In East Asia, the samurai wasp parasitizes between sixty and ninety per cent of brown marmorated stinkbug eggs, thereby almost single-handedly keeping its population under control.
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D. fuelliborni parasitizes opossum, D. lutrae parasitizes otters, and D. ophidensis parasitizes reptiles.
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During the second stage the animals are mobile and superficially resemble minute worms. Buddenbrockia allmani parasitizes Lophopus crystallinus, while Buddenbrockia plumatellae parasitizes, in particular, Plumatella fungosa.
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Amoebophilus is a genus of zygomycete fungi that parasitizes amoeba.
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The genus Tetrastichus parasitizes many different species of Lepidoptera, such as Pyralis farinalis.
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Aphelinus thomsoni is a parasitoid wasp that parasitizes the sycamore aphid, Drepanosiphum platanoidis.
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A fly infected with Howardula nematodes Allantonematidae is a family of insect-parasitic nematodes from the order Tylenchida. Allantonematid nematodes infect a variety of insects including beetles, butterflies, flies, thrips, ants, and more. For instance, the nematode Howardula aoronymphium parasitizes mushroom-feeding fruit flies, Formicitylenchus oregonensis parasitizes carpenter ants, and Metaparasitylenchus hypothenemi parasitizes a pest of coffee beans, the Coffee borer beetle.Poinar, G., Vega, F., Castillo, A., and Infante, F. (2004).
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Retrieved 21 September 2015. Another brood parasite is the bee B. vestalis'. Both of these are distributed in various regions of Europe. The difference between B. bohemicus and B. vestalis is that the former parasitizes several bumble bee species while B. vestalis exclusively parasitizes B. terrestris.
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This isopod also parasitizes several other species of shrimp, but has never been found on Pandalus borealis.
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Springer: New York pg.243-270. Another species being considered for biological control use is Synchytrium minutum, which occasionally parasitizes kudzu. However, S. minutum parasitizes cultivated kudzu patches more often wild patches and has also been reported from agricultural crops.Li Z., Q. Dong, T.P. Albright, & Q. Guo. 2011.
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Ophiocordyceps myrmecophila is a species of fungus that parasitizes insect hosts, in particular members of the order Hymenoptera.
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It parasitizes moths such as Arctia caja by laying eggs in the larvae that eventually kill the host.
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It parasitizes moths such as Arctia caja by laying eggs in the larvae that eventually kill the host.
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A gryllacridid was observed feeding on the eggs of O. magnificus, and a sarcophagid parasitoid has been reared from eggs of the same species. Five species of hymenopteran parasitoids are known to attack Mastophora eggs. Tromatobia notator parasitizes M. cornigera, M. bisaccata and M. phrynosoma; Gelis sp. parasitizes M. cornigera.
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Xorides fuligator is a parasitoid wasp from Ichneumonid family that parasitizes long-horned beetle of subspecies Arhopalus rusticus rusticus.
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Botryoideclava bharatiya is a chalcid wasp belonging to the family Aphelinidae. It parasitizes Melanaspis glomerata, a pest of sugarcane.
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This genus parasitizes a wide range of hosts, with many members of the Brassicaceae (broccoli, cabbage, kale, etc.) included.
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Diheterospora zeaspora (also known as Rotiferophthora zeaspora) is a rare species of fungus. It parasitizes animals known as rotifers.
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There are no known predators of P. manokwari. However,it is a paratenic host for the nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis, also known as the rat lungworm. This nematode parasitizes P. manokwari as well as the Giant African land snail, and both of these organisms are transmission vectors of the parasite. A. cantonensis parasitizes humans as well and causes angiostrongyliasis.
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Callinectes sapidus is subject to a number of diseases and parasites. They include a number of viruses, bacteria, microsporidians, ciliates, and others. The nemertean worm Carcinonemertes carcinophila commonly parasitizes C. sapidus, especially females and older crabs, although it has little adverse effect on the crab. A trematode that parasitizes C. sapidus is itself targeted by the hyperparasite Urosporidium crescens.
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Known bacteria that parasitize the codling moth are Erwinia amylovora and Bacillus cereus. B. cereus parasitizes the larvae of the codling moth.
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It parasitizes many plant species. These include Acacia farnesiana, A. nilotica, Alchornea cordifolia, Cola nitida, Coffea liberica, Crossopteryx, Croton, Machaerium, Manihot, Terminalia catappa and Theobroma.
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Taphrina polystichi is an ascomycete fungus that parasitizes Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides) in eastern North America. It was described by A. J. Mix in 1938.
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Cuterebra fontinella, the mouse botfly, parasitizes small mammals all around North America. The botfly will hijack a mosquito to inject the host with the eggs.
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Arceuthobium oxycedri, juniper dwarf mistletoe, is a hemiparasite of the family Santalaceae. It parasitizes members of the genus Juniperus, especially Juniperus oxycedrus and Juniperus communis.
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Like other Castilleja species, this plant parasitizes other species for water and nutrients; C. cinerea is generally found tapping buckwheats (Eriogonum spp.) and sagebrushes (Artemisia spp.).
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It has many life stages, some of which are motile and some of which are sessile. It goes through two parasitic stages, one where it parasitizes as a secondary host a flounder or lumpsucker, and another stage where it parasitizes as a primary host a cod or other fishes of the cod family (gadoids). It is a pathogen that negatively impacts the commercial fishing and mariculture of cod-like fish.
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Apocrypta bakeri is a species of fig wasps in the family Pteromalidae. It has Ficus hispida as its host, where it parasitizes the other fig wasp Ceratosolen solmsi.
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Journal of Insect Conservation. 16 (3): 391–397. ISSN 1366-638X. doi:10.1007/s10841-011-9425-4. The wasp C. melanoscelus parasitizes the caterpillar of the gypsy moth.
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One acrocerid that parasitizes Pardosa milvina is Ogcodes eugonatus. Another parasite of shore spiders are mermithid nematode endoparasites. These can emerge from the ventral abdomen of shore spiders.
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Telenomus fariai is a parasitoid wasp in the family Platygastridae that parasitizes various bugs in the genus Triatoma. It was described by Irish entomologist Alexander Henry Haliday in 1833.
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Since 1994 other investigative research on finds of this rare genus of mushrooms has shown that Squamanita odorata is a parasite of Hebeloma mesophaeum, Squamanita paradoxa parasitizes Cystoderma amianthinum, and Squamanita umbonata parasitizes Inocybe oblectabilis. Like some other mycoparasitic agarics (e.g. Asterophora, Collybia, and Dendrocollybia), some Squamanita species also form resistant structures that would permit survival in the absence of the host. These Squamanita form thick-walled chlamydospores on their hosts' fruitbodies.
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Sennertia are found worldwide, except for in the Antarctic. (The species Sennertia antarctica is likely erroneously named, as the species of bee it parasitizes is not found in the Antarctic).
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Ophiocordyceps camponoti-melanotici is a species of fungus that parasitizes insect hosts, in particular members of the order Hymenoptera. It was first isolated from Viçosa, Minas Gerais, on Camponotus melanoticus.
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Arthrophaga myriapodina is a fungus in the Entomophthorales that parasitizes the millipedes Apheloria virginiensis corrugata, Boraria infesta, and Nannaria sp. Infected millipedes typically climb to an elevated spot before death.
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Bombus rupestris is found in flower-rich habitats, such as meadows and along hedgerows. The bumblebee parasitizes the nests of the red-tailed bumblebee, B. lapidarius, whose queen is killed or subjugated.
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Viscaceae, Mistletoe Family. Journal of the Arizona- Nevada Academy of Science 27:241-245. This mistletoe parasitizes species of juniper, including Utah (Juniperus osteosperma), Rocky Mountain (J. scopulorum), and western juniper (J. occidentalis).
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The chalcid fly parasitizes the wood white eggs and accounts for only a small percentage of egg death. The larvae are parasitized by Cotesia vitripennis and C. anchisiades, which are two wasp species.
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Euzetia is the only genus in the subfamily Euzetiinae, a group of flatworms which parasitize Elasmobranchs. As of 2008, only two species have been described in the genus, however others may remain undescribed. The genus consists of Euzetia occultum, which is the type species for the genus, and Euzetia lamothei, which was described in 2008. E. occultum parasitizes the Australian cownose ray, Rhinoptera neglecta, while E. lamothei parasitizes a different species in the same genus, the cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus.
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Leucospis pinna which parasitizes the orchid bee Eulaema meriana is known to have multiple adults emerging from a single brood cell of the host. Leucopsis dorsigera is considered a hyperparasite as it is a parasite of Xorides sp. which in turn is a parasitoid of a cerambycid beetle larva boring inside the stems of apricots. Leucospids are rarely encountered except in areas where their hosts are abundant; in the United States, the most well-known species is Leucospis affinis, which parasitizes leafcutter bees.
