GUINEA'S ZOGOTA IRON ORE DEPOSIT TO BE DEVELOPED BY MICK DAVIS'S NIRON METALS -BSGR SPOKESMAN
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It was two decades ago that Rio Tinto won a concession to explore the world's largest untapped iron-ore deposit in Simandou.
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Zogota, a nearby iron ore deposit owned by former Xstrata boss Mick Davis' Niron Metals, had already negotiated an agreement to export through Liberia.
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Guinea's aspirations to develop Simandou, the world's largest known untapped iron ore deposit, have foundered because of the cost of infrastructure and protracted legal disputes.
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The agreement, if implemented, would remove a major obstacle to the development of what is believed to be the world's biggest undeveloped iron ore deposit.
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Rio Tinto Ltd was additionally affected by the ongoing probe relating to payments made to a consultant for rights to mine an iron ore deposit in Guinea.
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CHEC is also building a $20183 million highway to connect the new port with Douala and has agreed to construct a railway to an iron ore deposit.
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Rio Tinto is expected to decide this year to whether to develop its own Silvergrass iron ore deposit in Australia, which analysts estimate could cost $1 billion.
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The report also details the close relationship between Mr. Usmanov and Mr. Medvedev, finding that Mr. Medvedev helped him win a bid for a lucrative copper ore deposit in Siberia.
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Rio Tinto has fired two senior executives after an internal investigation into US$10.5 million (£8.5 million) in payments linked to the world's biggest untapped iron ore deposit in Guinea.
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As a result of years of squabbling over mining rights, for example, not one tonne of ore has been extracted from Simandou, a vast iron-ore deposit in south-east Guinea.
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Anglo-Australian mining giant Rio Tinto said on Monday it had submitted feasibility studies to the Guinea government for its massive Simandou iron ore project, considered the world's biggest untapped iron ore deposit.
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MELBOURNE (Reuters) - Australian mining magnate Lang Hancock famously discovered the world's biggest iron ore deposit when he noticed the red-stained cliffs of a canyon while flying over the Outback in the 1950s.
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Shares of iron ore miner Fortescue Metals Group edged up 0.2%, after the company said it had lost out in its bid to develop two blocks at the Simandou iron ore deposit in Guinea.
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"Rio Tinto and Chinalco ... will continue to work with the government of Guinea to explore other options to realize value from the world-class Simandou iron ore deposit," the miner said in a statement.
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LAUNCESTON, Australia (Reuters) - Rio Tinto's decision to quit the world's largest undeveloped iron ore deposit in Guinea is essentially a bet on how quickly and cheaply the new Chinese owners can develop the mine.
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LONDON, Feb 25 (Reuters) - Niron Metals, headed by British Conservative politician Mick Davis, will develop Guinea's Zogota iron ore deposit, a spokesman for BSG Resources, which previously held its mining rights, said on Monday.
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CONAKRY, Sept 6 (Reuters) - HPX, a company run by billionaire mining investor Robert Friedland, signed a deal with the Guinean government late on Thursday to develop the Mount Nimba iron ore deposit, Guinea's mines minister told Reuters.
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Under the deal, the two parties will drop outstanding actions related to the dispute, and Steinmetz will seek a new group of investors to develop the smaller Zogota iron ore deposit on an accelerated timetable, the statement said.
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SYDNEY (Reuters) - BHP Billiton is studying an option to develop a massive new iron ore deposit in Australia to replace lost tonnes as operations age and reserves decline, according to the company and documents filed with environmental regulators.
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Guinea, Africa's leading bauxite producer, holds some of the world's richest bauxite and iron ore deposits, including the Simandou iron ore deposit, in its remote east, which is mired in legal disputes but has nevertheless attracted intense interest from China.
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Rio Tinto fell after the miner shrugged off concerns on Wednesday that its sale of Guinea's Simandou project to Chinalco had stalled after an investigation into payments to a consultant who helped it win rights to the huge iron ore deposit.
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CONAKRY, Aug 6 (Reuters) - Guinea has pushed back its deadline to withdraw tender documents for blocks 1 and 2 of Simandou in an effort to boost competition for the world's largest undeveloped iron ore deposit, a senior mining official told Reuters on Tuesday.
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Gaines' comments came just a few days after Fortescue confirmed it has submitted a bid to develop two blocks in the giant Simandou iron ore deposit in Guinea, with a government commission expected to come to a final decision in early to mid November, sources told Reuters.
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The city is near Zanaga mine, a potential 3 billion tonne iron ore deposit.
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Agbaja is the locality of a large iron ore deposit in Kogi State, central Nigeria.
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An ore deposit is an accumulation of ore. This is distinct from a mineral resource as defined by the mineral resource classification criteria. An ore deposit is one occurrence of a particular ore type. Most ore deposits are named according to their location (for example, the Witwatersrand, South Africa), or after a discoverer (e.g.
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The Browns polymetallic ore deposit is a large ore deposit located at Mount Fitch, near Batchelor, 64 kilometres south of Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. The Browns deposit consists of a sizeable, +80 million tonne deposit of nickel-copper-cobalt, with some poorly defined zones of uranium, and extensive zones of lead-zinc mineralization having been discovered in recent years.
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A large trona ore deposit, which lays underground, is mined and processed by Kazan Soda Elektrik of Ciner Holding in the city.
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The company blamed the Tasmanian Government's refusal to grant it freehold over its ore deposit for it inability to raise more capital.
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The deposit, with an average thickness of 40 meters, is nearly vertical and approximately one kilometer in length. The depth of the ore deposit remains unclear. The ore contains 26% chromium oxide with a chrome to iron ratio of 1.6. According to the survey report by the Geological Survey of Finland, the chrome ore deposit extends to a depth of two to three kilometres, possible even to four kilometres.
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It is the lowest surface point in China. The Shihongtan uranium ore deposit is located at the southwestern margin of the Turpan Depression, some south-southwest from Turpan City.
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The volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit is located at the border of the Ordovician to the Llandovery epoch the ore is covered by an overlying layer of volcanic rhyolites.
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The Little Cottonwood stock is a granitic intrusion that extends from the mouth of the canyon almost to Snowbird ski resort. It is Oligocene in age, roughly 30.5 to 29 million years old, composed primarily of granodiorite, quartz monzonite, and granite, with some mafic enclaves. The Little Cottonwood stock is intruded in its northeast corner by another unit called the White Pine intrusion, and other smaller igneous units, collectively about 27-26 million years old, which are the source of the inactive White Pine molybdenum ore deposit in White Pine fork. The intrusion and its associated ore deposit have several interesting features, including quartz-bearing porphyry, pebble dikes, and other features related to hydrothermal ore deposit processes, and possibly volcanism, that occurred during intrusion.
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Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit at Kidd Mine, Timmins, Ontario, Canada, formed 2.7 billion years ago on an ancient seafloor A cross-section of a typical volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) ore deposit as seen in the sedimentary record Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits, also known as VMS ore deposits, are a type of metal sulfide ore deposit, mainly copper-zinc which are associated with and created by volcanic-associated hydrothermal events in submarine environments. These deposits are also sometimes called volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) deposits. The density generally is 4500 kg/m3. They are predominantly stratiform accumulations of sulfide minerals that precipitate from hydrothermal fluids on or below the seafloor in a wide range of ancient and modern geological settings.
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Ardaite occurs as 50 µm fine-grained aggregates of acicular crystals associated with galena, pyrostilpnite, anglesite, nadorite, and Cl-bearing robinsonite and semseyite, in the Madjarovo polymetallic ore deposit in Bulgaria. Ardaite has a hardness of 2.5 to 3 on Mohs scale and a density of approximately 6.44. The type locality is the Madjarovo polymetallic ore deposit in the Rhodope mountains.See the Collection of Minerals at the National Natural History Museum, Sofia, BulgariaSee the Madjarovo deposit at Mindat.
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It was founded in the mid-18th century as a settlement around an iron ore deposit. Around 1909, it was known as Gubakhinskaya kop (). Town status was granted to it in 1941.
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About 1 metre was mined. The ore deposit is a hydrothermal fluorspar-baryte lode, in places containing rich sulfide ores. The country rock is formed by paragneisses and migmatite. Werner, Dennert, 2004, p. 275.
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It was first described in 2005 for an occurrence in the Molinello Mine, Graveglia Valley, Genova Province, Liguria, Italy. It occurs in chert in a manganese ore deposit as vein fillings in silicified wood.
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Segnitite was first discovered in Broken Hill ore deposit in Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia. It was first found in the oxidized zone of lead and zinc sulfide ores bodies of the Broken Hill ore deposit and forms in similar settings around the world. Segnitite is a relatively uncommon mineral, and it not found in very large quantities, but is found worldwide in similar areas. Segnitite has since been found in many localities in Western Europe, specifically in sites near Switzerland, Germany and Austria.
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New ore was discovered yet deeper, and a depth of was reached in 1996. Later a new shaft, called Timo Shaft was built to exploit the ore deposit between . Timo Shaft's construction work completed in 2001.
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Sharp's curriculum vitae . His research deals with flow in fractured rocks, the hydrology of arid zones, and the effects of urbanization. He is particularly concerned with the hydrogeology of sedimentary basins, and with ore deposit formation.
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Bernd Lottermoser earned a Diploma of Science in geology from the University of Newcastle and a PhD in ore deposit geology from the same university. His doctoral thesis was titled Rare earth elements and ore formation processes.
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Picture of an ore shoot located inside a mine. Wooden support beams are seen supporting the mine. An ore shoot is a mass of ore deposited in a vein.The ore shoot consists of the most valuable part of the ore deposit.
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In 1943, a section of the river was diverted near Steep Rock Lake to gain access to a large iron ore deposit under the lake. That mine has since been closed. The river is used for recreational canoeing and kayaking.
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Mining geology is an applied science which combines the principles of economic geology and mining engineering to the development of a defined mineral resource. Mining geologists and engineers work to develop an identified ore deposit to economically extract the ore.
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Mawson West also acquired the rights to a copper mine in the Kapulo area of Pweto Territory, Katanga Province from Anvil Mining in May 2010. The ore deposit is north of the main copper belt in the Kundelungu Plateau zone.
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Climax mine, 2005 Historically, mining was principally by "sub-level induced panel caving", a method that removes ore by undercutting the base of a panel in the ore deposit, causing the rock above to break and drop down in a controlled manner. The method allowed economical extraction of the large low-grade ore deposit. Current mining operations at Climax are via an open-pit. The ore is crushed on-site, and the molybdenite is separated from the waste material by froth flotation, which mixes pulverized ore into a slurry of air, water, surfactants, and other chemicals.
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Khovu-Aksy (; ) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Chedi-Kholsky District of Tuva, Russia. Population: The cobalt and nickel ore deposit at Khovu-Aksy is the type locality of five minerals: argentopentlandite, lazarenkoite, shubnikovite, smolyaninovite, and vladimirite.
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Zyrianovsk owed its establishment to the exploitation of a complex-ore deposit, discovered in 1791 by a local inhabitant, G. G. Zyrianov. Zyrianovsk has a lead combinat (division "Kazzinc"). The combine is educated from two mines (Maleevsky and Grekhovsky), concentrating factory, non-productive departments.
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Data on the geology and mineralogy of the manganese ore deposit of Úrkút II. Acta Mineral. Petrogr., Szeged, 17, 89–114. Late Pliensbachian strata is composed by nodular and cherty red limestone with abundant ammonites and brachiopods, that belong to the Isztimér Formation.Dulai, A. (2003).
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Gyollai, I., Polgári, M. P., Biró, L., Vigh, T., Kovács, T., & Pál-Molnár, E. (2018). Fossilized biomats as the possible source of high natural radionuclide content at the jurassic úrkút manganese ore deposit, Hungary. CARPATHIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES, 13(2), 477-487.
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The potential for new developments in niobium, gold, manganese, and possibly phosphate suggests a continued role for mining in the economy. The lack of adequate infrastructure inhibits new grassroots exploration and remains a major constraint on development of the well-defined iron ore deposit at Bélinga.
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When the ore forms a blanketlike body along the bedding plane of the rock, it is commonly called a manto ore deposit. Other ore geometries are chimneys and veins.Guilbert, John M. and Charles F. Park, Jr (1986) The Geology of Ore Deposits, W. H. Freeman pp.
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A 19th-Century analysis of the iron ore gave a result of 52% metallic iron. The ore was hematite. It was reported that the ore was superior to that of the Fitzroy Iron Works. The iron ore deposit was described as, "Specular hematite of excellent quality".
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The Cliffs Shaft Mine Museum in Ishpeming and the Michigan Iron Industry Museum in Negaunee each celebrate the history of the iron ore deposit and its miners. A hiking trail from Republic to Marquette, called the Iron Ore Heritage Trail, also provides access to the area's historical sites.
