Others lean into nonconsent and abduction, and then there are tentacle, alien impregnation and ovipositing, and face-hugging subgenres, all of which we'll get to in a minute.
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Workers have thin, inactive ovaries that prevent them from ovipositing.
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Females who move around while ovipositing have been shown to move multiple centimeters between punctures.
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Later, when ovipositing, she everts it to pass on the inoculum to the next generation.
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Megarhyssa macrurus (Ichneumonidae), a parasitoid, ovipositing into its host through the wood of a tree. The body of a female is c. long, with an ovipositor c. long. Females of the parasitoid wasp Neoneurus vesculus (Braconidae) ovipositing in workers of the ant Formica cunicularia.
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Although ripe fruits are believed to be preferred for ovipositing, unripe fruits have served as hosts for eggs as well.
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Ovipositing has only been observed from mid to late afternoon, between 2:00 pm and 5:00 pm, when temperatures start to cool.
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The eggs are laid among floating wood chippings or on emergent plant stems, the male remaining in tandem with the female while ovipositing takes place.
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Once the females have located the food plant, they crawl up and down the plant ovipositing on the leaves, stems and dead twigs. The larvae feed on Gnidia involucrata.
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The females became active at 10:00 am. Pacific Daylight time (PDT) each day, regardless of light conditions and became inactive about 5:00 pm PDT, except when ovipositing.
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Overwintering adults become active once the temperature reaches 15-20 °C. Adults are long lived: 60 days in summer and up to 200 days in winter. Adults start ovipositing 2–3 weeks after emergence.
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This may both deter rivals from ovipositing, and signal to itself that no further egg is needed in that host, effectively reducing the chances that offspring will have to compete for food and increasing the offspring's survival.
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Melanagromyza sp. ovipositing on Anthriscus sylvestris Agromyzidae larvae are phytophagous, feeding as leaf miners, less frequently as stem miners or stem borers. A few live on developing seeds, or produce galls. Sometimes larvae in roots or under bark.
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Rapid changes in shade (tree-cover, buildings, etc.) in the woodlands where the butterflies lay their eggs and moist or colder weather during ovipositing season contribute to the lower quantities of adult wood whites during the months of June through August.
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L. sericata females lay their eggs on fresh carrion, avoiding older carrion because it can be detrimental to offspring (possibly due to bacterial activity or other factors). Like many blowflies, female L. sericata perform aggregated oviposition, laying their egg masses in carcasses that other flies are also ovipositing in. The presence of female flies eating or ovipositing on a carcass may attract other female flies to do the same, perhaps through chemical cues. Females exhibit preference for certain oviposition conditions over others; they attempt to maximize the survival potential of their offspring by laying eggs in only the best places.
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The influence of thermal ecology on the distribution of three nym phalid butterflies. Journal of Applied Ecology 39: 43-55. Regardless, these populations still require ovipositing nearby suitably mature host plants, since the larvae will require adequate protection and nutrients once hatched.
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Parasitoid wasp (Ichneumonidae) pointing ovipositor at cinnabar moth larva, just after ovipositing. The larva wriggles vigorously to try to avoid the attack. The hosts of parasitoids have developed several levels of defence. Many hosts try to hide from the parasitoids in inaccessible habitats.
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California has more than 200 overwintering sites. Overwintering sites have also been observed in coastal South Carolina along with ovipositing females. On the US East Coast, they have overwintered as far north as Lago Mar, Virginia Beach, Virginia. At least twenty colonies exist in Mexico.
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Differing observations have been made regarding the oviposition behavior of Apodemia mormo. In California, Powell reports A. m. langei ovipositing on deteriorating, lower leaves of the Eriogonum, typically in groups of 2-4 eggs. However, in the Canadian populations, Wick observes entirely different behavior.
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Several signs indicate that Vespula infernalis repress the reproduction of host workers. There is no worker oviposition in nests of Vespula acadica parasitised by Vespula infernalis. Secondly, if workers were ovipositing then there would be higher levels of aggression between workers. However mauling was reduced between workers.
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Pre-mating females do not display host plant searching behavior. The behavior starts soon after mating. Flight behavior of an ovipositing female of P. rapae follows the Markov process. Females foraging for nectar will readily abandon a linear path; they will show tight turns concentrating on flower patches.
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Mating occurs within the first day after the fly emerged from its pupa stage. After mating, the female begins to locate a host. She acts quickly when she finds a host, ovipositing at the posterior end of the caterpillar. The female fly places relatively large eggs on the host.
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"Male Enchenopa treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae) vary mate-searching behavior but not signaling behavior in response to spider silk." Naturwissenschaften 101.3 (2014): 211-220. Females only mate once, while males mate multiples times. Soon after a female mates, she would start ovipositing eggs into the stem of the plant.
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The H. erato female lays one to four yellow eggs a day that average 1.5 mm in height and 0.9 mm in diameter. The eggs have a unique texture, with about 16 vertical and 11 horizontal ridges. Some plants mimic this in order to discourage females from ovipositing on them.