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Cryptocaryon irritans is a species of ciliates that parasitizes marine fish, causing marine white spot disease or marine ich (pronounced ik). It is one of the most common causes of disease in marine aquaria.
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Ophiocordyceps camponoti-rufipedis is a species of fungus that parasitizes insect hosts, in particular members of the order Hymenoptera. It was first isolated from Viçosa, Minas Gerais, at an altitude of on Camponotus rufipes.
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Eds: R. K. Horst. Springer: New York. pg. 193. Synchytrium fragariae infects strawberry plants. Synchytrium trichosanthidis parasitizes an Indian curcubit, and S. sesamicola is responsible for losses in Indian crops of sesame (Sesamum indicum).
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North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin No. 152. Accessed through discoverlife.org on 11 August 2017. This cuckoo bee parasitizes the nests of several other bee species, including Megachile latimanus, M. melanophoea, and M. perihirta.
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Nectriella pironii is a plant pathogen, that parasitizes Aphelandra squarrosa, Clerodendron bungei, Codiaeum variegatum, Jussiaea peruviana, Leucophyllum frutescens, Pittosporum tobria, Plumbago capensis and Psychotria undata. The species is named in honor of Pascal Pompey Pirone.
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The hermaphroditic Schistocephalus solidus parasitizes fish and fish-eating water birds, with a cyclopoid copepod as the first intermediate host. When humans harbor plerocercoids of pseuddophyllidean cestodes outside the small intestine, it can cause sparaganosis.
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Diclidophora nezumiae is a species of monogenean flatworm that parasitizes the gills of the rattail fish Nezumia bairdii. Due to a highly localized host habitat parasite incidence is relatedly localized to the Hudson Submarine Canyon.
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Dahlbominus fuscipennis, the sawfly parasitic wasp, is a species of chalcid wasp from the family Eulophidae which parasitizes the European pine sawfly Neodiprion sertifer, among other hosts. It is the only species in the genus Dahlbominus.
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Adults can be found from May to August. They mainly feed on nectar and pollen of Apiaceae (especially Leucanthemum vulgare). This tachnid fly parasitizes moths and true bugs (Hemiptera). The larvae develop inside the living host.
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Orobanche is derived from Greek, and means 'legume strangler'. This name originates from the species Orobanche rapum-genistae, which parasitizes legumes. The name hederae means 'of ivy', in reference to its host plant, Hedera.Gledhill, David (2008).
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It grows up to in the Mojave Desert and Sonoran Desert into Baja California. It parasitizes plants of the creosote bush scrub and Joshua tree woodland communities, such as creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) and cheesebush (Ambrosia salsola).
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Hawksworth, F.G., & D. Wiens. 1993. Viscaceae, Mistletoe Family. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 27:241-245. This mistletoe parasitizes species of cypress, including Arizona cypress (Cupressus arizonica),Hosts of True Mistletoes and juniper (Juniperus spp.).
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This species was first described by Telford in 2007.Telford, Jr. S.R. (2007) Saurian malarial parasites in eastern Panama. J. Euk. Microbiol. 17(4):566-574 P. morulum usually parasitizes immature erythrocytes but may also infect white cells.
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Ophiocordyceps camponoti-novogranadensis is a species of fungus that parasitizes insect hosts, in particular members of the order Hymenoptera. It was first isolated from Parque Estadual de Itacolomi in Ouro Preto, at an altitude of , on Camponotus novogranadensis.
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Trichopoda plumipes is a species of feather-legged fly in the family Tachinidae. The abdomen is black with pairs of rectangular yellow spots. It parasitizes bugs of the families Pentatomidae, Coreidae and others. It is found in North America.
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Most described species are parasites of Oomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Blastocladiomycota. Rozella itersoniliae is a parasite of the basidiomycete Itersonilia perplexans, though some authors doubt its placement in the genus. Rozella coleochatis parasitizes a species of the green alga Coleochaete.
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Cotesia is a genus of braconid wasps first described by Peter Cameron in 1891. Some species parasitize caterpillars of species considered as pests. Thus they are used as biocontrol agents. Cotesia congregata parasitizes the tomato and the tobacco hornworms.
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Euzetia occultum is a species of flatworm which parasitizes the gills of the Australian cownose ray and is the type species for its genus. It can be distinguished from Euzetia lamothei based on its overall size and reproductive morphology.
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Abelspora is a genus of microsporidian parasites. The genus is monotypic, and contains the single species Abelspora portucalensis. The species parasitizes the shore crab, Carcinus maenas, within which it infects the hepatopancreas. The genus was first described in 1987.
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Notocrinus virilis is a marine invertebrate, a species of crinoid or feather star in the family Notocrinidae. It is found in deep water in the Southern Ocean around the coasts of Antarctica and adjacent islands. A sea snail sometimes parasitizes it.
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Placentonema gigantissima is a giant nematode that parasitizes the placenta of the sperm whale. With a length of and a diameter of , it is potentially the largest nematode worm ever described. It was discovered in the 1950s around the Kuril Islands.
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In North America, the parasitoid chalcid wasp Ooencyrtus kuvanae was introduced as a biological control agent against the gypsy moth. The egg- parasitizing wasp is, however, not strictly host specific, as it also parasitizes the eggs of other Lepidoptera species.
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This plant grows in forests and other habitat. It can often be found in plantations, where it parasitizes such crop trees as Hevea brasiliensis (rubber), Phoenix dactylifera (date), and Theobroma cacao (cocoa).Jigam, A. A., et al. (2012). Efficacy of Thonningia Sanguinea Vahl.
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It is an annual plant that grows as a very thin orange-ish parasitic vine, with clumping twinings around the host stems. It parasitizes the host by sending small, short-lived rootlets (haustoria) into its tissues, from which it absorbs moisture and nutrients.
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Syspastospora parasitica is a mycoparasitic fungus. It attacks other fungi, particularly species of Beauveria and Isaria (molds that belong to the family Clavicipitaceae). It parasitizes the mycelium of its host by means of specialized contact cells, and produces dark brown, long-necked perithecia.
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The range of Hemibdella soleae extends across the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. Like the flatfish it parasitizes, it is benthic and demersal (living on and just above the seabed) and occurs at depths down to about .
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ALV presumably parasitizes species of the Mimiviridae virus family.J. Zhou, W. Zhang, S. Yan, J. Xiao, Y. Zhang, B. Li, Y. Pan, Y. Wang: Diversity of virophages in metagenomic data sets. In: Journal of Virology. Volume 87, number 8, April 2013, p.
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Mitrastemon is a genus of two widely disjunct species of parasitic plants. It is the only genus within the family Mitrastemonaceae. Mitrastemon species are root endoparasites, which grow on Fagaceae. It's also a non-photoysthetic plant that parasitizes other plants such as "Castonopsis sieboldii".
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Cytinus is a genus of parasitic flowering plants. Species in this genus do not produce chlorophyll, but rely fully on its host plant. Cytinus usually parasitizes Cistus and Halimium, two genera of plants in the family Cistaceae. It has also been found on Ptilostemon chamaepeuce.
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51: 296-301. Some species of this genus "hitch-hike" on the manipulations of other species; for example, Microphallus hoffmanni parasitizes the same sand shrimps as Microphallus papillorobustus but does not manipulate the shrimps itself, instead benefiting from the latter's manipulation of the host.
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Aureolaria pedicularia is a member of the genus Aureolaria. This plant has an average height from 1 foot to 4 feet, depending on the season. Aureolaria pedicularia is a root hemiparasite meaning it attaches to the roots of its hosts. Aureolaria pedicularia selectively parasitizes oaks (Quercus).
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B. bohemicus does not produce any workers; instead, they enslave the host workers. B. bohemicus does not exhibit any nest-building behavior; instead, they move into newly established host nests and usurp the host queen. B. bohemicus parasitizes three species: B. locurum, B. cryptarum, and B. terrestris.
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Huebneria affinis is a Palaearctic species of tachinid fly in the genus Huebneria of the family Tachinidae. The species was first described by Carl Fredrik Fallén in 1810. It parasitizes moths such as Arctia caja by laying eggs in the larvae that eventually kill the host.
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Ferrisia virgata, commonly known as the striped mealybug, is a species of mealybug belonging to the Pseudococcidae family. Ferrisia virgata parasitizes different crops including cottonplants. Female species are between the 4 and 4,5 millimeters long. The species was discovered and described by Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell in 1893.