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175-192 Celadonite and smectite, especially the first, had particular importance for understanding the genesis of the Úrkút manganese ore.Polgári, M., Hein, J. R., Németh, T., Pál-Molnár, E., & Vigh, T. (2013). Celadonite and smectite formation in the Úrkút Mn-carbonate ore deposit (Hungary). Sedimentary Geology, 294, 157-163.
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"Thingdon" is an earlier version of the name "Finedon". This required an extension to his tramway, that passed under the Finedon Road. By 1911, all the ore that could be extracted using opencast quarrying had been found. The ore deposit dipped beneath Neville's Lodge and required mining to access.
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Cassiterite and columbite-tantalite deposits also occur as residual or eluvial concentrations. The Pitinga tin deposit in Brazil, an eluvial deposit, is one of the largest tin mines in the world. Weathering supergene enrichment of an apatite rich carbonatite in Ontario has produced a significant eluvial phosphate ore deposit.
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Once mining ceases both facilities will be reclaimed to their natural state. The ore deposit contains 4.1 million metric tons of rock containing 3.6% nickel and 2.9% copper. The economic minerals associated with this deposit are predominantly pentlandite and chalcopyrite. Some Native Americans believe that the mine site is sacred.
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Orthoclase is generally stable and unaffected. Argillic grades into phyllic alteration at higher temperatures in an ore deposit hydrothermal system.Guilbert, John M. and C. F. Park, Jr., The Geology of Ore Deposits, W. H. Freeman, 1986, pp. 180-184 Advanced argillic alteration occurs under lower pH and higher temperature conditions.
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Lake Väsman is deep, has an area of and is above sea level. It is about long in a southeasterly direction, with a width of . In the past these was steamboat traffic on the lake. There is a major iron ore deposit below the lake, estimated at 640 million tonnes.
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The two primary employers in the city are Xstrata and Domtar. Domtar has been in Matagami since 1988 when the company bought out Bisson & Bisson. Xstrata entered Matagami in 2006 when it acquired Falconbridge Ltd. In 2008, Xstrata put Perseverance, a zinc-copper volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit, into production.
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Steve J. Czehura, "Butte: a world-class ore deposit," Mining Engineering, Sept. 2006 p.14-19. Silver was discovered at Phillipsburg in 1864, and the district was one of the most prolific silver producers in Montana. Major mines included the Granite Mountain mine, the Bi-Metallic mine, and the Hope mine.
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In-situ leaching is also called "solution mining." This process initially involves drilling of holes into the ore deposit. Explosives or hydraulic fracturing are used to create open pathways within the deposit for solution to penetrate into. Leaching solution is pumped into the deposit where it makes contact with the ore.
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Kambalda type komatiitic nickel ore deposits are a class of magmatic iron- nickel-copper-platinum-group element ore deposit in which the physical processes of komatiite volcanology serve to deposit, concentrate and enrich a Fe-Ni-Cu-(PGE) sulfide melt within the lava flow environment of an erupting komatiite volcano.
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Segnitite is a lead iron(III) arsenate mineral. Segnitite was first found in the Broken Hill ore deposit in Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia. In 1991, segnitite was approved as a new mineral. Segnitite has since been found worldwide near similar locality types where rocks are rich in zinc and lead especially.
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In 1800 an iron ore deposit was discovered and mining began in 1804. Till the closure in 1917, 1500 tonnes of iron ore were mined. Several new minerals were discovered in that mine. For example Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand discovered berlinite trolleite augelite attacolite, kirrolite and westanite in 1868 in the iron mine.
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The furnace and forge were closed sometime in the 1850s. An iron ore deposit, known as Grubb's Bank (see below), was discovered on the Codorus property in 1866, well after the forge and furnace were closed down. The ore was shipped by river to the St. Charles Furnace in Columbia. Lifespan = 1765 – c.
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Argutite (GeO2) is a rare germanium oxide mineral. It is a member of the rutile group. It was first described for an occurrence in the Argut deposit, central Pyrenees, Haute-Garonne, France in 1983. The type locality is within a zinc ore deposit within lower Paleozoic sedimentary rocks that have undergone metamorphism.
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The many findings resulted in the court of Copiapó receiving numerous claims (denuncios). In 1848 another large ore deposit was discovered at Tres Puntas sparkling yet another rush. Copiapó experienced a large demographic and urbanistic growth during the rush. The town became a centre for trade and services of a large mining district.
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Nickel laterites are a very important type of nickel ore deposit. They are growing to become the most important source of nickel metal for world demand (currently second to sulfide nickel ore deposits). Nickel laterites are generally mined via open cut mining methods. Nickel is extracted from the ore by a variety of process routes.
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Press, v. 102, p. 560–562. 1912 Theory of ore deposition: Economic Geology, v. 7, p. 485–492. 1913 (with J. E. Garrey and C. N. Fenner) Study of a contact-metamorphic ore deposit, The Dolores Mine, at Matehuala, S.L.P., Mexico: Economic Geology, v. 7, p. 444–484. Abstract: Washington Academy of Sciences Journal, v.
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Dessauite was found in the Buca della Vena Mine, Apuan Alps, northern Tuscany, Italy, with many other minerals, coming from hydrothermal fluids circulating through a small hematite-barite ore deposit within dolomite, during an alpine metamorphic event. It occurs in calcite veins hosted within dolomite and is associated with calcite, rutile, hematite, siderite, and derbylite.
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The Tsagaan Suvarga mine (, white stupa) is a copper ore deposit and mine in development located in the Mandakh sum of Dornogovi aimag in the south of Mongolia. The deposit is estimated at reserves of 240.1 million tonnes of ore grading 0.53% copper. It is included in the Mongolian governments list of strategic important deposits.
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Sample of gold ore from the Red Lake Mine consisting of a stockwork of gold filled veinlets (sample width: 6.6 cm) In geology, a stockwork is a complex system of structurally controlled or randomly oriented veins. Stockworks are common in many ore deposit types and in greisens. They are also referred to as stringer zones.
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In the mid of the 1960s, geologists from Omsukchan discovered a rich ore deposit of silver; and named the settlement of Dukat, founded in 1968, after the ducat, an old trade coin used in Europe. The status of urban- type settlement was assigned by the decision of the Magadan Regional Executive Committee of February 19, 1976.
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A colloquial term for scoria is cinder.Jackson, J.A., J. Mehl, and K. Neuendorf (2005) Glossary of Geology American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Virginia. 800 pp. McPhie, J., M. Doyle, and R. Allen (1993) Volcanic Textures A guide to the interpretation of textures in volcanic rocks Centre for Ore Deposit and Exploration Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania..198 pp.
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The film starts with Devika (Nayanthara) documenting illegal mining in Bellary by Reddappa (Milind Gunaji), a ruthless business tycoon. Reddappa burns down a village so that the people leave, because under it is a large iron ore deposit, which he wants to mine. The villagers, especially Matti Raju (L. B. Sriram), want to kill Reddappa to take revenge.
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The iron ore deposit consisted of hematite closest to the surface, with magnetite below that, over an underlying bed of serpentine. A deep bore encountered more magnetite below the serpentine and it seems that there were alternating bands of iron ore and serpentine. The hematite probably had formed from the weathering of the upper strata of magnetite.
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The Ngwenya Mine is located on Bomvu Ridge, northwest of Mbabane and near the northwestern border of Eswatini (Swaziland). This mine is considered to be the world's oldest. The haematite ore deposit was used in the Middle Stone Age to extract red ochre, while in later times the deposit was mined for iron smelting and iron ore export.
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Hemusite is a very rare isometric gray mineral containing copper, molybdenum, sulfur, and tin with chemical formula Cu6SnMoS8. It was discovered by Bulgarian mineralogist Georgi Terziev in 1963. He also described it and named it after Haemus, the ancient name of Stara planina (Balkan) mountains in Europe. The type locality is Chelopech copper ore deposit, Bulgaria.
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Xitieshanite is a hydrous iron sulfate–chloride mineral with chemical formula: Fe3+(SO4)Cl·6(H2O). It was discovered in 1983 and named for the discovery location of Xitieshan lead/zinc ore deposit in the Qinghai Province, China. The mineral has also been reported in 2005 from acid mine drainage from a coal mine in Green Valley, Vigo County, Indiana.Melchiorre, Erik, et al.
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Extensive drilling at our Liberia assets has confirmed a billion tonne of Iron Ore deposit last year with further multifold upside. Currently, they are reviewing the different phased options including the first phase of 2 million tons. Sesa Sterlite is largest private sector exporter of iron ore in India. Its subsidiary, Western Cluster Ltd is developing large iron ore deposits in Liberia.
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Raspite is a mineral, a lead tungstate; with the formula PbWO4. It forms yellow to yellowish brown monoclinic crystals.Handbook of Mineralogy It is the low temperature monoclinic dimorph of the tetragonal stolzite.Mindat entry It was discovered in 1897 at Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia, it was named for Charles Rasp (1846–1907), German-Australian prospector, discoverer of the Broken Hill ore deposit.
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An unusual zinc-copper ore deposit was mined in the last after 1982 in the Ransko gabbro-peridotite massif which also shows some nickel sulfide mineralization. The Krkonose Mountains metallogenic subprovince in the Lugicoum area, centers on the Krkonose Pluton and the Orlicke hory Mountains-Klodzko subrovince. It has highly variable deposit of little economic importance including lead, zinc, copper and gold.
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Burkina Faso's exploitable natural resources are limited, although a manganese ore deposit is located in the remote northeast. Gold mining has increased greatly since the mid-1980s and, along with cotton, is a leading export moneyearner. However, both gold and cotton are listed as goods produced mostly by child labor and forced labor according to a recent U.S. Department of Labor report.
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Trona ore is extracted by solution mining method. Hot water is injected into the trona ore deposit underground through bore holes drilled, which dissolves trona ore. The trona solution is pumped up and is processed to soda products as soda ash (sodium carbonate, Na2CO3) and baking soda (sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3). The soda ash is mainly used in the glass production.
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Mountain Iron Mine is a former mine in Mountain Iron, Minnesota, United States. Opened in 1892, it was the first mine on the Mesabi Range, which has proved to be the largest iron ore deposit ever discovered. Mining operations at the site ceased in 1956. The bottom of the open-pit mine has filled with water but its dimensions are readily visible.
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The Pine Point deposit is a carbonate hosted lead-zinc ore deposit (Mississippi Valley Type deposit). It consists of a series of more than 80 bodies of lead-zinc mineralization distributed along a trend about long by about wide.Qing, H. 1998. Petrography of early-stage, fine- and medium-crystalline dolomites in the Middle Devonian Presqu'ile Barrier at Pine Point, Canada.
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Dude Miller (F. Butler) and Jim Riggs (Todd) set out to sell him a rock-studded farm. Simmons discovers that Doris Mead (Ferguson) and her brother Jim (Ford) were previously swindled by the two slickers. He "salts" the ranch and the slickers pay out a large sum to buy his option, thinking it to be a rich silver ore deposit.
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A new ore deposit, of which the ore was worth $1,000 a ton, was found by Stott and Martinez. Six of their claims were optioned for $100,000 by John McGee, but the quality of the ore in the deposit turned out to be disappointing. This led to people leaving Athens in the end of 1910. In December, the mining camp was totally deserted.
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Sylvanite is found in Transylvania, from which its name is partially derived. It is also found and mined in Australia in the East Kalgoorlie district. In Canada it is found in the Kirkland Lake Gold District, Ontario and the Rouyn District, Quebec. In the United States it occurs in California and in Colorado where it was mined as part of the Cripple Creek ore deposit.
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The copper ore deposit found here is the grayish mineral chalcocite (copper sulfide) embedded in a hard gray sandstone band of the Bloomsburg Red Beds. The similar color and low ore yield make visual identification difficult. Secondary minerals that can be seen include green malachite and blue-green chrysocolla. Between 1903 and 1906, Dr. Keith reported an average yield of 3.25% copper using 100 samples.
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Although the mean P content of the manganese oxide ore deposits of Eplény and Úrkút is generally less than 1,00 %, being mostly hydroxy-carbonate-Apatite, with some samples more similar to Francolite, while on the Eplény manganese ore deposit is found Dahllite.Grasselly, G. (1968). On the phosphorus-bearing mineral of the manganese oxide ore deposits of Eplény and Úrkút. Acta Mineralogica- Petrographica, 18(2), 73-83.
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On 26 February 2014, ThyssenKrupp sold their Calvert carbon steel facility to ArcelorMittal and Nippon Steel for $1.55 billion, as a new joint venture. The facility was renamed AM/NS Calvert through the 50/50 joint partnership with Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corp. The firm also entered into a $2.2 billion contract to develop an iron ore deposit in Senegal. This included construction of a railway line.
