112 Sentences With "paradigm shifts" | Random Sentence Generator

Mr Son believes he has anticipated successive paradigm shifts in technology.

But the more the paradigm shifts, race's historical place in drug war also becomes more obvious.

There's no grand theme to be found in Android Q, no paradigm shifts in mobile computing.

Those paradigm shifts are hard to predict, nearly impossible to engineer, and, when they happen, tectonic.

Many more paradigm shifts have occurred since then, making objectivity seem a local and temporary prejudice.

Despite what popular media might suggest, many paradigm shifts don't happen in a single, pivotal, "eureka" moment.

"In paradigm shifts, most people get caught overextended doing something overly popular and get really hurt," he wrote.

Science and technology have brought about paradigm shifts in the way we understand our bodies and the world.

But it has taken on new urgency in recent years, as people grapple with profound paradigm shifts worldwide.

While 2018 brought paradigm shifts to American privacy law, in Europe it brought the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).

It is also worth understanding how paradigm shifts work and how to diversify well to protect oneself against them.

And paradigm shifts aren't like ideas: they don't start in people's heads, but in the social, economic and environmental contexts.

"AI is the next major general-purpose technology driving paradigm shifts in economic and industrial activity," the report authors note.

The latest paradigm shifts of streaming seem to be moon-walking back to where they once were before Netflix and Hulu.

As with all paradigm shifts, true leaders will have established their presence and expertise for years before the trend hits the masses.

Where there's money to be made, there are big banks crunching numbers in hopes of one day capitalizing on these technological paradigm shifts.

These radical paradigm shifts should be of utmost importance to Silicon Valley, particularly companies whose models and profits are based on proprietary intellectual property.

Business Insider rounded up 17 companies that are meeting those demands with creative technologies and paradigm shifts, and, in the process, revolutionizing the retail industry.

"The police are adults, and adults are inherently less able to experience transformations of thought or paradigm shifts of what is acceptable," Charles told Hyperallergic.

This perspective reflects broader paradigm shifts about the human role on our world that partly originated with the popularization of "Earthrise" a half-century ago.

In Netrunner, there are paradigm shifts, but they take the right confluence of design decisions from the top and grassroots creativity from the players themselves.

But sustainability is a trend in a millenary sociological movement; it's a way of taking action and doing projects toward paradigm shifts in our civilization.

"If you look back in history with these paradigm shifts, these transitions, the data says that we created way more jobs than were eliminated," he said.

We have shown that we have the leadership skills, social media savviness and commitment to our friends, family, and community to push for major paradigm shifts.

Embracing The New Equilibrium Especially when the paradigm shifts as it has in 2016, entrepreneurs and investors alike may tend to think of valuation as a zero-sum negotiation.

Lavie said that cyber defenders need simpler ways of securing networks, rather than an endless series of new technology options or grandiose paradigm shifts in thinking in order to outwit attackers.

For a snapshot of the trend, one only has to look at the CNBC Disruptor 50 list, a ranking of the world's most innovative private companies creating paradigm shifts in their industries.

The fourth annual ranking profiles the most innovative private companies in the world that are shaking up industries and causing major paradigm shifts that affect every corner of society (see methodology here).

The plan will also support research and development of next-generation AI technologies that could result in paradigm shifts in the field, including brain-inspired neural network architectures and quantum-accelerated machine learning.

The group wants the healthcare business to be able to stand alone to better weather paradigm shifts in the industry including an increasing focus on consumer technology, and potentially to fund its own acquisitions.

You're never going to spin a full-length album at peak hours, but the format has furthered some of the dancefloor's great paradigm shifts, allowing producers to explore the furthest corners of their sound.

At least until the computing paradigm shifts again — and some kind of socially acceptable wearable manages to lift everyone's eyes off attention-sucking glass slabs with an augmented vista of the real world instead.

In public school settings, it is difficult to imagine how the paradigm shifts that are required in how children are educated about the ecological futures that they are inheriting can take place without systemic change.

They will find a piercingly clear and authoritative voice in both poetry and prose, able to assert itself on seemingly any topic, which will serve as a model for inaugurating and explaining future paradigm shifts.

" The complaint calls Trump "an organizing force in the collusion among team owners in their conduct towards" Kaepernick, and claims NFL owners have described Trump's administration as "causing paradigm shifts in their views toward NFL players.

"Looking at the mid- to long-term, based on paradigm shifts in the IT industry from the growth of IoT, AI and automotive businesses, new demand is expected to spur growth in the components business," it added.

Bollywood acts like a mirror, picking up on paradigm shifts through the portrayal of the typical average Joe stories in any given era, and that's what gives the industry such mass appeal across the subcontinent -- the audience can always relate.

Kocienda, who spent 15 years at Apple, including a stint as the principal software engineer for the iPhone, said on "Squawk Box " there's a sort of "ebb and flow" to progressions in technology and the paradigm shifts often take a while.

With more than half of us supporting a Green New Deal and nearly 70 percent demanding Medicare-for-all, we want our politics to be about the transformational paradigm shifts to safeguard the health and security of our planet, ourselves, and future generations.