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Microbiology Indonesia. 4(3):127-131. Synchytrium solstitiale parasitizes the yellow star thistle (Centaurea solstitialis), an important weed in the United States. For this reason, S. solstitiale is being considered as a biological control of the yellow star thistle in the United States.Voigt K., A.V. Marano, & F.H. Gleason. 2013.
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The pattern is best known for various taxa of Hymenoptera. For example, the social wasp Dolichovespula adulterina parasitizes other members of its genus such as Dolichovespula norwegica and Dolichovespula arenaria.Carpenter, J. M., & Perera, E. P. (2006). Phylogenetic relationships among yellowjackets and the evolution of social parasitism (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Vespinae).
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Anoplocephala manubriata is a host-specific tapeworm, or cestode, that parasitizes African (Loxodonta africana) and Asian (Elephas maximus) elephants. These parasites require intermediate and definitive hosts to complete its life cycle. A. manubriata causes gastrointestinal inflammation in elephants. When ingested in the elephant, the cestode is attached to the intestinal mucosae.
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Triarthria setipennis is a species of tachinid fly which parasitizes other insects, including earwigs.Dimick, R.E. and Mote, D.C. (1934) Progress report regarding the introduction in Oregon of Digonocheata setipennis, a tachinid parasite of the European earwig. Journal of Economic Entomology 27, 863-865.Clausen, C.P. (1978) Dermaptera -- Forficulidae -- European Earwig.
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Sphagnurus paluster is a species of fungus in the family Lyophyllaceae which parasitizes Sphagnum moss. It was first described by Charles Horton Peck in 1872. It is commonly called the sphagnum greyling due to it being found in peat bogs and to its cap turning grey as it ages and dries.
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R. fasciata nests are often predated upon by various species of ants, which attack immature R. fasciata individuals and can have a severe impact on nest survival. An ichneumonid parasite Arthula formosana commonly parasitizes R. fasciata nests. The frequency of parasitism has been shown to increase during the summer months.
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The Mycetopodidae are a family of freshwater pearly mussels in the order Unionida restricted to South America. They are named for the mushroom-like shape of their foot. Like all members of the Unionida they reproduce via a larval stage that temporarily parasitizes fish. Banarescu lists four subfamilies with ten genera in total.
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Although it weakens the insects it parasitizes, it does not kill them and it benefits the population as a whole, helping provide protection from parasitoid wasps by forming a mycelial mat that helps conceal the insects. The fungus benefits from the relationship, as it is nourished by the waste products the insects produce.
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The mistletoe, Tristerix aphyllus, parasitizes two species of cactus, Echinopsis chiloensis and Eulychnia acida, and in its adult form shows only its flowers and its fruits, bursting forth spectacularly from the columnar cacti which are its hosts. Mauseth (2011) discusses the morphological/anatomical effects of T. aphyllus on the cactus, Echinopsis chiloensis.
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As other fish, the dagger-tooth pike conger harbours several species of parasites. A species of trichosomoidid nematode which parasitizes the muscles of the fish off Japan has been described in 2014 and named Huffmanela hamo, in reference to the Japanese name of the fish.Justine, J.-L. & Iwaki, T. 2014: Huffmanela hamo sp. n.
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Bdallophytum is a genus of parasitic flowering plants with five described species. It parasitizes on the roots of plants of the genus Bursera, such as Bursera simaruba. The genus is endemic to the Neotropics.Parasiticplants.siu.edu: Cytinaceae It was previously placed in Rafflesia, but is now placed in family Cytinaceae, together with the only other genus Cytinus.
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Pathogenicity of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in vasculitic/thrombotic disorders Mycoplasma pneumoniae parasitizes the respiratory tract epithelium of humans. Adherence to the respiratory epithelial cells is thought to occur via the attachment organelle, followed by evasion of host immune system by intracellular localization and adjustment of the cell membrane composition to mimic the host cell membrane.
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The Asian longhorned tick parasitizes mammals and birds. It spreads quickly in farm animals such as cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, and chickens. Natural infestations have been found on wild animals like bear, deer, foxes and hares, small mammals like ferrets and rats, and birds. It has also been found on cats, dogs, and humans.
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The species of the genus Dirofilaria, Railliet & Henry, 1911. Parassitologia 39(4), 369-374. Some species are well-known parasites, including Dirofilaria immitis, the dog heartworm, Dirofilaria repens, which affects many types of nonhuman mammals, and Dirofilaria tenuis, which usually parasitizes raccoons, but can infect humans, as well.Marty, A. M. Dermatologic Manifestations of Filariasis. Medscape.
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The Japanese dodder is a plant that parasitizes other plants. From mild development issues to serious complications sometimes resulting in death, the Japanese dodder can cause a wide spectrum of effects on its plant host. Farmers in particular can be affected by this plant, as infection leads to less crops they are able to harvest.
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Diaeretiella rapae is a species of cosmopolitan parasitoid wasp. It parasitizes many species of aphids, but especially the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae. It is the only species in the genus Diaeretiella. Other host aphids include Aphis craccivora, Aphis fabae, Aphis gossypii, Aphis nasturtii, Aphis pomi, Aphis rumicis, Brachycolus asparagi, Brachycaudus helichrysi, Brachycaudus rumexicolens, Capitophonis, Dactynotus sp.
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Porrhothele antipodiana is known to be parasitized by Aranimermis giganteus, a nematode that parasitizes the Mygalomorphae of New Zealand. Individuals infected with the parasite seem to become attracted to water, which inevitably causes them to drown, allowing the A. giganteus to complete the aquatic stage of its life cycle.Poinar, G.O. & Early, J.W. (1990). Aranimermis giganteus n. sp.
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Ophiocordyceps nutans is an entomopathogenic fungus belonging to the order Hypocreales (Ascomycota) in the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. O. nutans only parasitizes Hemipterans, namely stinkbugs. In Korea, O. nutans is one of the most common species of Cordyceps. O. nutans, as well as other Cordyceps species, are mainly classified morphologically by their colour, fruit body shape, and host insect species.
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Dinarmus basalis parasitizes small larvae and halts their development. This limits the damage they can do to beans, but their presence still makes the beans unfit for human consumption and usually makes them unfit for sowing, as well. Uscana mukerjii is an egg parasite which prevents the egg from hatching, thereby preventing damage to the legume.
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In Australia the fruit are eaten by cassowaries and double-eyed fig parrots. Phayre's leaf monkey feeds on the leaves as do the larvae of the moth Melanocercops ficuvorella. The fig wasp Apocrypta bakeri has F. hispida as its host, where it parasitizes the other fig wasp Ceratosolen solmsi. The yet unnamed nematode species Caenorhabditis sp.
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Trichogramma brassicae is a species of parasitoid wasps from the Trichogrammatidae family. It mainly parasitizes Lepidopteran hosts in agricultural fields. They are entomaphagous parasitoids that deposit their own eggs inside the host's eggs, consuming the host egg material and emerging upon full development. They are a common biological control species that have been used commercially since the late 1970s.
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M. arenaria parasitizes peanut, vegetables, grasses, fruit ornamentals and tobacco. The root-knot nematode, M. arenaria can infect almost every plant family. While characterizing the host range of the peanut root knot nematode, López-Pérez et al., 2011, reported that the most frequent hosts of the peanut root knot nematode were vegetables, fruit trees, tobacco, grapevine, and weeds.
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Z. percontatoria, like many parasitoids, is host specific with a narrow range. Z. percontatoria parasitizes members of the arthropod family Theridiidae. The specific host species for Z. percontatoria in a given area varies depending the species of the family Theridiidae that are abundant within that area. Spiders as hosts are able hunters making them difficult prey to parasitize.
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Most trematodes have several distinct developmental stages. The motile cercaria larva is released by the first intermediate host, typically a snail, and parasitizes a second intermediate host, where it encysts into a metacercaria. Finally, the adult flatworm typically inhabits the alimentary system or other body cavity of a fish. The families of Bucephaloidea are Bucephalidae and Nuitrematidae.
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Exoprosopa caliptera in Great Sand Dunes National Park, Colorado, US - note the silvery mirror stripes formed by patches of specialized hairs modified into reflecting scales Exoprosopa is a large cosmopolitan genus of flies belonging to the family Bombyliidae (bee-flies), with over 325 described species. The genus parasitizes a wide range of insects, including locust and larvae of wasps.
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While the cabbage looper frequently encounters parasites, its most common parasite is the tachinid fly. In one study, 90% of the parasitized larvae were due to the tachinid fly. It parasitizes most often in the late fall and winter, but it is capable of parasitizing year-round. Cabbage loopers at their third or fourth instar yield the most parasites.
