448 Sentences With "opuntia" | Random Sentence Generator

"That will consume up to 600 kilos of opuntia plant a day and cook for between 20 and 30 men every day," he adds.

The fossilized poop also contained evidence of Dasylirion fibers, related to the asparagus family, and Opuntia, a cactus more commonly known as the prickly pear.

At the start of the 1900s, an area of over 40,000 square kilometers in Australia was affected by opuntia, before it was controlled with bugs.

When asked about the idea of turning Opuntia into a cash crop, Witt warns that putting value on the cactus could make it harder to control because people will want to keep the plant alive.

Opuntia, or prickly pear, was introduced to Kenya by British colonialists in 3003s as a living fence, but has grown out of control in recent years, plaguing elephants and other wildlife, and tearing through ranches and farmland.

Plants that are prevalent in warmer climates, such as the white-haired opuntia of Mexico and the crassula of South Africa, are featured attractions, and the conservatory's high dome offers a sense of possibility, as if you could climb the tall palm trees inside and see for miles.

The larvae feed on Opuntia species, including Opuntia fragilis, Opuntia macrorhiza and Opuntia polyacantha. Pupation takes place in the silk cases.

Different authorities disagree on the division of plants into Opuntia chlorotica, Opuntia violacea, Opuntia gosseliniana, Opuntia macrocentra, and perhaps others. To complicate the issue, there are numerous natural hybrids between species.

Opuntia engelmannii var. lindheimeri in habitat. Fruits of Opuntia engelmannii. Opuntia engelmannii blooming in Joshua Tree, California Opuntia engelmannii is a prickly pear common across the south-central and Southwestern United States and northern Mexico.

Opuntia erinacea, the Mojave prickly pear, is a species in the family Cactaceae, that is a distributed throughout the Mojave and Great Basin deserts. Opuntia erinacea is proposed by some botanists to be an allopolyploid that resulted from hybridization between Opuntia diploursina and Opuntia basilaris.Stock, A. D., Hussey, N., & Beckstrom, M. D. (2014). A New Species of Opuntia (Cactaceae) from Mojave Co, Arizona.

Today the garden contains a collection of local plants and other succulents including Agavaceae, Cactaceae, succulent Euphorbia, and Liliaceae. Of particular interest are its collections of rare and endangered Cactaceae, including Mammillaria nivosa, Melocactus intortus, Opuntia dillenii, Opuntia rubescens, Opuntia triacantha, Opuntia tuna, Pereskia aculeata, Pilosocereus nobilis, and Selenicereus grandiflorus.

The name Opuntia vulgaris, which is a synonym of Opuntia ficus- indica, has been misapplied to this species in Australia.

Opuntia alta is a cactus species in the genus Opuntia. It is a large plant, with some older specimens forming trees to tall.

Opuntia galapageia is a species of cactus. It is endemic to the Galápagos Islands, part of Ecuador.Tye, A. & Kling, M. (2013). Opuntia galapageia.

Opuntia spreads into large clonal colonies, which contribute to its being considered a noxious weed in some places. Animals that eat Opuntia include the prickly pear island snail and Cyclura rock iguanas. The fruit are relished by many arid-land animals, chiefly birds, which thus help distribute the seeds. Opuntia pathogens include the sac fungus Colletotrichum coccodes and Sammons' Opuntia virus.

It resembles Opuntia lindheimeri, and immature specimens can be mistaken for that taxon. Mature O. alta plants form discrete trunks and have small fruits. Unlike O. lindheimeri, the flowers have pale stigmas. Opuntia alta is probably closely related to Opuntia cacanapa, which grows further inland.

Opuntia tuna is a species of cactus in the genus Opuntia. It is endemic to the Dominican Republic, Jamaica and other Caribbean Islands. The first description was in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus as Cactus tuna. Philip Miller described it as Opuntia tuna in 1768.

Opuntia pinkavae, common names Bulrush Canyon prickly-pear or Pinkava's pricklypear, Pinkava, D.J. & Baker, M. 2013. Opuntia pinkavae. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Okenia opuntia is a species of sea slug, specifically a dorid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Goniodorididae.Bouchet, P. (2015). Okenia opuntia Baba, 1960. In: MolluscaBase (2015).

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013. Downloaded on 18 September 2015. There are three varieties: Opuntia galapageia var. galapageia on Bartolome, Santiago, and Pinta, Opuntia galapageia var.