And now we're including AI, but we're expanding beyond it to other paradigm shifts like human-machine interaction, future of computing and digital responsibility, as more than just a set of principles and practices but an area of innovation in and of itself.

This fundamental transformation is one of a set of proposed paradigm shifts in community corrections highlighted in a report set to be released later this month from Harvard's Kennedy School of Government and the National Institute of Justice — the product of three years of discussions among leading experts in criminal justice, of which we were a part.

The rapper saw staggering numbers from FM radio to Spotify, where songs from his album "Views" were streamed more than three billion times since their April release, but it was Drake's exhaustive synergy with Apple Music, where "Views" was played another few billion times, that best illustrated the recent paradigm shifts in the music industry — and signaled where things may yet be headed.

Google sold the idea of paradigm shifts hard on-stage at today's big event in San Francisco — that, after all, is kind of the company's M.O. This time out, CEO Sundar Pichai hit the stage to discuss a coming transition in hardware, away from the specs race, to something less immediately apparently, but no less important: machine learning and AI. The Pixel 2 is a pretty solid distillation of many of these idea.

The emergence of these kinds of paradigm shifts would be both unexpected and deterministic.

January 18, 2012.Hallam, Scott. "Halo-8 Entertainment Introduces Godkiller: Tomorrow's Ashes Digital Comics Mini-Series". Dread Central. January 18, 2012.Alverson, Brigid. "Digital Comic Resources: Pages, Panels & Paradigm Shifts". Comic Book Resources.

Rorty explains how philosophical paradigm shifts and their associated philosophical "problems" can be considered the result of the new metaphors, vocabularies, and mistaken linguistic associations which are necessarily a part of those new paradigms.

He has been involved with research resulting in paradigm shifts in the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases, including being the US Interventional Principal Investigator for the SWIFT PRIME trials. Levy's research work holds an H-index of 81.

Despite this intellectual alliance, Polanyi's work was constantly interpreted by others within the framework of Kuhn's paradigm shifts, much to Polanyi's (and Kuhn's) dismay.Moleski, Martin X. Polanyi vs. Kuhn: Worldviews Apart The Polanyi Society. Retrieved October 19 2020.

Botts' research areas are philosophy of law, philosophical hermeneutics, philosophy of race, feminist philosophy, ethical theory, applied ethics, and the history of philosophy. Her scholarship centers on the reexamination of laws and other paradigms (ethical, social, political, metaphysical, and epistemological) from the vantage point of the marginalized and oppressed, particularly racialized minority groups. Where a given paradigm is found lacking, Botts advocates alternative approaches or paradigm shifts designed to more fully respect these populations. The suggested paradigm shifts are grounded in insights obtained from philosophical hermeneutics, critical legal theory, and general themes in metaphysics and epistemology as found in the history of philosophy.

285Geaves, Ron. "From Guru Maharaj Ji to Prem Rawat: Paradigm Shifts over the Period of 40 Years as a 'Master'". In: the U.S. organization's name was changed to Elan Vital in 1983, by filing an entity name change.Elan Vital FAQs - About Elan Vital, Inc.

The book On the Warrior's Path quotes Feyerabend, highlighting the similarities between his epistemology and Bruce Lee's worldview. In a 2015 retrospective on Thomas Kuhn's theory of paradigm shifts in social science, the philosopher Martin Cohen cites several of Feyerabend's skeptical positions on conventional claims at scientific knowledge and agrees with Feyerabend that Thomas Kuhn himself had only a very hazy idea of what this notion of paradigm shifts' might mean, and that Kuhn essentially retreated from the more radical implications of his theory, which were that scientific facts are never really more than opinions, whose popularity is transitory and far from conclusive. Cohen says that although in their lifetimes, Kuhn and Feyerabend made up two viciously opposed sects, they agreed that science consists of long periods of settled agreement (so-called 'normal science') punctuated by radical, conceptual upheaval (so- called paradigm shifts). Feyerabend's concept of incommensurability was influential in the radical critical approach of Donald Ault in his extensive critical assessment of William Blake's work, especially in Narrative Unbound: Re-Visioning William Blake's The Four Zoas.

A long tradition ended in 2006 when Sister Sheelagh Martin, a chemistry professor, retired as the last member of the congregation to teach there.See HistoryMary Olga McKenna, "Paradigm Shifts in a Women's Religious Institute: The Sisters of Charity, Halifax, 1950-1979," Historical Studies (1995) Vol. 61, pp 135-151.

In an interview with Ezra Klein, Coates outlined his analysis that the extent of white identity expression in the United States serves as a critical factor in threat perceptions of certain white Americans and their response to political paradigm shifts related to African Americans, such as the presidency of Barack Obama.

This led to the steady emancipation of the discipline and the consecutive development of a separate theoretical framework based - as are Translation Studies - on interdisciplinary premises. Interpreting Studies have developed several approaches and undergone various paradigm shifts, leading to the most recent surge of sociological studies of interpreters and their work(ing conditions).