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Ophioninae is a worldwide subfamily of Ichneumonidae with 32 genera, and very rich in tropical regions. They are koinobiont endoparasitoids of larval Lepidoptera, though at least one species parasitizes Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera). They are among the only Parasitica whose ovipositors can be used to sting vertebrates. The pupae are ovoid with a central clear band characteristic for this subfamily.
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It was found that the size of A. capensis individuals and the hottentot it parasitizes were positively correlated, indicating that both host and parasite grow together. Both length and weight of parasitized fish were found to be slightly below those of unaffected fish, which suggests that host condition suffers to some extent from the presence of the isopod.
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Myco-heterotrophic roots of Monotropa uniflora with Russula brevipes mycelium Full (or obligate) myco-heterotrophy exists when a non-photosynthetic plant (a plant largely lacking in chlorophyll or otherwise lacking a functional photosystem) gets all of its food from the fungi that it parasitizes. Partial (or facultative) myco-heterotrophy exists when a plant is capable of photosynthesis, but parasitizes fungi as a supplementary food supply. There are also plants, such as some orchid species, that are non-photosynthetic and obligately myco-heterotrophic for part of their life cycle, and photosynthetic and facultatively myco-heterotrophic or non-myco-heterotrophic for the rest of their life cycle. Not all non-photosynthetic or "achlorophyllous" plants are myco-heterotrophic – some non-photosynthetic plants like dodder directly parasitize the vascular tissue of other plants.
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The screaming cowbird frequently parasitizes its main host, the baywing, during the pre-laying period. Screaming cowbirds lay 31% of their eggs before the first baywing egg but most of the eggs laid are ejected, and often within 24 hours.De Marsico, M. C., and Reboreda, J. C. (2008). Differential reproductive success favours strong host preference in a highly specialized brood parasite.
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Apanteles galleriae parasitizes G. mellonella larva inside the beehive. 1-2 eggs are laid by the adult Apanteles galleriae on each larva, though only one succeeds in parasitizing the host and surviving. The parasite emerges and ruptures the host body, and pupates into a small cocoon. Parasitism increases gradually, starting in February, reaching its peak in May, then declining until July.
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Pteromalus cassotis is a species of parasitic wasp in the family Pteromalidae that parasitizes the chrysalides of monarch butterflies. They are gregarious parasitoids, meaning a single female lays many eggs in a single host. Research into this species has documented that up to 425 adult wasps can emerge from a single chrysalis. The wasps have a heavy female bias, averaging 90% female.
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The bacteria may also be found in crypts on the propleural plate. Pseudonocardia is found to have antibiotic properties provided to the leaf- cutter ant to inhibit the growth of Escovopsis, which is a black yeast that parasitizes the leaf-cutter ant. Pseudonocardia can be found in both aquatic (including marine) and terrestrial ecosystems. Pseudonocardia can be referred to as a Actinobacteria.
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It is native to the Southwestern United States and northern Baja California. This is a halophyte which grows in areas of high salt concentrations, including coastal salt marshes and the inland salt flats of the Great Basin. It is hemiparasitic, such that it is greenish and has chlorophyll but also parasitizes other plants by inserting haustoria into their roots to tap nutrients.
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Drones are often to be seen late in the season on aster and goldenrod. Nests are usually on the surface of the ground or in holes in the ground and at its peak, the colony may have about seventy workers. The nest is sometimes parasitized by the cuckoo bumblebee Bombus citrinus. The parasitic protozoan Apicystis bombi sometimes parasitizes this species.
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The growth and development of P. tibialis is fairly unique in that a single egg is laid inside of a Hymenopteran host. After hatching, the larva parasitizes the nutrients of the host in order to grow and develop through three instar stages. The host eventually dies and the larva then pupates inside of the corpse until its emergence as an adult fly.
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Argas keiransi is a species of argasid tick in the subgenus Persicargus that parasitizes the chimango, a falconid bird of prey found in the Sub-Antarctic biogeographical region; the type species was collected in Chillán, Chile. The species name honors the scientific contributions of James E. Keirans. A. keiransi is similar to, but morphologically distinct from, Argas giganteus Kohls & Clifford, 1968.
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Bombus ashtoni is a species of cuckoo bumblebee. This means that it parasitizes closely related species such as Bombus affinis, Bombus terricola, and Bombus fervidus by residing in the nests of these bumblebees and tricking the bees into providing resources such as food for them.Fisher, R. 1984. Evolution and host specificity: a study of the invasion success of a specialized bumblebee social parasite.
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Lagenidium giganteum is a water-borne mold that parasitizes the larval stage of mosquitoes. When applied to water, the motile spores avoid unsuitable host species and search out suitable mosquito larval hosts. This mold has the advantages of a dormant phase, resistant to desiccation, with slow-release characteristics over several years. Unfortunately, it is susceptible to many chemicals used in mosquito abatement programmes.
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Exorista mella is a tachinid fly of the genus Ezorista within the family Tachinidae of the order Diptera. They are typically found in the United States and Canada. Within the U.S in the state of Arizona they have been found in both mountainous and agricultural regions. E. mella is a parasitoid fly, a polyphagous generalist which parasitizes a variety of hosts.
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The wasp parasitizes bees of the genera Heriades, Osmia and Anthophora. The females are often found near the nest openings of bees in dead wood or hollow stalks. An egg is laid anywhere in an unsealed brood cell of bees, filled with pollen and nectar. The wasp larva hatching from it first sucks out the bee egg and then feeds on the supplies.
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Mistletoe species grow on a wide range of host trees, some of which experience side effects including reduced growth, stunting, and loss of infested outer branches. A heavy infestation may also kill the host plant. Viscum album successfully parasitizes more than 200 tree and shrub species. Mistletoe in winter All mistletoe species are hemiparasites because they do perform some photosynthesis for some period of their life cycle.
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The tiger bee fly, Xenox tigrinus, is an insect of the family Bombyliidae (bee flies) found in the eastern United States and southern Ontario. It formerly went by the name Anthrax tigrinus. The distinctive wing pattern may resemble tiger stripes, giving the tiger bee fly its name. Like other members of the bee fly family, the tiger bee fly parasitizes the larvae of other insects.
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Kopsiopsis strobilacea, the California groundcone, is a species of parasitic plant in the family Orobanchaceae. It is native to California and southern Oregon, where it grows in wooded areas and chaparral. It is a parasite of manzanitas and madrones, which it parasitizes by penetrating them with haustoria to tap nutrients. The groundcone is visible aboveground as a dark purplish or reddish to brown inflorescence up to long.
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Different species of Leucochloridium can be found all over the planet, while Leucochloridium variae is specifically found in North America. The first known description of L. variae was written by McIntosh in 1932. L. variae commonly parasitizes Mniotilta varia and has been collected from lakes in the Michigan area. Other known locations that L. variae are known to inhabit are Iowa, Nebraska, Ohio and others.
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Polistes atrimandibularis is one of three obligate social parasites among the Polistes wasps found in Europe. Of the three social paper wasp parasites, it is the smallest. It parasitizes multiple species such as P. dominula, P. nimpha, P. associus, P. gallicus, and P. biglumis. Females of P. atrimandibularis are unable to build a nest or produce workers, and therefore rely entirely on the host colony.
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These bees are evolutionarily unique because they do not exhibit pollen collecting behaviors. Nomada parasitizes their host cells by laying eggs in host nests while the female host bee is foraging for pollen, nectar, or oil. The female Nomada preys on the host's cells before host oviposition and nest cell closure. The female cuckoo bee will lay her eggs in the host's nest and leave.
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Although C. concinnata was introduced to North America to control the gypsy moth population, it typically only parasitizes less than 5% of the gypsy moths during an outbreak. However the percentage of infected moths does increase as the populations tend to decline. As a result of the parasitoid's ability to attack many other species, it is not always an effective parasitoid of gypsy moths compared to other parasites.
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It parasitizes the mycelia and fruiting bodies of other fungi, including cultivated mushrooms, and it has been called the "green mould disease of mushrooms". The affected mushrooms are distorted and unattractive in appearance and the crop is reduced.Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month Trichoderma viride is the causal agent of green mold rot of onion. A strain of Trichoderma viride is a known cause of dieback of Pinus nigra seedlings.
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Leafy mistletoe parasitizes a broad range of trees common in amenity and natural landscapes in the United States and the Americas, where winter temperatures are consistently warmer. As are all plants, Phoradendron is subject to death at extremely low temperatures.Lichter, John M.; Reid, Michael S.; Berry, Alison M. NEW METHODS FOR CONTROL OF LEAFY MISTLETOE (PHORADENDRON SPP.) ON LANDSCAPE TREES. 1991. Journal of Arboriculture. 17(5). pp. 127-130.
