"Laudable goals do not overwrite existing statutes," TransCanada attorneys said.
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It gives the computer permission to overwrite the bits of data, but it doesn't actually overwrite them, so forensic analysts can usually still reconstruct them when they look at your computer piece by piece.
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Stories that we need to overwrite the corrosive narrative of ableism.
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At times, the images can overwrite our attempts to fix their meaning.
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Finally, it uses the model to seamlessly overwrite one face with another.
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The device just marks that space "free" to overwrite with other data.
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It should be blank, so your VLOOKUP result doesn&apost overwrite anything.
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Should they overwrite these names by popular vote or give them new life?
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"One wipe of the system, done correctly, can permanently overwrite [the data]," said Novoa.
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Denzel Washington is better positioned than any other living actor to overwrite Spacey's performance.
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Zucchino, a contributing writer for The New York Times, does not overwrite the scenes.
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It's not possible to overwrite or effectively change blockchain records except for in highly extraordinary circumstances.
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Trump and many Republicans want to overwrite these so-called "sunset clauses" and make the restrictions permanent.
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Choose whether you want to save your clip as a new video, or overwrite the recording.8.
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Now the image is in your clipboard if you don't accidentally overwrite it before accomplishing the next step.
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But going the iCloud route might overwrite your previous iOS 11 backup with a newer iOS 12 one.
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Modern computers overwrite their memory when a device is powered down to scramble the data from being read.
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After that, the franchise goes haywire, spinning through one-offs, sequels, and remakes that perpetually overwrite each other.
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I've been particularly impressed with Wickr's "secure shredder" function that constantly works to overwrite even remnants of deleted data.
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Solid-state drives are notoriously difficult to erase, in part because they have a limited number of overwrite cycles.
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Zdziarski attributed the problem to the SQLite library used in coding the app, which does not overwrite by default.
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Meanwhile, Hulu's DVR will save recordings indefinitely, but it will overwrite them if you need more space for new recordings.
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Used properly, these will generally overwrite data thoroughly enough that most commercial forensic data-recovery tools will be fairly useless.
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By snapping these hard-won photographs, they've begun to overwrite the spaceship-swallowing tropes of sci-fi with real data.
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"Relative to itself [in the past], yes, it's a good time to overwrite AAPL," Strugger wrote to CNBC on Wednesday.
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Our gray matter doesn't actually have wires that you can simply plug-and-play to overwrite depression a la Eternal Sunshine.
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But it's not uncommon for log files to record data for only a certain time period before they overwrite those records.
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Rutte will now take Thursday's agreement to the Dutch parliament in an attempt to win its approval and overwrite the referendum result.
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Jason: Firmware updates often overwrite really critical components of memory and disruptions to the process can leave devices in an unusable state, i.e.
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DeepMind developed EWC in order to overcome a phenomenon known as "catastrophic forgetting," where new tasks and adaptations overwrite previously acquired knowledge and memories.
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If you already have something open in Paint you'll want to open a new file because otherwise you'll overwrite the last thing you saved.
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"This helps us to show broader visual context, our DNA, and how contemporary projects are rooted in the tradition or overwrite it," Baluta explains.
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When applications want to overwrite existing data, SSDs do not perform an in-place update of the physical pages that contain the old data.
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After lo these many years, it's not a Saturday unless I have to overwrite at least three wrong decisions in one corner or another.
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Still, the brain actually spends energy making us forget, by generating new neurons that "overwrite" the old ones, or by weakening the connections between neurons.
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Eufy estimates the card will hold on average up to 12 months of footage at normal usage, though new footage will overwrite old footage automatically.
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With a flying leap from behind the arc, he lobbed up a ball with both hands in a shot whose success would overwrite its desperation.
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Implicit bias can't be changed until we learn to see the old, embedded story and then find a new and better story to overwrite it.
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The idea is it makes it unlikely you'll accidentally overwrite another save, but it takes a bit of skill to operate with any speed and confidence.
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Sitting on Thompson's front porch swinging their legs to the thrum of the guitar, it's easy to see how music can overwrite the toughest of days.
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"If you can do that, that means you can read out all the votes or overwrite the votes or you can change the software," he said.
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Using an iPhone of his own, Dr Skorobogatov was able repeatedly to overwrite its memory with the copy he had made before he began his guesses.
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And the lingering, beloved trope of the Manson girls shows that there's a long way to go before we overwrite the old stories with the new.
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Virtual reality headsets totally overwrite your view of the world, using magnifying lenses and a flat screen to project an image around your entire field of vision.
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" In addition, Yakhina's tendency to overwrite shadows our enjoyment of the growing affection between Zuleikha and Ignatov: "She senses herself, all of her, gradually turning to honey.
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To make a copy of a file, rather than overwrite the current version, click the three dots next to an entry on the right, then Make a copy.
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The US needs a way to overwrite decades of deploying misguided technology which has made our streets dangerous, severed our neighborhoods, and not-so-slowly destroyed the planet.
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Instead, it could identify the specific memory sector that stores info on how many password attempts have been made and overwrite that with a fresh copy each time.
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If Twin Peaks is about a town — and now a whole world — that broke when a teenage girl was murdered, well, why not try to overwrite the murder?
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Finally we show with a race condition vuln, we can use the file inclusion vulnerability to overwrite a script with our desired included script and have it execute.
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But they also want to control tomorrow, to chisel the story of their lives into plaques and cornerstones before some historian can overwrite them with an uglier truth.
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Since the error is baked into the Intel x86-43 hardware, it requires an OS-level overwrite to patch—on every major operating system, including Windows, Linux, and macOS.
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If you copy something on your iPhone and then copy something else on your Mac before hitting paste, the local copy will overwrite whatever was on your other device.
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Esvelt also recently proposed a sort of CTRL-Z for gene drive, a daisy chain drive design that would allow scientists to overwrite their original edits if something went wrong.
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Military-backed researchers are experimenting with a variety of approaches for these veterans, including virtual reality and biofeedback techniques, in effect to train new instincts that overwrite the old ones.
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Her holistic approach to making music is a testament to the generative powers of listening, noticing, improvisation and responding to what is already here rather than seeking to overwrite it.
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The virus exploits a bug in the architecture to gain write access to the BIOS and overwrite it, causing the computer to fail to boot until the BIOS chip is reflashed.
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It also offers a host of other features, including automatic and emergency lock recording, and a G-sensor that locks and overwrite-protects footage captured in the event of a crash.
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This debate devolved into an "edit war," a heated back-and-forth in which Wikipedians continuously edit an article to overwrite the other side's changes and reflect the language they want.
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One that was pushed too far — like "Gilmore Girls," which aired a disappointing final season without its creator, Amy Sherman-Palladino — can attempt to overwrite the bad feelings with fresh plots.
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Additional vulnerabilities in the app decompression process then allowed an attacker using a crafted archive to overwrite any file in the app's sandbox, ultimately leading to the delivery of a malicious payload.
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Stacey Gilbert, head of derivative strategy at Susquehanna, suggests a trade commonly called a "covered call" or an "overwrite," which combines ownership of the stock with the sale of a call option.
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With the Molten Copper Overwrite™ even an incomplete destruction of the hard disk will result in an unusable metal puck with no clear way to access the scorched ones and zeros within.
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If we want to create an empty list, we do this: If we have a list that already has some stuff in it, we can overwrite an entry at a specific index like this.
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The line has another use, however: in believing we are a product of our own reality, it's possible to overwrite wrongs with rights, doing unto others what we do unto ourselves, achieving spiritual balance.
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Most of the time when you want to securely erase the contents of a hard drive, you overwrite the entire disc, heat it beyond functionality, and then smash it into a thousand pieces. Done.
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Jeff Flake said he believes there are enough votes in the Senate to overwrite a potential presidential veto should Congress decide to withdraw the US' role in Yemen as a rebuke to Saudi Arabia.
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When certain integer variables were large enough, they would overwrite data in other parts of the phone, giving attackers a crucial foothold for breaking out of mediaserver and onto the rest of the phone.
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Microsoft does provide the option to overwrite all of a disk's sectors with zeroes, which will make it almost impossible, or at least commercially unsustainable, for data recovery firms to restore any usable data.
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Now more than ever, said Jerrold Petruzzelli of the class of 1974, a corporate lawyer, the university should not overwrite history or give in to the identity politics that are tearing the country apart.
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Expanding on the work done at MIT, Trouche and Dupret performed an experiment to see if it was possible to overwrite an animal's association with a particular environment as a means to halt maladaptive behavior.
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Instead of just including instructions for a gene drive to cut a piece of DNA in one place, their architecture it cuts in multiple places, meaning it would require multiple mutations to overwrite the drive.
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No doubt Miss Chu would have scoffed at her request, but Bella, who lived with a will to overwrite other people's wills, would not have needed her grandfather to summon Miss Chu through a secretary.
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While the whole idea of "prestige horror" tends to overwrite the rich history of "low" horror, it's worth mentioning that Halloween has achieved a degree of mainstream acceptance that no one dared grant Jennifer's Body.
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They also found that the Orpak software stores user information, such as usernames and passwords, in unencrypted format and uses unsigned and unencrypted firmware, meaning an attacker could overwrite the legitimate Orpak software with rogue software.
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Sonic Screwdriver allowed the CIA to install its tools on a Mac even if the firmware password was enabled, while Thunderstrike allowed an adapter to overwrite the motherboard boot flash, which provided a more persistent intrusion.
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When there is a separation, a resynchronization happens where the global blockchain checks the local chains for any kinds of changes, and if they are not consistent with the global rules, it will overwrite those entries.
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And also note that executing only the "clean" command, without the "all" parameter, will only destroy the first sector of the disk, which contains information about the disk partitions, but will not overwrite all sectors with zeroes.
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For example, the researchers were able to recover 26GB of data, or around 22.5 percent, from one of the tested drives even after 22 overwrite passes by using specialized equipment attached directly to the drives' memory chips.
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They certainly didn't want to overwrite all of that, so they simply rolled back to the day they overwrote the leads from last year and recovered just that data, saving the day, while leaving everything else intact.
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Rather than overwrite the calendar in an effort to make it obsolete, Ahryun Moon, Jasper Sone and Peter Lee, co-founders of GoodTime, are putting the calendar front and center — embracing it as a means of understanding people.
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"The only reason to take all these steps to overwrite your actual calendar every day is if you are trying to conceal what you're doing from the American people," Center for Western Priorities Deputy Director Aaron Weiss told CNN.
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Hackers at the Voting Village found that they could likely overwrite vote totals on another machine, the iVotronic, by changing the firmware in an accompanying handheld device, known as a Personal Electronic Ballot, that election workers use to operate the machine.
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When a file gets marked for deletion, it disappears from the regular view in your computer's directory, but usually sticks around on the card or drive until enough new files are copied into the same space to overwrite the old file.
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Here's a pre-cursor to that approach from Chrono Trigger, kindly filling in your default name, with the cursor ready to overwrite left-to-right if you want to choose another name: This reduces friction at the most vital moment — first use.
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As Digital Trends noted, Plex's tool does overwrite old recordings, meaning that if it does not work as intended and chooses to cut parts of a video out that aren't commercials, there's no recourse other than finding another copy of the file.
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In 2012, Iran-linked hackers calling themselves "Cutting Sword of Justice" used a piece of similar "wiper" malware known as Shamoon to overwrite the hard drives of 30,000 computers at Saudi oil behemoth Saudi Aramco with the image of a burning US flag.
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If Arnold can die, be resurrected as Bernard, kill himself, be revived again, overwrite his personality with data, rewrite his memory, get shot to death again, and be revived again, does death really mean anything as a narrative device on Westworld anymore?
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That's mostly accidental: Weiner invited cameras into his life as he was mounting his campaign for mayor of New York city, obviously hoping to craft a redemption narrative to overwrite the disgrace of his 2011 resignation from Congress after his first sexting scandal.
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But Republicans, both conservative and moderate, have instead pressed for all their preferences to be included in the GOP's base bill, which many suspect will be introduced at the end of the amendment process and overwrite all the changes to the bill.
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While the cloud provides a good back-up of data, there's a risk depending on when the cloud synchronizes with data affected by ransomware; if it synchronizes at the wrong time, the encrypted data could overwrite the clean data in the cloud.
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One of Frankland's own studies in mice, for example, found that as new brain cells are formed in the hippocampus -- a region of the brain associated with learning new things -- those new connections overwrite old memories and make them harder to access.
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Go back to "File," then "Save As…" and choose the same name to overwrite the non-flipped version if you don&apost need it anymore, or choose a new name to have a version of both your flipped and non-flipped photos.
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If you're playing a game with limited save slots, or if you don't want a guest to accidentally overwrite your saves, you can make another user profile and most games will give it a brand new set of totally separate save slots.
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Unfortunately if you want a different login screen there's no easy way of changing this—as in a straightforward setting in System Preferences—but the blurred image is stored on your system, and if you dig deep enough you can find the file and overwrite it.
