Eventually, they concluded there was evidence for microfossils of ancient iron-oxidizing organisms.
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We don't have the genetic information yet, but we believe they are non-oxidizing bacteria.
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Monet was using pigments that had a metal in them that was oxidizing, creating spots.
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Graphene is ordinarily transparent, but when exposed to oxidizing agents like oxygen and hydrogen, it becomes brown.
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Free radical formation is crucial to the process of oxidizing nutrients from our food into chemical energy.
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This was in Tijuana, at that famous viewpoint where its rusted, oxidizing bars stretch out into the ocean.
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The dark jar helps prevent the powder from oxidizing too — a frequent concern when buying vitamin C products.
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This natural substance helps trap moisture inside the fruit and keep it from oxidizing until you cut into it.
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The oxidizing agents that have accepted electrons become free radicals if the unpaired electrons don't bind to other molecules.
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But that was before the late 1990s, when bottles of white Burgundy began prematurely oxidizing on a regular basis.
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AOBiome is forging ahead on research that should confirm whether or not its ammonia-oxidizing bacteria can treat acne.
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The company just thinks that the first step is not killing off the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria they think are important.
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Then, as they pour, it fills the interior of the bottle with argon gas to protect the wine from oxidizing.
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Many of the microorganisms obtained their energy by oxidizing ammonium or methane, probably from deposits at the bottom of the lake.
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For dessert, plates of peeled and sliced apples, oranges, pears and kiwi appear, their naked flesh oxidizing slightly in the air.
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Meteorites can last for millions of years on the Red Planet, free from the oxidizing and weathering effects of moisture and oxygen.
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Oxidizing agents are called electron acceptors, because they remove electrons from a substance, putting them in a state of loss, or oxidized.
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The large round object had a dark rusty hue, like an old war explosive that had been oxidizing or collecting algae for decades.
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In order to do that, the K. polythalamia needs to have sulfur oxidizing chemoautotrophic (obtaining energy from inorganic chemicals) bacteria in its gills.
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By reducing the impurities of iron with an innovative oxidizing air blast, the process ushered in a new wave of inexpensive, high-volume steel making.
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Ferulic acid is particularly important in serums, not only because of its anti-aging capabilities but also because it prevents the vitamin C from oxidizing.
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It uses antioxidants to protect against the effects of these free radicals—"antioxidant" literally means "doesn't oxidize," where oxidizing is the chemistry word for losing electrons.
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As you trim your artichokes, be sure to rub lemon all over the cuts — the acid will keep the flesh from oxidizing and turning slightly bitter.
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There's a startup called AOBiome that believes that we're less healthy because most soaps and other cleaners kill off the natural ammonia-oxidizing bacteria on our bodies.
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Meanwhile, the printer head at the tip of the arm blows out a non-oxidizing gas to create a sort of "clean room" at the deposition site.
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Not only is Yucca Mountain in a seismically and volcanically active region, Macfarlane told me, "it's an oxidizing environment," which would create potentially unstable conditions for nuclear waste.
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As you clean them, place the artichokes in a bowl of water with the vinegar, which will help keep them from oxidizing, which makes them turn brown. 3.
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As you clean them, place the artichokes in a bowl of water with the vinegar, which will help keep them from oxidizing, which makes them turn brown. 4.
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This by itself was alarming, but not unprecedented: Liquid propellants, long preferred in many Russian missiles, are volatile and have exploded when prematurely brought into contact with oxidizing agents.
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More recently, advances in genome sequencing have enabled scientists to comb through seafloor samples for DNA, providing new windows into the genetic programming that enables methane-oxidizing ecosystems to function.
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When we breathe in, oxygen interacts with the food we've consumed, breaking down (or oxidizing) chemical bonds where the calories are stored and releasing them for use by our cells.
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In a later gallery (number 8), Gormley's body has been cast in metal, over and over again, and these gently oxidizing body-casts are displayed in ways that stun and startle.
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"If there were oxygen producing microbes then, [as well as] microbes that were oxidizing iron near hydrothermal vents, we have quite a significant diversity, because these are somewhat distantly related microorganisms today," said Papineau.
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Advertise on Hyperallergic with Nectar Ads For the past 20 years, Jordan Eagles has experimented with blood, learning through repeated trial-and-error how to keep it from oxidizing into a rusty brown color.
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Hong Kong has sweltered in temperatures of about 33 degrees Celsius (91 Fahrenheit) for more than a week, with little relief expected soon, which some environmentalists fear could worsen the problem by oxidizing the oil.
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The people at Mother Dirt will tell you that the "ammonia-oxidizing bacteria" they study (which is supposed to counteract a sweaty BO smell) can be wiped out fairly easily by harsh soaps and shampoos.
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It didn't take authorities long to confirm what many convention attendees had intuitively suspected: The intense fumes they'd smelled were the result of chlorine, the oxidizing chemical commonly used as a cleaning agent in swimming pools.
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As I wrote at Scientific American in 2013:Bishop thinks it's possible that fine-grained debris from a supernova explosion could pass through Earth's atmosphere, rapidly oxidizing in the process so that they are broken down into tiny nano-oxides.
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Oxidizing the silver changed its color and produced a matte effect that is "more subtle than the usual silver surface and more naturalistic," Ms. Church said, adding that the "wild and natural look" was enhanced by the gap at the front.
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Along with La Roche-Posay, Mother Dirt has been at the forefront of microbiome-friendly skin care: The AO+ Mist features a patented variety of live "ammonia-oxidizing bacteria" that works to restore the skin's natural balance without the aid of topical moisturizers.
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"In the same way that blonde hair can turn brassy, brunette hair is also prone to oxidizing, which can bring out orange or red tones," says stylist Ken O'Rourke, an ambassador for Charles Worthington, which has just come out with its own line of blue shampoo available on the UK high street.
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An environmental analysis of the air quality at the Northport hospital by Environmental Analysis Associates, a San Diego firm that specializes in the identification of indoor air-quality problems associated with dust contamination, found that the particulates came from oxidizing metal and crumbling concrete in the building's duct system, which was built in the early 1970s.
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Biocides are oxidizing or non-oxidizing toxicants. Chlorine is the most commonly manufactured oxidizing toxicant. Chlorine is ubiquitously added to drinking water to disinfect it. Non-oxidized toxicants include isothiazolinones and quaternary ammonium compounds.
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An oxidizing acid is a Brønsted acid that is a strong oxidizing agent. All Brønsted acids can act as oxidizing agents, because the acidic proton can be reduced to hydrogen gas. Some acids contain other structures that act as stronger oxidizing agents than hydrogen ion. Generally, they contain oxygen in the anionic structure.
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Some inorganic oxidizing agents such as gallium nitrate are salts of metals that are soluble in water; dissolution dilutes but does not nullify the oxidizing power of such materials. Generally, inorganic oxidizing agents can react violently with active metals, cyanides, esters, and thiocyanates.
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Benzoquinone is used in organic chemistry as an oxidizing agent. Strongly oxidizing quinones include chloranil and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (also known as DDQ).
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Thaumarchaea are important ammonia oxidizers in aquatic and terrestrial environments, and are the first archaea identified as being involved in nitrification. They are capable of oxidizing ammonia at much lower substrate concentrations than ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, and so probably dominate in oligotrophic conditions. Their ammonia oxidation pathway requires less oxygen than that of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, so they do better in environments with low oxygen concentrations like sediments and hot springs. Ammonia-oxidizing Thaumarchaea can be identified metagenomically by the presence of archaeal ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) genes, which indicate that they are overall more dominant than ammonia oxidizing bacteria.
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Superoxidants are a new class of reducing chemicals with oxidizing power of +1.1 V or even greater. For example, hexabrominated phenylcarbazole is a recently developed chemical with an oxidizing power of 1.35 V.
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VCl5 can however be prepared indirectly from VF5 at −78 °C. In contrast, the heavier analogues NbCl5 and TaCl5 are stable and not particularly oxidizing. VF5 can be prepared directly by fluorination of vanadium metal, reflecting the increased oxidizing power of F2 vs Cl2. Indicative of its oxidizing power, VCl4 releases Cl2 at its boiling point (standard pressure) to afford VCl3.
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Desulfacinum is an acetate-oxidizing bacteria genus from the family of Syntrophobacteraceae.
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Nitrosomonas halophila is an ammonia-oxidizing bacterium from the genus of Nitrosomonas.
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Nitrososphaera is a genus of ammonia oxidizing archaeans in the order Nitrososphaerales.
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Desulfuromonas michiganensis is a species of tetrachloroethene-reducing, acetate-oxidizing anaerobic bacteria.
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Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89(04): 727–733. Isotopic analysis have suggested these barnacles feed on sulphur-oxidizing bacteria, or other planktonic larvae that feed on sulphur-oxidizing bacteria around the vents.
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Nitrobacteraceae is a family of Alphaproteobacteria. They are gram-negative and aerobic. The bacteria of this family derive their energy from oxidizing ammonia to nitrite, or by oxidizing nitrite to nitrate. They are commonly found in freshwater and soil.
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However, homologues of the hydrophilic subunits of the NADH-oxidizing complex are absent.
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In redox processes, the reductant transfers electrons to the oxidant. Thus, in the reaction, the reductant or reducing agent loses electrons and is oxidized, and the oxidant or oxidizing agent gains electrons and is reduced. The pair of an oxidizing and reducing agent that are involved in a particular reaction is called a redox pair. A redox couple is a reducing species and its corresponding oxidizing form, e.g.
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Producing graphene via intercalation splits graphite into single layer graphene by inserting guest molecules/ions between the graphite layers. Graphite was first intercalated in 1841 using a strong oxidizing or reducing agent that damaged the material's desirable properties. Kovtyukhova developed a widely used oxidative intercalation method in 1999. In 2014, she was able to achieve intercalation using non-oxidizing Brønsted acids (phosphoric, sulfuric, dichloroacetic and alkylsulfonic acids), but without oxidizing agents.
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Examples of alkaliphilic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria are the genera Thioalkalivibrio, Thiorhodospira, Thioalkalimicrobium and Natronhydrogenobacter.
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Methylocystis parvus is a methylotroph (methane oxidizing) bacterium species from the genus of Methylocystis.
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In the heyns oxidation the oxidizing reagent is a combination of oxygen and platinum.
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Recent studies have found also the capability of growing, albeit slowly, oxidizing molecular hydrogen.
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The CeO12 core defines an icosahedron. Ce4+ is a strong one-electron oxidizing agent. In terms of its redox potential (E° ~ 1.61 V vs. N.H.E.) it is even stronger oxidizing agent than Cl2 (E° ~ 1.36 V). Few shelf-stable reagents are stronger oxidants.
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Chloric acid is a powerful oxidizing agent. Most organics and flammables will deflagrate on contact.
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Sulfurimonas paralvinellae is a hydrogen- and sulfur-oxidizing ε-proteobacterium. It is a mesophilic chemolithoautotroph.
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It can be produced by mixing sulfuric acid with dichromate and is a strong oxidizing agent.
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In a borax bead flame test, cobalt shows deep blue in both oxidizing and reducing flames.
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Benthic communities around methane seeps rely on methane- oxidizing microorganisms to supply energy to other microorganisms.
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Certain metals are more soluble in oxidizing environments while others are more mobile in reducing environments.
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It is particularly combustible as dust. Contamination with other oxidizing agents may also result in combustion.
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Ozonolysis of alkene, a type of oxidative cleavage reaction. Note the break up of double bond. Oxidation of unsaturated hydrocarbons depends on the strength of oxidizing agent. A weak oxidizing agent will lead to dihydroxylation, removal of one π bond to form two σ bonds with oxygen.
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Redox titrations are based on a reduction-oxidation reaction between an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent. A potentiometer or a redox indicator is usually used to determine the endpoint of the titration, as when one of the constituents is the oxidizing agent potassium dichromate. The color change of the solution from orange to green is not definite, therefore an indicator such as sodium diphenylamine is used. Analysis of wines for sulfur dioxide requires iodine as an oxidizing agent.
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The compound acts as a strong oxidizing agent and can cause skin irritation and severe eye damage.
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Zinc chlorate (Zn(ClO3)2) as an inorganic chemical compound used as an oxidizing agent in explosives.
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Rubidium perchlorate, RbClO4, is the perchlorate of rubidium. It is an oxidizing agent, as are all perchlorates.
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This deliquescent colourless salt is an oxidizing agent used in the manufacture of red-colored fireworks and flares.
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Desulfobacter vibrioformis is a sulfate-reducing bacteria. It is mesophilic, gram-negative, vibrio-shaped, marine and acetate-oxidizing.
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Asymmetric catalytic oxidation is a technique of oxidizing various substrates to give an enantiopure product using a catalyst.
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This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those oxidizing metal ion with a flavin as acceptor.
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Phytantriol is prepared by oxidizing isophytol in formic acid, hydrolysis of the product with an inorganic base, and isolation.
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Strontium chlorate is a chemical compound, with the formula Sr(ClO3)2.PubChem It is a strong oxidizing agent.
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Sulfonates are generally stable in water, non-oxidizing, and colorless. Many useful compounds and even some biochemicals feature sulfonates.
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Methylophaga sulfidovorans is an obligately methylotrophic, aerobic, dimethylsulfide-oxidizing bacterium. It is Gram-negative, oval, with strain RB-1.
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Bichromate of potash is a most powerful oxidizing agent, and produces very complex and interesting changes in tinctorial bodies.
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Nickel Cadmium batteries work by oxidizing nickelic hydroxide into nickelous hydroxide, which produces two free electronics for every transaction.
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For many years, the strong oxidizing agent potassium permanganate (KMnO4) was used for measuring chemical oxygen demand. Measurements were called oxygen consumed from permanganate, rather than the oxygen demand of organic substances. Potassium permanganate's effectiveness at oxidizing organic compounds varied widely, and in many cases biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) measurements were often much greater than results from COD measurements. This indicated that potassium permanganate was not able to effectively oxidize all organic compounds in water, rendering it a relatively poor oxidizing agent for determining COD.
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Stilbonematinae is a subfamily of the nematode worm family Desmodoridae that is notable for its symbiosis with sulfur-oxidizing bacteria.
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Hydrogen Peroxide is used for its oxidizing properties in many applications, including paper and textile bleaching, detergence, and effluent treatment.
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The oxidizing flame creates undesirable oxides to the structural and mechanical detriment of most metals. In an oxidizing flame, the inner cone acquires a purplish tinge and gets pinched and smaller at the tip, and the sound of the flame gets harsh. A slightly oxidizing flame is used in braze-welding and bronze- surfacing while a more strongly oxidizing flame is used in fusion welding certain brasses and bronzes The size of the flame can be adjusted to a limited extent by the valves on the torch and by the regulator settings, but in the main it depends on the size of the orifice in the tip. In fact, the tip should be chosen first according to the job at hand, and then the regulators set accordingly.
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The dichromate ion, a strong oxidizing agent, is considered to be the principal oxidizing agent. The ratio of HNO3 to CrO3 solution stated in the formula produces a superior etched surface. Other ratios produce less desirable finishes. With the addition of a small amount of Cu (NO3)2, the definition of the defect was enhanced.
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The graphene was bombarded with gallium ions, which disrupt carbon bonds. Etching the result with an oxidizing solution produces a hole at each spot struck by a gallium ion. The length of time spent in the oxidizing solution determined average pore size. Pore density reached 5 trillion pores per square centimeter, while retaining structural integrity.
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The pertechnetate anion is similar to the permanganate anion but is a weaker oxidizing agent. It is tetrahedral and diamagnetic. The standard electrode potential for TcO4−/TcO2 is only +0.738 V in acidic solution, as compared to +1.695 V for MnO4−/MnO2. Because of its diminished oxidizing power, [TcO4]− is stable in alkaline solution.
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Bunsen burner: leftmost: reducing flame, rightmost: oxidizing flame Oxygen rich butane torch flame Fuel rich butane torch flame In various burners, the oxidizing flame is the flame produced with an excessive amount of oxygen. When the amount of oxygen increases, the flame shortens, its color darkens, and it hisses and roars."The Anatomy of a Flame", in: "Jewelry concepts and technology", by Oppi Untracht, 1983, With some exceptions (e.g., platinum soldering in jewelry), the oxidizing flame is usually undesirable for welding and soldering, since, as its name suggests, it oxidizes the metal's surface.
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Lucinidae is a family of saltwater clams, marine bivalve molluscs. These bivalves are remarkable for their endosymbiosis with sulphide-oxidizing bacteria.
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Some sulfate-reducing microorganisms can directly utilize metallic iron [Fe(0)] as electron donor, oxidizing it to ferrous iron [Fe(II)].
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Non-oxidizing biocides may be more difficult to detoxify prior to release of blowdown or OTC water to natural aquatic environments.
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Desulfobacter halotolerans is a halotolerant, acetate-oxidizing, sulfate- reducing bacteria. It is mesophilic and rod-shaped, with type strain GSL-Ac1.
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The compound is used infrequently as an oxidizing reagent in organic synthesis. It also serves as a ligand in coordination chemistry.
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Ruthenium tetroxide has many uses in organic chemistry as an oxidizing agent. It is an aggressive agent allowing mild reaction conditions.
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Hyung J. Kim, et al. "Methanobactin, a Copper- Acquisition Compound from Methane-Oxidizing Bacteria." Science 10 September 2004: Vol. 305 no.
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Lucina is a genus of saltwater clams, marine bivalve molluscs.Biolib These bivalves are remarkable for their endosymbiosis with sulphide-oxidizing bacteria.
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Ammonia monooxygenase (, AMO) is an enzyme, which catalyses the following chemical reaction : ammonia + AH2 \+ O2 \rightleftharpoons NH2OH + A + H2O Ammonia monooxygenase contains copper and possibly nonheme iron. AMO is the first enzyme in ammonia oxidation. Aerobic oxidation of ammonia to hydroxylamine via AMO is an endergonic reaction. So, all aerobic ammonia oxidizing organisms conserve energy by further oxidizing hydroxylamine.
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Piperonal can be prepared by oxidizing isosafrole or by using a multistep sequence from catechol or 1,2-methylenedioxybenzene. Synthesis from the latter chemical is accomplished through a condensation reaction with glyoxylic acid followed by cleaving the resulting α-hydroxy acid with an oxidizing agent. Synthesis from catechol requires an additional step, Williamson ether synthesis using dichloromethane.
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Disulfide bonds are formed in an oxidation reaction between two thiol groups and therefore, need an oxidizing environment to react. As a result, disulfide bonds are typically formed in the oxidizing environment of the endoplasmic reticulum catalyzed by enzymes called protein disulfide isomerases. Disulfide bonds are rarely formed in the cytoplasm as it is a reducing environment.
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The oxidation of ammonia into nitrite is performed by two groups of organisms, ammonia- oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA). AOB can be found among the β-proteobacteria and gammaproteobacteria. Currently, two AOA, Nitrosopumilus maritimus and Nitrososphaera viennensis, have been isolated and described. In soils the most studied AOB belong to the genera Nitrosomonas and Nitrosococcus.
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There may be other mechanisms involved, however. Lin et al. appear to report that the oscillations occur without the presence of the oxidizing agent, though the mercury does not appear to get an oxidizing layer on it and the oscillations are much weaker. An electrical double layer forms between the surface of the mercury droplet and the electrolyte solution.
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Thioalkalivibrio denitrificancs is an obligately alkaliphilic and obligately chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. It was first isolated from soda lakes in northern Russia.
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The guanidine group of arginine residues condense with malondialdehyde to give 2-aminopyrimidines. Human ALDH1A1 aldehyde dehydrogenase is capable of oxidizing malondialdehyde.
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Acidimicrobium ferrooxidans is a bacterium, the type species of its genus. It is a ferrous-iron-oxidizing, moderately thermophilic and acidophilic bacteria.
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Chlorine is often introduced by adding hydrogen chloride or trichloroethylene to the oxidizing medium. Its presence also increases the rate of oxidation.
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Thioalkalivibrio versutus is an obligately alkaliphilic and obligately chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. It was first isolated from soda lakes in northern Russia.
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Thioalkalivibrio nitratis is an obligately alkaliphilic and obligately chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. It was first isolated from soda lakes in northern Russia.
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Syntrophomonas sapovorans is a bacterium. It is anaerobic, syntrophic and fatty acid-oxidizing and obligately proton-reducing. Its type strain is OM.
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This difference leads to a less efficient oxidative phosphorylation. By oxidizing fatty acids, mitochondria increase their respiration while increasing the production of ROS.
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2-Chloronaphthalene is a combustible, off-white odorless solid, which is practically insoluble in water. The compound may react with strong oxidizing agents.
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Desulfurella acetivorans is a thermophilic acetate-oxidizing sulfur-reducing eubacterium. It is Gram-negative, short rod-shaped, motile, with a single polar flagellum.
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Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. Inorganic Chemistry. Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. . Cadmium oxide is prepared commercially by oxidizing cadmium vapor in air.
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Sulfobacillus acidophilus is a species of moderately thermophilic mineral- sulphide-oxidizing bacteria. It is Gram-positive, acidophilic and ferrous- iron-oxidising as well.
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Bromfield SM, David DJ Sorption and oxidation of manganous ions and reduction of manganese oxide by cell suspensions of a manganese oxidizing bacterium.
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Iron-oxidizing bacteria in surface water Iron-oxidizing bacteria are chemotrophic bacteria that derive the energy they need to live and multiply by oxidizing dissolved ferrous iron. They are known to grow and proliferate in waters containing iron concentrations as low as 0.1 mg/L. However, at least 0.3 ppm of dissolved oxygen is needed to carry out oxidation. electronic-book electronic- Iron is a very important element required by living organisms to carry out numerous metabolic reactions such as the formation of proteins involved in biochemical reactions, like Iron–sulfur proteins, Hemoglobin and Coordination complexes.
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Venenivibrio stagnispumantis gains energy by oxidizing hydrogen gas. In biochemistry, chemosynthesis is the biological conversion of one or more carbon-containing molecules (usually carbon dioxide or methane) and nutrients into organic matter using the oxidation of inorganic compounds (e.g., hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide) or ferrous ions as a source of energy, rather than sunlight, as in photosynthesis. Chemoautotrophs, organisms that obtain carbon from carbon dioxide through chemosynthesis, are phylogenetically diverse, but also groups that include conspicuous or biogeochemically-important taxa include the sulfur-oxidizing gamma and epsilon proteobacteria, the Aquificae, the methanogenic archaea and the neutrophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria.
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Chlorous acid is a powerful oxidizing agent, although its tendency to disproportionation counteracts its oxidizing potential. Chlorine is the only halogen to form an isolable acid of formula HXO2.Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001) Inorganic Chemistry, Elsevier Neither bromous acid nor iodous acid has ever been isolated. A few salts of bromous acid, bromites, are known, but no iodites.
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Changing the thiols into compounds that have little or no odor can be done by oxidizing the thiols to sulfonic acids. Hydrogen peroxide and baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) are mild enough to be used on people and animals but changes hair color. Stronger oxidizing agents, like sodium hypochlorite solutions—liquid laundry bleach—are cheap and effective for deodorizing other materials.
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Like other species of the genus Solemya, the gills of S. velum contain sulfur-oxidizing chemosynthetic bacteria which fix carbon dioxide to support their hosts nutritionally. This is an example of chemosynthetic symbiosis. The bacteria produce the energy to fix carbon by oxidizing hydrogen sulfide found in the environment. The metabolic pathway that they use for carbon fixation is the Calvin cycle.
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PEDOT is prepared by mixing EDT monomer with an oxidizing agent such as FeCl3. The oxidizing agent acts as an initiator for polymerization. Research has shown that increasing the ratio of [FeCl3]/[monomer] decreases the solubility of the PEDOT. This is thought to be a result of increased crosslinking in the polymer making it more difficult to dissolve in a solvent.
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The oxygen-atom donor tendency correlates with the acidity of the O−H bond. Thus, the order of oxidizing power is CF3CO3H > CH3CO3H > H2O2.
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Comamonas terrae is a bacterium from the genus Comamonas, which was isolated from agricultural soil in Thailand. C. terrae has an arsenite-oxidizing ability.
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The synthesis of diltiazem can be obtained by oxidizing N-(N,N-dimethylethanamine)-4-aminophenol and adding 3-mercaptopropionic acid via a Michael reaction.
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An oxidizing agent was added, and bromine was formed in the solution. Then bromine was distilled. This was a very complicated and costly process.
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Bismuthate is an ion. Its chemical formula is BiO3−. It has bismuth in its +5 oxidation state. It is a very strong oxidizing agent.
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FAS is paramagnetic, acidic and toxic towards microorganisms. It is a weak oxidizing agent, capable of being reduced to Mohr's salt, ferrous ammonium sulfate.
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Hydrogen peroxide is used for its oxidizing properties in many applications including paper and textile bleaching, detergence, as well as effluent and gas treatment.
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Stewartia floridana is a bivalve of the family Lucinidae that is chemosymbiotic with sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. It is the sole species in the genus Stewartia.
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It forms aqueous solutions of relatively low pH when water reacts with pyrite in the deposit under ambient temperatures and generally oxidizing near-surface environments.
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Almost all applications of potassium permanganate exploit its oxidizing properties. As a strong oxidant that does not generate toxic byproducts, KMnO4 has many niche uses.
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Manganese tetrafluoride, MnF4, is the highest fluoride of manganese. It is a powerful oxidizing agent and is used as a means of purifying elemental fluorine..
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Chloric acid, HClO3, is an oxoacid of chlorine, and the formal precursor of chlorate salts. It is a strong acid (pKa ≈ −2.7) and oxidizing agent.
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J. Gen. Chem. 2006, 76, 1907. or an oxidizing agent such as iodine,Semmelhack, M. F.; Zask, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 2034.
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Palmer, John. "Home Water Treatment", Retrieved on 2009-06-04. Campden tablets are also used as an anti- oxidizing agent when transferring wine between containers.
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The reducing capabilities of the selenide ion make it vulnerable to oxidizing agents. It is advised therefore that it not come into contact with bases.
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Also, since the thermate reaction uses iron oxide instead of oxygen for its oxidizing agent, the grenade can work under water.Dockery 1997, p. 183–4.
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Prior to the discovery of Hydrogenobacter thermophilus, only one extremely thermophilic, aerobic and hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium had been described (Bacillus schlegelii). In addition, H. thermophilus has both morphological and physiological differences that vary from processes in B. schegelii, suggesting there are multiple means for being viable in different environments. Until the discovery of H. thermophilus, it was thought that no obligate chemolithotrophic hydrogen oxidizing bacteria existed.
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An electron acceptor is a chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound. It is an oxidizing agent that, by virtue of its accepting electrons, is itself reduced in the process. Electron acceptors are sometimes mistakenly called electron receptors. Typical oxidizing agents undergo permanent chemical alteration through covalent or ionic reaction chemistry, resulting in the complete and irreversible transfer of one or more electrons.
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Osmium tetroxide (OsO4) is a popular oxidant used in the dihydroxylation of alkenes because of its reliability and efficiency with producing syn-diols. Since it is expensive and toxic, catalytic amounts of OsO4 are used in conjunction with a stoichiometric oxidizing agent. The Milas hydroxylation, Upjohn dihydroxylation, and Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation reactions all use osmium as the catalyst as well as varying secondary oxidizing agents.
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The Skraup synthesis is a chemical reaction used to synthesize quinolines. It is named after the Czech chemist Zdenko Hans Skraup (1850-1910). In the archetypal Skraup reaction, aniline is heated with sulfuric acid, glycerol, and an oxidizing agent such as nitrobenzene to yield quinoline. The Skraup reaction The Skraup reaction with substituted aryl In this example, nitrobenzene serves as both the solvent and the oxidizing agent.
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Pure sodium presents a hazard, because it spontaneously burns in contact with air and moisture, thus the system must be protected from water and oxidizing atmospheres.
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Barium perchlorate is a powerful oxidizing agent, with the formula Ba(ClO4)2. It is used in the pyrotechnic industry. Barium perchlorate decomposes at 505 °C.
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The substance decomposes upon combustion with the formation of toxic gases, including sulfur oxides. It reacts violently with strong oxidizing agents, acids, reducing agents, and metals.
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Bathymodiolus platifrons harbours methane-oxidizing bacteria in its gill, which help to transfer methane into material and energy to help it to thrive in such environments.
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Thermodesulforhabdus is an acetate oxidizing bacterial genus from the family of Syntrophobacteraceae. Up to now there is only on species of this genus known (Thermodesulforhabdus norvegica).
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Smithella propionica is a species of bacteria, the type species of its genus. It is anaerobic, syntrophic, propionate-oxidizing bacteria, with type strain LYPT (= OCM 661T).
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Selenium or selenate alums are also known that contain selenium in place of sulfur in the sulfate anion, making selenate () instead. They are strong oxidizing agents.
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Calcium permanganate is an oxidizing agent and chemical compound with the chemical formula Ca(MnO4)2. It consists of the metal calcium and two permanganate ions.
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A Traveler's Guide to Mars. Workman Publishing. NY NY. Perchlorate may be the oxidizing chemical. The Phoenix Lander discovered the chemical perchlorate in the Martian Soil.
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Thiomonas cuprina is an As(III)-oxidizing bacterium from the genus Thiomonas. It is proposed to be reclassified, along with Thiomonas arsenivorans, as strains of Thiomonas delicata.
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Desulfatirhabdium butyrativorans is a Gram-negative, sulfate-reducing and butyrate-oxidizing bacterium from the genus of Desulfatirhabdium which has been isolated from anaerobic sludge in the Netherlands.
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Additionally, methane-oxidizing bacteria have been isolated from C. magnifica and R. pachyptila, which indicate that methane assimilation may take place within the trophosome of these organisms.
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There are also rare copper(III) and copper(IV) complexes such as the hexafluorocuprate(III) [CuF6]3− and hexafluorocuprate(IV) [CuF6]2−, which are strong oxidizing agents.
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Lewis, R. J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 10th ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: 2000. In chemistry preparations, sodium peroxide is used as an oxidizing agent.
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Pelotomaculum thermopropionicum is an anaerobic, thermophilic, syntrophic propionate-oxidizing bacterium, the type species of its genus. The type strain is strain SI(T) (= DSM 13744T = JCM 10971T).
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Syntrophomonas curvata is a bacterium. It is anaerobic, syntrophic (in association with methanogens) and fatty acid-oxidizing. Its type strain is GB8-1T (=CGMCC 1.5010T =DSM 15682T).
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The whitishness of the Martian rock's interior suggests that the inside of the rock didn't go through the oxidizing process that produces the Red Planet's characteristic hue.
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The hydroxyl •OH radical is one of the main chemical species controlling the oxidizing capacity of the global Earth atmosphere. This oxidizing reactive species has a major impact on the concentrations and distribution of greenhouse gases and pollutants in the Earth atmosphere. It is the most widespread oxidizer in the troposphere, the lowest part of the atmosphere. Understanding •OH variability is important to evaluating human impacts on the atmosphere and climate.
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In most cases, a continual low level oxidizing biocide is used, then alternating to a periodic shock dose of non-oxidizing biocides. The water consumption of the cooling tower comes from Drift, Bleed-off, Evaporation loss, The water that is immediately replenished into the cooling tower due to loss is called Make-up Water. The function of make-up water is to make machinery and equipment run safely and stably.
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As a complexometric indicator for determination of : Bi, Cd, Co, Mg, Mn and rare earths, Bromopyrogallol red is not classified as harmful by ingestion. Direct contact with eye may cause tearing or conjunctive redness. It will also cause skin irritation; the entry of bromopyrogallol red into the blood stream may produce systemic injury. The material should also avoid contamination with oxidizing agents like nitrates, oxidizing acids, chlorine bleaches, pool chlorine etc.
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Ferrate(VI) salts are formed by oxidizing iron in an aqueous medium with strong oxidizing agents under alkaline conditions, or in the solid state by heating a mixture of iron filings and powdered potassium nitrate. For example, ferrates are produced by heating iron(III) hydroxide with sodium hypochlorite in alkaline solution: :2 + 3 + 4 → 2 + 5 + 3 The anion is typically precipitated as the barium(II) salt, forming barium ferrate.
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Some of the longest known and most widely used oxo compounds are oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and osmium tetroxide (OsO4). Compounds such as these are widely used for converting alkenes to vicinal diols and alcohols to ketones or carboxylic acids. More selective or gentler oxidizing reagents include pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) and pyridinium dichromate (PDC). Metal oxo species are capable of catalytic, including asymmetric oxidations of various types.
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H. thermophilus TK-6 lives in soil that contains hot water. It was one of the first hydrogen oxidizing bacteria described leading to the discovery, and subsequent examination of many unique proteins involved in its metabolism. Its discovery contradicted the idea that no obligate hydrogen oxidizing bacteria existed, leading to a new understanding of this physiological group. Additionally, H. thermophilus contains a fatty acid composition that had not been observed before.
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Reaction takes place with all metals except the noble metals series and certain alloys. As a general rule, oxidizing reactions occur primarily with the concentrated acid, favoring the formation of nitrogen dioxide (NO2). However, the powerful oxidizing properties of nitric acid are thermodynamic in nature, but sometimes its oxidation reactions are rather kinetically non-favored. The presence of small amounts of nitrous acid (HNO2) greatly enhance the rate of reaction.
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Oxidative dissolution of AgNPs is attenuated in biological systems by components found in the cytosol, such as cysteine and glucose. Silver is stable in water and needs an oxidizing element to achieve oxidative dissolution. When oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide or oxygen are present, they dissolute AgNPs to release Ag+. The release of Ag+ leads to creation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside cells, which can further dissolute the nanoparticles.
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Thioalkalivibrio paradoxus is an alkaliphilic and obligately autotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. It was first isolated from soda lakes. Its type strain is ARh 1 (= DSM 13531 = JCM 11367).
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In the preheater and the kiln, this SO2 reacts to form alkali sulfates, which are bound in the clinker, provided that oxidizing conditions are maintained in the kiln.
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There is a possibility to use calcium sulfite to produce gypsum by oxidizing (adding O2) it in water mixture with the manganese (Mn2+) cation or sulfuric acid catalyzers.
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Thermodesulforhabdus norvegica is a species of thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria, the type and only species of its genus. It is gram-negative, acetate-oxidizing, with type strain A8444.
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Many soil bacteria possess the enzyme urease, which catalyzes conversion of urea to ammonia (NH3) or ammonium ion (NH4+) and bicarbonate ion (HCO3−). Thus urea fertilizers rapidly transform to the ammonium form in soils. Among the soil bacteria known to carry urease, some ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), such as species of Nitrosomonas, can also assimilate the carbon dioxide the reaction releases to make biomass via the Calvin cycle, and harvest energy by oxidizing ammonia (the other product of urease) to nitrite, a process termed nitrification. Nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, especially Nitrobacter, oxidize nitrite to nitrate, which is extremely mobile in soils because of its negative charge and is a major cause of water pollution from agriculture.
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Electrochemical gas sensors are gas detectors that measure the concentration of a target gas by oxidizing or reducing the target gas at an electrode and measuring the resulting current.
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Hexanitrobenzene, also known as HNB, is a high-density explosive compound with chemical formula C6N6O12, obtained by oxidizing the amine group of pentanitroaniline with hydrogen peroxide in sulfuric acid.
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Thiosocius teredinicola gen. nov., sp. nov., a sulfur- oxidizing chemolithoautotrophic endosymbiont cultivated from the gills of the giant shipworm, Kuphus polythalamius. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol; 69:638–644.
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Tsukamurella carboxydivorans is a Gram-positive and carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacterium from the genus of Tsukamurella which has been isolated from soil near a road from Seoul in Korea.
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Lebetimonas acidiphila is a thermophilic, acidophilic, hydrogen-oxidizing and motile bacterium from the genus of Lebetimonas. To observe growth there temperature should be between 30 and 68 degrees Celsius.
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To date, periplasmic, cytoplasmic, and cytoplasmic membrane-bound hydrogenases have been found. The [NiFe] hydrogenases, when isolated, are found to catalyse both H2 evolution and uptake, with low-potential multihaem cytochromes such as cytochrome c3 acting as either electron donors or acceptors, depending on their oxidation state. Generally speaking, however, [NiFe] hydrogenases are more active in oxidizing H2. A wide spectrum of H2 affinities have also been observed in H2-oxidizing hydrogenases.
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Permanent hair color generally contains ammonia and must be mixed with a developer or oxidizing agent in order to permanently change hair color. Ammonia is used in permanent hair color to open the cuticle layer so that the developer and colorants together can penetrate into the cortex. The developer, or oxidizing agent, comes in various volumes. The higher the developer volume, the higher the "lift" will be of a person's natural hair pigment.
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A generalized, schematic diagram of an activated sludge process. Activated sludge addition (seeding) to a pilot scale membrane bioreactor in Germany Activated sludge under the microscope In a sewage (or industrial wastewater) treatment plant, the activated sludge process is a biological process that can be used for one or several of the following purposes: oxidizing carbonaceous biological matter, oxidizing nitrogenous matter: mainly ammonium and nitrogen in biological matter, removing nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus).
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Barium ferrate is an oxidizing agent and is used as an oxidizing reagent in organic syntheses. Its other applications include removal of color, removal of cyanide, killing bacteria and contaminated and waste water treatment. Salts of ferrate (VI) are energetic cathode materials in “super-iron” batteries. Cathodes containing ferrate (VI) compounds are referred to as “super-iron” cathodes due to their highly oxidized iron basis, multiple electron transfer, and high intrinsic energy.
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Bi(V) compounds are strongly oxidizing due to the inert pair effect and relativistic effects. Oxidizing agents are Ph3Bi(OOtBu)2, Ph3BiCO3 and (Ph3BiCl)2O. Substrates for oxidation are oximes, thiols, phenols and phosphines.Organobismuth Chemistry Hitomi Suzuki, Yoshihiro Matano Elsevier, 2001 Compounds such as Ph5Bi and Ph3BiCl2 have been used in the arylation of arene compounds and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds:Bismuth(V) reagents in organic synthesis Derek H.R. Barton and Jean-Pierre Finet Pure Appl. Chem.
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While most bleaches are oxidizing agents, a fewer number are reducing agents such as sodium dithionite. Bleaches attack the chromophores, the part of a molecule which absorbs light and causes fabrics to have different colors. An oxidizing bleach works by breaking the chemical bonds that make up the chromophore. This changes the molecule into a different substance that either does not contain a chromophore, or contains a chromophore that does not absorb visible light.
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To produce expandable graphite, natural graphite flakes are treated in a bath of acid and oxidizing agent.Usually used oxidizing agents are hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate or chromic acid. Concentrated sulphuric acid or nitric acid are usually used as the compound to be incorporated, with the reaction taking place at temperatures of 30 °C to 130 °C for up to four hours. After the reaction time, the flakes are washed with water and then dried.
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HiPIPs take part in many oxidizing reactions in creatures, and are especially known with photosynthetic anaerobic bacteria, such as Chromatium, and Ectothiorhodospira. HiPIPs are periplasmic proteins in photosynthetic bacteria. They play a role of electron shuttles in the cyclic electron flow between the photosynthetic reaction center and the cytochrome bc1 complex. Other oxidation reactions HiPIP involved include catalyzing Fe(II) oxidation, being electron donor to reductase and electron accepter for some thiosulfate- oxidizing enzyme.
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The Fenton reaction pathway. Oxidizing hydroxyl- and peroxy- radicals are generated that unselectively degrade any dye molecules present. The Fenton process utilizes iron catalysts with H2O2 to create powerful, oxidizing hydroxides for the degradation of organic pollutants such as sewage and sludge as well as dyes. To enhance the catalytic abilities, a combination of Fe2+ cations, ultraviolet light, and hydrogen peroxide can be used and has shown greater removals of dye solutions.
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Oxidants are usually chemical substances with elements in high oxidation states (e.g., , , , , ), or else highly electronegative elements (O2, F2, Cl2, Br2) that can gain extra electrons by oxidizing another substance.
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Thioalkalivibrio thiocyanoxidans is a species of alkaliphilic and obligately autotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacterium. It was first isolated from soda lakes. Its type strain is Arh 2 (= DSM 13532 = JCM 11368).
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It changes more slowly under dry oxidizing conditions (such as in burials in sand or in ice) than under wet reducing conditions (such as burials in wood or plaster coffins).
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Gadolinium(III) nitrate is an inorganic compound of gadolinium. It is used as a water-soluble neutron poison in nuclear reactors. Gadolinium nitrate, like all nitrates, is an oxidizing agent.
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Terbium(IV) oxide is an inorganic compound with a chemical formula TbO2. It can be produced by oxidizing terbium(III) oxide by oxygen gas at 1000 atm and 300 °C.
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Thiohalomonas denitrificans is a moderately halophilic, obligately chemolithoautotrophic and sulfur-oxidizing bacterium from the genus of Thiohalomonas which has been isolated from sediments of hypersaline lakes from Siberia in Russia.
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Stephen M Voynick, Yogo: The Great American Sapphire. Mountain Press Publishing Company, Missoula. 1985 Some geuda varieties turn to a blue color after heat treatments. Others turn to red after oxidizing.
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Sodium hypochlorite can be easily produced for research purposes by reacting ozone with salt. :NaCl + O3 → NaClO + O2 This reaction happens at room temperature and can be helpful for oxidizing alcohols.
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David B. Troy, 2005, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, , Studies of the oxidation using Mössbauer spectroscopy on frozen samples suggests that O2 is the oxidizing species.
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Sodium iodate (NaIO3) is the sodium salt of iodic acid. Sodium iodate is an oxidizing agent, and as such it can cause fires upon contact with combustible materials or reducing agents.
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The tellurite anion is a weak base. Sodium tellurite would be similar to sodium selenite and sodium sulfite. Sodium tellurite is both a weak oxidizing agent and a weak reducing agent.
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When used as oxidizing agents or titrants in a redox chemical reaction, chromates and dichromates convert into trivalent chromium, Cr3+, salts of which typically have a distinctively different blue-green color.
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Flavobacterium arsenitoxidans is a Gram-negative, arsenite-oxidizing, non- spore-forming, rod-shaped and aerobic bacterium from the genus of Flavobacterium which has been isolated from soil from Suphanburi in Thailand.