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This wasp parasitizes exclusively adults of spiders (Araniella species, mainly Araniella cucurbitina and Araniella opisthographa).Stanislav Korenko, Kristýna Kysilková & Ľudmila Černecká Further records of two spider-parasitoids of the genus Polysphincta (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Ephialtini) from Central Europe, with notes on their host interactionsParasite of the day When the egg deposited by the females hatches, larvae feed on the spiders' hemolymph. These insects overwinter as a small larva on their host.
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Tetraphyllidea is a large tapeworm order that contains some 60 genera and about 800 described species. Tetraphyllideans are remarkable for their scolex morphologies, which are the most varied and morphologically complex amongst all tapeworm orders. Tetraphyllidean cestodes also exhibit a remarkable degree of host specificity. The procercoid probably parasitizes copepods, which are eaten by the second intermediate hosts: teleost fishes, decapods or cephalopods, which may also serve as paratenic hosts.
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In Cryptochetum iceryae, which parasitizes Icerya, there are four larval instars. The first instar is sac-like and lacks both trophi and tracheae but at the caudal end it bears a pair of finger-like processes. The caudal end of the digestive tract is closed. During subsequent instars the caudal processes grow longer and become filamentous; in the final instar they are much longer than the whole body.
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P. atrimandibularis is a rare European species found mainly around the Mediterranean and Caspian basin. They typically position themselves at higher elevations, although it is not unheard of to find colonies at lower elevations. Accordingly, one of the species that P. atrimandibularis parasitizes, P. biglumis, lives mainly in montane climates in Southern Europe. They do not possess the ability to build their own nests, so they must parasitize other wasps’ colonies.
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It is a perennial, sessile, concentrically zonate polypore that is in length that can be a number of dull tones ranging from brown to gray. It parasitizes both conifers and hardwoods, with a preference for the latter. Its pore surface is white but easily turns shades of brown upon damage. According to Michael Kuo, it has larger spores than G. applanatum, measuring 9–12 by 7–9 μm.
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Predators and parasites of O. bicornis include birds, mice, Monodontomerus obscurus Westwood, Chaetodactylus osmiae, Cacoxenus indagator, and Anthrax anthrax. C. osmiae hypopi parasitizes nests through phoresy and affects both adults and broods. Both C. indagator and A. anthrax lay their eggs while the O.bicornis female adds food to the nest cells. For instance, C. indagator, a member of the family Drosophilidae, may be found in nest cells eating pollen.
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Bluefins dive to depths of .{Ellis (2003) The Empty Ocean, p32} The Atlantic bluefin tuna typically hunts small fish such as sardines, herring, and mackerel, and invertebrates such as squid and crustaceans. The tetraphyllidean tapeworm Pelichnibothrium speciosum parasitizes this species. As the tapeworm's definite host is the blue shark, which does not generally seem to feed on tuna, the Atlantic bluefin tuna likely is a dead-end host for P. speciosum.
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It is a univoltine species. These wasps can be encountered from June through September feeding on nectar and pollen of flowers (especially on Apiaceae species). Like most members of Tiphiidae, T. femorata parasitizes by stinging the larvae of various species of Scarabaeidae, though especially hunts beetles of Amphimallon solstitiale. The females can smell larvae of beetles in the soil, then they dig up and drop an egg in their victims.
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Though P. rebeli is a parasite, it acts itself as a host to the parasitoid ichneumon wasp, Ichneumon eumerus. I. eumerus attempts to parasitize P. rebeli caterpillars within a Myrmica nest. The adult wasp searches for Myrmica ant nests by sense of smell, and responds strongly only to nests containing P. rebeli which it most commonly and successfully parasitizes. After locating an M. schnecki nest, the wasp enters only if it contains P. rebeli caterpillars.
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However, it is unlikely that this parasite will take root in a strong, healthy colony as they will be kept out of the hive by bees. Even if they are able to enter the hive, it is difficult to navigate through the darkness in order to find their host. Habrobracon hebetor also parasitizes G. mellonella adults, along with other members of the family Pyralidae. It uses male-secreted sex pheromones to locate its host.
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Rozella polyphagi was first described in 1938 by F. K. Sparrow as a parasite of Polyphagus laevis, though it also parasitizes Polyphagus euglenae. Rozella polyphagi infects both the prosporangium and the sporangium of the host and exists as an unwalled protoplast within the host. Host mitochondria could be observed within R. polyphagi protoplast vacuoles; cytoplasmic extensions of R. polyphagi around host cytoplasm also occur. This suggests that Rozella polyphagi phagocytizes host cytoplasm.
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Unless she parasitizes on an excellent body, her power will be extremely restricted. However, the Swamp Witch has finally obtained the supreme body called Werbellia, and is able to display her complete power. Werbellia is the demonic daughter of the Demon King who lives in the Netherworld, and is Aldra's and Annelotte's mother. She "became" the Swamp Witch around the end of the penultimate Queen's Blade, in an incident that happened several years ago.
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However, Tegeticula intermedia is a cheater species of yucca moth that parasitizes the yucca plant. It has evolved to superficially oviposit to avoid detection by the yucca that would allow it to lay many eggs without inducing flower abortion. The key trait of this species is that it lays eggs without pollinating the yucca. It enjoys the benefits of reproducing without the costs of aiding yucca reproduction at the expense of the host.
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Ceratobasidium cornigerum is a higher fungus which parasitizes Lantana among other plants. The sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) is a common greenhouse pest and is often distributed with infested lantanas. Lantana species, especially L. camara, contain pentacyclic triterpenoids that cause hepatotoxicity and photosensitivity when ingested by grazing animals such as sheep, goats, bovines, and horses. This has led to widespread livestock loss in the United States, South Africa, India, Mexico, and Australia.
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Sphagnurus paluster parasitizes living Sphagnum mosses by forming penetration pegs through hyphae pressure. At the tips of these pegs pectinases are produced to digest the lamella between leaf cells which facilitates entry into both hyaline and chlorophyllous cells. The result is a deterioration of the protoplast and necrosis of the cells. The rate of parasitic expansion is theorized to be related to the amount of available nitrogen in the host and parasite mediums.
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Cuscuta sandwichiana (Kauna'oa kahakai) is a parasitic vine and the only member of the genus Cuscuta that is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. It parasitizes a wide variety of indigenous, endemic and introduced plants on all of the main Hawaiian islands. It grows in coastal areas with sandy soils from sea level elevation to 975 feet. The indigenous kaunaʻoa pehu (literally "swollen kaunaʻoa") Cassytha filiformis is a similar looking species with the same parasitic nature.
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Kopsiopsis hookeri is a species of parasitic plant in the family Orobanchaceae known by as Vancouver groundcone or small groundcone. It is native to western North America from British Columbia to northern California, where it grows in wooded areas. It is a parasite of salal bushes, which it parasitizes by penetrating them with haustoria to tap nutrients. The groundcone is visible aboveground as a purplish, brown, or yellowish cone-shaped inflorescence long.
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Eastern dwarf mistletoe parasitizes several genera of conifers including spruces, pines, firs and larches. The exact species are listed as follows: Abies balsamea (balsam fir), Larix laricina (American larch), Picea abies (common spruce), Picea glauca (white spruce), Picea mariana (black spruce), Picea pungens (blue spruce), Picea rubens (red spruce), Pinus banksiana (jack pine), Pinus resinosa (red pine), Pinus strobus (eastern white pine) White, black, and red spruces are the most common hosts.
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Among the endophytic fungi associated with cacao are many species of Trichoderma. Several species of Trichoderma have been isolated from cacao and is one of the most often used biofungicides. One of the isolates, T. stromaticum parasitizes the saprotrophic mycelium and basidiocarps of M. perniciosa, which reduces the formation of basidiocarps by 99% when brooms are in contact with soil and 56% in brooms remaining on trees. It can reduce pod infection by 31%.
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Cobboldia is a genus of parasitic flies in the family Oestridae. Adult flies of Cobboldia elephantis lay their eggs near the mouth or base of the tusks of Asian elephant while the related Cobboldia loxodontis (=Platycobboldia loxodontis) parasitizes African elephants. The larvae hatch and develop in the mouth cavity and later move to the stomach. On maturing, the third instar larvae exit from the mouth and drop to the ground to pupate.