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Then he reconnected the original chip to the phone, guessed a series of six PINs, then moved it back to the test board to overwrite the memory chip with the backup that "zeroed" the PIN-guess counter, like a shady mechanic rolling back a car's odometer.
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I think that's the smartest and sharpest way to approach source material that's already been adapted a million times before, and I'd love to see the next, say, Pride and Prejudice take a similar approach: Rather than trying to overwrite everything that's come before you, have a dialogue with it.
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If you'd rather not receive those notifications at all, you can disable them entirely: Be aware that Maps allows you to save only one parking location at a time, so if you try to save a second location while one is already being stored, that new location will overwrite your original one.
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January's streaming options include a couple of high-profile new releases — among them Netflix's attempt to overwrite the terrible 22008 Jim Carrey movie Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events with its own take on Daniel Handler's book series — and some 270 curios you may have missed, as well as a lot of older stuff that will stoke the warm embers of nostalgia.
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BK gets written into FD and can be used to overwrite a pointer.
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But it would also record a new data set and potentially overwrite and spoliate the accident data.
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GNU mv has a switch for disabling this assumption and try to overwrite the directory instead. An inverse makes the move-to- directory operation explicit.
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When users clicked on the attachment, the machine became infected. Once executed, the worm can corrupt and overwrite the most common Windows file types, .doc, .pdf, .
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Structured Exception Handler Overwrite Protection is a feature of Windows which protects against the most common stack overflow attacks, especially against attacks on a structured exception handler.
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The meaning of "quiet mode" is > whether to display information such as the default decompression path during > the entire decompression process. Here, since the decryption package is > made, select "Hide All", that is, no prompt window will be displayed. The > "overwrite method" is better understood. Similarly, for this decryption > package, when it encounters the file with the same name, it should be > overwritten directly, so select "overwrite all files".
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Reliance upon `/U` for secure overwriting of hard drive partitions is therefore inadvisable, and purpose- built tools such as DBAN should be considered instead. Overwriting: In Windows Vista and upwards the non-quick format will overwrite as it goes. Not the case in Windows XP and below. OS/2: Under OS/2, if you use the `/L` parameter, which specifies a long format, then format will overwrite the entire partition or logical drive.
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Thom, nevertheless, is not harmed. As the memory overwrite process reaches completion, he ends the simulation by saying, "The world's changed, Celia. Maybe we can too." The trapped robot shows signs of calming down.
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This leads to the problem that very quickly files can overwrite each other (because of the Birthday Paradox); this is compensated for by writing all files in multiple places to lessen the chance of data loss.
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They keep only the highest-scoring version of the database known to them. Whenever a peer receives a higher-scoring version (usually the old version with a single new block added) they extend or overwrite their own database and retransmit the improvement to their peers. There is never an absolute guarantee that any particular entry will remain in the best version of the history forever. Blockchains are typically built to add the score of new blocks onto old blocks and are given incentives to extend with new blocks rather than overwrite old blocks.
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Did I just overwrite my backup by mistake? No data is hidden. In a figure-drawing program, the user can tell whether a line segment is composed of smaller segments. #The user always knows how to get help.
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Even with the protection, an attacker could potentially overwrite the canary with its known value and control information with mismatched values, thus passing the canary check code, which is executed soon before the specific processor's return-from-call instruction.
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The BIOS maintains a reserved block of system RAM at addresses `0x00400–0x004FF` with various parameters initialized during the POST. All memory at and above address `0x00500` can be used by the boot program; it may even overwrite itself.
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8 February 2012. Some Palm IIIc, IIIxe, and Vx units manufactured between October 1999 through May 2000 had a DRAM defect that could overwrite user data randomly. Palm has released diagnostics and a patch to correct this problem."DRAM Test".
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PHP allows serialization and deserialization of whole objects. If untrusted input is allowed into the deserialization function, it is possible to overwrite existing classes in the program and execute malicious attacks. Such an attack on Joomla was found in 2013.
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A buffer overflow occurring in the heap data area is referred to as a heap overflow and is exploitable in a manner different from that of stack-based overflows. Memory on the heap is dynamically allocated by the application at run-time and typically contains program data. Exploitation is performed by corrupting this data in specific ways to cause the application to overwrite internal structures such as linked list pointers. The canonical heap overflow technique overwrites dynamic memory allocation linkage (such as malloc meta data) and uses the resulting pointer exchange to overwrite a program function pointer.
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Within the topic of stack buffer overflows, an often-discussed-but-rarely-seen architecture is one in which the stack grows in the opposite direction. This change in architecture is frequently suggested as a solution to the stack buffer overflow problem because any overflow of a stack buffer that occurs within the same stack frame cannot overwrite the return pointer. Further investigation of this claimed protection finds it to be a naïve solution at best. Any overflow that occurs in a buffer from a previous stack frame will still overwrite a return pointer and allow for malicious exploitation of the bug.
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Since a common SSD has no knowledge of the file system structures, including the list of unused blocks/sectors, the storage medium remains unaware that the blocks have become available. While this often enables undelete tools to recover files from electromechanical hard disks, despite the files being reported as "deleted" by the operating system, it also means that when the operating system later performs a write operation to one of the sectors, which it considers free space, it effectively becomes an overwrite operation from the point of view of the storage medium. For magnetic disks, an overwrite of existing data is no different from writing into an empty sector, but because of how some SSDs function at the lowest level, an overwrite produces significant overhead compared to writing data into an empty page, potentially crippling write performance. SSDs store data in flash memory cells that are grouped into pages typically of 4 to 16 kiB, grouped together into blocks of typically 128 to 512 pages.
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The operands on the belt are read-only. New results do not overwrite prior values. The belt is thus a single- assignment structure, and is immune to the data hazards that must be dealt with by modern out-of-order general-register machines.
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In computer languages, the term pre-declared refers to built-in information, encodings or tools that are available to a programmer, often in the form of entities, variables, objects, functions or instructions. It is mostly not possible to overwrite or otherwise manipulate them.
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For example, a 5 KB file on a file system with 4 KB clusters actually requires 8 KB of storage. Shred has an option to overwrite only the file itself, as well as an option to delete the file after it has completed operation.
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Stack canaries, named for their analogy to a canary in a coal mine, are used to detect a stack buffer overflow before execution of malicious code can occur. This method works by placing a small integer, the value of which is randomly chosen at program start, in memory just before the stack return pointer. Most buffer overflows overwrite memory from lower to higher memory addresses, so in order to overwrite the return pointer (and thus take control of the process) the canary value must also be overwritten. This value is checked to make sure it has not changed before a routine uses the return pointer on the stack.
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Winzapper FAQ, NTSecurity. A defense against this is to set up a remote log server with all services shut off, allowing only console access.Know Your Enemy: II, Honeynet Project. As the log approaches its maximum size, it can either overwrite old events or stop logging new events.
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Records can never be saved so as to overwrite other changes, preserving data integrity. In database management theory, locking is used to implement isolation among multiple database users. This is the "I" in the acronym ACID. A thorough and authoritative description of locking was written by Jim Gray.
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For systems with a word size that is a multiple of 8 bits, the implementation of binary and continuous is the same. The protocol also supports login with user ID and password, hierarchical folders and file management (including rename, delete, upload, download, download with overwrite, and download with append).
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Cookie stuffing involves placing an affiliate tracking cookie on a website visitor's computer without their knowledge, which will then generate revenue for the person doing the cookie stuffing. This not only generates fraudulent affiliate sales, but also has the potential to overwrite other affiliates' cookies, essentially stealing their legitimately earned commissions.
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This approach has its pitfalls. If the location specified is incorrect, this will cause the computer to write the data to some other part of the program. The results of an error like this are unpredictable. In some cases, the incorrect data might overwrite memory used by the operating system.
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Another similar material is AgInSbTe. It offers higher linear density, but has lower overwrite cycles by 1-2 orders of magnitude. It is used in groove-only recording formats, often in rewritable CDs. AgInSbTe is known as a growth-dominated material while GeSbTe is known as a nucleation- dominated material.
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Some package managers, such as Debian's dpkg, allow configuration during installation. In other situations, it is desirable to install packages with the default configuration and then overwrite this configuration, for instance, in headless installations to a large number of computers. This kind of pre-configured installation is also supported by dpkg.
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For example, if Windows Disk Management (Windows 2000/XP, etc.) is used to delete a partition, it will overwrite the first sector (relative sector 0) of the partition before removing it. It still may be possible to restore a FAT or NTFS partition if a backup boot sector is available.
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These strategies vary from person to person, some have reported the avoidance of certain situations that could trigger the reaction: mimicking the sounds, cancelling out the sounds by using different methods like earplugs, music, internal dialog and many other tactics. Most misophonics use these to “overwrite” these sounds produced by others.
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The operating system does run more slowly than on the 6230, possibly due to the increased processor drain of the higher resolution screen. Nokia also removed several options from menus, such as: brightness control, and the ability to automatically overwrite text messages in the Inbox/Sent Folders. These changes have brought widespread complaints.
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A blit operation is more than a memory copy, because it can involve data that's not byte aligned (hence the bit in bit blit), handling transparent pixels (pixels which should not overwrite the destination), and various ways of combining the source and destination data. Blitters have largely been superseded by programmable graphics processing units.
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The use of archive formats like zip allows for directory traversal attacks: files in the archive can be written such that they overwrite files on the filesystem by backtracking. Code that uncompresses archive files can be written to check that the paths of the files in the archive do not engage in path traversal.
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Teddy and CIDG boys then used the recordings to spread it to the public and online. They then took Gapuz and Pantig to Camp Crame to be detained. To overwrite the Gapuz and Pantig's capture and confession, they rely on their biased media to report the 'massacre' in Sto. Niño, causing divided opinion on people.
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It attempts to encourage rapid revision and iteration though its touch-based recording model: to re-record a specific line in the middle of their story, users press and hold the record button to overwrite their old recording, and the application will automatically adjust audio and animation across the entire video to smoothly accommodate the new recording.
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Its features include crash-recovery via automatic saving, syntax highlighting, snippets, automatic word completion, pair character completion, smart indentation, bookmarks, and various text editing functions. However, it does not provide the options to turn off some of those features, such as involuntary automatic saving (which can overwrite the old version of opened file without user's consent).
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Such analysis can be facilitated by test automation. In addition, antivirus software capable of heuristic analysis may discover undocumented malware if it finds software behaving suspiciously (such as attempting to overwrite a system file). Correcting vulnerabilities may variously involve the installation of a patch, a change in network security policy, reconfiguration of software, or educating users about social engineering.
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In computing, ".bak" is a filename extension commonly used to signify a backup copy of a file. When a program is about to overwrite an existing file (for example, when the user saves the document they are working on), the program may first make a copy of the existing file, with `.bak` appended to the filename.
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A typical exploit uses a combination of these techniques to take control of the instruction pointer (IP) of a process, for example by forcing a program to overwrite the address of a library function or the return address on the stack with a pointer to some malicious shellcode. The padding parameters to format specifiers are used to control the number of bytes output and the `%x` token is used to pop bytes from the stack until the beginning of the format string itself is reached. The start of the format string is crafted to contain the address that the `%n` format token can then overwrite with the address of the malicious code to execute. This is a common vulnerability because format bugs were previously thought harmless and resulted in vulnerabilities in many common tools.
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"Overwrite" is an R&B; ballad with a restrained rhythm. It was written and produced by Dr.JO. The last two tracks of the album are released to mark their 9th anniversary and are both dedicated to their fans. "Moments" is a pop ballad with a "dramatic" melody. "Everybody Ready?" is an uptempo dance-pop-style song produced by Jinhwan Kim.
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There is some evidence of an intermediate visual store with characteristics of both iconic memory and VSTM. This intermediate store is proposed to have high capacity (up to 15 items) and prolonged memory trace duration (up to 4 seconds). It coexists with VSTM but unlike it visual stimuli can overwrite the contents of its visual store (Pinto et al., 2013).
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Note: The general software cracking step is to copy the cracked file to the software installation directory to overwrite the original file, and then execute some programs such as the memory registration machine or registry import program. In this example, all files must be overwritten and copied to the software installation directory, and then execute FP and reg to import the registration data.
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The rings are ancient earrings, with a powerful compulsion spell. The spell creates a bond between the wearers; and once bonded, they can never be removed. Later, she helps Kylar assassinate the Godking, and binds herself to Kylar with the rings to overwrite the compulsion spell that the Godking had placed on her. This caused extreme rage on Kylar's part.
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Albert, a medical missionary, did not mention her role in his efforts. According to writer Mary Kingsley, she is "one form of human being whose praise has never adequately been sung, namely, the missionary's wife." While much of his work seems to overwrite her own, she played a pivotal role in the advancement of medicine, feminine independence, and societal justice.
