Alsatian, (), is a Low Alemannic German dialect spoken by Old Order Amish and some Old Order Mennonites in Allen County, Indiana, and their daughter settlements. These Amish immigrated to the US in the mid-1800s. There are fewer speakers of Alsatian in Indiana than of Bernese German, even though there are several thousand speakers. There are also speakers of Bernese German and Pennsylvania German living in the community.
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The Andy Weaver Amish, locally also called "Dan Church", "Dan Amish" or "Danners", are a conservative subgroup of Old Order Amish. They are more conservative than average Old Order Amish. Andy Weaver Amish are considered a subgroup of the Old Order Amish, although they do not fellowship or intermarry with more liberal Old Order Amish. They speak Pennsylvania German as their mother tongue as well as English with outsiders.
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An ornate Taufschein, or baptismal certificate, bordered by two distelfinksA distelfink is a stylized goldfinch, probably based on the European variety It frequently appears in Pennsylvania Dutch folk art.Distelfink definition It represents happiness and good fortune and the Pennsylvania German people, and is a common theme in hex signs and in fraktur. The word distelfink (literally 'thistle-finch') is (besides Stieglitz) the German name for the European goldfinch.
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Furnace Hills Tenant House, also known as Kurtz House and Foxfire House, is a historic home located at West Cocalico Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. It is a 1 1/2 to 2 1/2-story, banked sandstone dwelling, built c. 1830-1850. It is considered to be in a vernacular Pennsylvania German perpendicular bankhouse style. It measures 19 feet wide and 26 feet deep and has a gable roof.
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Fort Bowman, also known as Harmony Hall, is a historic home and national historic district located near Middletown, Frederick County, Virginia. It was built in 1753, by Pennsylvania German settler George Bowman (1699–1768), father of Colonel John Bowman (1738-1784), Colonel Abraham Bowman (1749-1837), Major Joseph Bowman (c. 1752-1779), and Captain Isaac Bowman (1757-1826). It is a two-story, rectangular limestone building with a gable roof.
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Dr. J. Max Hark in the Moravian parsonage in Lancaster. lt was attended by fifteen men representing nine counties: Carbon, Chester, Dauphin, Lancaster, Lebanon, Lehigh, Luzerne, Northampton and York. Egle presided at the meeting, and Diffenderffer served as secretary. The outcome of the meeting was a unanimous decision to set up an organization “…having for its aim the collection and preservation of all landmarks and records relating to the early German and Swiss immigrants to Pennsylvania, and the development of a friendly and fraternal spirit among all united by the ties of a common ancestry.”Pennsylvania German Society 1907, p. vii. The emphasis upon the “development of a friendly and fraternal spirit” is quite strong in statements of the founders, suggesting that such a spirit may not have existed in the past. After much discussion, the committee agreed to name the proposed society the Pennsylvania-German Society rather than the Pennsylvania-Dutch Society.
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In many aspects, the practice of the John Dan Wenger Mennonites is similar to that of the Groffdale Conference Mennonite Church, except that they do not speak Pennsylvania German and allow pneumatic tires on buggies, tractors and farm machinery.Membership at www.mwc-cmm.org When they split from the Virginia Old Order Mennonite Conference, they banned electricity in homes and schools.Sharon Showalter: Old Order Mennonites Tour in Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society, Volume 23, Number 4, Fall 2001.
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Ira David Landis (12 January 1899 - 27 February 1977) was a Mennonite minister, historian and writer. He was also a farmer in Lititz, PA. He was editor of, and prolific contributor to, the quarterly Mennonite Research Journal, that was published from April 1960 through October 1977.Mennonite Research Journal He was president of the Pennsylvania German Society in 1972. Besides his own works, he also published three editions of the Martyr's Mirror in English.
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The County of Lancaster is a popular tourist destination, with its Amish community a major attraction. Contrary to popular belief, the word "Dutch" in "Pennsylvania Dutch" is not a mistranslation, but rather a corruption of the Pennsylvania German endonym Deitsch, which means "Pennsylvania Dutch / German" or "German".Hughes Oliphant Old: The Reading and Preaching of the Scriptures in the Worship of the Christian Church, Volume 6: The Modern Age. Eerdmans Publishing, 2007, p. 606.
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The Landis Valley Village & Farm Museum is a 100-acre living history museum located on the site of a former rural crossroads village in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Founded by brothers Henry K. Landis and George Landis in 1925 and incorporated in 1941, it is now operated by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Its staff and volunteers collect, conserve, exhibit, and interpret Pennsylvania German material, culture, history and heritage from 1740 through 1940.
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The Beachy Amish, especially those who were born roughly after 1960, tend to speak predominantly in English at home. All other Amish groups use either Pennsylvania German or a variety of Swiss German as their in-group language of discourse. There are small dialectal variations between communities, such as Lancaster County and Indiana speech varieties. The Amish are aware of regional variation, and occasionally experience difficulty in understanding speakers from outside their own area.
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In 1921, Strassburger entered the newspaper business in his hometown, acquiring the Herald then the following year the other local, the Times. He merged the papers to create the Norristown Times Herald which still operates to this day. Of importance to historians and genealogists is Strassburger's book Pennsylvania German Pioneers: a publication of the original lists of arrival in the Port of Philadelphia from 1727 to 1808 published in 1934 in two volumes.
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Rumspringa is a Pennsylvania German noun meaning "running around". It is a cognate of the Standard German verb rumspringen.The word is also translated thus in Dialects do not derive from standard languages, but as a cognate, this expression is closely related to the Standard German verb (he)rumspringen meaning "to jump around or about". The Standard German term is a compound word of the adverb herum (around, about) and the verb springen ("to jump").
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Like Old Order groups, New Order Amish use horse and buggy, wear plain clothing, speak Pennsylvania German and practice home worship. As with other Amish, technological restrictions include prohibitions on the internet, television, and radio. All New Order Amish districts still preserve the traditional Amish dress, although there is a trend towards slimmer brimmed hats and trimmed beards among the men. As for the New Order women, they typically have brighter colors all around.
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Land use along the stream has been traditionally agricultural, though spreading urbanization has affected the stream with erosion problems. Though scenic, the Conestoga River is impaired from nitrogen and phosphorus pollution, mostly runoff from animal waste and excessive commercial fertilizer. Other pollution sources are sediments from intense cropping, development, and urban runoff. The stream flows through a pastoral landscape farmed extensively by Pennsylvania German farmers and along the eastern and southern outskirts of the city of Lancaster.
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In the beginning he did mostly prison-ministry journeys with his songs. Conversations with John Schmid at amishleben.com. According to his website, "In a typical year, John ministers in more than 50 prisons, 30 churches, four to five camps, six evangelistic crusades, 40 banquets, a street fair or two, several weekend seminars, as well as numerous concerts and living rooms," particularly in Ohio, Indiana, and Florida. He has recorded 24 CDs, three of them entirely in Pennsylvania German.
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Christian Stauffer House is a historic home located at East Lampeter Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1769, and is a two-story, four bay limestone dwelling, in a melded Pennsylvania-German and Anglo-American Georgian style. It has a two-story, two bay frame addition on a stone foundation built in the 1890s. Also on the property are a contributing late-18th century bank barn, stone and frame summer kitchen, and late-19th century carriage house.
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Mark L. Louden: Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. JHU Press, 2006, p.3-4 After the Second World War, use of Pennsylvania German virtually died out in favor of English, except among the more insular and tradition-bound Anabaptists, such as the Old Order Amish and Old Order Mennonites. A number of German cultural practices continue to this day, and German Americans remain the largest ancestry group claimed in Pennsylvania by people in the census.
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Muhlenberg's view of church unity was in direct opposition to Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf's Moravian approach, with its goal of uniting various Pennsylvania German religious groups under a less rigid "Congregation of God in the Spirit". The differences between the two approaches led to permanent impasse between Lutherans and Moravians, especially after a December 1742 meeting in Philadelphia.Samuel R. Zeiser, "Moravians and Lutherans: Getting beyond the Zinzendorf-Muhlenberg Impasse", Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society, 1994, Vol. 28, pp.
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A hand-written letter produced by a respected Hexenmeister or Braucher is regarded as a powerful talisman (Herr, 2002). Himmelsbrief may be written in order to communicate with someone departed, or to request assistance from God in heaven. (Herr, 2002) According to C.R.Bilardi in his book, The Red Church: or the Art of Pennsylvania German Braucherei (2009), two well known examples of these letters are the Koenigsberg Fire Brief of 1714 and the Magdeburg Himmelsbrief of 1783.
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Since 1997 the publication is distributed twice a year. More than 100 Pennsylvania German authors—members of Lutheran and UCC churches as well as Old Order Amish and Old Order Mennonites—have already contributed pieces of prose, poems and newspaper articles. The founder and publisher is Michael Werner (Ober-Olm, Germany), who also served as president of the German-Pennsylvanian Association between 2003 and 2010. On their websites, one can find poems, stories, videos and lessons in the dialect.
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Pennsylvania Dutch is not a member of the set of Dutch dialects and is less misleadingly called Pennsylvania German. Martin Van Buren, the eighth President of the United States, spoke Dutch natively and is the only U.S. president whose first language was not English. Dutch prevailed for many generations as the dominant language in parts of New York along the Hudson River. Another famous American born in this region who spoke Dutch as a first language was Sojourner Truth.