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In the 1970s, plans to use water from the pit that contained radon in order to build an exclusive health spa around Menzenschwand, were cancelled. Since 2005, water from the uranium ore deposit has been used to run a radon bath in Menzenschwand. Mineral diversity is very high: >95 minerals was found here. It is a type locality of Arsenuranospathite, Chadwickite, Metakahlerite, Metakirchheimerite, Metauranospinite Pharmacolite.
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Signs of the existence of a chromite ore body were first discovered by amateur diver Martti Matilainen. Of the samples he sent to the Geological Survey of Finland, one was discovered to be high in chrome content on 30 June 1959. The sample was taken from the current mine area, and the ore deposit was discovered by the next spring. Geologist Aarno Kahma led the exploration.
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The state museum of ancient times and a number of educational institutions were opened in the city. The ironwork factory was built in 1846 based on a huge iron ore deposit found on Kerch Peninsula. During the Crimean War the city was devastated by British forces in 1855. In the late 19th century, mechanical and cement factories were built, and tinned food and tobacco factories were established.
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Mineralogy is a mining company owned by Clive Palmer of Queensland, Australia. Mineralogy's mining projects are now producing and generating income. Mineralogy signed a deal with the Chinese infrastructure company CITIC Pacific to develop a small portion of a large iron ore deposit in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. The agreement involves the development of two magnetite mines and construction of port infrastructure at Cape Preston.
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Beryozovskoye deposit, Berezovskoe gold deposit, Berezovsky deposit, Berezovsk Mines, and some other names () is the first known primary deposit of gold in Russia. It is located 13 km northwest of Yekaterinburg in the central Urals Federal District. It was discovered in 1745 by a raskolnik Yerofey Markov. Minerals of the Beryozovskoye gold ore deposit "Beryozovskoye deposit (Au), Middle Ural, Russia " The first mine was established in 1747.
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View of tailing and waste rock capped storage and barren ground next to the north cut. The Elizabeth Mine was a copper mine located on the town line between the Town of Strafford and the Town of Thetford, in Orange County, Vermont. The ore deposit was discovered in 1793, but mining did not start until 1809. Open pit mining and from 1886 underground mining was conducted.
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The type locality of marshite is a metamophosed Lead-Zinc-Silver ore deposit at Broken Hill, Yancowinna County, New South Wales, Australia. Some of marshite’s common mineral associations at this locality include wad, limonite, native copper, cuprite, and cerussite. Marshite occurs naturally in geologic supergene deposits at Chuquicamata, Chile which are heavily mined for copper.Jarrell, O.W. (1939) “Marshite and other minerals from Chuquicamata, Chile“.
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Talnakhite is a mineral of chalcopyrite group with formula: Cu9(Fe, Ni)8S16.Talnakhite: Talnakhite mineral information and data It was named after the Talnakh ore deposit, near Norilsk in Western Siberia, Russia where it was discovered as reported in 1963 by I. Budko and E. Kulagov.Ivetta Budko, Eduard Kulagov, "A Natural Cubic Chalcopyrite" (Будько И.А., Кулагов Э.А., "Природный кубический халькопирит"), Докл. АН АН СССР.
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Green River Basin in Wyoming has the highest purity, largest and most accessible under ground trona ore deposit in the world. Mining operations are carried out in two separate deposit beds at depths of . The extent of the proven and probable reserves are , which is equivalent to of soda ash. The reserve life is reported to be well more than 60 years based upon current production rates.
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Kanoite is a rare mineral which was found in Tatehira mine, Kumaishi, Oshima Peninsula, Hokkaido, Japan in 1977. In the type locality kanoite occurs along a joint that cuts a pyroxmangite-cummingtonite metamorphic rock in a manganese ore deposit. The region has undergone contact metamorphism as magma intruded the area. It was named to honor Hiroshi Kano, a petrology professor at Akita University in Japan.
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Associated Press, "Anaconda will close Butte operation," Denver Post, 1 August 1983. The Continental Pit closed again in 2000, but reopened in fall 2003. As of 2006, remaining ore reserves at the Continental pit were estimated to be 364 million tonnes, averaging 0.35 percent copper, 0.027 percent molybdenum, and 2.2 g/tonne silver.Steve J. Czehura, "Butte: a world-class ore deposit," Mining Engineering, September 2006, p.18.
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Mineralium Deposita, International Journal for Geology, Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Mineral Deposits is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media. It is the official journal of the Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits. The journal covers economic geology, experimental and applied geochemistry, mineral deposits research, and ore deposit exploration. The editors-in-chief are Georges Beaudoin (Université Laval) and Bernd Lehmann (Technical University of Clausthal).
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After 9 months of intensive work, on July 16th, 1784, rich lead and silver ore deposit was found at a depth of 18 m in "Rudolfina" shaft. Two days later a similar discovery was made in the "Łyszczonka" shaft and in the "Opal" shaft. The new state mine of silver and lead was given the name Frederick. Mining industry had to face the problem of water flooding the excavations.
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1.85 tonnes) of the doors, this is a great achievement for its time. The raw material for the casting was Gunmetal, which consisted predominantly of copper (above 80%) with roughly equal parts of lead, tin, and zinc.Drescher 1993, p. 339. To date material analysis has not been able to show which ore deposit the metal came from, though the ironworks at Rammelsberg near Goslar has been ruled out.
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A volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit within Island Mountain was mined after rail service became available. Between 1915 and 1930, 4,100 tons of copper, 140,000 ounces of silver, and 8,600 ounces of gold were mined. Minerals identified within the ore body include chalcanthite, chalcopyrite, copiapite, goslarite, pyrite, and pyrrhotite. Volcanic rock was quarried from Island Mountain by Northwestern Pacific Railroad for heavy riprap used as far away as Humboldt Bay.
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Via its project area in Gabon, Volta is one of the largest holders of prospective iron ore licences in central and West Africa, positioning it as a significant participant in the iron ore sector in the region. Its Mbombo Iron Ore Project in Gabon covers an area of 3,922km2 and is situated adjacent to the world class Belinga iron ore deposit. Volta Mining listed on the ASX on 19 October 2011.
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In 1909, a second hematite ore deposit was uncovered near the Magpie River, twelve miles north of the Helen Mine. The Algoma Steel Corporation, organized between 1904 and 1909 in Sault Ste. Marie, bought up the claims and operated both the Magpie and Helen mines for the next decade. The Helen Mine continued ore production until 1918, when the company felt the reserve of hematite ore was finally depleted.
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In 2007, a 30-year lease was granted for the Aynak copper mine to the China Metallurgical Group for $3 billion,"China, Not U.S., Likely to Benefit from Afghanistan's Mineral Riches". Daily Finance. 14 June 2010 making it the biggest foreign investment and private business venture in Afghanistan's history. The state-run Steel Authority of India won the mining rights to develop the huge Hajigak iron ore deposit in central Afghanistan.
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Crimean prime minister planning to join Regions Party again, Kyiv Post (9 November 2011) There is a suspicion that the minister owned the single active golden ore deposit in Muzhievo, Zakarpattia Oblast.Only gold deposit in Ukraine controls the partner Zaharchenko. Ukraiyinska Pravda. January 13, 2014 The Ukrainian parliament suspended Zakharchenko from his duties on 21 February 2014 for using violence against protesters in the February 2014 Euromaidan riots.
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View of the entrance to the mine The Skorovas Gruber mine was the first in Norway to exploit a sulphide ore deposit and produced zinc and copper. The mine discharged tailings into a nearby lake, but the contamination from this process has been deemed relatively slight. The mine closed in 1984. Before its closing, virtually everyone that lived in and around Skorovatn worked directly or indirectly for the mining operation.
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On 10 December 1924, a sensational ore deposit was discovered at Fågelmyran, just over 30 km northwest of Skellefteå. Test drilling revealed what was then Europe's richest ore. The first Boliden ore was extracted in the spring of 1926 at what would become the Boliden mine – a mine that would prove, over the course of several decades, to be Europe's biggest and richest gold mine. The deposit also included copper and large amounts of silver.
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Utahite is an extremely rare secondary copper zinc tellurate mineral found as a product of oxidation. Its chemical formula is Cu5Zn3(Te6+O4)4(OH)8•7H2O. It was first described in 1997 for an occurrence in the Centennial Eureka mine, one mile southeast of Eureka, Tintic District, Juab County, Utah, US (type locality). The discovery site was a mine dump of a hydrothermal ore deposit where it occurs with cesbronite and quartz.
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In May 2008, Severstal Metiz TAS agreed to the sale of the group TAS 34.6% share of JSC Dneprometiz to Severstal Metiz. In May 2008, Severstal acquired Sparrows Point, a steel mill in Maryland, USA, from Arcelor Mittal. In May 2008, Severstal Resources acquired a controlling stake in an iron ore deposit in Western Africa and becomes a shareholder of Mano River Resources In June 2008, Severstal acquired Esmark Inc. based in West Virginia, USA.
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It was first described in 1958 for an occurrence in the Outokumpu ore deposit of eastern Finland. It occurs in chromium bearing tremolite skarns, metamorphosed quartzites and chlorite bearing veins in Finland; in glacial boulder clays in Ireland and in stream pebbles in the Merume River of Guyana. It has also been recognized as a rare component in chondrite meteorites. The mineral is named after the Finnish geologist Pentti Eskola (1883–1964).
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It has a Mohs hardness of 6 - 7 and a very high specific gravity of 10.6. It was discovered by Francis Louis Sperry, an American chemist, in 1889 at Sudbury. The most important occurrence of sperrylite is in the nickel ore deposit of Sudbury Basin in Ontario, Canada. It also occurs in the layered igneous complex of the Bushveld region of South Africa and the Oktyabr'skoye copper- nickel deposit of the Eastern-Siberian Region, Russia.
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Allchar deposit (alternative spellings Alsar deposit, Alšar deposit or Alshar deposit) is a low-temperature hydrothermal gold–arsenic–antimony–thallium deposit in Kavadarci Municipality of North Macedonia. For some time, the thallium-rich part of the deposit was mined. The Crven Dol mine yielded thallium and the ore body still holds estimated amount of 500 t of thallium. The mineral lorandite from this ore deposit is being used to determine the solar neutrino flux.
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It can be seen as rust scale inside old steel water pipes and water tanks. The structure of lepidocrocite is similar to the boehmite structure found in bauxite and consists of layered iron(III) oxide octahedra bonded by hydrogen bonding via hydroxide layers. This relatively weakly bonded layering accounts for the scaley habit of the mineral. It was first described in 1813 from the Zlaté Hory polymetallic ore deposit in Moravia, Czech Republic.
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Clarksville Iron Furnace was a charcoal iron furnace in Unicoi County, Tennessee, built in 1833 and operated until 1844. Its ruins are in Cherokee National Forest and are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Clarksville Iron Furnace was built in 1833 by Edward West & Co., a business venture formed by Edward West, Elijah Embree, and Montgomery Stuart. Elijah Embree owned an iron ore deposit in Bumpass Cove and ironworks in Embreeville.
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He took up several company directorships, including with the real estate firm Hooker Finance and the ice-cream manufacturer Toppa. He also worked as a consultant for a sugar mill in Tully, Queensland, and invested in an iron ore deposit at Mourilyan, Queensland. In 1960, he was commissioned by the state government to produce a report into the viability of Central Queensland ports. In 1969, Fadden published a memoir titled They Called Me Artie.
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Climax was an unincorporated mining village and a former U.S. Post Office located in Lake County, Colorado, United States. Climax is known for its large molybdenum ore deposit. Climax is located along the Continental Divide at an elevation of about 11,360 feet (3465 meters). It was the highest human settlement in the United States, and it holds the record for having had the country's second highest Post Office and the highest railroad station.
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In early September 1890, the furnace was 'allowed to cool' as a result of insufficient coal, due to industrial trouble at the mines. In late October 1890, Hughes was advocating the erection of a blast furnace at Kamo near Whangarai, where there was a hematite iron ore deposit with coal and limestone nearby. He was openly stating that Onehunga could not compete with a works at Kamo. His grand plans for Kamo came to nothing.
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Faulting of the original ore body created two main segments, separated by an area of minor sulfides. The original ore body was cylindrical, but the San Manuel fault caused the division into two main parts, called the upper San Manuel ore body and the lower Kalamazoo ore body. The bodies are now separated by about . The mineralized zone that contains the ore deposit is about to wide, and more than long, trending east-north-east.
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Kostovite is a rare orthorhombic-pyramidal gray white telluride mineral containing copper and gold with chemical formula AuCuTe4. National Natural History Museum, Sofia, Bulgaria It was discovered by Bulgarian mineralogist Georgi Terziev (Георги Терзиев) (1935–1972), who named it in honor of his professor Ivan Kostov (Иван Костов) (1913–2004). In 1965 kostovite was approved as a new species by the International Mineralogical Association. The type locality is the Chelopech copper ore deposit, Bulgaria.