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This means that drivers can by accident or design overwrite critical sections of the operating system. Doing this can lead to system crashes, freezes and disk corruption. Faulty operating system drivers were a source of instability for the operating system. Other monolithic and hybrid kernels, like Linux and Windows NT, are also susceptible to malfunctioning drivers impeding the kernel's operation.
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An AutoCorrect command can automatically adjust brightness, contrast, and color. All editing capabilities are listed on an Edit Pictures task pane. Images can be compressed with options for insertion into documents, email, or web pages. After editing, users can view or discard unsaved changes, overwrite the original image, rename and save the new image, or export it to another location.
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Sigreturn- oriented programming (SROP) is a technique similar to return-oriented programming (ROP), since it employs code reuse to execute code outside the scope of the original control flow. In this sense, the adversary needs to be able to carry out a stack smashing attack, usually through a stack buffer overflow, to overwrite the return address contained inside the call stack.
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Give My Head Peace returned for a one-off 40-minute long episode titled "The Farce Awakens" on 28 December 2016 - exactly 9 years to the day since it last aired. It was filmed in Northern Ireland in October 2016. Television presenter Christine Lampard made a cameo appearance. With this special, they overwrite the events of the original final episode.
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EEPROMfilesystem and SDfilesystem are extensions that implement rudimentary storage using EEPROM and SD flash. PagedAssembler refers to the package of optimizations that allow assembler routines to be swapped in (and out by overwrite) on the fly, allowing virtually unlimited application size. Script execution allows extensions to be loaded on the fly, allowing program source up to the size of storage media.
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SAP HANA manages concurrency through the use of multiversion concurrency control (MVCC), which gives every transaction a snapshot of the database at a point in time. When an MVCC database needs to update an item of data, it will not overwrite the old data with new data, but will instead mark the old data as obsolete and add the newer version.
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Faber hired the Brooklyn architect Theobald Engelhardt to make the center façade in Renaissance Revival style. The easternmost portion was built in the German Romanesque Revival style. The renovators repaired and shored this mismatched façade to preserve rather than overwrite the anachronistic updates it had received since its creation. The façade restorers studied each deteriorated joint to create replacement mortar equivalent in composition.
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0 and later include the ability to read NTFS partitions; kernel versions 2.6.0 and later contain a driver written by Anton Altaparmakov (University of Cambridge) and Richard Russon which supports file read, overwrite and resize. Due to the complexity of internal NTFS structures the built-in 2.6.14 kernel driver disallows changes to the volume that are considered unsafe, to avoid corruption.
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The word count program counts the number of times each word occurs in the input. The word count can be written in HiveQL as: DROP TABLE IF EXISTS docs; CREATE TABLE docs (line STRING); LOAD DATA INPATH 'input_file' OVERWRITE INTO TABLE docs; CREATE TABLE word_counts AS SELECT word, count(1) AS count FROM (SELECT explode(split(line, '\s')) AS word FROM docs) temp GROUP BY word ORDER BY word; A brief explanation of each of the statements is as follows: DROP TABLE IF EXISTS docs; CREATE TABLE docs (line STRING); Checks if table `docs` exists and drops it if it does. Creates a new table called `docs` with a single column of type `STRING` called `line`. LOAD DATA INPATH 'input_file' OVERWRITE INTO TABLE docs; Loads the specified file or directory (In this case “input_file”) into the table.
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GeSbTe (germanium-antimony-tellurium or GST) is a phase-change material from the group of chalcogenide glasses used in rewritable optical discs and phase- change memory applications. Its recrystallization time is 20 nanoseconds, allowing bitrates of up to 35 Mbit/s to be written and direct overwrite capability up to 106 cycles. It is suitable for land-groove recording formats. It is often used in rewritable DVDs.
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When a partition is deleted, its entry is removed from a table and the data is no longer accessible. The data remains on the disk until being overwritten. Specialized recovery utilities may be able to locate lost file systems and recreate a partition table which includes entries for these recovered file systems. Some disk utilities may overwrite a number of beginning sectors of a partition they delete.
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A DHCP server can provide optional configuration parameters to the client. RFC 2132 describes the available DHCP options defined by Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) - DHCP and BOOTP PARAMETERS. A DHCP client can select, manipulate and overwrite parameters provided by a DHCP server. In Unix-like systems this client-level refinement typically takes place according to the values in the configuration file /etc/dhclient.conf.
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He vows to destroy the Plapparambil family. Thoma decides to overwrite the dislike of the locals towards his family by forcing Paulo to conduct a mass marriage of 5 orphaned girls so that both, the dislike by locals to the family can be removed and Joykutty will get better alliances from better family, thus Paulo would be able to fetch his target of 20 million.
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Alex is sentenced to the Phantom Zone as she tries to reason with Kara. The virtual world starts to break up as Kara comes to her senses. She finally remembers her life on Earth and they are brought back to reality. The plant is removed and Kara seeks revenge on Non, who is planning to use Lord Technologies satellites to weaken and overwrite transmissions.
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In this article, we refer to total space complexity (DSPACE), counting pointer lengths. Therefore, the space requirements here have an extra log n factor compared to an analysis that ignores the length of indices and pointers. An algorithm may or may not count the output as part of its space usage. Since in-place algorithms usually overwrite their input with output, no additional space is needed.
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Casio graphic calculators use a BASIC-like programming language but variable names are restricted to single letters A-Z which are shared by all programs including subroutines which are stored as separate programs. This means there are no local variables, they are all global. These variables are also shared by other functions of the calculator. For example, drawing a graph will overwrite the X and Y values.
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The file system will thus mistakenly overwrite normal data with corrupt data while replaying the journal. If checksums had been used, where the blocks of the "fake winner" transaction were tagged with a mutual checksum, the file system could have known better and not replayed the corrupt data onto the disk. Journal checksumming has been added to ext4.ext4: Add the journal checksum feature. Article.gmane.
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Logical filename formats tends to depend upon the specific device addressed. The most common device used, of course, is the floppy disk system, which uses a format similar to `MD:NAME,ATTRS`, where M is a flag of sorts ($ for directory listing, @ for indicating a desire to overwrite a file if it already exists, unused otherwise.), D is the (optional) physical disk unit number (0: or 1: for dual-drive systems, just 0: for single-disk units like the 1541, et al., which defaults to 0: if left unspecified), `NAME` is a resource name up to 16 characters in length (most characters allowed except for certain special characters), and `ATTRS` is an optional comma-separated list of attributes or flags. For example, if the user wants to overwrite a program file called `PRGFILE`, they might see a filename like `@0:PRGFILE,P` used in conjunction with device 8 or 9.
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Instead, the system will automatically overwrite the oldest entries when the memory runs out. The menu does, however, allow the user to "lock" files to prevent overwriting. The CD32 launch bundle included two games: Diggers, a new game from Millennium Interactive, and Oscar, from Flair Software. A later pack includes the one-on-one fighting game Dangerous Streets, a move by Commodore that was met with derision by the press.
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There, a small team of scientists have prepared augmented reality projectors and are preparing to simulate the same bridge location shown earlier in the film, along with a robot in containment. They appear to be attempting to overwrite the memories of the trapped robot. The captain (Rogier Schippers) commands the scientists to start. Thom walks into the simulation, at which point his physical appearance transforms into the younger version of himself.
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If data loss occurs, a successful recovery must ensure that the deleted data is not over-written. For this reason — one should avoid all write operations to the affected storage device. This includes not starting the system to which the affected device is connected. This is because many operating systems create temporary files in order to boot, and these may overwrite areas of lost data — rendering it unrecoverable.
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Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) is a low-level technique of preventing memory corruption attacks such as buffer overflows. It involves placing data in randomly selected locations in memory in order to make it more difficult to predict ways to corrupt the system and create exploits. ASLR makes app bugs more likely to crash the app than to silently overwrite memory, regardless of whether the behavior is accidental or malicious.
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A flasher tool is programming hardware and/or software that can be used to program (flash) the device memory, e.g., EEPROM or flash memory. These tools mainly originate from the manufacturer or service centers for debugging, repair, or upgrade services. They can overwrite the non-volatile memory and some, depending on the manufacturer or device, can also read the memory to make a copy, originally intended as a backup.
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A heap overflow or heap overrun is a type of buffer overflow that occurs in the heap data area. Heap overflows are exploitable in a different manner to that of stack-based overflows. Memory on the heap is dynamically allocated at runtime and typically contains program data. Exploitation is performed by corrupting this data in specific ways to cause the application to overwrite internal structures such as linked list pointers.
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In C++ a value object can be built by overloading the assignment operator and using appropriate constness constraints on the fields (that will be evaluated once by the initializer list of the constructor) and on the methods of the class. However, if the fields themselves are declared const (rather than use non-const fields while only exposing "getter" accessors), then it won't be possible to fully overwrite such a value object with another ().
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Iperius Backup supports any tape drive. It allows users to save files to DAT, DLT, SDLT, LTO 1/2/3/4 - LTO 5, LTO 6/7/8 devices. It supports data compression and encryption, and parallel backups to multiple tape drives at the same time. Although the tape backup works well, the tape backup processes do not provide a lot of warning messages (ie "you're about to overwrite a tape. Yes/No").
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On hard disks, the original master boot record is moved to cylinder 0, head 0, sector 7. On floppy disks, the original boot sector is moved to cylinder 0, head 1, sector 3, which is the last directory sector on 360 kB disks. The virus will "safely" overwrite the boot sector if the root directory has no more than 96 files. The PC was typically infected by booting from an infected diskette.
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Almost all of the 6,000+ default art files shown in Furcadia can be patched over and displayed in a Dream, including the skin, buttons, avatars, items, walls, effects, lighting, ambience, portals, and floors. Additional art may be added to a Dream in file types ending with 'e', such as iteme, floore, etc., which does not overwrite the default art. Much user created patch art is available for download via third party websites.
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Alternatively, the game may simply attempt to overwrite critical program instructions, which if successful renders it unplayable. Some games, such as Game Boy games, also had other hardware such as memory bank controllers connected to the cartridge bus. The game would send data to this hardware by attempting to write it to specific areas of ROM; thus, if the ROM were writable, this process would corrupt data. Capcom's latest arcade board is the CPS-3.
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When the media header is modified, either at the end of image creation or as part of later modifications to an existing image, only some specific fields are to be updated. These fields exist entirely within the media header patch area. Only the media header patch area should be re-written. This allows more options when dealing with image container file formats or transports with limited seeking or overwrite capability (compressed formats, pipes, sockets).
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Because of the way that many file systems handle delete operations, by flagging data blocks as "not in use",Shimpi, Anand Lal. (18 March 2009). p. 7. storage media (SSDs, but also traditional hard drives) generally do not know which sectors/pages are truly in use and which can be considered free space. Contrary to (for example) an overwrite operation, a delete will not involve a physical write to the sectors that contain the data.
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If the buffer is used as the bounded buffer in the producer-consumer problem then it is probably desired for the producer (e.g., an audio generator) to overwrite old data if the consumer (e.g., the sound card) is unable to momentarily keep up. Also, the LZ77 family of lossless data compression algorithms operates on the assumption that strings seen more recently in a data stream are more likely to occur soon in the stream.
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Column types of Long Text and Long Binary are large binary objects. They are stored in separate B+tree from the clustered index keyed by long value id and byte offset. ESE supports append, byte range overwrite, and set size for these columns. Also, ESE has a single instance store feature where multiple records may reference the same large binary object, as though each record had its own copy of the information, i.e.
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Until 2015, OpenSSL would also overwrite the wrong bytes in the SSLv2 master secret during their attempt at the Bleichenbacher countermeasure. Until 2016, OpenSSL would also happily negotiate disabled SSLv2 ciphersuites. Unlike SSLv3 and later, in SSLv2 the client was supposed to choose from a list of ciphersuites offered by the server but OpenSSL would allow use of unlisted ciphersuites. The original reporters of the bug were the security researchers Nimrod Aviram and Sebastian Schinzel.
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The command can be used for a variety of purposes. For plain-copying commands it tends to be slower than the domain-specific alternatives, but it excels at its unique ability to "overwrite or truncate a file at any point or seek in a file", a fairly low-level interface to the Unix file API. The examples below assume the use of GNU dd, mainly in the block size argument. To make them portable, replace e.g.
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This resulted in "non-re-entrant" code that was often unreliable, leading to spurious storage violations and entire CICS system crashes. Originally, the entire partition, or Multiple Virtual Storage (MVS) region, operated with the same memory protection key including the CICS kernel code. Program corruption and CICS control block corruption was a frequent cause of system downtime. A software error in one application program could overwrite the memory (code or data) of one or all currently running application transactions.
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Rombertik employs several techniques to make ineering it difficult. Over 97% of the file is unnecessary code or data meant to overwhelm analysts. It loops through code hundreds of millions of times to delay execution, and checks for file names and user names used by Malware Analysis Sandboxes. If Rombertik detects a modification in the compile time or binary resource in memory, it attempts to overwrite the Master Boot Record (MBR) on the primary hard drive.