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Potassium nitrite is stored with other oxidizing agents but separated from flammables, combustibles, reducing agents, acids, cyanides, ammonium compounds, amides, and other nitrogenous salts in a cool, dry, well ventilated location.
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Microvirga indica is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and arsenite-oxidizing bacterium from the genus of Microvirga which has been isolated from metal industry waste soil from Pirangut in India.
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Ocean’s surface water is characterized by a high concentration of hydrogen . In 1989, for the first time, an aerobic hydrogen oxidizing bacteria was isolated from sea water and the discovery of this strain was very important also because for the first time a hydrogen oxidizing bacteria was identified in normal temperature conditions. Experimentally it has been shown that the MH-110 strain is able to grow in an atmosphere (under a continuous gas flow system) characterized by an oxygen concentration of 40% (analogous characteristics are present in the surface water from which the bacteria were isolated, which is, in fact, a fairly aerated medium). This differs from the usual behaviour of hydrogen oxidizing bacteria, which in general thrive strictly under microaerophilic conditions (<10% O2).
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A group of Deltaproteobacteria that reduces sulfate makes up the majority of the bacterial community. The methane oxidizing archaea (ANMEs) found belong to two out of the three phylogenetic groups, ANME-1 and ANME-2. Some of the first organisms found that perform AOM were sulfide-oxidizing bacteria, which surrounded aggregates of methanogenic archaeal cells. AOM is now loosely characterized by the presence of the sulfate-reducing bacteria, Desulfosarcinales, and methane-eating archaea, anaerobic methanotroph (ANME-2), consortia.
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This explains why most of the Fe2+ oxidizing microorganisms are only found in acidic environments and are obligate acidophiles. The best studied Fe2+ oxidizing bacterium is Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, an acidophililic chemolithotroph. The microbiological oxidation of Fe2+ is an important aspect of the development of acidic pH's in mines, and constitutes a serious ecological problem. However, this process can also be usefully exploited when controlled. The sulfur containing ore pyrite (FeS2) is at the start of this process.
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These organisms are able to exploit the special properties of molecular hydrogen (for instance redox potential and diffusion coefficient) thanks to the presence of hydrogenases. The aerobic hydrogen oxidizing bacteria are facultative autotrophs, but they can also have mixotrophic or completely heterotrophic growth. Most of them show greater growth on organic substrates.The use of hydrogen as an electron donor coupled with the ability to synthesize organic matter, through the reductive assimilation of CO2, characterize the hydrogen oxidizing bacteria.
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Sulfurimonas is a bacterial genus within the class of Epsilonproteobacteria, known for reducing nitrate, oxidizing both sulfur and hydrogen, and containing Group IV hydrogenases. This genus consists of four species: Sulfurimonas autorophica, Sulfurimonas denitrificans, Sulfurimonas gotlandica, and Sulfurimonas paralvinellae. The genus' name is derived from "sulfur" in Latin and "monas" from Greek, together meaning a “sulfur-oxidizing rod”. The size of the bacteria varies between about 1.5-2.5 μm in length and 0.5-1.0 μm in width.
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Comammox have been identified in many ecosystems including natural freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. Additionally, the use of engineered ecosystems for comammox could be used for ammonium removal during water and wastewater treatment. Comammox have been found in many engineered systems including aquaculture biofiltration units, drinking water treatment and distribution systems, and wastewater treatment plants. The growth of comammox in these engineered ecosystems co-occur with ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and/or archaea, and usually outnumber other ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes.
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They offer lubrication at temperatures higher than liquid and oil-based lubricants operate. Dry lubricants are often used in applications such as locks or dry lubricated bearings. Such materials can operate up to 350 °C (662 °F) in oxidizing environments and even higher in reducing / non-oxidizing environments (molybdenum disulfide up to 1100 °C, 2012 °F). The low-friction characteristics of most dry lubricants are attributed to a layered structure on the molecular level with weak bonding between layers.
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Blue oxidizing flameIn flame treatment, a mixture of gas and air is used to produce a flame that is ran over the surface of the adherend. The flame that is produced must be oxidizing in order to produce an effective treatment. This means that the flame is blue in color. Flame treatment can be performed by using a setup similar to the CDT in which plastic film travels across a roller while the flame contacts it.
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Diphenylcarbazide is used as a redox indicator and for the photometric determination of certain heavy metal ions, like those of Chromium, Mercury, Cadmium, Osmium, Rubidium, Technetium and more. Reacting a Diphenylcarbazide with Chromium (VI) compounds, such as chromates or dichromates produces diphenylcarbazone, which forms a red-violet complex with the chromium compounds. Chromium (III) compounds can also be determined using this method, by first oxidizing these to Chromium (VI) using an oxidizing agent (e.g. ammonium persulfate solution).
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These bacteria are commonly found in iron and manganese deposits on surfaces exposed intermittently to plumes of hydrothermal and bottom seawater. However, due to the rapid oxidation of Fe2+ in neutral and alkaline waters (i.e. freshwater and seawater), bacteria responsible for the oxidative deposition of iron would be more commonly found in acidic waters. Manganese- oxidizing bacteria would be more abundant in freshwater and seawater compared to iron-oxidizing bacteria due to the higher concentration of available metal.
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Most are mobile with flagella located in the polar regions although some species are nonmobile. The reaction catalysed by these bacteria is the first step in the oxidation of ammonia to nitrate. Nitrosomonas europaea are also important in the treatment of industrial and sewage waste in the first step of oxidizing ammonia to nitrate. Evidence suggests that ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) contribute significantly to the global production of nitrous oxide (produced by the reduction of nitrite).
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Other more convenient or less toxic reagents for oxidizing alcohols include dimethyl sulfoxide, which is used in Swern and Pfitzner–Moffatt oxidations, and hypervalent iodine compounds, such as the Dess–Martin periodinane.
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Vanadium oxytrichloride is the inorganic compound with the formula VOCl3. This yellow distillable liquid hydrolyzes readily in air. It is an oxidizing agent. It is used as a reagent in organic synthesis.
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Dissimilatory oxidation converts sulfite to elemental sulfur. Sulfur oxidizing species include and the genera of Thiomicrospira, Halothiobacillus, Beggiatoa, Persephonella, and Sulfurimonas. Symbiotic species of the class Gammaproteobacteria, EpsilonproteobacteriaI can also oxidize sulfur.
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Methylobacter tundripaludum is a methane-oxidizing bacterium. It is Gram- negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, non-spore forming, with type strain SV96T (=DSM 17260T =ATCC BAA-1195T). Its genome has been sequenced.
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Mercury(II) nitrate is made by reacting hot concentrated nitric acid with mercury metal, under these conditions, the nitric acid is an oxidizing agent. Dilute nitric acid would produce mercury(I) nitrate.
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Sedimenticola thiotaurini is a sulfur-oxidizing and facultative anaerobe bacterium from the genus of Sedimenticola which has been isolated from salt marsh sediments from the Sippewissett Salt Marsh in the United States.
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MingosMingos 1998, pp. 18–19 writes that while the p-block metals are typical, that are not strongly reducing and that, as such, they are base metals requiring oxidizing acids to dissolve them.
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Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans is a species of bacteria of the genus Sulfobacillus. It is an acidophilic, mixotrophic, moderately thermophilic, Gram-positive, sporulating facultative anaerobe. As its name suggests, it is capable of oxidizing sulfur.
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Huxleyia habooba is a species of small, monomyarian, nuculoid bivalve. It was first found at a depth of in the Arabian Sea. It is suspected of benefiting from chemosymbiosis with sulphur-oxidizing bacteria.
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Nucinella owenensis is a species of small, monomyarian, nuculoid bivalve. It was first found at a depth of in the Arabian Sea. It is suspected of benefiting from chemosymbiosis with sulphur-oxidizing bacteria.
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Influenza viruses are susceptible to bleach, 70% ethanol, aldehydes, oxidizing agents, and quaternary ammonium compounds. They are inactivated by heat of for minimum of 60 minutes, as well as by low pH <2.
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Hoeflea siderophila is a neutrophilic iron-oxidizing, motile bacteria with a single polar flagellum, from the genus of Hoeflea which was isolated from the Staraya Russa Resort in the Novgorod region in Russia.
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Thus, the oxidizing agent is always being reduced in a reaction; the reducing agent is always being oxidized. Oxygen is a common oxidizing agent, but not the only one. Despite the name, an oxidation reaction does not necessarily need to involve oxygen. In fact, a fire can be fed by an oxidant other than oxygen; fluorine fires are often unquenchable, as fluorine is an even stronger oxidant (it has a higher electronegativity and thus accepts electrons even better) than oxygen.
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Since 2006, the Fe- Oxidizing Microbial Observatory (FeMO), funded by the National Science Foundation and Microbial Observatory Program, has led cruises to Lōʻihi investigate its microbiology every October. The first cruise, on the ship R/V Melville and exploiting the submersible JASON2, lasted from September 22 to October 9. These cruises study the large number of Fe-oxidizing bacteria that have colonized Lōʻihi. Lōʻihi's extensive vent system is characterized by a high concentration of CO2 and Iron, while being low in sulfide.
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In the second chamber of the MFC is another solution and the positively charged cathode. It is the equivalent of the oxygen sink at the end of the electron transport chain, external to the biological cell. The solution is an oxidizing agent that picks up the electrons at the cathode. As with the electron chain in the yeast cell, this could be a variety of molecules such as oxygen, although a more convenient option is a solid oxidizing agent, which requires less volume.
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The standard experimental set up for dye degradation photocatalysis is by using a UV lamp to provide energy for the creation of oxidizing radicals. Photocatalysis is the addition of light to a semiconductor oxide/sulphide that results in electrons moving from the valence band to the conduction band. The electron-hole pairs formed will react with oxygen and water molecules to create superoxide anions and hydroxide radicals that have increased oxidizing and reducing abilities to be used on numerous industrial dye compounds.
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For the most part 2-furoic acid is relatively stable. However, 2-furoic acid is reactive with oxidizing materials. It is not reactive with reducing agents, combustible materials, organic materials, metals, acids, or alkalis.
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Known ways to fight Tromsø palm are the constant cutting of new shoots. When cutting down, protective equipment is recommended, and metal cutting tools should be cleaned after use because the juice is oxidizing.
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Belongs to the oxidoreductase family, oxidizing metal ions with NADP+ acting as an electron acceptor. Uses FAD as a cofactor when catalyzing the following reaction: 2cob(II)alamin + NADP+ 2aquacob(III)alamin + NADPH + H+.
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The iron is oxidized to ferric hydroxide upon encountering the oxidizing environment of the surface. A large number of these springs and seeps on the flood plain provide the iron for bog iron deposits.
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Celeribacter manganoxidans is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, manganese- oxidizing and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Celeribacter which has been isolated from sediments of the Pacific Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone in China.
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Syntrophomonas palmitatica is a bacterium. It is anaerobic, syntrophic (in association with methanogens) and fatty acid-oxidizing. Its type strain is GB8-1T (=CGMCC 1.5010T =DSM 15682T). Cells are slightly curved, non-motile rods.
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Sulfurimonas autotrophica is a sulfur- and thiosulfate-oxidizing ε-proteobacterium. It is mesophilic, and its cells are short rods, each being motile by means of a single polar flagellum. Its genome has been sequenced.
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Potassium bisulfate is commonly used to prepare potassium bitartrate for winemaking. Potassium bisulfate is also used as a disintegrating agent in analytical chemistry or as a precursor to prepare potassium persulfate, a powerful oxidizing agent.
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Given its strong oxidizing properties, perchloric acid is subject to extensive regulations.Perchloric Acid, 60%, GR Material Safety Data Sheet Seton Resource Center. It is highly reactive with metals (e.g., aluminium) and organic matter (wood, plastics).
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Hydrogen-oxidizing organisms, such as Cupriavidus necator (formerly Ralstonia eutropha), often inhabit oxic-anoxic interfaces in nature to take advantage of the hydrogen produced by anaerobic fermentative organisms while still maintaining a supply of oxygen.
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Clostridium uliginosum is a mesophilic bacterium oxidizing acetate in syntrophic association with a hydrogenotrophic methanogenic bacterium. It is a spore-forming, gram-positive, rod-shaped organism, with type strain BST. Its genome has been sequenced.
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Some satellite resonators are silver-plated and covered with a gold flash layer. The current then mostly flows in the high-conductivity silver layer, while the gold flash layer protects the silver layer from oxidizing.
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The common corrosion features of underwater volcanic basalt suggest that microbial activity may play a significant role in the chemical exchange between basaltic rocks and seawater. The significant amounts of reduced iron, Fe(II), and manganese, Mn(II), present in basaltic rocks provide potential energy sources for bacteria. Some Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria cultured from iron-sulfide surfaces are also able to grow with basaltic rock as a source of Fe(II). Fe- and Mn- oxidizing bacteria have been cultured from weathered submarine basalts of Loihi Seamount.
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Conversely, the sodium is oxidized or is the electron donor, and thus induces reduction in the other species and is considered the reducing agent. Which of the involved reactants would be reducing or oxidizing agent can be predicted from the electronegativity of their elements. Elements with low electronegativity, such as most metals, easily donate electrons and oxidize – they are reducing agents. On the contrary, many ions with high oxidation numbers, such as , , , , can gain one or two extra electrons and are strong oxidizing agents.
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Lucinids were able to colonize these sulfide rich sediments because they already maintained a population of sulfide-oxidizing symbionts. In modern environments, seagrass, lucinid bivalves, and the sulfur-oxidizing symbionts constitute a three-way symbiosis. Because of the lack of oxygen in coastal marine sediments, dense seagrass meadows produce sulfide-rich sediments by trapping organic matter that is later decomposed by sulfate- reducing bacteria. The lucinid-symbiont holobiont removes toxic sulfide from the sediment, and the seagrass roots provide oxygen to the bivalve-symbiont system.
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For all organic matter to be completely oxidized, an excess amount of potassium dichromate (or any oxidizing agent) must be present. Once oxidation is complete, the amount of excess potassium dichromate must be measured to ensure that the amount of Cr3+ can be determined with accuracy. To do so, the excess potassium dichromate is titrated with ferrous ammonium sulfate (FAS) until all of the excess oxidizing agent has been reduced to Cr3+. Typically, the oxidation-reduction indicator ferroin is added during this titration step as well.
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"Candidatus Scalindua" is a bacterial genus, and a proposed member of the order Planctomycetes. These bacteria lack peptidoglycan in their cell wall and have a compartmentalized cytoplasm. They are ammonium oxidizing bacteria found in marine environments.
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Nitrocyclohexane is highly flammable and a strong oxidizing agent. It is listed as an extremely hazardous substance by the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, and the NOAA warns that it can be explosive.
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Alkalilimnicola ehrlichii is a species of arsenite-oxidizing haloalkaliphilic gammaproteobacterium capable of chemoautotrophic or heterotrophic growth. It is Gram-negative, motile and short-rod-shaped. The type strain is MLHE-1T (=DSM 17681T =ATCC BAA-1101T).
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The final steps involves oxidizing the entire wafer with an SiO2 layer, etching contact vias to the transistors, and depositing a covering metal layer over the oxide, thus connecting the transistors without manually wiring them together.
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In oxidative desizing, the risk of damage to the cellulose fiber is very high, and its use for desizing is increasingly rare. Oxidative desizing uses potassium or sodium persulfate or sodium bromite as an oxidizing agent.
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It is an oxidizing agent used for bleaching. It is used in some pyrotechnic compositions as an oxidizer and a vivid red pyrotechnic colorant. It can also be used as an antiseptic and in tracer munitions.
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A technetate(VII) salt is a compound containing this ion. Pertechnetate compounds are salts of technetic(VII) acid. Pertechnetate is analogous to permanganate but it has little oxidizing power. Pertechnetate has higher oxidation power than perrhenate.
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ASIC1a currents have also been shown to be inhibited in the presence of oxidizing agents and potentiated in the presence of reducing agents. A decrease and increase in acid-induced intracellular Ca2+ accumulation were found, respectively.
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Mono oxidation of (R,R)-Me-Duphos using borane dimethylsulfide as protective group and hydrogen peroxide as oxidizing agent gives bozPhos This ligand is useful in copper- catalyzed asymmetric addition of diorganozinc reagents to N-diphenylphosphinoylimines.
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Nitrosomonas halophila is an ammonia-oxidizing, aerobe, Gram-negative bacterium from the genus of Nitrosomonas. Nitrosomonas halophila uses the enzyme Ammonia monooxygenase.George M. Garrity: Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology. 2. Auflage. Springer, New York 2005, Vol.
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One of them – a method of oxidizing proteins with performic acid, was adopted by the British chemist, Frederick Sanger, in his research to determine the molecular structure of insulin that won Sanger the Nobel prize in 1958.
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Copper(II) perchlorate is a salt of copper and perchloric acid. It is a hygroscopic crystalline blue solid, most commonly copper(II) perchlorate hexahydrate, Cu(ClO4)2·6H2O. Like any perchlorate, it is a strong oxidizing agent.
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Manganese(III) acetate describes a family of materials with the approximate formula Mn(O2CCH3)3. These materials are brown solids that are soluble in acetic acid and water. They are used in organic synthesis as oxidizing agents.
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Thermacetogenium phaeum is a bacterium, the type species of its genus. It is strictly anaerobic, thermophilic, syntrophic and acetate-oxidizing. Its cells are gram-positive, endospore-forming and rod-shaped. Its type strain is PBT (= DSM 12270T).
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Selenium trioxide is the inorganic compound with the formula SeO3. It is white, hygroscopic solid. It is also an oxidizing agent and a Lewis acid. It is of academic interest as a precursor to Se(VI) compounds.
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Sulfone is a relatively inert functional group, being weakly basic (compared to sulfoxides). They are non-oxidizing. In the Ramberg–Bäcklund reaction and the Julia olefination, sulfones are converted to alkenes by the elimination of sulfur dioxide.
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These are purified using alcohol and chromatography. Terconazole is non-reactive except when exposed to strong oxidizing agents or strong bases due to the nitrogen attached to the triazole ring. It has been found to be photosensitive.
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Ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) is the inorganic compound with the formula (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6. This orange-red, water-soluble cerium salt is a specialised oxidizing agent in organic synthesis and a standard oxidant in quantitative analysis.
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Syntrophomonas zehnderi is a bacterium. It is anaerobic, syntrophic (in association with methanogens, particularly Methanobacterium formicicum) and fatty acid-oxidizing. The type strain is OL-4T (=DSM 17840T =JCM 13948T). Cells are slightly curved, non-motile rods.
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In this method, a reducing agent (such glycine, citric acid, urea, etc) and an oxidizing agent (nitrate ions, nitric acid, etc) are used to generate the reduction-oxidation (RedOx) reaction. The appearance of the flame, and consequently the temperature of the mixture, depends on the oxidizing/reducing agents ratio used. Annealing up to 600 °C is sometimes needed to decompose the bismuth oxo-nitrates generated as intermediates. Since the content of Fe cations in this semiconductor material, Mӧssbauer spectroscopy is a proper technique to detect the presence of a paramagnetic component in the phase.
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The metabolism of the spirochaete is unknown. Other species of Olavius are also known to have similar symbioses with both sulfide- oxidizing and sulfate-reducing bacteria in the same worm. The primary sulfur- oxidizing symbiont, known as "Gamma1", is closely related to the primary symbionts of other species of gutless oligochaetes in the Phallodrilinae, and also to the symbionts of nematodes in the subfamily Stilbonematinae. In addition to hydrogen sulfide, the symbiotic bacteria also allow the worm to use hydrogen and carbon monoxide as energy sources, and to metabolise organic compounds like malate and acetate.
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Chromyl fluoride is a strong oxidizing agent capable of converting hydrocarbons to ketones and carboxylic acids. It can also be used as a reagent in the preparation of other chromyl compounds. Like some other fluoride compounds, CrO2F2 reacts with glass and quartz, so silicon-free plastics or metal containers are required for handling the compound. Its oxidizing power in inorganic systems has also been explored.Brown, S. D.; Green, P.J.; Gard, G.L. (1975) "The Chemistry of Chromyl Fluoride III: Reactions with Inorganic Systems," J. Fluorine Chem. 5(3), 203-219, .
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Nitrifying bacteria are chemolithotrophic organisms that include species of the genera Nitrosomonas, Nitrosococcus, Nitrobacter and Nitrococcus. These bacteria get their energy by the oxidation of inorganic nitrogen compounds. Types include ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB). Many species of nitrifying bacteria have complex internal membrane systems that are the location for key enzymes in nitrification: ammonia monooxygenase (which oxidizes ammonia to hydroxylamine), hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (which oxidizes hydroxylamine to nitric oxide - which is oxidized to nitrite by a currently unidentified enzyme), and nitrite oxidoreductase (which oxidizes nitrite to nitrate).
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Telluric acid is formed by the oxidation of tellurium or tellurium dioxide with a powerful oxidising agent such as hydrogen peroxide, chromium trioxide or sodium peroxide. :TeO2 \+ H2O2 \+ 2 H2O → Te(OH)6 Crystallization of telluric acid solutions below 10 °C gives Te(OH)6·4H2O. It is oxidizing, as shown by the electrode potential for the reaction below, although it is kinetically slow in its oxidations. :H6TeO6 \+ 2 H+ \+ 2 e− ⇌ TeO2 \+ 4 H2O E ~~o~~ = +1.02 V Chlorine, by comparison, is +1.36 V and selenous acid is +0.74 V in oxidizing conditions.
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In general, a large counter cation or anion (such as Cs+, [SbF6]−) can help stabilize the polyhalogen ions formed in the solid state from lattice energy considerations, as the packing efficiency was increased. The polyhalogen cations are strong oxidizing agents, as indicated by the fact that they can only be prepared in oxidative liquids as a solvent, such as oleum. The most oxidizing and therefore most unstable ones are the species [X2]+ and [XF6]+ (X = Cl, Br), followed by [X3]+ and [IF6]+. The stability of the [X2]+ salts (X = Br, I) are thermodynamically quite stable.
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Contact with the products of combustion, which may add undesirable elements to the subject material, is used to advantage in some processes. Control of the fuel/air balance can alter the exhaust gas chemistry toward either an oxidizing or a reducing mixture, and thus alter the chemistry of the material being processed. For example, cast iron can be puddled in an oxidizing atmosphere to convert it to the lower-carbon mild steel or bar iron. The Siemens-Martin oven in open hearth steelmaking is also a reverberatory furnace.
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In oxidizing conditions it can reversibly react with strong acids to form the ferrocenium cation . The rapid growth of organometallic chemistry is often attributed to the excitement arising from the discovery of ferrocene and its many analogues (metallocenes).
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Chemosynthesis is carbon fixation driven by energy obtained by oxidating inorganic substances (e.g., hydrogen gas or hydrogen sulfide), rather than from sunlight. Sulfur- and hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria often use the Calvin cycle or the reductive citric acid cycle.
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Barium chromate, named barium tetraoxochromate(VI) by the IUPAC, is a yellow sand like powder with the formula BaCrO4. It is a known oxidizing agent and produces a green flame when heated, a result of the barium ions.
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Commercially available, this compound may be prepared by oxidizing ferrocene typically with ferric salts followed by addition of fluoroboric acid. A variety of other oxidants work well also, such as nitrosyl tetrafluoroborate. Many analogous ferrocenium salts are known.
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The coke is used to melt and reduce the lead. Limestone reacts with impurities and floats to the top. This process also keeps the lead from oxidizing. The molten lead flows from the blast furnace into holding pots.
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1,1-Dibromoethane is considered as a mild toxic compound, especially with bromines attached as substituents. Bromines on the ethane are strong oxidizing agents. If absorbed through inhalation, 1,1-dibromoethane could potentially cause neuronal effects, tissue damage, and bromism.
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AOBiome is a Boston-based biotech company focused on transforming human health through products that restore ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB). The company is developing a novel class of therapeutics to improve skin health, hypertension, and other systemic conditions.
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Thiomicrospira aerophila (basonynm: Thioalkalimicrobium aerophilum) is an obligately alkaliphilic and obligately chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacterium that was previously the type species of Thioalkalimicrobium prior to reclassification in 2017. It was first isolated from soda lakes in northern Russia.
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The enzyme can then further catalyze L-tyrosine to form L-DOPA. Tyrosine hydroxylase may also be involved in other reactions as well, such as oxidizing L-DOPA to form 5-S-cysteinyl-DOPA or other L-DOPA derivatives.
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Many flavin-dependent enzymes are capable of oxidizing aliphatic nitro compounds to less-toxic aldehydes and ketones. Nitroalkane oxidase and 3-nitropropionate oxidase oxidize aliphatic nitro compounds exclusively, whereas other enzymes such as glucose oxidase have other physiological substrates.
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Methyl 2-bromoacetate is colorless or straw-colored liquid. The smell is sharp and penetrating. It is soluble in water and also has a higher density than water. It is incompatible with acids, bases, oxidizing agents, and reducing agents.
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In Ellman's original paper, he prepared this reagent by oxidizing 2-nitro-5-chlorobenzaldehyde to the carboxylic acid, introducing the thiol via sodium sulfide, and coupling the monomer by oxidization with iodine. Today, this reagent is readily available commercially.
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This can hinder nitrification, in which ammonia is "recycled" to the bio-available form nitrate. However, ammonia oxidation seems to be efficiently carried out in soda lakes in either case, probably by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria as well as Thaumarchaea.
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Chromate salts contain the chromate anion, . Dichromate salts contain the dichromate anion, . They are oxoanions of chromium in the 6+ oxidation state and are moderately strong oxidizing agents. In an aqueous solution, chromate and dichromate ions can be interconvertible.
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Reduced phosphides have been identified in fulgurites, in the form of schreibersite ( and ), and titanium(III) phosphide. These reduced compounds are otherwise rare on Earth due to the presence of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere, which creates oxidizing surface conditions.
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Marsh, K. L., G. K. Sims, and R. L. Mulvaney. 2005. Availability of urea to autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria as related to the fate of 14C- and 15N-labeled urea added to soil. Biol. Fert. Soil. 42:137-145.
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Astomonema is a genus of nematode worms in the family Siphonolaimidae. They lack a mouth or conventional digestive tract, but contain symbiotic sulfur- oxidizing bacteria that serve as their primary food source. They live in the marine interstitial habitat.
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Magnesium perchlorate is a powerful oxidizing agent, with the formula Mg(ClO4)2. It is also a superior drying agent for gas analysis. Magnesium perchlorate decomposes at 250 °C.CRC Handbook The heat of formation is -568.90 kJ mol−1.
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Dyella thiooxydans is a Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, thiosulfate- oxidizing, facultatively chemolithotrophic and motile bacterium from the genus of Dyella which has been isolated from rhizospheric soil of field with sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) from Junghwa-dong in Korea.
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Other neighbors include Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis and Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans. S. wagneri and its genus share only about 85% similarity with other members in its evolutionary line, which suggests that it is distantly related to other anaerobic ammonium oxidizing (anammox) bacteria.
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No ammonium oxidizing activity was observed when salinity was 0%. Marine sediments located in deep-sea methane seeps contain anammox bacteria associated with Candidatus Scalindua spp.; these bacteria likely have a substantial role in the nitrogen cycle in the sediments.
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The ratio of NADP+ to NADPH in the cell is kept rather low, so that NADPH is readily available as a reducing agent; it is more commonly used as a reducing agent than NADP+ is used as an oxidizing agent.
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Potassium permanganate and sulfuric acid react to produce some ozone, which has a high oxidizing power and rapidly oxidizes the alcohol, causing it to combust. As the reaction also produces explosive Mn2O7, this should only be attempted with great care.
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Sodium persulfate is the inorganic compound with the formula Na2S2O8. It is the sodium salt of peroxydisulfuric acid, H2S2O8, an oxidizing agent. It is a white solid that dissolves in water. It is almost non-hygroscopic and has good shelf-life.
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Indigo dye is a product of the reaction of indoxyl by a mild oxidizing agent such as atmospheric oxygen. Indoxyl can be found in urine and is titrated with Obermayer's reagent. Obermayer's reagent is a dilute solution FeCl3 in hydrochloric acid.
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Methyl nitrite is an oxidizing agent and a heat-sensitive explosive; its sensitivity increases in presence of metal oxides. With inorganic bases it forms explosive salts. It forms explosive mixtures with air. It is used as a rocket propellant, a monopropellant.
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Calcium cyanide hydrolyzes readily to form hydrogen cyanide gas. The presence of acid accelerated evolution of hydrogen cyanide gas. It is reactive toward oxidizing agents. Calcium cyanide is also sometimes used to produce ammonium cyanide by reacting it with ammonium carbonate.
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Strong oxidizing acids may cause a vigorous reaction that is sufficiently exothermic to ignite the reaction products. Heat is also generated by the interaction of esters with caustic solutions. Flammable hydrogen is generated by mixing esters with alkali metals and hydrides.
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Persephonella guaymasensis is a thermophilic, hydrogen-oxidizing microaerophile first isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. It is strictly chemolithoautotrophic, microaerophilic, motile, 2-4 micrometres in size, rod-shaped, Gram-negative and non-sporulating. Its type strain is EX-H2T.
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Hydrolysis of 3-chloro cyclohexene followed by oxidation of the cyclohexenol is yet another route. Cyclohexenone is produced industrially by catalytic oxidation of cyclohexene, for example with hydrogen peroxide and vanadium catalysts. Several patents describe diverse oxidizing agents and catalysts.
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Thiomicrospira siberica is a species of obligately alkaliphilic and obligately chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. It was first isolated from soda lakes in northern Russia, hence the specific epithet. In 2017, all 4 species of the genus Thioalkalimicrobium were reclassified to Thiomicrospira.
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Syntrophaceticus schinkii is a species of strictly anaerobic, mesophilic, endospore-forming, syntrophic, acetate-oxidizing bacterium, the type species of its genus. Its type strain is Sp3T (=JCM 16669T), which was isolated from an anaerobic filter treating wastewater in a fishmeal factory.
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Xanthobacter agilis is a dinitrogen-fixing, non-pleomorphic hydrogen-oxidizing and motile bacteria from the family of Xanthobacteraceae which has been isolated from a lake near Neuchâtel in Switzerland.Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen UniProt Xanthobacter agilis produces o-phthalyl amidase.
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Perchloryl fluoride is a reactive gas with the chemical formula . It has a characteristic sweet odor that resembles gasoline and kerosene. It is toxic and is a powerful oxidizing and fluorinating agent. It is the acid fluoride of perchloric acid.
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Lutetium(III) bromide can be synthesized through the following reaction: :2 Lu(s) + 3 Br2(g) → 2 LuBr3(s) If burned, lutetium(III) bromide may produce hydrogen bromide and metal oxide fumes. Lutetium(III) bromide reacts to strong oxidizing agents.
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Stephenson et al. reported using aniline derivatives with sodium nitrite in 96% sulfuric acid and ammonium persulfate. Price et al. demonstrated that stirring carbon nanotubes in water and treating with anilines and oxidizing agents proved to be a milder reaction.
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"Syntrophothermus lipocalidus" is a bacterium, the type species and only currently described species in its genus. It is thermophilic, syntrophic, fatty-acid-oxidizing and anaerobic, and utilises isobutyrate. TGB-C1T is its type strain. Its genome has been fully sequenced.
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Thiovulum majus is a species of bacteria and a member of the phylum Proteobacteria. This sulfide-oxidizing species has been observed to swim at speeds as high as 615 micrometers per second, faster than those recorded for any other bacterial species.
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It can be applied as a soaked dressing or a bath. Side effects may include irritation of the skin and discoloration of clothing. If it is taken by mouth, toxicity and death may occur. Potassium permanganate is an oxidizing agent.
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The conversion to β-ADA itself is not described in this patent specification. The most economical synthesis route is based on iminodiacetic acid, which is easily accessible by oxidizing diethanolamine and serves as a key raw material for the herbicide glyphosate.
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In the field of environmental chemistry, the reduction potential is used to determine if oxidizing or reducing conditions are prevalent in water or soil, and to predict the states of different chemical species in the water, such as dissolved metals. pe values in water range from -12 to 25; the levels where the water itself becomes reduced or oxidized, respectively. The reduction potentials in natural systems often lie comparatively near one of the boundaries of the stability region of water. Aerated surface water, rivers, lakes, oceans, rainwater and acid mine water, usually have oxidizing conditions (positive potentials).
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Sulfur oxidizing bacteria (SOB) are aerobic, anaerobic or facultative, and most of them are obligate or facultative autotrophs, that can either use carbon dioxide or organic compounds as a source of carbon (mixotrophs). The most abundant and studied SOB are in the family Thiobacilliaceae in terrestrial environments, and in the family Beggiatoaceae in aquatic environments . Aerobic sulfur oxidizing bacteria are mainly mesophilic, which grow at moderate ranges of temperature and pH, although some of them are thermophilic and/or acidophilic. Outside these families, other SOB described belong to the genera Acidithiobacillus, Aquaspirillum, Aquifex, Bacillus, Methylobacterium, Paracoccus, Pseudomonas Starkeya, Thermithiobacillus, and Xanthobacter.
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Since the oxidizing action is relatively mild, it will not work well when organic matter, either combined with the iron or completely separate, is present in the water and iron bacteria will not be killed. Extremely high iron concentrations may require inconvenient frequent backwashing and/or regeneration. Finally, iron filter media requires high flow rates for proper backwashing and such water flows are not always available. Wildfires may release iron-containing compounds from the soil into small wildland streams and cause a rapid but usually temporary proliferation of iron-oxidizing bacteria complete with orange coloration, the gelatinous mats, and sulphurous odors.
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Comammox (COMplete AMMonia OXidiser) is the name attributed to an organism that can convert ammonia into nitrite and then into nitrate through the process of nitrification. Nitrification has traditionally thought to be a two- step process, where ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea oxidize ammonia to nitrite and then nitrite-oxidizing bacteria convert to nitrate. Complete conversion of ammonia into nitrate by a single microorganism was first predicted in 2006. Approximately ten years later, the presence of microorganisms that could carry out both conversion processes was discovered within the genus Nitrospira, and the nitrogen cycle was updated.
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For further reading on Fe oxidation pathways see reference. The phylogenetic distance between the Zetaproteobacteria and the Fe-oxidizing freshwater Betaproteobacteria suggests that Fe oxidation and the produced biominerals are the result of convergent evolution. Comparative genomics has been able to identify several genes that are shared between the two clades, however, suggesting that the trait of Fe oxidation could have been horizontally transferred, possibly virally-mediated. Fe mats associated with the Zetaproteobacteria, in addition to oxidizing Fe have been found to have the genetic potential for denitrification, arsenic detoxification, Calvin- Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle, and reductive tricarboxylic acid (rTCA) cycles.
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Biofilms are also relevant for the improvement of metal dissolution in bioleaching industryZhang RY, Bellenberg S, Sand W, Neu TR, Vera M (2016). The Biofilm Lifestyle of Acidophilic Metal/Sulfur-Oxidizing Microorganisms. In: Biotechnology of Extremophiles: Advances and Challenges. Rampelotto Pabulo H (Ed.).
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It was believed that aerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria oxidize hydroxylamine to nitrite using octahaem hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (HAO). Recently, it was shown that the product of HAO is not nitrite but nitric oxide, which is further oxidized to nitrite by an unknown enzyme.
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This process is better known as 'rusting', though it is distinct from the rusting of metallic iron. Many other metallic ores and minerals oxidize and hydrate to produce colored deposits, such as chalcopyrites or CuFeS2 oxidizing to copper hydroxide and iron oxides.
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Iron-oxidizing bacteria can pose an issue for the management of water-supply wells, as they can produce insoluble ferric oxide, which appears as brown gelatinous slime that will stain plumbing fixtures, and clothing or utensils washed with the water carrying it.
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Several species of cyanobacteria have been found associated with black band disease, the most well-known of which is Phormidium corallyticum. Sulfide-oxidizing bacteria, dominated by Beggiatoa spp.,Ducklow and Mitchell, 1979. "Observations on naturally and artificially diseased tropical corals:scanning electron microscope study".
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Ethanethiol is a reagent in organic synthesis. In the presence of sodium hydroxide, it gives the powerful nucleophile EtS−. The salt can be generated quantitatively by reaction with sodium hydride. Ethanethiol can be oxidized to ethyl sulfonic acid, using strong oxidizing agents.
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Phenanthroline may be prepared by two successive Skraup reactions of glycerol with o-phenylenediamine, catalyzed by sulfuric acid, and an oxidizing agent, traditionally aqueous arsenic acid or nitrobenzene. Dehydration of glycerol gives acrolein which condenses with the amine followed by a cyclization.
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In the molten state it is conductive, which may indicate dissociation: : Iodine trichloride can be created by heating a mixture of liquid iodine and chlorine gas to 105 °C. It is an oxidizing agent, capable of causing fire on contact with organic materials.
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One very common way to make potassium benzoate is by oxidizing toluene to benzoic acid followed by a neutralization with potassium hydroxide.Preparation of potassium benzoate, Another way to synthesize potassium benzoate in the lab setting is by hydrolyzing methyl benzoate with potassium hydroxide.
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Desulfovibrio butyratiphilus is a bacterium. It is Gram-negative, butyrate- oxidizing and sulfate-reducing. It is also strictly anaerobic, mesophilic, motile by means of a single polar flagellum, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped. Its type strain is BSYT (=5JCM 15519T =5DSM 21556T).
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611 The hydrogen is consumed by the sulfuric acid electrolyte, oxidizing it to water, before it can reach the copper electrode in the copper sulphate electrolyte.Hewitt, p. 137 A later improvement by J. F. Fuller in 1853 replaced sulfuric acid with zinc sulfate.Derry & Williams, p.
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Chemical oxidation of caffeic acid in acidic conditions using sodium periodate leads to the formation of dimers with a furan structure (isomers of 2,5-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)tetrahydrofuran 3,4-dicarboxylic acid). Caffeic acid can also be polymerized using the horseradish peroxidase/H2O2 oxidizing system.
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The original genus Acetogenium was named because this organism principally produces acetic acid from substrates.J. A. Leigh, F. Mayer and R. S. Wolfe. Acetogenium kivui, a new thermophilic hydrogen-oxidizing acetogenic bacterium. Archives of Microbiology. Volume 129, Number 4 (1981), 275-280, DOI: 10.1007/BF00414697.
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Performic acid (PFA) is an organic compound with the formula CH2O3. It is an unstable colorless liquid which can be produced by mixing formic acid with hydrogen peroxide. Owing to its oxidizing and disinfecting action, it is used in the chemical, medical and food industries.
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Many polysilanes are rubbery elastomers. When doped with oxidizing agents (SbF5, I2, FeCl3, ferrocinium), the polymers become semiconductors. Most are stable to nearly 300 °C and, in contrast to the polysilicon hydrides, are inert to oxygen at normal temperatures. They are not easily hydrolyzed.
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Oxidizing acids do not effectively attack high-purity aluminium because the oxide layer forms and protects the metal; aqua regia will nevertheless dissolve aluminium. This allows aluminium to be used to store reagents such as nitric acid, concentrated sulfuric acid, and some organic acids.
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The term perbromate also refers to a compound that contains the anion or the functional group. The perbromate ion is a strong oxidizing agent. The reduction potential for the /Br− couple is +0.68 V at pH 14\. This is comparable to selenite's reduction potential.
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The material may also be immersed in alkaline cleaners or specialized de-oxidizing solutions. It is common practice in modern industrial chemical etching facilities that the workpiece never be directly handled after this process, as oils from human skin could easily contaminate the surface.
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Members of the Desulfurobacteriales are strict anaerobes that exclusively oxidize hydrogen for energy, whereas those belonging to the Aquificales are microaerophilic, and capable of oxidizing other compounds (such as sulfur or thiosulfate) in addition to hydrogen.Reysenbach, A.-L. (2001) Phylum BII. Thermotogae phy. nov.
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Cyanogen is the chemical compound with the formula (CN)2. It is a colorless, toxic gas with a pungent odor. The molecule is a pseudohalogen. Cyanogen molecules consist of two CN groups - analogous to diatomic halogen molecules, such as Cl2, but far less oxidizing.
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The type order is the Campylobacterales, which includes important food pathogens such as Campylobacter spp. The Zetaproteobacteria are iron- oxidizing neutrophilic chemolithoautotrophs, distributed worldwide in estuaries and marine habitats. The type order is the Mariprofundales. The Hydrogenophilalia are obligate thermophiles and include heterotrophs and autotrophs.
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Rubidium hydride is the hydride of rubidium. It has the formula RbH and is an alkali metal hydride. It is synthesized using rubidium metal to react with hydrogen gas. As a hydride of an alkali metal, it is reactive towards even weak oxidizing agents.
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A microscopic image of Pyrolusite Pyrolusite and romanechite are among the most common manganese minerals. Pyrolusite occurs associated with manganite, hollandite, hausmannite, braunite, chalcophanite, goethite, and hematite under oxidizing conditions in hydrothermal deposits. It also occurs in bogs and often results from alteration of manganite.
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Obligatory aerobic and chemoorganotrophic. As thermophilic bacteria, members of this class are usually found in environments which are distant from human activity. However, they have features like improved growth in antibiotics and CO oxidizing activity, making them interesting topics of research (e.g. for biotechnology application).
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Lewis Basicity and Affinity Scales, Data and Measurement, (Wiley 2010) pp 50-51 IBSN 978-0-470-74957-9 The plots shown in this paper used older parameters. Improved E&C; parameters are listed in ECW model. It is also a strong oxidizing agent.
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Continuing the analogy to SbH3, AsH3 is readily oxidized by concentrated O2 or the dilute O2 concentration in air: ::2 AsH3 \+ 3 O2 → As2O3 \+ 3 H2O Arsine will react violently in presence of strong oxidizing agents, such as potassium permanganate, sodium hypochlorite, or nitric acid.
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Other possible associated factors are poor oral hygiene, general debilitation, hyposalivation (i.e., decreased salivary flow rate), radiotherapy, overgrowth of fungal or bacterial organisms, and a soft diet. Occasionally, BHT may be caused by the use of antimicrobial medications (e.g., tetracyclines), or oxidizing mouthwashes or antacids.