ICPE hosts frequent conferences, seminars and expert group meetings, providing a unique platform for the exchange of ideas and best practices among practitioners, academics and other stakeholders. The aim of these meetings is to facilitate paradigm shifts in the way governments and enterprises address their most important governance, management and leadership challenges.

Microbiome research originated in microbiology and started back in the seventeenth century. The development of new techniques and equipment has boosted microbiological research and caused paradigm shifts in understanding health and disease. Since infectious diseases have affected human populations throughout most of history, medical microbiology was the earliest focus of research and public interest. Additionally, food microbiology is an old field of empirical applications.

The book was reviewed by Pierre Kerszberg for Mathematical Reviews and by Michael S. Mahoney for American Mathematical Monthly. Mahoney says "The title should have a question mark." He sets the context by referring to paradigm shifts that characterize scientific revolutions as described by Thomas Kuhn in his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. According to Michael Crowe in chapter one, revolutions never occur in mathematics.

In a literal sense, the term modern physics means up-to-date physics. In this sense, a significant portion of so-called classical physics is modern. However, since roughly 1890, new discoveries have caused significant paradigm shifts: especially the advent of quantum mechanics (QM) and relativity (ER). Physics that incorporates elements of either QM or ER (or both) is said to be modern physics.

The missional living concept is rooted in the Missio dei (Latin, "the sending of God"). In 1934, Karl Hartenstein, a German missiologist, coined the phrase in response to Karl Barth and his emphasis on actio Dei ("the action of God"). In their view, missional activities stemming from God.Bosch, David J, Transforming Mission: Paradigm Shifts in Theology of Mission (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1991), 420.

Babić graduated with an undergraduate degree in 1986, and a master's degree in 1989, from the University of Belgrade. Babić gained a doctorate from the University of Belgrade in 1998. From 2009, she was Head of Department of Archaeology at the University of Belgrade. Her 2018 monograph Metaarheologija discusses the nature of archaeological knowledge, with an emphasis on the importance of collective knowledge versus paradigm shifts.

Thomas Samuel Kuhn (; July 18, 1922 – June 17, 1996) was an American philosopher of science whose 1962 book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions was influential in both academic and popular circles, introducing the term paradigm shift, which has since become an English-language idiom. Kuhn made several claims concerning the progress of scientific knowledge: that scientific fields undergo periodic "paradigm shifts" rather than solely progressing in a linear and continuous way, and that these paradigm shifts open up new approaches to understanding what scientists would never have considered valid before; and that the notion of scientific truth, at any given moment, cannot be established solely by objective criteria but is defined by a consensus of a scientific community. Competing paradigms are frequently incommensurable; that is, they are competing and irreconcilable accounts of reality. Thus, our comprehension of science can never rely wholly upon "objectivity" alone.

FreeMarker had a somewhat hectic history until about 2004, caused by paradigm shifts and other significant changes on multiple occasions. FreeMarker 1 (now known as FreeMarker Classic, a separate project) was originally written by Benjamin Geer and Mike Bayer. From 2002, the new project lead was Jonathan Revusky, who released FreeMarker 2, which started a sequence of several substantial changes. The main goal of the changes was to make the template language more strict, i.e.

Kitchin, R. "Big Data, new epistemologies and paradigm shifts." Big Data & Society, 1(1) (2014): DOI: 10.1177/2053951714528481. APA The ambition of research programmes on the digital transformation of social theory is therefore to translate analogue into digital social theories so as to complement traditional analogue social theories of the digital transformation by digital theories of digital societies.Roth S., Dahms H., Welz F., and Cattacin S. (2019) "Digital transformation of social theory".

Philosophers have used Piaget's work. For example, the philosopher and social theorist Jürgen Habermas has incorporated Piaget into his work, most notably in The Theory of Communicative Action. The philosopher Thomas Kuhn credited Piaget's work with helping him to understand the transition between modes of thought which characterized his theory of paradigm shifts. Yet, that said, it is also noted that the implications of his later work do indeed remain largely unexamined.

A selection of his writings was published as "On The Mid-Ground" by Timezone 8, 2002. His recent books include "Paradigm Shifts, Walter & McBean Galleries exhibitions and public programs, San Francisco Art Institute, 2006-2011", San Francisco Art Institute, 2011 (with Mary Ellyn Johnson). A frequent contributor to conferences, catalogues, magazines and books of contemporary art, he is also a guest editor for international art journals including Flash Art, YIshu, Art Asia Pacific and LEAP.

Frozen Evolution is a popular science book which aims to explain current developments in evolutionary biology to a wide audience. It also contains information boxes which clarify important topics in science like peer review, scientific journals, citation metrics, philosophy of science, paradigm shifts, and Occam's razor. Flegr's previous research in toxoplasmosis is also mentioned. The book also discusses Flegr's model of frozen plasticity, a hypothesis that describes a possible mechanism for the origin of adaptive traits.

Technology governance means the governance, i.e., the steering between the different sectors--state, business, and NGOs--of the development of technology. The concept is based on the notion of innovation and of techno- economic paradigm shifts according to the theories of Joseph A. Schumpeter, Christopher Freeman, Carlota Perez, etc. The thought is that sure periods in economic development are commanded by a worldview driving innovation that impacts through finance components, hierarchical change, more prominent returns, and so forth.