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Uninitialized variables are powerful bugs since they can be exploited to leak arbitrary memory or to achieve arbitrary memory overwrite or to gain code execution, depending on the case. When exploiting a software which utilizes address space layout randomization, it is often required to know the base address of the software in memory. Exploiting an uninitialized variable in a way to force the software to leak a pointer from its address space can be used to bypass ASLR.
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This vulnerability has been solved by an update from Nokia. In theory smartphones have an advantage over hard drives since the OS files are in ROM, and cannot be changed by malware. However, in some systems it was possible to circumvent this: in the Symbian OS it was possible to overwrite a file with a file of the same name. On the Windows OS, it was possible to change a pointer from a general configuration file to an editable file.
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In version control systems file locking is used to prevent two users changing the same file version in parallel and then when saving, the second user to overwrite what first user changed. This is implemented by marking locked files as read-only in the file system. A user wanting to change the file performs an unlock (also called checkout) operation, and until a check-in (store) operation is done, or the lock is reverted, nobody else is allowed to unlock the file.
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In NixOS, the entire operating system – the kernel, applications, system packages, configuration files, and so on – is built by the Nix package manager from a description in a functional build language. This means that building a new configuration cannot overwrite previous configurations. A NixOS system is configured by writing a specification of the functionality that the user wants on their machine in a global configuration file. For instance, here is a minimal configuration of a machine running an SSH daemon: { boot.loader.grub.
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A data entry operator reentered the record and the keypunch compared the new keystrokes with those loaded into the buffer. If a discrepancy occurred the operator was given a chance to reenter that keystroke and ultimately overwrite the entry in the buffer. If all keystrokes matched the original card, it was passed through and received a verification punch. If corrections were required, then the operator was prompted to discard the original card and insert a fresh card on which corrected keystrokes were typed.
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During any drawing operation, there is a source (the pixels being produced by the paint) and a destination (the pixels already onscreen). Normally, the source pixels simply overwrite the destination pixels, but the composite allows this behavior to be changed. The composite, given the source and destination pixels, produces the final result that ultimately ends up onscreen. The most common composite is ', which can treat the pixels being drawn as partially transparent, so that the destination pixels show through to some degree.
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In Picasa 2 and earlier versions, changes to pictures made in Picasa overwrite the original file, but a backup version of the original is saved in a hidden folder named "Originals" in the same folder as the original picture (`.picasaoriginals` on Mac OS X). In Picasa 3, changes to pictures made in Picasa are saved to a hidden file `picasa.ini` in the same folder as the original picture. This allows multiple edits to be performed without altering the original image.
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The canvas outputs the contents of the Timeline. To add clips to the Timeline, besides dragging them there, it is possible to drag clips from the Browser or Viewer onto the Canvas, whereupon the so-called 'edit overlay' appears. The edit overlay has seven drop zones, into which clips can be dragged in order to perform different edits. The default is the 'overwrite' edit, which overwrites at an in point or the space occupied after the playhead with the incoming clip.
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This was later changed to typing a number directly, although typing a number in a cell that already contains one appends to it rather than overwrite it.Tuxtraining.com (March 23, 2008) Oleo: a commandline spreadsheet Graphics are drawn using the device-independent library libplot, the centerpiece of the GNU plotutils. Oleo offers spreadsheet access to the GNU Scientific Library, a large collection of mathematical functions. It also offers some database connectivity, allowing access to MySQL database via queries, Xbase and DBF file access.
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At the beginning of the 17th century Benndorf is in possession of the lords of Ende, of which Wolf was said to be a good farmer and of Ende (from the album of the manors of Saxony). To mention here that in 1600 in Frohburg – not in the castle – a noble family Georg Ende lived. In manor archive is a larger piece files, overwrite "Acta Judicialia from 1755". Already on 20 January 1669 writes there on page 52 Eberhard sleep.
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Some interfaces use an underscore or thin vertical bar to indicate that the user is in insert mode, a mode where text will be inserted in the middle of the existing text, and a larger block to indicate that the user is in overtype mode, where inserted text will overwrite existing text. In this way, a block cursor may be seen as a piece of selected text one character wide, since typing will replace the text "in" the cursor with the new text.
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In December 2004, a large number of Web sites were defaced by the Santy worm, which used vulnerabilities in outdated versions of phpBB2 to overwrite PHP and HTML pages. Although these were the result of outdated versions of PHP and phpBB, incidents like these have caused the security of phpBB to be disputed. There have also been a few times where new releases of phpBB have come out a few days apart, most recently with version 3.2.7 in May 2019.
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EDU25 required an additional 4K memory bank (for a minimum of 12K) because the code contained a disk device driver and a filesystem handler. While running, EDU20 and EDU25 were self-contained programs that didn't use any OS/8 system calls. Immediately upon being invoked from the OS/8 command interpreter they would overwrite OS/8's entire resident portion - all 256 words of it. Upon startup, EDU25 would save the contents of memory to DECtape or disk and restore it when it exited.
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A programmer wants to allocate a buffer of 100 bytes of memory while debugging. The system memory allocating routine will allocate 108 bytes instead, adding 4 leading and 4 trailing guard bytes, and return a pointer shifted by the 4 leading guard bytes to the right, hiding them from the programmer. The programmer should then work with the received pointer without the knowledge of the presence of the guard bytes. If the programmer's algorithm writes right outside the assigned space, it will overwrite the guard bytes.
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However, in both the OS X and SourceForge srm implementations, the behaviour of unlinking but not overwriting multi-linked files is always active, as long as the platform reports hard links. srm 1.2.8 on Mac OS X 10.9 has a `-n` option, which means "overwrite file, but do not rename or unlink it." However, if the file has multiple links, the multiple- link file data protection feature activates first, removing the file, even though the `-n` option specifies "do not rename or unlink the file".
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Gene drives may provide a powerful tool to restore balance of ecosystems by eliminating invasive species. Concerns regarding efficacy, unintended consequences in the target species as well as non-target species have been raised particularly in the potential for accidental release from laboratories into the wild. Scientists have proposed several safeguards for ensuring the containment of experimental gene drives including molecular, reproductive, and ecological. Many recommend that immunization and reversal drives be developed in tandem with gene drives in order to overwrite their effects if necessary.
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In 1996, Direct Overwrite technology was introduced for 90 mm discs eliminating the initial erase pass when writing. This requires special media. By default, magneto-optical drives verify information after writing it to the disc, and are able to immediately report any problems to the operating system. This means writing can actually take three times longer than reading, but it makes the media extremely reliable, unlike the CD-R or DVD-R media upon which data is written without any concurrent data integrity checking.
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They do have a will of their own and so far only two humanoid(amalgamated) types have been revealedVolume 5 ;Formation :A sealed dimension set in place using a Shikifu it acts not only as a means to hide from ordinary people but can be spread out depending on the Shikifu to cover the entire country if needed. Inside a formation of the corresponding season, spells powers increase and you can detect other Shiki Tsukai and Kijyuu. A stronger Shiki Tsukai can overwrite a weaker formation.
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The MBR contains code necessary to boot the Operating System, as well as information about where partitions are stored on the hard drive. Though the user's data remains on the hard drive, the Operating System is unable to access it without the MBR. In some cases, it may be possible to recover data from a hard drive with a modified MBR. If the malware does not have the necessary permissions to overwrite the MBR, it instead encrypts each file in the victim's home directory.
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Dartmouth BASIC and HP-BASIC limited variable names to at most two characters (either a single letter or a letter followed by one digit; e.g., A to Z9). MS-BASIC allowed variable names of a letter followed by an optional letter or digit (e.g., A to ZZ) but ignored subsequent characters: thus it was possible to inadvertently write a program with variables "LOSS" and "LOAN", which would be treated as being the same; assigning a value to "LOAN" would silently overwrite the value intended as "LOSS".
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A wordfilter (sometimes referred to as just "filter" or "censor") is a script typically used on Internet forums or chat rooms that automatically scans users' posts or comments as they are submitted and automatically changes or censors particular words or phrases. The most basic wordfilters search only for specific strings of letters, and remove or overwrite them regardless of their context. More advanced wordfilters make some exceptions for context (such as filtering "butt" but not "butter"), and the most advanced wordfilters may use regular expressions.
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Childhood memory research is relatively recent, having gained significant amounts of scientific interest within the last two decades. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the mechanisms underpinning childhood memory. Until relatively recently, it was thought that children have only a very general memory and that “overwrite mechanisms” prevented the later retrieval of early memories. Newer research suggests that very young children do remember novel events, and these events can be recalled in detail from as young as two and a half years old.
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During the shutdown process, Tails will overwrite most of the used RAM to avoid a cold boot attack. An emergency shutdown can be triggered by physically removing the medium where Tails is installed: a watchdog monitors the status of the boot medium, and if removed the memory erasing process begins immediately; this might break the file system of the persistence volume, if set up. Tails tracks Debian stable for robust security updates support and uses the latest kernel from Backports for supporting newer hardware.
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Generally, these types of attacks arise when an adversary manipulates the call stack by taking advantage of a bug in the program, often a buffer overrun. In a buffer overrun, a function that does not perform proper bounds checking before storing user-provided data into memory will accept more input data than it can store properly. If the data is being written onto the stack, the excess data may overflow the space allocated to the function's variables (e.g., "locals" in the stack diagram to the right) and overwrite the return address.
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This address will later be used by the function to redirect control flow back to the caller. If it has been overwritten, control flow will be diverted to the location specified by the new return address. In a standard buffer overrun attack, the attacker would simply write attack code (the "payload") onto the stack and then overwrite the return address with the location of these newly written instructions. Until the late 1990s, major operating systems did not offer any protection against these attacks; Microsoft Windows provided no buffer-overrun protections until 2004.
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On 25 June 1975, a state of emergency was declared by the President of India, Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, upon the advice of Prime Minister Gandhi. The government argued that the political disorder was a threat to national security. Using the sweeping powers granted by the emergency decree, thousands of opposition leaders and activists were arrested, press censorship was introduced and elections were postponed. During this period, Gandhi's Congress (R) used its parliamentary majority to amend the Indian Constitution and overwrite the law that she had been found guilty of violating.
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The original "Your computer is now stoned. Legalise Marijuana" was thought to have been written by a university student in Wellington, New Zealand."The early days", History of Malware This initial version appears to have been written by someone with experience only with IBM PC 360KB floppy drives, as it misbehaves on the IBM AT 1.2MB floppy, or on systems with more than 96 files in the root directory. On higher capacity disks, such as 1.2 MB disks, the original boot sector may overwrite a portion of the directory.
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Shamoon was designed to erase and overwrite hard drive data with a corrupted image and report the addresses of infected computers back to the computer inside the company's network. The malware had a logic bomb which triggered the master boot record and data wiping payload at 11:08am local time on Wednesday, August, 15. The attack occurred during the month of Ramadan in 2012. It would appear that the attack was timed to occur after most staff had gone on holiday reducing the chance of discovery before maximum damage could be caused, hampering recovery.
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Then the information is written on the crystalline phase, by heating spots of it with short (<10 ns), high- intensity laser pulses; the material locally melts and is quickly cooled, remaining in the amorphous phase. As the amorphous phase has lower reflectivity than the crystalline phase, the bitstream can be recorded as "dark" amorphous spots on the crystalline background. At low linear velocities, clusters of crystalline material can exist in the amorphous spots. Another similar material is GeSbTe, offering a lower linear density, but with higher overwrite cycles by 1-2 orders of magnitude.
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Light Intensity Modulated Direct OverWrite (LIMDOW) technology used a different write technology, which improved on the performance levels of earlier magneto-optical devices. LIMDOW disks and drives worked on the same basic principle as a standard magneto- optical drive: the write surface is heated up and took on a magnetic force applied from outside. But instead of using a magnetic head in the drive to make the changes, the magnets were built into the disk itself. The LIMDOW disk has two magnetic layers just behind the reflective writing surface.
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Finally, the player uses a Pokémon with the "Surf" move to travel up and down the eastern shore of the island until a MissingNo. appears. These events manipulate the game's random encounter system to generate a Pokémon with an invalid identifier. Each area within the game assigns values to a data buffer to represent the Pokémon that can be encountered in that area. However, some areas—such as Cinnabar Island—do not overwrite the data in this buffer, so the data from the previous area is used instead.
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Particularly troublesome with software upgrades are upgrades of configuration files. Since package managers, at least on Unix systems, originated as extensions of file archiving utilities, they can usually only either overwrite or retain configuration files, rather than applying rules to them. There are exceptions to this that usually apply to kernel configuration (which, if broken, will render the computer unusable after a restart). Problems can be caused if the format of configuration files changes; for instance, if the old configuration file does not explicitly disable new options that should be disabled.