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They can emerge during the whole day, but the peak occurs in the morning. The moths are most active at night, drinking nectar and ovipositing. During the daytime they rest on leaves or branches. Adult longevity is three to ten days, but adults generally live for five to seven days.
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The queen does not leave the nest again after this point. The queen is responsible for ovipositing. Behavior becomes less variable as the colony begins to decline, when growth of the nest ceases. Larvae are not fed during colony decline, and most workers forage only for honey during this time.
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Larval parasites such as Apanteles subandinus have also been successful in controlling foliar infestations but unfortunately do not have any significant impact on tuber infestations. The best solution to prevent the larvae from eating away at the tubers is with sprinkler irrigation as it deters the adult female moths from ovipositing.
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The warm- water extract deters the adult female from ovipositing. Other botanical biological pest control agents tested include nishinda (Vitex negundo), Tasmanian blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus), bankalmi (Ipomoea sepiaria), neem (Azadirachta indica), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), sesame (Sesamum indicum), and gum arabic (Acacia nilotica syn. Acacia arabica).Rahman, A. and F. A. Talukder. (2006).
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Can Entomol 105:985–990 Each egg is either deposited by itself or in a small cluster of about seven eggs. In total, a female cluster fly will lay an average of 100-130 eggs by ovipositing a small group, then crawling or flying some distance before ovipositing each subsequent group of eggs. Once the larvae hatch, they burrow into the soil by following natural pore spaces, such as holes near plant stems or paths that earthworms have already created. By randomly moving through these pores, P. rudis larvae find their host worms. A larva is prompted to penetrate an earthworm when it senses “penetration inducing factor,” a substance that is present in the slime and coelomic fluid of an earthworm.
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Mating in Bhuvanagiri, Telangana As is usual in the Libellulidae family, there is no distinct courtship ritual. The females may pair many times, but usually only once a day. After mating, the migrant dragonflies fly in tandem, with the female ovipositing while the male remains connected. A clutch consists of about 500 to 2000 eggs.
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However, immediately following copulation, females become docile and carry males on their backs. Males do not guard ovipositing females. The female T. eques releases a pheromone that elicits male attraction and sexual behavior over a short distance. Male T. eques can remain in copulation for up to 24 hours, continuously passing spermatophores to the female.
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It contains four genera and 125 species worldwide. Females of this family lack an ovipositor at the end of the abdomen and lay their eggs by dipping the abdomen in the water as they fly over. Ovipositing is usually done without a male. Naiads are found in rivers, streams, and lakes where there is water movement.
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The spider spins silk on which to moult. Cyrba makes an egg sac by spinning a thick silk sheet on the side of a rock, and then ovipositing the eggs in the center, covering them with another layer of silk. The egg sacs have clusters of white spots. Cyrba spiders generally stay with their eggs until they hatch.
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Craugastor laticeps might be unique among craugastorid frogs (which normally have direct development): one observation suggests that the species is ovoviviparous, ovipositing eggs with fully developed young almost ready to hatch. The female frog in question was in snout–vent length and laid 44 eggs, and the hatching or newly hatched froglets were about in snout–vent length.
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Ovipositing flight of two azure damselfly couples (Coenagrion puella) Odonates are aquatic or semi- aquatic as juveniles. Thus, adults are most often seen near bodies of water and are frequently described as aquatic insects. However, many species range far from water. They are carnivorous (or more specifically insectivorous) throughout their life, mostly feeding on smaller insects.
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Adults occur from May to the first ten days of June, and from the last ten days of June to the first ten days of August. Adults can emerge during the whole day, but the peak occurs in the morning. The mating occurs usually in the morning. At night, the moths are actively drinking nectar and ovipositing.
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As in most other social insect species, individual interaction is heavily influenced by the queen. The queen can influence individuals with odors called pheromones, which can have different effects. Some pheromones have been known to calm workers, while others have been known to excite them. Pheromonal cues from ovipositing queens have a stronger effect on worker ants than those of virgin queens.
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Mature P. regina females are known to oviposit their eggs on animal carcasses following copulation. Interestingly, it has been seen that the olfactory senses of female flies play some role in their decision of where and when to oviposit. Research suggests adult female P. regina will increase their ovipositing in the presence of a medium that provides odor stimuli to the fly.
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Orthocarpus, or owl's-clover, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae. They are native to North America. A number of species formerly included in Orthocarpus have been transferred to the genus Castilleja, which includes the plants commonly known as Indian paintbrush. Some animal species such as the Edith's checkerspot butterfly use these plants as hosts during ovipositing.
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Adults of the blister beetle Tricrania sanguinipennis (Coleoptera) have been found in completed C. validus cells. Bee flies (Bombylius mexicanus, B. pygmaeus in Beltsville, MD) have been observed ovipositing in the nest entrances of Colletes validus, but no larvae have been recovered from cells. Robber flies (Nicocles pictus) predate adult C. validus (Batra 1980). There are no known hymenopteran cleptoparasites of C. validus.