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The early Pennsylvania German settlers took land that had been hunting grounds for the Lenni Lenape, adopting the Lenape name for the area. They cleared the scrub and forests, planted crops, raised livestock, and continually expanded their holdings. Most of what they produced fed their families and their hired and indentured servants, but some crops were grown for their cash value. Eventually they raised enough money to buy land warrants in Philadelphia from the proprietors, William Penn's heirs.
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The Swiss Amish immigrated to the United States mostly in the middle of the 19th century directly from Switzerland and the Alsace and not in the 18th century via the Palatinate as most Amish did. They do not speak Pennsylvania German, but either a form of Bernese German or a Low Alemannic Alsatian dialect.Indiana Amish: Daviess at amishamerica.comChad L. Thompson: The Languages of the Amish of Allen County, Indiana: Multilingualism and Convergence, in Anthropological Linguistics Vol.
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Lloyd A. Moll created the program, and played the role of Der Assabe until his death, just a few weeks after the show's launch. Dr. Harry Hess Reichard, professor of German at Muhlenberg College and noted Pennsylvania German scholar, then assumed the role of Assabe. Paul R. Wieand, a local teacher, author and writer of dialect plays, played the role of Die Sabina, Assabe's wife. The show was first broadcast on January 16, 1944, and ran until 1955.
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Pennsylvania German Society 1907, p. 10. The founders wrote of German and Swiss ancestors of the Pennsylvania Germans rather than only of German ancestors. The Germanic ancestors that arrived in Pennsylvania in the 17th and 18th centuries arrived primarily from the Swiss Federation and the counties and kingdoms that would later unite into the German Empire in 1871. Furthermore, it is notable that their concern was only with the 17th and 18th century settlers of Pennsylvania.
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The Pennsylvania- German Society conducted its business after its foundation primarily through an annual meeting held in southeastern and south-central Pennsylvania. At this meeting, members of the Society read papers that they submitted to the Society. The affairs of each annual meeting as well as the papers that were read were published in Proceedings documenting the annual meeting. During its first six years, the Society printed short historical papers and speeches about the Pennsylvania Germans.
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Based on this history, neopagans or Germanic heathens have taken up the practice of creating hex signs, incorporating other pre-Christian signs and symbols into the hex work. Gandee, in his book Strange Experience, Autobiography of a Hexenmeister, described hex signs as "painted prayers".Gandee, pp. 305–320 Some view the designs as decorative symbols of ethnic identification, possibly originating in reaction to 19th century attempts made by the government to suppress the Pennsylvania German language.
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Kathryn "Kate" Burridge, FAHA, is a prominent Australian linguist specialising in the Germanic languages. Burridge currently occupies the Chair of Linguistics in the School of Languages, Literatures, Cultures and Linguistics at Monash University. Burridge's work has mainly focused on Pennsylvania German-speaking communities in Canada, grammatical change in Germanic languages, the nature of euphemism and dysphemism, linguistic taboo, and on English grammatical structure in general. She is currently co-editor of the Australian Journal of Linguistics.
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The Virginia Old Order Mennonite Conference, also called Cline Mennonites or Cline-Showalter group, is an Old Order Mennonite group to use horse-drawn carriages for transportation. It separated from the Virginia Mennonite Conference in 1901. The members of the group speak English only, unlike almost all other horse and buggy Old Order Mennonite groups, who speak Pennsylvania German as their first language. In recent years the group sometimes uses the name "Riverdale Old Order Mennonite Church".
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Christmas observance was outlawed in Boston in 1659. The ban by the Puritans was revoked in 1681 by English governor Edmund Andros, however it was not until the mid-19th century that celebrating Christmas became fashionable in the Boston region. At the same time, Christian residents of Virginia and New York observed the holiday freely. Pennsylvania German Settlers, pre- eminently the Moravian settlers of Bethlehem, Nazareth and Lititz in Pennsylvania and the Wachovia Settlements in North Carolina, were enthusiastic celebrators of Christmas.
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The Kauffman Amish Mennonites, also called Sleeping Preacher Churches or Tampico Amish Mennonite Churches, are the only existing church that goes back to a sleeping preacher, namely John D. Kauffman (1847-1913). They are a Plain, car-driving branch of the Amish Mennonites. In 2017, the Kauffman Amish Mennonites had some 2,000 baptized members and lived mainly in Missouri and Arkansas. In contrast to other Amish Mennonites, they have largely retained the Pennsylvania German language and other traditions from the late 1800s.
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Old Order Amish, Old Order Mennonites and other Pennsylvania Germans speak a dialect of German known as Pennsylvania German (widely called Pennsylvania Dutch, where Dutch is used in its archaic sense, thus not limited to Dutch but including all variants of German). It is a remnant of what was once a much larger German-speaking area in eastern Pennsylvania. Most of the "Pennsylvania Dutch" originate from the Palatinate area of Germany and their language is based on the dialect of that region.Smith, pp.
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The Bucks County Historical Society also maintains the Spruance Library, a research library, adjoining the museum. Fonthill (also known as "Mercer's Castle") was Mercer's home and houses his collection of artifacts from around the world. The Moravian Pottery and Tile Works is an operational facility utilizing the tools and techniques used by Pennsylvania German potters in the 18th and 19th centuries. The former prison, across the street from the Mercer Museum, has been converted into the James A. Michener Art Museum.
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The vast majority – more than 95% – of ethnic Mennonites in Belize speak Plautdietsch in everyday life. A small minority of very conservative Mennonites that came from North America mostly in the second half of the 1960s speak Pennsylvania German instead. Both groups use Standard German for reading the Bible, in school and in Church. English and Belizean Spanish are used mainly by men for communication outside their communities, Belizean Spanish is also spoken by descendants of Mexican Mennonites and Salvadoran Mennonites.
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Texas German is a dialect spoken in the areas of Texas settled by the Adelsverein, such as New Braunfels and Fredericksburg. In the Amana Colonies in the state of Iowa, Amana German is spoken. Plautdietsch is a large minority language spoken in Northern Mexico by the Mennonite communities, and is spoken by more than 200,000 people in Mexico. Pennsylvania German is a West Central German dialect spoken by most of the Amish population of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana and resembles Palatinate German dialects.
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A cafe on 19th Street, in Allentown's West End, 2007. Vestiges of Allentown's Pennsylvania German heritage remain present in its cuisine, and foodstuffs such as scrapple, chow-chow, Lebanon bologna, cole slaw and apple butter are often found offered in local diners and the Allentown Farmer's Market. Shoofly pie, birch beer, and funnel cakes are regularly found at local fairs. Several local churches make and sell fastnachts as a fundraiser for Fastnacht Day, the day before the start of Lent.
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Johannes Harnish Farmstead is a historic home and farm located at West Lampeter Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. The property includes a Pennsylvania German style farmhouse, a brick Pennsylvania style ancillary dwelling (c. 1860), a frame kitchen (mid-19th century), a stone springhouse (late 18th century), and a frame tobacco shed (c 1925). Also on the property are the ruins of a stone bank barn from the 19th century and the remains of the family burial ground dated to the 18th century.
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Thus, languages which are widespread in certain areas of the country but not nationally get put together, even in block level data. Lithuanian, and Welsh are simply "Other Indo-European languages," Yoruba and Swahili are simply "African languages," and Indonesian and Hakka are simply "Other Asian languages." Several locally very well represented languages, such as Punjabi and Pennsylvania German, are collated into smaller groupings. Native North American languages besides Navajo are also collated, though they are reported on several geographic levels in another data set.
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The Kauffman Amish Mennonites, also called Sleeping Preacher Churches or Tampico Amish Mennonite Churches, are a Plain branch of the Amish Mennonites whose tradition goes back to John D. Kauffman (1847-1913) who preached while being in trance. In 2017 they had some 2,000 baptized members and lived mainly in Missouri and Arkansas. In contrast to other Amish Mennonites they have largely retained the Pennsylvania German language and other traditions from the late 1800s. They allow some modern conveniences, such as electricity and cars.
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Rockland Farm is a historic home and farm complex located at Westminster, Carroll County, Maryland, United States. The complex consists of a brick house, the stone foundation of an 18th-century springhouse, as well as a large frame barn and a corn crib, both dating to the late 19th century. The house, built in 1795, retains the Pennsylvania German traditional three-room plan with a central chimney. It is a two-story, three-bay by two-bay brick structure on a stone foundation built into a slope.
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The stream flows through a pastoral landscape farmed extensively by Pennsylvania German farmers, generally members of Mennonite, Amish, and German-speaking Reformed churches. The Old Order Amish in this watershed were historically called Peckwayers to distinguish them from other Amish who lived along the Conestoga River watershed. The course of the stream is generally flat, though the last flow through a steeper, wooded gorge, rapidly changing from a placid stream to a twisting flume until reaching the last mile, which is backwater from the Susquehanna.
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Rex House, also known as the Gemberling-Rex House, is a historic home located at Schaefferstown in Heidelberg Township, Lebanon County, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1729 by early Pennsylvania German settlers, and is a 2 1/2-story, half timbered residence with horizontal wooden siding and a gable roof. It is measures 32 feet by 12 feet and has gable end brick chimneys. Also on the property are a contributing smoke house, bake oven, stone foundation of a barn and outhouse and cistern.