Journal of Applied Ecology 36(1), 85-91. D. opuntiae has been effective against the weedy prickly pear Opuntia stricta, and D. austrinus is used to control Opuntia aurantiaca.

Several species of Yucca and Opuntia are native as well to the drier sandy coastal scrub environment of the region, including Yucca aloifolia, Yucca filamentosa, Yucca gloriosa, and opuntia stricta.

Opuntia trichophora is a species of cactus in the genus Opuntia, more commonly known as prickly pears or nopal. O. trichophora is distributed throughout parts of New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah, and may have disjoint populations in Wyoming, southern Montana, and southern Idaho. Opuntia trichophora is a diploid (2n=22) but has sometimes been treated as a variety of Opuntia polyacantha a tetraploid (2n=44). O. trichophora tends to have longer spines than O. polycantha or O. macrorhiza.

Opuntia pailana is a species of the genus Opuntia in the family Cactaceae. The name pailana comes from the sierra de la Paila in the state of Coahuila Mexico where it was discovered.

Opuntia matudae, or xoconostle, is a cactus native to Mexico.

Opuntia stenopetala is a species of columnar cactus found in Mexico.

Specimens of O. pinkavae were distributed for years labeled as "Opuntia kaibabensis", a name that was never validly published.Ferguson, David, & A. Dean Stock. Opuntia Web Parfitt's original description coining the name Opuntia pinkavae and the treatment attributed to Pinkava in Flora of North America suggest that the name was offered as a replacement for another allegedly unpublished name, Opuntia basilaris var. woodburyi. However, the varietal name was indeed validly published, but chromosomal comparisons between it and O. pinkavae show that they are not the same taxon.

It has large white spines, and a low layer of reddish-brown glochids, which break off in the skin if touched. It produces a yellow and red flower in late spring. This species was historically included in a broadly-defined Opuntia humifusa group, which is found further to the east. Opuntia cespitosa differs from Opuntia humifusa in its flowers having a red center.

Opuntia nemoralis is a species of cactus (Cactaceae) native to the United States. It is found in the South-Central region, in the states of Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and with a single specimen tentatively identified from Missouri. Its natural habitat is in sandy prairies, saline and sodic barrens, and rock outcrops. Opuntia nemoralis has long been considered a synonym of Opuntia humifusa.

Because of its striking stem and bloom color the Opuntia macrocentra cactus is cultivated as an ornamental plant for drought tolerant and native plant gardens, and as a potted plant.Opuntia macrocentra' species account and photographs from Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Native Plant Information Network (NPIN) . accessed 3.23.2013 Like many other cacti in the genus Opuntia, the fruit produced by Opuntia macrocentra is edible.

Flowering Flower Fruit Opuntia ficus-indica is polyploid, hermaphrodite and autogamous. As Opuntia species grow in semi-arid environments, the main limiting factor in their environment is water. They have developed a number of adaptations to dry conditions, notably succulence. Blooming, Behbahan, Iran The perennial shrub Opuntia ficus-indica can grow up to 3–5 m height, with thick, succulent and oblong to spatulate stems called cladodes.

Opuntia quitensis is a species of columnar cactus found in Peru and Ecuador.

The caterpillars feed on Opuntia (prickly pear cactuses) and are considered a pest.

Opuntia atrispina is a cactus species in the genus Opuntia. It has limited distribution in the United States. In Texas it can be found from near Uvalde to Del Rio/Langtry—a small strip of area just 50 miles long.

Opuntia polyacantha is a common species of cactus known by the common names plains pricklypear,Johnson, K. A. 2000. Opuntia polyacantha. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer).

DNA analysis indicated O. ficus-indica was domesticated from Opuntia species native to central Mexico. The Codex Mendoza, and other early sources, show Opuntia cladodes, as well as cochineal dye (which needs cultivated Opuntia), in Aztec tribute rolls. The plant spread to many parts of the Americas in pre-Columbian times, and since Columbus, has spread to many parts of the world, especially the Mediterranean, where it has become naturalized.

Opuntia invicta is a native cactus endemic to lower elevations in Baja California, Mexico.

Wild cactus such as Stenocereus queretaroensis and Opuntia also grow freely in the area.