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Oxford: Elsevier. The δD values of fatty acids in methanotrophs living in seawater lie between −50 and −170‰, and that of sterols and hopanols range between −150 and −270‰.Sessions, A. L. (2002) Hydrogen isotope fractionation in lipids of the methane-oxidizing bacterium Methylococcus capsulatus.
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The reduced mediator carries electrons from the cell to the electrode. Here the mediator is oxidized as it deposits the electrons. These then flow across the wire to the second electrode, which acts as an electron sink. From here they pass to an oxidizing material.
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The alteration of olivine to iddingsite occurs in a highly oxidizing environment under low pressure and at intermediate temperatures. Temperature needed for the alteration process has to be above temperatures that could cause the olivine to solidify, but below temperatures that would cause structural reorganization.
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A secondary burner(s) fires into this chamber, oxidizing any organic material which passes from the primary chamber. This acts as a method of pollution control to eliminate the emission of odors and smoke. The secondary chamber typically operates at a temperature greater than .
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Liebigite is a uranium carbonate mineral with the chemical formula: Ca2(UO2)(CO3)3·11H2O. It is a secondary mineral occurring in the oxidizing zone of uranium-bearing ores. It is green to yellow green in colour. It has a Mohs hardness of about 3.
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Aldehydes are commonly generated by alcohol oxidation. In industry, formaldehyde is produced on a large scale by oxidation of methanol. Oxygen is the reagent of choice, being "green" and cheap. In the laboratory, more specialized oxidizing agents are used, but chromium(VI) reagents are popular.
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It also oxidizes in strong oxidizing agents like concentrated nitric acid. In molten metals, it dissolves and forms metal carbides. Carbon fibers do not differ from carbon in their corrosion behavior. ;Silicon carbide Pure silicon carbide is one of the most corrosion-resistant materials.
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However, any oxidizing environment, including that provided by microbes such as the iron- oxidizing photoautotroph Rhodopseudomonas palustris, can trigger iron oxide formation and thus BIF deposition. Other mechanisms include oxidation by UV light. Indeed, BIFs occur across large swaths of Earth's history and may not correlate with only one event. Other changes correlated with the rise of oxygen include the appearance of rust-red ancient paleosols, different isotope fractionation of elements such as sulfur, and global glaciations and Snowball Earth events, perhaps caused by the oxidation of methane by oxygen, not to mention an overhaul of the types of organisms and metabolisms on Earth.
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This microbe is photophobic, and will generate a biofilm matrix, or form clumps with other microbes, to avoid light. The species Nitrosomonas europaea has been identified as being able to degrade a variety of halogenated compounds including trichloroethylene, benzene, and vinyl chloride. Some Nitrosomonas species possess the enzyme urease, which catalyzes the conversion of the urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. N. europaea, as well as populations of soil-dwelling ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), have been shown to assimilate the carbon dioxide released by the reaction to make biomass via the Calvin cycle, and harvest energy by oxidizing ammonia (the other product of urease) to nitrite.
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It is very effective and rapidly reacts with traces of oxygen to form sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) which is non-scaling. Most higher pressure systems (higher than ) and all systems where certain highly alloyed materials are present are now using volatile programs, as many phosphate-based treatment programs are being phased out. Volatile programs are further broken down into oxidizing or reducing programs [(AVT(O) or AVT(R)] depending whether the environment requires an oxidizing or reducing environment to reduce the incidence of flow-accelerated corrosion. Flow- accelerated corrosion related failures have caused numerous accidents in which significant loss of property and life has occurred.
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Two water molecules are oxidized by four successive charge-separation reactions by photosystem II to yield a molecule of diatomic oxygen and four hydrogen ions. The electrons yielded are transferred to a redox-active tyrosine residue that then reduces the oxidized P680. This resets the ability of P680 to absorb another photon and release another photo-dissociated electron. The oxidation of water is catalyzed in photosystem II by a redox-active structure that contains four manganese ions and a calcium ion; this oxygen-evolving complex binds two water molecules and contains the four oxidizing equivalents that are used to drive the water-oxidizing reaction (Dolai's S-state diagrams).
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Oxidative dissolution of AgNPs, which gives rise to Ag+, potentially inhibits nitrification within Ammonia oxidizing bacteria. A key step in nitrification is the oxidation of ammonia to hydroxylamine (NH2OH) catalyzed by the enzyme ammonia monooxyganase (AMO).Arciero, D.; Vannelli, T.; Logan, M.; Hopper, A. B.Degradation of trichloroethylene by the ammonia-oxidizing bacterium Nitrosomonas europaea Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1989, 159 ( 2) 640– 643 The enzymatic activity of AMO is highly vulnerable to interference due to its intracytoplasmic location and its abundance of copper. It is speculated that Ag+ ions from AgNPs interfere with AMO’s copper bonds by replacing copper with Ag+ causing a decrease in enzymatic activity, and thus nitrification.
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The key to resolving the paradox is passivation. When the acid is concentrated enough, and because concentrated nitric acid is an oxidizing agent, the potential of the metal is raised to the point that a layer of metastable Fe3O4 forms on the surface and protects it from further corrosion, even though the pH is so low that stable Fe3O4 cannot exist. This explanation is supported by the observation that scratching the surface causes a burst of bubbles. Diluted nitric acid is not as strong an oxidizing agent and hence does not raise the potential of the metal to the extent that metastable Fe3O4 forms on the surface.
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Iron oxidation pathways in both acidophilic and circumneutral freshwater iron oxidation habitats, such as acid mine drainage or groundwater iron seeps, respectively, are better understood than marine circumneutral iron oxidation. In recent years, researchers have made progress in suggesting possibilities for how the Zetaproteobacteria oxidize iron, primarily through comparative genomics. With this technique, genomes from organisms with similar function, for example the freshwater Fe-oxidizing Betaproteobacteria and the marine Fe-oxidizing Zetaproteobacteria, are compared to find genes that may be required for this function. Identifying the iron oxidation pathway in the Zetaproteobacteria began with the publication of the first described cultured representative, M. ferrooxydans strain PV-1.
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Consequently, KrF2 is a good source of the extremely reactive and oxidizing atomic fluorine. It is thermally unstable, with a decomposition rate of 10% per hour at room temperature. Krypton difluoride is endothermic, with a heat of formation of 14.4 ± 0.8 kcal/mol measured at 93 °C.
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Aldrin does not react with mild acids or bases and is stable in an environment with a pH between 4 and 8. It is highly flammable when exposed to temperatures above 200 °C In the presence of oxidizing agents aldrin reacts with concentrated acids and phenols.
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Chlorine has been widely used for bleaching, as a disinfectant, and for biofouling prevention in water cooling systems. Remaining concentrations of oxidizing hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ions may be measured as chlorine residual to estimate effectiveness of disinfection or to demonstrate safety for discharge to aquatic ecosystems.
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In the next step the enol orthoester is hydrolyzed to produce the ketone _15_. The cyclopentene A-ring is then opened by oxidizing with ozone to produce _16_. Finally, the diketone _17_ undergoes an intramolecular aldol condensation by treating with aqueous potassium hydroxide to produce progesterone.
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When the solution is blue, oxygen is present. On the addition of NaOH, a reaction occurs that removes the oxygen, turning the solution clear. The dye turns back to blue once it is reoxidized by swirling the solution, incorporating oxygen from the air as an oxidizing agent.
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Chemical plasma – is based on crushing by high- speed combustion, but nitric acid as oxidizing agent instead of oxygen. 3\. Erosion - most patents refer to water jet rock cutting. Different modification variants are described, e.g. utilization of cavitation, turbulent processes, combination with mechanical processes, etc. 4\.
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Ammonium, sodium, and potassium salts of H2SO5 are used in the plastic industry as polymerization initiators, etchants, desizing agents, soil conditioner, and for decolorizing and deodorizing oils. Potassium peroxymonosulfate, KHSO5, is the potassium acid salt of peroxymonosulfuric acid. It is widely used as an oxidizing agent.
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In vivo, adrenochrome is synthesized by the oxidation of epinephrine. In vitro, silver oxide (Ag2O) is used as an oxidizing agent.MacCarthy, Chim, Ind. Paris 55,435(1946) In solution, adrenochrome is pink and further oxidation of the compound causes it to polymerize into brown or black melanin compounds.
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Saccharic acid, also called glucaric acid, is a chemical compound with the formula C6H10O8. It is derived by oxidizing a sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.Saccharic acid at Merriam-Webster's Medical DictionarySaccharic acid at NIST The salts of saccharic acid are called saccharates or glucarates.
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Isophthalic acid is produced on the billion kilogram per year scale by oxidizing meta-xylene using oxygen. The process employs a cobalt-manganese catalyst. The world's largest producer of isophthalic acid is Lotte Chemical Corporation. In the laboratory, chromic acid can be used as the oxidant.
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C. frisia was found to release biomolecules that have been predigested. Prokaryotic communities would rely on C. frisia for incompletely digested organic material and the oxidation of various biomolecules. On the other hand, C. frisia relies on the prokaryotic organism, Deltaproteobacteria, for its hydrogen oxidizing activity.
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Thioreductor is a Gram-negative, mesophilic, hydrogen-oxidizing, sulfur- reducing and motile genus of bacteria from the family of unclassified Epsilonproteobacteria with one known species (Thioreductor micantisoli). Thioreductor micantisoli has been isolated from hydrothermal sediments from the Iheya North from the Mid-Okinawa Trough in Japan.
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Based on a previous study, Strous et al.M. Strous, J. J. Heijnen, J. G. Kuenen, and M. S. M. Jetten, "The sequencing batch reactor as a powerful tool for the study of slowly growing anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing microorganisms," Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 50, no. 5, pp.
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Potassium carbonate ( or potash) is used in the manufacture of glass, soap, color TV tubes, fluorescent lamps, textile dyes and pigments.Schultz, p. 99 Potassium permanganate () is an oxidizing, bleaching and purification substance and is used for production of saccharin. Potassium chlorate () is added to matches and explosives.
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Unlike the less expensive sodium salt, potassium salt is mainly used for laboratory work in situations where an anhydrous salt is required. It is as an oxidizing agent in organic synthesis. It is used as in qualitative inorganic analysis, e.g. as a colorimetric test for silver ion.
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Oxygen difluoride is considered an unsafe gas due to its oxidizing properties. Hydrofluoric acid produced by the hydrolysis of OF2 with water is highly corrosive and toxic, capable of causing necrosis, leaching calcium from the bones and cardiovascular damage, among a host of other insidious effects.
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These defects result in considerable variations of its properties, including the increase of electrical conductivity and optical opacity. LSAT on the other hand, is stable in both oxidizing and fairly reducing environments in high temperatures, thus enabling a larger window for the processing and growth conditions.
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CYP3A4 is a member of the cytochrome P450 family of oxidizing enzymes. Several other members of this family are also involved in drug metabolism, but CYP3A4 is the most common and the most versatile one. Like all members of this family, it is a hemoprotein, i.e.
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By oxidizing the alcohol functional group, the aromatic part finally is metabolized to salicylic acid. Salicin tastes bitter like quinine. Salicin may cause an allergic skin reaction (skin sensitization; category 1). Mild side effects are standard, with rare occurrences of nausea, vomiting, rash, dizziness and breathing problems.
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Both scientists began their work using the prevailing theory, but Segrè rapidly determined that McMillan's sample was not at all similar to rhenium. Instead, when he reacted it with hydrogen fluoride (HF) with a strong oxidizing agent present, it behaved like members of the rare-earth elements.
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The oxidizing agent in either case oxidizes and destroys the dyes formed from the tannins of the wood and accentuated (reinforced) by sulfides present in it. Steam exploded fibre is a pulping and extraction technique that has been applied to wood and other fibrous organic material.
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This oxide is used in silver- oxide batteries. In organic chemistry, silver oxide is used as a mild oxidizing agent. For example, it oxidizes aldehydes to carboxylic acids. Such reactions often work best when the silver oxide is prepared in situ from silver nitrate and alkali hydroxide.
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The same thing would happened for PCC regarding the oxidation of a secondary ketone, a more mild oxidizing agent. Dichromic acid undergo the following reaction: :[Cr2O7]2− \+ 2H+ H2Cr2O7 H2CrO4 \+ CrO3 It is probably present in chromic acid cleaning mixtures along with the mixed chromosulfuric acid H2CrSO7.
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The compound has antiseptic properties and can act as a disinfectant. It is also used as a "disappearing" preservative in some brands of eye drops. Sodium perborate is also used as an oxidizing reagent in organic synthesis. For example, it converts thioethers into sulfoxides and sulfones.
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Many coal soils are too acidic to support vigorous plant growth, and coal gives off strong precursors to acid rain when it is burned. Marine clays are also sulfide-rich in many cases, and such clays become very acidic if they are drained to an oxidizing state.
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Hydrogen peroxide is both an oxidizing agent and reducing agent. The oxidation of hydrogen peroxide by sodium hypochlorite yields singlet oxygen. The net reaction of a ferric ion with hydrogen peroxide is a ferrous ion and oxygen. This proceeds via single electron oxidation and hydroxyl radicals.
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Silver chlorate (AgClO3) forms white, tetragonal crystals. Like all chlorates, it is water-soluble and an oxidizing agent. As a simple metal salt, it is a common chemical in basic inorganic chemistry experiments. It is light- sensitive, so it must be stored in tightly closed dark-coloured containers.
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SnF2 is a reducing agent, with a standard reduction potential of Eo (SnIV/ SnII) = +0.15 V. Solutions in HF are readily oxidised by a range of oxidizing agents (O2, SO2 or F2) to form the mixed-valence compound Sn3F8 (containing SnII and SnIV and no Sn–Sn bonds).
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S. thermosulfidooxidans is acidophilic and moderately thermophilic; while different strains have slightly different pH and temperature growth optima, all prefer environments around pH 2.0 with optimal growth temperatures ranging from 45C to 55C. S. thermosulfidooxidans is iron- and sulfur-oxidizing, capable of oxidation of elemental sulfur, tetrathionate, and sulfides.
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Calcium hypochlorite is strongly basic. It is also a strong oxidizing agent, as it contains a chlorine atom at the valence I (redox state: Cl+1). Calcium hypochlorite is stored dry and cold, away from any acid, organic materials, and metals. The hydrated form is safer to handle.
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They are mild oxidizing and mild reducing agents. The shape of the dithionate ion is like ethane, but two SO3 groups adopt an almost eclipsed conformation. The S—S bond length is about 2.15 Å; the S—O bonds are rather short with a bond length of 1.43 Å.
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Thermothrix azorensis is a Gram-negative, facultatively chemolithoautotrophic, non-spore-forming, aerobic, thermophilic, sulfur-oxidizing bacterium of the genus Thermothrix, isolated from a hot spring on Sao Miguel Island in the Azores.UniProt T. azorensis uses thiosulfate, tetrathionate, hydrogen sulfide, and elemental sulfur for its sources of energy (chemolithoautotrophic).
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A reducing atmosphere is an atmospheric condition in which oxidation is prevented by removal of oxygen and other oxidizing gases or vapours, and which may contain actively reducing gases such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and gases such as hydrogen sulfide that would be oxidized by any present oxygen.
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Thallium(III) nitrate, also known as thallic nitrate, is a thallium compound with chemical formula Tl(NO3)3.MSDS for thallium(III) nitrate It is normally found as the trihydrate. It is a colorless and highly toxic salt. It is a strong oxidizing agent useful in organic synthesis.
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Hydrogen peroxide can be used as an oxidizing mouthwash (e.g. Peroxyl, 1.5%). It kills anaerobic bacteria, and also has a mechanical cleansing action when it froths as it comes into contact with debris in mouth. It is often used in the short term to treat acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis.
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The symbionts are housed in bacteriocytes in a specialized organ, the trophosome (Greek. τροφος trophos ‘food’). Ca. Riegeria can make up half of the worms' biomass. The benefitial symbiosis with the carbon dioxide fixing and sulfur-oxidizing endosymbionts allows the marine flatworm to live in nutrient poor environments.
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Helicobacter pylori is microaerophilic – that is, it requires oxygen, but at lower concentration than in the atmosphere. It contains a hydrogenase that can produce energy by oxidizing molecular hydrogen (H2) made by intestinal bacteria. It produces oxidase, catalase, and urease. H. pylori possesses five major outer membrane protein families.
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Dysprosium chloride fires can be extinguished with water. Dysprosium fluoride and dysprosium oxide are non-flammable. Dysprosium nitrate, Dy(NO3)3, is a strong oxidizing agent and readily ignites on contact with organic substances. Soluble dysprosium salts, such as dysprosium chloride and dysprosium nitrate are mildly toxic when ingested.
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Tributylphosphine is the organophosphorus compound with the formula P(CH). Abbreviated or PBu, it is a tertiary phosphine. It is an oily liquid at room temperature, with a nauseating odor. It reacts slowly with atmospheric oxygen, and rapidly with other oxidizing agents, to give the corresponding phosphine oxide.
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The butanediol is derived from condensation of acetylene with formaldehyde followed by hydrogenation. DuPont developed a process for producing THF by oxidizing n-butane to crude maleic anhydride, followed by catalytic hydrogenation. A third major industrial route entails hydroformylation of allyl alcohol followed by hydrogenation to 1,4-butanediol.
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The Milas dihydroxylation was introduced in 1930, and uses hydrogen peroxide as the stoichiometric oxidizing agent. Although the method can produce diols, overoxidation to the dicarbonyl compound has led to difficulties isolating the vicinal diol. Therefore, the Milas protocol has been replaced by the Upjohn and Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation.
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Zoothamnium niveum is a species of ciliate protozoan which forms feather- shaped colonies in marine coastal environments. The ciliates form a symbiosis with sulfur-oxidizing chemosynthetic bacteria of the species "Candidatus Thiobios zoothamnicoli", which live on the surface of the colonies and give them their unusual white color.
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When a specimen goes through pyrite decay, the marcasite reacts with moisture and oxygen in the air, the sulfur oxidizing and combining with water to produce sulfuric acid that attacks other sulfide minerals and mineral labels. Low humidity (less than 60%) storage conditions prevents or slows the reaction.
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It is noncombustible, but, being a strong oxidizing agent, it will accelerate the burning of combustible material. If the combustible material is finely divided, the resulting mixture may be explosive. Contact with liquid combustible materials may result in spontaneous ignition. Contact with sulfuric acid may cause fires or explosions.
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Xenon trioxide is an unstable compound of xenon in its +6 oxidation state. It is a very powerful oxidizing agent, and liberates oxygen from water slowly, accelerated by exposure to sunlight. It is dangerously explosive upon contact with organic materials. When it detonates, it releases xenon and oxygen gas.
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Sulfurovum lithotrophicum is a species of bacteria, the type species of its genus. It is a sulfur-oxidizing chemolithoautotroph within the ε-Proteobacteria isolated from Okinawa Trough hydrothermal sediments. It is mesophilic and also oxidises thiosulfate. It is a Gram-negative, non-motile and coccoid to oval-shaped bacterium.
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Each half-reaction has a standard electrode potential (E), which is equal to the potential difference or voltage at equilibrium under standard conditions of an electrochemical cell in which the cathode reaction is the half-reaction considered, and the anode is a standard hydrogen electrode where hydrogen is oxidized: : H2 → H+ \+ e−. The electrode potential of each half-reaction is also known as its reduction potential E, or potential when the half-reaction takes place at a cathode. The reduction potential is a measure of the tendency of the oxidizing agent to be reduced. Its value is zero for H+ \+ e− → H2 by definition, positive for oxidizing agents stronger than H+ (e.g.
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While most iron is oxidized as a result of interaction with atmospheric oxygen or oxygenated waters, oxidation by bacteria is an active process in anoxic environments and in oxygenated, low pH (<3) environments. Studies of the acidophilic Fe(II)-oxidizing bacterium, Acidthiobacillus ferrooxidans, have been used to determine the fractionation as a result of iron-oxidizing bacteria. In most cases, δ56/54Fe values between 2 – 3‰ were measured. However, a Rayleigh trend with a fractionation factor of αFe(III)aq-Fe(II)aq ~ 1.0022 was observed, which is smaller than the fractionation factor in the abiotic control experiments (αFe(III)aq-Fe(II)aq ~ 1.0034), which has been inferred to reflect a biological isotope effect.
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Chromium(VI) oxide Sodium chromate is produced industrially by the oxidative roasting of chromite ore with sodium carbonate. The change in equilibrium is visible by a change from yellow (chromate) to orange (dichromate), such as when an acid is added to a neutral solution of potassium chromate. At yet lower pH values, further condensation to more complex oxyanions of chromium is possible. Both the chromate and dichromate anions are strong oxidizing reagents at low pH: : + 14 + 6 e− → 2 + 21 (ε0 = 1.33 V) They are, however, only moderately oxidizing at high pH: : + 4 + 3 e− → + 5 (ε0 = −0.13 V) Sodium chromate (Na2CrO4) Chromium(VI) compounds in solution can be detected by adding an acidic hydrogen peroxide solution.
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Acidithiobacillus caldus formerly belonged to the genus Thiobacillus prior to 2000, when it was reclassified along with a number of other bacterial species into one of three new genera that better categorize sulfur-oxidizing acidophiles. As a member of the Gammaproteobacteria class of Proteobacteria, A. caldus may be identified as a Gram-negative bacterium that is frequently found in pairs. Considered to be one of the most common microbes involved in biomining, it is capable of oxidizing reduced inorganic sulfur compounds (RISCs) that form during the breakdown of sulfide minerals. The meaning of the prefix acidi- in the name Acidithiobacillus comes from the Latin word acidus, signifying that members of this genus love a sour, acidic environment.
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Members of the Honda Alabama Environmental Air Quality team are honored for their efforts to reduce CO2 and NOx emissions. The primary advantage of the FBC over traditional rotor concentrators lies in its ability to achieve any concentration ratio up to the lower explosive limit (LEL). This allows Honda Alabama's paint shop to switch from oxidizing 100,000 CFM of VOCs in a Regenerative Thermal Oxidizer (RTO), to oxidizing only 1,500 CFM of VOCs in a small thermal oxidizer, at a much higher concentration. Reducing the volume of air to be oxidized from 100,000 CFM to 1,500 CFM (66:1 concentration ratio), allows for a much lower energy usage and consequently, fewer CO2 and NOX emissions.
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The larger the value of the standard reduction potentials, the easier it is for the element to be reduced (gaining electrons); in other words, they are better oxidizing agents. For example, F2 has 2.87 V and Li+ has −3.05 V. F gets reduced easily and is therefore a good oxidizing agent. In contrast, Li(s) would rather undergo oxidation (hence a good reducing agent). Thus Zn2+ whose standard reduction potential is −0.76 V can be oxidized by any other electrode whose standard reduction potential is greater than −0.76 V (e.g. H+(0 V), Cu2+(0.34 V), F2(2.87 V)) and can be reduced by any electrode with standard reduction potential less than −0.76 V (e.g.
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For a solid that dissolves in a redox reaction, solubility is expected to depend on the potential (within the range of potentials under which the solid remains the thermodynamically stable phase). For example, solubility of gold in high- temperature water is observed to be almost an order of magnitude higher (i.e. about ten times higher) when the redox potential is controlled using a highly oxidizing Fe3O4-Fe2O3 redox buffer than with a moderately oxidizing Ni-NiO buffer. 400px Solubility (metastable, at concentrations approaching saturation) also depends on the physical size of the crystal or droplet of solute (or, strictly speaking, on the specific surface area or molar surface area of the solute).
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Antioxidants that are reducing agents can also act as pro-oxidants. For example, vitamin C has antioxidant activity when it reduces oxidizing substances such as hydrogen peroxide; however, it will also reduce metal ions that generate free radicals through the Fenton reaction. : 2 Fe3+ \+ Ascorbate → 2 Fe2+ \+ Dehydroascorbate :: 2 Fe2+ \+ 2 H2O2 → 2 Fe3+ \+ 2 OH· + 2 OH− The relative importance of the antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities of antioxidants is an area of current research, but vitamin C, which exerts its effects as a vitamin by oxidizing polypeptides, appears to have a mostly antioxidant action in the human body. However, less data is available for other dietary antioxidants, such as vitamin E, or the polyphenols.
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When appropriate oxidizing agents are dissolved into the solution, the electro- oxidation process not only leads to organics oxidation at the electrode surface, but it also promotes the formation of other oxidant species within the solution. Such oxidizing chemicals are not bound to the anode surface and can extend the oxidation process to the entire bulk of the system. Chlorides are the most widespread species for the mediated oxidation. This is due to the chlorides being very common in most wastewater effluents and being easily converted into hypochlorite, according to global reaction: Cl- + H2O -> ClO- + 2H+ + 2e- Although hypochlorite is the main product, chlorine and hypochlorous acid are also formed as reactions intermediate.
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The strength of chlorine-releasing solutions, as well as their dosage in uses like water chlorination and pool sanitization, is usually expressed as mass concentration of "free chlorine" or "available chlorine". It is the mass of chlorine gas (Cl2) that would yield the same oxidizing power as the product contained in (or applied to) a specific mass or volume of the liquid in question. The concentration can be expressed, for example, as grams per liter (g/L), milligrams per liter (mg/L), or parts per million (ppm). Thus, for example, "15 mg/L of available chlorine" means that the amount of product contained in one liter of the liquid has the same oxidizing power as 15 mg of chlorine.
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In organic synthesis the hydroboration reaction is taken further to generate other functional groups in the place of the boron group. The hydroboration-oxidation reaction offers a route to alcohols by oxidation of the borane with hydrogen peroxide or to the carbonyl group with the stronger oxidizing agent chromium oxide.
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The precipitation of potassium feldspar, quartz overgrowths, and carbonate cements also occurs under marine conditions. In non marine environments oxidizing conditions are almost always prevalent, meaning iron oxides are commonly produced along with kaolin group clay minerals. The precipitation of quartz and calcite cements may also occur in non marine conditions.
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Before curing, the properties of furan resins are similar to those of other curable resins. They can be used as binders, are reactive to acids, thermally reactive and cross-linkable. Cured furan resins are resistant to attack by strong acids, bases, and halogenated hydrocarbons. They are attacked by oxidizing agents.
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The CuOFP capsule used as overpack for spent nuclear fuel disposal in the KBS-3 concept (Finnish version). Oxygen-free copper can be alloyed with phosphorus (CuOFP alloy) to better withstand oxidizing conditions. This alloy has application as thick corrosion-resistant overpack for spent nuclear fuel disposal in deep crystalline rocks.
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With mitochondria, the cytosol has an oxidizing environment which converts NADH to NAD+. With these cases, the compartmentalization is physical. Another is to generate a specific micro- environment to spatially or temporally regulate a biological process. As an example, a yeast vacuole is normally acidified by proton transporters on the membrane.
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Edmond Fremy Edmond Frémy (; 28 February 1814 – 3 February 1894) was a French chemist. He is perhaps best known today for Frémy's salt, a strong oxidizing agent which he discovered in 1845. Fremy's salt is a long-lived free radical that finds use as a standard in electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy.
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However, it will form a polycrystalline film unless tightly controlled, and it allows oxidizing species that leak into the reactor to contaminate the epitaxial layer with unwanted compounds such as silicon dioxide. VPE is sometimes classified by the chemistry of the source gases, such as hydride VPE and metalorganic VPE.
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Any previously precipitated iron is removed by simple mechanical filtration. Several different filter media may be used in these iron filters, including manganese greensand, Birm, MTM, multi-media, sand, and other synthetic materials. In most cases, the higher oxides of manganese produce the desired oxidizing action. Iron filters do have limitations.
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Complete nitrification of oxidizing ammonia to nitrate is energetically advantageous for Nitrospira. Due to the previous research done on Nitrospira, it was thought that all Nitrospira use nitrite as their energy source. Therefore, comammox Nitrospira were not discovered until 2015. All discovered nitrifiers belong to sublineage II of the genus Nitrospira.
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Lamellibrachia luymesi is a species of tube worms in the family Siboglinidae. It lives at deep-sea cold seeps where hydrocarbons (oil and methane) are leaking out of the seafloor. It is entirely reliant on internal, sulfide- oxidizing bacterial symbionts for its nutrition. These are located in a centrally located "trophosome".
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Fluoroboric acid is corrosive and attacks the skin. It is available commercially as a solution in water and other solvents such as diethyl ether. It is a strong acid with a weakly coordinating, non-oxidizing conjugate base. It is structurally similar to perchloric acid, but lacks the hazards associated with oxidants.
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As a result, the adsorption of arsenic is reduced and dissolved arsenic accumulates in groundwater. That is why the arsenic content is higher in reducing environments than in oxidizing environments.Zeng Zhaohua, Zhang Zhiliang (2002). "The formation of As element in groundwater and the controlling factor". Shanghai Geology 87 (3): 11–15.
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Nitronium perchlorate, NO2ClO4, also known as nitryl perchlorate and nitroxyl perchlorate, is an inorganic chemical, the salt of the perchlorate anion and the nitronium cation. It forms colorless monoclinic crystals. It is hygroscopic, and is a strong oxidizing and nitrating agent. It may become hypergolic in contact with organic materials.
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With one more valence electron than diamagnetic TiCl4, VCl4 is a paramagnetic liquid. It is one of only a few paramagnetic compounds that is liquid at room temperature. VCl4 is prepared by chlorination of vanadium metal. VCl5 does not form in this reaction; Cl2 lacks the oxidizing power to attack VCl4.
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This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on a sulfur group of donors with a cytochrome as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is thiosulfate:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include tetrathionate synthase, thiosulfate oxidase, thiosulfate-oxidizing enzyme, and thiosulfate-acceptor oxidoreductase.
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The white color is produced by chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, which cover the entire surface of the Z. niveum colony. In most other species of Zoothamnium, bacteria are only known to cover the stalks. The bacteria contain elemental sulfur, which appear white. Z. niveum appears colorless when the bacteria are absent.
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A thioorganophosphate, ester. Organophosphates are susceptible to formation of highly toxic and flammable phosphine gas in the presence of strong reducing agents such as hydrides. Partial oxidation by oxidizing agents may result in the release of toxic phosphorus oxides. Esters react with acids to liberate heat along with alcohols and acids.
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Chemically, the perxenate compounds are used as oxidizing agents in analytical chemistry. Xenon difluoride is used as an etchant for silicon, particularly in the production of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). The anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil can be produced by reacting xenon difluoride with uracil. Xenon is also used in protein crystallography.
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Cold seeps constitute a biome supporting several endemic species. Cold seeps develop unique topography over time, where reactions between methane and seawater create carbonate rock formations and reefs. These reactions may also be dependent on bacterial activity. Ikaite, a hydrous calcium carbonate, can be associated with oxidizing methane at cold seeps.
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Regulation of PFK-1 maintains ATP levels above equilibrium. In the cytoplasm of hepatocytes, the steady state ratio of NADP+ to NADPH is approximately 0.1 while that of NAD+ to NADH is approximately 1000, favoring NADPH as the main reducing agent and NAD+ as the main oxidizing agent in chemical reactions.
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Purolator Inc. is a Canadian courier that is 91% owned by Canada Post, 7% owned by Rainmaker Investments Ltd. and 2% by others. Purolator truck showing the HAZMAT Class 5 Oxidizing Agents and Organic Peroxides placard on the rear door The company was originally organized as Trans Canada Couriers, Ltd.
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The time span between 20,000-17,000 years before present (B.P.) experienced cold and dry climatic conditions. After this period arid oxidizing environmental conditions prevailed for a period of 2500 years. The time span between 14,500–7;000 years B.P. witnessed a climatic amelioration phase leading to a warm and humid climate.
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Around 2 Ga, an increase in atmospheric oxygen levels took place, causing an oxidation of H2S in the surroundings, and an increase in the pH of the sea water. The resulting environment had become more oxidizing and thus allowed the later incorporation of the heavier metals such as copper and zinc.
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Melonite is a telluride of nickel; it is a metallic mineral. Its chemical formula is NiTe2. It is opaque and white to reddish-white in color, oxidizing in air to a brown tarnish. It was first described from the Melones and Stanislaus mine in Calaveras County, California in 1866, by Frederick Augustus Genth.
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The rock forms in oxidizing conditions, giving it a red color. It is then "bleached" to a green—or sometimes white—form when a reducing fluid passes through the rock. The reduced fluid can also carry uranium-bearing minerals. Famous examples of redox conditions affecting geological processes include uranium deposits and Moqui marbles.
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Potassium ferrate is the chemical compound with the formula K2FeO4. This purple salt is paramagnetic, and is a rare example of an iron(VI) compound. In most of its compounds, iron has the oxidation state +2 or +3 (Fe2+ or Fe3+). Reflecting its high oxidation state, FeO42− is a powerful oxidizing agent.
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It is soluble in nonpolar solvents such as benzene, CH2Cl2, and hexane. In some aspects, the chemical properties of VOCl3 and POCl3 are similar. One distinction is that VOCl3 is a strong oxidizing agent, whereas the phosphorus compound is not. Neat VOCl3 is the usual chemical shift standard for 51V NMR spectroscopy.
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In contrast, iron forms a more porous oxide through which oxygen can migrate, causing continued rusting. Passivation can be enhanced by short contact with oxidizing acids like nitric acid. Passivated chromium is stable against acids. Passivation can be removed with a strong reducing agent that destroys the protective oxide layer on the metal.
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Pure Caro's acid is highly explosive. Explosions have been reported at Brown University and Sun Oil. As with all strong oxidizing agents, peroxysulfuric acid should be kept away from organic compounds such as ethers and ketones because of its ability to peroxidize these compounds, creating highly unstable molecules such as acetone peroxide.
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Profile illustrating the shelf, slope and rise There are four facies types associated with iron-rich sedimentary rocks: oxide-, silicate-, carbonate-, and sulfide- facies. These facies correspond to water depth in a marine environment. Oxide- facies are precipitated under the most oxidizing conditions. Silicate- and carbonate-facies are precipitated under intermediate redox conditions.
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Dihydroxylation of alkene produces diol, and dihydroxylation of alkyne produces vicinal dicarbonyl. A stronger oxidizing agent, for example KMnO4 or ozone, will lead to oxidative cleavage. In this case, the π bond breakes with the σ bond, dividing the hydrocarbon molecule into two. Oxygen bonds with the remaining two π bonds separately.
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For many purposes, tinplate has been replaced by galvanised (zinc-coated) vessels, though not for cooking as zinc is poisonous. The zinc layer prevents the iron from rusting through sacrificial protection with the zinc oxidizing instead of the iron, whereas tin will only protect the iron if the tin-surface remains unbroken.
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Methylocapsa acidiphila is a bacterium. It is a methane-oxidizing and dinitrogen-fixing acidophilic bacterium first isolated from Sphagnum bog. Its cells are aerobic, gram-negative, colourless, non-motile, curved coccoids that form conglomerates covered by an extracellular polysaccharide matrix. The cells use methane and methanol as sole sources of carbon and energy.
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The process of oxidizing two molecules of water requires four electrons. The water molecules that are oxidized in the manganese center are the source of the electrons that reduce the two molecules of Q to QH2. To date, this water- splitting catalytic center has not be reproduced by any man-made catalyst.
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Thermosinus carboxydivorans is an anaerobic, thermophilic, Gram-negative, carbon-monoxide-oxidizing, hydrogenogenic bacterium, the type species of its genus. It is facultatively carboxydotrophic, curved, motile, rod-shaped, with a length of 2.6–3 μm, a width of about 0.5 μm and lateral flagellation. Its type strain is Nor1T (=DSM 14886T =VKM B-2281T).
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Manganese(III) acetate is a one-electron oxidizing agent that is particularly effective for the oxidation of enolizable carbonyl compounds to α-oxoalkyl or α,α'-dioxoalkyl radicals.Snider, B. B. Chemtracts-Org. Chem. 1991, 4, 403. Radicals generated in this manner may then undergo inter- or intramolecular addition to carbon-carbon multiple bonds.
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Zirconium fluoride can be purified by distillation or sublimation. Conditions/substances to avoid are: moisture, active metals, acids and oxidizing agents. Zirconium fluoride in a mixture with other fluorides is a coolant for molten salt reactors. In the mixture with sodium fluoride it is a candidate coolant for the Advanced High-Temperature Reactor.
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Therefore, the original concept of polarization does not apply to most batteries, and the depolarizer does not react with hydrogen as H2. Still, the term is used today, however, in most cases, it might be replaced with oxidizing agent. Many different substances have been used as depolarizers; the most notable are listed below.
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DOI: 10.1021/ed068p320 Bromic acid and bromates are powerful oxidizing agents and are common ingredients in Belousov–Zhabotinsky reactions.The Source of the Carbon Monoxide in the Classical Belousov–Zhabotinsky Reaction. J. Phys. Chem. A., 2007, 111 (32), 7805–12 DOI: 10.1021/jp073512+ Belousov-Zhabotinsky reactions are a classic example of non- equilibrium thermodynamics.
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It can be prepared by reducing 1-nitronaphthalene with iron and hydrochloric acid followed by steam distillation. Oxidizing agents, such as ferric chloride, give a blue precipitate with solutions of its salts. Chromic acid converts it into 1-naphthoquinone. Sodium in boiling amyl alcohol reduces the unsubstituted ring, giving tetrahydro-1-naphthylamine.
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The chromate and dichromate ions are fairly strong oxidizing agents. Commonly three electrons are added to a chromium atom, reducing it to oxidation state +3. In acid solution the aquated Cr3+ ion is produced. : + 14 H+ \+ 6 e− → 2 Cr3+ \+ 7 H2O ε0 = 1.33 V In alkaline solution chromium(III) hydroxide is produced.
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In 2001, Pisces V collected samples of the organisms and brought them to the surface for study. NOAA's National Undersea Research Center and NSF's Marine Bioproducts Engineering Center are cooperating to sample and research the local bacteria and archaea extremophiles. The fourth FeMO (Fe-Oxidizing Microbial Observatory) cruise occurred during October 2009.
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Importantly, the process in the organelle has no net ATP synthesis. This ATP comes later from processes outside of the glycosome. Inside of the glycosome does need NAD+ for functioning and its regeneration. Fructose 1,6-biphosphate is used in the glycosome as a way to help obtain oxidizing agents to help start glycolysis.
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Also, both selenium hexafluoride and tellurium hexafluoride are toxic, unlike sulfur hexafluoride (which is non-toxic). In contrast, metal hexafluorides are corrosive, readily hydrolyzed, and may react violently with water. Some of them can be used as fluorinating agents. The metal hexafluorides have a high electron affinity, which makes them strong oxidizing agents.
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Because ammonium iodate consists of the reducing ammonium ion and the oxidizing iodate ion, it already starts to decompose at 150 °C into nitrogen, oxygen, iodine and water. : Below 60 °C this reaction cannot sustain itself, but with catalysts like potassium dichromate or copper(II) chloride it can also combust at room temperature.
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Acetone is a compound for which most other methods of mercuration prove ineffective. The mercuric nitrate compound works because it is a strong oxidizing agent. In addition, when mercury is dissolved in nitric acid the acid form of mercuric nitrate is formed. The acidic form is capable of inverting molecules of sucrose.
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The most common structure of WO3 is monoclinic with space group P21/n. Tungsten trioxide is a strong oxidizing agent: it reacts with rare-earth elements, iron, copper, aluminium, manganese, zinc, chromium, molybdenum, carbon, hydrogen and silver, being reduced to pure tungsten metal. Reaction with gold and platinum reduces it to the dioxide.
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Besides treating the circulating cooling water in large industrial cooling tower systems to minimize scaling and fouling, the water should be filtered to remove particulates, and also be dosed with biocides and algaecides to prevent growths that could interfere with the continuous flow of the water. Under certain conditions, a biofilm of micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi and algae can grow very rapidly in the cooling water, and can reduce the heat transfer efficiency of the cooling tower. Biofilm can be reduced or prevented by using chlorine or other chemicals. A normal industrial practice is to use two biocides, such as oxidizing and non-oxidizing types to complement each other's strengths and weaknesses, and to ensure a broader spectrum of attack.
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These metal oxides have a high oxidizing tendency and can be used as oxygen carriers for the chemical looping combustion, gasification or partial oxidation processes. The metal oxides in Section E, the small section between the reaction lines 1 and 2, can be used for CLR and CLG, although a significant amount of H2O may present in the syngas product. The section for syngas production lies between reaction lines 2 and 3 (Section B). Metal oxides lying in this region, such as CeO2, have moderate oxidation tendencies and are suitable for CLR and CLG but not for the complete oxidation reactions. Metal oxides below reaction line 3 (Sections C and D) are not thermodynamically favored for oxidizing the fuels to syngas.
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This effectively stops the oxidation reactions on the metal surface by transferring them to the galvanic anode, which will be sacrificed in favour of the structure under protection.Shrier 10:29 For this to work there must be an electron pathway between the anode and the metal to be protected (e.g., a wire or direct contact) and an ion pathway between both the oxidizing agent (e.g., water or moist soil) and the anode, and the oxidizing agent and the metal to be protected, thus forming a closed circuit; therefore simply bolting a piece of active metal such as zinc to a less active metal, such as mild steel, in air (a poor conductor and therefore no closed circuit) will not furnish any protection.
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The microbes best suited to utilize radiolytic H2 are the knallgas bacteria, lithoautotrophes, that obtain energy by oxidizing molecular hydrogen via the knallgas reaction: H2 (aq) + 0.5O2 (aq) H2O (l) In the surface layer of sediment cores from oligotrophic regions of the SPG, O2 is the primary electron acceptor used in microbial metabolisms. The O2 concentrations decline slightly in surface sediment (initial few decimeters) and are unchanged to depth. Meanwhile, nitrate concentrations slightly increase downward or remain constant in sediment column at approximately the same concentrations as the deep water above the seafloor. Measured negative fluxes of O2 in the surface layer demonstrate that a relatively low abundance of aerobic microbes that are oxidizing the minimally deposited organic matter from the ocean above.