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Epicephala obovatella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is found in the warm temperate to subtropical regions of Japan and in Taiwan. ovipositing through lateral ovary wall of G. obovatum flower The wingspan is 7.5–11 mm. The forewings are brown with a narrow white band on the dorsum from the base to 2/3 of the entire length.
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Ovipositing Urophora quadrifasciata on Centaurea jacea Chaetostomella cylindrica mating (notice the parting kiss) The larvae of almost all Tephritidae are phytophagous. Females deposit eggs in living, healthy plant tissue using their telescopic ovipositors. Here, the larvae find their food upon emerging. The larvae develop in leaves, stems, flowers, seeds, fruits, and roots of the host plant, depending on the species.
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Pleistodontes sp. female Ceratosolen species are pollinators of the Sycomorus, Sycocarpus and Neomorphe sections of Ficus. Non-pollinating parasitoid wasps Apocrypta ovipositing on Ficus sur in South Africa The life cycle of the fig wasp is closely intertwined with that of the fig tree it inhabits. The wasps that inhabit a particular tree can be divided into two groups; pollinating and non- pollinating.
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This means that the male dragonflies are making a tradeoff between flight ability and longevity, which may affect long-term mating success. Ovipositing + mate- guarding The act of copulation begins with the male clasping the neck of the female. The female then bends her abdomen forward into the secondary genitalia of the male, which is located on the second abdominal segment.
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Additionally, sulfates and other salts were deemed favorable to ovipositing females in a laboratory setting but sulfate concentrations in the field may be too low for this effect to be significant. Substrate texture was also determined to be a factor contributing to oviposition, with studies of egg laying on sand particle size indicating a preference for sand particles sized from 0.33-0.62 mm.
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Because of the potential importance of I. hookeri as a natural enemy of ticks, it has been extensively researched. Different populations of I. hookeri around the world show different host preferences, complicating attempts to use this species as a biological control for ticks. A Female habitus. B Female ovipositing in an engorged nymph of Ixodes ricinus (ovipositor indicated by the arrow).
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Males are actively searching for females by flying to where they are. Females tend to be next to the larval hostplant because they are ovipositing. Virgin females accept males based on their wing color. The cycle of mating works like this: while the females are coming out of their pupas they release a pheromone that attracts males to come towards them.
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The spruce bud moth is largely found in Canada, specifically New Brunswick and Quebec. The moth can also be found in other parts of North America and in the United States, particularly in the Northeast region, with high populations specifically found in Maine. The spruce bud moth is generally found in colder regions of the country, as their ovipositing and mating behaviors are highly temperature dependent.
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The amount of time dedicated to each activity by each queen varies with each colony foundation event. Some queens are active in a variety of tasks. For example, some queens dedicate more time to brood care and others more time patrolling the nest area. The fewer ants founding together (3 or less), the more time spent per individual caring for brood, ovipositing, and exploring.
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Other arthropods may make use of the antlion larva's ability to trap prey. The larva of the Australian horsefly (Scaptia muscula) lives in antlion (for example Myrmeleon pictifrons) pit traps and feeds on the prey caught, and the female chalcid wasp (Lasiochalcidia igiliensis) purposefully allows itself to be trapped so that it can parasitise the antlion larva by ovipositing between its head and thorax.
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There have been several cases where the flies enter homes and breed in the bodies of dead mice, resulting in larger amounts of flies. C. latifrons is also known for being a potential vector for disease. By ovipositing on their food as they feed the flies have the ability to transfer various pathogens. Medicocriminal entomology deals with the carrion feeding insects that infest human remains.
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Orange bluet females will posture their unwillingness to mate. Females stay a distance from the water and are often not encountered except in copula or tandem. After mating, the pairs will begin laying eggs in floating vegetation or debris, with the male often accompanying his partner underwater. The female will remain underwater, ovipositing in the traditional manner for up to 20 minutes at a time.
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The host yucca plant regulates the number of eggs laid by selectively abscessing flowers that are overburdened with eggs. The plant selects which flowers to abscess by assessing its weight due to the excess of eggs and by recognizing severe ovule damage due to excessive oviposition. In T. intermedia, the moth avoids ovipositing into the ovule directly. Thus, the plant does not perceive ovule damage, and will not abort the flower.
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Females do not open cells after ovipositing or investigate cases of kleptoparasitism or robbing. Communality has been suggested as conferring an advantage due to nest defense for certain wasps and bees, yet the lack of observation of females at the nest entrance for defense demonstrates that defense is not associated with communality for M. portalis. Rather, communality is most likely due to the high cost of solitary nest development.
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The newly hatched nymph feeds on the plant for two of its instars, then falls off the plant to complete its other two instar stages. The insect damages the plant in several ways. The major damage is caused by the adult ovipositing in the plant tissue. The plant is also injured by feeding, which leaves holes and areas of silvery discoloration when the plant reacts to the insect's saliva.