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As of the census of 2000, there were 118 people, 53 households, and 38 families living in the city. The population density was 259.9 people per square mile (101.2/km). There were 67 housing units at an average density of 147.6 per square mile (57.5/km). The racial makeup of the city was 98.31% White, 0.85% Native American, and 0.85% from two or more races. 23.5% were of German, 23.5% Norwegian, 11.8% French, 8.8% Pennsylvania German and 5.9% Scottish ancestry according to Census 2000.
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It is believed to have been the first hewn log house north of the Missouri River, and its four rooms, stone foundation, double-fireplace, and other Pennsylvania German construction details set it apart from other homes. The family was of Methodist faith and the first Methodist sacrament in Missouri was in the home in 1807. The home was called "Zumwalt's Fort" because area families would gather there for protection from raids during the War of 1812. There were seven such homestead forts in St. Charles County.
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0.71% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 10.4% of the population speak either German or Pennsylvania German at home. There were 3,207 households, out of which 32.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.70% were married couples living together, 5.20% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.70% were non- families. 25.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.
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The Russian Mennonite immigrants in Germany from the 1990s outnumber the pre-1989 community of Mennonites by three to one. By 2015, the majority of Russian Mennonites and their descendants live in Latin America, Germany and Canada. The world's most conservative Mennonites (in terms of culture and technology) are the Mennonites affiliated with the Lower and Upper Barton Creek Colonies in Belize. Lower Barton is inhabited by Plautdietsch speaking Russian Mennonites, whereas Upper Barton Creek is mainly inhabited by Pennsylvania German speaking Mennonites from North America.
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There are nineteen districts of Swartzentruber in Holmes County and Wayne County, where the subgroup originated. Now there are groups of Swartzentruber Amish settled in 15 other states, with the largest group in the U.S. located in the Holmes/Wayne County settlement. Swartzentruber Amish speak Pennsylvania German, and are considered a subgroup of the Old Order Amish, although they do not fellowship or intermarry with more liberal Old Order Amish. Like some other Old Order groups, they avoid the use of electricity and indoor plumbing.
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The first floor was built around 1734 and in 1741, a three-room second story and a two-story annex were added. The house was built by early Pennsylvania German settlers, and is a medieval-type Germanic log house, made out of oak and chestnut, measuring approximately 40 feet by 25 feet. Mud, straw, and horse hair were used as the filling, or "chinking," in between the gaps in the log walls, providing protection and insulation from outside elements. It has a gable roof and large, square stone chimney.
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Schuylkill College, previously called Schuylkill Seminary, merged with Albright College in 1928. Albright's campus relocated from Myerstown, to Schuylkill College's campus, which is the present location of Albright, at the base of Mount Penn in Reading. The College is named for Pennsylvania-German evangelical preacher Jacob Albright, who founded the Evangelical Association (later known as the Evangelical United Brethren Church). Born in 1759 in Douglass Township, (now Montgomery County) with the given name of Johannes Jacob Albrecht, the family changed their surname to "Albright" following Jacob's 1808 death.
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The fort was built on the site of Hinkson's Station which was previously abandoned several years before.Kleber, John E. The Kentucky Encyclopedia. Louisville: University Press of Kentucky, 1992. (pg. 107-108) Along with Martin's Station, located on Stoner Creek near present-day Paris, the settlement became home to a large number of Pennsylvania German families over the next year. During the American Revolutionary War however, an Indian (including Shawnee) raiding party of 600 - 900 led by British officer Captain Henry Bird and 150 British soldiers left twenty+ settlers dead.
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Nicholas Haussegger (1729 - July 1786) was a native of Hanover who arrived in the British Colonies in North America about 1744 as a subaltern officer in the British army during the French and Indian War. After the war he purchased a farm in Lebanon county and became a leader in the local Pennsylvania German community. At the beginning of the American Revolutionary War Haussegger joined the 4th Pennsylvania Battalion as a field officer. He was placed in command of the German Battalion, a unit of ethnic Germans from Pennsylvania and Maryland, on July 17, 1776.
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Diagram indicating Pennsylvania Dutch (Pennsylvania German) settlement in the United States Pictures from Old- Germantown. Shown here is the first log cabin of Pastorius about 1683, Pastorius' later house about 1715, print shop and house of Saurs about 1735, and the market square about 1820. The devastation of the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) and the wars between the German principalities and France caused some of the immigration of Germans to America from the Rhine area. Members of this group founded the borough of Germantown, in northwest Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania, in 1683.
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1 of The Early American Reception of German IdealismSee Joseph Henry Dubbs, The Reformed Church in Pennsylvania, Lancaster, PA: Pennsylvania German Society, 1902; pp. 295-312. the first English exposition of Hegelian philosophy for an American audience.See E. Brooks Holifield, Theology in America: Christian thought from the Age of the Puritans to the Civil War, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003; p. 470. German idealism pioneered the proposition of the unconscious, which Jung considered to have been described psychologically for the first time by physician and philosopher Carl Gustav Carus.
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Born Hugh David Evans in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, his mother died two weeks after his birth due to puerperal sepsis. Evans was put to work as a child laborer in the slate mines of Pennsylvania and in Granville, New York. Coming from several generations of slate miners in Northern Wales on his father's side, his mother was a Pennsylvania German woman who was famed for her feats of strength in her Bethlehem neighborhood. One of her feats was reportedly lifting a 375-pound barrel of flour and carrying it up a flight of stairs.
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The Deutsches Rechtswörterbuch (DRW) or Dictionary of Historical German Legal Terms is a historic legal dictionary developed under the aegis of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities. The research unit took up work in 1897 and until today has completed 93,155 articles, ranging from Aachenfahrt (pilgrimage to Aachen) to selbzwölft (being one of twelve persons). These have been published in 12 consecutive volumes and are also freely accessible online. In course of its research, the DRW also touches upon sources in Old English, of Hanseatic provenance and Pennsylvania German.
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A local variety of the Hunsrückisch dialect (see: West Germanic languages) has been spoken and is part of the history of this region since pioneer days starting almost two centuries ago. Hunsrückisch is a co-official language of this municipality. Elsewhere, mostly in the western part of Santa Catarina state, but especially in the neighboring state of Rio Grande do Sul, the predominant German dialect is the Riograndenser Hunsrückisch variety of the same language group. (See also: Pennsylvania German language, a mutually intelligible variety of German spoken in the United States and Canada).
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Approximately 0.84% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. In the county, 5.72% report speaking Pennsylvania German, Dutch, or German at home, while 1.58% speak Spanish. There were 1,902 households, out of which 32.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.20% were married couples living together, 7.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.50% were non-families. 28.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.
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Amish buggy rides are offered in tourist-oriented Shipshewana, Indiana. Approximately 37% of the population of LaGrange County is Amish, as the county is home to the third-largest Amish community in the United States and belongs to the Elkhart-LaGrange Amish affiliation. This is reflected in the linguistic situation in the county: 28.45% of the population report speaking German, Pennsylvania German, or Dutch at home. 68.5% of the total population and 61.29% of the children in 5-17 age group used English as their home language, according to 2000 Census.
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He painted old furniture, household items, and fabrics, decorating them with colorful peasant designs, reminiscent of Pennsylvania German and French Provincial folk art. Hearts, flowers, fruits, birds, angels, and pretty maidens and their suitors adorned hutches, cabinets, dressers, tables, chairs, stools, wooden trays, fabrics, tins, and metalware. Hunt further embellished some of those pieces with pseudo-French phrases scrawled across their surfaces. With his artistic talent, good looks, charm, wit, and knack for outrageous storytelling, Hunt wooed and delighted wealthy matrons and high-society tastemakers vacationing on Cape Cod.
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Historians and sociologists have increasingly started to treat Mennonites as an ethno-religious group, while others have begun to challenge that perception. There is also a discussion about the term "ethnic Mennonite". Conservative Mennonite groups, who speak Pennsylvania German, Plautdietsch (Low German), or Bernese German fit well into the definition of an ethnic group, while more liberal groups and converts in developing countries do not. There are about 2.1 million Anabaptists worldwide as of 2015 (including Mennonites, Amish, Hutterites and many other Anabaptist groups formally part of the Mennonite World Conference).
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Reading ( ; Pennsylvania German: Reddin) is a city in and the county seat of Berks County, Pennsylvania, United States. With a population of 88,082 as of the 2010 census, it is the fifth-largest city in Pennsylvania. Located in the southeastern part of the state, it is the principal city of the Greater Reading Area, home to 420,152 residents, and is furthermore included in the greater Delaware Valley. According to the 2010 census, Reading had the highest share of citizens living in poverty in the nation for cities with populations of more than 65,000.
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York (Pennsylvania German: Yarrick), known as the White Rose City (after the symbol of the House of York), is the county seat of York County, Pennsylvania, United States, located in the south-central region of the state. The population within York's city limits was 43,718 at the 2010 census, a 7.0% increase from the 2000 census count of 40,862. When combined with the adjacent boroughs of West York and North York and surrounding Spring Garden, West Manchester, and Springettsbury townships, the population of Greater York was 108,386. York is the 11th largest city in Pennsylvania.