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PTU inhibits the enzyme thyroperoxidase, which normally acts in thyroid hormone synthesis by oxidizing the anion iodide (I−) to iodine (I0), facilitating iodine's addition to tyrosine residues on the hormone precursor thyroglobulin. This is one of the essential steps in the formation of thyroxine (T4).Boron, WF & Boulpaep, EL. 2005. Medical Physiology, Updated Edition.
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Commercially available, this compound may be prepared by oxidizing ferrocene with ferric salts followed by addition of hexafluorophosphoric acid. The compound has been characterized by X-ray crystallography. The cation and anion are well separated. The average Fc-C bond lengths is 2.047 Å, which is virtually indistinguishable from the Fe-C distance in ferrocene.
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It improves the molten metal fluidity, and enhances cleanness of the surface. It is added to argon in amounts typically under 10%. It can be added to argon-carbon dioxide blends to counteract the oxidizing effects of carbon dioxide. Its addition narrows the arc and increases the arc temperature, leading to better weld penetration.
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The original Brightray alloy was composed of 80% nickel / 20% chromium. This alloy is still in use today as Brightray S and can be used at temperatures up to 1050°C. Several other variants are now available. These include nickel-iron-chromium Brightray F that offers better resistance to both reducing and oxidizing environments.
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One feature of enzymes is their high specificity. They are specific on a singular substrate, reaction or both together, that means, that the enzymes can catalyze all reactions wherein the substrate can experience. The enzyme cholesterol 7 alpha hydroxylase catalyzes the reaction that converts cholesterol into cholesterol 7 alpha hydroxylase reducing and oxidizing that molecule.
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This species could represent the active oxidant, or it could undergo hemolytic O-O bond cleavage to yield an iron(V)-oxo intermediate as the working oxidizing agent. The Rieske dioxygenase are a powerful class of redox-active enzymes, and reactions such as sulfoxidation, desaturation, and benzylic oxidation have been reported in addition to dioxygenation.
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In manufacturing, GOx is used as an additive thanks to its oxidizing effects: it prompts for stronger dough in bakery, replacing oxidants such as bromate. It is also used as a food preservative to help remove oxygen and glucose from food when packaged such as dry egg powder to prevent unwanted browning and undesired taste.
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The oxidizing nature of many organolead compounds is usefully exploited: lead tetraacetate is an important laboratory reagent for oxidation in organic synthesis. Tetraethyllead, once added to gasoline, was produced in larger quantities than any other organometallic compound. Other organolead compounds are less chemically stable. For many organic compounds, a lead analog does not exist.
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Lead tetraacetate and lead dioxide are used as oxidizing agents in organic chemistry. Lead is frequently used in the polyvinyl chloride coating of electrical cords. It can be used to treat candle wicks to ensure a longer, more even burn. Because of its toxicity, European and North American manufacturers use alternatives such as zinc.
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According to the label on the consumer product, the liquid silver cleaning product TarnX contains thiourea, a detergent, and sulfamic acid. A lixiviant for gold and silver leaching can be created by selectively oxidizing thiourea, bypassing the steps of cyanide use and smelting.Anthony Esposito. "Peñoles, UAM unveil pilot thiourea Au-Ag leaching plant - Mexico".
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Another study shows the potential of polyaniline nanofibers as NO2 gas sensors.Yan, X.B.; Han, Z.J.; Yang, Y.; Tay, B.K.; Sens. Actuators B, 2007, 123, 107-113() NO2 gas acts as a strong oxidizing agent to the emeraldine form of polyaniline nanofibers, which causes resistance changes greater than three orders of magnitude at 100 ppm.
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LDPE is defined by a density range of 0.917–0.930 g/cm3. It is not reactive at room temperatures, except by strong oxidizing agents, and some solvents cause swelling. It can withstand temperatures of 80 °C continuously and for a short time. Made in translucent or opaque variations, it is quite flexible and tough.
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Hemoglobin's function can also be lost by chemically oxidizing its iron atom to its ferric form. This form of inactive hemoglobin is called methemoglobin and can be made by ingesting sodium nitriteRoueché, Berton (1953) Eleven blue men, and other narratives of medical detection. Boston: Little, Brown. as well as certain drugs and other chemicals.
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The salt is deep blue in color and paramagnetic. Ferrocenium salts are sometimes used as one-electron oxidizing agents, and the reduced product, ferrocene, is inert and readily separated from ionic products. The ferrocene–ferrocenium couple is often used as a reference in electrochemistry. The standard potential of ferrocene-ferrocenium is 0.400 V vs.
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The Albright-Goldman oxidation is a name reaction of organic chemistry, first described by the American chemists J. Donald Albright and Leon Goldman in 1965. The reaction is particularly suitable for the synthesis of aldehydes from primary alcohols. Analogously, secondary alcohols can be oxidized to form ketones. Dimethyl sulfoxide/acetic anhydride serves as oxidizing agent.
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Between 40 and 60% copper extraction was achieved in primary reactors and more than 90% extraction in secondary reactors with overall residence times of about 6 days. All of these microbes are gaining energy by oxidizing these metals. Oxidation means increasing the number of bonds between an atom to oxygen. Microbes will oxidize sulfur.
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However, difficulties associated with handling and their extreme oxidizing power have led to their replacement with N-F reagents. :File:EFAlt2.png Xenon di-, tetra-, and hexafluoride are selective monofluorinating reagents. However, their instability and high cost have made them less popular than the nitrogenous fluorinating agents.Ramsden, C. A.; Smith, R. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc.
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During periods of starvation, lucinids may harvest and digest their symbionts as food. Symbionts are acquired via phagocytosis of bacteria by bacterioctyes. Symbiont transmission occurs horizontally, where juvenile lucinids are aposymbiotic and acquire their symbionts from the environment in each generation. Lucinids maintain their symbiont population by reacquiring sulfur-oxidizing bacteria throughout their lifetime.
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A method for phenolic content quantification is volumetric titration. An oxidizing agent, permanganate, is used to oxidize known concentrations of a standard solution, producing a standard curve. The content of the unknown phenols is then expressed as equivalents of the appropriate standard. Some methods for quantification of total phenolic content are based on colorimetric measurements.
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NIF is also exploring new types of targets. Previous experiments generally used plastic ablators, typically polystyrene (CH). NIF's targets also are constructed by coating a plastic form with a layer of sputtered beryllium or beryllium-copper alloys, and then oxidizing the plastic out of the center.Meeting the Target Challenge , Science & Technology Review, July/August 2007.
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Under oxidizing conditions, arsenic can be mobilized from pyrite or iron oxides especially at elevated pH. Under reducing conditions, arsenic can be mobilized by reductive desorption or dissolution when associated with iron oxides. The reductive desorption occurs under two circumstances. One is when arsenate is reduced to arsenite which adsorbs to iron oxides less strongly.
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Once ignited, beryllium burns brilliantly forming a mixture of beryllium oxide and beryllium nitride. Beryllium dissolves readily in non-oxidizing acids, such as HCl and diluted H2SO4, but not in nitric acid or water as this forms the oxide. This behavior is similar to that of aluminium metal. Beryllium also dissolves in alkali solutions.
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Deiodinase 2 is localized to the ER membrane while Deiodinase 1 and 3 are found in the plasma membrane. The related catalytic domains of Deiodinases 1-3 feature a thioredoxine-related peroxiredoxin fold. The enzymes catalyze a reductive elimination of iodine, thereby oxidizing themselves similar to Prx, followed by a reductive recycling of the enzyme.
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They break down complex organic compounds (e.g., carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) produced by autotrophs into simpler compounds (e.g., carbohydrates into glucose, fats into fatty acids and glycerol, and proteins into amino acids). They release the energy of O2 by oxidizing carbon and hydrogen atoms from carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins to carbon dioxide and water, respectively.
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Cerium(IV) fluoride is an inorganic compound with a chemical formula CeF4, and white crystals with strong oxidizing powers. Cerium(IV) fluoride has an anhydrous form and a monohydrate form.无机化学丛书 第七卷 钪 稀土元素 (Series of Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. 7. Scandium. Rare Earth Elements.).
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Nitric acid is a corrosive acid and a powerful oxidizing agent. The major hazard posed by it is chemical burns, as it carries out acid hydrolysis with proteins (amide) and fats (ester), which consequently decomposes living tissue (e.g. skin and flesh). Concentrated nitric acid stains human skin yellow due to its reaction with the keratin.
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Contaminated clothing is removed immediately and the underlying skin washed thoroughly. Being a strong oxidizing agent, nitric acid can react with compounds such as cyanides, carbides, or metallic powders explosively and with many organic compounds, such as turpentine, violently and hypergolically (i.e. self-igniting). Hence, it should be stored away from bases and organics.
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Polysulfone is highly resistant to mineral acids, alkali, and electrolytes, in pH ranging from 2 to 13. It is resistant to oxidizing agents (although PES will degrade over time), therefore it can be cleaned by bleaches. It is also resistant to surfactants and hydrocarbon oils. It is not resistant to low-polar organic solvents (e.g.
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Hal MacLean, the district water management supervisor, suggested that a combination of drought conditions, low water levels and accumulated animal feces - probably from geese - had caused the high bacterial content. EBRP planned to treat the lake with an oxidizing agent and "direct geese away from the swim area" in an attempt to lower the levels.
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These are a reducing agent (fuel), heat, an oxidizing agent (oxygen), and a chemical reaction. A fire can be extinguished by taking away any of the four components. The fuel is the substance being oxidized or burned in the combustion process. The most common fuels contain carbon along with combinations of hydrogen and oxygen.
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Benzil is prepared from benzoin, for example with copper(II) acetate: :PhC(O)CH(OH)Ph + 2 Cu2+ → PhC(O)C(O)Ph + 2 H+ \+ 2 Cu+ Other suitable oxidizing agents such as nitric acid (HNO3) are used routinely. Iron(III) chloride (FeCl3) can be used as an inexpensive catalyst for this chemical conversion.
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Many experiments have been done to understand the properties of Cu-Y zeolites. The zeolite can act as a catalyst, Brønsted acid, as well as an oxidizing agent. One of the important properties allowing zeolites to act as catalysts is their ability to exchange cations without disturbing the crystalline structure.Ward, J. J. Coll. Int. Sci.
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The formyl group readily oxidizes to the corresponding carboxyl group (−COOH). The preferred oxidant in industry is oxygen or air. In the laboratory, popular oxidizing agents include potassium permanganate, nitric acid, chromium(VI) oxide, and chromic acid. The combination of manganese dioxide, cyanide, acetic acid and methanol will convert the aldehyde to a methyl ester.
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The NADPH pathway (both 6PGD and G6PD reactions) is the only source of reductant to reduce glutathione in red blood cells. The role of erythrocytes as oxygen carriers puts them at risk of being damaged by oxidizing free radicals. The reduction of glutathione acts as an antioxidant and prevents damage from reactive oxygen species.
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It may be found in most whitening toothpastes. Hydrogen peroxide has shown positive results involving teeth lightness and chroma shade parameters. It works by oxidizing colored pigments onto the enamel where the shade of the tooth may become lighter. Hydrogen peroxide may be mixed with baking soda and salt to make a homemade toothpaste.
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When dissolved in water, many metallic oxide form alkaline solutions, while many oxides of nonmetals form acidic solutions. For example, sodium oxide in solution forms the strong base sodium hydroxide, while phosphorus pentoxide in solution forms phosphoric acid.Cook 1968, p.506 Oxygenated anions such as chlorates (), perchlorates (), chromates (), dichromates (), permanganates (), and nitrates () are strong oxidizing agents.
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An analog of the deltate anion can be obtained by replacing the three oxygen atoms (=O or −O−) by cyanoimino groups (=N−C≡N or −N=C=N−) to yield the symmetric anion . Replacement of the three oxygen atoms by dicyanomethylene (=C(CN)2) provides an oxidizing species that is readily reduced to a stable radical anion and dianion.
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Step 1 details the oxidation of ammonia into nitrite via ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. The most frequent genus of bacteria identified as being the facilitator of this step is Nitrosomonas. These bacteria will produce small quantities of nitrous oxide from produced nitrite in a side reaction. Nitrous oxide emissions increase as soil pH concentration increases or becomes more basic.
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Aluminium nitrate is a strong oxidizing agent. It is used in tanning leather, antiperspirants, corrosion inhibitors, extraction of uranium, petroleum refining, and as a nitrating agent. The nonahydrate and other hydrated aluminium nitrates have many applications. These salts are used to produce alumina for preparation of insulating papers, in cathode ray tube heating elements, and on transformer core laminates.
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There are several chemical processes that happen abiotically (chemical reactions), as well as biotically (microbial or enzyme mediated reactions). For example, oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions can occur simply through the reactions of elements, or by oxidizing/reducing bacteria. The transformations and turnover of elements between sediments and water occur through abiotic chemical processes and microbiological chemical processes.
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An aldehyde differs from a ketone in that it has a hydrogen atom attached to its carbonyl group, making aldehydes easier to oxidize. Ketones do not have a hydrogen atom bonded to the carbonyl group, and are therefore more resistant to oxidation. They are oxidized only by powerful oxidizing agents which have the ability to cleave carbon–carbon bonds.
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Despite being in low formal oxidation states, metal carbonyls are relatively unreactive toward many electrophiles. For example, they resist attack by alkylating agents, mild acids, and mild oxidizing agents. Most metal carbonyls do undergo halogenation. Iron pentacarbonyl, for example, forms ferrous carbonyl halides: :Fe(CO)5 \+ X2 → Fe(CO)4X2 \+ CO Metal–metal bonds are cleaved by halogens.
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Zisha is a mixture of kaolin, quartz and mica, with a high content of iron oxide. It is mined principally at Huanglongshan and Zhaozhuangshan and has a somewhat sandy texture. The process of preparing the clay is lengthy and was traditionally regarded as a trade secret. Typical firing temperature is between 1100 – 1200 °C in an oxidizing atmosphere.
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An interesting feature peculiar to some of the Yersinia bacteria is the ability to not only survive, but also to actively proliferate at temperatures as low as 1–4 °C (e.g., on cut salads and other food products in a refrigerator). Yersinia bacteria are relatively quickly inactivated by oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate solutions.
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Under discharge the positive plates are reduced ("deoxidized"); the oxygen, with its natural affinity for iron, goes to the negative plates, oxidizing them. It is permissible to discharge continuously at any rate up to 25% above normal, and for short periods at up to six times normal. When the discharge rate exceeds this value, abnormal voltage drops will occur.
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The pentose phosphate pathway is an alternative method of oxidizing glucose. It occurs in the liver, adipose tissue, adrenal cortex, testis, milk glands, phagocyte cells, and red blood cells. It produces products that are used in other cell processes, while reducing NADP to NADPH. This pathway is regulated through changes in the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
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Sulpiride neigher inhibits nor stimulates cytochrome P450 family (CYP) of oxidizing enzymes in human, thus would not cause clinically significant interactions with other drugs, which are metabolized by CYPs. However, the risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when sulpiride is combined with other drugs, but this is not related to substrates, inducers and inhibitors of CYPs.
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It is incompatible with ketones and primary alcohols, as it oxidizes them to aldehydes and carboxylic acids while being itself reduced to Cr3+. Therefore, CrO5 is a good oxidizing agent, even better than chromates and dichromates due to the presence of two reactive peroxo ligands, but due to its low stability it is not used in organic syntheses.
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A perchlorate is a chemical compound containing the perchlorate ion, . The majority of perchlorates are commercially produced salts. They are mainly used for propellants, exploiting properties as powerful oxidizing agents and to control static electricity in food packaging.Draft Toxicological Profile for Perchlorates, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, September, 2005.
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These new micromotors are composed of a photoactive titanium dioxide outer/surface layer that has gold nanoparticles as well. Under UV irradiation, the adsorbed water produces strongly oxidizing hydroxyl radicals. Also, adsorbed molecular O2 reacts with electrons producing superoxide anions. Those superoxide anions also produce to the production of peroxide radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and hydroxyl anions.
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Although orthophosphate (PO43-), the dominant inorganic P species in nature, is oxidation state (P5+), certain microorganisms can use phosphonate and phosphite (P3+ oxidation state) as a P source by oxidizing it to orthophosphate. Recently, rapid production and release of reduced phosphorus compounds has provided new clues about the role of reduced P as a missing link in oceanic phosphorus.
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It also arises by fusing potassium meta- sulfobenzoate, or meta-bromobenzoate with potassium formate (terephthalic acid is also formed in the last case). The barium salt, as its hexahydrate, is very soluble in water (a distinction between phthalic and terephthalic acids). Uvitic acid, 5-methylisophthalic acid, is obtained by oxidizing mesitylene or by condensing pyroracemic acid with baryta water.
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Pharmacolite was first described in 1800 for an occurrence in the Sophia Mine in the Böckelsbach Valley of Wittichen, Schenkenzell, Black Forest, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The name is from the Greek φάρμακον ("pharmakon"), alluding to its poisonous arsenic content. It forms by secondary (oxidizing) processes from primary arsenic minerals. It is associated with picropharmacolite, hornesite, haidingerite and rosslerite.
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Oil is not added to the other tube to allow for aerobic conditions. The tubes are then incubated for 24–48 hours. If the medium in the anaerobic tube turns yellow, then the bacteria are fermenting glucose. If the tube with oil doesn't turn yellow, but the open tube does turn yellow, then the bacterium is oxidizing glucose.
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Structural formula of polypyrrole, doped with p-Toluenesulfonic acid Pyrrole can be polymerized electrochemically to control the rate of polymerizion. Polypyrrole (PPy) is a conducting polymer formed by oxidative polymerization of pyrrole. A suitable oxidizing agent is iron (III) chloride (FeCl3). Water, methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile and other polar solvents may be used for the synthesis of PPy.
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The compound perbromic acid is the inorganic compound with the formula HBrO4. It is an oxoacid of bromine. Perbromic acid is unstable and cannot be formed by displacement of chlorine from perchloric acid, as periodic acid is prepared; it can only be made by protonation of the perbromate ion. Perbromic acid is a strong acid and strongly oxidizing.
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In the process of oxidizing the organic substances found in the water sample, potassium dichromate is reduced (since in all redox reactions, one reagent is oxidized and the other is reduced), forming Cr3+. The amount of Cr3+ is determined after oxidization is complete, and is used as an indirect measure of the organic contents of the water sample.
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Bromine monochloride, also called bromine(I) chloride, bromochloride, and bromine chloride, is an interhalogen inorganic compound with chemical formula BrCl. It is a very reactive golden yellow gas with boiling point 5 °C and melting point −66 °C. Its CAS number is 13863-41-7 and its EINECS number is 237-601-4. It is a strong oxidizing agent.
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Ruizite occurs in association with apophyllite, bornite, calcite, chalcopyrite, datolite, diopside, grossular, inesite, junitoite, kinoite, orientite, pectolite, quartz, smectite, sphalerite, vesuvianite, and wollastonite. Ruizite is found in veinlets or fracture surfaces of limestone metamorphosed into a calc- silicate assemblage. The mineral formed by retrograde metamorphism during cooling of a calc–silicate skarn assemblage in an oxidizing environment.
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Dorrite can be found in mineral reactions that relate dorrite + magnetite + clinopyroxene, rhönite + magnetite + olivine + clinopyroxene, and aenigmatite + pyroxene + olivine assemblages in nature. These assemblages favor low pressures and high temperatures. Dorrite is stable in strongly oxidizing, high-temperature, low-pressure environments. It occurs in paralava, pyrometamorphic melt rock, formed from the burning of coal beds.
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If less firewood is used, the flame will become oxidizing, turning the vessels reddish brown. Oxygen is not the only determining factor, another is how the flames move upward in the kiln. The potter must also control the flying charcoal ash. Charcoal ashes melt in the heat and become something like a glaze that adheres to the pottery surface.
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Malate dehydrogenase () (MDH) is an enzyme that reversibly catalyzes the oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate using the reduction of NAD+ to NADH. This reaction is part of many metabolic pathways, including the citric acid cycle. Other malate dehydrogenases, which have other EC numbers and catalyze other reactions oxidizing malate, have qualified names like malate dehydrogenase (NADP+).
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Followed by nitrite oxidation by nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB), which converts NO2− to NO3−. Ammonium and nitrite oxidizers have a high affinity for O2 and can use nanomolar concentrations of O2 to oxidize ammonium and nitrite. These small concentrations of O2 can be supplied by photosynthesis by Prochlorococcus spp. or by horizontal mixing by jets and eddies.
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The abiotic processes include the rusting of iron-bearing metals, where Fe2+ is abiotically oxidized to Fe3+ in the presence of oxygen, and the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ by iron-sulfide minerals. The biological cycling of Fe2+ is done by iron oxidizing and reducing microbes.Kappler, Andreas; Straub, Kristina L. (2005-01-01). "Geomicrobiological Cycling of Iron".
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In his subsequent experiments, he used potassium to reduce boric acid instead of electrolysis. He produced enough boron to confirm a new element and named the element boracium. Gay-Lussac and Thénard used iron to reduce boric acid at high temperatures. By oxidizing boron with air, they showed that boric acid is an oxidation product of boron.
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Gilbert N. Lewis wrote in 1938, "To restrict the group of acids to those substances that contain hydrogen interferes as seriously with the systematic understanding of chemistry as would the restriction of the term oxidizing agent to substances containing oxygen." Furthermore, KOH and KNH2 are not considered Brønsted bases, but rather salts containing the bases OH− and .
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The amount of ascorbic acid can be calculated by Faraday's law. Another alternative uses N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) as the oxidizing agent, in the presence of potassium iodide and starch. The NBS first oxidizes the ascorbic acid; when the latter is exhausted, the NBS liberates the iodine from the potassium iodide, which then forms the blue-black complex with starch.
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Sony, a Japanese corporation, first published the theory of sugar battery in 2007. This type of sugar battery is air-breathing and utilizes the oxygen as the oxidizing agent. The battery achieved expected high energy density and reasonable output voltage. Then the company shifted its researching direction in 2012 to the paper battery, which uses paper as fuel.
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Dilute solutions containing iodine- starch complex. Using starch as an indicator can help create a sharper color change at the endpoint (Dark blue→Colorless). The color above can be seen just before the endpoint is reached. To a known volume of sample, an excess but known amount of iodide is added, which the oxidizing agent then oxidizes to iodine.
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Immediately after sodium treatment, the PTFE surface is dark brown. The weaker the etching solution, the lighter the color change and the weaker the bond will be. When exposed to UV radiation, the treated PTFE will gradually return to its original white color. Exposure to light, abrasion, heat and some oxidizing agents will also degrade the treated surface.
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A number of processes have been designed to remove hydrogen sulfide from drinking water. ;Continuous chlorination: For levels up to 75 mg/L chlorine is used in the purification process as an oxidizing chemical to react with hydrogen sulfide. This reaction yields insoluble solid sulfur. Usually the chlorine used is in the form of sodium hypochlorite.
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Consistent with its high oxidizing power, VCl4 reacts with HBr at -50 °C to produce VBr3. The reaction proceeds via VBr4, which releases Br2 during warming to room temperature. :2 VCl4 \+ 8 HBr → 2 VBr3 \+ 8 HCl + Br2 VCl4 forms adducts with many donor ligands, for example, VCl4(THF)2. It is the precursor to vanadocene dichloride.
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As a volcanic and biogenic species, methane is of interest to many geologists and astrobiologists. However, methane is chemically unstable in an oxidizing atmosphere with UV radiation. The lifetime of methane in the Martian atmosphere is about 400 years. The detection of methane in a planetary atmosphere may indicate the presence of recent geological activities or living organisms.
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Gasochromism is closely related to electrochromism. The process involves the interaction of an electrochrome, usually a metal oxide, such as tungsten oxide, with an oxidizing or reducing gas, commonly oxygen and hydrogen, producing reversible color changes. The gasochromic technology is used commercially in reversible smart windows and gas sensing of oxygen, hydrogen, nitric oxide, hydrogen sulphide and carbon monoxide.
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It also releases water that can mix with mantle material to form serpentinite. When hotspot volcanoes occur in the middle of oceanic plates, they create permeable and porous basalts with higher concentrations of gas than at mid-ocean ridges. Hydrothermal fluids are cooler and have a lower sulfide content. Iron-oxidizing bacteria create extensive deposits of iron oxides.
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Heme groups, which are components of hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying protein present in vertebrate blood, act as strong oxidizers in insects. Although this oxidizing agent is safe in vertebrates, it is very damaging to insects. However, heme groups ingested in a blood meal bind to proteins on the peritrophic matrix, enabling insects to safely feed on blood.
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Beryllium copper is a ductile, weldable, and machinable alloy. Like pure copper, it is resistant to non-oxidizing acids like hydrochloric acid and carbonic acid, to plastic decomposition products, to abrasive wear, and to galling. It can be heat-treated for increased strength, durability, and electrical conductivity. Beryllium copper attains the greatest strength (to ) of any copper-based alloy.
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Beggiatoa can grow chemoorgano-heterotrophically by oxidizing organic compounds to carbon dioxide in the presence of oxygen, although high concentrations of oxygen can be a limiting factor. Organic compounds are also the carbon source for biosynthesis. Some species may oxidize hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur as a supplemental source of energy (facultatively litho- heterotroph). Produced sulfur is stored intracellularly.
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Many species have multicellular sensory- glandular organs in longitudinal rows along the length of the body, which secrete mucus that the bacterial symbionts are embedded in. Stilbonematines are found in the meiofaunal habitat in marine environments. Another group of meiofaunal nematodes with sulfur-oxidizing symbionts is the genus Astomonema, although in Astomonema the bacteria are endo- rather than ectosymbionts.
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These test strips use a beta-hydroxybutyrate-dehydrogenase enzyme instead of a glucose oxidizing enzyme and have been used to detect and help treat some of the complications that can result from prolonged hyperglycemia. Blood alcohol sensors using the same approach, but with alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes, have been tried and patented but have not yet been successfully commercially developed.
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2-Iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) is an organic compound used in organic synthesis as an oxidizing agent. This periodinane is especially suited to oxidize alcohols to aldehydes. IBX is prepared from 2-iodobenzoic acid, potassium bromate, and sulfuric acid. Frigerio and co-workers have also demonstrated, in 1999 that potassium bromate may be replaced by commercially available Oxone.
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94 The Cornforth reagent is a strong oxidizing agent which can convert primary and secondary alcohols to aldehydes and ketones respectively. In its chemical structure and functions it is closely related to other compounds made from hexavalent chromium oxide, such as pyridinium chlorochromate and Collins reagent. Because of their toxicity, these reagents are rarely used nowadays.
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Strontium bromate is a rarely considered chemical in the laboratory or in industries. It is, however, mentioned in the book Uncle Tungsten: Memories of a Chemical Boyhood by Oliver Sacks. There it is said that this salt glows when crystallized from a saturated aqueous solution. Chemically this salt is soluble in water, and is a moderately strong oxidizing agent.
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A member of these enzymes is hexose oxidase (HOX) from Chondrus crispus, a red algae that belongs to the division of Rhodophyta. But is more related to bacterial BBE- like enzymes than to members present in plants. Other example of carbohydrate oxidizing BBE-like enzyme is nectarin V (Nec5) from tobacco. Its function is to convert glucose to gluconolactone.
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This is dissimilar to other common acidic oxidation reactions such as the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, which would remove or alter such groups. Additionally, the Sarett reagent is relatively inert towards double bonds and thioether groups. These groups cannot effectively interact with the chromium of the Sarett reagent, as compared to the chromium in oxidizing complexes used prior to 1953.
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Hypromellose is a solid, and is a slightly off-white to beige powder in appearance and may be formed into granules. The compound forms colloids when dissolved in water. This non-toxic ingredient is combustible and can react vigorously with oxidizing agents.Safety data for hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Hypromellose in an aqueous solution, like methylcellulose, exhibits a thermal gelation property.
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Biotransformation in the human body occurs as a first phase detoxification by oxidizing the gonyautoxin molecule. The formed products are other oxidized forms of gonyautoxins. In the second phase detoxification step a glucuronidation takes place which produces glucuronic-GTX, which has an increased hydrophilicity in comparison to the GTX and can hence be excreted more easily.
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Nitrosomonas eutropha is an ammonia-oxidizing, Gram-negative bacterium from the genus of Nitrosomonas.George M. Garrity: Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology. 2. Auflage. Springer, New York 2005, Vol. 2: The Proteobacteria Part C: The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteabacteria, eol Starting in 2014, it was being tested by the biotech company AOBiome for its possible health benefits on skin.
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Hydrogen peroxide is frequently used as an oxidizing agent. Illustrative is oxidation of thioethers to sulfoxides: :Ph + → Ph + Alkaline hydrogen peroxide is used for epoxidation of electron-deficient alkenes such as acrylic acid derivatives, and for the oxidation of alkylboranes to alcohols, the second step of hydroboration-oxidation. It is also the principal reagent in the Dakin oxidation process.
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Some metals, such as platinum, readily adsorb carbon monoxide, which is usually undesirable as it results in catalyst poisoning. However, the strong affinity of CO to such catalysts also presents an opportunity: since carbon monoxide is a small molecule with a strong affinity to the catalyst, a large enough amount of CO will adsorb to the entire available surface area of the catalyst. That, in turn, means that by evaluating the amount of CO adsorbed, the catalyst's available surface area can be indirectly measured. That surface area - also known as "real surface area" or "electrochemically active surface area" - can be measured by electrochemically oxidizing the adsorbed carbon monoxide, as the charge expended in oxidizing CO is directly proportional to the amount of CO adsorbed on the surface and therefore, the surface area of the catalyst.
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The bacterial symbionts of stilbonematines are of different shapes and sizes, ranging from small coccoid cells to elongate crescent-like cells, but each host species has only a single morphological type associated with it. The bacterial symbionts of stilbonematines are closely related to the sulfur-oxidizing symbionts of gutless phallodriline oligochaete worms: these bacteria were all descended from a single ancestor, and each host species has its own specific bacterial species. The bacterial symbionts are chemosynthetic, gaining energy by oxidizing sulfide from the environment, and producing biomass by fixing carbon dioxide through the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle. The bacteria benefit from the symbiosis because the host animal can migrate between sulfide- and oxygen-rich regions of the sediment habitat, and the bacteria require both these chemical substances to produce energy.
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The higher levels of zinc also caused higher than expected refractory wear and excessive lance consumption, because the heat generated by oxidizing the zinc was greater than that of oxidizing lead. The BBOC furnace proved to be capable of producing doré containing as little as 0.01% lead and less than 0.1% copper at a temperature around 1050 °C, but BHAS wanted to cast the doré directly into anode plates using an existing doré casting conveyor. Casting using the existing conveyor proved impossible at an operating temperature of 1050 °C, because the high thermal conductivity of the silver resulted in it freezing before it reached the molds. Consequently, BHAS decided to increase the operating temperature to 1100–1150 °C so that the silver remained liquid until cast into the anode molds.
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It is a component of some printing inks and perfumes. Isopropyl acetate decomposes slowly on contact with steel in the presence of air, producing acetic acid and isopropanol. It reacts violently with oxidizing materials and it attacks many plastics. Isopropyl acetate is quite flammable in both its liquid and vapor forms, and it may be harmful if swallowed or inhaled.
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In the same group 8 elements osmium resembles ruthenium in its complexes. Because Os is more expensive than Ru, the chemistry is less developed and has fewer applications. Of course the cost of the catalyst is offset if turnover numbers are high. Thus, Osmium tetroxide is an important oxidizing agent in organic chemistry especially in the conversion of alkenes to 1,2-diols.
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PT is an ordinary organic polymer, being a white solid that is poorly soluble in most solvents. Upon treatment with oxidizing agents (electron-acceptors), however the material takes on a dark color and becomes electrically conductive. Oxidation is referred to as "doping". Around 0.2 equivalent of oxidant is used to convert PTs (and other conducting polymers) into the optimally conductive state.
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Kowangu pushparaga turns to yellow sapphire after oxidizing. After heating geuda to roughly 1800 °C, the aluminium oxide lattice-work of the gem is disrupted and cooling greatly improves both color and clarity. Though many stones are destroyed by the heating and cooling process, those that survive are significantly altered and rival naturally blue sapphires in both appearance and price.
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"Redox" is a portmanteau of the words "reduction" and "oxidation". The word oxidation originally implied reaction with oxygen to form an oxide, since dioxygen (O2(g)) was historically the first recognized oxidizing agent. Later, the term was expanded to encompass oxygen-like substances that accomplished parallel chemical reactions. Ultimately, the meaning was generalized to include all processes involving loss of electrons.
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The normal range of oxidation states can be expanded via the use of sterically bulky cyclopentadienyl ligands, in this way many lanthanides can be isolated as Ln(II) compounds. Ce(IV) in ceric ammonium nitrate is a useful oxidizing agent. The Ce(IV) is the exception owing to the tendency to form an unfilled f shell.Otherwise tetravalent lanthanides are rare.
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Comparison of the "Aquifex aeolicus" genome to other organisms showed that around 16% of its genes originated from the Archaea domain. It is most closely related to the hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium, Aquifex pyrophilus, and its close relative, Hydrogenobacter thermophilus. The genome of "A. aeolicus" has been successfully mapped, but was noted to be only one-third the size of the E. coli genome.
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They remain functional at much higher temperatures than silicon devices, and are resistant to chemical and radiation damage. While no diamond transistors have yet been successfully integrated into commercial electronics, they are promising for use in exceptionally high-power situations and hostile non-oxidizing environments.Salisbury, David (August 4, 2011) "Designing diamond circuits for extreme environments", Vanderbilt University Research News. Retrieved May 27, 2015.
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Schultze reagent (also known as Chlor-Zinc-Iodine Solution) is an oxidizing mixture consisting of a saturated aqueous solution of potassium chlorate KClO3 and varying amounts of concentrated nitric acid HNO3. It is commonly used in palynologic macerations. It was invented by Max Schultze. It is used to determine whether a substance contains cellulose, by turning purple in its presence.
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Some of them, such as dimethyldioxirane (DMDO) and the more reactive methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane, are used in organic synthesis as oxidizing reagents, most notably as the key catalytic intermediate in the Shi epoxidation reaction. Difluorodioxirane, which boils at about –80 to –90 °C, is one of the very few dioxirane derivatives that is stable in pure form at room temperature.
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The plant glutamate cysteine ligase is a redox-sensitive homodimeric enzyme, conserved in the plant kingdom. In an oxidizing environment, intermolecular disulfide bridges are formed and the enzyme switches to the dimeric active state. The midpoint potential of the critical cysteine pair is -318 mV. In addition to the redox- dependent control, the plant GCL enzyme is feedback inhibited by glutathione.
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PCTFE is resistant to the attack by most chemicals and oxidizing agents, a property exhibited due to the presence of high fluorine content. However, it swells slightly in halocarbon compounds, ethers, esters and aromatic compounds. PCTFE is resistant to oxidation because it does not have any hydrogen atoms. PCTFE exhibits a permanent dipole moment due to the asymmetry of its repeating unit.
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In presence of a β-hydrogen, a selenide will give an elimination reaction after oxidation, to leave behind an alkene and a selenenic acid. The selenenic acid is highly reactive and is not isolated as such. In the elimination reaction, all five participating reaction centers are coplanar and, therefore, the reaction stereochemistry is syn. Oxidizing agents used are hydrogen peroxide, ozone or MCPBA.
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The compound is prepared by oxidizing the mixture of potassium chloride and cuprous chloride with fluorine: :3 KCl + CuCl + 3 F2 → K3CuF6 \+ 2 Cl2 A variety of analogues are known.R. Hoppe, G. Wingefeld "Zur Kenntnis der Hexafluorocuprate(III)" Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 1984, Vol. 519, pages 195–203. The compound reacts with water easily, producing oxygen and copper(II) products.
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Combustion of a liquid fuel in an oxidizing atmosphere actually happens in the gas phase. It is the vapor that burns, not the liquid. Therefore, a liquid will normally catch fire only above a certain temperature: its flash point. The flash point of a liquid fuel is the lowest temperature at which it can form an ignitable mix with air.
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Crystal possesses the psionic ability to manipulate fire, cause it to grow in size and intensity, and take any form that she desires.Secret Invasion: Inhumans #4 She can also douse any oxidizing flame by altering the ionization potential of the outer electron shells of oxygen atoms. By accelerating oxygen molecules in the air, she is able to cause fire to spontaneously ignite.
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The role of red cells as oxygen carriers puts them at substantial risk of damage from oxidizing free radicals except for the protective effect of G6PD/NADPH/glutathione. People with G6PD deficiency are therefore at risk of hemolytic anemia in states of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress can result from infection and from chemical exposure to medication and certain foods. Broad beans, e.g.
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By far the most employed method is coprecipitation. This method can be further divided into two types. In the first, ferrous hydroxide suspensions are partially oxidized with different oxidizing agents. For example, spherical magnetite particles of narrow size distribution with mean diameters between 30 and 100 nm can be obtained from a salt, a base and a mild oxidant (nitrate ions).
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The other method consists in ageing stoichiometric mixtures of ferrous and ferric hydroxides in aqueous media, yielding spherical magnetite particles homogeneous in size.Massart, R.; Cabuil, V.J.Chem.Phy.1987, 84,967. In the second type, the following chemical reaction occurs: :2 + + 8- → ↓ \+ 4 Optimum conditions for this reaction are pH between 8 and 14, / ratio of 2:1 and a non-oxidizing environment.
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Ferrate(VI) is the inorganic anion with the chemical formula [FeO4]2−. It is photosensitive, contributes a pale violet colour to compounds and solutions containing it and is one of the strongest water-stable oxidizing species known. Although it is classified as a weak base, concentrated solutions containing ferrate(VI) are corrosive and attack the skin and are only stable at high pH.
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Aqueous solutions of ferrates are pink when dilute, and deep red or purple at higher concentrations. The ferrate ion is a stronger oxidizing agent than permanganate, and will oxidize chromium(III) to dichromate, and ammonia to molecular nitrogen. The ferrate(VI) ion has two unpaired electrons, and is thus paramagnetic. It has a tetrahedral molecular geometry, isostructural with the chromate and permanganate ions.
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In rats, the neurotoxicity of 5-nonanone is enhanced by methyl ethyl ketone. This suggests induction of microsomal oxidizing enzymes, which results in greater production of toxic metabolites. Chronic exposure to the compound has been shown to produce a clinical neuropathy, characterized by giant axonal swellings filled with neurofilaments. It also resulted in an orange/brown discoloration of the hair of the rats.
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As a food additive, azodicarbonamide is used as a flour bleaching agent and a dough conditioner.FDA Frequently Asked Questions on Azodicarbonamide (ADA) Page Last Updated: 20 June 2014 It reacts with moist flour as an oxidizing agent.WHO FAO 1965. Toxicological Evaluation of Some Antimicrobials, Antioxidants, Emulsifiers, Stabilizers, Flour-Treatment Agents, Acids and Bases: Azodicarbonamide FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series No. 40A,B,C.
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Terra sigillata und griechische Schwarzrotmalerei. In: Berichte der deutschen keramischen Gesellschaft 32 (1942), S. 408–426. More References in Noble (1965). Since this final oxidizing phase was fired using lower temperatures, the glazed parts of the vase did not re-oxidize from black to red: their finer surface was melted (sintered) in the reducing phase, and now protected from oxygen.
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Ash (1976), pp. 799–804. Plants of the Dockum Group are not well known since the oxidizing of the environment has destroyed most of the plant fossils. Some of them may, however, provide information about the climate in Dockum Group during the late Triassic period. For example, the discovery of large specimens belonging to Araucarioxylon determine that the region was well watered.
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In general, discharge techniques, particularly using household bleach, are a readily accessible way to tie-dye without use of often messy and relatively expensive dyes. It is particularly easy to put design on cloth using stencils and sprayed-on solutions of household bleach, but the intricate and unintended results of discharge using reducing agents often surpasses the results of oxidizing discharge techniques.
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Minium is rare and occurs in lead-mineral deposits that have been subjected to severe oxidizing conditions. It also occurs as a result of mine fires. It is associated with cerussite, galena, litharge, massicot, mimetite, native lead, and wulfenite. It occurs in relatively small amounts throughout the world: Langhecke, Hesse; Badenweiler, Baden- Württemberg; Bleialf, Eifel district; Horhausen (), Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany.
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Without copper(II) chloride as an oxidizing agent, Pd(0) metal (resulting from beta-hydride elimination of Pd(II) in the final step) would precipitate, stopping the reaction after one cycle. This stoichiometric reaction was discovered in 1894. Air, pure oxygen, or a number of other reagents can then oxidise the resultant CuCl-chloride mixture back to CuCl2, allowing the cycle to continue.
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An obstacle for the use of quantum dots in photocatalysis is the presence of surfactants on the surface of the dots. These surfactants (or ligands) interfere with the chemical reactivity of the dots by slowing down mass transfer and electron transfer processes. Also, quantum dots made of metal chalcogenides are chemically unstable under oxidizing conditions and undergo photo corrosion reactions.
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In black desert varnish, however, manganese is 50 to 60 times more abundant. One proposalThe Photocatalytic Reactions of Desert Varnish, Lacie Johnson (Carrick Eggleston), 2013, for a mechanism of desert varnish formation is that it is caused by manganese-oxidizing microbes (mixotrophs) which are common in environments poor in organic nutrients. A micro-environment pH above 7.5 is inhospitable for manganese-concentrating microbes.
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In space it is also possible to fit a longer nozzle without suffering from flow separation. Most chemical propellants release energy through redox chemistry, more specifically combustion. As such, both an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent (fuel) must be present in the mixture. Decomposition, such as that of highly unstable peroxide bonds in monopropellant rockets, can also be the source of energy.
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As a solid conducting polymer electrolyte It reaches conductivities up to 100 S/m. Polypyrrole was the first conductive polymer used in polymer Al-e-caps as well as in polymer Ta-e-caps. The problem with the polymerization of PPy was the rate of polymerization. When pyrrole is mixed with the desired oxidizing agents at room temperature, the polymerization reaction begins immediately.
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Metavivianite () is a hydrated iron phosphate mineral found in a number of geological environments. As a secondary mineral it is typically formed from oxidizing and dehydrated vivianite. Metavivianite is typically found as dark blue or dark green prismatic to flattened crystals. It was named by C. Ritz, Eric J. Essene, and Donald R. Peacor in 1974 for its structural relationship to vivianite.