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Females begin ovipositing the day after copulation and do so in one batch during a single oviposition event. Shorter and longer oviposition durations are associated with smaller and larger egg masses, which are directly related to female size. Just before beginning to oviposit, females exhibit dispersal behavior. They position themselves on a branch, spread their wings, and extend their abdominal tip around the branch to prepare for oviposition.
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In tandem Adults are on the wing from mid-summer onwards. Males often patrol small territories over water but females only visit water when ready to mate. Copulation soon follows the arrival of the female, and the pair flies around the pond in tandem, investigating sites for egg-laying. The female begins ovipositing while still linked to the male and often continues to lay after he has flown off.
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Female spruce bud moths oviposit on the un-burst buds of a white spruce tree. Females test out potential sites to oviposit using sensillae on their ovipositor, a receptor on their feet. Studies have shown that on average, females lay just over 30 eggs total in their lifetime, and that ovipositing occurs approximately 6–7 days after they emerge as adults. The spruce bud moth hatches once a season, making it univoltine.
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Trissolcus basalis is a solitary endoparasitoid, completing development within the eggs of pentatomid bugs. Females use their clubbed-shape antennae to palpate eggs laid by their primary host, Nezara viridula. When ready to oviposit, the female faces away from the egg and backs into it, inserting her ovipositor through the wall of the egg. Once finished ovipositing, the female withdraws her ovipositor and wipes the tip across the egg surface to mark the egg.
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Epicephala corruptrix is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is found on the Ryukyu Archipelago (Amami Island, Tokuno Island, Okinawa Island, Ishigaki Island and Iriomote Island). ovipositing through ovary wall of G. rubrum flower B: Gall induced on female flower by E. corruptrix (Takae, Okinawa); C: Cross section of the gall induced by E. corruptrix. Arrow indicates the galled locule with feeding trace of Epicephala larva The wingspan is 7.2–8.8 mm.
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S. flava were shown to begin oviposition approximately 2.7 days after emergence, with peak oviposition happening somewhere between five and ten days post-emergence. Over a lifetime, the average female produced approximately 130 eggs, of which approximately 71 were fertilized. Both oviposition and fertility peaked within the first five to ten days post- emergence, with approximately 50% of the viable eggs having been laid within the first 14 days from when the female began ovipositing.
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When a female enters a male's territory the male will fly up and grab the female. Mating occurs on the wing and the pair are in tandem for only a brief period, often less than a minute. The pair separate and the female will find a suitable location for ovipositing, usually a stretch of open water with submerged vegetation. The female oviposits in flight, hovering above the water and dipping the tip of her abdomen in.
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Oviposition begins within a day of the female's emergence, with females depositing masses of up to hundreds of eggs at the base of host plants. Most populations are monophagous, with females normally ovipositing on only one of several potential host species. Such plants include Plantago erecta and Orthocarpus densiflorus. Edith's checkerspot caterpillar The eggs further develop into pre-diapause larvae whose goal is to enter diapause and reach the fourth instar before their annual host plants senesce.
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An imbalance in population sex ratios favouring males has been noticed and surmised as female moths not making it back to host sloths after ovipositing. 256x256pxSloth moths are thought to get nutrients from the secretions of the sloths' skin and the algae present on the fur, as well as protection from avian predators. Some individual three-toed sloths have been recorded carrying more than 120 moths in their fur. Two-toed sloths are recorded as harbouring lower populations.
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This layering of ovipositing causes the larvae of P. caricae to put pressure on the larvae B. psenes wasps so that B. psenes cannot emerge from the syconium. B. psenes struggles to compete for food with P. caricae so it usually dies when cleptoparasitized. While the nematodes as parasites are not lethal to B. psenes, these cleptoparasites are lethal because they are taking B. psenes all the food source instead of sharing the food like the nematodes.
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While mating studies were conducted during spring and summer, this species does not undergo winter diapause, so mating behavior may occur throughout the year. During the early morning, males and females often interact on host fruit like guava and Cayenne cherries. The males will be feeding and courting, and the females will be feeding and ovipositing. As temperature and light increase as the morning progresses, males and females will both move to areas under shaded leaves.
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Not all females do the same work in a social nest. This is evident based on the varying levels of wear on the wings and mandibles of females of various social standing. Although many nests have more than one female, there is a division of labor between the older and younger females. During nesting time, only the older females are responsible for nesting duties such as digging, excavating the cells, lining the cells, collecting food, and ovipositing.
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9 and 10. The ditrysian groups have an internal duct that carries sperm, with separate openings for copulation and egg-laying. In most species, the genitalia are flanked by two soft lobes, although they may be specialized and sclerotized in some species for ovipositing in area such as crevices and inside plant tissue. Hormones and the glands that produce them run the development of butterflies and moths as they go through their life cycles, called the endocrine system.