In 2015, Lopes published articles confirming that the use of endovascular therapy for ischemic stroke improves patient outcomes. In 2015, along with Elad Levy, Lopes performed research resulting in paradigm shifts in the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases, including being the US Interventional Principal Investigator for the SWIFT PRIME trials. Lopes also conducted research on the efficacy and safety of endovascular thrombectomy in 2018. In July 2018, Lopes joined Advocate Health Care as co-director of the stroke program.

Ray Kurzweil writes that, due to paradigm shifts, a trend of exponential growth extends Moore's law from integrated circuits to earlier transistors, vacuum tubes, relays, and electromechanical computers. He predicts that the exponential growth will continue, and that in a few decades the computing power of all computers will exceed that of ("unenhanced") human brains, with superhuman artificial intelligence appearing around the same time. Kurzweil's graph). The 7 most recent data points are all NVIDIA GPUs.

Frozen Evolution is a 2008 book written by parasitologist Jaroslav Flegr, which aims to explain modern developments in evolutionary biology. It also contains information boxes which clarify important topics in science like peer review, scientific journals, citation metrics, philosophy of science, paradigm shifts, and Occam's razor. Flegr's previous research in toxoplasmosis is also mentioned. The book also discusses Flegr's model of "frozen plasticity," a hypothesis which describes a possible mechanism for the evolution of adaptive traits.

Modelling mark-recapture data is trending towards a more integrative approach,Maunder M.N. (2003) Paradigm shifts in fisheries stock assessment: from integrated analysis to Bayesian analysis and back again. Natural Resource Modeling 16:465–475 which combines mark-recapture data with population dynamics models and other types of data. The integrated approach is more computationally demanding, but extracts more information from the data improving parameter and uncertainty estimates.Maunder, M.N. (2001) Integrated Tagging and Catch-at-Age Analysis (ITCAAN).

Macon, Georgia: Mercer Univ Press, 1995. Some contemporary writers describe the role of women in the life of the church as having been downplayed, overlooked, or denied throughout much of Christian history. Paradigm shifts in gender roles in society and also many churches has inspired reevaluation by many Christians of some long-held attitudes to the contrary. Christian egalitarians have increasingly argued for equal roles for men and women in marriage, as well as for the ordination of women to the clergy.

Carlota Perez (; born September 20, 1939 in CaracasTechno-Economic Paradigms: Essays in Honour of Carlota Perez, Anthem Press, 2009, p. 395.) is a British- VenezuelanAbout - Carlota Perez scholar specialized on technology and socio- economic development. She researches the concept of Techno-Economic Paradigm Shifts and the theory of great surges, a further development of Schumpeter's work on Kondratieff waves. In 2012 she was awarded the Silver Kondratieff MedalThe International N. D. Kondratieff Foundation by the International N. D. Kondratieff Foundation.

A common misinterpretation of paradigms is the belief that the discovery of paradigm shifts and the dynamic nature of science (with its many opportunities for subjective judgments by scientists) are a case for relativism:Sankey, Howard (1997) "Kuhn's ontological relativism," in Issues and Images in the Philosophy of Science: Scientific and Philosophical Essays in Honour of Azarya Polikarov, edited by Dimitri Ginev and Robert S. Cohen. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1997. Boston studies in the philosophy of science, vol. 192, pp. 305-320.

A common misinterpretation of paradigms is the belief that the discovery of paradigm shifts and the dynamic nature of science (with its many opportunities for subjective judgments by scientists) are a case for relativism:Sankey, Howard (1997) "Kuhn's ontological relativism," in Issues and Images in the Philosophy of Science: Scientific and Philosophical Essays in Honour of Azarya Polikarov, edited by Dimitri Ginev and Robert S. Cohen. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1997. Boston studies in the philosophy of science, vol. 192, pp. 305–20.

The first edition of the CAIE was held in October 2010, in Calgary, Canada, and was organized by led by three founding organizations (IOHE, CONAHEC and CBIE). The theme of the conference was “Internationalization: An Essential Component of Quality Education of the 21st Century”. Topics included best practices, current trends, paradigm shifts, and aspects and challenges related to the internationalization of higher education. 650 participants from 44 countries attended plenary sessions and workshops, as well as the networking between the various organizations.

Intuitor is a website promoting creative learning as both a method of enlightenment and a cultural theme in its own right. Created in 1996, two of its earliest features were instructions for the founder's own four-handed chess variant Forchess and an essay entitled Why Now Is the Most Exciting Time in History to Be Alive. Today, its eclectic format includes educational treatments of physics, statistics, and chess, as well as calls for paradigm shifts such as the adoption of hexadecimal for representing numbers in everyday use.

He cites numerous past examples of this to substantiate his assertions. He predicts that such paradigm shifts have and will continue to become increasingly common, leading to "technological change so rapid and profound it represents a rupture in the fabric of human history." He believes the Law of Accelerating Returns implies that a technological singularity will occur before the end of the 21st century, around 2045. The essay begins: The Law of Accelerating Returns has in many ways altered public perception of Moore's law.