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This concept of sharing memory is a significant source of problems and crashes. If an application program writes incorrect data into these shared locations, it could cause QuickDraw to crash, thereby causing the computer to crash. Likewise, any problem in QuickDraw could cause it to overwrite data in the application, once again leading to crashes. In the case of a single-application operating system this was not a fatal limitation, because in that case a problem in either would require the application, or computer, to be restarted anyway.
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Although designed during the Meme Wars to disable other memes, principally One True, Dave's story explained that every version of Freecyber had "mutated" into as controlling a meme as the ones it was intended to fight. Enraged, Currie attacks Dave, and is on the verge of killing him when Dave shouts "let overwrite, let override", disabling Currie, and flees. Upon regaining consciousness, Currie finds his Resuna fully functional, though still unable to contact with One True. He pursues Dave, arriving at the original lair to discover him already captured by a large team of hunters.
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Some systems load Option ROMs during firmware updates, allowing the malware in a Thunderbolt device's Option ROM to potentially overwrite the SPI flash ROM containing the system's boot firmware. In February 2015, Apple issued a Security Update to Mac OS X to eliminate the vulnerability of loading Option ROMs during firmware updates, although the system is still vulnerable to Option ROM attacks during normal boots. Firmware-enforced boot security measures, such as UEFI Secure Boot (which specifies the enforcement of signatures or hash whitelists of Option ROMs) are designed to mitigate this kind of attack.
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Initially, Novell published a development toolkit for NLM programming including kernel API documentation and a C compiler (Watcom), but third-party support for the NLM executable function was very limited. In early NetWare versions (prior to v4.x), all processes were executed in the kernel address space, without specific memory protection. It was therefore possible for bugs in NLMs to overwrite the kernel's or other NLM's address space and ultimately crash the server -- in the mainframe-derived Novell terminology, this was known as an ABEND or ABnormal END.
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In total, there are ten territories in Australia, with internal territories being on the Australian mainland, and external territories being sovereign territories offshore. Every state and internal territory, excluding the Jervis Bay Territory, has its own executive government, legislative branch, and judicial system. State and territory governments have executive authority to legislate on matters concerning their citizens, with the only limitations being on subjects of national importance, such as defence and foreign policy. Each state and internal territory also has its own legislature, although the federal government can overwrite any territory legislation.
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A passive archive will simply store what it receives, and potentially overwrite the same thing when it is received again with changes but the same (unique) identifiers. This is insufficient in a production operation, where mistakes are made, and it is necessary to correct patient demographics, or correct mistakes (wrong patient or request or side was selected during an exam and incorrect information present in the image headers). Standards exist that cover some use cases, such as IHE Patient Information Reconciliation (PIR) and Imaging Object Change Management (IOCM).
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Due to problems with Windows applications being able to overwrite system files in Windows 95, Microsoft has since implemented a number of security measures to protect system files from malicious attacks, corruptions, or problems such as DLL hell. System File Checker was first introduced on Windows 98 as a GUI utility. It offered scanning and restoration of corrupted system files by matching the version number against a database containing the original version number of the files in a fresh Windows 98 installation. This method of file protection was basic.
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A drive with a different encoding mechanism would need different patterns. Most of the patterns in the Gutmann method were designed for older MFM/RLL encoded disks. Gutmann himself has noted that more modern drives no longer use these older encoding techniques, making parts of the method irrelevant. He said "In the time since this paper was published, some people have treated the 35-pass overwrite technique described in it more as a kind of voodoo incantation to banish evil spirits than the result of a technical analysis of drive encoding techniques".
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This makes it susceptible to attacks in which an intruder can flood the log by generating a large number of new events. A partial defense against this is to increase the maximum log size so that a greater number of events will be required to flood the log. It is possible to set the log to not overwrite old events, but as Chris Benton notes, "the only problem is that NT has a really bad habit of crashing when its logs become full".Auditing Windows NT, Chris Benton.
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Any changes made by a writer will not be seen by other users of the database until the changes have been completed (or, in database terms: until the transaction has been committed.) When an MVCC database needs to update a piece of data, it will not overwrite the original data item with new data, but instead creates a newer version of the data item. Thus there are multiple versions stored. The version that each transaction sees depends on the isolation level implemented. The most common isolation level implemented with MVCC is snapshot isolation.
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The item's right-hand key value is the starting byte offset of the extent. This makes for efficient seeks in large files with many extents, because the correct extent for any given file offset can be computed with just one tree lookup. Snapshots and cloned files share extents. When a small part of a large such extent is overwritten, the resulting copy-on-write may create three new extents: a small one containing the overwritten data, and two large ones with unmodified data on either side of the overwrite.
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Secure cookies are a type of HTTP cookie that have Secure attribute set, which limits the scope of the cookie to "secure" channels (where "secure" is defined by the user agent, typically web browser). When a cookie has the Secure attribute, the user agent will include the cookie in an HTTP request only if the request is transmitted over a secure channel (typically HTTPS). Although seemingly useful for protecting cookies from active network attackers, the Secure attribute protects only the cookie's confidentiality. An active network attacker can overwrite Secure cookies from an insecure channel, disrupting their integrity.
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Disk cleaning utilities use a variety of methods to overwrite the existing data on disks (see data remanence). The effectiveness of disk cleaning utilities as anti-forensic tools is often challenged as some believe they are not completely effective. Experts who don't believe that disk cleaning utilities are acceptable for disk sanitization base their opinions of current DOD policy, which states that the only acceptable form of sanitization is degaussing. (See National Industrial Security Program.) Disk cleaning utilities are also criticized because they leave signatures that the file system was wiped, which in some cases is unacceptable.
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The total time covered by an RRA can be calculated as follows: time covered = (#CDPs stored) x (#PDPs per CDP) x (step time length) After this time the archive will "wrap around": the next insertion will overwrite the oldest entry. This behavior in this context is referred to as "round-robin" and is the reason for the program's name. However this is different from the common computer science definition, which is a method of distributing resources among multiple consumers or processes. To cover several timespans and/or use several consolidation functions, an RRD file may contain multiple RRAs.
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Many data eradication programs also provide multiple overwrites so that they support recognized government and industry standards, though a single-pass overwrite is widely considered to be sufficient for modern hard disk drives. Good software should provide verification of data removal, which is necessary for meeting certain standards. To protect the data on lost or stolen media, some data erasure applications remotely destroy the data if the password is incorrectly entered. Data erasure tools can also target specific data on a disk for routine erasure, providing a hacking protection method that is less time-consuming than software encryption.
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Even though it is possible to use any file system one likes, very few perform well on DVD-RAM. This is because some file systems frequently overwrite data on the disc and the table of contents is contained at the start of the disc. Windows Vista (and later) implement the CPRM data protection and thus discs formatted under Windows XP (or earlier) have compatibility issues with Vista onwards (and vice versa). The classic Mac OS up to 9.2 can read and write HFS, HFS+, FAT, and UDF formatted DVD-RAM discs directly. In Mac OS X (versions 10.0.x through 10.4.
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New for LTO-3 was write once read many (WORM) capability. This is normally only useful for legal record keeping. An LTO-3 or later drive will not erase or overwrite data on a WORM cartridge, but will read it. A WORM cartridge is identical to a normal tape cartridge of the same generation with the following exceptions: the cartridge memory identifies it to the drive as WORM, the servo tracks are slightly different to allow verification that data has not been modified, the bottom half of the cartridge shell is gray, and it may come with tamper-proof screws.
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Examples of payloads include randomly moving the mouse cursor slightly, opening up satirical Google searches such as "how to remove a virus" and "how to get money" on the user's web browser, and opening various random Microsoft Windows programs (such as the calculator or command prompt). True to the program's name, many parts of the virus are based on Internet memes; for example, the virus overwrites the boot sector with an animation of Nyan Cat. A benign version was later created by Leurak. This safe version allows toggling on and off specific payloads and will not overwrite the boot sector upon restart.
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DEP runs in two modes: hardware-enforced DEP for CPUs that can mark memory pages as nonexecutable, and software- enforced DEP with a limited prevention for CPUs that do not have hardware support. Software-enforced DEP does not protect from execution of code in data pages, but instead from another type of attack (SEH overwrite). Hardware- enforced DEP enables the NX bit on compatible CPUs, through the automatic use of PAE kernel in 32-bit Windows and the native support on 64-bit kernels. Software DEP, while unrelated to the NX bit, is what Microsoft calls their enforcement of "Safe Structured Exception Handling".
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Substantial criticism has followed, primarily dealing with the lack of any concrete examples of significant amounts of overwritten data being recovered. Although Gutmann's theory may be correct, there is no practical evidence that overwritten data can be recovered, while research has shown to support that overwritten data cannot be recovered. Solid-state drives (SSD) overwrite data differently from hard disk drives (HDD) which makes at least some of their data easier to recover. Most SSDs use flash memory to store data in pages and blocks, referenced by logical block addresses (LBA) which are managed by the flash translation layer (FTL).
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The DSS file format stores voice audio data in a highly compressed format that allows basic recording functionality (such as recording, playing, rewinding, etc.) as well as the ability to record in either insert or overwrite mode making it ideal for dictation. This along with ability to include additional information in the file header for the transcriptionist including priority mark, author, job type, etc. DSS is a format designed specifically for speech, equivalent to MP3 for music. In contrast with MP3, however, the quality usually is as low as possible, to minimize the size of the file.
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While an application could not beneficially utilize a sister application's heap, it could certainly destroy it, typically by inadvertently writing to a nonsense address. An application accidentally treating a fragment of text or image, or an unassigned location as a pointer could easily overwrite the code or data of other applications or even the OS, leaving "lurkers" even after the program was exited. Such problems could be extremely difficult to analyze and correct. Switcher evolved into MultiFinder in System 4.2, which became the Process Manager in System 7, and by then the scheme was long entrenched.
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Internet Explorer 9 uses layered protection against malware. It uses technical measures to protect its memory like the DEP/NSX protection, Safe Exception handlers (SafeSEH) and ASLR protection used in Internet Explorer 8. In addition to those existing forms of memory protection, Internet Explorer 9 now opts-in to SEHOP (Structured Exception Handler Overwrite Protection) which works by validating the integrity of the exception handling chain before dispatching exceptions. This helps ensure that structured exception handling cannot be used as an exploit vector, even when running outdated browser add- ons that have not been recompiled to take advantage of SafeSEH.
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It may sometimes be allowed to alter a static block of storage, and sometimes not, depending upon the current mode of execution, which may or may not depend on a storage key or supervisor state. It is generally not advisable to use this method of memory protection where adequate facilities exist on a CPU, as this takes valuable processing power from the computer. However, it is generally used for debugging and testing purposes to provide an extra fine level of granularity to otherwise generic storage violations and can indicate precisely which instruction is attempting to overwrite the particular section of storage which may have the same storage key as unprotected storage.
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A packet capture appliance with permanent storage is ideal for network forensics and permanent record-keeping purposes because the data captured cannot be overwritten, altered or deleted. The only drawback of permanent storage is that eventually the appliance becomes full and requires replacement. Packet capture appliances with overwritable storage are easier to manage because once they reach capacity they will start overwriting the oldest captured data with the new, however, network administrators run the risk of losing important capture data when it gets overwritten. In general, packet capture appliances with overwrite capabilities are useful for simple monitoring or testing purposes, for which a permanent record is not necessary.
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British author H. G. Wells' 1895 novel The Time Machine, an early example of time travel in modern fiction Technically, alternative histories as a result of time travel are not parallel universes: while multiple parallel universes can co-exist simultaneously, only one history or alternative history can exist at any one moment, as alternative history usually involves, in essence, overriding the original timeline with a new one. As a result, travel between alternative histories is not possible without reverting the timeline back to the original. There are exceptions to the above, and an alternate history doesn't necessarily overwrite the old one. There are no rules written in stone regarding this.
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Many games are flexible and allow this, however that is not always the case. Some add-ons occasionally have to replace in-game content, due to the nature of a peculiar game engine. It may be the case, for example, that in a game which does not give a player the option to choose their character, modders wishing to add another player model will simply have to overwrite the old one. A famous example of this type of mod can be found for the Grand Theft Auto series wherein modders may use downloadable tools to replace content (such as models) in the game's directory.
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In this exploit, part of an attack is sent in fragments along with additional random data; future fragments may overwrite the random data with the remainder of the attack. If the completed packet is not properly reassembled at the IDS, the attack will go undetected. ; IP fragmentation buffer full: The IP fragmentation buffer full exploit occurs when there is an excessive amount of incomplete fragmented traffic detected on the protected network. This could be due to an excessive number of incomplete fragmented packets, a large number of fragments for individual packets or a combination of quantity of incomplete packets and size/number of fragments in each packet.