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Yet there are few recorded conflicts between these early settlers and the native population. In this area that would later become majority Pennsylvania German, the first and second waves of settlers were almost entirely English speakers and included the Kirks, Rankins, Huttons, Garetsons, Nebingers, Eppleys, Starrs, Fosters, Clines, Stromingers, Moores, Frankelbergers, Suttons, Wickershams, Prowells, Millers, and Hammonds. While most were Quakers, a significant minority were Anglicans. The Quaker meeting house at the intersection of Old Quaker and Lewisberry roads (PA 382) is the original Quaker meeting house in the area.
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Snyder County is well known for its unmistakable Pennsylvania German language and culture, agricultural heritage, as well as its fraktur, Kentucky rifles, wood products industries, Middleswarth chip factory, and the annual fairs, festivals, and auctions that keep the local heritage alive. Some of the more famous historical structures of the county are the Governor Snyder Mansion, Pomfret's Castle, Schoch Block House, ruins of the Pennsylvania Canal, and its covered bridges. Snyder County is home to Snyder-Middleswarth State Park, the Tall Timbers Natural Area, and thirteen Pennsylvania state historical markers.
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Most Old Order Amish speak Pennsylvania Dutch, and refer to non-Amish people as "English", regardless of ethnicity. Some Amish who migrated to the United States in the 1850s speak a form of Bernese German or a Low Alemannic Alsatian dialect. Contrary to popular belief, the word "Dutch" in "Pennsylvania Dutch" is not a mistranslation, but rather a corruption of the Pennsylvania German endonym , which means "Pennsylvania Dutch / German" or "German".Hughes Oliphant Old: The Reading and Preaching of the Scriptures in the Worship of the Christian Church, Volume 6: The Modern Age.
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Leland returned to Europe in 1869, and travelled widely, eventually settling in London. His fame during his lifetime rested chiefly on his comic Hans Breitmann’s Ballads (1871), written in a combination of broken English and German (not to be confused, as it often has been, with Pennsylvania German). In recent times his writings on pagan and Aryan traditions have eclipsed the now largely forgotten Breitmann ballads, influencing the development of Wicca and modern paganism. In his travels, he made a study of the Gypsies, on whom he wrote more than one book.
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The German language is used for Bible reading and singing in worship services and Pennsylvania German is used in worship services for preaching and is spoken at home and with other Old Orders.Groffdale Old Order Mennonite Conference at Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. They meet in plain church buildings to worship, but do not have Sunday schools. Practicing nonresistance like other traditional Mennonite groups, during World War II they advised young men not qualifying for a farm deferment to accept jail terms instead of Civilian Public Service, the alternate used by other Anabaptist conscientious objectors.
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While it has not been updated for electricity and plumbing, the Georgian-style church features many styles and motifs not seen in many 19th century rural churches. The church embellishes many of the fine points of architecture such as an elaborate cornice, Palladian windows, arched windows, detailed doorways and a gallery. Particular focal points are the wineglass pulpit and a hand-pump organ. The building is used several times per year during warmer months, for Sunday services, weddings, and annual "Hymn Sings" and a service in the Pennsylvania German dialect.
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The Evangelical Congregational (EC) Church began with the conversion of Jacob Albright, a Pennsylvania German farmer, in a Methodist class meeting. He attempted to convert people to Christianity at a time when the Methodist Church did not allow worship services to be conducted in German. His converts took the name Evangelische Gemeinschaft (Evangelical Association) in 1816, and in the 1890s, when a large minority of the Association reorganized as the United Evangelical (UE) Church in 1894. Faculty and students from the Association’s Schuylkill Seminary moved to the former campus of Palatinate College in Myerstown in 1894 and established Albright College.
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The Alleghany Mennonite Meetinghouse is located at 39 Horning Road, Brecknock Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania. The meetinghouse and its associated cemetery are significant for their role in the Mennonite community in this area of Pennsylvania in the mid to late 19th century. The meetinghouse itself is also significant for its Pennsylvania German Style architecture. (45 pages, site plan and 23 photos, exterior and interior) The property was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on June 6, 2009 and the listing was announced as the featured listing in the National Park Service's weekly list of June 12, 2009.
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Meadow Brook Farm, also known as the John Roop Farm or Samuel Roop Farm, is a historic home and farm complex located at Westminster, Carroll County, Maryland. The complex consists of the Victorian farmhouse and several period outbuildings including an 1809 two-story brick washhouse, brick smokehouse, brick privy, and brick tenant house. The house is a two-story brick structure that was built in the Pennsylvania German style about 1805. It has the typical gable roof, symmetrical façade, and "L"-shaped plan In 1868, the exterior and interior were remodeled to contemporary rural Victorian standards.
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For most of the 19th century, the Fancy Dutch far outnumbered the Plain groups among the Pennsylvania Dutch. But since the two World Wars and the subsequent suppression of the German language in the US, there was a huge pressure on the Pennsylvania Germans to assimilate. Today however, most Pennsylvania German speakers are members of Plain groups, while the Fancy Dutch have mostly been assimilated into the larger Euro-American ethnic culture of the United States. While Plain Dutch communities are centered on Lancaster County, Pennsylvania and Holmes County, Ohio, the Fancy Dutch live in the countryside surrounding Reading, Allentown, York and Lebanon.
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The Historical Society of the Tonawandas operates a museum in the former New York Central & Hudson Valley Railroad station, which has exhibits depicting the area's lumber industry and Erie Canal history. The Long Homestead is a restored Pennsylvania German-style house built in 1829 and containing period furniture from the early 19th century (the Historical Society of the Tonawandas provides guided tours). Isle View Park, on the Niagara River overlooking Grand Island, is available for biking, hiking, rollerblading, fishing and launching boats. The Riverwalk trail passes through the park, and a pedestrian foot bridge connects the park to Niawanda Park.
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As a result, since 1847, there had been two parallel fellowships. However, after a century and a half of non-fellowship, strong mutual affirmation and cooperation have reappeared. (In 2020, these two conferences completed their reconciliation and merged to become Mosaic Mennonite Conference.) Without the more progressive element, the original Franconia Conference maintained its traditional, guarded church order, through the Civil War and World War I periods. As the local Pennsylvania German language gave way to English with the dawning of the twentieth century, attempts to guard against change and worldliness produced a codification of traditional rules, and eventually a written constitution.
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Barbara Neely was born in Pittsburgh in 1941, was the oldest of three children born to Ann and Bernard Neely who lived in a rural Pennsylvania Dutch community in Lebanon, Pennsylvania. She attended a Roman Catholic elementary school and was the only child in her class of Pennsylvania German dialect (popularly known as Pennsylvania Dutch) students to speak English fluently and was the only student of African American descent to attend her elementary and high school. In 1971, she moved to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania where she was awarded a Masters degree in Urban and Regional Planning from the University of Pittsburgh.
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Pennsylvania, Maine, Massachusetts, Virginia and New Hampshire all claim to be the birthplace of the whoopie pie. The Pennsylvania Dutch Convention & Visitors Bureau notes that the whoopie pie recipe comes from the area's Amish and Pennsylvania German culture—origins that are unlikely to leave an official paper trail—and has been handed down through generations. Labadie's Bakery in Lewiston, Maine has been making the confection since 1925. The now-defunct Berwick Cake Company of Roxbury, Massachusetts was selling "Whoopee Pies" as early as the 1920s, but officially branded the Whoopee Pie in 1928 to great success.
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John Howard, a pioneer from Virginia, led a party of five—John Peter Salling (a Pennsylvania German), Josiah Howard (John's son), Charles Sinclair, and John Poteet (Vizt)—from the mountains in Virginia to the Mississippi River. The elder Howard had a promised reward of of land for a successful expedition from Virginia's Royal Governor's Council to reinforce British claims in the west. Howard offered equal shares of the to the four other members of his expedition. On March 16, 1742, the party of five started at John Peter Salling's house in August County, and voyaged westwards to Cedar Creek, near the Natural Bridge.
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In the Pennsylvania German community, they are part of Pow-wow tradition and contained Bible verses and other charms and assurances that their owners would be protected from death, injury, and other misfortune. The text of these letters is often written according to a long established formula (Herr, 2002) This is why it is sometimes believed that Himmelsbrief are the original chain letters. Pow-wow practitioners charged handsome sums for these magical letters; the price they commanded depended on the reputation of the practitioner. However, some traditions call for it to be given free of charge.
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1.20% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 54.0% were of German, 9.0% Polish, 6.2% Norwegian and 6.1% United States or American ancestry. 6.62% reported speaking German, Pennsylvania German, or Dutch at home; an additional 1.34% speak Spanish. There were 12,047 households, out of which 35.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.20% were married couples living together, 6.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.00% were non-families. 23.80% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.
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Pennsylvania German, Hutterite German, Texas German, all of which developed in North America, as well as Plautdietsch are spoken by descendants of these settlers in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Other introduced languages include Danish in Greenland,Ethnologue report for Greenland, accessed 2007-08-31 where it is spoken by nearly everyone (mostly as a second language) due to centuries of colonization by Denmark. Danish was once the language of administration of the US Virgin Islands before the purchase by the United States. Dutch in Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles, where it is spoken alongside the Portuguese Creole language in Papiamento.