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C. geniculata, a common plant pathogen, colonizes the roots of many plant species. For instance, Witchweed is a plant host of C. geniculata which causes huge crop losses because it parasitizes corn, grain, and many other plant species. Upon germination, the fungus is able to cause infection by penetrating the plant with its infectious pegs called appressorium, allowing the hyphae to grow in and between the host cells, resulting in cell death and leafspots.
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They occur in sympatry with a bat which they resemble, the smaller and darker northern cave species Vespadelus caurinus, and found cohabiting with these and other microchiropteran species. V. douglasorum itself was discovered to host an unknown parasitic species, Psorergatoides australiensis (Acarina: Psorergatidae), a newly described mite of a genus that parasitizes bats. These are tiny disc shaped organisms that reside at the ears or wings, under the stratum corneum, as a low grade infestation.
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Pairs split outside the breeding season; it is not studied whether they are monogamous only during the breeding season or for several seasons. It seldom soars unrelated to reproductive activity. Males do aerobatic displays in courtship, such as a double loop resembling an upright "8". The louse Colpocephalum turbinatum was found on a museum specimen of the Chilean hawk, but whether it actually parasitizes these birds or had simply crossed over from some other specimen is not known.
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Bracon hebetor, a parasite of C. Figulilelia Several hymenopteran parasitoids such as Venturia canescens and Habrobracon hebetor harm raisin moth larvae. Specifically, Habrobracon hebetor stings and in effect parasitizes raisin moth larvae during warm winter days when they are located under tree bark. However, this parasitoid will not affect them during warmer seasons or on host plant fruit, so it is not effective as a natural pesticide. However, it can be used to effectively parasitize the larvae during storage.
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Its main hosts are bumblebees of the subgenus Thoracobombus such as Bombus pascuorum (common carder bee). In continental Europe, it also parasitizes nests of brown-banded carder bees (Bombus humilis) and early bumblebees (Bombus pratorum; although the latter is a Pyrobombus, not a Thoracobombus). Both sexes visit green alkanet, devil's-bit scabious, and thistle flowers. The queen also flies to dandelion, red clover, germander speedwell, and ground ivy, while the male feeds on bramble and knapweed.
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C. fasciculata is an example of a non-human infective trypanosomatid and is related to several human parasites, including Trypanosoma brucei (which causes African trypanosomiasis) and Leishmania spp. (which cause Leishmaniasis). C. fasciculata parasitizes several species of insects and has been widely used to test new therapeutic strategies against parasitic infections. C. fasciculata is often used as a model organism in research into trypanosomatid biology that may then be applied to understanding the biology of the human infective species.
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The adults can be found in several generations from May to October, but mainly during June and July. These wasps parasitizes mainly on wasps of the group Trypoxylon figulus and Trypoxylon attenuatum (Crabronidae), but also Auplopus carbonarius and species of Dipogon (Pompilidae). Other recorded hosts are Hylaeus pectoralis, Heriades truncorum, Pemphredon lethifera, Stigmus pendulus, Ancistrocerus, Odynerus parietum, Cemonus unicolor, Nitela spinolae, Ectemnius rubicolus, Pison atrum, Psenulus pallipesi, Osmia aenea, Osmia giraudi and Chelostoma florisomne.Agnoli G.L. & Rosa P., 2019 Chrysis.
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Chilomastix is a genus of pyriform excavates within the family Retortamonadidae All species within this genus are flagellated, structured with three flagella pointing anteriorly and a fourth contained within the feeding groove. Chilomastix also lacks Golgi apparatus and mitochondria but does possess a single nucleus. The genus parasitizes a wide range of vertebrate hosts, but is known to be typically non-pathogenic, and is therefore classified as harmless. The life cycle of Chilomastix lacks an intermediate host or vector.
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The crew of the space shuttle Oklahoma comes back to Earth, one of its crew members having been struck in the arm by a tiny meteor, which evidently contains alien lifeforms. This alien life parasitizes its human hosts to evolve into rapidly proliferating insect-like creatures. The Oklahoma's chief medical officer (Lea) works to stop the spread of the infestation before it reaches the "threshold" population, at which humanity will be effectively unable to contain it and the alien life will take over.
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Since the spread of O. melanopus is so great, a consistently important factor to consider is the temperature when selecting which strain is the most effective for the desired location. Also, the hormone secreted by the males attracts the beetles into a trap, where they can be removed from the site. For the adult individuals, which feed on leaves, a few options exist to control populations. The first is Hyalomyodes triangulifer, a tachinid fly that parasitizes adults of O. melanopus.
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Euderus set The chalcid wasp Euderus set parasitizes B. pallida. This is a rare example of hypermanipulation, i.e., where one parasite which manipulates its host's phenotype has its own phenotype manipulated by a different parasite. In this case, B. pallida causes the oak to form a gall, and E. set alters the behavior of B. pallida to create a hole in the gall and plug the hole with their head and die; E. set later emerges through a hole in its host's head.
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Chandlerella quiscali, also known as the Grackle nematode, is a species of filarial nematode that parasitizes the brain of several common North American birds, namely the grackle, blue jay, brown cowbird, and starling. Due to the large area covered by the combined habitats of these bird species, Chandlerella quiscali is found throughout North America. This area diversity is further aided by the fact that 98% of grackles possess this parasite, and grackles are consistently found in various North American locations.
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Cotesia rubecula parasitizes the cabbage worm caterpillar, generally in the stage of first instar, with the female wasp stinging and laying between 20 and 50 eggs within the host instar. The defense mechanism of the caterpillars can sometimes kill the eggs. If they do not, the caterpillar does not die until the larvae of the wasp emerge. The impact on the host population can vary greatly, from a small percentage to up to 75% of the caterpillars in a given habitat.
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Instead, Wells parasitizes on other scientists' > legitimate work. Likewise Frederick Crews of The New York Review of Books wrote: "Wells mines the standard evolutionary textbooks for exaggerated claims and misleading examples, which he counts as marks against evolution itself. His goal, of course, is not to improve the next editions of those books but to get them replaced by ID counterparts." In 2002, Massimo Pigliucci devoted part of his Denying Evolution to refuting each point presented in Icons of Evolution.
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Uncinaria stenocephala is a nematode that parasitizes dogs, cats, and foxes as well as humans. It is rare to find in cats in the United States. Uncinaria stenocephala is the most common canine hookworm in cooler regions, such as Canada and the northern regions of the US, where it can be found primarily in foxes (40%). U. stenocephala is also one of the most common hookworms in the UK, called the northern hookworm, however it has a rather low prevalence.
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Pyemotes herfsi, also known as the oak leaf gall mite or itch mite, is an ectoparasitic mite identified in Western Canada in 1923 and subsequently found in India, Asia, and the United States. The mite parasitizes a variety of insect hosts and bites humans, causing red, itchy, and painful wheals (welts). The mites are barely visible, measuring about 0.2-0.8 millimeters; their great reproductive potential, small size, and high capacity for dispersal by wind make them difficult to control or avoid.
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The screaming cowbird is a specialist brood parasite, predominantly parasitizing the nests of baywings (Agelaidoides). In 1874, W H Hudson was first to observe this parasitic relationship when he witnessed what he believed to be baywing chicks morph into screaming cowbird plumage. The screaming cowbird also parasitizes the nests of the chopi blackbird (Gnorimopsar chopi) and the brown-and-yellow marshbird (Pseudoleistes virescens). Parasitism of these other two species generally occurs in areas where baywings are absent but can also occur in its presence.
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It is further postulated that the new species were probably expanding their ranges to exploit new populations of their foodplants and this can still be seen in the colonisation of southern Britain by C. hederae in the 1990s and its expansion in Bavaria. This hypothesis is further supported by the evidence that E. cruciger only parasitizes C. hederae south of the Alps and probably represents a localised and specialised "race" of E. cruciger which has not been able to expand its distribution as its host has done.
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Lathraea clandestina grows preferentially in damp woodlands of valley bottoms, usually near streams where it parasitizes the roots of various plants: especially the deciduous trees Populus and Salix (poplars and willows). Purple toothwort also has been recorded as parasitising a wide range of other plants, including: Acer, Alnus, Buxus, Carpinus, Corylus, Juglans, Metasequoia, Quercus, Rhododendron, Taxus and even Gunnera.Kew science, Lathraea clandestina L. It is a holoparasite, which has neither leaves nor chlorophyll and draws its food from the roots of its hosts via suckers.
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Such mycorrhizal communities are called "common mycorrhizal networks". A special case of mycorrhiza is myco-heterotrophy, whereby the plant parasitizes the fungus, obtaining all of its nutrients from its fungal symbiont. Some fungal species inhabit the tissues inside roots, stems, and leaves, in which case they are called endophytes. Similar to mycorrhiza, endophytic colonization by fungi may benefit both symbionts; for example, endophytes of grasses impart to their host increased resistance to herbivores and other environmental stresses and receive food and shelter from the plant in return.