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The notion of non-malleable codes was introduced in 2010 by Dziembowski, Pietrzak, and Wichs, for relaxing the notion of error-correction and error- detection. Informally, a code is non-malleable if the message contained in a modified code-word is either the original message, or a completely unrelated value. Non-malleable codes provide a useful and meaningful security guarantee in situations where traditional error-correction and error-detection is impossible; for example, when the attacker can completely overwrite the encoded message. Although such codes do not exist if the family of "tampering functions" F is completely unrestricted, they are known to exist for many broad tampering families F.
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Fandango on core is a computer programming term for the effects of a pointer running out of bounds, often leading to a core dump, or failures in other seemingly unrelated processes. In extreme situations, fandango on core may lead to the overwriting of operating system code, possibly causing data loss or system crashes. The advent of protected memory means that while a program cannot overwrite the memory of other programs, a loose pointer can still cause strange behaviour within the application. The term presumably comes from the programmer imagining the program following the wild pointer and dancing a fandango on the core (an older term for memory) of a program.
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Anyone who can gain Administrators access can overwrite, override or change the Data Recovery Agent configuration. This is a very serious issue, since an attacker can for example hack the Administrator account (using third-party tools), set whatever DRA certificate they want as the Data Recovery Agent and wait. This is sometimes referred to as a two-stage attack, which is a significantly different scenario than the risk due to a lost or stolen PC, but which highlights the risk due to malicious insiders. When the user encrypts files after the first stage of such an attack, the FEKs are automatically encrypted with the designated DRA's public key.
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A related problem is the use of absolute paths or parent directory references when creating tar files. Files extracted from such archives will often be created in unusual locations outside the working directory and, like a tarbomb, have the potential to overwrite existing files. However, modern versions of FreeBSD and GNU tar do not create or extract absolute paths and parent-directory references by default, unless it is explicitly allowed with the flag or the option . The bsdtar program, which is also available on many operating systems and is the default tar utility on Mac OS X v10.6, also does not follow parent-directory references or symbolic links.
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Jefferson, North Carolina, Mcfarland Publishers, 2014. To all political generals Patterson attributed a tendency of insubordination, as they frequently used their political connections to overwrite particular orders from their superiors. In addition, several generals, including Logan and Blair, left their commands to take part in the 1864 presidential campaign on behalf of Lincoln to the displeasure of professional soldiers. Lincoln as commander-in-chief experienced problems not only with political generals, but with professional West-Pointers as well, as they all were unable to realize on the battlefield the decisive Union's advantage regarding manpower and military resources until Ulysses S. Grant became the general-in-chief in March 1864.
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A disk cloning program needs to be able to read even protected operating system files on the source disk, and must guarantee that the system is in a consistent state at the time of reading. It must also overwrite any operating system already present on the destination disk. To simplify these tasks, most disk cloning programs can run under an operating system different from the native operating system of the host computer, for example, MS-DOS or an equivalent such as PC DOS or DR-DOS, or Linux. The computer is booted from this operating system, the cloning program is loaded and copies the computer's file system.
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Bell's critique lies at the heart of feminist concerns about this debate, namely a tendency to "disregard, reinterpret, and overwrite women's subjective descriptions." For some, she states, it is more a matter of belief than of physiology. Bell further questions why feminists have not been more outspoken in defense of women's control over female ejaculation, pointing out that the literature frames the discussion in only five separate ways; procreation, sexual pleasure, deviance, pathology, and a scientific mystery. The discussion entered popular culture in 1982 with the publication of the best-selling book The G Spot and Other Recent Discoveries About Human Sexuality, by Ladas, Whipple, and Perry.
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Circular Buffers use FIFO (First In, First Out) logic. In the example 1 & 2 were the first to enter the Circular Buffer, they are the first to be removed, leaving 3 inside of the Buffer. :250px If the buffer has 7 elements, then it is completely full: :250px A property of the circular buffer is that when it is full and a subsequent write is performed, then it starts overwriting the oldest data. In the current example, two more elements -- A & B -- are added and they overwrite the 3 & 4: :250px Alternatively, the routines that manage the buffer could prevent overwriting the data and return an error or raise an exception.
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Some USB drives utilize hardware encryption in which microchips within the USB drive provide automatic and transparent encryption.Hierarchical Management with b² cryptography , GoldKey (Accessed January 2019) Some manufacturers offer drives that require a pin code to be entered into a physical keypad on the device before allowing access to the drive. The cost of these USB drives can be significant but is starting to fall due to this type of USB drive gaining popularity. Hardware systems may offer additional features, such as the ability to automatically overwrite the contents of the drive if the wrong password is entered more than a certain number of times.
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Functional programming languages often discourage or don't support explicit in-place algorithms that overwrite data, since this is a type of side effect; instead, they only allow new data to be constructed. However, good functional language compilers will often recognize when an object very similar to an existing one is created and then the old one is thrown away, and will optimize this into a simple mutation "under-the-hood". Note that it is possible in principle to carefully construct in-place algorithms that don't modify data (unless the data is no longer being used), but this is rarely done in practice. See purely functional data structures.
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There is also much more control over quality and frame rate allowing disk space usage to be optimized and the DVR can also be set to overwrite the oldest security footage should the disk become full. In some DVR security systems remote access to security footage using a PC can also be achieved by connecting the DVR to a LAN network or the Internet. Some of the latest professional digital video recorders include video analytics firmware, to enable functionality such as 'virtual tripwire' or even the detection of abandoned objects on the scene. Security DVRs may be categorized as being either PC-based or embedded.
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For DOS remote boot to work, the RPL boot loader is loaded into the client's memory over the network before the operating system starts. Without special precautions the operating system could easily overwrite the RPL code during boot, since the RPL code resides in unallocated memory (typically at the top of the available conventional memory). The RPL code hides and thereby protects itself from being overwritten by hooking INT 12h and reducing the memory reported by this BIOS service by its own size. INT 12h is used by DOS to query the amount of available memory when initializing its own real-mode memory allocation scheme.
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Shadow stacks provide more protection for return addresses than stack canaries, which rely on the secrecy of the canary value and are vulnerable to non-contiguous write attacks. Shadow stacks themselves can be protected with guard pages or with information hiding, such that an attacker would also need to locate the shadow stack to overwrite a return address stored there. Like stack canaries, shadow stacks do not protect stack data other than return addresses, and so offer incomplete protection against security vulnerabilities that result from memory safety errors. In 2016, Intel announced upcoming hardware support for shadow stacks with their Control-flow Enforcement Technology.
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Forensic disk controllers intercept write commands from the host operating system, preventing them from reaching the drive. Whenever the host bus architecture supports it the controller reports that the drive is read-only. The disk controller can either deny all writes to the disk and report them as failures, or use on-board memory to cache the writes for the duration of the session. A disk controller that caches writes in memory presents the appearance to the operating system that the drive is writable, and uses the memory to ensure that the operating system sees changes to the individual disk sectors it attempted to overwrite.
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Exploiting the behavior of a buffer overflow is a well- known security exploit. On many systems, the memory layout of a program, or the system as a whole, is well defined. By sending in data designed to cause a buffer overflow, it is possible to write into areas known to hold executable code and replace it with malicious code, or to selectively overwrite data pertaining to the program's state, therefore causing behavior that was not intended by the original programmer. Buffers are widespread in operating system (OS) code, so it is possible to make attacks that perform privilege escalation and gain unlimited access to the computer's resources.
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The "jump to register" technique allows for reliable exploitation of stack buffer overflows without the need for extra room for a NOP-sled and without having to guess stack offsets. The strategy is to overwrite the return pointer with something that will cause the program to jump to a known pointer stored within a register which points to the controlled buffer and thus the shellcode. For example, if register A contains a pointer to the start of a buffer then any jump or call taking that register as an operand can be used to gain control of the flow of execution. An instruction from ntdll.
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Microsoft Windows XP SP2 Data Execution Prevention Eventually, operating systems began to combat the exploitation of buffer overflow bugs by marking the memory where data is written as non-executable, a technique known as executable space protection. With this enabled, the machine would refuse to execute any code located in user-writable areas of memory, preventing the attacker from placing payload on the stack and jumping to it via a return address overwrite. Hardware support later became available to strengthen this protection. With data execution prevention, an adversary cannot execute maliciously injected instructions because a typical buffer overflow overwrites contents in the data section of memory, which is marked as non-executable.
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A memory-resident virus (or simply "resident virus") installs itself as part of the operating system when executed, after which it remains in RAM from the time the computer is booted up to when it is shut down. Resident viruses overwrite interrupt handling code or other functions, and when the operating system attempts to access the target file or disk sector, the virus code intercepts the request and redirects the control flow to the replication module, infecting the target. In contrast, a non-memory-resident virus (or "non-resident virus"), when executed, scans the disk for targets, infects them, and then exits (i.e. it does not remain in memory after it is done executing).
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With this kiss, she takes his powers that seemingly overwrite her own, ridding her of her 'death touch' through several of the books (this also affects Rogue's appearance, as she acquires black eyes with red irises). In the subsequent story arc Date Night,Ultimate X-Men #66-69 (March–June 2006) Rogue decides to rekindle her relationship with Iceman after she loses her virginity to him (something possible due to her being able to touch him now).Ultimate X-Men #66 (March 2006) During Ultimate X-Men Annual #2, Rogue speaks to Professor Xavier about her concerns regarding Gambit's powers still remaining. Xavier theorizes this is only a temporary change, and her powers will return within time.
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As with all file system metadata, user expectations about MAC times can be violated by programs which are not metadata-aware. Some file- copying utilities will explicitly set MAC times of the new copy to match those of the original file, while programs that simply create a new file, read the contents of the original, and write that data into the new copy, will produce new files whose times do not match those of the original. Some programs, in an attempt to avoid losing data if a write operation is interrupted, avoid modifying existing files. Instead, the updated data is written to a new file, and the new file is moved to overwrite the original.
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By definition, cookies can only be considered to be stuffed when one or more is placed on a user's computer purely as a result of viewing a page, or more than one is added at a time as a result of a single click. Taken to the extreme dozens of cookies can be stuffed in a scattergun approach in the hope that the user will visit one of the several target affiliate sites and complete a qualifying transaction. Cookie stuffing is often referred to as a blackhat online marketing technique. This not only has the potential to generate fraudulent affiliate income for the cookie stuffer, but may also overwrite legitimate affiliate cookies, essentially stealing the commission from another affiliate.
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Windows XP offers enhancements for usability, resilience against corruption and performance of roaming user profiles.Enhancements to User Profiles in Windows Server 2003 and Windows XP There are new Group Policies to prevent propagation of roaming user profile changes to the server, give administrators control over users' profile folders and preventing the use of roaming user profiles on specific computers. To accommodate the scenario where an older profile would overwrite a newer server profile due to Windows XP's Fast Logon feature, Windows XP ensures in such a situation that the user registry hive is copied from the server to the local profile. Deletion of profiles marked for deletion at the next logoff does not fail for locked profiles.
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The other main issue was that early Macs lack a memory management unit (MMU), which precludes the possibility of several fundamental modern features. An MMU provides memory protection to ensure that programs cannot accidentally overwrite other program's memory, and provisions shared memory that allows data to be easily passed among libraries. Lacking shared memory, the API was instead written so the operating system and application shares all memory, which is what allows QuickDraw to examine the application's memory for settings like the line drawing mode or color. These limits meant that supporting the multitasking of more than one program at a time would be difficult, without rewriting all of this operating system and application code.
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However, under some file systems (e.g., NTFS, but not FAT), the file indexes (such as $MFTs under NTFS, inodes under ext2/3, etc.) may not be written to the same exact locations. And if the partition size is increased, even FAT file systems will overwrite more data at the beginning of that new partition. From the perspective of preventing the recovery of sensitive data through recovery tools, the data must either be completely overwritten (every sector) with random data before the format, or the format program itself must perform this overwriting, as the DOS `FORMAT` command did with floppy diskettes, filling every data sector with the format filler byte value (typically `0xF6`).
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MS-DOS 6.22a FORMAT /U switch failing to overwrite content of partition format command: Under MS-DOS, PC DOS, OS/2 and Microsoft Windows, disk formatting can be performed by the `format` command. The `format` program usually asks for confirmation beforehand to prevent accidental removal of data, but some versions of DOS have an undocumented `/AUTOTEST` option; if used, the usual confirmation is skipped and the format begins right away. The WM/FormatC macro virus uses this command to format drive C: as soon as a document is opened. Unconditional format: There is also the `/U` parameter that performs an unconditional format which under most circumstances overwrites the entire partition, preventing the recovery of data through software.
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Without ATP enabled or over-speed, the described incident may have been leading to fatalities and substantial damage, as the passengers noticed the unconscious driver, but could not stop the train by pulling the emergency-brake-handle. Using the NBÜ2004, as used in regional- and long-distance-trains, this would have been prevented, a "overwrite" response is needed, typically the "FÜ"(Filling) position of the automatic brake-lever, otherwise the trains brake-computer will perform an emergency-brake after 10 seconds. Equipment for this override (NBÜ) is necessary in tunnels above 1000 m. For regional trains, UIC 541-5 is not sufficient since 2011, long distance trains must at least be equipped with UIC 541-5.