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Xenic acid has been used as an oxidizing agent in organic chemistry. Salts of xenic acid are called xenates, containing the anion. They tend to disproportionate into xenon gas and perxenates: :2 + 2 → + Xe + + 2 The energy given off is sufficient to form ozone from diatomic oxygen: :3 (g) → 2 (g) Salts containing the completely deprotonated anion are presently unknown.
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In 2008, Zhou, et al. described the isolation of the organism Ferroplasma thermophilum L1T from a chalcopyrite column reactor that was inocculated with acid mine drainage (AMD) from the Daye copper mine in China’s Hubei province. In aerobic conditions with low concentrations of yeast extract F. thermophilum grows by oxidizing ferrous iron. However, in anaerobic conditions F. thermophilum reduces ferric iron and sulfate.
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Since pure chlorine is a toxic corrosive gas, these products usually contain hypochlorite, which releases chlorine when needed. "Bleaching powder" usually means a formulation containing calcium hypochlorite. Oxidizing bleaching agents that do not contain chlorine are usually based on peroxides such as hydrogen peroxide, sodium percarbonate, and sodium perborate. These bleaches are called 'non-chlorine bleach,' 'oxygen bleach' or 'color-safe bleach.
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The nitride ligand can be both electrophilic and nucleophilic. Terminal nitrides of early metals tend to be basic and oxidizable, whereas nitrides of the later metals tend to be oxidizing and electrophilic. The former behavior is illustrated by their N-protonation and N-alkylation. Ru and Os nitrido complexes often add organophosphines to give iminophosphine derivatives containing the R3PN− ligand.
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Sodium hypophosphite (NaPO2H2, also known as sodium phosphinate) is the sodium salt of hypophosphorous acid and is often encountered as the monohydrate, NaPO2H2·H2O. It is a solid at room temperature, appearing as odorless white crystals. It is soluble in water, and easily absorbs moisture from the air. Sodium hypophosphite should be kept in a cool, dry place, isolated from oxidizing materials.
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Fayalite reacts with oxygen to form magnetite: :3Fe2SiO4 \+ O2= 2FeO·Fe2O3 \+ 3SiO2 Therefore, the gas atmosphere in the furnace can be calculated from the ratio of magnetite to fayalite in the slag. The presence of metal sulfides suggests that a sulfidic ore has been used. Metal sulfides survive the oxidizing stage before smelting and therefore may also indicate a multi-stage smelting process.
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Examples may include sulfate-reducing bacteria (or sulfur-reducing bacteria), which produce sulfide and often cause corrosion of ferrous metals (and other alloys). Sulfide-oxidizing bacteria (e.g., Acidithiobacillus), on the other hand, can produce sulfuric acid, and can be involved in corrosion of concrete. Zebra mussels serve as an example of larger animals that have caused widespread fouling in North America.
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Although numerous studies point to resistance to some of Mars conditions, they do so separately, and none has considered the full range of Martian surface conditions, including temperature, pressure, atmospheric composition, radiation, humidity, oxidizing regolith, and others, all at the same time and in combination. Laboratory simulations show that whenever multiple lethal factors are combined, the survival rates plummet quickly.
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Frequently seen electrophiles in organic syntheses include cations such as H+ and NO+, polarized neutral molecules such as HCl, alkyl halides, acyl halides, and carbonyl compounds, polarizable neutral molecules such as Cl2 and Br2, oxidizing agents such as organic peracids, chemical species that do not satisfy the octet rule such as carbenes and radicals, and some Lewis acids such as BH3 and DIBAL.
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Some common metals oxidize extremely rapidly in air. Titanium and aluminium oxidize instantaneously in contact with the oxygen in the air. These metals form an extremely thin layer of oxidized metal on the surface which bonds with the underlying metal. This thin layer of oxide protects the underlying layers of the metal from the air preventing the entire metal from oxidizing.
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The source of Mars methane is unknown; its detection is shown here. Methane (CH4) is chemically unstable in the current oxidizing atmosphere of Mars. It would quickly break down due to ultraviolet radiation from the Sun and chemical reactions with other gases. Therefore, a persistent presence of methane in the atmosphere may imply the existence of a source to continually replenish the gas.
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Peroxynitrite can react directly with proteins that contain transition metal centers. Therefore, it can modify proteins such as hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochrome c by oxidizing ferrous heme into its corresponding ferric forms. Peroxynitrite may also be able to change protein structure through the reaction with various amino acids in the peptide chain. The most common reaction with amino acids is cysteine oxidation.
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Firesteel and flint used in Dalarna, Sweden in 1916. A fire striker or firesteel when hit by a hard, glassy stone such as quartz, jasper, agate or flint cleaves small, hot, oxidizing metal particles that can ignite tinder. The steel should be high carbon, non-alloyed, and hardened. Similarly, two pieces of iron pyrite or marcasite when struck together can create sparks.
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It also reacts violently with aluminium, boron phosphide, cyanides, esters, PNH, phosphorus, NaCN, SnC, sodium hypophosphite, thiocyanates, etc. When heated to decomposition it emits highly toxic fumes of NO. It is an extremely powerful oxidizing agent which may cause violent reaction with reducing materials.Sax, N. I. and Lewis, R. J. Sr. (1987) Hazardous chemicals desk reference. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. p. 664.
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Polyphenolic content can be quantified separation/isolation by volumetric titration. An oxidizing agent, permanganate, is used to oxidize known concentrations of a standard tannin solution, producing a standard curve. The tannin content of the unknown is then expressed as equivalents of the appropriate hydrolyzable or condensed tannin. Some methods for quantification of total polyphenol content are based on colorimetric measurements.
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For instance, iron changes from a body-centered cubic structure (ferrite) to a face-centered cubic structure (austenite) above 906 °C, and tin undergoes a modification known as tin pest from a metallic form to a semiconductor form below 13.2 °C (55.8 °F). As an example of allotropes having different chemical behaviour, ozone (O3) is a much stronger oxidizing agent than dioxygen (O2).
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Being a metalloid, most of its chemistry is nonmetallic in nature. Boron is a poor oxidizing agent (B12 \+ 3e → BH3 = –0.15 V at pH 0). While it bonds covalently in nearly all of its compounds, it can form intermetallic compounds and alloys with transition metals of the composition MnB, if n > 2\. The common oxide of boron (B2O3) is weakly acidic.
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This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, to be specific those oxidizing metal ion with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is [methionine synthase]-methylcob(I)alamin,S-adenosylhomocysteine:NADP+ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include methionine synthase cob(II)alamin reductase (methylating), methionine synthase reductase, [methionine synthase]-cobalamin methyltransferase (cob(II)alamin, and reducing).
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Tocochromanols protect the seed lipids from oxidizing and becoming rancid. The presence of tocochromanols extends seed longevity, and promotes successful germination and seedling growth. Gamma-tocopherol dominates in seeds of most plant species, but there are exceptions. For canola, corn and soy bean oils, there is more γ-tocopherol than α-tocopherol, but for safflower, sunflower and olive oils the reverse is true.
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This same high oxidizing potential, however, causes ozone to damage mucous and respiratory tissues in animals, and also tissues in plants, above concentrations of about . While this makes ozone a potent respiratory hazard and pollutant near ground level, a higher concentration in the ozone layer (from two to eight ppm) is beneficial, preventing damaging UV light from reaching the Earth's surface.
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Polymerization of PAI-2 occurs spontaneously under physiological conditions, for instance in the cytosol of placental cells. Cytosolic PAI-2 tends to be monomeric, while PAI-2 in secretory organelles (which tend to be more oxidizing than the cytosol) is more prone to polymerization. For these combined reasons, it is thought that PAI-2 may sense and respond to environmental redox potential.
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The welder can adjust the oxy-acetylene flame to be carbonizing (aka reducing), neutral, or oxidizing. Adjustment is made by adding more or less oxygen to the acetylene flame. The neutral flame is the flame most generally used when welding or cutting. The welder uses the neutral flame as the starting point for all other flame adjustments because it is so easily defined.
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The only lifeforms that survived were either those resistant to the oxidizing and poisonous effects of oxygen, or those sequestered in oxygen-free environments. The sudden increase of atmospheric free oxygen and the ensuing extinction of the vulnerable lifeforms is widely considered to be the one of the first and most significant mass extinctions in the history of the Earth.
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LAAS technological facility in Toulouse, France. In microfabrication, thermal oxidation is a way to produce a thin layer of oxide (usually silicon dioxide) on the surface of a wafer. The technique forces an oxidizing agent to diffuse into the wafer at high temperature and react with it. The rate of oxide growth is often predicted by the Deal–Grove model.
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Californium(III) bromide Few compounds of californium have been made and studied. The only californium ion that is stable in aqueous solutions is the californium(III) cation. The other two oxidation states are IV (strong oxidizing agents) and II (strong reducing agents). The element forms a water- soluble chloride, nitrate, perchlorate, and sulfate and is precipitated as a fluoride, oxalate or hydroxide.
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Butanone can react with most oxidizing materials, and can produce fires. It is moderately explosive, requiring only a small flame or spark to cause a vigorous reaction. Butanone fires should be extinguished with carbon dioxide, dry agents, or alcohol-resistant foam. Concentrations in the air high enough to be flammable are intolerable to humans due to the irritating nature of the vapor.
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This process, referred to as multiplicity reactivation, has been studied in lambda and T4 bacteriophages, as well as in several pathogenic viruses. In the case of pathogenic viruses, multiplicity reactivation may be an adaptive benefit to the virus since it allows the repair of DNA damages caused by exposure to the oxidizing environment produced during host infection. See also reassortment.
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Dichromate and chromate salts are oxidizing agents. For the tanning of leather, sodium dichromate is first reduced with sulfur dioxide. In the area of organic synthesis, this compound oxidizes benzylic and allylic C-H bonds to carbonyl derivatives. For example, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene is oxidized to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Similarly, 2,3-dimethylnaphthalene is oxidized by Na2Cr2O7 to 2,3-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid.
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It is produced by oxidizing trinitrotoluene (TNT) with a solution of sodium hypochlorite. HNS boasts a higher insensitivity to heat than TNT, and like TNT it is insensitive to impact. When casting TNT, HNS is added at 0.5% to form erratic micro-crystals within the TNT, which prevent cracking. Because of its insensitivity but high explosive properties, HNS is used in space missions.
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Also, some evidence suggests the thermogenesis triggers the beetles to mate. It also appears to distribute the pheromones into the air. The reason for the spadix being held at 45° relative to the spathe may be to maximize the heat's ability to waft the pheromones into the air. Oxidizing stored carbohydrates and lipids has been found to be the energy source for thermogenesis.
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400x400px The oxidation of diphenylacetylene at room temperature yields benzil, presumably through an oxirene intermediate. 400x400px Peroxymonophosphoric acid is an effective reagent for the hydroxylation of aromatic rings. The conversion of mesitylene to mesitol can be achieved at room temperature in less than four hours. 329x329px The compound can be used as an effective oxidizing agent for the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation.
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There were no whole or reconstructable vessels found at any site. The surface colors of the sherds ranged from reds, to dark reds, to yellow-reds, yellow-browns, dark browns, and gray-browns. The core colors varied from reds, red-browns, dark browns, and very dark gray- browns. The colors of the ceramics suggest that they were fired in oxidizing atmospheres.
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O2 or the solid oxidizing agent provides most of the chemical energy powering the cell. Connecting the two electrodes is a wire (or other electrically conductive path). Completing the circuit and connecting the two chambers is a salt bridge or ion-exchange membrane. This last feature allows the protons produced, as described in , to pass from the anode chamber to the cathode chamber.
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Nitrification is the process by which ammonia () is converted to nitrate (). Nitrification is actually the net result of two distinct processes: oxidation of ammonia to nitrite () by nitrosifying bacteria (e.g. Nitrosomonas) and oxidation of nitrite to nitrate by the nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (e.g. Nitrobacter). Both of these processes are extremely energetically poor leading to very slow growth rates for both types of organisms.
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Hot black oxide for stainless steel is a mixture of caustic, oxidizing, and sulfur salts. It blackens 300 and 400 series and the precipitation-hardened 17-4 PH stainless steel alloys. The solution can be used on cast iron and mild low-carbon steel. The resulting finish complies with military specification MIL-DTL–13924D Class 4 and offers abrasion resistance.
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Generally, ferric sulfate is used as a solution generated from iron wastes. The actual speciation is vague but its applications do not demand high purity materials. Iron(III) sulfate is often generated as a solution rather than being isolated as a solid. It is produced on a large scale by treating sulfuric acid, a hot solution of ferrous sulfate, and an oxidizing agent.
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It forms via comproportionation:G. Glemser "Rhenium (IV) Oxide" Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. Vol. 1. p. 1480. :2 Re2O7 \+ 3 Re → 7 ReO2 At high temperatures it undergoes disproportionation: : 7 ReO2 → 2 Re2O7 \+ 3 Re It forms perrhenates with alkaline hydrogen peroxide and oxidizing acids. In molten sodium hydroxide it forms sodium rhenate:G.
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Chlorine releasing solutions, such as liquid bleach and solutions of bleaching powder, can burn the skin and cause eye damage, especially when used in concentrated forms. As recognized by the NFPA, however, only solutions containing more than 40% sodium hypochlorite by weight are considered hazardous oxidizers. Solutions less than 40% are classified as a moderate oxidizing hazard (NFPA 430, 2000).
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A typical oxidation reaction is the conversion of iodide to elemental iodine . The relevant reactions are : + 2 + 2 → + + : + 2 + 2 → 2 + + That is, one "molecule" of has the same oxidizing power as one molecule of . Their molar masses are 74.44 g and 70.90 g, respectively. Therefore, 1 kilogram of the solution has 1000 × 0.05 × 70.90/74.44 = 47.62 g of "free chlorine".
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The ichnogenus is found both in anaerobic, organic-rich sediments and in oxic layers, where it is almost invariably the last in the bioturbation sequence, i.e., it was placed deep within the sediments, away from oxidizing surficial and interstitial water. These suggest the tracemaker's ability to tolerate oxygen deprivation very well. Therefore, Chondrites can be used as an indicator of anoxia in sediments.
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This is a consequence of porosity in the amorphous LPI, and residual silicon in the LSI-matrix. ;Silicon carbide fibers Silicon carbide fibers are produced via pyrolysis of organic polymers, and therefore their corrosion properties are similar to those of the silicon carbide found in LPI-matrices. These fibers are thus more sensitive to bases and oxidizing media than pure silicon carbide.
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TMPD HCl solution for oxidase test The term "Wurster's blue" is often reserved for the radical cation, the colorless diamine being called tetramethylphenylenediamine (TMPD). The midpoint potential for titration of the first electron is given as 0.276 V vs NHE, and this transition is useful in potentiometric titrations as both a redox mediator and indicator. The two electron-oxidized form (di-iminium) is unstable in aqueous solutions, therefore highly oxidizing conditions should be avoided in titrations relying on TMPD, or reached only during the final stage of the titration. The second oxidation step is not well separated from the first on the redox scale, so some instability will be encountered on the oxidizing side of 0.276, and it is impossible to prepare pure aqueous solutions of Wurster's Blue due to its dismutation to the unstable diaminium and TMPD.
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Permanganate is used in groundwater remediation in the form of potassium permanganate () and sodium permanganate (). Both compounds have the same oxidizing capabilities and limitations and react similarly to contaminants. The biggest difference between the two chemicals is that potassium permanganate is less soluble than sodium permanganate. Potassium permanganate is a crystalline solid that is typically dissolved in water before application to the contaminated site.
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The salt is deep blue in color and paramagnetic. Ferrocenium salts are one-electron oxidizing agents, and the reduced product, ferrocene, is relatively inert and readily separated from ionic products. The ferrocene–ferrocenium couple is often used as a reference in electrochemistry. In acetonitrile solution that is 0.1 M in NBu4PF6, the Fc+/Fc couple is +0.641 V with respect to the normal hydrogen electrode.
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Its diverse habitats, coupled to its ability to reduce a variety of metals, makes the genus critical for the cycling of minerals. For instance, under aerobic conditions, various species of Shewanellaare capable of oxidizing manganese. When conditions are changed, the same species can reduce the manganese oxide products. Hence, since Shewanella can both oxidize and reduce manganese, it is critical to the cycling of manganese.
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Thiourea dioxide was first prepared in 1910 by the English chemist Edward de Barry Barnett.Barnett first prepared thiourea dioxide ("aminoiminomethanesulphinic acid") by oxidizing thiourea ("thiocarbamide") with hydrogen peroxide ("hydrogen dioxide"). See: Barnett, Edward de Barry (1910) "The action of hydrogen dioxide on thiocarbamides," Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions, 97 : 63–65. Thiourea dioxide is prepared by the oxidation of thiourea with hydrogen peroxide.
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Myricetin was shown to create reactive oxygen species that caused the DNA damage. It has been demonstrated that myricetin, depending on its concentration, displays different oxidizing effects on DNA. Polyphenols like myricetin are able to reduce (donate electrons to) Fe3+. Thus, this reaction yields a less oxidized (more reduced) form of the iron cation: Fe2+ and a less reduced (more oxidized) form of myricetin.
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Johanna V. Weiss, David Emerson, Stephanie M. Backer, and J. Patrick Megonigal (2003): "Enumeration of Fe(II)-oxidizing and Fe(III)-reducing bacteria in the root zone of wetland plants: Implications for a rhizosphere iron cycle". Biogeochemistry, volume 64, issue 1, pages 77–96. H. Marschner and V. Römheld (1994): "Strategies of plants for acquisition of iron". Plant and Soil, volume 165, issue 2, pages 261–274.
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Another approach to organic reactions is by type of organic reagent, many of them inorganic, required in a specific transformation. The major types are oxidizing agents such as osmium tetroxide, reducing agents such as Lithium aluminium hydride, bases such as lithium diisopropylamide and acids such as sulfuric acid. Finally, reactions are also classified by mechanistic class. Commonly these classes are (1) polar, (2) radical, and (3) pericyclic.
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Pentafluorosulfanylbenzene possesses high chemical stability under a wide range of conditions, including oxidizing and reducing and strong acids and bases. For example, it does not react with a refluxing solution of sodium hydroxide in aqueous ethanol and only reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid at elevated temperatures. The pentafluorosulfanyl group is a strong electron withdrawing group, and leads to electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions at the meta position.
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Though largely stable, barium oxalate can be reactive with strong acids. A mild skin irritant, the substance is considered toxic when ingested, causing nausea, vomiting, kidney failure, and injury to the gastrointestinal tract. It is different from most pyrotechnic colorants in that it is a reducing agent and not an oxidizing agent. It is extremely insoluble in water and converts to the oxide form when heated.
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Thiothrix is a genus of filamentous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, related to the genera Beggiatoa and Thioploca. They are usually Gram-negative (but can be Gram-variable) and rod-shaped (0.7–1.5 µm in width by 1.2–2.5 µm in length). They form ensheathed multicellular filaments that are attached at the base, and form gonidia at their free end. The apical gonidia have gliding motility.
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An important application of HTPB is in solid rocket propellant. It binds the oxidizing agent, fuel and other ingredients into a solid but elastic mass in most composite propellant systems. The cured polyurethane acts as a fuel in such mixtures. For example, HTPB is used in all 3/4 stages of the Japanese M-5 rocket satellite launchers and PSLV rocket developed by ISRO for satellite launches.
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This feature may explain enhanced growth of AOB in the presence of urea in acidic environments.Marsh, K. L., G. K. Sims, and R. L. Mulvaney. 2005. Availability of urea to autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria as related to the fate of 14C- and 15N-labeled urea added to soil. Biol. Fert. Soil. 42:137-145. Some sources regard Nitrobacteraceae to be the family of the genus Nicosomonas.
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Developments have continued over the years, including in the catalysts used. Recently, it was found that Ni-B/MgO showed superior catalytic activity to that of Raney nickel and other common catalysts that have been used in the hydrogenation of sulfolene. Other syntheses have also been developed, such as oxidizing tetrahydrothiophene with hydrogen peroxide. This reaction produces tetramethylene sulfoxide, which can then be further oxidized.
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In addition it, produces β-cyclodextrin glucanotransferase that catalyzes the conversion, degradation, and cyclization of starch into β-cyclodextrin. Brevibacillus brevis forms Gram-positive (variable) rods with optimal growth of 35-55 °C. It is a motile spore-former with positive catalase activity, amylase negative, casein negative, gelatinase positive, and indole negative, and most are citrate users. Some strains are capable of oxidizing carbon monoxide aerobically.
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Anthrax spores can survive for very long periods of time in the environment after release. Chemical methods for cleaning anthrax-contaminated sites or materials may use oxidizing agents such as peroxides, ethylene oxide, Sandia Foam, chlorine dioxide (used in the Hart Senate Office Building),"The Anthrax Cleanup of Capitol Hill." Documentary by Xin Wang produced by the EPA Alumni Association. Video, Transcript (see p8).
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It is rare east of the Great Plains; it is rare in the British Isles. C. glaucopus forms ectomycorrhizae that are unusually hydrophobic (water-repellent) compared with other fungi, which has led to interest in decoding its genome. DNA studies indicate it may decompose toxic polycyclic aromatic compounds in the soil with specially adapted oxidizing enzymes. The flesh is mild tasting, and not highly regarded.
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The liquefied gas is transported and used as such. As a strong oxidizing agent, chlorine kills via the oxidation of organic molecules. Chlorine and the hydrolysis product hypochlorous acid are not charged and therefore easily penetrate the negatively charged surface of pathogens. It is able to disintegrate the lipids that compose the cell wall and react with intracellular enzymes and proteins, making them nonfunctional.
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Filamentous microorganisms within the Gunflint Chert represent a mixed population of photosynthetic cyanobacteria and iron oxidizing bacteria. On the outcrop scale, the filamentous Gunflint cyanobacteria form meter-scale stromatolitic domes, which are discernible along the Gunflint Iron Formation stratigraphic section. Examples of newly identified filamentous genera and species within the Gunflint Chert include the genus Gunflintia and the species Animikiea septate, Entosphaeroides amplus, and Archaeorestis schreiberensis.
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Many Fe2+ oxidizing microorganisms also oxidize sulfur and are thus obligate acidophiles that further acidify the environment by the production of H2SO4. This is due in part to the fact that at neutral pH Fe2+ is rapidly oxidized chemically in contact with the air. In these conditions there is not enough Fe2+ to allow significant growth. At low pH, however, Fe2+ is much more stable.
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The fire triangle The fire triangle or combustion triangle is a simple model for understanding the necessary ingredients for most fires.The Fire Triangle , Hants Fire brigade, accessed June 2009 The triangle illustrates the three elements a fire needs to ignite: heat, fuel, and an oxidizing agent (usually oxygen). A fire naturally occurs when the elements are present and combined in the right mixture.IFSTA, 2008 p. 88.
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They are slow-growing in contrast to Rhizobium species, which are considered fast-growing rhizobia. In a liquid medium, Bradyrhizobium species take 3–5 days to create a moderate turbidity and 6–8 hours to double in population size. They tend to grow best with pentoses as carbon sources. Some strains (for example, USDA 6 and CPP) are capable of oxidizing carbon monoxide aerobically.
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Methane-oxidizing methylotrophs (methanotrophs) were also detected in the surface scum atop the lake water-column. A novel species of non-methane-utilizing methylotroph Methylophaga lonarensis was isolated in pure culture from lake sediment microcosms.Antony CP, Doronina NV, Boden R, Trotsenko YA, Shouche YS, Murrell JC. (2012). Methylophaga lonarensis, a novel moderately haloalkaliphilic methylotroph isolated from the soda lake sediments of a meteorite impact crater.
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Lindgren oxidation is a selective method for oxidizing aldehydes to carboxylic acids. The reaction is named after Bengt O. Lindgren. The oxidation takes place in water containing solvent mixtures under slightly acidic conditions (pH 3-5) with sodium chlorite as oxidizer. To avoid complicated oxidation reactions the hypochlorite, which is formed in the reaction, has to be removed from the reaction mixture by scavengers.
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For the following description, Nitrospira moscoviensis will be representative of the Nitrospira genus. Nitrospira is a gram-negative nitrite-oxidizing organism with a helical to vibroid morphology (0.9–2.2 × 0.2–0.4 micrometres in size). They are non-planktonic organisms that reside as clumps, known as aggregates, in biofilms. Visualization using Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirms star-like protrusions on the outer membrane (6-8 nm thick).
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If the tube with mineral oil doesn't change, and the open tube turns blue, then the organism neither ferments, nor oxidizes glucose. Instead, it is oxidizing peptones which liberates ammonia, turning the indicator blue. If only the aerobic tube has turned yellow then the organism is able to oxidase glucose aerobically ("O"). By-products: CO2 and although organic acids may be present at low rates.
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Another use of bisulfite in organic chemistry is as a mild reducing agent, e.g. to remove traces or excess amounts of chlorine, bromine, iodine, hypochlorite salts, osmate esters, chromium trioxide and potassium permanganate. Sodium bisulfite is a decoloration agent in purification procedures because it reduces strongly coloured oxidizing agents, conjugated alkenes and carbonyl compounds. Bisulfite is also the key ingredient in the Bucherer reaction.
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There are also three known genera of sulfate-reducing archaea: Archaeoglobus, Thermocladium and Caldivirga. They are found in hydrothermal vents, oil deposits, and hot springs. In July 2019, a scientific study of Kidd Mine in Canada discovered sulfate-reducing microorganisms living below the surface. The sulfate reducers discovered in Kidd Mine are lithotrophs, obtaining their energy by oxidizing minerals such as pyrite rather than organic compounds.
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Geobacillus stearothermophilus (previously Bacillus stearothermophilus) is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacterium and a member of the division Firmicutes. The bacterium is a thermophile and is widely distributed in soil, hot springs, ocean sediment, and is a cause of spoilage in food products. It will grow within a temperature range of 30 to 75°C. Some strains are capable of oxidizing carbon monoxide aerobically.
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The dominant property of NOBF4 is the oxidizing power and electrophilic character of the nitrosonium cation. It forms colored charge transfer complexes with hexamethylbenzene and with 18-crown-6. The latter, a deep yellow species, provides a means to dissolve NOBF4 in dichloromethane. Nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate may be used to prepare metal salts of the type [MII(CH3CN)x][BF4]2 (M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu).
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Malleable (porous) cast iron is manufactured by white tempering. White tempering is used to burn off excess carbon, by heating it for extended amounts of time in an oxidizing environment. The cast iron will usually be held at temperatures as high as for as long as 60 hours. The heating is followed by a slow cooling rate of around 10 °C (18 °F) per hour.
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Aldehyde oxidase is thought to have a significant impact on pharmacokinetics. AO is capable of oxidizing many drugs in the liver (such as N-1-methylnicotinamide, N-methylphthalazinium, benzaldehyde, retinal, and vanillin), because of its broad substrate specificity. AO greatly contributes to the hepatic clearance of drugs and other compounds. For example, cytoplasmic AOX1 a key enzyme in the hepatic phase I metabolism of several xenobiotics.
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Schoepite, metaschoepite, and paulscherrerite result from the weathering of uranium minerals such as uraninite and the corrosion of anthropogenic uranium bearing solids.Finch, R.J. and Ewing, R.C. (1992) The corrosion of uraninite under oxidizing conditions. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 190, 133-156. The oxy-hydroxides of the shoepite subgroup act as precursors in the formation of more complex and stable assemblages (Brugger et al. 2003).
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Lactate has long been considered a byproduct resulting from glucose breakdown through glycolysis during anaerobic metabolism. Glycolysis requires the coenzyme NAD+, and reduces it to NADH. As a means of regenerating NAD+ to allow glycolysis to continue, lactate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate in the cytosol, oxidizing NADH to NAD+. Lactate is then transported from the peripheral tissues to the liver.
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Free and chemically bound water is released from the concrete as steam. Calcium carbonate is decomposed, producing carbon dioxide and calcium oxide. Water and carbon dioxide penetrate the corium mass, exothermically oxidizing the non-oxidized metals present in the corium and producing gaseous hydrogen and carbon monoxide; large amounts of hydrogen can be produced. The calcium oxide, silica, and silicates melt and are mixed into the corium.
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Zirconium from zircaloy, together with other metals, reacts with water and produces zirconium dioxide and hydrogen. The production of hydrogen is a major danger in reactor accidents. The balance between oxidizing and reducing chemical environments and the proportion of water and hydrogen influences the formation of chemical compounds. Variations in the volatility of core materials influence the ratio of released elements to unreleased elements.
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Oxidation and reduction affects the migration of arsenic in subsurface environments. Arsenite is the most stable soluble form of arsenic in reducing environments and arsenate, which is less mobile than arsenite, is dominant in oxidizing environments at neutral pH. Therefore, arsenic may be more mobile under reducing conditions. The reducing environment is also rich in organic matter which may enhance the solubility of arsenic compounds.
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The Aquificae phylum is a diverse collection of bacteria that live in harsh environmental settings. The name 'Aquificae' was given to this phylum based on an early genus identified within this group, Aquifex (“water maker”), which is able to produce water by oxidizing hydrogen. They have been found in springs, pools, and oceans. They are autotrophs, and are the primary carbon fixers in their environments.
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Chlorine is a component of many other compounds. It is the second most abundant halogen and 21st most abundant chemical element in Earth's crust. The great oxidizing power of chlorine led it to its bleaching and disinfectant uses, as well as being an essential reagent in the chemical industry. As a common disinfectant, chlorine compounds are used in swimming pools to keep them clean and sanitary.
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Mercury does not react with most acids, such as dilute sulfuric acid, although oxidizing acids such as concentrated sulfuric acid and nitric acid or aqua regia dissolve it to give sulfate, nitrate, and chloride. Like silver, mercury reacts with atmospheric hydrogen sulfide. Mercury reacts with solid sulfur flakes, which are used in mercury spill kits to absorb mercury (spill kits also use activated carbon and powdered zinc).
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Oxidation with ammonium persulfate and dilute caustic soda gives bismuth tetroxide. The same product can be obtained by using other oxidizing agents such as potassium ferricyanide and concentrated caustic potash solution. Electrolysis of bismuth(III) oxide in hot concentrated alkali solution gives a scarlet red precipitate of bismuth(V) oxide. Bismuth(III) oxide reacts with mineral acids to give the corresponding bismuth(III) salts.
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Cyanobacteria species Cylindrospermum sp. under magnification Cloud's original hypothesis was that ferrous iron was oxidized in a straightforward manner by molecular oxygen present in the water: : The oxygen comes from the photosynthetic activities of cyanobacteria. Oxidation of ferrous iron may have been hastened by aerobic iron-oxidizing bacteria, which can increase rates of oxidation by a factor of 50 under conditions of low oxygen.
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Years later several groups made similar observations in either modern or ancient sediments near methane seeps. Crocetane was found in environments with anaerobic methane oxidizing consortium, composed of methanotrophic archea and sulfate-reducing bacteria. These work makes crocetane the first biomarker of anaerobic methanotrophy. In 2009, Ercin Maslen and her colleagues detected crocetane in highly-mature Devonian sediments and crude oils of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin.
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In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The cofactor is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD.
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Microbes derive energy by oxidizing or reducing elements. Different microbial species utilize different chemical species of an element in their metabolic processes. For example, some microbe species oxidize sulfide to sulfate and another species will reduce sulfate to elemental sulfur. As a result, a web of chemical pathways mediated by different microbial species transform elements such as carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, and hydrogen, from one species to another.
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It can be distinguished from natural ivory due to its lighter weight and more even coloring. Cellulose nitrate can be identified with a chemical spot test using diphenylamine. This ivory can degrade and produce acidic and oxidizing nitrogen. Oxide gases have been known to spontaneously combust so if this type of ivory shows any deterioration it must be kept away from the rest of the collection.
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A 2015 style pipe marker with GHS signal word and symbols. 2015 revisions added oxidizing materials to the existing 'Flammables' classification. The other major change allowed and encouraged labels to incorporate the GHS signal word, hazard pictograms, and hazard statements. This addition helped identify additional dangers when dealing with materials that fit into multiple categories, like Hydrogen sulfide, which is both flammable and toxic.
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The dyer of the fountain "Weberbrunnen" in Monschau (Germany). If things go wrong in the dyeing process, the dyer may be forced to remove the dye already applied by a process called "stripping" or discharging. This normally means destroying the dye with powerful reducing agents such as sodium hydrosulfite or oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide or sodium hypochlorite. The process often risks damaging the substrate (fiber).
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Nineteenth-century electrolytic cell for producing oxyhydrogen. Oxyhydrogen is a mixture of hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) gases. This gaseous mixture is used for torches to process refractory materials and was the first gaseous mixture used for welding. Theoretically, a ratio of 2:1 hydrogen:oxygen is enough to achieve maximum efficiency; in practice a ratio 4:1 or 5:1 is needed to avoid an oxidizing flame.
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Hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (HAO) is an enzyme found in the prokaryote Nitrosomonas europaea. It plays a critically important role in the biogeochemical nitrogen cycle as part of the metabolism of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. The substrate is hydroxylamine (NH2OH), a chemical produced biologically by the enzyme Ammonia monooxygenase. The products of the catalyzed reaction are debated, but recent work shows compelling evidence for the production of nitric oxide.
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The mineral forms from the oxidation of montroseite and corvusite minerals in moist environments. Oxidized and unoxidized phases are exposed from mining operations. Ambient temperatures and oxidizing conditions near the surface cause water to react with pyrite and an unknown arsenic bearing phase to form aqueous solutions with low pH. Various secondary vanadate phases form depending on Eh-pH conditions and other cations present.
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Many of the nitrogen oxides are extremely volatile; they are prime sources of pollution in the atmosphere. Nitrous oxide, also known as laughing gas, is sometimes used as an anaesthetic; when inhaled it produces mild hysteria. Nitric oxide reacts rapidly with oxygen to form brown nitrogen dioxide, an intermediate in the manufacture of nitric acid and a powerful oxidizing agent utilized in chemical processes and rocket fuels.
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Since ammonia is a stronger ligand in the spectrochemical series than water, metal ammine complexes are stabilized relative to the corresponding aquo complexes. For similar reasons, metal ammine complexes are less strongly oxidizing than are the corresponding aquo complexes. The latter property is illustrated by the stability of [Co(NH3)6]3+ in aqueous solution and the nonexistence of [Co(H2O)6]3+ (which would oxidize water).
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Anaerobic respiration, which occurs in the absence of highly oxidizing molecular oxygen, utilizes less-oxidized electron acceptors such as nitrate (NO3−). As a result, high levels of anaerobic respiration can result in denitrification. This process of denitrification removes nitrogen from the Columbia River Basin, by converting available nitrogen, important for primary production, from its usable dissolved forms (i.e. NO3− and NO2−) to its gaseous form (N2).
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The presence of the vanadium substrate vanadate is essential for the function of chloroperoxidase. The compound glucose however, acts as an inhibitor for both enzyme function and production. In its active form, the enzyme is able to then produce hypochlorous acid, a strong oxidizing agent. It has been theorized that C. inaequalis utilizes chloroperoxidase and hypochlorous acid in combination to penetrate the host's cell wall.
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Some wastes contain chemicals capable of suppressing microbiological growth or activity. Potential sources include industrial wastes, antibiotics in pharmaceutical or medical wastes, sanitizers in food processing or commercial cleaning facilities, chlorination disinfection used following conventional sewage treatment, and odor-control formulations used in sanitary waste holding tanks in passenger vehicles or portable toilets. Suppression of the microbial community oxidizing the waste will lower the test result.
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Under Landau's direction, Scientific Design also developed processes and sold licenses to make maleic anhydride, acetic anhydride, polyisoprene, and chlorinated solvents. In 1955, Scientific Design licensed an improved catalyst for oxidizing benzene to produce maleic anhydride. Maleic anhydride is used in malathion insecticide. It is a precursor to unsaturated polyester resins, used to make fiberglass composites for boats, cars, wind turbine blades and other products.
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DOT regulations require content labels for all cylinders under the regulations, but according to PSI, labelling of breathing air will not be enforced. Oxygen or non-air oxidizing (O2 ≥ 23.5% ) mixtures must be labelled. Private (non- commercial) transport of scuba cylinders is not covered by this regulation. Air transport Empty scuba tanks or scuba tanks pressurized at less than 200 kPa are not restricted as hazardous materials.
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Long-term exposure to beryllium may result in shortness of breath, chronic cough, and significant weight loss, accompanied by fatigue and general weakness. Other alloying elements such as arsenic, manganese, silver, and aluminium can cause sickness to those who are exposed. More common are the anti-rust coatings on many manufactured metal components. Zinc, cadmium, and fluorides are often used to protect irons and steels from oxidizing.
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Even if there is no oxygen present, glycolysis can continue to generate ATP. However, for glycolysis to continue to produce ATP, there must be NAD+ present, which is responsible for oxidizing glucose. This is achieved by recycling NADH back to NAD+. When NAD+ is reduced to NADH, the electrons from NADH are eventually transferred to a separate organic molecule, transforming NADH back to NAD+.
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The contacting of the substrates is applied directly after the pre- treatment of the surfaces to avoid oxide regeneration. The bonding procedure for oxidizing metals (not Au) generally takes place in a reduced atmosphere of 4% hydrogen and an inert carrier gas flow, e.g. nitrogen. The requirements for the bonding equipment lies in the thermal and pressure uniformity across the wafer. This enables uniformly compressed seal lines.
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Bismuth chloride is hydrolyzed readily to bismuth oxychloride, BiOCl: :(aq) + (aq) + (l) ⇌ BiOCl (s) + 2 (aq) This reaction can be reversed by adding an acid, such as hydrochloric acid. Reaction of solid BiCl3 with water vapour below 50 °C has been shown to produce the intermediate monohydrate, BiCl3.H2O. Bismuth chloride is an oxidizing agent, being readily reduced to metallic bismuth by reducing agents.
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The HOCl byproduct, itself a reactive oxidizing agent, can be a problem in several ways. It can destroy the NaClO2 reactant: :HOCl + 2ClO2− → 2ClO2 \+ Cl− \+ OH− making it unavailable for the desired reaction. It can also cause other undesired side reactions with the organic materials. For example, HOCl can react with double bonds in the organic reactant or product via a halohydrin formation reaction.
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Bog ore Bog iron is a form of impure iron deposit that develops in bogs or swamps by the chemical or biochemical oxidation of iron carried in solution. In general, bog ores consist primarily of iron oxyhydroxides, commonly goethite (FeO(OH)). Iron-bearing groundwater typically emerges as a spring. The iron is oxidized to ferric hydroxide upon encountering the oxidizing environment of the surface.
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Sodium dithionite is often used in physiology experiments as a means of lowering solutions' redox potential (Eo' -0.66 V vs SHE at pH 7). Potassium ferricyanide is usually used as an oxidizing chemical in such experiments (Eo' ~ .436 V at pH 7). In addition, sodium dithionite is often used in soil chemistry experiments to determine the amount of iron that is not incorporated in primary silicate minerals.
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Stilbonematines can be up to 10 mm long, with a club-like head. The worms are completely covered in a coat of ectosymbiotic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria except for the anterior region. The presence of the bacteria, which often contain intracellular inclusions of elemental sulfur, gives the worms a bright white appearance under incident light. They have small mouths and buccal cavities, and short pharynges.
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Nitryl fluoride, NO2F, is a colourless gas and strong oxidizing agent, which is used as a fluorinating agentMerck Index, 13th edition (2001), p.1193 and has been proposed as an oxidiser in rocket propellants (though never flown). It is a molecular species, not ionic, consistent with its low boiling point. The structure features planar nitrogen with a short N-F bond length of 135 pm.
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Mixed oxides of nitrogen (MON) are solutions of nitric oxide (NO) in dinitrogen tetroxide/nitrogen dioxide (N2O4 and NO2). It may be used as an oxidizing agent in rocket propulsion systems. A broad range of compositions is available, and can be denoted as MONi, where i represents the percentage of nitric oxide in the mixture (e.g. MON3 contains 3% nitric oxide, MON25 25% nitric oxide).
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Energy can be released through the oxidation and reduction of sulfur compounds (e.g., oxidizing elemental sulfur to sulfite and then to sulfate). Although the Earth constantly receives energy from the sun, its chemical composition is essentially fixed, as the additional matter is only occasionally added by meteorites. Because this chemical composition is not replenished like energy, all processes that depend on these chemicals must be recycled.
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Chromite can be used as a refractory material, because it has a high heat stability. The chromium extracted from chromite is used in chrome plating and alloying for production of corrosion resistant superalloys, nichrome, and stainless steel. Chromium is used as a pigment for glass, glazes, and paint, and as an oxidizing agent for tanning leather. It is also sometimes used as a gemstone.
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Alkanes are converted into nitroalkanes in the presence of nitrogen dioxide. Nitrierung/Oxidation von Cyclohexan mittels NHPI Cyclohexane is converted at 70 °C with nitrogen dioxide/air into a mixture of nitrocyclohexane (70%), cyclohexyl nitrate (7%) and cyclohexanol (5%). Furthermore, applications of N-hydroxyphthalimide as oxidizing agents in photographic developers and as charge control agents in toners have been described in the patent literature.
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Tris(4-bromophenyl)ammoniumyl hexachloroantimonate is the organic compound with the formula [(4-BrC6H4)3N]SbCl6. Commonly known as magic blue, it is the hexachloroantimonate salt of an amine radical cation. It is a blue solid that reacts with many solvents but is soluble in acetonitrile. The compound is a popular oxidizing agent in organic and organometallic chemistry, with a reduction potential of 0.67 V vs.
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For example, a flammable liquid is any liquid that has a flash point lower than . Corrosive storage cabinets are designed for storing corrosive or oxidizing liquids. They contain a single-piece, leak-proof floor pan to contain spills, must be vented to the fume hood or the lab exhaust system, and their interior is constructed of corrosive-resistant materials. Wooden cabinets provide excellent strength for storing corrosives.