Richter, Melvin. “Begriffsgeschichte and the History of Ideas”, Journal of the History of Ideas (1987): 247-263. in JSTOR Intellectual history is multidisciplinary; thus the history of philosophy and the history of economic thought. Analytical concepts, such as the nature of paradigms and the causes of paradigm shifts, have been borrowed from the study of other disciplines, exemplified by the application of the ideas that Thomas Kuhn presented in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) to explain intellectual revolutions in economics and other disciplines.

Undeterred, Finé sealed her soul in her genes so that her consciousness would awaken whenever one of her descendants would be exposed to the Aufwachen (awakening in German) wavelength given off by the relics. Due to this reason, she is essentially immortal, capable of resurrection so as long her DNA is passed down. Finé claims she was responsible for the paradigm shifts that had changed humanity throughout history, working through the bodies of her descendants. Finé works through Ryōko's body over the course of season one, until it is destroyed in the finale.

Through paradigm shifts in technology, new types and new methods come and go; a sense of humanity often escapes, but architecture is enhanced when it is sustained. Through finesse his designs extended toward what his clients found aesthetically pleasing and comfortable: a delivery of his integration of art and architecture.”Peter J. O'Toole, ‘’Edwin H. Lundie ~ Companion ~ The Office of an Architect,’’ Saint Paul: Artist Book Press, 2018. “In sharp contrast to the Modernists who were getting much of the attention during the height of his career, Lundie gravitated toward the classical.

Opaque Kuhnian paradigms and paradigm shifts do exist. A few years after the discovery of the mirror-neurons that provide a hard-wired basis for the human capacity for empathy, the scientists involved were unable to identify the incidents that had directed their attention to the issue. Over the course of the investigation, their language and metaphors had changed so that they themselves could no longer interpret all of their own earlier laboratory notes and records.Iacoboni, M. (2008), Mirroring People: The New Science of How We Connect with Others.

Thomas Kuhn's philosophy of science, as expressed in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions is often interpreted as relativistic. He claimed that as well as progressing steadily and incrementally ("normal science"), science undergoes periodic revolutions or "paradigm shifts", leaving scientists working in different paradigms with difficulty in even communicating. Thus the truth of a claim, or the existence of a posited entity is relative to the paradigm employed. However, it isn't necessary for him to embrace relativism because every paradigm presupposes the prior, building upon itself through history and so on.

In order to expose students to both engineering tracks, every student goes through a 45-day program in each of the two engineering tracks. During this exploratory program, the students complete hands-on experiments and are taught to think in innovative ways. Lectures include introductions to new and innovative paradigms and the consequences of paradigm shifts. A favorite of the students is the egg drop experiment, in which students must get an egg from the second floor of the building to a landing zone on the first floor without the egg breaking.

They also used this understanding and the robust results of the DRM tests to reaffirm the notion that these gist traces are the source of all false memories. Another important application of the DRM paradigm is examining how the paradigm shifts from children to adults. Studies show that younger children have lower rates of false recall and recognition, likely due to a less developed semantic memory and therefore lacking the ability to make connections outside of the word lists given.Metzger, R.L., Warren, A.R., Shelton, J.T., Price, J., Reed, A.W., & Williams, D. (2008).

Strong social constructivism as a philosophical approach tends to suggest that "the natural world has a small or non-existent role in the construction of scientific knowledge". According to Maarten Boudry and Filip Buekens, Freudian psychoanalysis is a good example of this approach in action.Boudry, M & Buekens, F (2011) The Epistemic Predicament of a Pseudoscience: Social Constructivism Confronts Freudian Psychoanalysis. Theoria, 77, 159–179 However, Boudry and Buekens do not claim that 'bona fide' science is completely immune from all socialisation and paradigm shifts,Kuhn, T (1962) Structure of Scientific Revolutions.

Kuhn argued that only after the accumulation of many "significant" anomalies would scientific consensus enter a period of "crisis". At this point, new theories would be sought out, and eventually one paradigm would triumph over the old one – a series of paradigm shifts rather than a linear progression towards truth. Kuhn's model also emphasized more clearly the social and personal aspects of theory change, demonstrating through historical examples that scientific consensus was never truly a matter of pure logic or pure facts. However, these periods of 'normal' and 'crisis' science are not mutually exclusive.

One of the key paradigm shifts proposed in ISO 31000 is a controversial change in how risk is conceptualised and defined. Under both ISO 31000:2009 and ISO Guide 73, the definition of "risk" is no longer "chance or probability of loss", but "effect of uncertainty on objectives" ... thus causing the word "risk" to refer to positive consequences of uncertainty, as well as negative ones. A similar definition was adopted in ISO 9001:2015 (Quality Management System Standard), in which risk is defined as, "effect of uncertainty." Additionally, a new risk related requirement, "risk-based thinking" was introduced there.

