The Pas de la Dame Inconnue ("passage of arms of the unknown lady") was a pas d'armes held in 1463 in the presence of Charles the Rash, Duke of Burgundy, and his court.
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This type of duel soon evolved into the more chivalric pas d'armes, or "passage of arms", a chivalric hastilude that evolved in the late 14th century and remained popular through the 15th century. A knight or group of knights ( or "holders") would stake out a travelled spot, such as a bridge or city gate, and let it be known that any other knight who wished to pass ( or "comers") must first fight, or be disgraced.Hubbard, Ben. Gladiators: From Spartacus to Spitfires.
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Canada's National Post editorialized against the flotilla, calling it a "charade". It concluded that > The real intention of the flotilla is to break the blockade and end Hamas' > political isolation. There can be only one reason why anyone would consider > such an outcome desirable: The absence of a blockade would allow the free > passage of arms to the terror-embracing Hamas government, which has > frequently demonstrated its goal of ending Israel's existence as a nation. > Israel's blockade of Gaza is a direct consequence of attacks launched from > within the territory.
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The festival included a vernacular poetry contest, modelled after those held in Toulouse, Paris, and other illustrious cities,The poetic academy of Toulouse is well known, that of Paris is only mentioned here, and the other unspecified cities remain unidentified. One poet, Jacme Scrivà, has been tentatively connected with the Paris contests. and the poems submitted were judged by Jaume March II and Luys d'Averçó, entitled magistros et defensores (teachers and defenders) of poetry.Riquer, 567, sees in this a parallel to the chivalric passage of arms, where one knight (or several) defends a pass while another (or several) adventures to pass through it.
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The duel lasted until the other party was too weak to fight back and in early cases, the defeated party were then subsequently executed. Examples of these brutal duels were the judicial combat known as the Combat of the Thirty in 1351, and the trial by combat fought by Jean de Carrouges in 1386. A far more chivalric duel which became popular in the Late Middle Ages was the pas d'armes or "passage of arms". In this hastilude, a knight or a group of knights would claim a bridge, lane or city gate, and challenge other passing knights to fight or be disgraced.
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In 1398 Queen Anabella, wife of Robert III, "instituted a great hastitudium (passage of arms) of twelve knights, of which the chief was David Duke of Rothesay, on the north of Edinburgh". Then in the following year the King accepted the challenge of Robert Morley, an English knight, that he would take a golden cup from his table unless prevented by a Scottish knight. Morley was defeated in this purpose by James Douglas of Strabnock. Mortified he rode south to Berwick, where he engaged in single combat on the same day with two Scottish knights, one Hugo Wallace and the other Archibald Edmonstone.
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Macarius took part in the Council of Nicaea (325), and two conjectures as to the part he played there are worth mentioning. The first is that there was a passage of arms between him and his metropolitan, Eusebius of Caesarea, concerning the rights of their respective sees. The seventh canon of the council — "As custom and ancient tradition show that the bishop of Ælia [Jerusalem] ought to be honoured, he shall have precedence; without prejudice, however, to the dignity which belongs to the Metropolis" — by its vagueness suggests that it was the result of a drawn battle. The second conjecture is that Macarius, together with Eustathius of Antioch, had a good deal to do with the drafting of the Nicene Creed finally adopted by the First Council of Nicæa in 325.
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The Pas de la Dame Sauvage (French; "Passage of arms of the wild lady") was a pas d'armes held at Ghent in 1470 by the Burgundian knight Claude de Vauldray in the presence of Duke Charles the Bold and his court. The "wild lady" (dame sauvage) of the hastilude (a series of jousts defending a certain pass) was allegorical. In the epistle circulated by Claude to announce the games, he describes a romantic tale of a knight who "left the wealthy kingdom of Enfance (Childhood), and came to a wild poor and sterile land called Jeunesse (Youth)." The knight must make a "wild woman" his lady in the land of Youth, just as a young knight must prove himself through feats of arms (the pas d'armes) in order to merit a lady.
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The pas d'armes' or passage of arms was a type of chivalric hastilude that evolved in the late 14th century and remained popular through the 15th century. It involved a knight or group of knights (tenans or "holders") who would stake out a traveled spot, such as a bridge or city gate, and let it be known that any other knight who wished to pass (venans or "comers") must first fight, or be disgraced. If a traveling venan did not have weapons or horse to meet the challenge, one might be provided, and if the venan chose not to fight, he would leave his spurs behind as a sign of humiliation. If a lady passed unescorted, she would leave behind a glove or scarf, to be rescued and returned to her by a future knight who passed that way.
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" Porter reserved his sole criticism for the book's subtitle, as he felt that the truth "hasn't yet" caught up with Rupert Murdoch; the subsequent reorganization of News Corporation in the wake of the scandal left the company and the Murdoch family substantially enriched. Peter Wilby also positively reviewed Hack Attack in The Guardian. John Lloyd gave a largely positive review in the Financial Times, writing that "What is revealed here, in painful, careful detail, is a journalism that held power in contempt – and, together with power, held in contempt people both famed and obscure, dominant and meek," and that Davies in "his exhumation of this trove of journalistic ordure, done a colossal service to Britain’s democracy." Lloyd ends his review by describing Hack Attack as "the book of a very bold reporter about a passage of arms that he won, to our great benefit." David Carr in the New York Times wrote that Davies was "...just the kind of person you don't want to have on your tail...He wages a ground war to get at the truth, which comes less in one single “aha” moment than as a slow drip of facts penetrating a tissue of lies.
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