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Human activity is a primary threat to the Northeastern beach tiger beetle, and larvae are especially vulnerable. Humans degrade and disturb shorelines by developing infrastructure, with heavy recreational use, and by introducing harsh chemicals such as pesticides and vehicular oils. Because human activity on beaches peaks during the summer months, humans are directly disrupting adult foraging, mating, and ovipositing. In the 2009 5-year review, the USFWS noted an increase in fragmentation of large, contiguous areas of occupied beach habitat.
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Giant horntail, Urocerus gigas, a Batesian mimic of a hornet, ovipositing. It does not sting. Many species of sawfly have retained their ancestral attributes throughout time, specifically their plant- eating habits, wing veins and the unmodified abdomen, where the first two segments appear like the succeeding segments. The absence of the narrow wasp waist distinguishes sawflies from other members of hymenoptera, although some are Batesian mimics with coloration similar to wasps and bees, and the ovipositor can be mistaken for a stinger.
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Syntexis libocedrii, (also called the cedar wood wasp or incense-cedar wood wasp) is the only living species in the wood wasp family Anaxyelidae, within the Symphyta, though the family has an extensive Mesozoic fossil record. This species is thus a "living fossil". It has the remarkable behavior of ovipositing only in recently burnt incense-cedar (Calocedrus), red cedar (Thuja) or juniper (Juniperus). The wood is often still smoldering while the wasp is laying its eggs, and the larvae develop in the wood.
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Anthomyza sp. ovipositing on an old (empty) head of grass Larvae have been reported from decaying dicotyledonous plants, from fungi, and in Europe from leaf sheaths of various grasses and of Typha, Scirpus, and Juncus, from Lipara galls on Phragmites. They may be either phytophagous or saprophagous, but damage to cereals or other plants has not been reported. Adults are usually found in moist habitats such as damp meadows, marshes, bogs, and damp deciduous or mixed forests with rich undergrowth.
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Ixodiphagus hookeri has a short flight period in the summer in Europe. The female normally oviposits an egg into the body of an unfed nymph of Ixodes ricinus, but has been recorded ovipositing in the adults of Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The egg remains in diapause until the nymph engorges on vertebrate blood, at which point the egg becomes active. Some eggs are not successful, as the tick's immune system can encapsulate the egg, which results in the egg becoming melanised and dying.
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The leaves provide food for many animals, including Lepidoptera such as the case-bearer moth, Coleophora anatipennella. Caterpillars of the concealer moth, Alabonia geoffrella, have been found feeding inside dead common hazel twigs. See also List of Lepidoptera that feed on hazels. The fruit are possibly even more important animal food, both for invertebrates adapted to circumvent the shell (usually by ovipositing in the female flowers, which also gives protection to the offspring) and for vertebrates which manage to crack them open (such as squirrels and corvids).
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The males size each other up by swimming in circles and attempting to bite the dorsal fin of the other male, some males will do this for up to 90 minutes. This behavior establishes a few dominant breeding males in each population. The males and females were seen moving wiggling in algae in their habitat, this was assumed to be ovipositing behavior since eggs were observed in the algae after the wiggling behavior. Mature plains topminnow eggs are 1.8 to 2.0 mm in diameter.
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The mottled sand grasshopper will generally mate in May, and the nymphs emerge at the end of May and beginning of June. After mating, the female oviposits her pod, which contains about 21 to 28 eggs, into the sand about a half inch deep and then covers them over with sand. The pods are ¾ inches long with a diameter of 3/16 inches, and each egg is 5 to 5.2 mm long and is tan in color. This ovipositing has been observed to last about 34 minutes.
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L. dispar females are capable of producing on average 32 chorionated eggs per egg load with an average of 714 eggs being laid in their lifetime. Ovipositing females are specific about the quality of host plant they chose to lay their larvae on with plants preferably lacking flowering or fruiting stems and having inflorescences. Plants that receive greater sunlight allow for larvae to grow faster and develop within a shorter period. Females, for this reason prefer warmer microclimates where host plant conditions are optimal.
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Parasitoid braconid wasp ovipositing in black bean aphid Insecticide control of aphids is difficult, as they breed rapidly, so even small areas missed may enable the population to recover promptly. Aphids may occupy the undersides of leaves where spray misses them, while systemic insecticides do not move satisfactorily into flower petals. Finally, some aphid species are resistant to common insecticide classes including carbamates, organophosphates, and pyrethroids. For small backyard infestations, spraying plants thoroughly with a strong water jet every few days may be sufficient protection.
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Multiple phenotypic traits interact in T. eques since chemical defense from vertebrates releases the species from the need to be small and hidden. Thus T. eques has evolved a large body size, to increase fecundity, deter small invertebrate predators, increase water retention, and allow for deep ovipositing. However, the large adult size requires long development and growth, which is difficult in its short season. It speeds growth by thermoregulation mechanisms including dark color and solar exposure positions, both allowed only because of chemical defense.