Paradigm shifts tend to be most dramatic in sciences that appear to be stable and mature, as in physics at the end of the 19th century. At that time, physics seemed to be a discipline filling in the last few details of a largely worked-out system. In The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Kuhn wrote, "Successive transition from one paradigm to another via revolution is the usual developmental pattern of mature science" (p. 12). Kuhn's idea was itself revolutionary in its time as it caused a major change in the way that academics talk about science.

In 2003 he hosted Dinosaur Planet, a series of four animated nature documentaries which aired on the Discovery Channel. The series was narrated by Christian Slater. His latest book, Dinosaur Odyssey: Fossil Threads in the Web of Life was published by University of California Press in 2009. The book, aimed at the general public reconstructs the odyssey of the dinosaurs from their origins on the supercontinent of Pangaea, and explores the way in which dinosaurs ecologically interacted in an expansive web of relationships with other organisms and their natural environment, underscoring "paradigm shifts", which conceptualize the nature of the dinosaurian world.

Kuhn, 53–60; Schofield (2004), 112–13. The difficulty in precisely defining the time and place of the "discovery" of oxygen, within the context of the developing chemical revolution, is one of Thomas Kuhn's central illustrations of the gradual nature of paradigm shifts in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. In 1774, English chemist Joseph Priestley independently isolated oxygen in its gaseous state, calling it "dephlogisticated air", and published his work before Scheele. During his lifetime, Priestley's considerable scientific reputation rested on his invention of soda water, his writings on electricity, and his discovery of several "airs" (gases), the most famous being what Priestley dubbed "dephlogisticated air" (oxygen).

Reacting against both the verificationism of the logical positivists as well as the critiques of the philosopher of science Karl Popper, who had suggested the falsifiability criterion on which to judge the demarcation between science and non-science, discussions of philosophy of science during the last 40 years were dominated by social constructivist and cognitive relativist theories of science. Thomas Samuel Kuhn with his formulation of paradigm shifts and Paul Feyerabend with his epistemological anarchism are significant for these discussions.Glock 2008, p. 47. The philosophy of biology has also undergone considerable growth, particularly due to the considerable debate in recent years over the nature of evolution, particularly natural selection.

Perutz attacked the theories of philosophers Sir Karl Popper and Thomas Kuhn and biologist Richard Dawkins in a lecture given at Cambridge on 'Living Molecules' in 1994. He criticised Popper's notion that science progresses through a process of hypothesis formation and refutation, saying that hypotheses are not necessarily the basis of scientific research and, in molecular biology at least, they are not necessarily subject to revision either. For Perutz, Kuhn's notion that science advances in paradigm shifts that are subject to social and cultural pressures is an unfair representation of modern science. These criticisms extended to scientists who attack religion, in particular to Richard Dawkins.

304 The later 19th century positivism asserted that all authentic knowledge allows verification and that all authentic knowledge assumes that the only valid knowledge is scientific.Jorge Larrain (1979) The Concept of Ideology p. 197, quotation: A major subject of concern and controversy in the philosophy of science has been the nature of theory change in science. Karl Popper argued that scientific knowledge is progressive and cumulative; Thomas Kuhn, that scientific knowledge moves through "paradigm shifts" and is not necessarily progressive; and Paul Feyerabend, that scientific knowledge is not cumulative or progressive and that there can be no demarcation in terms of method between science and any other form of investigation.

The "black box" in the title refers to the conceptual tool in which, for one reason or another, the internal workings of a device are taken for granted, so that its function may be discussed. The philosophical tool is commonly used in scientific discourse, and Behe notes that understandings of cellular structure and other aspects of microbiology were not much understood when Charles Darwin was alive. He then states that he plans to delve into the issue. Behe begins by reminding the general reader of paradigm shifts in the history of science, in which the foundations and assumptions of theories are examined, sometimes resulting in the rejection of an entire past theory.

Xi'an's city walls during the seventh century AD enclosed approximately 80,000 ha and housed an estimated half a million people; an accomplishment even the most prominent European cities failed to achieve until the 19th century; furthering their historical and present value making them entirely relevant to recent planning paradigm shifts of both the East and Western. It is perhaps best to follow the example of Santiago Ortuzar, Professor of Urban Planning, School of Architecture Central & Mayor Universities, Santiago, Chile, who analyzes traditional urban planning in China by separating urban tradition and urban antiquity; two highly integrated aspects of urban morphology as their origins in Eastern planning are different.Ortuzar, Santiago. (1997). Letter from China: a perspective on Chinese cities.

A paradigm shift, a concept identified by the American physicist and philosopher Thomas Kuhn, is a fundamental change in the basic concepts and experimental practices of a scientific discipline. Even though Kuhn restricted the use of the term to the natural sciences, the concept of a paradigm shift has also been used in numerous non-scientific contexts to describe a profound change in a fundamental model or perception of events. Kuhn presented his notion of a paradigm shift in his influential book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962). Kuhn contrasts paradigm shifts, which characterize a scientific revolution, to the activity of normal science, which he describes as scientific work done within a prevailing framework or paradigm.