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In liquid-phase reactions, carbon nanotubes were treated with oxidizing solutions of nitric acid or a combination of nitric and sulfuric acid to the same effect. However, overoxidation may occur causing the carbon nanotube to break up into fragments, which are known as carbonaceous fragments. Xing et al. revealed sonication assisted oxidation, with sulfuric and nitric acid, of carbon nanotubes and produced carbonyl and carboxyl groups.
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In 1914 a steel room was built and in 1916 an oxidizing building and additional casting and storage buildings were constructed. Despite the appearance that Malleable was poised for long term successes, this was not guaranteed. There were many stove manufacturers that did not survive the coming decades. The 1918 Engineering Directory has eight pages listing approximately 400 manufacturers of stoves in the United States.
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NCI can be used for the analysis of compounds containing acidic groups or electronegative elements (especially halogens).Moreover, negative chemical ionization is more selective and demonstrates a higher sensitivity toward oxidizing agents and alkylating agents. Because of the high electronegativity of halogen atoms, NCI is a common choice for their analysis. This includes many groups of compounds, such as PCBs, pesticides, and fire retardants.
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They are also used for the oxidation of amines and thioethers to amine oxides and sulfoxides. The laboratory applications of the valued reagent mCPBA illustrate these reactions. Reaction of peroxycarboxylic acids with acid chlorides affords diacyl peroxides: :RC(O)Cl + RC(O)O2H → (RC(O))2O2 \+ HCl The oxidizing tendency of peroxides is related to the electronegativity of the substituents. Electrophilic peroxides are stronger oxygen-atom transfer agents.
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The thiol-based polymers have disulfide bonds that can be reversibly cross-linked through oxidation and reduction. Under reducing condition, the disulfide (SS) bridges in the polymer breaks and results in monomers, however, under oxidizing condition, the thiols (SH) of each monomer forms the disulfide bond, cross-linking the starting materials to form the polymer. Chujo et al. have shown the thiol-based reversible cross-linked polymer using poly(N-acetylethyleneimine).
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When the isopeptag is bound to a target protein, it spontaneously binds its binding partner through an isopeptide bond. The reaction is robust and occurs at various temperatures from 4-37°C, a pH range of 5-8, and in the presence of commonly used detergents. Also, the reaction is independent of the redox state of the environment and can occur equally well in both reducing and oxidizing conditions.
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When a mix of copper nitrate, phosphorous acid, hydrogen fluoride and water are applied to a silicon wafer, the phosphorous acid reduction reduces the copper ions to copper nanoparticles. The nanoparticles attract electrons from the wafer’s surface, oxidizing it and allowing the hydrogen fluoride to burn inverted pyramid-shaped nanopores into the silicon. The process produced pores as small as 590 nm that let through more than 99% of light.
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2,3,4-Pentanetrione can be made by oxidizing 2,4-pentanedione with selenium dioxide. Ludwig Wolff made the 2,3 oxime by reacting hydroxylamine with isonitrosoacetylacetone in cold, aqueous, concentrated solution. Yet other ways to make triones start from a β-dione, and oxidise the carbon at the α position, between the two ketone groups. Different methods include reaction with bromine to make a dibromide, and then reacting with acetaldehyde and hydrolysing.
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The Sharpless epoxidation reaction is an enantioselective chemical reaction to prepare 2,3-epoxyalcohols from primary and secondary allylic alcohols. The Sharpless epoxidation The stereochemistry of the resulting epoxide is determined by the enantiomer of the chiral tartrate diester (usually diethyl tartrate or diisopropyl tartrate) employed in the reaction. The oxidizing agent is tert-butyl hydroperoxide. Enantioselectivity is achieved by a catalyst formed from titanium tetra(isopropoxide) and diethyl tartrate.
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Acetonema is a genus of bacteria in the family Veillonellaceae. It is H2-oxidizing CO2-reducing acetogenic strictly anaerobic endospore-forming Gram-negative motile rod-shaped, isolated from gut contents of the wood- feeding termite Pterotermes occidentis. Cells are catalase positive, oxidase negative, and have 51.5 mol percent G + C in their DNA. Optimum conditions for growth on H2 \+ CO2 are at 30-33 degrees C and pH (initial) 7.8.
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Globe Knitting Mills, also known as the Rambo & Regar Globe Knitting Mills, are two historic textile mill buildings located at Norristown, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. They were built in 1898, and were referred to as the "Main (Knitting) Building" and the "Oxidizing Building / Dye House." They are constructed of red brick with heavy timber framing and Italianate style design elements. The main building is three stories tall and rectangular in plan.
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Potassium dichromate, , is a common inorganic chemical reagent, most commonly used as an oxidizing agent in various laboratory and industrial applications. As with all hexavalent chromium compounds, it is acutely and chronically harmful to health. It is a crystalline ionic solid with a very bright, red- orange color. The salt is popular in the laboratory because it is not deliquescent, in contrast to the more industrially relevant salt sodium dichromate.
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Pasteur thought that this type of killed vaccine should not work because he believed that attenuated bacteria used up nutrients that the bacteria needed to grow. He thought oxidizing bacteria made them less virulent. In early 1881, Pasteur discovered that growing anthrax bacilli at about 42 °C made them unable to produce spores, and he described this method in a speech to the French Academy of Sciences on February 28.
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Ladderane lipids present in anammoxosomes Ladderanes were first identified in a rare group of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing (anammox) bacteria belonging to the phylum Planctomycetes. These bacteria sequester the catabolic anammox reactions to intracellular compartments called anammoxosomes. The anammox process involves the oxidation of ammonium to nitrogen gas with nitrite as the final electron acceptor. Intermediates in this process are two highly toxic compounds, hydrazine (N2H4) and hydroxylamine (NH2OH).
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Potassium alum on Handbook of Mineralogy Rare crystals are octahedral in form if occurring as precipitates from neutral water solution, but cubic in form if the solution is alkaline. It occurs as a precipitate around volcanic fumaroles and solfataras. It also occurs as an alteration in argillaceous sediments or coal beds which contain oxidizing sulfide minerals (pyrite or marcasite). Occurs associated with alunogen, pickeringite, epsomite, melanterite, gypsum and native sulfur.
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The peas presumably formed inside hot springs that apparently were linked with a geological remoulding near Steinhardt and bore barium chloride. When plants and animals decay in an oxidizing environment, hydrogen sulphide forms, which reacts with barium chloride to form baryte. In the process, sand is locked around the fossils. Plant remnants like wood and conifer cones are mostly converted into baryte, and only leaves show up as imprints.
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DTT can also be used as an oxidizing agent. Its principal advantage is that effectively no mixed-disulfide species are populated, in contrast to other agents such as glutathione. In very rare cases, a DTT adduct may be formed, i.e., the two sulfur atoms of DTT may form disulfide bonds to different sulfur atoms; in such cases, DTT cannot cyclize since it has no such remaining free thiols.
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Doe Run primary lead smelting facility in Herculaneum, Missouri Plants for the production of lead are generally referred to as lead smelters. Primary lead production begins with sintering. Concentrated lead ore is fed into a sintering machine with iron, silica, limestone fluxes, coke, soda ash, pyrite, zinc, caustics or pollution control particulates. Smelting uses suitable reducing substances that will combine with those oxidizing elements to free the metal.
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Propionaldehyde may also be prepared by oxidizing 1-propanol with a mixture of sulfuric acid and potassium dichromate. The reflux condenser contains water heated at 60 °C, which condenses unreacted propanol, but allows propionaldehyde to pass. The propionaldehyde vapor is immediately condensed into a suitable receiver. In this arrangement, any propionaldehyde formed is immediately removed from the reactor, thus it does not get over-oxidized to propionic acid.
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Some older razor blades were also made of blued steel. Another use for selenious acid is the chemical darkening and patination of copper, brass and bronze, producing a rich dark brown color that can be further enhanced with mechanical abrasion. It is used in organic synthesis as an oxidizing agent for the synthesis of 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds, e.g. in laboratory preparation of glyoxal (ethane-1,2-dione) from acetaldehyde.
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Potassium permanganate can be used to quantitatively determine the total oxidizable organic material in an aqueous sample. The value determined is known as the permanganate value. In analytical chemistry, a standardized aqueous solution of KMnO4 is sometimes used as an oxidizing titrant for redox titrations (permanganometry). As potassium permanganate is titrated, the solution becomes a light shade of magenta, which darkens as excess of the titrant is added to the solution.
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Lucinids host their sulfur-oxidizing symbionts in specialized gill cells called bacteriocytes. Lucinids are burrowing bivalves that live in environments with sulfide-rich sediments. The bivalve will pump sulfide-rich water over its gills from the inhalant siphon in order to provide symbionts with sulfur and oxygen. The endosymbionts then use these substrates to fix carbon into organic compounds, which are then transferred to the host as nutrients.
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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemically reactive forms of oxygen. In human lung cells, ROS has been shown to inhibit the M2 isozyme of pyruvate kinase (PKM2). ROS achieves this inhibition by oxidizing Cys358 and inactivating PKM2. As a result of PKM2 inactivation, glucose flux is no longer converted into pyruvate, but is instead utilized in the pentose phosphate pathway, resulting in the reduction and detoxification of ROS.
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This is evidence that iron-oxidizing bacteria are present, indicating persistent expression of oxygen-depleted ground water. In a forested area, leaf and needle litter in the stream channel is an additional indicator. Accumulation of leaf litter does not occur in perennial streams since such material is continuously flushed. In the adjacent overbank of a perennial stream, fine sediment may cling to riparian plant stems and tree trunks.
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The agriculture industry uses 1 million pounds per year as a fertilizer. In particular, its use has been suggested for treatment of whiptail in broccoli and cauliflower in molybdenum-deficient soils. However, care must be taken because at a level of 0.3 ppm sodium molybdate can cause copper deficiencies in animals, particularly cattle. It is used in industry for corrosion inhibition, as it is a non-oxidizing anodic inhibitor.
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The relative reducing and oxidizing natures of these photocatalysts can be understood by considering the ligands' electronegativity and the catalyst complex's metal center. More electronegative metals and ligands can stabilize electrons better than their less electronegative counterparts. Therefore, complexes with more electronegative ligands are more oxidising than less electronegative ligand complexes. For example, the ligands 2,2'-bipyridine and 2,2'-phenylpyridine are isoelectronic structures, containing the same number and arrangement of electrons.
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Demasking is the process of clearing the part of etchant and maskant. Etchant is generally removed with a wash of clear, cold water. A de-oxidizing bath may also be required in the common case that the etching process left a film of oxide on the surface of the material. Various methods may be used to remove the maskant, the most common being hand removal using scraping tools.
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Bleaches also have other minor uses like removing mildew, killing weeds, and increasing the longevity of cut flowers. Bleaches work by reacting with many colored organic compounds, such as natural pigments, and turning them into colorless ones. While most bleaches are oxidizing agents (chemicals that can remove electrons from other molecules), some are reducing agents (that donate electrons). Chlorine, a powerful oxidizer, is the active agent in many household bleaches.
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In the 1980s the discovery of zinc peroxide’s ability to complement pyrotechnical mixtures was discovered. It was noted that ZnO2 was preferable to the usage of barium compounds, as it was deemed to be less toxic. The zinc compound proves an effective component in explosives because of its oxidizing properties. Many chemical explosives rely on rapid oxidation reactions, for this reason ZnO2 is an ideal candidate for use in pyrotechnics.
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Dimethyldioxirane (DMDO), also referred to as Murray's reagent in reference to Robert W. Murray, is a dioxirane derived from acetone and can be considered as a monomer of acetone peroxide. It is a powerful yet selective oxidizing agent which finds use in organic synthesis. It is known only in the form of a dilute solution, usually in acetone, and hence the properties of the pure material are largely unknown.
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The pumping equipment in the well must also be removed and cleaned. Iron filters have been used to treat iron bacteria. Iron filters are similar in appearance and size to conventional water softeners but contain beds of media that have mild oxidizing power. As the iron-bearing water is passed through the bed, any soluble ferrous iron is converted to the insoluble ferric state and then filtered from the water.
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Keratolytic and humectant medications such as urea, salicyclic acid (Whitfield's ointment), and lactic acid are useful adjunct medications and improve penetration of antifungal agents into the thickened skin. Topical glucocorticoids are sometimes prescribed to alleviate inflammation and itching associated with the infection. A solution of 1% potassium permanganate dissolved in hot water is an alternative to antifungal drugs. Potassium permanganate is a salt and a strong oxidizing agent.
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Synthese von Nitrilotracetamid (und 3,5-Dioxopiperazin-1-acetamid) Nitrilotriacetonitrile serves mainly as a raw material for the production of the biodegradable, but carcinogen suspected complexing agent nitrilotriacetic acid by acid or base- catalyzed hydrolysis of the cyano groups. Alkalische Hydrolyse von NTAN zu NTA-trinatriumsalz Undesirable residual contents of cyanide ions in the hydrolyzate can be removed by post-treatment with oxidizing agents such as sodium hypochlorite at pH 8.
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The compound readily decomposes into oxygen and fluorine. Even at a temperature of , 4% decomposes each day by this process: : → + The other main property of this unstable compound is its oxidizing power, although most experimental reactions have been conducted near . Several experiments with the compound resulted in a series of fires and explosions. Some of the compounds that produced violent reactions with include ethyl alcohol, methane, ammonia, and even water ice.
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To separate the silver, the alloy is melted again at the high temperature of 960°C to 1000°C in an oxidizing environment. The lead oxidises to lead monoxide, then known as litharge, which captures the oxygen from the other metals present. The liquid lead oxide is removed or absorbed by capillary action into the hearth linings. This chemical reactionCraddock, P. T. 1995:223Bayley, J., Crossley, D. and Ponting, M. (eds).
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Reproduction has also been observed involving only a single spermatozoon reaching the female's tube. Generally, fertilization in R. pachyptila is considered internal. However, some argue that, as the sperm is released into sea water and only afterwards reaches the eggs in the oviducts, it should be defined as internal- external. R. pachyptila is completely dependent on the production of vulcanic gases and the presence of sulfide-oxidizing bacteria.
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The GC content of the genome is 44%, which at the time of its discovery was the lowest among any hydrogen oxidizing bacteria. H. thermophilus contains four gene clusters for membrane-bound hydrogenases. It should also be noted that H. thermophilus lacks the typical PSP (phosphoserine phosphatase) genes involved in amino acid metabolism. In addition, it is an obligate chemolithoautotroph, and so genes commonly used in carbon fixation were present.
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This is the combustion reaction of Bisphenol A. Bisphenol A and oxygen reaction to form water and carbon dioxide.Hydroxyl radicals are powerful oxidants that transform BPA into different forms of phenolic group compounds. The advanced photocatalytic oxidation of BPA, using compounds like sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl, as the oxidizing agent, can accelerate the degradation efficiency by releasing oxygen into the water. This decomposition occurs when BPA is exposed to UV irradiation.
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Cumene hydroperoxide is an organic hydroperoxide intermediate in the cumene process for synthesizing phenol and acetone from benzene and propene. It is typically used as an oxidizing agent.Richard J. Lewis, Richard J. Lewis (Sr.), Hazardous chemicals desk reference, Publisher Wiley-Interscience, 2008, , , 1953 pages (page 799) Products of decomposition of cumene hydroperoxide are methylstyrene, acetophenone, and cumyl alcohol.Cumene Hydroperoxide at the Organic Chemistry Portal Its formula is C6H5C(CH3)2OOH.
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Activation of tTG has been shown to be accompanied by large conformational changes, switching from a compact (inactive) to an extended (active) conformation. (see Figure 3) Figure 3: Compact (inactive) and extended (active) conformations of tTGIn the extracellular matrix, TG2 is "turned off", due primarily to the oxidizing activity of endoplasmic reticulum protein 57 (ERp57). Thus, tTG is allosterically regulated by two separate proteins, Erp57 and TRX-1. (See Figure 4).
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2009, volume 6, pp. 133–150. Some anaerobic bacteria and archaea use the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway in reverse to break down acetate. For example, some methanogens break down acetate to a methyl group and carbon monoxide, and then reduce the methyl group to methane while oxidizing the carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. Sulfate reducing bacteria, meanwhile, oxidize acetate completely to CO2 and H2 coupled with the reduction of sulfate to sulfide.
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In the leaching process, sodium cyanide is dissolved in water where, under mildly oxidizing conditions, it dissolves the gold contained in the crushed gold ore. The resultant gold-bearing solution is called 'pregnant solution.' Either zinc metal or activated carbon is then added to the pregnant solution to recover the gold by removing it from the solution. There are two main leaching methods for gold extraction using cyanide.
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Nitrosylsulfuric acid is the chemical compound with the formula NOHSO4. It is a colourless solid that is used industrially in the production of caprolactam, and was formerly part of the lead chamber process for producing sulfuric acid. The compound is the mixed anhydride of sulfuric acid and nitrous acid. In organic chemistry, it is used as a reagent for nitrosating, as a diazotizing agent, and as an oxidizing agent.
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Pyocyanin inactivates catalase by reducing its gene’s transcription as well as directly targeting the enzyme itself. Glutathione is an important antioxidant modulated by pyocyanin. In particular the pool of the reduced form is depleted while the oxidised form is promoted by hydrogen peroxide which is not dismutated by catalase. In the cystic fibrosis lung, intracellular pyocyanin converts molecular oxygen to the superoxide free radical by oxidizing NADPH to NADP+.
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This protein belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family of enzymes. It was originally thought to play a role in a pathway of 9-cis-retinoic acid biosynthesis in vivo. However, bioinformatics and experimental work has shown that it is more likely the aldehyde dehydrogenase of the kynurenine pathway, oxidizing 2-aminomuconate semialdehyde to 2-aminomuconic acid. Two transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene.
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The air, the stirring, and the "boiling" action of the metal helped the oxidizing agents to oxidize the impurities and carbon out of the pig iron. As the impurities oxidize, they formed a molten slag or drifted off as gas while the retaining iron solidified into spongy wrought iron that floated to the top of the puddle and were fished out of the melt as puddle balls using puddle bars.
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The cave is known to contain 69 species, among them leeches, spiders and a water scorpion. Of these, 33 are endemic. The food chain is based on chemosynthesis in the form of methane- and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, which in turn release nutrients for fungi and other bacteria. This forms microbial mats on the cave walls and the surface of lakes and ponds which are grazed on by some of the animals.
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Hadow became demonstrator of chemistry at King’s College and studied the detection of alum in bread. His research also examined the action of oxidizing agents on the sulphocyanides and the method of converting them into cyanides and the composition of the platinicyanides. Hadow also invented a process for producing "soluble cotton", involved in early photographyDifficulties in making soluble cotton, Notes and Queries, 1854 This formula is described in the Photographic Journal.
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Nitrates are mainly produced for use as fertilizers in agriculture because of their high solubility and biodegradability. The main nitrate fertilizers are ammonium, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium salts. Several million kilograms are produced annually for this purpose. The second major application of nitrates is as oxidizing agents, most notably in explosives where the rapid oxidation of carbon compounds liberates large volumes of gases (see gunpowder for an example).
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In the same year, another strain of rose-pink thermophilic bacteria was isolated from Yellowstone National Park, which was named Thermobaculum terrenum. Later analysis based on genome put this species under Thermomicrobia class. However, the current standing of Thermobaculum terrenum is disputed. In 2012, a thermo-tolerant nitrite-oxidizing bacterium was isolated from a bioreactor, which was named Nitrolancetus hollandica and proposed as a novel species later in 2014.
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Hastelloy is a nickel based alloy capable of withstanding temperatures up to 800C without melting or heavily oxidizing. Currently a coating technique known as "spin on glass" or "solution deposition planarization" is used to smooth the substrate surface. Recently YBCO coated superconductor tapes capable of carrying more than 500 A/cm-width at 77 K and 1000 A/cm-width at 30 K under high magnetic field have been demonstrated.
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In contrast to noble metals, base metals may be distinguished by oxidizing or corroding relatively easily and reacting variably with diluted hydrochloric acid (HCl) to form hydrogen. Examples include iron, nickel, lead and zinc. Copper is also considered a base metal because it oxidizes relatively easily, although it does not react with HCl. In mining and economics, the term base metals refers to industrial non- ferrous metals excluding precious metals.
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When comparing a normal strain of S. aureus with a strain modified to lack staphyloxanthin, the wildtype pigmented strain was more likely to survive incubation with an oxidizing chemical such as hydrogen peroxide than the mutant strain was. Colonies of the two strains were also exposed to human neutrophils. The mutant colonies quickly succumbed while many of the pigmented colonies survived. Wounds on mice were inoculated with the two strains.
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The initial product of copper smelting was impure black copper, which was then repeatedly melted to purify it, alternately oxidizing and reducing it. In one of the melting stages, lead was added. Gold and silver preferentially dissolved in this, thus providing a means of recovering these precious metals. To produce purer copper suitable for making copper plates or hollow-ware, further melting processes were undertaken, using charcoal as fuel.
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Oxidizing roasting, the most commonly practiced roasting process, involves heating the ore in excess of air or oxygen, to burn out or replace the impurity element, generally sulfur, partly or completely by oxygen. For sulfide roasting, the general reaction can be given by: :2MS (s) + 3O2 (g) -> 2MO (s) + 2SO2 (g) Roasting the sulfide ore, until almost complete removal of the sulfur from the ore, results in a dead roast.
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Marsh, K. L., G. K. Sims, and R. L. Mulvaney. 2005. Availability of urea to autotrophic ammonia- oxidizing bacteria as related to the fate of 14C- and 15N-labeled urea added to soil. Biol. Fert. Soil. 42:137-145. By promoting the formation of calcium carbonate, ureases are potentially useful for biomineralization-inspired processes. Notably, micro-biologically induced formation of calcium carbonate can be used in making bioconcrete.
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This flame type is observed when welders add more oxygen to the neutral flame. This flame is hotter than the other two flames because the combustible gases will not have to search so far to find the necessary amount of oxygen, nor heat up as much thermally inert carbon. It is called an oxidizing flame because of its effect on metal. This flame adjustment is generally not preferred.
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Carbon monofluoride is used as a high-energy-density cathode material in lithium batteries of the "BR" type. Other uses are a wear reduction additive for lubricants, and weather-resistant additive for paints. Graphite fluoride is also used as both oxidizing agent and combustion modifier in rocket propellants and pyrolants. E.-C. Koch, Metal/Fluorocarbon Pyrolants: VI. Combustion Behaviour and Radiation Properties of Magnesium/Poly(Carbon Monofluoride) Pyrolant, Prop.,Expl.,Pyrotech.
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In marine sediments where oxygen is available, a major group of chemoautotrophs is ammonia-oxidizing Thaumarchaeota. It supports 19% of the heterotrophic production. In some environments such as abyssal Pacific Ocean sediments, the supply of ammonia dwindles with depth; but in other environments ammonia actually increases because heterotrophic bacteria, living on organic material, remineralize the ammonia. This interdependence of the heterotrophic bacteria and Thaumarchaeota is an example of syntrophy.
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Like many other strontium salts, strontium nitrate is used to produce a rich red flame in fireworks and road flares. The oxidizing properties of this salt are advantageous in such applications.MacMillan, J. Paul; Park, Jai Won; Gerstenberg, Rolf; Wagner, Heinz; Köhler, Karl and Wallbrecht, Peter (2002) "Strontium and Strontium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. Strontium nitrate can aid in eliminating and lessening skin irritations.
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DsbA, DsbC and DsbG have a common Cys-Xxx-Xxx- Cys (Cys-Cysteine) motif in their active site, where Xxx can be any amino acid. In the periplasm, DsbA oxidizes thiols in cysteines to form disulfide bonds in proteins. DsbA receives its oxidizing potential from the cytosol through DsbB. However, the probability of forming a non-native disulfide bond increases with the number of cysteines in the protein sequence.
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Thallium(III) compounds resemble the corresponding aluminium(III) compounds. They are moderately strong oxidizing agents and are usually unstable, as illustrated by the positive reduction potential for the Tl3+/Tl couple. Some mixed-valence compounds are also known, such as Tl4O3 and TlCl2, which contain both thallium(I) and thallium(III). Thallium(III) oxide, Tl2O3, is a black solid which decomposes above 800 °C, forming the thallium(I) oxide and oxygen.
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For the reaction to proceed efficiently, the alcohol must be at least partially dissolved in the aqueous solution. This can be facilitated by the addition of an organic co-solvent such as dioxane, pyridine, acetone or t-BuOH. KMnO4 will readily react with a carbon-carbon double bond before oxidizing a primary alcohol. Normally, these oxidations are performed under strong basic conditions, because this promotes a greater oxidation speed and selectivity.
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Relatively recently, ruthenium has been suggested as a material that could beneficially replace other metals and silicides in microelectronics components. Ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4) is highly volatile, as is ruthenium trioxide (RuO3). By oxidizing ruthenium (for example with an oxygen plasma) into the volatile oxides, ruthenium can be easily patterned. The properties of the common ruthenium oxides make ruthenium a metal compatible with the semiconductor processing techniques needed to manufacture microelectronics.
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Tea may also be decaffeinated, usually by using processes analogous to the direct method or the CO2 process, as described above. The process of oxidizing tea leaves to create black tea ("red" in Chinese tea culture) or oolong tea leaves from green leaves does not affect the amount of caffeine in the tea, though tea-plant subspecies (i.e., Camellia sinensis sinensis vs. Camellia sinensis assamica) may differ in natural caffeine content.
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Three oxides of xenon are known: xenon trioxide () and xenon tetroxide (), both of which are dangerously explosive and powerful oxidizing agents, and xenon dioxide (XeO2), which was reported in 2011 with a coordination number of four. XeO2 forms when xenon tetrafluoride is poured over ice. Its crystal structure may allow it to replace silicon in silicate minerals. The XeOO+ cation has been identified by infrared spectroscopy in solid argon.
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Sulfur oxidation involves the oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds (such as sulfide ), inorganic sulfur (S), and thiosulfate () to form sulfuric acid (). A classic example of a sulfur-oxidizing bacterium is Beggiatoa, a microbe originally described by Sergei Winogradsky, one of the founders of environmental microbiology. Another example is Paracoccus. Generally, the oxidation of sulfide occurs in stages, with inorganic sulfur being stored either inside or outside of the cell until needed.
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Ferrous iron is a soluble form of iron that is stable at extremely low pHs or under anaerobic conditions. Under aerobic, moderate pH conditions ferrous iron is oxidized spontaneously to the ferric () form and is hydrolyzed abiotically to insoluble ferric hydroxide (). There are three distinct types of ferrous iron-oxidizing microbes. The first are acidophiles, such as the bacteria Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans, as well as the archaeon Ferroplasma.
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Neutrophilic microaerophilic Fe-oxidizing bacteria are typically cultivated using an agarose-stabilized or liquid culture with an FeS or FeCO3 plug. The headspace of the culture tube is then purged with air or a low concentration of oxygen (often 1% or less O2). Fe-oxidizers have also successfully been cultivated in liquid culture with FeCl2 as the Fe source. These cultivation techniques follow those found in Emerson and Floyd (2005).
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Further to the south of the landing ellipse, there is a thick sequence of sulfate deposits capped by lava flows from the later Syrtis Major volcanic formation. The layer of sulfates include poly-hydrated sulphates and jarosite. Jarosite usually indicate oxidizing and acid (pH<4) environments. The occurrence of jarosite indicates that the environment changed from neutral/alkaline (as suggested by extensive Fe/Mg smectites and carbonate) to acid.
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Brochantite is a sulfate mineral, one of a number of cupric sulfates. Its chemical formula is Cu4SO4(OH)6. Formed in arid climates or in rapidly oxidizing copper sulfide deposits, it was named by Armand Lévy for his fellow Frenchman, geologist and mineralogist A. J. M. Brochant de Villiers. Crystals of brochantite can range from emerald green to black-green to blue-green, and can be acicular or prismatic.
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Alluvial fans are common in the geologic record, but may have been particularly important before the evolution of land plants in the mid-Paleozoic.Boggs 2006, p.249 They are characteristic of fault-bounded basins and can be or more thick due to tectonic subsidence of the basin and uplift of the mountain front. Most are red from hematite produced by diagenetic alteration of iron-rich minerals in a shallow, oxidizing environment.
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X-ray spectroscopy revealed the presence of di-µ-oxide bridging between NiIII/NiIV ions but no evidence of mono-µ-oxide bridging was found between the ions.Risch, M.; Klingan, K.; Heidkamp, J.; Ehrenberg, D.; Chernev, P.; Zaharieva, I.; Dau, H., Nickel-oxido structure of a water-oxidizing catalyst film. Chemical communications 2011, 47, 11912-11914. Similar structures can be found in Co- WOC films and Mn-WOC catalysts.
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According to J. Siegel (2005), sleep deprivation results in the build-up of free radicals and superoxides in the brain. Free radicals are oxidizing agents that have one unpaired electron, making them highly reactive. These free radicals interact with electrons of biomolecules and damage cells. In slow-wave sleep, the decreased rate of metabolism reduces the creation of oxygen byproducts, thereby allowing the existing radical species to clear.
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Treatment in air at 100 °C for over 1000 hours will result in a minimal change in conductivity. Recently, it was reported that the conductivity of PEDOT:PSS can be improved to be more than 4600 S/cm. PEDOT:PSS is prepared by polymerizing EDT monomer in an aqueous solution of PSS using Na2S2O8 as the oxidizing agent. This aqueous solution is then spin coated and dried to make a film.
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Its flash point is 95 °C and its auto-ignition temperature is 244 °C. Nicotine is readily volatile (vapor pressure 5.5 ㎩ at 25 ℃) On exposure to ultraviolet light or various oxidizing agents, nicotine is converted to nicotine oxide, nicotinic acid (niacin, vitamin B3), and methylamine. Nicotine is optically active, having two enantiomeric forms. The naturally occurring form of nicotine is levorotatory with a specific rotation of [α]D=–166.4° ((−)-nicotine).
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Ancient milk glasses used crystals of calcium antimonate, formed in the melt from calcium present in the glass and an antimony additive. Opaque yellow glasses contained crystals of lead antimonate; bindheimite mineral may have been used as the additive. Under oxidizing condition, lead also forms incompletely dissolved lead pyroantimonate (Pb2Sb2O7). From 2nd century BC tin oxide appears in use as opacifier, likely in the form of cassiterite mineral.
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When titanium dioxide is exposed to ultraviolet radiation from sunlight, it absorbs the radiation and electron excitation occurs. The following reactions then occur on the surface of the titanium dioxide crystals: Photolysis of water: : H2O → H+ \+ OH (hydroxyl radical) + e− : O2 \+ e− → O2− (a superoxide ion) The overall reaction is therefore: : H2O + O2 → H+ \+ O2− \+ OH The hydroxyl radical is a powerful oxidizing agent and can oxidize nitrogen dioxide to nitrate ions: : NO2 \+ OH → H+ \+ NO3− The superoxide ion is also able to form nitrate ions from nitrogen monoxide: : NO + O2− → NO3− The oxidation of NOx to nitrate ions occurs very slowly under normal atmospheric conditions because of the low concentrations of the reactions. The photochemical oxidation with the aid of titanium dioxide is much faster because of the energy absorbed by the coating on the block and also because the reactants are held together on the surface of the block. The reaction using titanium dioxide shows a greater oxidizing power than most other metal-based catalysts.
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Flammable aerosols can be classified as Class 1 or Class 2 if they contain any component, which is classified as flammable. # Oxidizing substances and organic peroxides contain • category 1: oxidizing substances and • category 2: organic peroxides, organic liquids or solids that contain the bivalent -O-O- structure and may be considered a derivative of hydrogen peroxide, where one or both of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by organic radicals. The term also includes organic peroxide formulations (mixtures). Substances and mixtures of this hazard class are assigned to one of seven 'Types', A to G, on the basis of the outcome of the UN Test Series A to H. #Radioactive substances # Substances corrosive to metal are substances or mixtures that by chemical action will materially damage or even destroy metals. These substances or mixtures are classified in a single hazard category on the basis of tests (Steel: ISO 9328 (II): 1991 - Steel type P235; Aluminum: ASTM G31-72 (1990) - non-clad types 7075-T6 or AZ5GU-T66).
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The most reactive metals, such as sodium, will react with cold water to produce hydrogen and the metal hydroxide: :2 Na (s) + 2 H2O (l) →2 NaOH (aq) + H2 (g) Metals in the middle of the reactivity series, such as iron, will react with acids such as sulfuric acid (but not water at normal temperatures) to give hydrogen and a metal salt, such as iron(II) sulfate: :Fe (s) + H2SO4 (l) → FeSO4 (aq) + H2 (g) There is some ambiguity at the borderlines between the groups. Magnesium, aluminium and zinc can react with water, but the reaction is usually very slow unless the metal samples are specially prepared to remove the surface layer of oxide which protects the rest of the metal. Copper and silver will react with nitric acid; but because nitric acid is an oxidizing acid, the oxidizing agent is not the H+ ion as in normal acids, but the NO3− ion.
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In organic synthesis, sodium chlorite is frequently used as a reagent in the Pinnick oxidation for the oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids. The reaction is usually performed in monosodium phosphate buffered solution in the presence of a chlorine scavenger (usually 2-methyl-2-butene). In 2005, sodium chlorite was used as an oxidizing agent to convert alkyl furans to the corresponding 4-oxo-2-alkenoic acids in a simple one pot synthesis.
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Sodium chlorite, like many oxidizing agents, should be protected from inadvertent contamination by organic materials to avoid the formation of an explosive mixture. The chemical is stable in pure form and does not explode on percussive impact, unless organic contaminants are present, such as on a greasy hammer striking the chemical on an anvil. It also easily ignites by friction if combined with a reducing agent like powdered sugar, sulfur or red phosphorus.
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Some species of bacteria obtain their energy by oxidizing various fuels while reducing arsenates to form arsenites. The enzymes involved are known as arsenate reductases. In 2008, bacteria were discovered that employ a version of photosynthesis with arsenites as electron donors, producing arsenates (just like ordinary photosynthesis uses water as electron donor, producing molecular oxygen). The researchers conjectured that historically these photosynthesizing organisms produced the arsenates that allowed the arsenate-reducing bacteria to thrive.
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The carbonized particles are then "activated" by exposing them to an oxidizing agent, usually steam or carbon dioxide at high temperature. This agent burns off the pore blocking structures created during the carbonization phase and so, they develop a porous, three-dimensional graphite lattice structure. The size of the pores developed during activation is a function of the time that they spend in this stage. Longer exposure times result in larger pore sizes.
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MPO is a member of the XPO subfamily of peroxidases and produces hypochlorous acid (HOCl) from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and chloride anion (Cl−) (or hypobromous acid if Br- is present) during the neutrophil's respiratory burst. It requires heme as a cofactor. Furthermore, it oxidizes tyrosine to tyrosyl radical using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent. Hypochlorous acid and tyrosyl radical are cytotoxic, so they are used by the neutrophil to kill bacteria and other pathogens.
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At increased levels ROS cause oxidative damage by oxidizing macromolecules, such as lipids, proteins and DNA. This oxidative damage to macromolecules is thought to be the cause of ageing. Mitochondrial DNA is especially susceptible to oxidative damage, due to its proximity to the site of production of these species. Damaging of mitochondrial DNA causes mutations, leading to production of ETC complexes, which don’t function properly, increasing ROS production, increasing oxidative damage to macromolecules.
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To prevent the wine from spoiling, neutral grape spirits were added. On the long sea voyages, the wines would be exposed to excessive heat and movement which transformed the flavour of the wine. This was discovered by the wine producers of Madeira when an unsold shipment of wine returned to the islands after a round trip. Today, Madeira is noted for its unique winemaking process which involves oxidizing the wine through heat and aging.
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The second method involves oxidizing the phosphorus during the fining process by adding iron oxide. This technique is usually associated with puddling in the 19th century, and may not have been understood earlier. For instance Isaac Zane, the owner of Marlboro Iron Works did not appear to know about it in 1772. Given Zane's reputation for keeping abreast of the latest developments, the technique was probably unknown to the ironmasters of Virginia and Pennsylvania.
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Solutions less than 40% are classified as a moderate oxidizing hazard (NFPA 430, 2000). Household bleach and pool chlorinator solutions are typically stabilized by a significant concentration of lye (caustic soda, NaOH) as part of the manufacturing reaction. This additive will by itself cause caustic irritation or burns due to defatting and saponification of skin oils and destruction of tissue. The slippery feel of bleach on skin is due to this process.
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Once germination is stimulated, the Striga seed sends out an initial root to probe the soil for the host root. The initial root secretes an oxidizing enzyme that digests the host root surface, releasing quinones. If the quinone product is within the appropriate concentrations, a haustorium will develop from the initial root. The haustorium grows toward the host root until it makes contact with the root surface, establishing parasitic contact in relatively short order.
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The Adamkiewicz reaction is part of a biochemical test used to detect the presence of the amino acid tryptophan in proteins. When concentrated sulfuric acid is combined with a solution of protein and glyoxylic acid, a red/purple colour is produced. It was named after its discoverer, Albert Wojciech Adamkiewicz. Pure sulphuric acid and a minimal amount of pure formaldehyde, along with an oxidizing agent introduced into the sulphuric acid, allow the reaction to proceed.
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In this oxidation-reduction reaction, the oxidizing agent can be sodium amalgam, which reduces oxalic acid, while the reducing agent is nitric acid, which oxidizes an alcohol. Reduction of the oxalic acid is done in a sulphuric acid solution while avoiding a temperature increase inside the cathode. Once the reduction has ended, the oxalic acid is diminished and the freed glyoxylic acid produces the indol molecules, which gives the red/purple color.
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Performic acid is a colorless liquid soluble in water, alcohols, ether, benzene, chloroform and other organic solvents. Its strong oxidizing properties are used for cleaving disulfide bonds in protein mapping, as well as for epoxidation, hydroxylation and oxidation reactions in organic synthesis.Pradyot Patnaik A comprehensive guide to the hazardous properties of chemical substances, Wiley-Interscience, 2007, , p. 128 In the medical and food industries, performic acid is commonly used to disinfect equipment.
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In her 2006 book, Uncertainty Underground, Macfarlane criticized plans to store spent nuclear fuel in a mountain near Las Vegas called Yucca Mountain. She said the seismic and volcanic activity as well as oxidizing in the environment would make the nuclear waste unstable. Macfarlane has supported storing nuclear waste at reactor sites in dry casks and the allocation of billions to find a suitable geologic repository for storage over the next few decades.
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Most gas odorants utilized currently contain mixtures of mercaptans and sulfides, with t-butyl mercaptan as the main odor constituent in natural gas and ethanethiol in liquefied petroleum gas (LPG, propane). In situations where thiols are used in commercial industry, such as liquid petroleum gas tankers and bulk handling systems, an oxidizing catalyst is used to destroy the odor. A copper-based oxidation catalyst neutralizes the volatile thiols and transforms them into inert products.
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Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide FAD, or flavin adenine dinucleotide, is a prosthetic group (a non-polypeptide unit bound to a protein that is required for function) that consists of an adenine nucleotide and a flavin mononucleotide. FAD is a unique electron acceptor. Its fully reduced form is FADH2 (known as the hydroquinone form), but FAD can also be partially oxidized as FADH by either reducing FAD or oxidizing FADH2. Dehydrogenases typically fully reduce FAD to FADH2.
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Several efforts can be carried out to increase the materials' ability to withstand a more aggressive dry-out. They involve incorporating low melting point fibers, such as polypropylene, or oxidizing metallic powders (e.g. aluminium powder) to provide permeable paths to deliver the vapor to the atmosphere, thereby relieving the internal pressure. Another option is to mechanically reinforce the microstructure so the material can dissipate enough energy with the beginning of crack growth, avoiding explosion.
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Wet etching of GaAs industrially uses an oxidizing agent such as hydrogen peroxide or bromine water, and the same strategy has been described in a patent relating to processing scrap components containing GaAs where the is complexed with a hydroxamic acid ("HA"), for example:"Oxidative dissolution of gallium arsenide and separation of gallium from arsenic" J. P. Coleman and B. F. Monzyk (1988) :GaAs + + "HA" → "GaA" complex + + 4 This reaction produces arsenic acid.
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The Tecovas Formation is a part of the Dockum Group with the Trujillo Formation. This multicolored Triassic unit consists of shale, siltstone, and sandstone. Deposited in streams and swamps, its colors indicate varying oxidizing conditions, and the alternating dry/wet cycles typical of such environments. These rocks are fossiliferous, containing the remains of phytosaurs, amphibians, and fish,Spearing, 384-5 including Metoposaurus, Desmatosuchus, Koskinonodon, and lungfish, besides coprolites and the petrified wood remains of Araucarioxylon.
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Dearth of killing the bacteria appears to explain the persistence of infection in COPD. H. influenzae mutants defective in the rec1 gene (a homolog of recA) are very sensitive to killing by the oxidizing agent hydrogen peroxide. This finding suggests that rec1 expression is important for H. influenzae survival under conditions of oxidative stress. Since it is a homolog of recA, rec1 likely plays a key role in recombinational repair of DNA damage.
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In eukaryotic cells, in general, stable disulfide bonds are formed in the lumen of the RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum) and the mitochondrial intermembrane space but not in the cytosol. This is due to the more oxidizing environment of the aforementioned compartments and more reducing environment of the cytosol (see glutathione). Thus disulfide bonds are mostly found in secretory proteins, lysosomal proteins, and the exoplasmic domains of membrane proteins. There are notable exceptions to this rule.
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Quinaldine red is an indicator that turns from colorless to red between a pH of 1.0–2.2. The image below shows what color quinaldine red would appear as in a given pH. Color change of Quinaldine red in pH change It is a cationic molecule that undergoes oxidation at different levels of pH. The rate of oxidation of Quinaldine red is in the first order with respect to the concentration of the oxidizing agent.
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Aliquat 336 is used as a phase transfer catalyst, including in the catalytic oxidation of cyclohexene to 1,6-hexanedioic acid. This reaction is more environmentally friendly. It is an example of green chemistry, compared with the traditional method of oxidizing cyclohexanol or cyclohexanone with nitric acid or potassium permanganate, which produce hazardous wastes. Aliquat 336 was used in the total synthesis of manzamine A by Darren Dixon in an early step to the electrophile.