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The first Fersommling was held by Dr. John I. Woodruff of Susquehanna University in 1933. Shortly afterward, on March 13, 1933, a second was held in Allentown, Pennsylvania at the home of William S. Troxell, who wrote a daily column on Pennsylvania German culture for the Allentown Morning Call under the pseudonym "Pumpernickle Bill." The purpose of the gathering was to plan the formation of the first Grundsow (Groundhog) Lodge. On the next Groundhog Day, February 2, 1934, the first Fersommling of Grundsow Lodge Nummer Ains an Da Lechaw (Number One on the Lehigh) took place in Northampton, Pennsylvania.
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D. 1911). Barba taught at the University of Pennsylvania, Indiana University, and, from 1921 to 1951 as professor and head of the Department of German Language and Literature at Muhlenberg. Barba married Eleanor Martin (March 29, 1893 – July 14, 1966), a professional artist who collaborated with him on many projects and publications. Barba wrote a popular section of The Morning Call newspaper ('S Pennsylvaanisch Deitsch Eck) in the Pennsylvania German dialect from 1935 to 1969, and developed with Albert F. Buffington a standardized German-based orthography known as Buffington-Barba or Buffington-Barba-Beam in a later version.
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Paul's Episcopal Church, which contains heirlooms including the original bell from the French Huguenot Church "Eglise du St. Esperit" on Pine Street in New York City, which is preserved as a relic in the tower room. The Huguenot cemetery, or the "Huguenot Burial Ground", has since been recognised as a historic cemetery that is the final resting place for a wide range of the Huguenot founders, early settlers and prominent citizens dating back more than three centuries. Some Huguenot immigrants settled in central and eastern Pennsylvania. They assimilated with the predominantly Pennsylvania German settlers of the area.
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Hain was the eldest of five children of Pennsylvania German parents, Samuel Hain and Margaret Fitzenberger Kintzel. He was born in Stouchsburg, where he was educated at Tulpehocken Academy. Around 1850, the family moved to Reading, where he started work at 17 in 1853 as an apprentice machinist with the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad.Peter Murray Hain, Frank K. Hain and the Manhattan Railway Company: The Elevated Railway, 1875-1903, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2011, , pp. 37-38. He left in 1857 to join the Navy as an assistant engineer, and served aboard USS Colorado from January to August 1858.
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The Pennsylvania German dialect is the only language spoken at the event, and those who speak English pay a penalty, usually in the form of a nickel, dime, or quarter per word spoken, with the money put into a bowl in the center of the table. In Milltown, New Jersey, Milltown Mel predicts the weather at the American Legion in an early morning ceremony. The event has gained much attention and each year grows larger and larger. During weekdays, people will often attend before school or work. Coffee and Doughnuts are donated by the event’s sponsor Bronson & Guthlein Funeral Home.
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John Howard Wert was born on February 12, 1841 near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania to a prosperous and prominent Pennsylvania German family, the only son of Adam and Catherine Houghtelin Wert. His father was a successful farmer and businessman and a veteran of the War of 1812; his grandfather and great-grandfather served in the American Revolution. All four generations had strong abolitionist views and Adam Wert was a close friend of Thaddeus Stevens. J. Howard Wert attended Pennsylvania College (now Gettysburg College) where he and other members of his local fraternity were active in the Underground Railroad.
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Landis and his brother George began collecting, packing their buildings with farming implements and the domestic artifacts of the culture that revolved around farming. They established an informal museum with Landis as the main guide. Establishing a reputation among the Pennsylvania German community, the Landis brothers were rescued as money and age threatened their museum and ultimately the security of their extensive collection. Gustav Oberlaender (1867–1936), a wealthy German-born Reading, Pennsylvania industrialist and President of the Berkshire Knitting Mills, founded and headed the Oberlaender Trust for Better Understanding Between Citizens of the United States and Germany.
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In addition to excommunication, members may be shunned,American Experience: The Amish a practice that limits social contacts to shame the wayward member into returning to the church. Almost 90 percent of Amish teenagers choose to be baptized and join the church. During an adolescent period of rumspringa (dialectal [Pennsylvania] German for "springing around", "hopping around") in some communities, nonconforming behavior that would result in the shunning of an adult who had made the permanent commitment of baptism, may be met with a degree of forbearance. Amish church groups seek to maintain a degree of separation from the non-Amish world.
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There is also the belief that the origin leading to the word "hex sign" is that English settlers mispronounced the German word for six, "sechs", as "hex". In recent years, hex signs have come to be used by non–Pennsylvania Dutch persons as talismans for folk magic rather than as items of decoration. Some believe that both the Pennsylvania German barn design and hex designs originate with the Alpine Germans. They note that hexes are of pre-Christian Germanic origin; for instance, a circled rosette is called the Sun of the Alps in Padania (the Po Valley).
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The novel was a bestseller and was adapted for Broadway as The World We Make. He was nominated for an Oscar for Best Writing (Screenplay) in 1948 for The Snake Pit (with Frank Partos), an adaptation of Mary Jane Ward's novel, which like his novel, The Outward Room, involved confinement in a mental health institution. Brand described the Pennsylvania Dutch culture in Fields of Peace: A Pennsylvania German Album (1970)—with photography by George Tice—and in Local Lives (1975), a book of poems about his Pennsylvania Dutch neighbors, compiled over the span of his working life.
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The belief of the Reidenbach Mennonites almost does not differ from other Old Order Mennonites. Their Ordnung (set of church rules) does not allow cars, rubber wheels on buggies, tractors for fieldwork, TV, radio, telephones and electricity from public lines. Pennsylvania German is the language used at home and with other Old Orders, children go to parochial schools and dress is a very conservative form of plain dress.Lancaster Online: Who's who in Amish and Mennonite communities Their Ordnung is more conservative than that of mainstream horse and buggy Old Order Mennonites ("Wenger" and Ontario) but less conservative than the Ordnung of the "Pikers".
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His record is the best presidential performance in Pennsylvania election history, and Parker carried just 6 rural counties largely populated either by Pennsylvania German voters historically opposed to the Civil War and to the pietism of the Republican Party,Menendez, Albert J.; The Geography of Presidential Elections in the United States, 1868-2004, p. 38 or by Appalachian mountaineers sympathetic to the South in that war. Roosevelt was the first ever Republican victor in the historically Democratic counties of Northampton and Sullivan in the anti-Yankee northeast and German Lutheran York in the Appalachian south.Menendez; The Geography of Presidential Elections in the United States, pp.
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The Kauffman Amish Mennonites, also called Sleeping Preacher Churches or Tampico Amish Mennonite Churches, are a plain, car-driving branch of the Amish Mennonites whose tradition goes back to John D. Kauffman (1847-1913) who preached while being in a state of trance and who was seen as a "sleeping preacher". In 2017 the Kauffman Amish Mennonites had some 2,000 baptized members and lived mainly in Missouri and Arkansas. In contrast to other Amish Mennonites they have retained their identity over the last hundred years and also largely the Pennsylvania German language and other Amish Mennonite traditions from the late 1800s.Sleeping Preacher Churches at Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online.
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A colony of Pennsylvania German farmers migrated north from Bayou Manchac, after a series of floods in the 1780s, and settled to the south of Baton Rouge. Known locally as "Dutch Highlanders" ("Dutch" being a corruption of Deutsch, in reference to their language), they settled along a line of bluffs that served as barrier to the Mississippi River floodplain. Historic Highland Road, located in the heart of present-day Baton Rouge, was originally established as a supply road for the indigo and cotton plantations of the early settlers. The ethnic Germans named two major roads in the area, Essen and Siegen lanes, after cities in Germany.
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During the mid-1980s, museum staff launched an initiative to preserve the purity of heirloom seeds, which were grown and harvested on Pennsylvania German homesteads and small farms prior to 1940. As of 2019, three production plots, six display gardens, and two hoop houses are being used to save and replant select seeds from year to year, ensuring that these strains of vegetables and other plants remain free from the impacts of modern hybridization. The museum also maintains records which document where each seed originated, and makes select varieties of seed available for sale each year to the general public at the museum's Herb & Garden Faire.Day, Gloria.
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Wieprecht was recognized at the time as a key figure in the reorganization of the Prussian military bands. The music of the Amish, a Midwestern religious community descended from German and Swiss settlers who eschew modern technology in favor of simplicity, is entirely religious, and is sung in a style that has not been widely performed in Europe for centuries. The songs of the Pennsylvania German culture, a mixture of British, South German and other elements, are primarily German, with many based on British tunes. Pennsylvania spirituals are a well- known kind of folk hymn, most of which date to the early 19th century.
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The Trusts have supported the relocation of the famed Barnes Art Collection from its longtime home in Lower Merion, PA, to Center City. This has been controversial in the art world. The Barnes Foundation was established by Albert C. Barnes in 1922 to "promote the advancement of education and the appreciation of the fine arts and horticulture." "The Barnes is home to one of the world's largest collections of Impressionist, Post-Impressionist and early Modern paintings, with especially deep holdings by Renoir, Matisse, and Picasso", as well as important examples of African art, Native American pottery and jewelry, Pennsylvania German furniture, American avant-garde painting, and wrought-iron metalwork.