Other notable figures in the movement include Stringfellow Barr and Scott Buchanan (who together initiated the Great Books program at St. John's College in Annapolis, Maryland), Mark Van Doren, Alexander Meiklejohn, and Sir Richard Livingstone, an English classicist with an American following. Secular perennialists espouse the idea that education should focus on the historical development of a continually developing common oriented base of human knowledge and art, the timeless value of classic thought on central human issues by landmark thinkers, and revolutionary ideas critical to historical paradigm shifts or changes in world view. A program of studies which is highly general, nonspecialized, and nonvocational is advocated.Travers, Paul D. and Ronald W. Rebore.

Foucault's use of épistémè has been asserted as being similar to Thomas Kuhn's notion of a paradigm, as for example by Jean Piaget.. However, there are decisive differences. Whereas Kuhn's paradigm is an all-encompassing collection of beliefs and assumptions that result in the organization of scientific worldviews and practices, Foucault's episteme is not confined to science—it provides the grounding for a broad range of discourses (all of science itself would fall under the episteme of the epoch). One might say that a paradigm is subsumed within an episteme. Kuhn's paradigm shifts are a consequence of a series of conscious decisions made by scientists to pursue a neglected set of questions.

Acknowledging as part of the responsibility towards life, Sports Education, as the initiator of the Project and, in the other areas, football is a valuable tool, as through it, children and adolescents can be educated to form generations with new sports talents in the area of field soccer, pacifist citizens, aware of the conservation and protection of the environment, as well as knowing the importance of life in a spiritual context. Finally, the Project aims to contribute to the training of individuals through the promotion of technical sports skills, development of dialogue, argumentation, cooperation in the search for individual and collective re-signification of living in society, using football as a tool for learning and paradigm shifts.

The difficulty in precisely defining the time and place of the "discovery" of oxygen, within the context of the developing chemical revolution, is one of Thomas Kuhn's central illustrations of the gradual nature of paradigm shifts in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. During his lifetime, Priestley's considerable scientific reputation rested on his invention of carbonated water, his writings on electricity, and his discovery of several "airs" (gases), the most famous being what Priestley dubbed "dephlogisticated air" (oxygen). However, Priestley's determination to defend phlogiston theory and to reject what would become the chemical revolution eventually left him isolated within the scientific community. Priestley's science was integral to his theology, and he consistently tried to fuse Enlightenment rationalism with Christian theism.

The problems the students face in these programs now require much more comprehensive thinking and creativity to the point that it is difficult to still call the subject "writing" because the students are required to know much more. Computers and writing pedagogies must be dynamic and adaptable to how technology, media, and the sociopolitical spaces operate in a constant state of flux. Discussions about negotiating paradigm shifts abound in disciplinary journals, and teachers continually develop new approaches that engage with and build upon developments in digital technology and new media texts. Because most scholars in this area work within a university system that privileges print-media over digital text, much of the work produced and assigned by these teachers and scholars continue to be relatively traditional.

Yancey affirms: > "No one who meets Jesus ever stays the same. In the end I found the process > of writing this book to be a great act of faith-strengthening. Jesus has > rocked my own preconceptions and has made me ask hard questions about why > those of us who bear his name don't do a better job of following > him."Yancey's purpose in presenting this book is to reintroduce readers to > Jesus by focusing the reader's attention on Jesus as a man who was born > human, lived a fantastic and unpredictable life, taught how to live against > the grain, offered paradigm shifts in the understanding of God, loved the > simple and despised the self-righteous, and ultimately died to fulfill his > mission.

From the 1940s through the early 1960s, most histories of science were different forms of a "march of progress" , showing science as a triumphant movement towards truth. Many philosophers and historians did of course paint a more nuanced picture, but it was not until the publication of Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions that this approach became seriously suspected as being misleading . Kuhn's argument that scientific revolutions worked by paradigm shifts seemed to imply that truth was not the ultimate criterion for science, and the book was extremely influential outside of academia as well . Corresponding with the rise of the environmentalism movement and a general loss of optimism of the power of science and technology unfettered to solve the problems of the world, this new history encouraged many critics to pronounce the preeminence of science to be overthrown .

Within his written responses and advisement to individual Christian communities, Engberg-Pedersen makes claims that Paul draws from common understandings of societal practices of his time, yet strives to make them applicable to new context for his followers. Engberg- Pedersen draws from the scholarship done by John T. Fitzgerald when discussing how Paul uses the social practice of forgiveness and atonement to illustrate Christian practices. Fitzgerald, in Paul and Paradigm Shifts: Reconciliation and Its Linkage Group discusses that in the Greco-Roman world, it was left to a guilty person to appeal to the goodwill of the person that he or she offended, with the hope that the offended person would chose to forgive the wrong. This understanding of forgiveness was fairly dichotomized between how one forgives within a public, social structure and how a person approached a more religious form of atonement.

The early linguist Leonard Bloomfield believed it necessary to develop linguistics as a cumulative, non-personal discipline; as a "genuine" science. In a talk in 1946, speaking of the development of the American Linguistics Society, he stated the fostering of such a discipline had saved it "from the blight of the odium theologicum and the postulation of schools . . . denouncing all persons who disagree or who choose to talk about something else," and he added "The struggle with recalcitrant facts, unyielding in their complexity, trains everyone who works actively in science to be humble, and accustoms him to impersonal acknowledgement of error." Philosopher and historian of science Thomas Samuel Kuhn argued that scientists are strongly committed to their beliefs, theories and methods (the collection of which he termed "paradigms"), and that science progresses mainly by paradigm shifts.