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They drop their eggs strategically so that when the larvae emerge they can easily locate and consume grubs and caterpillars. The bee fly sometimes propels its eggs into holes where beetles live, and when the bee fly's eggs hatch, the larvae attack and eat the beetles' offspring. This species of bee fly lives on sand dunes, and so parasitizes sand dune insect species. This species at a glance resembles a bee, fumbling flowers for nectar and sporting alternating orange and black bars down its abdomen.
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Predation of a larva by the scorpionfly Panorpa germanica has been observed in the field. The tachinid genus Macquartia exclusively parasitizes Chrysolmelid beetles and one species of which, Macquartia dispar, may parasitise C. graminis directly. The adult fly deposits fully incubated eggs or newly hatched larvae into the vicinity of the host larvae. Larvae of other Chrysomelids are predated by birds, coccinellids, predatory bugs, lacewing larvae, syrphid larvae, carabids, ants, wasps, spiders and harvestmen, all of which are common on the tansy around the York population.
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Zoospores need water to swim through the soil, therefore infection is most likely in moist soils. Mycelia grow throughout the root absorbing carbohydrates and nutrients, destroying the structure of the root tissues, "rotting" the root, and preventing the plant from absorbing water and nutrients, in some cases, leading the plants to death. Since it is a hemibiotrophic organism it parasitizes living tissues for a period and can continues its life cycle on dead tissues. Sporangia and chlamydospores form on the mycelia of the infected root, and the cycle of infection continues to the next plant.
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Sperm is released by the male directly into the water and enters the female via the incurrent siphon. After fertilization, the eggs develop into a larval stage called a glochidium (plural glochidia), which temporarily parasitizes fish, attaching themselves to the fish's fins or gills. Prior to their release, the glochidia grow in the gills of the female mussel where they are constantly flushed with oxygen-rich water. In some species, release occurs when a fish attempts to attack the mussel's minnow or other mantle flaps shaped like prey; an example of aggressive mimicry.
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Pedicularis densiflora is a perennial herb with stout, green or sometimes reddish or magenta stems and fern-shaped leaves, and long spikes of deep red to bright pink flowers with toothed petals. Like others of its genus, it is a root parasitic plant, attaching to the roots of other plants to obtain nutrients and water. This species is a facultative parasite, or hemiparasite, in that it can live without attaching to another plant but will parasitize if presented with the opportunity. It often parasitizes plants of the heath family, such as manzanita.
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The evolutionary plasticity of phoretic relationships allow them to potentially add to the complexity and diversity of ecosystems. Cases in which the phoront parasitizes or preys upon the host organism after travel are still considered phoresis, as long as the travel behaviour and feeding or parasitizing behaviour are separate. Similarly, some pseudoscorpions prey upon the same species that act as their phoretic host. The behaviours are completely separate however, since the pseudoscorpion uses anatomical features used specifically for predation when treating the host as prey, but employs anatomical features used for phoresis when travelling.
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The adult females of D. fuscipennis mate soon after emergence and oviposit their white, oval eggs in groups of 10-50, the mean clutch being 30, through the cocoon and onto the cuticle of the prepupal stage of their host insects. The female first partially parasitizes the host using its sting. An adult female lives for around a week and she may lay up to 100 eggs during her adult life. They normally choose hosts where the prepupae are of the newer generation but will lay on diapausing prepupae of the previous host generation.
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Stylops melittae primarily parasitizes species of sand bees that use the blossoms of multiple plants (that is, those that are polylectic); sand bee species specialized for blossoms of a single or few plant species, are more rarely affected. This distribution regarding host specificity would not be expected. Stylops melittae has a markedly variable appearance. The proportions of the cephalothorax of the female have a great range of variability and consequently at times sequences of apparently host-specific species have been described, that have since been subsumed under single species.
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B. bohemicus is an obligate parasite, and so it is almost always found in association with a host nest. It parasitizes Bombus locurum, Bombus cryptarum, and Bombus terrestris. In the short time that B. bohemicus is independently foraging, it feeds on the nectar of flowering plants. It shows preference to a diverse selection of scrub-type food plants across its large geographical range, such as: thyme, scabious, knapweed, ling, lavender, masterwort, marsh, and thistles for the male, and sallow, dandelion, clover, bilberry, sycamore, cornflowers, bistort, bugle, thyme, cotoneaster, heath, and raspberry for the female.
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H. luzonensis inhabits forests dominated by Dipterocarpus plants and Benguet pine at altitudes between 1,800 and 3,000 feet of the mountains in the central western part of the Sierra Madre Mountain range of Luzon Island. It parasitizes the Philippine deer and the Philippine warty pig in Nueva Ecija and Quezon Provinces of Luzon Island. Collection data suggest that both vertebrates are important hosts of adults and nymphs of this tick species. Males, females, and nymphs were documented to feed on their hosts between October and August, suggesting that they are active year-round.
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Furthermore, this species is endangered as these bees are often infected by a host specific cleptoparasite called Nomada armata which parasitizes a big proportion of brood cells in local populations. Other factors are the competition for pollen by other insects, and habitat loss and fragmentation. But the main reason is the reduced food-plant distribution because of larger farm units and not a lot of traditionally managed meadows. Therefore, Andrena hattorfiana is endangered because of pollen competition, not enough variability in their habitat, and because of there not being enough traditionally managed meadows.
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The breeding behavior of eight species in Indicator and Prodotiscus is known. They are all brood parasites that lay one egg in a nest of another species, laying eggs in series of about five during a period of 5-7 days. Most favor hole-nesting species, often the related barbets and woodpeckers, but Prodotiscus parasitizes cup-nesters such as white-eyes and warblers. Honeyguide nestlings have been known to physically eject their hosts' chicks from the nests and they have needle-sharp hooks on their beaks with which they puncture the hosts' eggs or kill the nestlings.
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C. owczarzaki is of scientific interest because it is one of the closest unicellular relatives of multicellular animals. Its genome has recently been sequenced and shows several genes involved in metazoan multicellularity, such as integrins, metazoan transcription factors, and protein tyrosine kinases. Moreover, it has relevance to human health because its host, the snail Biomphalaria glabrata, is also the intermediate host of the digenean flatworm Schistosoma mansoni, the causative agent of widespread schistosomiasis in humans. C. owczarzaki not only parasitizes the intermediate host of S. mansoni but also attacks and kills the sporocysts of the flatworm living inside the snail.
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Worker female Drone Worker female Red-tailed cuckoo bumblebee parasitizes the nests of the red-tailed bumblebee The red-tailed bumblebee is typically distinguished by its black body with red markings around the abdomen. Worker females and the queen look similar, except the queen is much larger than the worker females. Males typically have both the red and black coloration along with a yellow band around the abdomen and yellow markings on the face. Further, B. lapidarius tend to have a medium-sized proboscis, which is significant in that it allows the species to be a good pollinator.
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In fact, because the nurse bee spends more time around the drone brood rather than the worker brood, many more drones are infected with the mites. Varroa mites have been found on tricial larvae of some wasp species, such as Vespula vulgaris, and flower-feeding insects such as the bumblebee, Bombus pennsylvanicus, the scarab beetle, Phanaeus vindex, and the flower-fly, Palpada vinetorum. It parasitizes the young larvae and feeds on the internal organs of the hosts. Although the Varroa mite cannot reproduce on these insects, its presence on them may be a means by which it spreads short distances (phoresy).
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Deciduous trees may be preferred elsewhere in the east, such as American beech (Fagus grandifolia) in New York (39% of 36 nests), oaks in Maryland (66%) and laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia) in north Florida (81% of 77 nests). Douglas firs (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were preferred in northwest Oregon (94% of 18 nests) and also in northeast Oregon as well as in British Columbia (34% of 64 nests), often where mistletoe parasitizes the tree (64% of 31 in the overall state of Oregon were on mistletoe).Moore, K. R., & Henny, C. J. (1983). Nest site characteristics of three coexisting accipiter hawks in northeastern Oregon.
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The incubation period is not well known, due to the difficulty of observing nests, but observations indicate around 30 days from laying to hatching. Like all passerines, the chicks are born naked, and blind (altricial), and remain in the nest for an extended period (nidicolous) They quickly grow a layer of ashy-grey down. Both parents feed the young, although the male does not begin to feed them directly until a few days after birth. The channel-billed cuckoo (Scythrops novaehollandiae) parasitizes pied currawong nests, laying eggs which are then raised by the unsuspecting foster parents.