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These beings were born to retrieve the Crystals for their father. It is implied that they also receive their summoning abilities from him, as their powers are not how a summoner's powers usually work: the Maenads overwrite the Code of the Eidolons by trapping them in another dimension and forcing them to serve their will, and by extension, The Creator's. Before meeting the Creator, the party encounters a child Maenad who opens the passage to his chambers. When the Creator begins to destroy the True Moon after being defeated, the party rescues the child as they escape, and the other Maenads protect them from the Creator by stating "that child is our future".
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An HD minidisc recorder will refuse to allow the digital transfer of an ordinary NET MD recording, and will only allow you one attempt at copying an original HD-minidisc recording that you have made. The transfer can only be done with the program "Sonic Stage" generally supplied with the recorder. Even when you do copy the original ATRAC file to the computer, it will only play on that particular computer and will also no longer play if you change the computer's operating system. Without effective circumvention, it is necessary to get Sonic Stage to produce a wave file, and to never overwrite your original minidisc, in order to adequately preserve whilst distributing your recording.
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Logical extraction usually does not produce any deleted information, due to it normally being removed from the phone's file system. However, in some cases—particularly with platforms built on SQLite, such as iOS and Android—the phone may keep a database file of information which does not overwrite the information but simply marks it as deleted and available for later overwriting. In such cases, if the device allows file system access through its synchronization interface, it is possible to recover deleted information. File system extraction is useful for understanding the file structure, web browsing history, or app usage, as well as providing the examiner with the ability to perform an analysis with traditional computer forensic tools.
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The result is ready for the 3rd instruction after the triggering instruction. Reading a result too early results in reading the result of a previously triggered operation, or in case no operation was triggered previously in the function unit, the read value is undefined. On the other hand, result must be read early enough to make sure the next operation result does not overwrite the yet unread result in the output port. Due to the abundance of programmer-visible processor context which practically includes, in addition to register file contents, also function unit pipeline register contents and/or function unit input and output ports, context saves required for external interrupt support can become complex and expensive to implement in a TTA processor.
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This translation tool would suggest different translations for a segment while providing the translator an opportunity to accept the suggested translation or overwrite it with their own translation, which in turn would trigger new potential translations to the tool. This is, however, not necessarily suitable for professional translators. Tools with post-edition facilities have also been developed as an intermediate field between typical MT and human translators in order to integrate MT and human translation and to achieve the desired results. The School of Informatics and the Machine Translation Group of the University of Edinburgh, created a research program, CAITRA, to analyze the benefits of different types of MTs and to explore the interaction between the machine and the user in order to develop new CAT tools.
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In addition to communicating with One True, Resuna monitors its host's thoughts and emotions, provides everyday information and communication, downloads requested memories or skills, adjusts their physiology, and, when offered the spoken code phrase "let overwrite, let override", can assume control of its host's body, and erase memories. Resuna learns its host's preferences and habits, is friendly and communicative, and can even play chess with its host or engage in other pastimes. Ten years before, Currie was the leader of a team of cowboy hunters who captured Lobo's cowboy gang after a long pursuit in which several of the team were killed and several, including Currie, badly injured. During their final confrontation, Currie sees Lobo fall from a high cliff, apparently to his death.
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In a language with free pointers or non-checked array writes (such as in C), the mixing of control flow data which affects the execution of code (the return addresses or the saved frame pointers) and simple program data (parameters or return values) in a call stack is a security risk, possibly exploitable through stack buffer overflows as the most common type of buffer overflows. One of such attacks involves filling one buffer with arbitrary executable code, and then overflowing the same or some other buffer to overwrite some return address with a value that points directly to the executable code. As a result, when the function returns, the computer executes that code. This kind of an attack can be easily blocked with W^X.
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The experiments were performed in the following way: Influence of the material properties in the house were tested. First a framework using BCVTB, EnergyPlus and MATLAB have been created so that the values can be sent to EnergyPlus online to overwrite the outside temperature. Secondly, a batch file is set up to do the following: # change the EnergyPlus input file with a different value of the material property # call BCVTB to run the co-simulation between EnergyPlus and MATLAB # run a script to calculate the MAE of the real and simulated indoor temperature # move to the next value of the range (if not finished) and go to (1). Following this procedure mean absolute error (MAE) can be calculated for all values of all ranges.
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The majority of the game follows a side-scrolling beat-'em-up format in which the player character (Billy) must engage in hand-to-hand combat against every enemy he encounters in order to proceed from one area to the next until reaching the end of each stage before his health runs out. Billy's basic attacks consists of a punch, a kick and a jump kick performed by pressing the A and B buttons simultaneously. The player can also arm Billy with one of three melee weapons dropped by certain enemies: a throwing knife, a club and a whip. If the player picks up a new weapon while Billy is still in possession of a previous one, the new weapon will overwrite the previous one.
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The BIOS option is disabled by default because the message may not be displayed correctly in graphics mode and blocking access to the MBR may cause problems with operating system setup programs or disk access, encryption or partitioning tools like FDISK, which may not have been written to be aware of that possibility, causing them to abort ungracefully and possibly leaving the disk partitioning in an inconsistent state. As an example, the malware NotPetya attempts to gain administrative privileges on an operating system, and then would attempt to overwrite the boot sector of a computer. The CIA has also developed malware that attempts to modify the boot sector in order to load additional drivers to be used by other malware.
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As SPDR attempts to fix Melissa, random dumps from Melissa's memory began to spill into the website, largely detailing Melissa's history and revealing the presence of a malicious Trojan-horse virus known as the "Pious Flea." The Spider tries to erase the Flea but is outwitted, as Melissa erases the Spider instead of the Flea. The Flea continues to overwrite Melissa's programming with its own mysterious goals, with it eventually being revealed that it is actually an espionage AI more properly called the Seeker, built by the Covenant. With the assistance of other characters revealed by audio chapters, the fictional protagonists break into a secure military installation and manage to deactivate a Forerunner device which is implied to begin the firing sequence of the Halo installations.
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Donizetti managed to retrieve the score of L'ange de Nisida from Joly's company and reworked it as La favorite (now more commonly known by its Italian title, La favorita) in September 1840 for a December premiere in Italy. To circumvent the Italian censors Donizetti agreed to plot modifications; La favorite is about a medieval King of Castile. A souvenir libretto from La favorita The presence and influence of L'ange is evident in Donizetti's autograph score of La favorite, which features "large chunks" of L'ange "cut up and interleaved" in which new character names and text for La favorite overwrite the old. The final page of L'ange was used as the final page of La favorite; therefore, both operas bear the same finish date on the last page.
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She suggested that he may have used fiction to allow him more freedom to explore these topics, away from the didactic requirements of non-fiction. In an episode of the Newsnight Review for the BBC, novelist Ian Rankin said he thought the book was "very well written but badly constructed" due to the conflation of a number of thriller cliches, and that the over-complicated plot obscured a great story. The A.V. Club suggested Carter had a tendency to overwrite, and too often strayed away from a "spellbinding" plot in the novel's exposition. Carter's writing style was noted for being at times dispassionate, and 'chilly', particularly when straying away from the more esoteric topics the novel covers and into the personal, with criticism of some descriptions (such as of a young child being "childlike").
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One workaround is to "pad out" the leading INFO chunk using dummy data (using a "dummy chunk" or "pad chunk") when the file is created. Later editing can then expand or contract the "dummy" field to keep the total size of the file header constant: an intelligently written piece of software can then overwrite just the file header when tagging data is changed, without modifying or moving the main body of the file. Some programs have tried to address the problem by placing the INFO chunk at the end of a media file, after the main body of the file. This has resulted in two different conventions for chunk placement, with the attendant risk that some combinations of software can cause a file's INFO data to be ignored or permanently overwritten during editing.
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Data erasure (sometimes referred to as data clearing, data wiping, or data destruction) is a software-based method of overwriting the data that aims to completely destroy all electronic data residing on a hard disk drive or other digital media by using zeros and ones to overwrite data onto all sectors of the device. By overwriting the data on the storage device, the data is rendered unrecoverable and achieves data sanitization. Ideally, software designed for data erasure should: #Allow for selection of a specific standard, based on unique needs, and #Verify the overwriting method has been successful and removed data across the entire device. Permanent data erasure goes beyond basic file deletion commands, which only remove direct pointers to the data disk sectors and make the data recovery possible with common software tools.
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Another key feature is that it takes a minimum of three playthroughs of the game's main story mode in order to uncover all of its secrets - although many criticize the game for the same reason. After each playthrough, a player is permitted to either continue with their existing game or to start a new game at a higher level of difficulty, although any save at a higher level of difficulty will overwrite a save of the lower level. Thus, it is very important for those players who want to collect all chips and power-ups to be sure that all blue/purple mystery datas and all V1 virus' chips and program advances have been collected before starting Level 2. The same is true for going on to Level 3.
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Minimal versions of BASIC had only integer variables and one- or two-letter variable names, which minimized requirements of limited and expensive memory (RAM). More powerful versions had floating- point arithmetic, and variables could be labelled with names six or more characters long. There were some problems and restrictions in early implementations; for example, Applesoft BASIC allowed variable names to be several characters long, but only the first two were significant, thus it was possible to inadvertently write a program with variables "LOSS" and "LOAN", which would be treated as being the same; assigning a value to "LOAN" would silently overwrite the value intended as "LOSS". Keywords could not be used in variables in many early BASICs; "SCORE" would be interpreted as "SC" OR "E", where OR was a keyword.
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The lookup table is used in different ways depending on the nature of the source data. There are 5 types to consider; three are included here: ;Type 1 :The dimension row is simply updated to match the current state of the source system; the warehouse does not capture history; the lookup table is used to identify the dimension row to update or overwrite ;Type 2 :A new dimension row is added with the new state of the source system; a new surrogate key is assigned; source key is no longer unique in the lookup table ;Fully logged :A new dimension row is added with the new state of the source system, while the previous dimension row is updated to reflect it is no longer active and time of deactivation.
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Thread-local storage (TLS) is a computer programming method that uses static or global memory local to a thread. While the use of global variables is generally discouraged in modern programming, legacy operating systems such as UNIX are designed for uniprocessor hardware and require some additional mechanism to retain the semantics of pre-reentrant APIs. An example of such situations is where functions use a global variable to set an error condition (for example the global variable `errno` used by many functions of the C library). If `errno` were a global variable, a call of a system function on one thread may overwrite the value previously set by a call of a system function on a different thread, possibly before following code on that different thread could check for the error condition.
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Windows 2000 and later do not use , they have the Logical Disk Manager feature, as well as . Unlike the programs for other operating systems, the programs for DOS and Windows 9x/Me not only alter data in the partition table, but will also overwrite many sectors of data in the partition itself. (However, to create an extended partition any partition editor must put extended boot records before each logical drive on the disk.) Users must be sure the correct disk/partition has been chosen before using a DOS/Windows for partitioning. The switch is undocumented but well known for repairing the master boot record. The supplied with Windows 95 does not report the correct size of a hard disk that is larger than 64 GB. An updated is available from Microsoft that corrects this.
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Since we no longer need `a`, we can instead overwrite it with its own reversal using this in-place algorithm which will only need constant number (2) of integers for the auxiliary variables `i` and `tmp`, no matter how large the array is. function reverse_in_place(a[0..n-1]) for i from 0 to floor((n-2)/2) tmp := a[i] a[i] := a[n − 1 − i] a[n − 1 − i] := tmp As another example, many sorting algorithms rearrange arrays into sorted order in-place, including: bubble sort, comb sort, selection sort, insertion sort, heapsort, and Shell sort. These algorithms require only a few pointers, so their space complexity is .The bit space requirement of a pointer is , but pointer size can be considered a constant in most sorting applications.
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The canonical heap overflow technique overwrites dynamic memory allocation linkage (such as `malloc` metadata) and uses the resulting pointer exchange to overwrite a program function pointer. For example, on older versions of Linux, two buffers allocated next to each other on the heap could result in the first buffer overwriting the second buffer's metadata. By setting the in-use bit to zero of the second buffer and setting the length to a small negative value which allows null bytes to be copied, when the program calls `free()` on the first buffer it will attempt to merge these two buffers into a single buffer. When this happens, the buffer that is assumed to be freed will be expected to hold two pointers FD and BK in the first 8 bytes of the formerly allocated buffer.