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Underhand stoping, also known as horizontal-cut underhand or underbreaking stoping, is the working of an ore deposit from the top downwards. Like shrinkage stoping, underhand stoping is most suitable for steeply dipping ore bodies.Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms Because of the mechanical advantage it offers hand tools being struck downward (rather than upward, against gravity), this method was dominant prior to the invention of rock blasting and powered tools.
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Steam was injected into the plywood/styrofoam liner at the mine and it would keep the ore insulated until it reached the unloader at Port-Cartier. In 1972, as the original Lac Jeannine deposit was starting to run out, the railway was extended an additional to a new ore deposit located near Mont Wright. Morrison-Knudsen was the construction company that built the extension. The new line departed the original line at Milepost 174, just north of Love Siding.
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The last type is the Black Shale- hosted Mn-carbonate, considered a distal ore-forming environment, where the Mn-carbonate proto-ore sediment accumulated. A hydrothermal/exhalative source of metals may have contributed to the formation of the deposits of Black Shale.Bíró, L., Polgári, M., Tóth, T., & Vigh, T. (2012). Refinement of genetic and structural models of the Úrkút manganese ore deposit (W-Hungary, Europe) using statistical evaluation of archive data. Open Geosciences, 4(3), 478-494.
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Jackling had been a metallurgist for the Bingham Canyon Gold & Silver Mine, and was the chief engineer at the US Reduction Plant Company in Florence, Colorado. A survey revealed the Bingham Canyon ore deposit contained only 2% copper. After consulting both Jackling and geologist Richard Penrose, Spencer's brother, the men determined that the copper could yield high profits if they could efficiently extract the copper from the ore. Penrose formed the Utah Copper Company in 1903.
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The Silver City Highway name was decided upon as the roads main purpose is to link Broken Hill (The Silver City) to areas north and south of the city. The Broken Hill ore deposit contains a vast amount of silver, lead, and zinc. At one stage the name Four States Highway was also considered as the road connects to Queensland and Victoria at each end, and also to South Australia via the Barrier Highway from Broken Hill.
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In 1862 a fire destroyed the village core and it had to be rebuilt in the following years. During the Early Modern Era, in addition to agriculture, some of the residents mined a small ore deposit south of Les Ferrières or mined white pottery clay. At the end of the 18th Century many residents began making watch parts in home workshops. Beginning in the 1970s the village's population grew rapidly as commuters to Biel/Bienne moved out to Plagne.
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The technicians said that it would be very difficult to pass through the overburden above the Auboué ore deposit due to the amount of water it contained. Cavallier decided to proceed anyway, using the freezing method to pass through the aquifer layer, although this method had not been used for more than in the past. The gamble succeeded. In 1892–93, due to excavation of the first mine, the population started to rise, reaching 662 in 1901.
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Usmanov is the second largest shareholder, after Dr Mohammed Al Bawani (MB Holding), in Toronto-listed (TSX) Nautilus Minerals (NUSMF), which is planning to extract undersea gold and copper deposits off Papua New Guinea in 2019. He has also purchased, through Gallagher Holdings, an interest in Australian mining company Strike Resources, which is working on an iron ore deposit in Peru. In November 2015, USM invested US$100 million in competitive video game esports team Virtus Pro.
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In 1862 a fire destroyed the village core and it had to be rebuilt in the following years. During the Early Modern Era, in addition to agriculture, some of the residents mined a small ore deposit south of Les Ferrières or mined white pottery clay. At the end of the 18th Century many residents began making watch parts in home workshops. Beginning in the 1970s the village's population grew rapidly as commuters to Biel/Bienne moved out to Plagne.
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They and three others then each took up adjacent leases of 80 acres—the maximum allowed to one party—together controlling 400 acres that included the ore deposit. Combining with "one or two leading commercial men in Melbourne, represented by Messrs. Lempriere—old Tasmanian residents", they formed the Tasmanian Charcoal Iron Company. The share capital was fixed at £80,000, in 40,000 shares of £2 each, every share being paid up to £1, with the remaining amount.
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As the spring lay within the ore deposit, is likely that the spring was first identified around that time. During late January 1849, the then Governor of New South Wales, Charles Augustus FitzRoy, visited the spring. He named it 'Lady Mary's Well',Interpretative sign located adjacent to the former Mineral Springs Reserve in Mittagong. after his wife Lady Mary FitzRoy who had been killed in a carriage accident in December 1847 in the Domain of Government House, Parramatta.
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The main exposure lies immediately south of the Kanichee Mine Road, which branches off Highway 11. Minor gold and copper values constitute this zone. This sulfide-bearing unit is located within felsic volcanic rocks of the Older Volcanic Complex and is capped by large, dark green, iron-rich tholeiitic basalts of the Arsenic Lake Formation. It has been interpreted that the sulfide zone represents a volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit based on the structure of the sulfide zone and the associated rock types.
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All of the world's heavy rare earths (such as dysprosium) come from Chinese rare-earth sources such as the polymetallic Bayan Obo deposit.Chao E. C. T., Back J. M., Minkin J., Tatsumoto M., Junwen W., Conrad J. E., McKee E. H., Zonglin H., Qingrun M. "Sedimentary carbonate‐hosted giant Bayan Obo REE‐Fe‐Nb ore deposit of Inner Mongolia, China; a cornerstone example for giant polymetallic ore deposits of hydrothermal origin". 1997. United States Geological Survey. 29 February 2008. Bulletin 2143.
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The ore deposit at Wundowie was less extensive and more variable than initially thought and, from 1950, ore to mix with it was sourced from Koolyanobbing. By April 1951, the Board had decided to use Koolyanobbing ore exclusively; plant to process the ore was built at Koolyanobbing, from where it was sent by truck to Southern Cross where it was loaded onto trains. The Koolyanobbing ore had a significantly higher iron content. Iron "pigs" were originally cast in sand moulds.
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The Australian mining company Mawson West acquired the rights to a copper mine in the area from Anvil Mining in May 2010. The ore deposit is on the eastern edge the Katanga sedimentary basin, and is north of the main copper belt in the Kundelungu Plateau zone. There are two ore zones, Shaba and Safari, separated by the long Kapulo fault. In July 2011, Mawson West announced that a feasibility study for an open cut copper mine at Kapulo had given positive results.
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There was a disused timber tramway for the former Ilfracombe saw-mill, which conveniently ran alongside the iron ore deposit. It had been laid down in 1857 and become overgrown and rotten by the 1870s, so the track needed total reconstruction. At the river end, it needed extension to the north to the site of the new jetty. The new tramway was horse-drawn and had wooden rails of 3-inch x 2-inch timber set at 3-foot gauge.
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Remains of uranium in-situ leaching in Stráž pod Ralskem, Czech Republic In- situ leaching (ISL), also called in-situ recovery (ISR) or solution mining, is a mining process used to recover minerals such as copper and uranium through boreholes drilled into a deposit, in situ. In situ leach works by artificially dissolving minerals occurring naturally in a solid state. For recovery of material occurring naturally in solution, see: Brine mining. The process initially involves the drilling of holes into the ore deposit.
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In- situ leach mining involves pumping of a lixiviant into the ore body via a borehole, which circulates through the porous rock dissolving the ore and is extracted via a second borehole. The lixiviant varies according to the ore deposit: for salt deposits the leachate can be fresh water into which salts can readily dissolve. For copper, acids are generally needed to enhance solubility of the ore minerals within the solution. For uranium ores, the lixiviant may be acid or sodium bicarbonate.
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AND Company did try to mine this site seasonally from 1906 until 1911. In 1916, the American Smelting and Refining Company (Asarco) learned of the Buchans River ore deposit and obtained samples for metallurgical testing. It wasn't until 1925 that a suitable method for separating the various metals in Buchans ore was finally perfected by Asarco. Asarco leased the mining rights to the Buchans River Mine; In return, the AND Company would receive 50 per cent of the profits from the mine's development.
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As with all forms of chalcedony, chrysoprase has a hardness of 6–7 on the Mohs hardness scale and a conchoidal fracture like flint. The best known sources of chrysoprase are Indonesia, Queensland, Western Australia, Haneti Tanzania, Germany, Poland, Russia, Arizona, California, and Brazil. Deposits in central Tanzania have been in constant production since 1986. The chrysoprase and Ni silicate ore deposit in Szklary, Lower Silesia, Poland, was probably the biggest European chrysoprase occurrence and possibly also the biggest in the world.
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Canadian- based Ivanhoe Mines discovered the gold-copper ore deposit in 2001 in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. It is in an area known as Oyu Tolgoi (Mongolian for Turquoise Hill), where in the time of Genghis Khan outcropping rocks were smelted for copper. By 2003 there were 18 exploration drill rigs on the property employing approximately 200 people, and Oyu Tolgoi was the "biggest mining exploration project in the world." In January 2013 Oyu Tolgoi started producing concentrate from the mine.
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Extensive surface work and diamond drilling was performed in 1934-1935 by The Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada. From this work a long and wide ore deposit was discovered, which assayed of gold per ton and of silver per ton. In 1946, Beanland Mine was incorporated as Perron Gold Mines Limited. The company carried out of surface diamond drilling, but A. J. Perron, who was president, died in 1946 and Beanland never went into full-scale commercial production.
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Cuniptau Mines (a combination of the symbols Cu, Ni, Pt and Au) was a Canadian mining company from 1933 to 1937. It was incorporated in December 1933 under the leadership of B. W. Watkins with its headquarters based in Toronto, Ontario. The company was engaged in development of the Cuniptau Mine, a polymetallic ore deposit in Strathy Township of Northeastern Ontario. In later years Cuniptau Mines also acquired the Alexo Mine property in Clergue and Dundonald townships of Cochrane District.
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In the late 1840s the Brogdens became interested in iron ore mining in the Furness area of North Lancashire (now Cumbria). In 1846 John senior became a shareholder of the Furness Railway. They took ore-mining territory at Stainton in the estate of the Earl of Burlington and were developing mines there by December 1850. In 1850 the second largest haematite ore deposit in British history was discovered by Schneider and Co. at Park, on the Duddon shore in Furness.
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On the other hand, Late Minoan I ingots found on Crete have Paleozoic lead isotope ratios and are more consistent with ore sources in Afghanistan, Iran, or Central Asia. The controversy settles on the validity of LIA. Paul Budd argues that LBA copper is the product of such extensive mixing and recycling that LIA, which works best for metals from a single ore deposit, is unfeasible.James D. Muhly, "Copper and Bronze in the Late Bronze Aegean," The Ship of Uluburun, trans.
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Mount Pinpet is rich in many minerals and is the second largest known iron ore deposit in Burma, falling second to a site near Hapkant, Kachin State. (11) Along with iron, the mountain contains copper, limestone, wolfram, tin and possibly uranium. Exploration of the mountain began in 1951 when iron ore deposits were discovered. Foreign geologists came and began constructing tunnels at the western and northeastern portions of the mountain, but activities were stalled due to the Burmese military coup in 1962.
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For being able to do this exploration program, Core Mining Limited constructed a 61 km access road from the Cameroonian border to Mt. Avima. The construction started from the existing road about 15 km from the village Lele, crossing the border near an abandoned town in the Cameroonian side by the name Alati. Following this exploration program, Avima became a known world class high grade iron ore deposit with over 700 million tonnes of JORC compliant which include itabirite (BIF) for direct shipping (DSO) resource.
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In-situ leaching (ISL), a widespread technique used to mine uranium, is implicated in the artificial increase of uranium sulfate compounds. ISL was the most widely used method to mine uranium in the United States during the 1990s. The method involves pumping an extraction liquid (either sulfuric acid or an alkaline carbonate solution) into an ore deposit, where it complexes with the uranium, removing the liquid and purifying the uranium. This synthetic addition of sulfuric acid unnaturally raises the abundance of uranium sulfate complexes at the site.
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The mine was opened in 1962 by Outokumpu, sold to Inmet mining in 2002, and obtained by First Quantum Minerals in 2013. Mining activities are projected to end in 2019, but above-ground operations will continue until 2025. In 1958 a local farmer discovered gossan ore during a well construction. Shortly after a sample was delivered to Outokumpu Corporation for analysis and a more thorough geological survey was commenced, revealing a rich volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit (VMS-deposit) rich in zinc and copper.