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As of the 2010 census, the city was 93.8% White, 3.3% Black or African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.4% Asian, and 2.0% were two or more races. 1.3% of the population was of Hispanic or Latino ancestry. The 2000 Census reported the following predominate ancestry/ethnicities: German (35%), Irish (17%), Italian (12%), English (7%), Polish (4%), Black or African American (2%), Dutch (2%), Scotch-Irish (2%), French (2%), Scottish (1%), Pennsylvania German (1%), Welsh (1%), Swedish (1%), Slovak (1%). As of the census of 2000, there were 49,523 people, 20,059 households, and 12,576 families residing in the city. The population density was 5,069.7 people per square mile (1,957.1/km).
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The Kauffman Amish, also called Sleeping Preacher Churches or Tampico Amish Mennonite Churches, are a Plain, car-driving branch of the Amish Mennonites whose tradition goes back to John D. Kauffman (1847–1913) who preached while being in a state of trance and who was seen as a "sleeping preacher". In 2017 the Kauffman Amish Mennonites had some 2,000 baptized members and lived mainly in Missouri and Arkansas. In contrast to other Amish Mennonites, they have retained their identity over the last hundred years and also largely the Pennsylvania German language and other Amish Mennonite traditions from the late 1800s.Sleeping Preacher Churches at Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online.
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Richard Mendenhall Homeplace and Buildings a historic homeplace, farm and buildings in the Southeastern United State located at Jamestown, Guilford County, North Carolina. The Mendenhall farmhouse was built in 1811, and consists of a two-story, brick main block of plain typically Quaker design, with a porch on three sides and a number of additions to the west and rear. Also on the property is a large early Red Bank Barn of the Pennsylvania German type, Underground Railroad False Bottom Wagon, One Room School House, Dr. Madison Lindsay's House, Museum, Thy Store, and a Well House. The site is now opened for tours as Mendenhall Homeplace.
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He published what he learned in an article, "The Lost Art of Platinum," in the December 1970 issue of the British photography journal, Album, edited by Bill Jay. Tice's experimentation with early photographic processes continued in 1972 with his creation of a photogenic drawing of leaves printed in a contact frame exposed to sunlight onto hand- sensitized paper coated with diluted silver nitrate, in the manner of William Henry Fox Talbot, producing a Calotype negative. In 1970 Doubleday published Tice's first book, Fields of Peace: A Pennsylvania German Album, with text by Millen Brand. He began photographing coastal Maine this year and began teaching at the New School for Social Research.
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The museum's American collections, surveying more than three centuries of painting, sculpture, and decorative arts, are among the finest in the United States, with outstanding strengths in 18th- and 19th-century Philadelphia furniture and silver, Pennsylvania German art, rural Pennsylvania furniture and ceramics, and the paintings of Thomas Eakins. The museum houses the most important Eakins collection in the world. Modern artwork includes works by Pablo Picasso, Jean Metzinger, Antonio Rotta, Albert Gleizes, Marcel Duchamp, Salvador Dalí and Constantin Brâncuși, as well as American modernists. The expanding collection of contemporary art includes major works by Agnes Martin, Cy Twombly, Jasper Johns, and Sol LeWitt, among many others.
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It remains a traditional New Year's Day side dish for many Pennsylvania German families; in fact, many families believe that it is bad luck if not even a small piece is consumed on New Year's Day, as is the case with pork and sauerkraut. The stomach is purchased at one of the many traditional butchers at local farmers' markets. The original recipe was most likely brought to Pennsylvania from the Palatinate area of Germany, where it is called Saumagen and served with sauerkraut, another Pennsylvania Dutch food. Indeed, Saumagen is reported to have been a favorite of former German Chancellor Helmut Kohl, a native of the Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz) Region.
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The next autumn, 170 more settlers arrived out of Londonderry on the same two ships and settled the New Dublin area in present-day Lunenburg County and elsewhere in the province. McNutt also worked to settle a group of disbanded New England soldiers, which included Israel Perley, along the Saint John River. In 1764 he began negotiations with John Hughes of Philadelphia, an undertaking that culminated two years later with 60 Pennsylvania-German settlers establishing The Township of Monckton on the Petitcodiac River. Plans for huge settlements on some of land fell through as the land boom in Nova Scotia petered out by the mid-1760s.
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From 2002 to 2004, he served as interim director of the School of Humanities at the college. He also received awards in the areas of research, teaching, and service from the college. He received a teaching and advising award in doctoral education from the Northeast Association of Graduate Schools. He has edited the journals Folklore Historian (1983–1989), Material Culture (1983–1986), and book series Studies in Folklore and Ethnology (Lexington Books), American Material Culture and Folklife (UMI Research Press), Material Worlds (University Press of Kentucky), Pennsylvania German History and Culture (Pennsylvania State University Press), and Jewish Cultural Studies (Littman Library of Jewish Civilization).
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There are quite a lot of similarities between Old Order Mennonites and Old Order Amish, especially between the Amish and the horse and buggy Old Order Mennonites, who both speak Pennsylvania German and who have a shared tradition of Plain dress. To a lesser extent there are similarities with conservative "Russian" Mennonites, who live in Latin America, speak another German dialect, Plautdietsch, and who have their own tradition of Plain dress. The same is true for the Hutterites, who speak Hutterisch and live in community of goods. There are also similarities with the different Old Order Schwarzenau Brethren groups and the Old Order River Brethren who have some shared Pennsylvania Dutch heritage with the Old Order Mennonites.
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Pennsylvania Germans were recruited for the American Provost corps under Captain Bartholomew von Heer,"It is interesting to note that nearly all men recruited into the Provost Corps were Pennsylvania German." - David L. Valuska a Prussian who had served in a similar unit in Europe before immigrating to Reading, Pennsylvania prior to the war. During the Revolutionary War the Marechaussee Corps were utilized in a variety of ways, including intelligence gathering, route security, enemy prisoner of war operations, and even combat during the Battle of Springfield. The Marechausee also provided security for Washington's headquarters during the Battle of Yorktown, acted as his security detail, and was one of the last units deactivated after the Revolutionary War.
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21.3% were of English, 16.5% German, 11.4% Irish, 10.7% American, 5.3% Danish and 5.3% Italian ancestry according to Census 2000. 5.46% of the population over 5 years old, mostly Wenger Old Order Mennonites,Reid, Judson: Old Order Mennonites in New York: Cultural and Agricultural Growth, in Journal of Amish and Plain Anabaptist Studies 3(2):212, 2015, pages 107-129. report speaking Pennsylvania German, German, or Dutch at home, a further 1.54% speak Spanish. There were 9,029 households, out of which 31.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.00% were married couples living together, 9.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.40% were non-families.
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A Seeker is a person likely to join an Old Order Anabaptist community, like the Amish, the Old Order Mennonites, the Hutterites, the Old Order Schwarzenau Brethren or the Old Order River Brethren. Among the 500,000 members of such communities in the United States there are only an estimated 1,200 to 1,300 outsiders who have joined them. Who wants to join the Plain Mennonites and Amish? The real seekers of Anabaptist life at Association of Religion Data Archives A major obstacle for seekers is the language, because most Old Order communities speak German dialects like Pennsylvania German or Hutterite German in every day life and in general won't give it up for seekers.
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Map of Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania highlighting Germantown Borough prior to the Act of Consolidation, 1854 Germantown (Pennsylvania German: Deitscheschteddel) is an area in Northwest Philadelphia. Founded by German, Quaker, and Mennonite families in 1683 as an independent borough, it was absorbed into Philadelphia in 1854. The area, which is about six miles northwest from the city center, now consists of two neighborhoods: 'Germantown' and 'East Germantown'. Germantown has played a significant role in American history; it was the birthplace of the American antislavery movement, the site of a Revolutionary War battle, the temporary residence of George Washington, the location of the first bank of the United States, and the residence of many notable politicians, scholars, artists, and social activists.
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The only existing Pennsylvania German newspaper, Hiwwe wie Driwwe, was founded 1996 in the village of Ober-Olm, which is located close to Mainz, the state capital (and is published bi-annually as a cooperation project with Kutztown University). In the same village one can find the headquarters of the German-Pennsylvanian Association. Many more Palatines emigrated in the course of the 19th century, and the great majority of them to North America, so that in the US temporarily "Palatine" was a common designation for German Americans. Johann Heinrich Heinz (1811-1891), the father of Henry John Heinz who founded the H. J. Heinz Company in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, emigrated from Kallstadt, Palatinate, to the United States in 1840.
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Palatine German, or Pfaelzisch–Lothringisch (; ), is a West Franconian dialect of German and is spoken in the Upper Rhine Valley, roughly in the area between Zweibrücken, Kaiserslautern, Alzey, Worms, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Mannheim, Heidelberg, Speyer, Landau Wörth am Rhein and the border to Alsace, in France, but also beyond. Pennsylvania German language, also called Pennsylvania Dutch, is descended primarily from the Palatine German dialects that were spoken by ethnic Germans who immigrated to North America from the 17th to the 19th centuries and chose to maintain their native language. Danube Swabians in Croatia and Serbia also use many elements of Palatinate German. The Pfälzisch spoken in the western Palatinate (Westpfälzisch) is normally distinguished from the Pfälzisch spoken in the eastern Palatinate (Vorderpfälzisch).