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The tribe Sphecodini contains four cleptoparasitic genera of bees that oviposit their eggs onto or near the pollen stores of their hosts’ nests. These cleptoparasitic bees are host generalists and belong to an ancient lineage of parasites that uniquely shares no specificity with any nonparasitic halictine taxa. Species belonging to the largest genus, Sphecodes, exhibit especially aggressive parasitism, attacking and sometimes killing solitary or social nest host female(s) before ovipositing eggs into pollen-provisioned host cells. Such parasites inhabit every continent with the exception of Australia.
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Six stages (instars) of development, from newly hatched nymph to fully winged adult Romalea microptera grasshoppers: female (larger) is laying eggs, with male in attendance. In most grasshopper species, conflicts between males over females rarely escalate beyond ritualistic displays. Some exceptions include the chameleon grasshopper (Kosciuscola tristis), where males may fight on top of ovipositing females; engaging in leg grappling, biting, kicking and mounting. The newly emerged female grasshopper has a preoviposition period of a week or two while she increases in weight and her eggs mature.
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The bulbuls also eat resting and ovipositing adults, but rarely flying ones. Because of its color, the white morph has a higher survival rate than the orange one. This is either because of apostatic selection (i.e., the birds have learned the orange monarchs can be eaten), because of camouflage (the white morph matches the white pubescence of milkweed or the patches of light shining through foliage), or because the white morph does not fit the bird's search image of a typical monarch, so is thus avoided.
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Agathomyia wankowiczii ovipositing on an Artist's Bracket fungus galls (black objects) of Agathomyia wankowiczii on an Artist's Bracket fungus (Ganoderma applanatum) Platypezidae is a family of true flies of the superfamily Platypezoidea. The more than 250 species are found worldwide primarily in woodland habitats. A common name is flat-footed flies, but this is also used for the closely related Opetiidae which were included in the Platypezidae in former times. Some other genera formerly included here have been recognized as quite more distant and are nowadays placed in the asilomorph family Atelestidae.
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This horntail lays its eggs in the trunk or branches of the Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) or the Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) and the larvae feed on the sapwood. When ovipositing, the horntail introduces a symbiont fungus which either provides essential nutrients for the larvae, or which produces enzymes which help decompose the lignin or cellulose in the wood. The staining produced by the fungus reduces the commercial value of the timber. The horntail carries arthrospores of the fungus in a pair of small sacs on the abdomen known as "mycangia".
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Adults feed on leaf material above ground, using pheromones to attract other beetles and overwhelm plants, skeletonizing leaves from the top of the plant downward. The aggregation of beetles will alternate daily between mating, feeding, and ovipositing. An adult female may lay as many as 40–60 ova in her lifetime. Throughout the majority of the Japanese beetle's range, its lifecycle takes one full year, however in the extreme northern parts of its range, as well as high altitude zones as found in its native Japan, development may take two years.
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Another way to prevent worker born larvae is that other workers or the queen may attempt to sting or push the ovipositing, egg laying, workers off of the cells. It is important to note that workers almost never acted aggressively towards the queen or tried to prevent her from laying eggs. This results in nearly all eggs that mature being queen produced. Even after the original queen in a colony dies and the new queens leave, workers may lay eggs but these eggs usually starve, rarely reaching maturity.
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In most species the genitalia are flanked by two soft lobes, although they may be specialized and sclerotized in some species for ovipositing in area such as crevices and inside plant tissue. Hormones and the glands that produce them run the development of butterflies and moths as they go through their life cycle, called the endocrine system. The first insect hormone PTTH (Prothoracicotropic hormone) operates the species life cycle and diapause (see the relates section). This hormone is produced by corpora allata and corpora cardiaca, where it is also stored.
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Thermoregulation is necessary for all essential life functions of T. eques and most other behaviors, including food consumption and digestion, predator escape, reproduction, walking, flying, and ovipositing. The desert environment of T. eques is often unpredictable and allows the grasshopper only about four months, the time between the onset of the summer rains and the arrival of the winter freeze, to complete its entire life cycle. Growth and development are further slowed by cold desert nights, and in October, cold days. T. eques speed development by solar basking, aided by its black heat-absorbing coloration.
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The arrival of a female in the patrolled territory was greeted with immediate copulation lasting about 16 minutes, with no preliminary display or courtship. There followed a phase of 25 minutes while they explored the pond, an ovipositing phase with the pair in tandem lasting about 60 minutes followed by a further 20 minute egg-laying period by the female alone. Females avoided further sexual activity by flying rapidly away. Marked males had an apparent life expectancy of about 8 days and females 7, though the oldest marked male lived for 33 days.
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Many of the different properties of the environment, including temperature and thermal properties affect the female's sperm choice. Studies have also shown that ovipositing is nonrandom and females lay eggs with varying PGM(phosphoglucomutase) genotypes in different environments in order to optimize offspring success. Females are acutely aware to their environment and manipulate the genetic diversity of their offspring in appropriate ways to ensure their success. Another way sperm-storing females can alter the diversity of their offspring is controlling the relatedness to the males that provide them with sperm.