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Co- creators Jonathan Nolan and Lisa Joy Abrams suggested that the series be told with the perspective of the "hosts" in mind. Nolan took inspiration from video games like BioShock Infinite, Red Dead Redemption and The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim to deal with the narrative's moral component on a spectrum. During the research, the films of Sergio Leone provided reference points for the characters and visuals; novels by Philip K. Dick informed them about dilemmas concerning artificial intelligence, and for world-building and interlocking narrative, they consulted the Grand Theft Auto games. The idea that the data in the host's memories never really goes away unless they are physically removed, came from Nolan's engineer uncle, who told him the NSA would triple overwrite hard-drives and then drill holes in them to make sure all the information was destroyed.
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TRIM is a SATA command that enables the operating system to tell an SSD which blocks of previously saved data are no longer needed as a result of file deletions or volume formatting. When an LBA is replaced by the OS, as with an overwrite of a file, the SSD knows that the original LBA can be marked as stale or invalid and it will not save those blocks during garbage collection. If the user or operating system erases a file (not just remove parts of it), the file will typically be marked for deletion, but the actual contents on the disk are never actually erased. Because of this, the SSD does not know that it can erase the LBAs previously occupied by the file, so the SSD will keep including such LBAs in the garbage collection.
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Between them, these three products provided much needed third-party system software support for IBM's "flagship" teleprocessing product CICS, which survived for more than 20 years as a strategic product without any memory protection of its own. A single "rogue" application program (frequently by a buffer overflow) could accidentally overwrite data almost anywhere in the address space causing "down-time" for the entire teleprocessing system, possibly supporting thousands of remote terminals. This was despite the fact that much of the world's banking and other commerce relied heavily on CICS for secure transaction processing between 1970 and early 1990s. The difficulty in deciding which application program caused the problem was often insurmountable and frequently the system would be restarted without spending many hours investigated very large (and initially unformatted) "core dump"s requiring expert system programming support and knowledge.
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Some debuggers will automatically overwrite and destroy data that has been freed, usually with a specific pattern, such as `0xDEADBEEF` (Microsoft's Visual C/C++ debugger, for example, uses `0xCC`, `0xCD` or `0xDD` depending on what has been freedVisual C++ 6.0 memory-fill patterns). This usually prevents the data from being reused by making it useless and also very prominent (the pattern serves to show the programmer that the memory has already been freed). Tools such as Polyspace, TotalView, Valgrind, Mudflap,Mudflap Pointer Debugging AddressSanitizer, or tools based on LLVMDhurjati, D. and Adve, V. Efficiently Detecting All Dangling Pointer Uses in Production Servers can also be used to detect uses of dangling pointers. Other tools (SoftBound, Insure++, and CheckPointer) instrument the source code to collect and track legitimate values for pointers ("metadata") and check each pointer access against the metadata for validity.
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CIH targeted the then-widespread Intel i430TX motherboard chipset and took advantage of the fact that the Windows 9x operating systems, also widespread at the time, allowed direct hardware access to all programs. Modern systems are not vulnerable to CIH because of a variety of chipsets being used which are incompatible with the Intel i430TX chipset, and also other flash ROM IC types. There is also extra protection from accidental BIOS rewrites in the form of boot blocks which are protected from accidental overwrite or dual and quad BIOS equipped systems which may, in the event of a crash, use a backup BIOS. Also, all modern operating systems such as FreeBSD, Linux, macOS, Windows NT-based Windows OS like Windows 2000, Windows XP and newer, do not allow user-mode programs to have direct hardware access.
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Note that, because many ransomware attackers will not only encrypt the victim's live machine but it will also attempt to delete any hot backups stored locally or on accessible over the network on a NAS, it's also critical to maintain "offline" backups of data stored in locations inaccessible from any potentially infected computer, such as external storage drives or devices that do not have any access to any network (including the Internet), prevents them from being accessed by the ransomware. Moreover, if using a NAS or Cloud storage, then the computer should have append-only permission to the destination storage, such that it cannot delete or overwrite previous backups. Installing security updates issued by software vendors can mitigate the vulnerabilities leveraged by certain strains to propagate. Other measures include cyber hygiene − exercising caution when opening e-mail attachments and links, network segmentation, and keeping critical computers isolated from networks.
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However, there were a few former members of Cadmus who were still against the Justice League, such as Tala, who ends up joining Gorrila Grodd's Secret Society and General Eiling. Project Cadmus was responsible for creating the characters Galatea (a clone of Supergirl who resembles Power Girl), Doomsday, the Royal Flush Gang, Volcana, the Ultimen (a team of genetically engineered heroes who are a pastiche of several heroes created for the Super Friends series) and ultimately Terry McGinnis (Batman II). When the Joker took the Royal Flush Gang from Cadmus, he also stole some technology he would later use to overwrite his DNA into Tim Drake during Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker as explained in Epilogue. Elements of the organization were later brought together to initiate 'Project Batman Beyond', to ensure that, in some form or another, there "would always be a Batman".
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Some window managers may be able to treat the foreground window in an entirely different way, by rendering it indirectly, and sending its output to the video card to be added to the outgoing raster. While this technique may be possible to accomplish within some stacking window managers, it is technically compositing, with the foreground window and the screen raster being treated the same way two windows would be in a compositing window manager. As described earlier, we might have access to a slightly earlier stage of stacking where the foreground window has not been drawn yet. Even if it is later drawn and set to the video card, it is still possible to simply overwrite it entirely at the hardware level with the slightly out of date version, and then create the composite without even having to draw in the original location of the window.
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1) puts(word); return 0; } No matter what the data type the programmer wants the program to read, the arguments (such as `&n;` above) must be pointers pointing to memory. Otherwise, the function will not perform correctly because it will be attempting to overwrite the wrong sections of memory, rather than pointing to the memory location of the variable you are attempting to get input for. In the last example an address-of operator (`&`) is not used for the argument: as `word` is the name of an array of `char`, as such it is (in all contexts in which it evaluates to an address) equivalent to a pointer to the first element of the array. While the expression `&word;` would numerically evaluate to the same value, semantically, it has an entirely different meaning in that it stands for the address of the whole array rather than an element of it.
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Due to concerns expressed to his office in November 2007 that there were actions underway to overwrite email tapes and the Governor's Office was not complying with the Sunshine Law, AG Jay Nixon appointed special investigators on November 15 to study what was taking place.Special Investigators C.E. Fisher and E.S. Wilhoit, Report of Investigation: Of the Practices and Policies of the Office of Governor Matt Blunt for the Identification and Retention of Public Records and Response to Requests for Public Records , 13 February 2009, State of Missouri, pp.2-3 Nixon's team had to go to court in the spring of 2008 to get a ruling on whether the governor's office was required to comply with their requests for information, at the expense of the state. Through various legal maneuverings, the court ruled in favor of the investigation, appointing two Special Attorneys General to lead it.
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Since much of the low level formatting process can today only be performed at the factory, various drive manufacturers describe reinitialization software as LLF utilities on their web sites. Since users generally have no way to determine the difference between a complete LLF and reinitialization (they simply observe running the software results in a hard disk that must be high-level formatted), both the misinformed user and mixed signals from various drive manufacturers have perpetuated this error. Note: whatever possible misuse of such terms may exist (search hard drive manufacturers' web sites for all these terms), many sites do make such reinitialization utilities available (possibly as bootable floppy diskette or CD image files), to both overwrite every byte and check for damaged sectors on the hard disk. Reinitialization should include identifying (and sparing out if possible) any sectors which cannot be written to and read back from the drive, correctly.
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Additionally, the Japanese government also requested clarification on the prohibition on bilateral treaties with the Soviet Union without former consent, fearing that the wording of the treaty would only affect the present and future and that it would allow Germany to maintain existing bilateral treaties with the USSR, including the Treaty of Rapallo (1922) and the Treaty of Berlin (1926). Specifically the latter treaty, which was a German-Soviet neutrality pact that had been upheld even by the anti- communist Nazis, was viewed in Japan as contradictory to the proposed terms of the Anti-Comintern Pact. The German government viewed the Anti-Comintern Pact as sufficient to overwrite the terms of the Treaty of Berlin, and the Japanese government was satisfied with this explanation as long as it was attached to the treaty's as a secret appendix. The Japanese government in its internal memoranda also stressed the vital necessity to avoid a deterioration of Anglo- Japanese relations as a result of the pact.
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When a new switch is added to the network, by default it is configured with no VTP domain name or password, but in VTP server mode. If no VTP Domain Name has been configured, it assumes the one from the first VTP packet it receives. Since a new switch has a VTP configuration revision of 0, it will accept any revision number as newer and overwrite its VLAN information if the VTP passwords match. However, if you were to accidentally connect a switch to the network with the correct VTP domain name and password but a higher VTP revision number than what the network currently has (such as a switch that had been removed from the network for maintenance and returned with its VLAN information deleted) then the entire VTP Domain would adopt the VLAN configuration of the new switch which is likely to cause loss of VLAN information on all switches in the VTP Domain, leading to failures on the network.
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This does not occur sufficiently often to warrant testing for the condition, but the final element must be included among the candidates of the selection, to guarantee that all permutations can be generated. The resulting algorithm for generating a random permutation of `a[0], a[1], ..., a[n − 1]` can be described as follows in pseudocode: for i from n downto 2 do di ← random element of { 0, ..., i − 1 } swap a[di] and a[i − 1] This can be combined with the initialization of the array `a[i] = i` as follows for i from 0 to n−1 do di+1 ← random element of { 0, ..., i } a[i] ← a[di+1] a[di+1] ← i If di+1 = i, the first assignment will copy an uninitialized value, but the second will overwrite it with the correct value i. However, Fisher-Yates is not the fastest algorithm for generating a permutation, because Fisher-Yates is essentially a sequential algorithm and "divide and conquer" procedures can achieve the same result in parallel.
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Among the details revealed are that the beatings and rapes shown to Currie were fabrications, and that the mother and child are actually Dave's wife and child, who were captured and "turned" by One True during the "Meme Wars", giving them false memories of their history, from which, during Dave's actual visit to them to obtain medicine and supplies, he was able to temporarily free them. Currie's search for Dave resulted in enough information being uploaded that they must abandon his lair and attempt to build another, while remaining undetected by One True's network of surveillance satellites. While caching supplies, Currie has a skiing fall, and, shaken up and angry, reflexively says "let overwrite, let override", to find himself immediately calm. A little later, he realizes that after saying the trigger phrase, he was unconscious and under the control of his Resuna for several minutes, during which time it/he carelessly left a trail visible to satellites, and, he assumes, Resuna uploaded information to One True, though he is still unable to make the usual mental contact with Resuna.
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The purpose of the layout was to place the most frequently used characters, as they were used in Portuguese, in the center of the layout. It was common that the 0 numeral was omitted (in favour of using the uppercase O letter), and there were also some typewriters without the 1 numeral (with the lowercase L being used to achieve it). Also absent were symbols such as the exclamation mark (achieved by typing an apostrophe and overwriting it with a period using the backspace key), the asterisk (achieved in a similar way, with lowercase X and the plus or minus sign — for eight- or six-pointed asterisks, respectively), the number sign (which was achieved by some through intricate methods involving partial depressions of the backspace key to overwrite the equals sign with two slashes), and the inequality sign (typing an equals sign and overwriting it with one slash). This keyboard layout was the official layout of typewriters in public administration and most private companies until the mid-1970s, when it began to be replaced by the AZERTY layout.
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This story alternates between the point of view of Terpsichore Melpomene Murray ("Teri"), an ecoprospector who's approaching adulthood on Mars and seeks to follow in her father's footsteps, and the unnamed psychiatrist who is listening to her story. Several decades earlier, refugees from Earth fled to join a pre-existing human colony on Mars to escape the domination of One True, a massively parallel/cellular automata program that runs on the interconnected brains of most of the human beings on Earth; the program in the individual human brain is called Resuna, probably a contraction from the Latin for One Thing. If a human mind has a copy of Resuna, it may remain dormant until a human speaks the trigger phrase let overwrite, let override. The first half of the novel is mostly backstory in Teri's voice, leading up to the day when she passed her test for "full adulthood", a legal status that can apparently be reached at any age by passing an educational and psychiatric exam, which gives her the right to marry, hold property, vote, and so forth.
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A semigroup S that is a homomorphic image of a subsemigroup of T is said to be a divisor of T. The Krohn–Rhodes theorem for finite semigroups states that every finite semigroup S is a divisor of a finite alternating wreath product of finite simple groups, each a divisor of S, and finite aperiodic semigroups (which contain no nontrivial subgroups).Holcombe (1982) pp. 141–142 In the automata formulation, the Krohn–Rhodes theorem for finite automata states that given a finite automaton A with states Q and input set I, output alphabet U, then one can expand the states to Q' such that the new automaton A' embeds into a cascade of "simple", irreducible automata: In particular, A is emulated by a feed-forward cascade of (1) automata whose transitions semigroups are finite simple groups and (2) automata that are banks of flip-flops running in parallel.The flip-flop is the two-state automaton with three input operations: the identity (which leaves its state unchanged) and the two reset operations (which overwrite the current state by a resetting to a particular one of the two states).
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