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Other classical examples for ethnoreligious groups are traditional Anabaptist groups like the Old Order Amish, the Hutterites, the Old Order Mennonites and traditional groups of German speaking Mennonites from Russia, like the Old Colony Mennonites. All these groups have a shared German background, a shared German dialect as their everyday language (Pennsylvania German, Hutterisch, Plautdietsch) and a shared version of their Anabaptist faith, a shared history of several hundred years and they have accepted very few outsiders into their communities in the last 250 years. Modern proselytizing Mennonite groups, like e.g. the Evangelical Mennonite Conference whose members have lost their shared ancestry, their common ethnic language Plautdietsch, their traditional dress and other typical ethnic traditions, are not seen as ethnoreligious groups anymore.
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Daul is a master of Pennsylvania German Fraktur art whose work has been displayed in museums throughout the country, including Colonial Williamsburg, The American Folk Art Museum, and the Philadelphia Museum of Art. Gallery 30's most noted local author is Gabor Boritt Dr. Boritt is the author, co-author or editor of sixteen books, including The Gettysburg Gospel: The Lincoln Speech that Nobody Knows, which was featured on the cover of U.S. News & World Report. Dr. Boritt served as director of The Civil War Institute at Gettysburg College and was instrumental in the establishment of the Lincoln Prize, “widely considered the most coveted award for the study of American history.” In 2008, President George W. Bush awarded Gabor Boritt the National Humanities Medal.
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Today, the Old Order Amish, the New Order Amish, and the Old Beachy Amish as well as Old Order Mennonites continue to speak Pennsylvania German, also known as "Pennsylvania Dutch", although two different Alemannic dialects are used by Old Order Amish in Adams and Allen counties in Indiana. , over 165,000 Old Order Amish lived in the United States and about 1,500 lived in Canada. A 2008 study suggested their numbers had increased to 227,000, and in 2010, a study suggested their population had grown by 10 percent in the past two years to 249,000, with increasing movement to the West. Most of the Amish continue to have six or seven children, while benefiting from the major decrease in infant and maternal mortality in the 20th century.
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Though splits happened among the Old Order in the 19th century in Mifflin County, Pennsylvania, a major split among the Old Orders took until World War I. At that time, two very conservative affiliations emerged – the Swartzentruber Amish in Holmes County, Ohio, and the Buchanan Amish in Iowa. The Buchanan Amish soon were joined by like-minded congregations all over the country. With World War I came the massive suppression of the German language in the US that eventually led to language shift of most Pennsylvania German speakers, leaving the Amish and other Old Orders as almost the only speakers by the end of the 20th century. This created a language barrier around the Amish that did not exist before in that form.
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German farmers also took up farming around the country, including the Texas Hill Country, at this time. The language was widely spoken until the United States entered World War I. In the early twentieth century, German was the most widely studied foreign language in the United States, and prior to World War I, more than 6% of American schoolchildren received their primary education exclusively in German, though some of these Germans came from areas outside of Germany proper. Currently, more than 49 million Americans claim German ancestry, the largest self- described ethnic group in the U.S., but less than 4% of them speak a language other than English at home, according to the 2005 American Community Survey. The Amish speak a dialect of German known as Pennsylvania German.
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Scots-Irish, Pennsylvania German, Polish, Ukrainian (based on 1990 US Census) and Croatian immigrants to the area all provided certain loanwords to the dialect (see "Vocabulary" below). Many of the sounds and words found in the dialect are popularly thought to be unique to Pittsburgh, but that is a misconception since the dialect resides throughout the greater part of western Pennsylvania and the surrounding areas. Central Pennsylvania, currently an intersection of several dialect regions, was identified in 1949 by Hans Kurath as a subregion between western and eastern Pennsylvania, but some scholars have more recently identified it within the western Pennsylvania dialect region. Since Kurath's study, one of western Pennsylvania's defining features, the cot–caught merger, has expanded into central Pennsylvania, moving eastward until being blocked at Harrisburg.
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Just as the Amish and Old Order Mennonites often use Pennsylvania German, the Hutterites have preserved and use among themselves a distinct dialect of German known as Hutterite German, or Hutterisch. Originally mainly based on a Tyrolean dialect from the south-central German-speaking Europe from which many of them sprang in the 16th century, Hutterisch has taken on a Carinthian base because of their history: In the years 1760–1763, a small group of surviving Hutterites in Transylvania were joined by a larger group of Lutheran forced migrants from Carinthia, the so-called Transylvanian Landler. Eventually, this led to the replacement of the Hutterites' Tyrolean dialect by the Carinthian dialect. The Amish and Hutterite German dialects are not generally mutually intelligible because the dialects originate from regions that are several hundred kilometers apart.
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Groundhog Day (Pennsylvania German: Grund'sau dåk, Grundsaudaag, Grundsow Dawg, Murmeltiertag; Nova Scotia: Daks Day) is a popular American tradition observed in the United States and Canada on February 2. It derives from the Pennsylvania Dutch superstition that if a groundhog emerging from its burrow on this day sees its shadow due to clear weather, it will retreat to its den and winter will persist for six more weeks; but if it does not see its shadow because of cloudiness, spring will arrive early. While the tradition remains popular in modern times, studies have found no consistent correlation between a groundhog seeing its shadow and the subsequent arrival time of spring-like weather. The weather lore was brought from German-speaking areas where the badger (German: dachs) is the forecasting animal.
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It was well known for its fashion apparel as a result of introducing the latest trends from Europe. Opening in 1926, the Zollinger-Harned Company became Allentown's third major department store in the Central Business District. The Pennsylvania guide, compiled by the Writers' Program of the Works Progress Administration, described the impact that Allentown's historical patterns of immigration and the Pennsylvania German community had on the city's linguistic landscape in the first half of the 20th century, noting in 1940 that: By the mid-20th Century, Allentown had become a major retailing and entertainment center separate from Philadelphia and New York City. The establishment of the Hess Brothers, H. Leh and Company and Zollinger Department stores led to the growth of the retail business sector in the Central Business District.
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Page 19 Early Pennsylvania German settlers of nearby present-day Lynn and Albany townships had named the area where they settled Alle mängel ("all deficiencies") due to the poor quality of the soil on which they were trying to farm and raise crops. By contrast, the soil here was found to be quite fertile, and early settlers named this region "Egypta," since ancient Egypt, with its fertile Nile delta, was the "granary of the world."Page 304 The Reformed Congregation of Egypt Church was established in 1734, and a log church was erected in 1764. The cemetery of the Egypt church contains the graves of many of the region's earliest inhabitants, including 25 veterans of the American Revolutionary War, 15 veterans of the War of 1812, and nine veterans of the American Civil War.
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They appointed a "speech director", who performed a special dance with a traditional rhyme: The Mummers derive their name from the Mummers' plays performed in Philadelphia in the 18th century as part of a wide variety of working class street celebrations around Christmas. By the early 19th century, these coalesced with earlier Swedish customs, including the Christmas neighbor visits and possibly shooting firearms on New Year's Day (although this was common in other countries as well) as well as the Pennsylvania German custom of "belsnickling," where adults in disguise questioned children about their behavior during the previous year. U.S. President George Washington carried on the official custom of New Year's Day calls during the seven years he occupied President's House in Philadelphia. The Mummers continued their traditions of comic verse in exchange for cakes and ale.
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Bennett was born the third of six children to Nicholas Bennett and Diana Sprague on October 14, 1843 in the hamlet of Belhaven, Town of North Gwillumbury, York County, Ontario to a family of American Canadians; his father's family were New Netherland Dutch/Pennsylvania German Dunkard Simcoe Loyalists originally from Pennsylvania and later western New York and his mother's of English Puritan descent from Massachusetts and Rhode Island. He was a descendant of the Danish/Dutch Willem Adrianse Bennet (born 1604 in Helsingør, Denmark) who was the first European settler of Brooklyn, New York. His two older brothers, Sidney James and David Henry, preceded him in returning to the United States where both served in the Union Army during the Civil War. David Henry Bennett fell at Antietam on September 17, 1862 at the Dunkard Church.
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Born in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, United States, the eldest child of Betty Keck and Norman Davidheiser Yocom, she first pursued her interest in folklore at Pennsylvania State University where she majored in English (BA, 1970.) She went on to University of Massachusetts Amherst where she completed an MA. in English and then a PhD in English (1980) with a concentration in Folklore. While at U Mass, she wrote her dissertation on family folklore, choosing to work with her own Pennsylvania German, Swiss, and Danish family. Together with other folklorists working in family folklore such as Steve Zeitlin, Karen Baldwin, and Marilyn White, Yocom helped develop this new ethnographic field of study. As she was finishing her academic studies, she worked for the Smithsonian Institution’s Festival of American Folklife, and was the field research coordinator for the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions of the 1976 Bicentennial festival.
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Mummers plays were performed in Philadelphia in the 18th century as part of a wide variety of working-class street celebrations around Christmas. By the early 19th century, it coalesced with two other New Year customs, shooting firearms, and the Pennsylvania German custom of "belsnickling" (adults in masks questioning children about whether they had been good during the previous year). Through the 19th century, large groups of disguised (often in blackface) working class young men roamed the streets on New Year's Day, organizing "riotous" processions, firing weapons into the air, and demanding free drinks in taverns, and generally challenging middle and upper-class notions of order and decorum. Unable to suppress the custom, by the 1880s the city government began to pursue a policy of co-option, requiring participants to join organized groups with designated leaders who had to apply for permits and were responsible for their groups actions.