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The Grubb family enterprises began when Peter Grubb, a stonemason by training, discovered at Cornwall, Pennsylvania between 1734 and 1737, what proved to be the largest domestic iron ore deposit east of Lake Superior. Grubb purchased 1,000 acres of iron-rich property and began manufacturing activities at the Cornwall Iron Furnace and Hopewell Forges in 1742. The business thrived at Cornwall, operating until 1765 under lease by a group of businessmen named Cury & Company, while Grubb removed to Wilmington, Delaware, where he lived out his life.
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The city owes its existence to a high-phosphorus, 1.72 billion-ton iron ore deposit discovered in 1949; development did not begin until the 1960s. The government began to create a village in the wilderness to house miners. In 1971 the village became a city. 1991 ore production was 6.2 million tons, but it began falling after independence; 1994 production was 2.6 MT. In the mid-eighties construction of a chemical plant was begun, but construction was interrupted after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
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Shinkolobwe vein geologic cross section showing successive layers of uranyl minerals The formations of the Shinkolobwe ore deposit form a spur of the Mine Series wedged into a fold-fault. Uranium minerals, and associated cobalt, silver, nickel, bismuth and arsenic, occur as massive sulfide ore in veinlets along fractures, joints, and minor faults within the Katanga synclinorium. Uraninite mineralization occurred 630 Ma, when uraniferous solutions percolated into the dolomitic shales of the Precambrian Mine Series (Serie des Mines), under the Roche Argilotalqueuse (R.A.T.) nappe.
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', officially the ' (; ), is a in the province of , . According to the , it has a population of people, making it the most populous town in the province. Monkayo is an agricultural town, with vast tracts of land planted to rice and banana. The municipality is also host to the gold-rich barangay of Mount Diwata, popularly known as "Diwalwal" (which in the local dialect means one's tongue is hanging out due to exhaustion), a 1,000-meter high range known for its rich gold ore deposit.
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Marcopper Mining was a Canadian corporation that officially started its copper mining operations in 1969 at the Mt. Tapian Ore Deposit on Marinduque Island in the Philippines. When the Mt. Tapian reserve was depleted in 1990, Marcopper moved its operations to the San Antonio copper mine, three kilometers north of the Mt. Tapian site. Mine tailings from the Mt. Tapian site were discharged into Calancan Bay. It is estimated that 84 million metric tons of mine tailings were discharged into the shallow bay between 1975 and 1988.
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During in-situ mining, a leaching solution is pumped down drill holes into the uranium ore deposit where it dissolves the ore minerals. The uranium-rich fluid is then pumped back to the surface and processed to extract the uranium compounds from solution. In conventional mining, ores are processed by grinding the ore materials to a uniform particle size and then treating the ore to extract the uranium by chemical leaching. The milling process commonly yields dry powder-form material consisting of natural uranium, "yellowcake," which is sold on the uranium market as U3O8.
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Mining at the mountain was first recorded from the Kediet ej Jill in the 11th century, but it was not until 1952 that iron ore deposits were first commercially extracted on an industrial scale. Beginning in 1958, the first concessions on iron ore extraction were given to Miferma, Société des mines de fer de Mauritanie. At the time it was majority-controlled by European-based mining interests, however, in 1974 Miferma was nationalized by the Mauritanian government. In 1981 a new iron ore deposit was discovered at Guelb el Rhein, north of Zouérat.
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A similar ore deposit was found in Northern Australia and had had microthermometry and low-temperature laser Raman spectroscopy utilized in this assemblage. The results showed the minerals came from an acidic, high saline hydrothermal solution at temperatures of 140 °C. The interaction of hydrothermal fluids with feldspathic rocks precipitated the ore minerals (Nickel 2002). A third deposit of chrisstanleyite was found in El Chire, La Rioja, Argentina in a cutting calcite vein containing only one selenide-bearing vein through a hematite-rich sandstone and arkose host rocks.
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The gold mines of importance are the Zaamar gold mine, the Boroo hard rock gold mine (discovered and extracted since 1979 by open cast mining), Gatsuurt Gold Mine, and tracer gold extraction by the process of dredging the Tuul River. In addition to Copper, Oyu Tolgoi also has large reserves of gold, and the deposit is assessed to contain 14 million ounces of gold in addition to the 19 million tons of copper. This huge ore deposit is stated to be the second largest discovered and valued at US$46 billion at 2003 prices.
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The area where the old town and iron plant stood was still known as "Swift's [sic] Jetty" well into the 20th-Century, but is no longer known by that name. Algernon Swifte himself is largely forgotten. The site of the THIC iron ore mine, near Brandy Creek slightly north-west of the modern-day town of Beaconsfield, is now reserved as a source of gravel; iron ore still outcrops at the site.Although it still contains iron ore, the ore deposit is far too small and not rich enough to be commercially viable today.
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Zinc is mined both at the surface and at depth. Surface mining of zinc, typically used for oxide ores, while underground mining yields zinc sulfide ores. Some of the common methods of zinc mining are open pit mining, open stope, and cut and fill mining: thumb Open-pit mining: Surface mining involves the removal of waste rock from above an ore deposit before it can be extracted. Once the waste overburden is removed, ore and waste are then mined in parallel, primarily using track- mounted excavators and rubber-tired trucks.
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Rhodochrosite on a Quartz "spear", from Climax mine The ore deposit is a porphyry type, similar to many large copper deposits, where many intersecting small veins of molybdenite form a stockwork in an altered quartz monzonite porphyry. Like other porphyry-type ore deposits, the ore is low- grade, much less than one percent molybdenum, but the ore bodies are very large. Beside molybdenum, the mine has also produced tin (from cassiterite), tungsten (from hübnerite), and pyrite as by-products. The rocks of the Climax Stock are alkaline felsic intrusives.
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Rhodochrosite concretions with fish and plant fossils are common on the strata, composed by Mn-bearing Calcite with traces of hydroxyl-apatite, kutnohorite, smectite, quartz, feldspar, barite, pyrite, and quartz-cristobalite. Mineralized sections do not contain fossils or traces of benthic fauna, and contain only rarely fish remnants, planktonic organisms as well as silicified, manganized, or coalified plant fragments.M. Polgári, M. Philippe, M. Szabó-Drubina, M. Tóth Manganese- impregnated wood from a Toarcian manganese ore deposit, Eplény Mine, Bakony Mts, Transdanubia, Hungary N. Jhb. Geol. Paläont. Monathefte, 3 (2005), pp.
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Under aerobic conditions, the action of the microbial oxidation led to the local accumulation of Mn oxides that ended being Ca-rhodochrosite, and supported Celadonite formation by mixing of geological fluids with seawater. It has been calculated 563 years for the duration of ore local formation based on an estimated 3 weeks for a microbial population growth cycle.Polgári, M., Hein, J. R., Tóth, A. L., Pál-Molnár, E., Vigh, T., Bíró, L., & Fintor, K. (2012). Microbial action formed Jurassic Mn- carbonate ore deposit in only a few hundred years (Úrkút, Hungary).
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From Chañaral to the south the fault system coincides in extent with the Chilean Iron Belt, a collection of iron ore deposit running all the way to El Romeral next to La Serena. It is thought that the Atacama Fault acted as a "transcrustal" fault that allowed for molten iron ore magma migrate from its place of origin in the Earth's mantle to shallow of the crust event reaching surface in volcanic eruptions of iron oxide. The resulting rock after the cooling of these magmas is iron oxide-apatite.
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He started his career at the Institute of Mathematics and Cybernetics of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences as an engineer-geologist. From 1969 to 1973 he studied for a PhD degree at the Institute for Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Crystal Chemistry of Rare Elements in Moscow, where he defended his dissertation East Transbaikal Ore Deposit Location Pattern Study Based on Mathematical Statistics Methods. During this period he worked in the Pamir and Altai Mountains, and in the Transbaikal area. Between 1982 and 1984, Motuza worked as a consultant for the Mozambique National Academy of Sciences.
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Consolidated Zinc was an Australian mining company from 1905 to 1962. The company's initial operations focused on extracting zinc from mine tailings of the Broken Hill Ore Deposit at Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia. The company was founded in Melbourne on 9 September 1905 as the Zinc Corporation Limited, to exploit residual zinc concentrations with an estimated value of $12 million in the 6 million tons of mine tailings deposited from mining activities over the previous 20 years. Key figures involved in the effort included William Baillieu and William Sydney Robinson.
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Working and technological standards improved significantly in the following years. Uranium exploration and mining concentrated in the first years after World War II on the old mining areas of the Ore Mountains and adjacent Vogtland mountains. Many uranium occurrences had long been known there and were accessible using the old adits and shafts from the silver and base metal mining of former centuries. In 1950 the giant ore deposit of Ronneburg and the medium-sized Culmitzsch deposit (both in eastern Thuringia) were discovered and in 1965 the Königstein deposit in the Elbe Sandstone Mountains.
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Near the Brazilian border the iron deposit of El Mutún stands out as the world's largest iron ore deposit. It is located in the Serranía de El Mutún, also called Cerro Mutún or Serranía de Jacadigo in Brazil. The shield also underlies Serrania Caparuch or Huanchaca which is the inspiration for the Lost World of Conan Doyle.The geologic and geomorphic evolution of Serrania Huanchaca, eastern Bolivia: the legendary 'Lost World'. M Litherland and G Power: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, Vol 2, No 1, 1–17, 1989.
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The Bayan Obo iron ore deposit in Inner Mongolia contains significant amounts of bastnäsite and monazite and is, with an estimated 36 million tonnes of rare-earth element oxides, the largest known deposit. The mining operations at the Bayan Obo deposit made China the largest supplier of rare-earth elements in the 1990s. Only 0.2% of the rare-earth element content is europium. The second large source for rare-earth elements between 1965 and its closure in the late 1990s was the Mountain Pass rare earth mine in California.
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This estimation is used to conduct a pre-feasibility study to determine the theoretical economics of the ore deposit. This identifies, early on, whether further investment in estimation and engineering studies is warranted and identifies key risks and areas for further work. The next step is to conduct a feasibility study to evaluate the financial viability, the technical and financial risks, and the robustness of the project. This is when the mining company makes the decision whether to develop the mine or to walk away from the project.
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Cadia iron ore quarry c.1923. - the quarry is on the hill and the aerial ropeway is visible to the to the front and left of centre.. The original decision to site an ironworks at Lithgow in 1875, was based upon the existence of coal and a relatively small iron ore deposit there. After blast furnace operation recommenced at Lithgow in 1907, ore had to be brought from further away, from Coombing Park—near Carcoar—(up to May 1923), Tallawang (from 1911 to Feb. 1927) and Cadia (from 1918).
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El Cerro Mutún (Spanish for "the Mountain Mutún") is an iron ore deposit. Located in the Germán Busch Province in the Santa Cruz Department of Bolivia, near Puerto Suárez, it extends across the border into Brazil, where it is called the Serrania de Jacadigo. Also known as the "Serrania Mutún", it has an area of about 75 square kilometers. Its estimated reserves are about 40.205 billion (40.205 × 109) tons of iron ore of 50% iron, mainly in hematite and magnetite form, and in lesser quantities in siderite and manganese minerals.
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Some ore deposits in the world Some additional ore deposits in the world The basic extraction of ore deposits follows these steps: # Prospecting or exploration to find and then define the extent and value of ore where it is located ("ore body"). # Conduct resource estimation to mathematically estimate the size and grade of the deposit. # Conduct a pre-feasibility study to determine the theoretical economics of the ore deposit. This identifies, early on, whether further investment in estimation and engineering studies is warranted and identifies key risks and areas for further work.
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The technicians said that it would be very difficult to pass through the overburden above the Auboué ore deposit due to the amount of water it contained. Cavallier decided to proceed anyway, using the freezing method to pass through the aquifer layer, although this method had not been used for more than in the past. The gamble succeeded. The Pont-à-Mousson ironworks was transformed into a societe anonyme in 1886, with Xavier Rogé as its sole administrator. Rogé fell seriously ill in 1888 and depended more and more on Cavallier, then aged 34.
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Krasnaya Shapochka Bauxite Mine, 2016 The Sevuralboksitruda (split up as 'Sev. Ural Boksit Ruda', meaning 'North Urals Bauxite Ore Deposit') company is a very large bauxite-mining concern in Russia, owned by RUSAL. It is based in the town of Severouralsk in Sverdlovsk Oblast, and works bauxite deposits in Cheryomukhovsky, Kalyinsky and Novokalyinsky, including the "Krasnaya shapochka" ('little red riding hood') deposit which was discovered in 1934. It extracted more than 3.8 million tons of bauxite in 2000, which were processed at the Bogoslovsky and Urals aluminium plants.
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To date, no significant extraction of mineral resources has taken place within the PWPR, with the exception of gravel pits for construction and maintenance of the Dempster Highway. The Peel Plateau and Eagle Plains ecoregions contain what is considered to be the best candidates for Oil & Gas development within the region. There are 13 significant mineral occurrences in the PWPR, of which two are large and well defined deposits: the Crest iron ore deposit in the Snake River basin and the Bonnet Plume Coal deposit in the neighbouring valley. The Crest Deposit belongs to Chevron.