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The main trunk of the body bears wing-like extensions, the vestimentum, from which their name is derived. Also, unlike other siboglinids that never have a digestive tract, they have one that they completely lose during metamorphosis. Their primary nutrition is derived from the sulfide-rich fluids emanating from the hydrothermal vents where they live. The sulfides are metabolized by symbiotic hydrogen sulfide- or methane-oxidizing bacteria living in an internal organ, the trophosome.
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In certain cases such as some explosives, the oxidizer and combustible are the same (e.g., nitroglycerin, an unstable molecule that has oxidizing parts in the same molecule as the oxidizeable parts). Reaction is initiated by an activating energy, in most cases, it is heat. Several examples include friction, as in case of matches, heating an electrical wire, a flame (propagation of fire), or a spark (from a lighter or from any starting electrical device).
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Lead(II) oxide is also soluble in alkali hydroxide solutions to form the corresponding plumbite salt. : PbO + 2 OH− \+ H2O → Chlorination of plumbite solutions causes the formation of lead's +4 oxidation state. : + Cl2 → PbO2 \+ 2 Cl− \+ 2 H2O Lead dioxide is representative of the +4 oxidation state, and is a powerful oxidizing agent. The chloride of this oxidation state is formed only with difficulty and decomposes readily into lead(II) chloride and chlorine gas.
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Cystamine is an organic disulfide which is formed when Cystine is heated as a result of decarboxylation. It is often used as sulfhydryl reagent, enzyme inhibitor and radiation-protective agent. Thiols can be synthesized to disulfides like cystamine through chemical oxidation with various oxidizing agents (molecular oxygen, metal ion, metal oxide, DMSO, nitric oxide, halogen and sodium perborate), through electrochemical oxidation and through borohydride exchange resin (BER)-transition metal salts systems (like BER-CuSo4).
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Photosystem II obtains electrons by oxidizing water in a process called photolysis. Molecular oxygen is a byproduct of this process, and it is this reaction that supplies the atmosphere with oxygen. The fact that the oxygen from green plants originated from water was first deduced by the Canadian-born American biochemist Martin David Kamen. He used a stable isotope of oxygen, 18O to trace the path of the oxygen from water to gaseous molecular oxygen.
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Another way phosphorylation can disrupt regular PDZ domain funcition is by altering the charge ratio and further affecting binding and signaling. In rare cases researchers have seen post-translational modifications activate PDZ domain activity but these cases are few. Disulfide bridges inhibit PDZ domain function Another post-translational modification that can regulate PDZ domains is the formation of disulfide bridges. Many PDZ domains contain cysteines and are susceptible to disulfide bond formation in oxidizing conditions.
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Phenylpyridine replaces one of the nitrogen atoms in bipyridine with a carbon atom. Carbon is less electronegative than nitrogen is, so it holds electrons less tightly. Since the remainder of the ligand molecule is identical and phenylpyridine holds electrons less tightly than bipyridine, it is more strongly electron-donating and less electronegative as a ligand. Hence, complexes with phenylpyridine ligands are more strongly reducing and less strongly oxidizing than equivalent complexes with bipyridine ligands.
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The elongated Cu-thioether bond appears to destabilise the CuII state thereby enhancing its oxidizing power. The blue colour (597 nm peak absorption) is assigned to a charge transfer transition from Spπ to Cudx2-y2. In the reduced form of plastocyanin, His-87 becomes protonated. While the molecular surface of the protein near the copper binding site varies slightly, all plastocyanins have a hydrophobic surface surrounding the exposed histidine of the copper binding site.
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The shell valves of species in this genus are fragile and subcylindrical in shape; there are no hinge teeth. The shell has a persistent thin periostracum which extends beyond the valve margins, hence the common name "awning clams". These clams have chemosynthetic bacterial symbionts that produce their food. The bacteria live within their gill cells, and produce energy by oxidizing hydrogen sulfide, which they then use to fix carbon dioxide via the Calvin cycle.
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F. placidus was the first hyperthermophile discovered to grow anaerobically by oxidizing aromatic compounds such as benzoate coupled to the reduction of ferric iron (Fe3+) to ferrous iron (Fe2+). Hydrogen gas (H2) and sulfide (H2S) can also be used as energy sources. Due to its anaerobic lifestyle, nitrate (NO3−) is used as a terminal electron acceptor whereby it is converted to nitrite (NO2−). Thiosulfate (S2O32−) can also be used as a terminal electron acceptor.
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In 1977, Engelbert Broda predicted the existence of two chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms capable of oxidizing ammonium to dinitrogen gas on the basis of thermodynamic calculations.Aharon Oren (2015): Anammox revisited: thermodynamic considerations in early studies of the microbial nitrogen cycle, FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2015 Aug;362(15):fnv114, . It was thought that anaerobic oxidation of ammonium would not be feasible, assuming that the predecessors had tried and failed to establish a biological basis for those reactions.
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The color of each diamond indicates its hazard, e.g., flammable is indicated with red, because fire and heat are generally of red color, and explosive is indicated with orange, because mixing red (flammable) with yellow (oxidizing agent) creates orange. A nonflammable and nontoxic gas is indicated with green, because all compressed air vessels are this color in France after World War II, and France was where the diamond system of hazmat identification originated.
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Weathering rates of per million years suggest that deep regoliths require several million years to develop. The third condition is humid tropical to temperate climate; higher temperatures enable reactions to occur more rapidly. Deep weathering can occur in cooler climates, but over longer periods of time. Sulfides are some of the most unstable minerals in humid, oxidizing environments; many cadmium, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, nickel and zinc sulfides are easily leached to deep in the profile.
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A fire requires heat, fuel, and an oxidizing agent. The energy required to overcome the activation energy barrier for combustion is transferred as heat into the system, resulting in changes to the system’s internal energy. In a process, the energy input to start a fire may comprise both work and heat, such as when one rubs tinder (work) and experiences friction (heat) to start a fire. The ensuing combustion is highly exothermic, which releases heat.
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In the two other methods the situation is the same. Complex forming titration is a reaction that occurs between metal ions and a standard solution that is in the most cases EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic acid). In the redox titration that reaction is carried out between an oxidizing agent and a reduction agent. There are some more methods like Liebig method / Duma's method / Kjeldahl's method and Carius method for estimation of organic compounds.
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Oxidizing gases in the atmosphere would destroy the toxic gas, but the hydrogen sulfide would soon consume all of the atmospheric gas available. Hydrogen sulfide levels might have increased dramatically over a few hundred years. Models of such an event indicate that the gas would destroy ozone in the upper atmosphere allowing ultraviolet radiation to kill off species that had survived the toxic gas. There are species that can metabolize hydrogen sulfide.
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Terephthalic acid can be prepared in the laboratory by oxidizing many para-disubstituted derivatives of benzene, including caraway oil or a mixture of cymene and cuminol with chromic acid. Although not commercially significant is the so-called "Henkel process" or "Raecke process", named after the company and patent holder, respectively. This process involves the transfer of carboxylate groups. For example potassium benzoate disproportionates to potassium terephthalate and potassium phthalate rearranges to potassium terephthalate.
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The basic residue or cofactor deprotonates the alpha carbon, and FAD accepts the hydride from the beta carbon, oxidizing the bound succinate to fumarate—refer to image 6. In E1cb, an enolate intermediate is formed, shown in image 7, before FAD accepts the hydride. Further research is required to determine which elimination mechanism succinate undergoes in Succinate Dehydrogenase. Oxidized fumarate, now loosely bound to the active site, is free to exit the protein.
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Chlorine (symbol Cl) is the second-lightest halogen. The element forms diatomic molecules under standard conditions, called dichlorine. It has the highest electron affinity and the third highest electronegativity of all the elements; thus chlorine is a strong oxidizing agent. The most common compound of chlorine, sodium chloride (table salt), has been known since ancient times; however, around 1630, chlorine gas was obtained by the Belgian chemist and physician Jan Baptist van Helmont.
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The oldest continuous flow processes is the blast furnace for producing pig iron. The blast furnace is intermittently charged with ore, fuel and flux and intermittently tapped for molten pig iron and slag; however, the chemical reaction of reducing the iron and silicon and later oxidizing the silicon is continuous. Semi-continuous processes, such as machine manufacturing of cigarettes, were called "continuous" when they appeared. Many truly continuous processes of today were originally batch operations.
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Ceramic BN crucible Hexagonal BN (h-BN) is the most widely used polymorph. It is a good lubricant at both low and high temperatures (up to 900 °C, even in an oxidizing atmosphere). h-BN lubricant is particularly useful when the electrical conductivity or chemical reactivity of graphite (alternative lubricant) would be problematic. Another advantage of h-BN over graphite is that its lubricity does not require water or gas molecules trapped between the layers.
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Laxus is a genus of nematode worms from the subfamily Stilbonematinae of the family Desmodoridae. Like other members of this subfamily, they are covered by a layer of symbiotic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, which in Laxus are coccoid in shape. They are distinguished from other stilbonematine genera by the finely- annulated somatic cuticle, thickened cephalic cuticle, small and coiled amphidial fovea, and lack of male structures. There are at least five species in the genus.
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The vents lie to below the surface, and range in temperature from 10 to over . The vent fluids are characterized by a high concentration of (up to 17 mM) and Fe (Iron), but low in sulfide. Low oxygen and pH levels are important factors in supporting the high amounts of Fe (iron), one of the hallmark features of Lōʻihi. These characteristics make a perfect environment for iron-oxidizing bacteria, called FeOB, to thrive in.
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The Martian atmosphere contains high abundances of photochemically produced CO and H2, which are reducing molecules. Mars' atmosphere is otherwise mostly oxidizing, leading to a source of untapped energy that life could exploit if it used a metabolism compatible with one or both of these reducing molecules. Because these molecules can be observed, scientists use this as evidence for an antibiosignature. Scientists have used this concept as an argument against life on Mars.
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As the material is moved, the ore that is charged at the top hearth gradually moves downward as it passes through windows in the floor of each hearth or through alternate passages around the shaft and the periphery until it finally emerges at the bottom. The oxidizing gases flow upward, i.e. , counter current to the descending charge. In a well - insulated roaster, external heating is unnecessary except when the charge is highly moist.
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The traditional way to analyze the ascorbic acid content is the process of titration with an oxidizing agent, and several procedures have been developed. The popular iodometry approach uses iodine in the presence of a starch indicator. Iodine is reduced by ascorbic acid, and, when all the ascorbic acid has reacted, the iodine is then in excess, forming a blue-black complex with the starch indicator. This indicates the end-point of the titration.
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These heavy metals can form a complex with the functional side chain groups present in a protein or form bonds to free thiols. Heavy metals also play a role in oxidizing amino acid side chains present in protein. Along with this, when interacting with metalloproteins, heavy metals can dislocate and replace key metal ions. As a result, heavy metals can interfere with folded proteins, which can strongly deter protein stability and activity.
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Cupriavidus necator is a hydrogen- oxidizing bacterium (“knallgas” bacterium) capable of growing at the interface of anaerobic and aerobic environments. It can easily adapt between heterotrophic and autotrophic lifestyles. Both organic compounds and hydrogen can be used as a source of energy C. necator can perform aerobic or anaerobic respiration by denitrification of nitrate and/or nitrite to nitrogen gas. When growing under autotrophic conditions, C. necator fixes carbon through the reductive pentose phosphate pathway.
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Along with being a strong oxidizing agent, sulfur trioxide will cause serious burns on both inhalation and ingestion because it is highly corrosive and hygroscopic in nature. SO3 should be handled with extreme care as it reacts violently with water and produces highly corrosive sulfuric acid. It should also be kept away from organic material due to the strong dehydrating nature of sulfur trioxide and its ability to react violently with such materials.
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The early Mauch Chunk beds were deposited on a large basin receiving most of its sediments from distant highlands. Sea levels fluctuated and allowed some limestone deposition to occur early as well. Since the dominant color of the Mauch Chunk is red, much of the sediment was deposited above sea level in oxidizing conditions. The green-colored members indicate a reducing environment characterized by frequent inundation by water in a swamp, delta, or shallow sea.
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Diagram of intercalation of Li into a titanium disulfide cathode. One axis of the TiS2 crystal swells, and charge transfers from Li to Ti. Treating graphite with strong acids in the presence of oxidizing agents causes the graphite to oxidise. Graphite bisulfate, [C24]+[HSO4]−, is prepared by this approach using sulfuric acid and a little nitric acid or chromic acid. The analogous graphite perchlorate can be made similarly by reaction with perchloric acid.
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The test relies upon a microbial ecosystem with enzymes capable of oxidizing the available organic material. Some waste waters, such as those from biological secondary sewage treatment, will already contain a large population of microorganisms acclimated to the water being tested. An appreciable portion of the waste may be utilized during the holding period prior to commencement of the test procedure. On the other hand, organic wastes from industrial sources may require specialized enzymes.
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Alpha-carboxysomes are also referred as the cso type of carboxysome. They contain Form IA RuBisCO; they are found in alpha-cyanobacteria, some nitrifying bacteria, some sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (for example, Halothiobacillus neapolitanus), and some purple bacteria. The alpha-carboxysome was the first bacterial microcompartment to be purified and characterized. Electron microscopy studies on purified alpha-carboxysomes or cell sections containing alpha-carboxysomes revealed that they are typically 100-160 nm in diameter.
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Some of this carbon is dissolved by the molten metal to carbonize it. The carbonizing flame will tend to remove the oxygen from iron oxides which may be present, a fact which has caused the flame to be known as a "reducing flame". The oxidizing flame is the third possible flame adjustment. It occurs when the ratio of oxygen to acetylene required for a neutral flame has been changed to give an excess of oxygen.
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Ozone is an unstable molecule which readily gives up one atom of oxygen providing a powerful oxidizing agent which is toxic to most waterborne organisms. It is a very strong, broad spectrum disinfectant that is widely used in Europe and in a few municipalities in the United States and Canada. Ozone disinfection, or ozonation, is an effective method to inactivate harmful protozoa that form cysts. It also works well against almost all other pathogens.
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The interconnect can be either a metallic or ceramic layer that sits between each individual cell. Its purpose is to connect each cell in series, so that the electricity each cell generates can be combined. Because the interconnect is exposed to both the oxidizing and reducing side of the cell at high temperatures, it must be extremely stable. For this reason, ceramics have been more successful in the long term than metals as interconnect materials.
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Ruthenium can be oxidized to ruthenium(IV) oxide (RuO2, oxidation state +4) which can in turn be oxidized by sodium metaperiodate to the volatile yellow tetrahedral ruthenium tetroxide, RuO4, an aggressive, strong oxidizing agent with structure and properties analogous to osmium tetroxide. RuO4 is mostly used as an intermediate in the purification of ruthenium from ores and radiowastes. Dipotassium ruthenate (K2RuO4, +6), and potassium perruthenate (KRuO4, +7) are also known.Greenwood, N. N.; & Earnshaw, A. (1997).
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Piranha solution Piranha solution, also known as piranha etch, is a mixture of sulfuric acid (H2SO4), water, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), used to clean organic residues off substrates. Because the mixture is a strong oxidizing agent, it will remove most organic matter, and it will also hydroxylate most surfaces (add OH groups), making them highly hydrophilic (water-compatible). This means the solution can easily dissolve fabric and skin causing severe chemical burns in the process.
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Another hypothesis would be that normally, tissues contain free radical scavengers to avoid damage by oxidizing species normally contained in the blood. Ischemic tissue would have decreased function of these scavengers because of cell injury. Once blood flow is reestablished, oxygen species contained in the blood will damage the ischemic tissue because the function of the scavengers is decreased. Reperfusion injury plays a major part in the biochemistry of hypoxic brain injury in stroke.
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Surflon S-111 is synthesized in Japan by oxidizing a mixture of fluorotelomer olefins. Fluorotelomer olefins are synthesized using a telomerization of tetrafluoroethylene taxogens (monomers), followed by an ethylene insertion. The olefin is oxidized, removing one carbon to yield products with an odd number of carbons with even-lengthed fluorocarbon chains plus a carboxylic acid group. As the fluorotelomer olefins are dominated by F(CF2)8CH=CH2, PFNA is the major PFCA product.
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This particular vent was dominated by sulfur-oxidizing Epsilonproteobacteria. With no close relatives known at the time, the clone was initially labeled as Gammaproteobacteria. Subsequent isolation of two strains of M. ferrooxydans, PV-1 and JV-1, along with the increasing realization that a phylogenetically distinct group of Proteobacteria (the Zetaproteobacteria) could be found globally as dominant members of bacterial communities led to the suggestion for the creation of this new class of the Proteobacteria.
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This is achieved by heating the metal in vacuum or sometimes in hydrogen atmosphere or in some cases even in air at temperatures above those used during the sealing process. Oxidizing of the metal surface also reduces gas evolution. Most of the evolved gas is produced due to the presence of carbon impurities in the metals; these can be removed by heating in hydrogen. The glass-oxide bond is stronger than glass-metal.
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Methane monooxygenase (MMO) is an enzyme capable of oxidizing the C-H bond in methane as well as other alkanes. Methane monooxygenase belongs to the class of oxidoreductase enzymes (). There are two forms of MMO: the well-studied soluble form (sMMO) and the particulate form (pMMO). The active site in sMMO contains a di-iron center bridged by an oxygen atom (Fe-O-Fe), whereas the active site in pMMO utilizes copper.
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Ozone is produced by natural and artificial sources (vehicles, refineries, plants, etc.). It is a very strong oxidizing agent and when inhaled, it attacks tissues by modifying parts of cells and it can create potentially toxic by products. It was found that there is no correlation between ozone effects estimates for mortality and PM readings of an area. In other words, damage done by ozone and by PM cannot be considered the same.
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Studies of the 16s ribosomal RNA subunits found in the sea ice cover of Terra Nova Bay have shown that archaea consist of ≤ 6.6% of the total prokaryotic community in this environment. 90.8% of this archaeal community belonged to the phylum Thaumarchaeota, a close parent to marine ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, while Euryarchaeota made up the rest of the community. Other molecular phylogenetic analyses of the SIMCO have detected no trace of the archaeal domain.
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FAD is the more complex and abundant form of flavin and is reported to bind to 75% of the total flavoproteome and 84% of human encoded flavoproteins. Cellular concentrations of free or non-covalently bound flavins in a variety of cultured mammalian cell lines were reported for FAD (2.2-17.0 amol/cell) and FMN (0.46-3.4 amol/cell). FAD has a more positive reduction potential than NAD+ and is a very strong oxidizing agent.
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This method has proven to be extremely popular; antistatic coatings are prepared on a commercial scale using ferric chloride. In addition to ferric chloride, other oxidizing agents. Slow addition of ferric chloride to the monomer solution produced poly(3-(4-octylphenyl)thiophene)s with approximately 94% H–T content. Precipitation of ferric chloride in situ (in order to maximize the surface area of the catalyst) produced significantly higher yields and monomer conversions than adding monomer directly to crystalline catalyst.
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Dilution with a high-boiling solvent increases the SADT. The half-life of TBPB, in which 50% of the peroxy ester is decomposed, is 10 hours at 104 °C, one hour at 124 °C and one minute at 165 °C. Amines, metal ions, strong acids and bases, as well as strong reducing and oxidizing agents accelerate the decomposition of TBPB even in low concentrations. However, TBPB is one of the safest peresters or organic peroxides in handling.
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A similar series of solid solutions are formed between cerium(IV) oxide and thorium oxide. The blue colour is due to an intense charge transfer transition when an electron is transferred from an orbital localized on uranium(IV), a mild reducing agent, to an orbital localized on cerium(IV), a strong oxidizing agent. Complete transfer would result in the production of uranium(VI) and cerium(III), the reverse of the reaction observed with the precipitate from aqueous solution.
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Hot tubs should also be periodically shocked, which means oxidizing or breaking down organic material left behind from the sanitizer, as well as non-filterable material such as soap films and perspiration. Sanitation can also be aided by a non-chemical ozonator. For aesthetic reasons, and for the sanitizer to work properly, water should be neither too alkaline nor too acidic (low pH). The hardness level of the water, measured as the amount of dissolved calcium, is also important.
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Vanadium(V) oxide (vanadia) is the inorganic compound with the formula V2O5. Commonly known as vanadium pentoxide, it is a brown/yellow solid, although when freshly precipitated from aqueous solution, its colour is deep orange. Because of its high oxidation state, it is both an amphoteric oxide and an oxidizing agent. From the industrial perspective, it is the most important compound of vanadium, being the principal precursor to alloys of vanadium and is a widely used industrial catalyst.
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Silver staining techniques pioneered scientists' ability to study the structural elements of the brain. However, most of these methods impregnated normal axons with silver as well as the ones undergoing degeneration. Nauta's silver staining technique allows for a suppression of the silver impregnation of the normal axons and provides contrast between healthy and degenerating neural circuits. Nauta developed this stain through trial and error, using different combinations of oxidizing and reducing agents in the silver reduction phase.
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Interest in this highly corrosive compound began in the fifties when there were extensive studies of its physicochemical properties. It is a powerful fluorinating and oxidizing agent. It oxidizes elemental sulfur to sulfur tetrafluoride:. :S + 4 VF5 → 4 VF4 \+ SF4 Like other electrophilic metal halides, it hydrolyzes, first to the oxyhalide: :VF5 \+ H2O → VOF3 \+ 2 HF Then to the binary oxide: :2 VOF3 \+ 3 H2O → V2O5 \+ 6 HF Hydrolysis is accelerated in the presence of base.
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The main difficulty with the use of K2FeO4 is that it is often too reactive, as indicated by the fact that it decomposes in contact with water, especially in acidic water:Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. . : 4 K2FeO4 \+ 4 H2O → 3 O2 \+ 2 Fe2O3 \+ 8 KOH At high pH, aqueous solutions are stable. The deep purple solutions are similar in appearance to potassium permanganate (). It is stronger oxidizing agent than the latter.
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Desirable performance of an adhesive system throughout its service time and environment depends on its stability and ability to retain its properties throughout its service life. However, several reasons can be the reasons for breakdown of an adhesive bond and like other polymers, prediction of life is not an easy task. One of the main degrading conditions to stability of adhesives is oxidizing environments. Adhesives, like other polymers, react with oxygen easily even at low temperatures.
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One meta- transcriptome was obtained by pyrosequencing from a specimen collected south of Bergen (Norway) in 2007. Double-stranded cDNA was sequenced on a GF FLX sequencer (Roche Applied Sciences/454 Life Sciences, Barnford, CT). rRNA ribo- tags revealed a microsymbiont community, dominated by group SAR202 of Chloroflexi, candidate phylum Poribacteria and Acidobacteria. The most abundant mRNAs coded for key metabolic enzymes of nitrification from ammonia- oxidizing Archaea as well as candidate genes involved in related processes.
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Dioxygenases are oxidoreductase enzymes. Aerobic life, from simple single- celled bacteria species to complex eukaryotic organisms, has evolved to depend on the oxidizing power of dioxygen in various metabolic pathways. From energetic adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation to xenobiotic degradation, the use of dioxygen as a biological oxidant is widespread and varied in the exact mechanism of its use. Enzymes employ many different schemes to use dioxygen, and this largely depends on the substrate and reaction at hand.
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A. borkumensis primarily uses alkanes as its source of energy/carbon, but it can use a few other organic compounds. Unlike most other cells, it cannot consume more common substances such as sugars or amino acids as a source of energy. This is due to the lack of genes that code for active or passive carbohydrate transporters, hence the inability to consume monomeric sugars. In a A. borkumensis, a number of different enzymes are tasked with oxidizing alkane molecules.
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Most applications of noble gas compounds are either as oxidising agents or as a means to store noble gases in a dense form. Xenic acid is a valuable oxidising agent because it has no potential for introducing impurities—xenon is simply liberated as a gas—and so is rivalled only by ozone in this regard. The perxenates are even more powerful oxidizing agents. Xenon-based oxidants have also been used for synthesizing carbocations stable at room temperature, in solution.
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Underground coal gasification (UCG) is an industrial gasification process, which is carried out in non-mined coal seams. It involves injection of a gaseous oxidizing agent, usually oxygen or air, and bringing the resulting product gas to the surface through production wells drilled from the surface. The product gas can be used as a chemical feedstock or as fuel for power generation. The technique can be applied to resources that are otherwise not economical to extract.
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Redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions include all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed by either gaining electrons (reduction) or losing electrons (oxidation). Substances that have the ability to oxidize other substances are said to be oxidative and are known as oxidizing agents, oxidants or oxidizers. An oxidant removes electrons from another substance. Similarly, substances that have the ability to reduce other substances are said to be reductive and are known as reducing agents, reductants, or reducers.
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The toxicity of chlorine comes from its oxidizing power. When chlorine is inhaled at concentrations greater than 30 ppm, it reacts with water and cellular fluid, producing hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hypochlorous acid (HClO). When used at specified levels for water disinfection, the reaction of chlorine with water is not a major concern for human health. Other materials present in the water may generate disinfection by-products that are associated with negative effects on human health.
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Calcium hypochlorite is a general oxidizing agent and therefore finds some use in organic chemistry. For instance the compound is used to cleave glycols, α-hydroxy carboxylic acids and keto acids to yield fragmented aldehydes or carboxylic acids. Calcium hypochlorite can also be used in the haloform reaction to manufacture chloroform. Calcium hypochlorite can be used to oxidize thiol and sulfide byproducts in organic synthesis and thereby reduce their odour and make them safe to dispose of.
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The ER provides an oxidizing environment (for formation of disulfide bonds) and the necessary chaperones (folding assisting agents that are not part of the final protein). Numerous exported proteins form disulfide bonds—covalent bonds that stabilize the protein structure in harsh extracellular environments. A classic example are the disulfide-linked heavy and light chain polypeptides of antibodies secreted by B-cells of the immune system. Another key event that takes place in the ER is N-linked glycosylation.
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Concentration changes regarding ascorbic acid, oxygen, nitric oxide, and hydrogen ions (pH) can also be detected. It can even be used to measure multiple compounds at the same time, as long as one has a positive and the other has a negative redox potential. High resolution is achieved by changing the voltage at very high speeds, referred to as a fast scan rate. Scan rates for FSCV are on the sub-second scale, oxidizing and reducing compounds in microseconds.
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Hydrogen oxidizing bacteria are a group of facultative autotrophs that can use hydrogen as an electron donor. They can be divided into aerobes and anaerobes. The former use hydrogen as an electron donor and oxygen as an acceptor while the latter use sulphate or nitrogen dioxide as electron acceptors. Some species of both bacteria types have been isolated in different environments, for example in fresh waters, sediments, soils, activated sludge, hot springs, hydrothermal vents and percolating water.
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It is possible that ROS may not be the actual toxic substance, but may in fact work to make other exudates more toxic by oxidizing them. For instance, ROS from Chattonella marina have been shown to enhance the toxic effects of fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on exposed fishes. Similarly, free-fatty acids released from diatom biofilms as products of ROS oxidation of EPA are known to be toxic to zooplankters. In addition, Fontana et al.
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July 2005 Under the Hai-Fuki-Ho method, silver-containing copper ore would be cast-smelted with lead, then allowed to dry. The silver in the copper ore would bind to the lead, creating a single mixture. This mixture would then be heated so that the lead melted and separated out of the copper, taking the bonded silver with it. The silver- rich lead would then be treated with an oxidizing airflow to separate the silver.
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Xenic acid is a noble gas compound formed by the dissolution of xenon trioxide in water. Its chemical formula is H2XeO4. It is a very powerful oxidizing agent, and its decomposition is dangerous as it liberates a large amount of gaseous products: xenon, oxygen, and ozone. However, this feature is also what makes xenic acid practically useful in syntheses: there is no chance of introducing impurities to the oxidation products, as all the byproducts can be trivially evaporated.
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This salt is used to initiate polymerization of various alkenes leading to commercially important polymers such as styrene- butadiene rubber and polytetrafluoroethylene and related materials. In solution, the dianion dissociates to give radicals: :[O3SO-OSO3]2− 2 [SO4]•− It is used in organic chemistry as an oxidizing agent,Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, vol. 1, pp. 193–197(1995) for instance in the Elbs persulfate oxidation of phenols and the Boyland–Sims oxidation of anilines.
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There are several other lesser-known mechanisms of generating NADPH, all of which depend on the presence of mitochondria in eukaryotes. The key enzymes in these carbon-metabolism-related processes are NADP-linked isoforms of malic enzyme, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), and glutamate dehydrogenase. In these reactions, NADP+ acts like NAD+ in other enzymes as an oxidizing agent. The isocitrate dehydrogenase mechanism appears to be the major source of NADPH in fat and possibly also liver cells.
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Amperometry in chemistry is detection of ions in a solution based on electric current or changes in electric current. Amperometry is used in electrophysiology to study vesicle release events using a carbon fiber electrode. Unlike patch clamp techniques, the electrode used for amperometry is not inserted into or attached to the cell, but brought in close proximity of the cell. The measurements from the electrode originate from an oxidizing reaction of a vesicle cargo released into the medium.
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Crude oils are composed of an array of chemical compounds, minor constituents, and trace metals. Making up 50-98% of these petroleum products are hydrocarbons with saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic structures which influence their biodegradability by hydronocarbonclasts. The rate of uptake and biodegradation by these hydrocarbon-oxidizing microbes not only depend on the chemical structure of the substrates, but is limited by biotic and abiotic factors such as temperature, salinity, and nutrient availability in the environment.
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It was shown that for every mole of ammonium consumed, 0.6 mol of nitrate was required, resulting in the formation of 0.8 mol of N2 gas. In 1995 the biological nature of anammox was identified. Labeling experiments with 15NH4+ in combination with 14NO3− showed that 14-15N2 was the dominant product making up 98.2% of the total labeled N2. It was realized that, instead of nitrate, nitrite was assumed as the oxidizing agent of ammonium in anammox reaction.
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In a biofuel cell, hydrogenase is exposed to two oxidizing threats. O2 inactivates most hydrogenases with the exception of [NiFe] through diffusion of O2 to the active site followed by destructive modification of the active site. O2 is the fuel at the cathode and therefore must be physically separated or else the hydrogenase enzymes at the anode would be inactivated. Secondly, there is a positive potential imposed on hydrogenase at the anode by the enzyme on the cathode.
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Schematic drawing of a puddling furnace Puddling is a step in the manufacture of high-grade iron in a crucible or furnace. It was invented in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution. The molten pig iron was stirred in a reverberatory furnace, in a oxidizing environment, resulting in wrought iron. It was one of the most important processes of making the first appreciable volumes of valuable and useful bar iron (malleable wrought iron) without the use of charcoal.
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A model for the origin of life has been presented in terms of chemiosmosis. Both respiration by mitochondria and photosynthesis in chloroplasts make use of chemiosmosis to generate most of their ATP. Today the energy source of all life can be linked to photosynthesis, and one speaks of primary production by sunlight. The oxygen used for oxidizing reducing compounds by organisms at hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean is the result of photosynthesis at the Oceans' surface.
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Thiocyanogen, (SCN)2, is a pseudohalogen derived from the pseudohalide thiocyanate, [SCN]−. This hexatomic compound exhibits C2 point group symmetry and has the connectivity NCS-SCN. The oxidation ability is greater than bromine. It reacts with water: 3(SCN)2 \+ 4H2O → H2SO4 \+ HCN + 5SCN− \+ 5H+ Thiocyanogen was originally prepared by the reaction of iodine with a suspension of silver thiocyanate in diethyl ether, but this reaction suffers from competing equilibria attributed to the weak oxidizing power of iodine.
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Pyridinium perbromide (also called pyridinium bromide perbromide, pyridine hydrobromide perbromide, or pyridinium tribromide) is an organic chemical composed of a pyridinium cation and a tribromide anion. It can also be considered as a complex containing pyridinium bromide—the salt of pyridine and hydrogen bromide—with an added bromine (Br2). The chemical is a solid whose reactivity is similar to that of bromine. It is thus a strong oxidizing agent used as a source of electrophilic bromine in halogenation reactions.
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As an oxidizing agent, sodium percarbonate is an ingredient in a number of home and laundry cleaning products, including non-chlorine bleach products such as Oxyper, OxiClean, Tide laundry detergent, and Vanish."Oxygen-based bleaches ", The Royal Society of Chemistry, and Reckitt Benckiser (the manufacturers of Vanish). Many commercial products mix a percentage of sodium percarbonate with sodium carbonate. The average percentage of an "Oxy" product in the supermarket is 65% sodium percarbonate and 35% sodium carbonate.
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Perchloric acid is a mineral acid with the formula HClO4. Usually found as an aqueous solution, this colorless compound is a stronger acid than sulfuric acid and nitric acid. It is a powerful oxidizer when hot, but aqueous solutions up to approximately 70% by weight at room temperature are generally safe, only showing strong acid features and no oxidizing properties. Perchloric acid is useful for preparing perchlorate salts, especially ammonium perchlorate, an important rocket fuel component.
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Both orpiment and realgar, as well as As4S3, have selenium analogs; the analogous As2Te3 is known as the mineral kalgoorlieite, and the anion As2Te− is known as a ligand in cobalt complexes.Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 578–83 All trihalides of arsenic(III) are well known except the astatide, which is unknown. Arsenic pentafluoride (AsF5) is the only important pentahalide, reflecting the lower stability of the +5 oxidation state; even so, it is a very strong fluorinating and oxidizing agent.
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The analysers also indicated the presence of bound water and CO2. A recent analysis of Martian meteorite EETA79001 found 0.6 ppm ClO4−, 1.4 ppm ClO3−, and 16 ppm NO3−, most likely of Martian origin. The ClO3− suggests presence of other highly oxidizing oxychlorines such as ClO2− or ClO, produced both by UV oxidation of Cl and X-ray radiolysis of ClO4−. Thus only highly refractory and/or well-protected (sub-surface) organics are likely to survive.
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Platinum printing is based on the light sensitivity of ferric oxalate. Ferric oxalate is reduced to ferrous oxalate by UV-light. The ferrous oxalate then reacts with platinum(II) or palladium(II) reducing it to elemental platinum (or palladium), which builds up the image. By varying the amount of platinum versus palladium and the addition of oxidizing chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide and potassium dichromate or potassium chlorate, the contrast and "color" of the final image can be modified.
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Cyanobacteria photosystem II, Dimer, PDB 2AXT Photosystem II (or water- plastoquinone oxidoreductase) is the first protein complex in the light- dependent reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis. It is located in the thylakoid membrane of plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Within the photosystem, enzymes capture photons of light to energize electrons that are then transferred through a variety of coenzymes and cofactors to reduce plastoquinone to plastoquinol. The energized electrons are replaced by oxidizing water to form hydrogen ions and molecular oxygen.
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Sulfolobus can grow either lithoautotrophically by oxidizing sulfur, or chemoheterotrophically using sulfur to oxidize simple reduced carbon compounds. Heterotrophic growth has only been observed, however, in the presence of oxygen. The principle metabolic pathways are a glycolytic pathway, a pentose phosphate pathway, and the TCA cycle. All Archaea have lipids with ether links between the head group and side chains, making the lipids more resistant to heat and acidity than bacterial and eukaryotic ester-linked lipids.
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Earth's main sulfur sink is the oceans SO42−, where it is the major oxidizing agent. When SO42− is assimilated by organisms, it is reduced and converted to organic sulfur, which is an essential component of proteins. However, the biosphere does not act as a major sink for sulfur, instead the majority of sulfur is found in seawater or sedimentary rocks including: pyrite rich shales, evaporite rocks (anhydrite and baryte), and calcium and magnesium carbonates (i.e. carbonate-associated sulfate).
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Such studies provide information to map out the nitrogen cycle and demystify missing links and unexplored pathways in the water column. Anammox is often coupled to denitrification as a source of NH4+ in OMZs or to DNRA in sediments. DNRA has been found to be the dominant process supplying NH4+ near the shelf and upper slope of sediments because of the presence of large bacterial mats made up of the giant sulfur-oxidizing bacteria Thioploca spp. and Beggiatoa spp.
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Biological soil uptake is the dominant sink of atmospheric H2. Both aerobic and anaerobic microbial metabolisms consume H2 by oxidizing it in order to reduce other compounds during respiration. Aerobic H2 oxidation is known as the Knallgas reaction. Anaerobic H2 oxidation often occurs during interspecies hydrogen transfer in which H2 produced during fermentation is transferred to another organism, which uses the H2 to reduce CO2 to CH4 or acetate, SO42- to H2S, or Fe3+ to Fe2+.
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The binder utilizes the unique temperature stability and insulating properties of h-BN. Parts can be made by hot pressing from four commercial grades of h-BN. Grade HBN contains a boron oxide binder; it is usable up to 550–850 °C in oxidizing atmosphere and up to 1600 °C in vacuum, but due to the boron oxide content is sensitive to water. Grade HBR uses a calcium borate binder and is usable at 1600 °C.
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Anne M. Thompson is an American scientist, who specializes in atmospheric chemistry and climate change. Her work notably focuses on how human activities have changed the chemistry of the atmosphere, climate forcings, and the Earth's oxidizing capacity, "essentially the global burden of oxidants in the lower atmosphere". Thompson was elected as a fellow to the American Meteorological Society, American Geophysical Union, and AAAS. She is a current member of NASA's Health and Air Quality Science Team.
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Secondly, chemoselective inner ring closure by fluorocyclization between 6-hydroxytrytophan and cysteine was achieved by intra-annular Savige-Fontana reaction. This requires a solid phase peptide synthesis-compatible, and methyliminodiacetic acid (MIDA), a boron protecting group, orthogonal amino acid in 5 steps. As a final step, enantioselective oxidation at the tryptathionine linkage was achieved using a bulky organic oxidizing agent and an optimized solvent system to afford the desired the bio- reactive (R)-enantiomer sulfoxide, completing the total synthesis.
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In distribution systems where chloramines are used as the secondary disinfectant, the presence of free ammonia can act as a substrate for ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms. The associated reactions can lead to the depletion of the disinfectant residual in the system. The addition of chlorite ion to chloramine-treated water has been shown to control nitrification. Together with ammonification, nitrification forms a mineralization process that refers to the complete decomposition of organic material, with the release of available nitrogen compounds.
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Nitrification, as stated above, is formally a two-step process; in the first step ammonia is oxidized to nitrite, and in the second step nitrite is oxidized to nitrate. Different microbes are responsible for each step in the marine environment. Several groups of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) are known in the marine environment, including Nitrosomonas, Nitrospira, and Nitrosococcus. All contain the functional gene ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) which, as its name implies, is responsible for the oxidation of ammonia.
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Its powerful oxidizing properties are suggested by the oxidation number of +2 for the oxygen atom instead of its normal −2. Above 200 °C, OF2 decomposes to oxygen and fluorine via a radical mechanism. OF2 reacts with many metals to yield oxides and fluorides. Nonmetals also react: phosphorus reacts with OF2 to form PF5 and POF3; sulfur gives SO2 and SF4; and unusually for a noble gas, xenon reacts, at elevated temperatures, yielding XeF4 and xenon oxyfluorides.
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Clindamycin phosphate is a water-soluble ester of the semi-synthetic antibiotic clindamycin, which is synthesized from lincomycin. Like the macrolide antibiotics, it acts as a bacteriostatic agent by interfering with the 50S subunit of the ribosome of Cutibacterium acnes, inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis and preventing bacteria from replicating. C. acnes plays a role in the development of acne. Benzoyl peroxide also kills C. acnes, but by releasing free radical oxygen species, thus oxidizing bacterial proteins.
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Without oxygen, pyruvate (pyruvic acid) is not metabolized by cellular respiration but undergoes a process of fermentation. The pyruvate is not transported into the mitochondrion, but remains in the cytoplasm, where it is converted to waste products that may be removed from the cell. This serves the purpose of oxidizing the electron carriers so that they can perform glycolysis again and removing the excess pyruvate. Fermentation oxidizes NADH to NAD+ so it can be re-used in glycolysis.
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Retinoic acid signaling is also important for maintaining adult neuronal and epithelium cell type. Retinoic acid is generated in organisms by first oxidizing retinol (Vitamin A) to retinal with an alcohol dehydrogenase. Then, a retinal dehydrogenase oxidizes retinal to retinoic acid. The production of retinoic acid from vitamin A must be tightly controlled as high levels of retinoic acid and vitamin A can lead to toxic effects, while vitamin A deficiency leads to its own issues in development.
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The resulting is converted to elemental sulfur by partial combustion via the Claus process, which is a major source of elemental sulfur. Other anthropogenic sources of hydrogen sulfide include coke ovens, paper mills (using the Kraft process), tanneries and sewerage. arises from virtually anywhere where elemental sulfur comes in contact with organic material, especially at high temperatures. Depending on environmental conditions, it is responsible for deterioration of material through the action of some sulfur oxidizing microorganisms.
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Some of the hydrogen sulfide will react with metal ions in the water to produce metal sulfides, which are not water-soluble. These metal sulfides, such as ferrous sulfide FeS, are often black or brown, leading to the dark color of sludge. Several groups of bacteria can use hydrogen sulfide as fuel, oxidizing it to elemental sulfur or to sulfate by using dissolved oxygen, metal oxides (e.g., Fe oxyhydroxides and Mn oxides), or nitrate as electron acceptors.
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The shift in mechanism between the pH extremes has been attributed to the kinetic facility of oxidizing hydroxide ion relative to water. Using the Tafel equation, one can obtain kinetic information about the kinetics of the electrode material such as the exchange current density and the Tafel slope. OER is presumed to not take place on clean metal surfaces such as platinum, but instead an oxide surface is formed prior to oxygen evolution. OER under acidic conditions.
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Dissimilatory sulfite reductase () is an enzyme that participates in sulfur metabolism in dissimilatory sulfate reduction. The enzyme is essential in prokaryotic sulfur-based energy metabolism, including sulfate/sulfite reducing organisms, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, and organosulfonate reducers. In sulfur reducers it catalyses the reduction of sulfite to sulfide (reaction 1), while in sulfur oxidizers it catalyses the opposite reaction (reaction 2). The reaction involves the small protein DsrC, which is present in all the organisms that contain dissimilatory sulfite reductase.