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According to Urbasch’s research in 1986, H. acremonioides can act as a biotrophic parasite to parasitizes the species Stemphylium botryosum with lobed, contact cells that work as appressoria are being utilized, which can cause little damages to the species. However, H. acremonioides can still grow without host fungi. Besides the ability to parasite the species Stemphylium botryosum, H. acremonioides can also invade the sclerotia of some species which ends up with a drastic reduction in the number of viable sclerotia. In order to control H. acremonioides, pycnidial dust can be used as a seed dressing to protect the seeds.
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They are parasitic on a variety of molluscs, crustaceans, birds, and mammals, some species having complex life cycles involving more than one host. For example, Microphallus piriformes parasitizes the rough periwinkle (Littorina saxatilis); when these are eaten by herring gulls it infects the bird and lays its eggs in the bird's feces to infect new periwinkles. Other intermediate hosts include, for example New Zealand mud snail Potamopyrgus antipodarumLevri E. P. & Fisher L. M. (2000) "The Effect of a Trematode Parasite (Microphallus Sp.) on the Response of the Freshwater Snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum to Light and Gravity ". Behaviour 137(9): 1141-1151.
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The members of the family Cymothoidae are commonly referred to as "fish lice" (although this term is also used for the family Argulidae, which are also crustaceans but not closely related). Like all Cymothoidae, A. capensis is an ectoparasite that attaches to a larger host and feeds off its body fluids. The species parasitizes fish, preferentially the hottentot Pachymetopon blochii, a mid-sized sea bream common in shallow- water kelp beds on the southern African coast. The isopod attaches itself to the fish's head above and behind the eye, rasps a hole into the skin, and consumes blood and other body juices.
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Phengaris rebeli is a brood parasite, an organism that manipulates another organism (the host) to raise its offspring; in this case, the P. rebeli parasitizes a particular species of ant, the Myrmica schencki. The P. rebeli was first discovered to be a brood parasite when a researcher observed M. schencki ants bringing the P. rebeli larvae back to their own nest. One of the proposed hypotheses for this parasitism was that P. rebeli larvae released chemicals to confuse the ants into believing they were ant larvae. It was determined that P. rebeli larvae use chemical mimicry to persuade the M. schencki ants that they are part of the ant brood.
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Ornithodoros madagascariensis is a "soft tick" (family Argasidae) that parasitizes cave-inhabiting fruit bats in the genus Megachiroptera. First circumscribed in 1962 by Harry Hoogstraal, it is classified in the subgenus Reticulinasus. When engorged with the blood of their host, the larvae of O. madagascariensis measure slightly over 1.0 mm from the apex of the anterior hypostome to the posterior body margin. In the larval stage, O. madagascariensis and other members of the subgenus Reticulinasus are characterized by a reticulated Haller's organ, and in the adult stage by small size; piriform shape; absence of eyes, cheeks, a distinct hood and dorsal tarsal humps; and mammillated integument.
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The plants act as ecological islands to the ostracoderms and phoresis allows them to disperse over a wider area than would be available to them otherwise. The term for a phoretic organism riding on another phoretic organism is hyperphoresis. A specialist mite (Parasitellus fucorum) that parasitizes bumble bees (Bombus spp.) avoids inbreeding depression in a single hive and remains genetically independent of any specific host lineage by travelling to a new hive. This is accomplished by travelling on a foraging bee to a flower and detaching, and waiting for and attaching to another bee which may be from another hive, and infesting the new hive.
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Ophiocordyceps camponoti-balzani is a species of fungus that parasitizes insect hosts of the order Hymenoptera, primarily ants. It was first isolated from Viçosa, Minas Gerais (Atlantic Forest), on Camponotus balzani. This species was formerly thought to be Ophiocordyceps unilateralis, which has subsequently been divided into four species. O. camponoti-balzani infects ants, and eventually kills the hosts after they move to an ideal location for the fungus to spread its spores. This has earned the species names such as “zombie fungus”, given the fungus has been observed to cause its hosts to bite hard into the substrate it stands on, so that the fungus can then stably grow.
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A different mechanism is chemical mimicry, as seen in the parasitic butterfly Phengaris rebeli, which parasitizes the ant species Myrmica schencki by releasing chemicals that fool the worker ants to believe that the caterpillar larvae are ant larvae, and enable the P. rebeli larvae to be brought directly into the M. schencki nest. Parasitic (cuckoo) bumblebees (formerly Psithyrus, now included in Bombus) resemble their hosts more closely than would be expected by chance, at least in areas like Europe where parasite-host co-speciation is common. However, this is explainable as Müllerian mimicry, rather than requiring the parasite's coloration to deceive the host and thus constitute aggressive mimicry.
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While both larva types ultimately form similar-sized pupae, their polymorphic growth rates could indicate alternative fitness strategies and different ways to exploit the M. schencki food resources. Other researchers hypothesize that another alternative growth strategy will evolve in the P. rebeli, in which the P. rebeli will parasitize the M. schencki ants for an even longer period of time than the slow developing larvae. Most researchers, however, find this hypothesis highly unlikely because it is not an evolutionarily stable strategy. At the rate the P. rebeli parasitizes the M. schencki ants, the host colony is unlikely to last as a viable food source for more than two years (the average lifespan of the longer polymorph of P. rebeli).
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Although P. rebeli is found across the Palearctic (see subspecies), it is difficult to determine the species' precise range due to confusion with P. alcon. Behavioral ecologists have found its role as a brood parasite to be of particular interest as, unlike many brood parasites, it does not directly oviposit in the hosts' nests. P. rebeli parasitizes the colony ant species Myrmica schencki as a larva by using chemical mimicry to trick the ants into believing that they are ant larvae; thus, the ants bring P. rebeli caterpillars back to their nests and feed them. P. rebeli is dependent on the plant Gentiana cruciata early in its life cycle and is vulnerable to parasitism by Ichneumon eumerus while inside the nest of M. schencki.
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The Californian wasp Aporinellus completus parasitizes P. clarus by paralyzing the spider and attaching an egg to the spider's abdomen. Mermithid nematodes infest P. clarus and many other spiders, typically severely damaging the main muscles, the digestive system and the reproductive system. In an experiment in 2006, P. clarus showed promise for controlling the fourlined plant bug, Poecilocapsus lineatus, which severely damages sweet basil, Ocimum basilicum, a herb commercially grown in greenhouses. The potential advantages of P. clarus for biocontrol include that the spider prefers to stay overnight in the same nest, detects prey visually from a distance, takes a wide range of prey, can both wait for prey and hunt actively, learns to recognize particular prey, and can be reared in individual cages.
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Honde Valley is one of the premier birding destinations in Zimbabwe, offers a wide range of species difficult to find in most other parts of the region, other than in neighbouring Mozambique. This fertile valley lies 850m above sea level and is one of the major tea producing areas of Zimbabwe.Honde Valley Birding Spots Southern African Birding Specials: Anchieta's tchagra, moustached grass-warbler, red-winged warbler, black-winged bishop, red-faced crimsonwing, lesser seedcracker, singing cisticola, twinspot indigobird which parasitizes the red-throated twinspot, scarce swift, pallid honeyguide, green-backed woodpecker, stripe-cheeked greenbul, yellow-streaked greenbul, silvery-cheeked hornbill, white-eared barbet, pale batis, black- throated wattle-eye, variable sunbird, bronzy sunbird, olive sunbird, yellow- bellied waxbill, grey waxbill, blue-spotted wood-dove, black-fronted bush- shrike. Habitats: Lowland and riverine forest, marsh, miombo woodland, tea estate, maize lands.
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While there is still some controversy over when and how many origins of interspecific brood parasitism have occurred, recent phylogenetic analyses suggest two origins in Passeriformes (once in New World cowbirds: Icteridae, and once in African Finches: Viduidae); three origins in Old World and New World cuckoos (once in Cuculinae, Phaenicophaeinae, and in Neomorphinae- Crotophaginae); a single origin in Old World honeyguides (Indicatoridae); and in a single species of waterfowl, the black-headed duck (Heteronetta atricapilla). Most avian brood parasites are specialists which parasitize only a single host species or a small group of closely related host species, but four out of the five parasitic cowbirds (all except the screaming cowbird) are generalists which parasitize a wide variety of hosts; the brown-headed cowbird has 221 known hosts. They usually lay only one egg per nest, although in some cases, particularly the cowbirds, several females may use the same host nest. The common cuckoo presents an interesting case in which the species as a whole parasitizes a wide variety of hosts, including the reed warbler and dunnock, but individual females specialize in a single species.
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