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Investigation of deposits of green vanadium-bearing kornerupine, revealed the presence of a new vanadium mineral through observations in reflected light. Schreyerite was first discovered in the Kwale district, Kenya. Polymorphous with kyzylkumite, it occurs in highly twinned unmixed grains in vanadium-bearing rutile that occurs as idiomorphic crystals in kornerupine-bearing quartz-biotite-sillimanite gneiss. It also occurs in a pyrite deposit at Sartra, Sweden, in a Pb-Zn ore deposit at Rampura Agucha, India, and recently in metamorphic rocks of the Ol’khon complex on the western shore of Lake Baikal, Russia.
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Ernst Heinrich Oskar Kasimir Weinschenk (6 April 1865, Esslingen am Neckar - 26 March 1921, Munich) was a German mineralogist and petrologist. He served as a professor at the "Technische Hochschule" in Munich (1897–1921) and at the University of Munich (from 1900). His scientific research included mineralogical analysis of meteorites, and studies of contact-metamorphic mineralization in the Alpine region of central Europe. He also conducted investigations on the origin of the sulfidic ore deposit at Silberberg in the Bavarian Forest, as well as the genesis of graphite deposits near Passau.
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Previously, the school was named Mesabi Range Community and Technical College but underwent a name change in January 2014. It is named for the Mesabi Range, an iron-ore deposit in Minnesota's Iron Range where the campuses are located. Mesabi Range Community and Technical College traces its roots to 1923 when Virginia Junior College came into existence. When the new campus was built across from the lake on the corner of W. Chestnut and N 9th, in the current location, the name was changed to Mesabi State Junior College.
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The ore deposit was a very rich deposit and, according to an 1856 letter from Clemson to his brother-in-law, was still producing significant quantities of gold nearly 30 years after its initial discovery on the land. This mine - along with the Consolidated Mine and the Loud Mine - were some of the most productive mines in the Georgia Gold Belt. In 1879, the Calhoun Mine passed from the Calhoun family. In 1939, after the deposits at the Calhoun Mine were long thought to be depleted, a small pocket was discovered and mined.
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The mineral discovery may be commercially important because the mineral contains lithium and boron, both relatively rare industrially important elements. Lithium is used for lithium batteries; boron is used in alloys, ceramic, glasses, and other applications. It is estimated that there are 200 million tons of the lithium borate ore, which would make the future Jadar mines one of the world's largest lithium deposits, supplying 10% of the world's demand for lithium. Of that, the Lower Jadar ore deposit has 114.5 million tons with an average content of the profitable components of 1.8% of lithium oxide and 13.1% of boron oxide.
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COMILOG was established on 24 April 1953 to mine a deposit estimated at 50 million tons of manganese ore in Gabon, with US Steel owning almost half the company. The ore deposit was over from the sea, separated from it by rugged mountainous terrain. The solution was to carry the ore by cableway from Moanda to Mbinda in the Republic of the Congo, and then by a new railway line via Makabana to Monto Bello. From there the existing Congo–Ocean Railway (CFCO: Chemin de Fer Congo-Océan) would link to the port of Pointe- Noire.
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The lead mineralization is situated mainly in the lower part of the Late Cretaceous carbonate rocks at Nakhlak, where sandstones and conglomerates are more common. Many characteristics of the ore deposit fit well with that of the typical Iranian MVT deposits (Rasa, 1987). The ore bodies occur within dolomites and dolomitized sandy limestones as steeply dipping quartz-calcite-barite veins or vein clusters of massive galena. Their thickness varies from 0.25 to 25 meters and extends up to 500 meters in length; it can be traced down along the dip to 400 meters deep (Romanko et al. 1984).
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Crystals of cassiterite, a commercially valuable mineral, in a matrix of quartz, the gangue In mining, gangue () is the commercially worthless material that surrounds, or is closely mixed with, a wanted mineral in an ore deposit. It is thus distinct from overburden, which is the waste rock or materials overlying an ore or mineral body that are displaced during mining without being processed, and from tailings, which is rock already stripped of valuable minerals. The separation of mineral from gangue is known as mineral processing, mineral dressing, or ore dressing. It is a necessary, and often significant, aspect of mining.
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Gruson acquired the mine in 1870, "Mother of God united field including God with us and Friedrich Erbstolln" which he renamed after his daughter in "Marie Louise Stolln" and in the years to comprehensively modernized and expanded. However, the yield of the ore deposit fell short of expectations, so that the mining was in 1892 largely abandoned. An inscription above the entrance hole of the visitor mine "Marie Louise Stolln" commemorates to this day the former mine owners Hermann Gruson and his daughter Marie Louise. Norbert Kaiser: "Hermann Gruson und der moderne Berggießhübeler Eisenerzbergbau 1870-92." in: Landkalenderbuch Sächsische Schweiz- Osterzgebirge 2015.
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Shaft #1 at Oyu Tolgoi copper mine in Ömnögovi Province Erdenet Mining Corporation is a joint venture between the governments of Mongolia and Russia and was established in 1976. Erdenet was accounted for 14% of Mongolia's gross domestic product (GDP). While the mine has been exporting copper concentrate since production began, there are plans to create industry within the country to manufacture finished products (such as copper wire) from concentrate from the mine. In 2001 Canadian-based Ivanhoe Mines (now known as Turquoise Hill Resources) discovered the gold-copper ore deposit of what would be developed into the Oyu Tolgoi mine.
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3D Model of Coal Kilns created by Chris Baker The Birch Creek Charcoal Kilns are a group of beehive-shaped clay charcoal kilns near Leadore, Idaho, built in 1886. They were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. The kilns were built in 1886 to produce charcoal to fuel the smelter at Nicholia, which smelted lead and silver ore from the Viola Mine located about 10 miles east of the kilns. The Viola ore deposit was discovered in 1881 and was mined until 1888, when the ore was depleted and the price of lead had fallen.
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The above-ground mining museum opened in 1987 and has information about geology, and mineralogy, and ore deposit formation, as well as the 800-year history of mining in the area. There are examples of both historic and more recent mining equipment and tools (so- called Gezähe) on display. Equipment and tools on display include drilling and compressed air machines and chargers, transportation equipment, face mechanisation equipment, and equipment for ventilation and drainage. In the underground show mine, opened in 1991, visitors join a guided tour where they use the old hoist to descend to a depth of 283 m.
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Economically, there is significant potential for an extractive economy, specifically the mining of iron ore, bauxite gold and to a lesser extent diamonds. Today the biggest iron ore deposit in Africa and the third largest in the world, African Minerals Tonkolili Project, are found in the hills around Bumbuna, Mabonto and Bendugu. Agriculture also plays a significant role in the economy, the biggest bio energy company in Africa, Addax Petroleum, operates mostly in Mar in constituency 60. There is also a significant agricultural activity at the Magbass sugar production facility and refinery run by Complant, a Chinese construction engineering firm.
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Smelting was being carried on by means of a Cataline furnace and two shafts had been sunk. The party engaged in operating the mine was living in tents until buildings were erected. The mine was referred to at this time as the Fitz Roy iron mine, doubtless in honour of Sir Charles A. Fitz Roy, the Governor-General.History of the Berrima District Jarvis, James, p153 Associated with the iron ore deposit was the Chalybeate Spring, an iron-rich mineral spring that was a tourist attraction mainly during the second half of the 19th century and first few decades of C20th.
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LORandite EXperiment (LOREX) is using lorandite from the ore deposit to determine the solar neutrino flux. This mineral contains large amounts of thallium-205 which undergoes a neutrino capturing reaction and yields lead-205 in the process. The 205Tl(νe,e−)205Pb process has a relatively low threshold energy of 52 keV and thus relatively high efficiency. With the age of the deposit of 4.5 to 4.2 million years, the solar neutrino flux can be estimated over the last 4 million years provided it is possible to determine the amount of lead-205 in a lorandite sample.
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Heavy minerals (dark) in a quartz beach sand (Chennai, India). Heavy mineral sands are a class of ore deposit which is an important source of zirconium, titanium, thorium, tungsten, rare-earth elements, the industrial minerals diamond, sapphire, garnet, and occasionally precious metals or gemstones. Heavy mineral sands are placer deposits formed most usually in beach environments by concentration due to the specific gravity of the mineral grains. It is equally likely that some concentrations of heavy minerals (aside from the usual gold placers) exist within streambeds, but most are of a low grade and are relatively small.
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First chapter. Targets are divided into two general categories of materials: placer deposits, consisting of valuable minerals contained within river gravels, beach sands, and other unconsolidated materials; and lode deposits, where valuable minerals are found in veins, in layers, or in mineral grains generally distributed throughout a mass of actual rock. Both types of ore deposit, placer or lode, are mined by both surface and underground methods. Some mining, including much of the rare earth elements and uranium mining, is done by less-common methods, such as in- situ leaching: this technique involves digging neither at the surface nor underground.
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Research areas within sustainable georesources include the nature of the deep biosphere and its relation to geologic processes such as hydrocarbon maturation, ore deposition and energy resources, the origin and evolution of sedimentary basins and hydrocarbon resources, and the role of various geologic settings, including volcanoes and plate boundaries, in ore deposit formation. Other georesource studies include understanding the stresses, such as urbanization and sea-level-rise, on freshwater resources and heat and mass transfer. The transfer of heat and mass, i.e. magma, hot fluids, groundwater and sediment, controls the concentration of metals and hydrocarbons as well as providing renewable geothermal energy resources.
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In October 1867, under the pseudonym "E.H.", Enoch Hughes wrote the first of a series of letters to newspapers extolling Newcastle, N.S.W. as a location for an iron works, complete with estimates of production costs. A later letter written by Hughes on the same theme, in May 1872, influenced the formation of a private company, the Tasmanian Charcoal Iron Company, to mine and smelt iron ore in Northern Tasmania. The two main proponents of the venture, two Tasmanians, James Reid Scott (a local politician) and Thomas Cook Just (a newspaper proprietor and entrepreneur), inspected the iron ore deposit during May 1871.
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The Araxá ore deposit is large enough to supply the market demand for at least 200 years at current consumption rates. CBMM was the world's first mining and metallurgy company to be ISO 14001-certified. CBMM's niobium products are sold to over 50 countries. The company has its business headquarters, manufacturing facilities and technology center next to its mine in Araxá, and an office for sales and application technologies in São Paulo, as well as sales subsidiaries in the Pittsburgh area, Amsterdam, Beijing, Shanghai and Singapore, and warehouses in Russia, India, Sweden, South Korea, Spain, Italy, Canada and Japan.
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The contract formed between the British Selection Trust and the Trepča mines After World War I ended, the newly formed Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (future Yugoslavia), instigated the geological surveys of the medieval ore mines in order to ease the payments of the war credits. Prime minister Nikola Pašić, who became the concessionary of the Stari Trg ore deposits, hired P.Tućan to do the explorations. Tućan reported about the massive ore findings. In 1925 a big exploration program was carried out by the British company, Selection Trust, which assessed the huge potential of the ore deposit and acquired the concession in 1926.
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From the opening, a service of three trains daily was provided. which were maintained at Mount Morgan from 1898 to 1952 when a lower gradient deviation was opened Due to the steep inclines in the Razorback Ranges, the line included a section of rack railway between Moonmera and the Mount Morgan township. It was built at half the cost of a conventional railway, at a time when the longevity of the ore deposit was unknown, but added significantly to operating costs and time delays on the journey. Special-purpose steam locomotives had to attach to the train for ascent and descent of the rack section.
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Before the 2nd World War, mineral exploration in the area determined the presence of a large, high grade, iron ore deposit at the bottom of Steep Rock Lake. After the war a large water diversion project on the Seine River system was undertaken to enable the draining and dredging of Steep Rock lake in order to develop open-pit mining operations. Two large mines (Steep Rock Iron Mines and Caland Ore Co.) commenced operations in the late 1950s and continued for more than 30 years. When the mines closed in the early 1980s the town of Atikokan suffered economically but continued to survive on natural resource-based industries and tourism.
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In 1826, Josh, Ben, and Jake Perkins — three brothers from Crab Orchard, Tennessee — were searching for ginseng on the North Carolina side of Roan (possibly evading an arrest warrant in Tennessee) when they noted deposits of iron ore near Cranberry Creek.Laughlin, 58–60. This led to the discovery of a massive iron ore deposit known as the Cranberry vein and the establishment of the Cranberry Mine, which extracted the ore for nearly a century until being forced to close by the Great Depression. In the late 19th century, the logging industry was booming, due in large part to the arrival of the band saw and the logging railroad.