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The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 87.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.1 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $30,815, and the median income for a family was $39,375. Males had a median income of $31,607 versus $21,250 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $16,293. About 8.4% of families and 10.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.8% of those under age 18 and 7.2% of those age 65 or over. Major ancestry groups reported by Homer City residents would include: 18% German, 17% Italian, 11% Irish, 9% Polish, 7% Slovak, 7% English, 5% Dutch, 3% Scots-Irish, 3% Scotch, 2% Hungarian, 1% Swedish, 1% Ukrainian, 1% French (except Basque), 1% Pennsylvania German, 1% Croatian, 1% Welsh, 1% Russian, 1% Norwegian, 1% Slovene, and 1% Slavic.
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13.1% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 19.9% were of German, 16.8% Irish, 14.5% Italian, 8.8% Pennsylvania German, 5.4% Polish, 5.1% American and 5.1% English ancestry. There were 49,454 households, out of which 36.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.70% were married couples living together, 8.80% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.30% were non-families. 20.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.16. In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.80% under the age of 18, 8.60% from 18 to 24, 28.80% from 25 to 44, 23.50% from 45 to 64, and 12.30% who were 65 years of age or older.
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Zeller's Fort was built in 1745 in the Pennsylvania German Traditional architectural style. The Zeller family, neighbors and the Pennsylvania militia used the fort during the French and Indian War (1754-1763) as refuge and defense against Native American Indian raids. It was actually a fortified house that replaced an earlier log house that was originally built in 1723 near the same location. During the French and Indian War, Lebanon County was susceptible to Native American Indian attacks so many fortifications, forts and blockhouses were constructed in this area. These fortifications included seven private fortresses: Bethel Moravian Church Fort (Fredericksburg), Benjamin Spycker's Stockade (Jackson Township), George Gloninger's Fort (Pleasant Hill), Isaac Meier Homestead (Myerstown), Light's Fort (Lebanon), Ulrich's Fort (Annville) and Zeller's Fort - Heinrich Zeller House (Newmanstown); one fort built by the Pennsylvania Colonial Militia: Fort Swatara (Inwood); and four blockhouses: Adam Harper's (Harper Tavern), Joseph Gibber's (Fredericksburg), Martin Hess’ (Union Township) and Philip Breitenbach's (Myerstown).
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The Pennsylvania Dutch (Pennsilfaanisch-Deitsch), also referred to as the Pennsylvania Germans, are a cultural group formed through those who emigrated primarily from the territory in Europe now within modern-day Germany, and also smaller groups from the Netherlands, Switzerland and France. The word Deitsch corresponds with the High German word Deutsch (in standard German), meaning "German", and is how the first settlers would have described themselves in the principal dialect spoken: Palatine German. Most of these settlers emigrated in the 17th and 18th centuries to America and spoke unique dialects within the German language family, but it is through their cross-dialogue interaction and what was retained by subsequent generations that a hybrid dialect emerged, known as Pennsylvania German or Pennsylvania Dutch, which has resonance to this day. The Pennsylvania Dutch maintained numerous religious affiliations, with the greatest number being Lutheran or German Reformed, but also with many Anabaptists, including Mennonites, Amish, and Brethren.
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Planning for the Landis Valley Village & Farm Museum was undertaken during the early 1920s by brothers Henry K. Landis and George Landis, who had grown up in Lancaster, Pennsylvania during the 1870s and 1880s. With a shared interest in Pennsylvania history, and more specifically in Pennsylvania German history, they became active collectors of a range of historic artifacts, including antique furniture, arrowheads and other Native American relics, bullets, buttons, coins, Conestoga Wagons, dishes and glassware, farm equipment and tools, fossils, Fraktur, guns, pottery, and quilts. Following their retirement in 1924 from their respective careers as a mining and construction/sanitary engineer, the Landis brothers combined their respective collections at the Landis family's farm in Lancaster and, in 1925, officially opened many of their collected items to public viewing. As their holdings continued to grow and their educational attraction increased in popularity, they sought funding from the Carl Shurz Foundation to turn their buildings and collections into an official museum.
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There have been only very few seekers among the different groups of Old Order Mennonites, with one exception: the Noah Hoover Mennonites, who resemble the Amish in most outward aspects of life, like dress and the use of technology. Besides Standard German for Church and Bible reading, and Pennsylvania German in everyday life, English is also used in Church and among some members, most of them seekers, who have joined the Noah Hoovers, but without a general tendency of shifting to English. Stephan Scott writes: Contrary to popular belief Old Order groups do not simply stay as they always have been, but have to struggle in many ways to adapt to the modern world and to preserve traditions, that are important to them. Because the Noah Hoover Mennonites have such a complicated history of splits and mergers, they are unable to rely on tradition in the same way other conservative groups like e. g.
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University of Minnesota Press. p.102. mostly to the United States.49.2 million German Americans as of 2005 according to the ; the 1990 census gives 57.9 million, or 23.3% of the U.S. population. German remained an important language in churches, schools, newspapers, and even the administration of the United States Brewers' Association through the early 20th century, but was severely repressed during World War I. Over the course of the 20th century, many of the descendants of 18th century and 19th century immigrants ceased speaking German at home, but small populations of speakers are still found in Pennsylvania (Amish, Hutterites, Dunkards and some Mennonites historically spoke Hutterite German and a West Central German variety of German known as Pennsylvania German or Pennsylvania Dutch), Kansas (Mennonites and Volga Germans), North Dakota (Hutterite Germans, Mennonites, Russian Germans, Volga Germans, and Baltic Germans), South Dakota, Montana, Texas (Texas German), Wisconsin, Indiana, Oregon, Oklahoma, and Ohio (72,570).
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The most prominent ethnic Mennonite groups are Russian Mennonites (German: Russland-Mennoniten), who formed as an ethnic group in South Russia (now Ukraine), but who are of Dutch and German ancestry and speak Plautdietsch and Mennonites of Pennsylvania Dutch heritage who formed as an ethnic group in North America and who are of Swiss-German and German ancestry. Because Mennonites for centuries almost only married inside their churches, they developed into ethnic groups in Russia since 1789 and in North America since the 1730s, where for a long time almost all of them kept their ethno-languages Pennsylvania German and Plautdietsch. Until the middle of the 1950s the vast majority of Mennonites were of Central European ancestry and culture, all the same if they were conservative or modern and all the same if they lived in Europe, North America, Mexico, Paraguay or in Brazil. Since then, missionary activities of Mennonites led to so many converts in Africa, India, Indonesia and other places outside Europe and North America that, in 2012, a majority of Mennonites are not of Central European heritage anymore.
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The word "tuckahoe" first appears on a map drawn by Captain John Smith in 1612, providing a Powhatan Indian word to describe an edible plant or fungus utilized by tribes in the tidewater area of the present Virginia and North Carolina. The use of the word to describe the aristocratic, affluent and politically powerful class of low-country Virginia/Carolina planters probably originated in the decades prior to the Revolutionary War (ca 1740-1770). It was during this period that the Great Wagon Road, originating in Pennsylvania, and the Valley Pike, transiting the lower Shenandoah Valley, became a major highway funneling a steady stream of poor, largely Scotch-Irish and Pennsylvania German families south and west into upland Virginia (later into upcountry North and South Carolina and eventually into Tennessee and Kentucky) in search of cheap land. These early up-country settlers shared little of the ethnic, social or religious roots of the low-country, which had been founded and developed by English-Anglican colonists over the previous 100-plus years.
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There were 128,910 housing units at an average density of 372 per square mile (144/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 87.02% White, 3.56% Black or African American, 0.18% Native American, 2.10% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 5.28% from other races, and 1.83% from two or more races. 10.22% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 27.1% were of German, 7.9% Italian, 7.7% Irish, 6.2% Pennsylvania German and 5.6% American ancestry. 85.0% spoke English, 8.4% Spanish and 1.2% Arabic as their first language. There were 121,906 households, out of which 30.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.00% were married couples living together, 10.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.60% were non-families. 27.10% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.02. In the county, the population was spread out, with 23.90% under the age of 18, 8.10% from 18 to 24, 29.20% from 25 to 44, 23.00% from 45 to 64, and 15.80% who were 65 years of age or older.
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It was the first Pennsylvania Dutch dictionary of the modern era. At the annual meeting held in the Pennsylvania Building at the Sesqui-Centennial of American Independence in Philadelphia in 1926, the Pennsylvania German Society adopted a resolution praising the Pennsylvania Germans in Canada.Rosenberger 1966, p. 164. It sent a copy of the resolution to Waterloo, Ontario.Rosenberger 1966, p. 164. The report of the annual meeting looked back at the accomplishments of the last 35 years: ::To us now it seems almost unbelievable to remember that, with few exceptions, the general impression existing amongst unlettered men and women was to the effect that the people of our blood were but “coarse and ignorant boors,” because, forsooth, besides the English language, they spoke largely a dialect which their highly cultured neighbors, who spoke but one language themselves and that more or less improperly, could not understand. ::Today the lusty babe of 1891 has become a veritable giant, recognized and respected by all whose opinions are worth having. ::Following out its aim to disseminate information rather than to gather a library or establish a permanent headquarters, it has issued thirty-two magnificent volumes unexcelled by those of any Society in existence.Rosenberger 1966, p. 166.
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