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The ocelli are concerned in the detection of changes in light intensity, enabling the fly to react swiftly to the approach of an object. Like other insects, flies have chemoreceptors that detect smell and taste, and mechanoreceptors that respond to touch. The third segments of the antennae and the maxillary palps bear the main olfactory receptors, while the gustatory receptors are in the labium, pharynx, feet, wing margins and female genitalia, enabling flies to taste their food by walking on it. The taste receptors in females at the tip of the abdomen receive information on the suitability of a site for ovipositing.
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A desert locust ovipositing in sand Locusts are the swarming phase of certain species of short-horned grasshoppers in the family Acrididae. These insects are usually solitary, but under certain circumstances become more abundant and change their behaviour and habits, becoming gregarious. Desert locusts in copulation No taxonomic distinction is made between locust and grasshopper species; the basis for the definition is whether a species forms swarms under intermittently suitable conditions. In English, the term "locust" is used for grasshopper species that change morphologically and behaviourally on crowding, forming swarms that develop from bands of immature stages called hoppers.
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B. tyroni lay their eggs in fruit. Females prefer to lay their eggs in fruit that is sweet, juicy, and not acidic. The presence of other female flies in pre- or post- oviposition on a piece of fruit was found to have no bearing on another female's likeliness to land on the fruit; however, female flies were more likely to bore into a piece of fruit that other female flies were currently ovipositing into, therefore increasing the density of larvae within a single piece of fruit. This is an example of reciprocal altruism as larvae are at an advantage at higher densities.
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Epicephala perplexa is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is found on the Ryukyu Archipelago (Amami Island, Okinawa Island, Ishigaki Island, Iriomote Island and Yonaguni Island). ovipositing through lateral ovary wall of G. lanceolatum flower The wingspan is 8.3–10 mm. The forewings are brown with a narrow white band on the dorsum from the base to 2/3 of the entire length and with three narrow white bands beginning at the dorsal margin near 1/2 to 3/4 length of the wing and extending obliquely toward the wing apex, terminating before reaching mid-width of the wing.
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Epicephala lanceolatella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is found on the Ryukyu Archipelago (Amami Island, Okinawa Island, Ishigaki Island, Iriomote Island and Yonaguni Island). ovipositing through stylar pit of G. lanceolatum flower The wingspan is 8.8–10.3 mm. The forewings are brown with a narrow white band on the dorsum from the base to 2/3 of the entire length and three narrow white bands beginning at the dorsal margin near 1/2 to 3/4 length of the wing and extending obliquely toward the wing apex, terminating before reaching mid-width of the wing.
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An additional factor adding to the level of difficulty in ovipositing is that the spider is usually the same size if not larger than the wasp. The wasp has to be big enough to be able to handle itself in a battle with the spider and precise enough to oviposit an egg in the abdomen of the spider. If the wasp is not careful, it will get injured and/or be unsuccessful in an attempt to parasitize the spider. Z. percontatoria prefers female spiders because they forage more than males leading to increased nutrients that the host can provide.
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Moths unfamiliar with a host plant will avoid ovipositing on that plant and instead preferentially oviposit on a familiar host, even if the familiar host produces unappetizing chemicals. This demonstrates that larvae and moths develop host preferences and that the species is slow to determine whether a plant chemical is toxic, given that the larva is not immediately turned off by the unappetizing chemicals. This choice is also influenced by insect waste, also known as larval frass, as its presence serves as a chemical deterrent for potential mothers. Larval frass indicates that the site is already occupied, therefore avoiding overcrowding.
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In this system the males search for a desirable spot for the females to deposit their eggs, and then they guard that spot and await interested females. They will fight off other males who want that spot even while mating with or guarding a female. When a female approaches the male will extend its wings out and keep the female from reaching the oviposit site. The male will then mount the female and latch on behind the wings of the female. This is called a “wing-lock.” The male will hold onto the female in this way during copulation and while the female is ovipositing.
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Adult beetles feed on pollen and nectar, usually selecting white or whitish flowers such as buckwheat, wild aster, daisy, Spiraea and Ceanothus. This diet encourages mating and egg-laying, and the females seek out suitable locations with animal hairs or fibres for ovipositing; these include bird and animal nests, bee hives and the skins of dead animals, as well as indoor sites such as carpets, upholstery, fabrics or preserved animal material. The eggs hatch in two to three weeks, and the larvae chew at whatever animal fibres they find in their environment. After about two months the larvae pupate and the adult insects emerge about a month later and, if indoors, make their way into the open air.
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B. dorsalis is not only a highly invasive species, accidentally introduced to Hawaii from Taiwan during the 1940s in World War II, but also very destructive to crop yield for farmers of various fruits, vegetables, and nuts across the world. The larval stage of the life cycle is the most damaging to fruits because of larval feeding on the soft flesh of fruits. After ovipositing occurs by a female fly, the larvae develop under the skin of the fruit or soft tissues of the plant and begin to feed on the fruit or plant's flesh. Once feeding occurs, other microorganisms can invade the site of larval feeding and cause the fruit to decay faster.