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The site of Kaiser Steel Eagle Mountain Mine, which was one of the largest open-pit iron mining operations in the world at the time of opening, is located about north of Desert Center. The rich iron ore deposit was discovered by geologists employed by Henry J. Kaiser during construction of the Colorado River Aqueduct in the early 1930s. The Eagle Mountain Mine operated at capacity from World War II until Kaiser closed the mine and the town of Eagle Mountain in early 1982. Movies have used the mine as a filming location, including scenes from the Terminator 2: Judgment Day—first Terminator movie in 3-D.
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The Balkhab Copper Mine is located in the Sar-e-Pul and Balkh Provinces in north central Afghanistan, approximately 130 km south-west of Mazar-i-Sharif, the capital of Balkh province. There is evidence of mineral extraction activities at Balkhab going back almost 3,000 years, likely to have been continuous mining of copper via surface and underground workings. The copper mine is of Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit (VMS), modern exploration was conducted during 1966-1972, consisting of mapping, trench and surface grab sampling and analysis. Recent work on the Balkhab copper prospect was initiated by the Afghan Geological Survey, at the request of villagers in the region.
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Langley Frederick George "Lang" Hancock (10 June 1909 27 March 1992) was an Australian iron ore magnate from Western Australia who maintained a high profile in the spheres of business and politics. Famous initially for discovering the world's largest iron ore deposit in 1952 and becoming one of the richest men in Australia, he is now perhaps best remembered for his marriage to the much-younger Rose Porteous, a Filipino woman and his former maid. Hancock's daughter, Gina Rinehart, was bitterly opposed to Hancock's relationship with Porteous. The conflicts between Rinehart and Porteous overshadowed his final years and continued until more than a decade after his death.
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Hughes should have been aware of the previous failure of the lengthy, earlier attempt at New Plymouth, but may have drawn the wrong conclusions from its partial success in making pig-iron; the outcome was predictable. In late October 1890, Hughes was advocating the erection of another blast furnace at Kamo near Whangarei, where there was a hematite iron ore deposit with coal and limestone nearby. He was stating publicly that Onehunga would not be able to compete with a works at Kamo. No doubt his public stance would have annoyed the proprietors of the Onehunga Ironworks, who had just recently backed the now dormant Onehunga blast furnace.
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Atlas of US and Canadian Environmental History, p. 64. Taylor & Francis. Canada's mining industry grew more slowly than did the United States' due to limitations in transportation, capital, and U.S. competition; Ontario was the major producer of the early 20th century with nickel, copper, and gold. Meanwhile, Australia experienced the Australian gold rushes and by the 1850s was producing 40% of the world's gold, followed by the establishment of large mines such as the Mount Morgan Mine, which ran for nearly a hundred years, Broken Hill ore deposit (one of the largest zinc-lead ore deposits), and the iron ore mines at Iron Knob.
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La Zarza mine is an abandoned mine near the town of La Zarza, Huelva, Andalucia, Spain. The deposit is part of the Spanish part of the Iberian Pyrite Belt The orebody is 2,900 meters long and up to 100 meters thick. Like most of the volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit in the IPB it contains significant amounts of copper, zinc, lead, silver and gold. The first indications for mining go back to 1500 BC. The mine was operated by the Romans from 100 AD till 300 AD. After that time the mining activities stopped and the deposit was rediscovered in the 19th century and the mine was opened in 1853.
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Hancock Prospecting is a leading Australian owned mining and agricultural business run by Executive Chairman Gina Rinehart and CEO Garry Korte. Established in 1955, the company is chaired by Gina Rinehart, estimated to be the wealthiest person in Australia, and the daughter of the company's founder, the late Lang Hancock. Upon resuming the Executive Chairmanship, Mrs Rinehart took over a company that was in a perilous financial position with significant debt and major assets mortgages and under threat of seizure. Hancock holds the rights to some of the largest land leases in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, containing the world's largest iron ore deposit.
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Volcanogentic massive sulfide ore deposit at Kidd Mine, Timmins, Ontario, Canada, formed 2.4 billion years ago on an ancient seafloor. The predominantly volcanic Archean and Proterozoic greenstone belts throughout Canada are important for estimating Canada's mineral potential. Consequently, geologists study greenstone belts to understand the volcanoes and the environment in which they erupted, and to provide a working model for mineral exploration. The 1,904‑ to 1,864‑million-year-old Flin Flon greenstone belt of central Manitoba and east-central Saskatchewan is one of the largest Paleoproterozoic age volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits in the world, containing 27 copper-zinc-(gold) deposits from which more than 183 million tonnes of sulfide ore have been mined.
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1 Oct. 2016. In ore deposit geology, hypogene processes occur deep below the earth's surface, and tend to form deposits of primary minerals, as opposed to supergene processes that occur at or near the surface, and tend to form secondary minerals. White veins of gypsum (primary/secondary sulfate mineral) near Gunthorpe in Nottinghamshire, England, UK The elemental and mineralogical composition of primary rocks is determined by the chemical composition of the volcanic or magmatic flow from which it is formed. Extrusive rocks (such as basalt, rhyolite, andesite and obsidian) and intrusive rocks (such as granite, granodiorite, gabbro and peridotite) contain primary minerals including quartz, feldspar, plagioclase, muscovite, biotite, amphibole, pyroxene and olivine in varying concentrations.
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The river becomes navigable below Bishop's Falls and the pulp and paper mill constructed a seaport on the lower reaches of the river at Botwood, which was connected to Grand Falls by an industrial railway. An important ore deposit was discovered in the upper reaches of the Exploits Valley at the town of Buchans, resulting in sizable mines and another industrial railway line linking with the Newfoundland Railway west of Grand Falls. During the mid-1960s the Trans-Canada Highway project constructed Route 1 through the lower part of the valley between Bishop's Falls and Badger. A disastrous flood on the Exploits River in February 2003 caused by ice jams forced the evacuation of the town of Badger.
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Tell Hammeh () is a relatively small tell in the central Jordan Valley, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, located where the Zarqa River valley opens into the Jordan Valley. It is the site of the earliest bloomery smelting of iron, from around 930 BC. It is close to several of the larger tells in this part of the Jordan Valley (e.g. Tell Deir 'Alla, Tell al-Sa'idiyeh) as well as to the natural resources desirable in metal production: access to water, outcrops of marly clays (see Veldhuijzen 2005b, 297), and above all the only iron ore deposit of the wider region at Mugharet al-Warda (Abu-Ajamieh et al. 1988; Pigott 1983; Pigott et al.
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Acid mine drainage from mine tailings in Iron Mountain Mine is clearly visible in the rust-stained color of the creek. The Iron Mountain Mine, the most productive copper mine in California in at least one point along its history, operated along the banks of two Spring Creek tributaries, upstream from the current dam site, from 1879 to the 1960s. The mine extracted iron ore, silver, gold, copper sulfide ore, and pyrite from a rock formation dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The potential of a mine at the site was discovered in 1860, when two men, surveyor William Magee and settler Charles Camden, discovered an extensive iron ore deposit along one of the tributaries of Spring Creek.
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In 1948, the East Siberian Railway reached its pre-war loading and cargo-turnover level. In 1958, they commissioned the new Taishet-Bratsk-Lena railway, which connected the basins of the Angara and Lena Rivers with the rest of the Siberian railroad network, providing immediate access to mineral deposits in the Angara basin (e.g. the Korshunovskoye iron ore deposit) and abundant logging regions and ensuring an uninterrupted supply of cargo to the northern areas of Irkutsk Oblast and Yakutia. At the end of 1965, a long Abakan-Taishet section of the East Siberian Railway was commissioned, an electrified high-class railroad with modern means of communication, electric interlocking of railroad switches, and a remote dispatching system.
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The ore deposit resides within dolomite from the Society Cliffs Formation covered with dolomitic shale from the Victor Bay Formation, which together form the Uluksan Group and reside on top of silty shale. The ore is believed to have formed when hot saline water bearing the metal ions of sodium, calcium, chlorine, and sulfate mixed with cooler carbonate-rich brine in the presence of natural gas or methane, which produced hydrogen sulfide through reducing the sulfate. The hydrogen sulfide then reacted with the metals to form the sulfides of marcasite (FeS2), pyrite (FeS2), sphalerite ((Zn,Fe)S), and galena (PbS). The Nanisivik deposit once contained 60 million metric tons of pyrite and 12 million tons of lead-zinc ore.
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In 1848, a local man John Thomas Neale, a Sydney businessmen Thomas Holmes, and the brothers Thomas Tipple Smith and William Tipple Smith formed a partnership to exploit the iron ore deposit. The Smith brothers were sons of the English geologist William Smith and William Tipple Smith appears to have discovered gold (at Ophir), in 1848, before the gold rush triggered by Hargraves's well-publicised discovery nearby in 1851. William Povey, an ironworks expert, was engaged as manager and some samples of iron products had been sent to Sydney by late 1848. This was not the first iron smelted from Australian iron ore, but it was the first such iron smelted commercially in Australia.
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He also served as leader of the Legislative Council until 1917. Baillieu served as an honorary minister in the Murray, Watt and Peacock governments before retiring from politics altogether in 1922. Towards the end of his political career, Baillieu began to take advantage of the need for lead and zinc that had been made clear as a result of World War I. Following up on his involvement in the 1905 founding of Zinc Corporation Ltd. at the Broken Hill Ore Deposit in New South Wales, Baillieu worked with W.S. Robinson and Sir Colin Fraser to reorganise the Broken Hill Associated Smelters at Port Pirie and brought about the formation and development of the Electrolytic Zinc Company in Risdon, Tasmania.
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Scott then left for England—accompanied by one of the companies attourneys—to order new equipment and arrange for it to be shipped to Tasmania. Acting on Scott's advice, work at the mine site was suspended, apart from cutting timber for charcoal and proving up the size of the ore deposit. Although it was planned to continue what were, by then, being described as "the experiments with the Harrison furnace", the company clearly had changed its preferred approach to iron smelting. Scaffolding was erected to repair the Harrison furnace chimney in May 1873, but nothing much further appears to have been done to pursue the Harrison direct reduction path to iron-making.
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In 1972, the French physicist Francis Perrin discovered fifteen ancient and no longer active natural nuclear fission reactors in three separate ore deposits at the Oklo mine in Gabon, West Africa, collectively known as the Oklo Fossil Reactors. The ore deposit is 1.7 billion years old; then, uranium-235 constituted about 3% of the total uranium on Earth. This is high enough to permit a sustained nuclear fission chain reaction to occur, provided other supporting conditions exist. The capacity of the surrounding sediment to contain the nuclear waste products has been cited by the U.S. federal government as supporting evidence for the feasibility to store spent nuclear fuel at the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository.
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In ore deposit geology, hypogene processes occur deep below the earth's surface, and tend to form deposits of primary minerals, as opposed to supergene processes that occur at or near the surface, and tend to form secondary minerals. At great depth the pressure is high, and water can remain liquid at temperatures well above 100 °C. Hot aqueous solutions originating from magmas, deep sedimentary basins, or areas of elevated geothermal gradients can contain metals and other ions derived from the magma itself or from leaching of sedimentary, igneous, or metamorphic rocks. Hypogene deposition processes include crystallization from the hot aqueous solutions flowing through the earth's crust, driven by temperature and pressure gradients, as well as topographic, orogenic, and structural changes and/or controls.
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Smectite appearance in the footwall of the Úrkút manganese ore deposit, Bakony Mts., Hungary. Central European Geology, 62(1), 100-118. Local silica is related with the quartz crystallinity of the white tripoli, where based on the dissolution of the carbonate portion of the siliceous Isztimér Limestone Quartz was formed by low-temperature, diagenetic processes.Polgári, M., Szabó, Z., Szabó-Drubina, M., Hein, J. R., & Yeh, H. W. (2005). A porous silica rock (“tripoli”) in the footwall of the Jurassic Úrkút manganese deposit, Hungary: Composition, and origin through carbonate dissolution. Sedimentary Geology, 177(1-2), 87–96. Finally there were found a series of rare earth elements on the Ore, adsorption from sea water, but terrigenous source also displaying a positive Ce anomaly is involved.
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Rowley had blast furnace experience at the Tamar Hematite Iron Co. and later the Lal Lal blast furnace. Working from their small premises on a hill nearby to the old works at Mittagong, they were only interested in the iron ore deposit—and other deposits that they had identified in the surrounding area—and not in restarting the Fitzroy Iron Works. They smelted the iron ore in a small blast furnace—capable of smelting 5 cwt of iron, and which they had made themselves with Rowley's assistance—tapped the molten iron into a ladle and then poured it into a pipe mould. They had produced pig-iron and successfully cast it to make a sample pipe—nine feet long and four inches in diameter.