The study demonstrated that minority patients found that their physicians involved them in the decision-making process at lower levels than non-minorities did, and that patients seeing physicians of their own race also rated the decision-making process as more participatory than patients seeing physicians of another race. The first of its kind, this study revealed that differences in the relationship between the patient and physician may be a key factor underlying the already established inequitable quality of health care based on a person's race and ethnicity. Dr. Cooper’s research contributed greatly to two paradigm shifts in healthcare research: patient-centeredness and health disparities. Her research documented the existence of disparities in the quality of medical communication experienced by African Americans and other ethnic minorities compared to whites, and the contribution of implicit racial bias and stereotyping behaviors among physicians to poorer communication in the visits of African American patients.

The stability of the planet could be enabled through the mobilization of education, and the diversity of knowledge, customs and culture. Research suggests that embedding a deep attachment to landscapes and tangible heritage instils a sense of care for the world, that the study, preservation and appreciation of diverse languages, knowledge and customs enrich the collective consciousness through an understanding of the relations between past, present and future societies. Education plays a role to include sustainability studies as a means of driving planetary survival. Earth science and environment studies enable learners and communities to become more cognizant of the world they inhabit and leave behind. A ‘community of knowledge’ is one in which the responsibility of being a ‘knowledge keeper’ is returned to everyone. This paradigm shifts the focus from the perspective of ‘stakeholder’ and changes the way of contributing to knowledge, aiming to achieve sustainable development.

Cohen claims that Kuhn had only a very hazy idea of what it might mean and, in line with the American philosopher of science Paul Feyerabend, accuses Kuhn of retreating from the more radical implications of his theory, which are that scientific facts are never really more than opinions whose popularity is transitory and far from conclusive. Cohen says scientific knowledge is less certain than it is usually portrayed, and that science and knowledge generally is not the 'very sensible and reassuringly solid sort of affair' that Kuhn describes, in which progress involves periodic paradigm shifts in which much of the old certainties are abandoned in order to open up new approaches to understanding that scientists would never have considered valid before. He argues that information cascades can distort rational, scientific debate. He has focused on health issues, including the example of highly mediatised 'pandemic' alarms, and why they have turned out eventually to be little more than scares.

Occam's razor might fall under the heading of "elegance", the first item on the list, but too zealous an application was cautioned by Albert Einstein: "Everything should be made as simple as possible, but no simpler." It is arguable that parsimony and elegance "typically pull in different directions". The falsifiability item on the list is related to the criterion proposed by Popper as demarcating a scientific theory from a theory like astrology: both "explain" observations, but the scientific theory takes the risk of making predictions that decide whether it is right or wrong: Thomas Kuhn argued that changes in scientists' views of reality not only contain subjective elements, but result from group dynamics, "revolutions" in scientific practice which result in paradigm shifts. As an example, Kuhn suggested that the heliocentric "Copernican Revolution" replaced the geocentric views of Ptolemy not because of empirical failures, but because of a new "paradigm" that exerted control over what scientists felt to be the more fruitful way to pursue their goals.

G-code's programming environments have evolved in parallel with those of general programming—from the earliest environments (e.g., writing a program with a pencil, typing it into a tape puncher) to the latest environments that combine CAD (computer- aided design), CAM (computer-aided manufacturing), and richly featured G-code editors. (G-code editors are analogous to XML editors, using colors and indents semantically [plus other features] to aid the user in ways that basic text editors can't. CAM packages are analogous to IDEs in general programming.) Two high-level paradigm shifts have been (1) abandoning "manual programming" (with nothing but a pencil or text editor and a human mind) for CAM software systems that generate G-code automatically via postprocessors (analogous to the development of visual techniques in general programming), and (2) abandoning hardcoded constructs for parametric ones (analogous to the difference in general programming between hardcoding a constant into an equation versus declaring it a variable and assigning new values to it at will; and to the object-oriented approach in general).

"In 2000, the researchers Doughtery, Borrelli, Munir and O'Sullivan discovered that the level of innovation capability within organizations was connected to the ability of making the right sense of collective experiences in uncertain or ambiguous situations such as radical changes in the market or technology paradigm shifts". Instinctively, it seems, the sensemaking systems of less innovative companies appeared to be inhibited by tendencies to "play within existing rules...filter out unexpected information or unorthodox competency sets, resulting in groupthink and more of the same". Meanwhile, "innovative organizations ...dared to challenge existing business logic and made use of new insights"...these, in turn, were used to "change existing interpretations and schemes and thus, influence the overall evolvement of the organization so that the interpretation schemes themselves became more apt to deal with outside forces". Weick proposes three dynamics which are closely relevant to innovation: "that the knowledge is both tacit and articulated, that linking processes cut across several levels of organizational action, and that linking processes embody several tensions".