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If the males are equally sized, however, they will engage in a shoving contest in which they stand on their hind four legs and shove each other with their epistomal margins of their heads pressed together. This “stilting” has been observed in several other species of fruit flies. Their antlers are not used to jab or push as in some other species of antlered flies; instead the antlers are used more as a tool to judge the size of one’s opponent. If a male is significantly smaller than his opponent it would not be worth his energy to compete and lose. After copulation and ovipositing, the male will release the female from the “wing- lock” and the two will part ways.
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Encarsia formosa, an endoparasitic chalcid wasp, bred commercially to control whitefly in greenhousesTrioxys complanatus, (Aphidiidae) ovipositing into a spotted alfalfa aphid, a commercial pest in Australia. Parasitoid wasps are considered beneficial as they naturally control the population of many pest insects. They are widely used commercially (alongside other parasitoids such as tachinid flies) for biological pest control, for which the most important groups are the ichneumonid wasps, which prey mainly on caterpillars of butterflies and moths; braconid wasps, which attack caterpillars and a wide range of other insects including greenfly; chalcid wasps, which parasitise eggs and larvae of greenfly, whitefly, cabbage caterpillars, and scale insects. One of the first parasitoid wasps to enter commercial use was Encarsia formosa, an endoparasitic chalcid.
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Fine damselfly habitat: panorama of Thursley Common, looking over the acid bog pools Damselflies exist in a range of habitats in and around the wetlands needed for their larval development; these include open spaces for finding mates, suitable perches, open aspect, roosting sites, suitable plant species for ovipositing and suitable water quality, and odontates have been used for bio-indication purposes regarding the quality of the ecosystem. Different species have different requirements for their larvae with regard to water depth, water movement and pH. The European common blue damselfly (Enallagma cyathigerum) for example can occur at high densities in acid waters where fish are absent, such as in bog pools. The scarce blue-tailed damselfly (Ischnura pumilio) in contrast requires base-rich habitats and water with a slow flow-rate.
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Karner blue butterflies are dependent on heterogeneous habitat as it provides the varied requirements of different Karner blue butterfly broods, sexes, and life stages over a wide range of environmental conditions. Research at Indiana Dunes National Park led to recommendations for canopy openings for adult males and nectaring of both sexes, as well as areas with 30-60% cover for ovipositing females. In the Allegan State Game Area, wild lupine patches occupied by Karner blue butterflies had higher density of edge habitats that unoccupied wild lupine patches. In west-central Wisconsin the importance of shaded habitat led to a recommendation that 20% to 40% of Karner blue butterfly habitat provide shaded lupine and that 1/3 have >60% canopy cover with succession in these dense areas allowed to progress to complete closure.
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The pair flies in tandem with the male in front, typically perching on a twig or plant stem. The female then curls her abdomen downwards and forwards under her body to pick up the sperm from the male's secondary genitalia, while the male uses his "tail" claspers to grip the female behind the head: this distinctive posture is called the "heart" or "wheel"; the pair may also be described as being "in cop". Egg-laying (ovipositing) involves not only the female darting over floating or waterside vegetation to deposit eggs on a suitable substrate, but also the male hovering above her or continuing to clasp her and flying in tandem. The male attempts to prevent rivals from removing his sperm and inserting their own, something made possible by delayed fertilisation and driven by sexual selection.
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A parasitoid wasp (Trioxys complanatus, Aphidiidae) ovipositing into the body of a spotted alfalfa aphid, a behaviour that is used in biological pest control In evolutionary ecology, a parasitoid is an organism that lives in close association with its host at the host's expense, eventually resulting in the death of the host. Parasitoidism is one of six major evolutionary strategies within parasitism, distinguished by the fatal prognosis for the host, which makes the strategy close to predation. Among parasitoids, strategies range from living inside the host (endoparasitism), allowing it to continue growing before emerging as an adult, to paralysing the host and living outside it (ectoparasitism). Hosts can include other parasitoids, resulting in hyperparasitism; in the case of oak galls, up to five levels of parasitism are possible.
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Epicephala anthophilia is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is found on the Ryukyu Archipelago. ovipositing in young fruit of Phyllanthus lepidocarpus The wingspan is 5.7–7.5 mm. The forewings of the females are dark brown with a narrow white band on the dorsum from the base to 1/4 of the entire length, medially with a narrow white band extending from the costa to the dorsum and with a pair of narrow white bands beginning at the costal and dorsal margin near 2/3 of the wing and extending obliquely toward the wing apex, terminating before reaching mid-width of the wing. There is a narrow silver band with metallic reflection extending from the costa to the dorsum at 5/6 length and the distal 1/6 is brown with a black dot centrally.
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