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Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits are forming today on the seafloor around undersea volcanoes along many mid ocean ridges, and within back-arc basins and forearc rifts. Mineral exploration companies are exploring for seafloor massive sulfide deposits; however, most exploration is concentrated in the search for land-based equivalents of these deposits. The close association with volcanic rocks and eruptive centers sets VMS deposits apart from similar ore deposit types which share similar source, transport and trap processes. Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits are distinctive in that ore deposits are formed in close temporal association with submarine volcanism and are formed by hydrothermal circulation and exhalation of sulfides which are independent of sedimentary processes, which sets VMS deposits apart from sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) deposits.
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After he developed an original refining process, Belgian industrialist Jean-Jacques Dony received a decree from the Napoleonic authorities in 1806, allowing him to mine the zinc ore deposit at La Vieille Montagne near Liege. At that time, the area belonged to the French département of the Ourthe. After Napoleon's defeat, in 1816 the département was divided between Prussia, the Netherlands and the neutral zone of Neu-Moresnet, which contained the zinc mine. The ' ( ‘Vieille Montagne Zinc Mining Company and Foundries’) was created in 1837, after the independence of Belgium (which took over the Dutch claim to the neutral zone). The Belgian mine continued its operation until the end of the nineteenth century, when a workforce of 300 produced 8,500 ton of crude zinc annually.
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There is also a management strategy towards hunting activities in the north-eastern periphery of the park between the Ministry of Forestry Economy, the Ministry of Mines, and local representatives. In 2007, it was reported that a Chinese company had filed to exploit the second-largest iron ore deposit in the world, near the Minkebe National Park. To clear for the mining, it would involve removing a large area of the surrounding forest, and an estimated of railway, up to 40,000 Chinese laborers, and a hydroelectric dam would be needed to make it possible. This could seriously threaten the future of the conservation area, and the WWF are working with the Chinese and other mining companies in Gabon to attempt to provide a solution.
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From right to left, Shaft #1, #2, and #5 at Oyu Tolgoi In 2001 Canadian-based Ivanhoe Mines (now known as Turquoise Hill Resources) discovered the gold-copper ore deposit of what would be developed into the Oyu Tolgoi mine. The deposit is in the Gobi Desert in an area known as Oyu Tolgoi (Mongolian for Turquoise Hill), where in the time of Genghis Khan outcropping rocks were smelted for copper. By 2003 there were 18 exploration drill rigs on the property employing approximately 200 people, and Oyu Tolgoi was the "biggest mining exploration project in the world." In January 2013 Oyu Tolgoi started producing concentrate from the mine. Its location in the South Gobi province, is 50 miles away from the border with China and is termed as a mega-mine in Mongolia.
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Lumber was in great demand on the opposite side of the ridge separating Lake Tahoe from the silver mines to the east. Aside from the need for homes to shelter the miners and associated commercial enterprises, the silver ore deposit required large quantities of lumber for a newly designed square set timbering structure to prevent collapse of weak rock overlying the ore body. The Truckee and propeller-driven Emerald began towing log rafts to Glenbrook in 1870. Duane Leroy Bliss formed C&TL;&F; in 1872 to build a narrow-gauge railway up the hill from the sawmill at Glenbrook to Spooner Summit, and to purchase the Marlette Lake Water System with a wooden flume to float the lumber from the summit dropping to the Virginia and Truckee Railroad at Carson City, Nevada.
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The directors secured the services of Mr Robert Scott—previously manager of the Coltness Ironworks, near Glasgow, Scotland—to investigate and report on the prospects of the mine. Scott would also have been able to see for himself the damaged Harrison direct reduction furnace, and the iron that it had made. Three bores were made at Mt Vulcan during 1873, to test the extent of the iron ore deposit and assays were made of the ore to determine its suitability Scott reported favourably on the mine and, as a result, the directors resolved to erect four blast furnaces, a Bessemer steel plant, and rolling mills. Scott was then appointed General Manager of the concern—replacing William Leonard who went on to work for the rival Derwent Iron Company.
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After dehydration, solute-rich fluids are released from the slab and metasomatise the overlying mantle wedge of MORB-like asthenosphere, enriching it with volatiles and large ion lithophile elements (LILE). The current belief is that the generation of andesitic magmas is multistage, and involves crustal melting and assimilation of primary basaltic magmas, magma storage at the base of the crust (underplating by dense, mafic magma as it ascends), and magma homogenization. The underplated magma will add a lot of heat to the base of the crust, thereby inducing crustal melting and assimilation of lower-crustal rocks, creating an area with intense interaction of the mantle magma and crustal magma. This progressively evolving magma will become enriched in volatiles, sulfur, and incompatible elements – an ideal combination for the generation of a magma capable of generating an ore deposit.
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Both companies soon merged to form the Nova Scotia Steel and Forge Company. Initially the steel mill at Trenton was fed by scrap metal and pig iron imported from Scotland however shortages in scrap saw the New Glasgow Iron, Coal and Railway Company construct an oxygen blast furnace at Ferrona in the upper reaches of the East River valley that would be supplied with iron ore mined at Eureka and Londonderry. Coke was supplied by local coal mines in Stellarton, Westville and Thorburn. These sources of iron ore were soon found to be high in manganese, thus higher quality iron ore was soon discovered at Wabana on Bell Island, Newfoundland which was then shipped to the Ferrona blast furnaces. In 1895, the New Glasgow Iron, Coal and Railway Company purchased rights to some of the Wabana ore deposit for a long-term supply.
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Although Cadia had been mined for gold and copper, a significant deposit of iron ore also had been identified there. A branch line to Cadia had been advocated for some years, with alternative routes from Spring Hill, Millthorpe or Carcoar being identified. After the blast furnace at Lithgow opened in May 1907, one reason for the iron ore deposit at 'Iron Duke' (Big Cadia) not being mined—although William Sandford had taken out a sub-lease to do so—was the absence of a rail connection and the poor state of the nearby roads. Sandford instead opened an ore quarry at Coombing Park near Carcoar, The subsequent owner of the Lithgow Blast Furnace, G & C Hoskins Ltd, let the sub-lease over the Cadia deposit lapse but later took out a new sub- lease, for a payment of £1,000 per year and 6d.
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It can be a complicated process, depending on the nature of the minerals involved.A number of historical examples are detailed in: For example, galena, an ore of lead, is usually found in large pieces within its gangue, so it does not normally need extensive processing to remove it; but cassiterite, the chief ore of tin, is usually disseminated as very small crystals throughout its gangue, so when it is mined from hard rock, the ore-bearing rock first needs to be crushed very finely, and then has to be subjected to sophisticated processes to separate the ore. For any particular ore deposit, and at any particular point in time, the concentration of the wanted mineral(s) in the gangue material will determine whether it is commercially viable to mine that deposit. The ease with which the ore can be separated also plays an important part.
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The ore deposit was the sixth and last of the deposits in the West Tamar area that were mentioned by Charles Gould in his report of 1866. The area that the THIC would later mine lay on approximately 14-acres land to the east of Brandy Creek. Gould also noted that iron ore outcropped at various points in a line that "may be traced south- easterly continuously to Brandy Creek and thence in intervals along the flanks of Cabbage Tree Tier to the eastern side of Middle Arm Creek, some iron cropping out wherever the thickness of marine drift has been sufficiently stripped away to permit of its re-appearance." The iron ore from the Brandy Creek mine was brown hematite or limonite—wth recorded iron contents of 51.1% iron and 46.8%—and was relatively rich compared to contemporary iron ore deposits in England.
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Also in 1920, Hoskins secured leases over an ore deposit near Mt Heemskirk in Tasmania, and apparently planned to ship the ore via rail to the port of Strahan. At an official event in Wollongong in April 1921, Hoskins spoke openly about his plans for a steelworks on the land that he had purchased at Port Kembla but also about what he wanted from the N.S.W. Government first, a lease for a private wharf at the harbour and a new railway line connecting Port Kembla to the Main Southern line. In July 1923, he announced that a new integrated steelworks would be built at Port Kembla, without at this stage mentioning closing Lithgow; it was stated that Port Kembla was intended for the ‘interstate trade'. Later in 1923, the government announced the building of a rail line to Moss Vale, which would allow limestone flux to be carried from Marulan.
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After his return from Europe, Joralemon continued in his work with the C&A; Company in Arizona, as well as acting on behalf of the Anaconda Copper Mining Company, assessing properties for them in Siberia and South America. However, in 1922 Joralemon resigned from the C&A; Company to set up his own consultancy, although he did maintain close links to the C&A; and to Phelps Dodge, who merged with C&A; in 1931, for the rest of his career. Basing himself in San Francisco, Joralemon's consulting work involved him in numerous ore deposit discoveries and development work over the following 50 years, many of which went on to become profitable mines, including: Potrerillos copper mine, Chile; Ahumada lead mine, Mexico; Central Eureka gold mine, California; Consolidated Copper mine, Nevada; Yellow Pine tungsten mine, Idaho; and Bralorne gold mine, British Columbia. He also acted as an executive board member for many mining companies and published numerous technical reports and scientific manuscripts during this period.
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One of the major problems in classifying and identifying komatiite-hosted NiS ore deposits as Kambalda type is the structural complication and overprint of metamorphism upon the volcanic morphology and textures of the ore deposit. This is especially true of the peridotite and dunite hosted low-grade disseminated Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits such as Perseverance, Mount Keith MKD5, Yakabindie and Honeymoon Well, which occupy peridotite bodies which are at least 300m and up to 1200m thickness (or more). The major difficulty in identifying adcumulate peridotite piles in excess of 1 km as being entirely volcanic is the difficulty in envisaging a komatiitic eruptive event which is prolonged enough to persist long enough to build up via accumulation such a thickness of olivine-only material. It is considered equally plausible that such large dunite-peridotite bodies represent lave channels or sills through which, perhaps, great volumes of lava flowed en route to the surface.
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Lake Superior Iron Ranges A major iron ore deposit was discovered near what is now Iron Mountain in 1878/79; the first ore from the first area mine (the Chapin Mine) was produced in late 1879. Iron Mouintain was first platted in December 1879 by Samuel M. and Isaac Stephenson and Joseph Flesheim; their platting encompassed what is now the northeast portion of the Central Historic District. Numerous other mines opened in the area, and workers began flooding in. Buildings appeared in Iron Mountain almost overnight, and in 1881 the Stephensons and Joseph Flesheim executed a second plat, extending the original one to the west. In 1882 they made a second addition, and other businessmen added plats so that by late 1883, the entirety of what is now the Central Historic District hade been platted. During the decade that followed, the population of Iron Mountain soared, to over 5000 in 1888 and over 8500 in 1890.
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With two blast furnaces in operation at Lithgow, after 1913, not only did Hoskins need to rail his complex iron ores a considerable distance but his ore deposits had a limited life. This last aspect became more critical, once it was discovered that the ore deposit at Cadia—to which Lithgow's future was to be inextricably tied—contained a far lesser quantity of good-quality ore than had been estimated by the Government's geological surveyor. G. & C. Hoskins explored and—in some cases—took out leases on other deposits of iron ore in New South Wales; one was close to the eastern side of the Main Southern Railway between Breadalbane and Cullerin—mined sporadically from 1918, with the ore smelted at Lithgow—and others were near Crookwell , Michelago, Cumnock, Picton, Cudgegong near Mudgee, and even as far from Lithgow as Tabulam. Through Charles Hoskins' commercial intransigence—his unwillingness to renew the lease on the existing terms and conditions—the company lost access to its deposit at Carcoar in 1923, after extracting only about a third of its ore.
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The historical Big Bell mine produced 730,000 ounces of gold at 4.04 g/t from 1904 to 1955.The Australian Mines Handbook: 2003-2004 Edition, page: 69, accessed: 6 February 2010 The mine was a very big, low grade ore deposit at Paton's Find, and was developed by the Premier Gold Mining Company in the 1930s. With the closure of the mine in the mid-1950s, the town of Big Bell declined and was virtually deserted.History of country town names - B Landgate website, accessed: 6 February 2010 The mine reopened in the 1980s, then owned jointly by Australian Contract Mining and Placer Pacific, having been described as Australia's biggest unexploited gold deposit at the time.Big Bell Gold Mine May Be The First Casualty Of Proposed Tax The Sydney Morning Herald, published: 9 June 1986, accessed: 6 February 2010 The mine was later owned by Normandy Mining, until October 1999, when New Hampton Goldfields Limited acquired Big Bell for A$12 million in cash and A$17 million in shares.NDY`s ann: Sale of Big Bell Normandy Mining ASX announcement, published: 8 October 1999, accessed: 6 February 2010 New Hampton was taken over by Harmony Gold in April 2001 for A$54 million.
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