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Cleaning is performed usually by rinsing with the same (non-deuterated) solvent used to dissolve the initial sample. Dichloromethane or acetone are good choices because dichloromethane is similar in polarity to chloroform, a common NMR solvent, while acetone dissolves many organic compounds. Sonication and scrubbing with a pipe cleaner may be helpful in removing traces of solid contaminants. If necessary, the tube may be filled with an oxidizing solution of aqua regia or piranha solution (H2O2/H2SO4).
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Single-Molecule electrochemistry is an electrochemical technique used to study the faradaic response of redox molecules in electrochemical environments. The ability to study singular molecules gives rise to the potential of developing ultra-sensitive sensors which are necessary in SEE. From the work of Bard and Fan, this technique has had large advances with the use of redox cycling. Redox cycling amplifies a charge transfer by reducing and oxidizing a molecule multiple times as it diffuses between electrodes.
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These microbes oxidize iron in environments that have a very low pH and are important in acid mine drainage. The second type of microbes oxidize ferrous iron at near-neutral pH. These micro-organisms (for example Gallionella ferruginea, Leptothrix ochracea, or Mariprofundus ferrooxydans) live at the oxic-anoxic interfaces and are microaerophiles. The third type of iron-oxidizing microbes are anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria such as Rhodopseudomonas, which use ferrous iron to produce NADH for autotrophic carbon dioxide fixation.
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In ferroverdin B, R1 is a hydroxyl group (OH) and R2 is a hydrogen (according to a diagram in the paper, the R-groups are on the vinyl group, on the carbon opposite the phenyl; they are respectively trans and cis relative to the phenyl group). In ferroverdin C, R1 is a hydrogen while R2 is a carboxyl group (COOH). Ferroverdin is immune to chelating and oxidizing agents due to the strong interaction between the ligands and ferrous ion.
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If copper is sealed to glass, it is an advantage to get a thin bright red containing layer between copper and glass. This is done by borating. After W.J. Scott a copper plated tungsten wire is immersed for about 30 s in chromic acid and then washed thoroughly in running tap water. Then it is dipped into a saturated solution of borax and heated to bright red heat in the oxidizing part of a gas flame.
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The Cornforth reagent is a strong oxidizing agent which can convert primary alcohols to aldehydes and secondary alcohols to ketones, both as a solution or suspension. This application was first mentioned in 1969, but fully developed only in 1979 by Corey and Schmidt. They mentioned that reaction of saturated primary alcohols with PDC, using dimethylformamide as solvent, results in oxidation to carboxylic acids rather than aldehydes. However, no oxidation to carboxylic acids occurs on allylic and benzylic primary alcohols.
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FeBr3 forms a polymeric structure featuring six-coordinate, octahedral Fe centers.Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. . Although inexpensively available commercially, FeBr3 can be prepared by treatment of iron metal with bromine: :2 Fe + 3 Br2 → 2 FeBr3 Above 200 °C, FeBr3 decomposes to ferrous bromide: :2FeBr3 -> 2FeBr2 \+ Br2 Iron(III) chloride is considerably more stable, reflecting the greater oxidizing power of chlorine. FeI3 is not stable, as iron(III) will oxidize iodide ions.
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Zaharieva, I.; Najafpour, M. M.; Wiechen, M.; Haumann, M.; Kurz, P.; Dau, H., Synthetic manganese–calcium oxides mimic the water-oxidizing complex of photosynthesis functionally and structurally. Energy & Environmental Science 2011, 4, 2400-2408.Kanan, M. W.; Yano, J.; Surendranath, Y.; Dincă, M.; Yachandra, V. K.; Nocera, D. G., Structure and Valency of a Cobalt−Phosphate Water Oxidation Catalyst Determined by in Situ X-ray Spectroscopy. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2010, 132, 13692-13701.
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Iodic acid is a relatively strong acid with a pKa of 0.75. It is strongly oxidizing in acidic solution, less so in basic solution. When iodic acid acts as oxidizer, then the product of the reaction is either iodine, or iodide ion. Under some special conditions (very low pH and high concentration of chloride ions, such as in concentrated hydrochloric acid), iodic acid is reduced to iodine trichloride, a golden yellow compound in solution and no further reduction occurs.
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Mercury beating heart is similar to gallium beating heart (shown on video). In the experiment a droplet of mercury is placed in a watch glass, immersed in an electrolyte such as sulfuric acid which contains an oxidizing agent such as hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, or potassium dichromate. The tip of an iron nail is positioned almost touching the mercury. If the position of the nail tip is just right, the mercury blob begins to oscillate, changing shape.
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At rest this layer is uniform. When the iron tip is introduced a redox reaction starts in which iron is oxidized to the ferric ion. At the same time the oxidizing reagent is spent for instance when hydrogen peroxide together with hydronium ions is reduced to water. Because the oxidation only takes place in the vicinity of the tip and the reduction process covers the whole droplet surface the surface tension is no longer homogeneous resulting in oscillations.
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With repeated cycles of infiltration and pyrolysis one of those types of ceramic matrix composites is produced. Chemical vapour infiltration is used to manufacture carbon/carbon and silicon carbide reinforced with carbon or silicon carbide fibres. Besides many process improvements, the first of two major needs for fibre composites is lower fibre costs. The second major need is fibre compositions or coatings, or composite processing, to reduce degradation that results from high-temperature composite exposure under oxidizing conditions.
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Rubber yarns were used in foundation garments. While rubber is still used in textile manufacturing, its low tenacity limits its use in lightweight garments because latex lacks resistance to oxidizing agents and is damaged by aging, sunlight, oil and perspiration. The textile industry turned to neoprene (polymer of chloroprene), a type of synthetic rubber, as well as another more commonly used elastomer fiber, spandex (also known as elastane), because of their superiority to rubber in both strength and durability.
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At temperatures up to , aluminized steel reflects up to 80% of heat projected onto it.Atlas Steel - Aluminized steel Aluminized steel has the ability to maintain its strength at temperatures up to . Although stainless steel is the stronger of the two, aluminized steel has a greater electrostatic surface, and can therefore reflect heat better. Aluminized steel is highly resistant to corrosion because of the thin layers of aluminium and silicon, which keep the underlying steel from oxidizing.
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Members of the proposed genus Scalindua are anaerobic anammox (ammonium oxidizing) bacteria. The ammonium- oxidizing reaction composes a significant part of the global nitrogen cycle; by some estimates it is the cause of up to 50% of total nitrogen turnover in marine environments. It consists of the oxidization of ammonium using nitrite as an electron acceptor (both are fixed nitrogen) and subsequent generation of nitrogen gas: “NH4+ \+ NO2− = N2 \+ 2H2O (ΔG° = -357 kj mol-1)” This reaction uses nitrite (NO2−) as a terminal electron acceptor to produce nitric oxide (NO), which is then combined with ammonium (NH4+) to produce the intermediate hydrazine (N2H4) and water (H2O). Hydrazine, a very reactive molecule also used for rocket fuel, is then oxidized into nitrogen gas (N2). The half reactions may be represented as: “NO2− \+ 2H+ \+ e− = NO + H2O (E° = +0.38V) NO + NH4+ \+ 2H+ \+ 3e− = N2H4 \+ H2O (E° = +0.06V) Mechanism of Ammonium Oxidation N2H4 = N2 \+ 4H+ \+ 4e− (E° = -0.75V)” This metabolic pathway occurs anaerobically, something that was once considered impossible as ammonium was thought to be inert in the absence of oxygen.
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Dimethyl sulfide (Me2S) is treated with N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS), resulting in formation of an "active DMSO" species that is used for the activation of the alcohol. Addition of triethylamine to the activated alcohol leads to its oxidation to aldehyde or ketone and generation of dimethyl sulfide. In variance with other alcohol oxidation using "activated DMSO," the reactive oxidizing species is not generated by reaction of DMSO with an electrophile. Rather, it is formed by oxidation of dimethyl sulfide with an oxidant (NCS).
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Both the acid and its conjugate base CF3SO, known as triflate, resist oxidation/reduction reactions, whereas many strong acids are oxidizing, e.g. perchloric or nitric acid. Further recommending its use, triflic acid does not sulfonate substrates, which can be a problem with sulfuric acid, fluorosulfuric acid, and chlorosulfonic acid. Below is a prototypical sulfonation, which HOTf does not undergo: :C6H6 \+ H2SO4 → C6H5(SO3H) + H2O Triflic acid fumes in moist air and forms a stable solid monohydrate, CF3SO3H·H2O, melting point 34 °C.
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This compound has been shown to oxidize many different contaminants but is notable for oxidizing chlorinated solvents such as perchloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), and vinyl chloride (VC). However, potassium permanganate is unable to efficiently oxidize diesel, gasoline, or BTEX. Sodium permanganate is more expensive than potassium permanganate, but because sodium permanganate is more soluble than potassium permanganate, it can be applied to the site of contamination at a much higher concentration. This shortens the time required for the contaminant to be oxidized.
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In the case of depositing zinc phosphate or manganese phosphate the additional iron phosphate is frequently an undesirable addition to the coating. The acid and metal reaction also generates hydrogen gas in the form of tiny bubbles that adhere to the surface of the metal. These prevent the acid from reaching the metal surface and slow down the reaction. To overcome this, sodium nitrite is frequently added to act as an oxidizing agent that reacts with the hydrogen to form water.
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Once a mine is found, the most common methods of removing it are to manually defuse it (a slow and dangerous process) or blow it up with more explosives (dangerous and costly). Research programs have explored alternatives that destroy the mine without exploding it, using chemicals or heat. The most common explosive material, TNT, is very stable, not burnable with a match and highly resistant to acids or common oxidizing agents. However, some chemicals use an autocatalytic reaction to destroy it.
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Chlorine is a strong oxidizing element causing the hydrogen to split from water in moist tissue, resulting in nascent oxygen and hydrogen chloride that cause corrosive tissue damage. Additionally oxidation of chlorine may form hypochlorous acid, which can penetrate cells and react with cytoplasmic proteins destroying cell structure.Martin JG, Campbell HR, Iijima H, Gautrin D, Malo JL, Eidelman DH, Hamid Q, Maghni K. (2003). Chlorine-induced injury to the airways in mice, Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 168:568-74.
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Human activities change the amount of carbon in the atmosphere directly through the burning of fossil fuels and other organic material, thus oxidizing the organic carbon and producing carbon dioxide. Another human-caused source of carbon dioxide is cement production. The burning of fossil fuels and cement production are the main reasons for the increase in atmospheric CO2 since the beginning of the industrial era. Other human-caused changes in the atmospheric carbon cycle are due to anthropogenic changes to carbon reservoirs.
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Illustration of a redox reaction Sodium chloride is formed through the redox reaction of sodium metal and chlorine gas Redox reactions can be understood in terms of transfer of electrons from one involved species (reducing agent) to another (oxidizing agent). In this process, the former species is oxidized and the latter is reduced. Though sufficient for many purposes, these descriptions are not precisely correct. Oxidation is better defined as an increase in oxidation state, and reduction as a decrease in oxidation state.
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Fumarate reductase (quinol) (, QFR, FRD, menaquinol-fumarate oxidoreductase, quinol:fumarate reductase) is an enzyme with systematic name succinate:quinone oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyzes the following chemical reaction: 440x440px : fumarate + quinol \longrightarrow succinate + quinone Fumarate reductase (QFR) is a key enzyme induced by anaerobic growth of bacteria. By partaking in fumarate respiration, fumarate reductase performs the last step in the microbial anaerobic respiration. It is a membrane bound protein capable of oxidizing a quinone and passing the released electrons to an awaiting fumarate to be reduced.
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Because is lighter than air, having a little more than of the density of air, it was once widely used as a lifting gas in balloons and airships. Pure or mixed with nitrogen (sometimes called forming gas), hydrogen is a tracer gas for detection of minute leaks. Applications can be found in the automotive, chemical, power generation, aerospace, and telecommunications industries. Hydrogen is an authorized food additive (E 949) that allows food package leak testing among other anti-oxidizing properties.
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Reagent strip tests can detect concentrations as low as five red blood cells per microliter; however, care must be taken when comparing these figures with the actual microscopic values, because the absorbent nature of the pad attracts some of urine. The terms trace, small, moderate, and large (or trace, 1+, 2+, and 3+) are used for reporting. False- positive reactions due to menstrual contamination may be seen. They also occur if strong oxidizing detergents are present in the specimen container.
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Tumbaga objects were often made using a combination of the lost wax technique and depletion gilding. An alloy of varying proportions of copper, silver, and gold (typically in a percentage ratio of 80:15:5) was cast. After removal it was burned, turning surface copper into copper oxide, which was then mechanically removed The object was then placed in an oxidizing solution likely composed of sodium chloride (salt) and ferric sulfate. This dissolved the silver from the surface, leaving only gold.
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Studies have shown that magmas that produce island arcs are more oxidized than the magmas that are produced at mid-ocean ridges. This relative degree of oxidation has been determined by the iron oxidation state of fluid inclusions in glassy volcanic rocks. It has been determined that this state of oxidation is correlated with the water content of the mantle wedge. Water itself is a poor oxidant and therefore the oxidizing agent must be transported as a dissolved ion in subducting slab.
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Rittmann is the inventor of the Hydrogen-based Membrane Biofilm Reactor (MBfR), which can be used to reduce and detoxify a wide range of oxidized pollutants commonly found in water: e.g., nitrate, perchlorate, chromate, selenate, trichloroethene, and uranyl. In the MBfR, H2 gas is delivered directly to H2-oxidizing bacteria that live on the outer surface of a bubble-less gas-transfer membrane. The oxidized contaminants in the water moving past the biofilm are reduced to harmless or readily removed forms.
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Structure of YB2 Yttrium diboride has the same hexagonal crystal structure as aluminium diboride and magnesium diboride – an important superconducting material. Its Pearson symbol is hP3, space group P6/mmm (No 191), a = 0.33041 nm, c = 0.38465 nm and the calculated density is 5.05 g/cm3. In this structure, the boron atoms form graphite like sheets with yttrium atoms between them. YB2 crystals are unstable to moderate heating in air – they start oxidizing at 400 °C and completely oxidize at 800 °C.
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Potassium permanganate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula KMnO4 and composed of K+ and . It is a purplish-black crystalline solid, that dissolves in water to give intensely pink or purple solutions. Potassium permanganate is widely used in chemical industry and laboratories as a strong oxidizing agent, and also as a medication for dermatitis, for cleaning wounds, and general disinfection. It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.
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The recent availability of Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) allows the properly equipped diesel engine to emit similar values of at the tailpipe compared to a typical gasoline engine with a 3-way catalyst. In addition, the diesel oxidation catalyst significantly increases the fraction of NO2 in "" by oxidizing over 50% of NO using the excess oxygen in the diesel exhaust gases. The drive to develop a sensor comes from environmental factors. gases can cause various problems such as smog and acid rain.
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This can result in various degrees of destruction ranging from rather small, burned areas on the oxide to zigzag burned streaks covering large areas of the pellet or complete oxidation of the metal. If the current source is unlimited a field crystallization may cause a capacitor short circuit. However, if the current source is limited in solid MnO2 Ta-e-caps a self-healing process take place oxidizing MnO2 into insulating Mn2O3 In polymer Ta-e-caps combustion is not a risk.
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786; Schwietzer & Pesterfield 2010, pp. 242–3 The oxide PoO2 is predominantly basic in nature.Bagnall 1966, p. 41; Nickless 1968, p. 79 Polonium is a reluctant oxidizing agent, unlike its lightest congener oxygen: highly reducing conditions are required for the formation of the Po2− anion in aqueous solution.Bagnall 1990, pp. 313–14; Lehto & Hou 2011, p. 220; Siekierski & Burgess 2002, p. 117: "The tendency to form X2− anions decreases down the Group [16 elements] ..." Whether polonium is ductile or brittle is unclear.
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ClF3 is a very strong oxidizing and fluorinating agent. It is extremely reactive with most inorganic and organic materials, such as glass, and will initiate the combustion of many otherwise non-flammable materials without any ignition source. These reactions are often violent, and in some cases explosive. Vessels made from steel, copper, or nickel are not consumed by ClF3 because a thin layer of insoluble metal fluoride will form, but molybdenum, tungsten, and titanium form volatile fluorides and are consequently unsuitable.
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He suggests that perchlorate and nitrate could form the oxidizing partner in a redox couple if suitable reduced material were available. ;Nitrogen fixation After carbon, nitrogen is arguably the most important element needed for life. Thus, measurements of nitrate over the range of 0.1% to 5% are required to address the question of its occurrence and distribution. There is nitrogen (as N2) in the atmosphere at low levels, but this is not adequate to support nitrogen fixation for biological incorporation.
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Several powerful oxidizing agents are used in disinfecting and treating drinking water, and many of these also cause the formation of DBPs. Ozone, for example, produces ketones, carboxylic acids, and aldehydes, including formaldehyde. Bromide in source waters can be converted by ozone into bromate, a potent carcinogen that is regulated in the United States, as well as other brominated DBPs. As regulations are tightened on established DBPs such as THMs and HAAs, drinking water treatment plants may switch to alternative disinfection methods.
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The primary donor receives excitation energy either by absorbing a photon of suitable frequency (colour) or by excitation energy transfer from other chlorophylls within photosystem II. During excitation, an electron is excited to a higher energy level. This electron is subsequently captured by the primary electron acceptor, a pheophytin molecule located within photosystem II near P680. The oxidized P680 (P680+) is subsequently reduced by an electron originating from water (via Oxygen evolving complex). Oxidized P680 (P680+) is the strongest biological oxidizing agent known.
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The same principle applies to planets. Many scientists think the early Earth had a reducing atmosphere, along with Mars, Venus and Titan. This would have proven to be a good environment for Cyanobacteria to evolve the first photosynthetic metabolic pathways which gradually increased the oxygen portion of the atmosphere, changing it to what is known as an oxidizing atmosphere. With increased levels of oxygen, the evolution of the more efficient aerobic respiration might have been enabled, allowing animal life to evolve and thrive.
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Bleaching improves whiteness by removing natural coloration and remaining trace impurities from the cotton; the degree of bleaching necessary is determined by the required whiteness and absorbency. Cotton being a vegetable fiber will be bleached using an oxidizing agent, such as dilute sodium hypochlorite or dilute hydrogen peroxide. If the fabric is to be dyed a deep shade, then lower levels of bleaching are acceptable. However, for white bedsheets and medical applications, the highest levels of whiteness and absorbency are essential.
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N-heterocyclic silylenes are generally considered to be Lewis bases, though their reactivity can occasionally differ. With the Lewis acid tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane, the expected acid/base adduct forms, however, over long periods of time, the silicon will insert between a B-C bond, oxidizing the silyene to a silane. Additionally, in rare cases, an NHSi can act as a Lewis acid. Reaction of the N,N' dineopentyl beznofused NHSi with the analogous carbene, creates a long, highly polarized C-Si bond.
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Hydrogenobacter thermophilus TK-6 was originally discovered by Toshiyuki Kawasumi at the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, University of Tokyo in 1980. TK-6 was found with four other previously unknown hydrogen oxidizing bacteria. The bacterium was isolated from hot water containing soils samples from mines of the Izu Peninsula, Japan. The colonies were isolated onto a medium made of 1.5% Bacto-Agar and a specific trace element solution consisting of MoO3, ZnSO4·H2O, CuSO4·5H2O, H3BO3, MnSO4·H2O and CoCl2·H2O.
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Thermal decomposition of concrete produces water vapor and carbon dioxide, which may further react with the metals in the melt, oxidizing the metals, and reducing the gases to hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The decomposition of the concrete and volatilization of its alkali components is an endothermic process. Aerosols released during this phase are primarily based on concrete-originating silicon compounds; otherwise volatile elements, for example, caesium, can be bound in nonvolatile insoluble silicates. Several reactions occur between the concrete and the corium melt.
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In air-free water, the concentration of hydrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen peroxide reaches steady state at about 200 Gy of radiation. In presence of dissolved oxygen, the reactions continue until the oxygen is consumed and the equilibrium is shifted. Neutron activation of water leads to buildup of low concentrations of nitrogen species; due to the oxidizing effects of the reactive oxygen species, these tend to be present in the form of nitrate anions. In reducing environments, ammonia may be formed.
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Some species of bacteria obtain their energy in the absence of oxygen by oxidizing various fuels while reducing arsenate to arsenite. Under oxidative environmental conditions some bacteria use arsenite as fuel, which they oxidize to arsenate. The enzymes involved are known as arsenate reductases (Arr). In 2008, bacteria were discovered that employ a version of photosynthesis in the absence of oxygen with arsenites as electron donors, producing arsenates (just as ordinary photosynthesis uses water as electron donor, producing molecular oxygen).
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Arsenic is unique among the trace metalloids and oxyanion-forming trace metals (e.g. As, Se, Sb, Mo, V, Cr, U, Re). It is sensitive to mobilization at pH values typical of natural waters (pH 6.5–8.5) under both oxidizing and reducing conditions. Arsenic can occur in the environment in several oxidation states (−3, 0, +3 and +5), but in natural waters it is mostly found in inorganic forms as oxyanions of trivalent arsenite [As(III)] or pentavalent arsenate [As(V)].
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O. algarvensis is the species where this symbiosis has been studied in the most detail. There are five different species of bacterial symbionts in O. algarvensis, which are located under the cuticle of the worm: two sulfide- oxidizing Gammaproteobacteria, two sulfate-reducing Deltaproteobacteria, and one spirochaete. The sulfide-oxidizers gain energy from oxidation of hydrogen sulfide, and fix carbon dioxide via the Calvin cycle. The sulfate-reducers are anaerobes that can reduce sulfate into sulfide, which is consumed by the sulfide-oxidizers.
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This sulfhydryl can also be reversibly inhibited by NO in an elegant form of negative feedback. Homocysteine (a putative cardiovascular risk factor) mounts an oxidative attack on DDAH to form a mixed disulfide, inactivating the enzyme. By oxidizing a sulfhydryl moiety critical for DDAH activity, homocysteine and other risk factors cause ADMA to accumulate and to suppress nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity. The critical role of DDAH activity in regulating NO synthesis in vivo was demonstrated using a transgenic DDAH mouse.
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The exact mechanisms of the redox cycle are uncertain, and non-OH• oxidizing mechanisms of organic compounds have also been suggested. Therefore, it may be appropriate to broadly discuss Fenton chemistry rather than a specific Fenton reaction. In the electro-Fenton process, hydrogen peroxide is produced in situ from the electrochemical reduction of oxygen. Fenton's reagent is also used in organic synthesis for the hydroxylation of arenes in a radical substitution reaction such as the classical conversion of benzene into phenol.
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All hexavalent chromium compounds are toxic (due to their oxidizing power) and carcinogenic (IARC Group 1), especially if airborne and inhaled where they cause lung cancer. Also positive associations have been observed between exposure to chromium (VI) compounds and cancer of the nose and nasal sinuses. The use of chromate compounds in manufactured goods is restricted in the EU (and by market commonality the rest of the world) by EU Parliament directive on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive (2002/95/EC).
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Many cyanobacteria are able to reduce nitrogen and carbon dioxide under aerobic conditions, a fact that may be responsible for their evolutionary and ecological success. The water-oxidizing photosynthesis is accomplished by coupling the activity of photosystem (PS) II and I (Z-scheme). In contrast to green sulfur bacteria which only use one photosystem, the use of water as an electron donor is energetically demanding, requiring two photosystems. Attached to the thylakoid membrane, phycobilisomes act as light-harvesting antennae for the photosystems.
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In the arenium ion mechanism one reaction partner is protonated to an arenium ion which then attacks the second reaction partner. The arenium ion can also be formed by attack of the Lewis acid. The mechanisms are difficult to distinguish because many Lewis acids can behave as oxidants. Reactions taking place at room-temperature with well-known one-electron oxidizing agents likely proceed through a radical cation mechanism and reactions requiring elevated temperatures likely proceed through an arenium ion mechanism.
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Model of a methane (CH4) molecule Methane (CH4) is chemically unstable in the current oxidizing atmosphere of Mars. It would quickly break down due to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the Sun and chemical reactions with other gases. Therefore, a persistent or episodic presence of methane in the atmosphere may imply the existence of a source to continually replenish the gas. The first evidence of methane in the atmosphere was measured by ESA's Mars Express orbiter with an instrument called the Planetary Fourier Spectrometer.
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The metal is obtained by reduction of the oxide with sodium, magnesium, aluminium, or by electrolysis. Pyrolusite is extensively used for the manufacture of spiegeleisen and ferromanganese and of various alloys such as manganese-bronze. As an oxidizing agent it is used in the preparation of chlorine; indeed, chlorine gas itself was first described by Karl Scheele in 1774 from the reaction products of pyrolusite and hydrochloric acid. Natural pyrolusite has been used in batteries, but high-quality batteries require synthetic products.
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This process implies a change of electronic spin, which is forbidden by spin selection rules, making phosphorescence (from T1 to S0) much slower than fluorescence (from S1 to S0). Thus, triplet states generally have longer lifetimes than singlet states. These transitions are usually summarized in a state energy diagram or Jablonski diagram, the paradigm of molecular photochemistry. These excited species, either S1 or T1, have a half empty low- energy orbital, and are consequently more oxidizing than the ground state.
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In eukaryotes, oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondrial cristae. It comprises the electron transport chain that establishes a proton gradient (chemiosmotic potential) across the boundary of the inner membrane by oxidizing the NADH produced from the Krebs cycle. ATP is synthesized by the ATP synthase enzyme when the chemiosmotic gradient is used to drive the phosphorylation of ADP. The electron transfer is driven by the chemical energy of exogenous oxygen and, with the addition of two protons, water is formed.
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Hyneman also voiced skepticism about another theory explaining the phenomenon: that the reaction somehow separated the hydrogen and oxygen in the ice and then ignited them. This explanation claims that the explosion is due to the reaction of high temperature molten aluminium with water. Aluminium reacts violently with water or steam at high temperatures, releasing hydrogen and oxidizing in the process. The speed of that reaction and the ignition of the resulting hydrogen can easily account for the explosion verified.
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The surface is oxidizing as a consequence of the absence of magnetic field or magnetosphere shielding from harmful space radiation and solar electromagnetic radiationNASA Mars Global Surveyor —which may well render the surface sterile down to a depth greater than 7.5 metres (24.6 feet).Dartnell, L.R. et al., "Modelling the surface and subsurface Martian radiation environment: Implications for astrobiology," Geophysical Research Letters 34, L02207, doi:10,1029/2006GL027494, 2007. To get under that potential sterile layer, a core drill design is currently being studied.
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In an iodometric titration, a starch solution is used as an indicator since it can absorb the I2 that is released. This absorption will cause the solution to change its colour from deep blue to light yellow when titrated with standardised thiosulfate solution. This indicates the end point of the titration. Iodometry is commonly used to analyze the concentration of oxidizing agents in water samples, such as oxygen saturation in ecological studies or active chlorine in swimming pool water analysis.
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Metallic nanoparticles may be beneficial for some technical applications due to their higher magnetic moment whereas oxides (maghemite, magnetite) would be beneficial for biomedical applications. This also implies that for the same moment, metallic nanoparticles can be made smaller than their oxide counterparts. On the other hand, metallic nanoparticles have the great disadvantage of being pyrophoric and reactive to oxidizing agents to various degrees. This makes their handling difficult and enables unwanted side reactions which makes them less appropriate for biomedical applications.
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One of the known exceptions is in Burkholderia caryophylli, a plant pathogenic bacterium, which contains the enzyme -threo-aldose 1-dehydrogenase which is capable of oxidizing -glucose. Like the -isomer, -glucose usually occurs as one of four cyclic structural isomers — α- and β--glucopyranose (the most common, with a six-atom ring), and α- and β--glucofuranose (with a five-atom ring). In water solution, these isomers interconvert in matters of hours, with the open-chain form as an intermediate stage.
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Fermentation is a process used by certain kinds of microorganisms to break down essential nutrients. In a process called acetoclastic methanogenesis, microorganisms from the classification domain archaea produce methane by fermenting acetate and H2-CO2 into methane and carbon dioxide. H3C-COOH → CH4 \+ CO2 Depending on the wetland and type of archaea, hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis, another process that yields methane, can also occur. This process occurs as a result of archaea oxidizing hydrogen with carbon dioxide to yield methane and water.
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It makes food crisp by oxidizing the top layer until it turns brown. Ordinary plastic cookware is unsuitable for this purpose because it could melt. Frozen dinners, pies, and microwave popcorn bags often contain a susceptor made from thin aluminium film in the packaging or included on a small paper tray. The metal film absorbs microwave energy efficiently and consequently becomes extremely hot and radiates in the infrared, concentrating the heating of oil for popcorn or even browning surfaces of frozen foods.
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The three phenomena of oxidation, as described in the article text The model assumes that oxidation reaction occurs at the interface between the oxide layer and the substrate material, rather than between the oxide and the ambient gas. Thus, it considers three phenomena that the oxidizing species undergoes, in this order: # It diffuses from the bulk of the ambient gas to the surface. # It diffuses through the existing oxide layer to the oxide-substrate interface. # It reacts with the substrate.
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Potassium peroxymonosulfate (also known as MPS, KMPS, potassium monopersulfate, potassium caroate, the trade names Caroat and Oxone, and as non-chlorine shock in the pool and spa industry) is widely used as an oxidizing agent. It is the potassium salt of peroxymonosulfuric acid. The triple salt 2KHSO5·KHSO4·K2SO4 (known by the tradename Oxone) is a form with higher stability. The standard electrode potential for this compound is +1.81 V with a half reaction generating the hydrogen sulfate (pH=0).
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Sodium dithionate is a very stable compound which is not oxidized by permanganate, dichromate or bromine. It can be oxidized to sulfate under strongly oxidizing conditions: these include boiling for one hour with 5 M sulfuric acid with an excess of potassium dichromate, or treating with an excess of hydrogen peroxide then boiling with concentrated hydrochloric acid. The Gibbs free energy change for the oxidation to sulfate is about −300 kJ/mol. In addition, the () anion is not a good reducing group.
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By oxidizing fatty acids, this spares glucose utilization and helps to maintain blood sugar level during exercise. Exercise for diabetes: Exercise is a particularly potent tool for glucose control in those who have diabetes mellitus. In a situation of elevated blood glucose (hyperglycemia), moderate exercise can induce greater glucose disposal than appearance, thereby decreasing total plasma glucose concentrations. As stated above, the mechanism for this glucose disposal is independent of insulin, which makes it particularly well-suited for people with diabetes.
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Juniper et al, 2013 Where gas hydrates are observed on the seafloor, there are mats of chemosynthetic bacteria which derive their energy from hydrogen sulphide produced by the oxidate of methane by a second group of microbes living deep within the sediments. Other chemosynthetic sulphide-oxidizing bacteria live in symbiosis with clams who live at these hydrate mounts. Many of the species observed elsewhere in Barkley Canyon are not dependent on this system but are frequently observed in the area.
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The Sarett oxidation efficiently oxidizes primary alcohols to aldehydes without further oxidizing them to carboxylic acids. This key difference from the Jones oxidation is due to the fact that the Jones oxidation occurs in the presence of water, which adds to the alcohol following oxidation to an aldehyde. The Sarett and Collins oxidations occur in the absence of water. The Sarett oxidation also proceeds under basic conditions, which allows for the use of acid sensitive substrates, such as those containing certain protecting groups.
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This compound Q with its diamond core is critical to the oxidizing species for MMO. There are two mechanisms suggested for the reaction between compound Q and the alkane: radical and nonradical. The radical mechanism starts with abstraction of the hydrogen atom from the substrate to form QH (the rate determining step), hydroxyl bridged compound Q and the free alkyl radical. The nonradical mechanism implies a concerted pathway, occurring via a four-center transition state and leading to a “hydrido-alkyl-Q” compound.
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Luminol (C8H7N3O2) is a chemical that exhibits chemiluminescence, with a blue glow, when mixed with an appropriate oxidizing agent. Luminol is a white-to- pale-yellow crystalline solid that is soluble in most polar organic solvents, but insoluble in water. Forensic investigators use luminol to detect trace amounts of blood at crime scenes, as it reacts with the iron in hemoglobin. Biologists use it in cellular assays to detect copper, iron, cyanides, as well as specific proteins via western blotting.
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Nickel-chromium coatings are used most frequently in boilers fed by fossil fuels, electric furnaces, and waste incineration furnaces, where the danger of oxidizing agents and corrosive compounds in the vapor must be dealt with. The specific method of spray-coating depends on the composition of the coatings. Nickel-chromium coatings that also contain iron or aluminum perform much better (in terms of corrosion resistance) when they are sprayed and laser glazed, while pure nickel-chromium coatings perform better when thermally sprayed exclusively.
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Trifluoroperacetic acid (trifluoroperoxyacetic acid, TFPAA) is an organofluorine compound, the peroxy acid analog of trifluoroacetic acid, with the condensed structural formula . It is a strong oxidizing agent for organic oxidation reactions, such as in Baeyer–Villiger oxidations of ketones. It is the most reactive of the organic peroxy acids, allowing it to successfully oxidise relatively unreactive alkenes to epoxides where other peroxy acids are ineffective. It can also oxidise the chalcogens in some functional groups, such as by transforming selenoethers to selones.
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Isotope geochemistry can reveal information about the origin of the elements that make up minerals. The isotopic composition of ikaite and the pseudomorphs is actively studied. Studies of the ratio of 13C to 12C in ikaite relative to a natural, standard ratio can help to determine the origin of the carbon pool (organic/inorganic) which was consumed to form ikaite. Some studies have shown that oxidizing methane is the source of both modern day ikaite and glendonites in high latitude, marine sediments.
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The exact origins of 28,30-bisnorhopane have not been conclusively established, however, there are analytical implications towards generation from chemoautotrophic bacteria. GC-MS and other analyses of source rocks, shales containing bisnorhopane, also provide data on pristane and phytane abundances. 28,30-Bisnorhopane occurs in shales with very low pristane to phytane ratios, which is indicative of generation under anoxic conditions. These shales often also contain appreciable levels of sulfur, which has been presented as possible evidence for sulfide-oxidizing bacterial activity.
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For example, reaction with borax leads to sodium perborate, a bleach used in laundry detergents: : + 4 + 2 NaOH → 2 + converts carboxylic acids (RCO2H) into peroxy acids (RC(O)O2H), which are themselves used as oxidizing agents. Hydrogen peroxide reacts with acetone to form acetone peroxide and with ozone to form trioxidane. Hydrogen peroxide forms stable adducts with urea (Hydrogen peroxide - urea), sodium carbonate (sodium percarbonate) and other compounds. An acid-base adduct with triphenylphosphine oxide is a useful "carrier" for in some reactions.
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The toxicity derives from its oxidizing properties, through which it denaturates proteins (including enzymes). Elemental iodine is also a skin irritant. Direct contact with skin can cause damage, and solid iodine crystals should be handled with care. Solutions with high elemental iodine concentration, such as tincture of iodine and Lugol's solution, are capable of causing tissue damage if used in prolonged cleaning or antisepsis; similarly, liquid Povidone-iodine (Betadine) trapped against the skin resulted in chemical burns in some reported cases.
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An AA battery in a glass of tap water with salt showing hydrogen produced at the negative terminal Electrolysed water (electrolyzed water, EOW, ECA, electrolyzed oxidizing water, electro-activated water or electro-chemically activated water solution) is produced by the electrolysis of ordinary tap water containing dissolved sodium chloride. The electrolysis of such salt solutions produces a solution of hypochlorous acid and sodium hydroxide, despite the impossibility of hypochlorous acid coexisting with sodium hydroxide in solution. The resulting water can be used as a disinfectant.
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Oxygen forms heteropoly acids and polyoxometalate ions with tungsten, molybdenum and some other transition metals, such as phosphotungstic acid () and octadecamolybdophosphoric acid (). One unexpected oxygen compound is dioxygenyl hexafluoroplatinate, , discovered in studying the properties of platinum hexafluoride ().Cook 1968, p.505 A change in color when this compound was exposed to atmospheric air suggested that dioxygen was being oxidized (in turn the difficulty of oxidizing oxygen led to the hypothesis that xenon might be oxidized by , resulting in discovery of the first xenon compound xenon hexafluoroplatinate ).
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In the laboratory, K2FeO4 is prepared by oxidizing an alkaline solution of an iron(III) salt with concentrated chlorine bleach.Schreyer, J. M.; Thompson, G. W.; Ockerman, L. T. "Potassium Ferrate(VI)" Inorganic Syntheses, 1953 volume IV, pages 164-168. The salt is isostructural with K2MnO4, K2SO4, and K2CrO4. The solid consists of K+ and the tetrahedral FeO42− anion, with Fe-O distances of 1.66 Å.Hoppe, M. L.; Schlemper, E. O.; Murmann, R. K. "Structure of Dipotassium Ferrate(VI)" Acta Crystallographica 1982, volume B38, pp. 2237-2239. .
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Thiamazole inhibits the enzyme thyroperoxidase, which normally acts in thyroid hormone synthesis by oxidizing the anion iodide (I−) to iodine (I2), hypoiodous acid (HOI), enzyme linked hypoiodate (EOI) facilitating iodine's addition to tyrosine residues on the hormone precursor thyroglobulin, a necessary step in the synthesis of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It does not inhibit the action of the sodium-dependent iodide transporter located on follicular cells' basolateral membranes. Inhibition of this step requires competitive inhibitors such as perchlorate and thiocyanate. It acts at CXCL10.
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Sulfide oxidation can proceed under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Aerobic sulfide-oxidizing bacteria usually oxidize sulfide to sulfate and are obligate or facultative chemolithoautotrophs. The latter can grow as heterotrophs, obtaining carbon from organic sources, or as autotrophs, using sulfide as the electron donor (energy source) for CO2 fixation. The oxidation of sulfide can proceed aerobically by two different mechanisms: substrate-level phosphorylation, which is dependent on adenosine monophosphate (AMP), and oxidative phosphorylation independent of AMP, which has been detected in several Thiobacilli (T.
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Most of the chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria that can oxidize elemental sulfur to sulfate are also able to oxidize thiosulfate to sulfate as a source of reducing power for carbon dioxide assimilation. However, the mechanisms that they utilize may vary, since some of them, such as the photosynthetic purple bacteria, transiently accumulate extracellular elemental sulfur during the oxidation of tetrathionate before oxidizing it to sulfate, while the green sulfur bacteria do not. A direct oxidation reaction (T. versutus ), as well as others that involve sulfite (T.
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Snottites are highly acidic biofilms (pH 0-1) that form on the walls and ceilings of hydrogen sulfide-rich caves where sulfide- rich springs gas H2S into the cave air. The snottite microbial communities have very low species diversity and are predominantly composed of sulfur- oxidizing microorganisms. Sulfide oxidation produces sulfuric acid, which dissolves the limestone walls of the cave. Microcrystalline gypsum precipitates as a corrosion residue that eventually limits pH buffering by the underlying limestone and enables the development of extremely acidic wall surfaces.
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Le Grotte di Frasassi (Frasassi Caves) are located in the Apennine Mountains in the Marches Region, central Italy. This cave system was formed by the process of sulfuric acid speleogenesis due to sulfide-oxidizing microorganisms. The snottites within the Frasassi Caves are very viscous with a pH range of 0-2.5. The most abundant bacterial 16S rRNA sequences (>98% 16S rRNA similarity) in snottites collected throughout the Frasassi cave system are relatives of A. thiooxidans and the genera Acidimicrobium and Ferrimicrobium (family Acidimicrobiaceae, Actinobacteria).
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The oxygen/alcohol aerosol undergoes rapid combustion within milliseconds, oxidizing all the organic components at temperatures up to 2000 °C leaving only metal-oxyanions e.g., (M-O)x in the gas phase. These oxyanions thereafter nucleate to form clusters and finally sub-100 nm particles, as seen in Figure 1. right Combustion of the precursor results in oxidation of ligands/adducts generating vapors that likely consist of gaseous metal ions and oxyanion species, which co-react to nucleate and grow to form clusters of metal oxide bonds.
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Beryllium nitride reacts with mineral acids producing ammonia and the corresponding salts of the acids: : Be3N2 \+ 6 HCl → 3 BeCl2 \+ 2 NH3 In strong alkali solutions, a beryllate forms, with evolution of ammonia: : Be3N2 \+ 6 NaOH → 3 Na2BeO2 \+ 2 NH3 Both the acid and alkali reactions are brisk and vigorous. Reaction with water, however, is very slow: : Be3N2 \+ 6 H2O → 3 Be(OH)2 \+ 2 NH3 Reactions with oxidizing agents are likely to be violent. It is oxidized when heated at 600 °C in air.
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Although it can be readily purchased, oxalic acid can be prepared in the laboratory by oxidizing sucrose using nitric acid in the presence of a small amount of vanadium pentoxide as a catalyst.Practical Organic Chemistry by Julius B. Cohen, 1930 ed. preparation #42 The hydrated solid can be dehydrated with heat or by azeotropic distillation. Developed in the Netherlands, an electrocatalysis by a copper complex helps reduce carbon dioxide to oxalic acid; this conversion uses carbon dioxide as a feedstock to generate oxalic acid.
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A 1930s Faturan Shift Knob - Oxidization means this car gear stick knob appears to be a dark cherry color on the outside. Faturan, as a material, displays an extreme example of a characteristic common to most phenolics - surface oxidization. Most phenolic will, over time, oxidize to a darker form of its original color. However, Faturan has the unique characteristic of always oxidizing to a dark red, regardless of the original color. This red color caused the material to become known as ‘cherry amber’ in the Middle East.
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This isolates the undesired redox events taking place at the auxiliary electrode. During bulk electrolysis, the analyte undergoes a redox event at the working electrode. If the system was open, then it would be possible for the product of that reaction to diffuse back to the auxiliary electrode and undergo the inverse redox reaction. In addition to maintaining the proper current at the working electrode, the auxiliary electrode will experience extreme potentials often oxidizing or reducing the solvent or electrolyte to balance the current.
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