Opuntia ficus-indica flower, Behbahan, Iran Buds of Opuntia cochenillifera When Carl Linnaeus published Species Plantarum in 1753 – the starting point for modern botanical nomenclature – he placed all the species of cactus known to him in one genus, Cactus. In 1754, the Scottish botanist Philip Miller divided them into several genera, including Opuntia. He distinguished the genus largely on the form of its flowers and fruits. Considerable variation of taxonomy occurs within Opuntia species, resulting in names being created for variants or subtypes within a species, and use of DNA sequencing to define and isolate various species.

Other noxious weeds include Opuntia stricta (prickly pear), Verbesina encelioides and Echium plantagineum (Paterson's curse).

Bottom line in this is that Opuntia pinkavae remains an accepted name with no synonyms.

However recent genetic analysis, in combination with distinct morphological features, suggested that recognition at the species level of many entities previously included under O. humifusa was warranted. In 2017 Opuntia nemoralis was resurrected as a species. Opuntia nemoralis is closely related to Opuntia cespitosa. O. nemoralis can be distinguished by its smaller size, narrower cladodes that more easily disarticulate, barbed spines, and tepals that are yellow (rarely faintly pink) to the base.

Opuntia megasperma is a species of plant in the family Cactaceae. This vulnerable cactus species is endemic to the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador), where restricted to Floreana, San Cristobal and Espanola. Opuntia megasperma in a highly important source of food, water, and shade for Galápagos tortoises.

Opuntia anacantha is a species belonging to the family Cactaceae, native to northern Argentina and Bolivia.

Opuntia auberi was described by Ludwig Karl Georg Pfeiffer and published in Allgemeine Gartenzeitung in 1840.

Opuntia fuliginosa is a species of prickly pear cactus found in the Sonoran Desert in Mexico.

Researchers are projecting a westward expansion of Cactoblastis cactorum in North America. This threatens cactus industries in the Southwestern United States and inner parts of Mexico. In the Western United States, over sixty Opuntia species are a vital part of the ecosystem. In Mexico, Opuntia is a vital plant; its fruit and clacode (nopal) are a staple food, chopped cacti are used to sustain cattle in times of drought, and some Opuntia species support the cochineal dye industry.

Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis was placed in the genus Opuntia when the very broad genus Cactus was dismembered. The distinctive features of the species were recognized by Karl Schumann in 1898 when he created a subgenus Brasiliopuntia within the genus Opuntia. In 1926 Alwin Berger completed the separation from Opuntia by raising Brasiliopuntia to a full genus. A number of species have been described in the past, but are now considered only to be variants of B. brasiliensis.

Opuntia anacantha was described by Carlos Luis Spegazzini and published in Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle 1904.

Opuntia elata is a species of cactus found in Bolivia, Paraguay, southern Brazil, northern Argentina, and Uruguay.

Opuntia megarrhiza Rose is a species of plant in the family Cactaceae. It is endemic to the state of San Luís Potosí in northeastern Mexico.H.M. Hernández, C. Gómez-Hinostrosa, & R.T. Barcenas. 2001. Studies on Mexican Cacti II: Opuntia megarrhiza, a poorly known endemic from San Luís Potosí, México.

Mature edible nopal pad Nopal (from the Nahuatl word nohpalli for the pads of the plant) is a common name in Spanish for Opuntia cacti (commonly referred to in English as prickly pear), as well as for its pads. There are approximately one hundred and fourteen known species endemic to Mexico, where the plant is a common ingredient in numerous Mexican cuisine dishes. The nopal pads can be eaten raw or cooked, used in marmalades, soups, stews and salads, as well as being used for traditional medicine or as fodder for animals. Farmed nopales are most often of the species Opuntia ficus-indica or Opuntia matudae although the pads of almost all Opuntia species are edible.

The Opuntia Formation is a geologic formation in British Columbia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Jurassic period.

The ant Crematogaster opuntiae and the spider Theridion opuntia are named because of their association with prickly pear cactus.

In the Chihuahuan Desert and Sonoran Desert ecoregions, it often in association with Opuntia spp. and/or Yucca spp.

Cylindropuntia was formerly treated as a subgenus of Opuntia, but have now been separated based on their cylindrical stems (Opuntia species have flattened stems) and the presence of papery epidermal sheaths on the spines (Opuntia has no sheaths). A few species of mat- or clump-forming opuntioid cacti are currently placed in the genus Grusonia. Collectively, opuntias, chollas, and related plants are sometimes called opuntiads. The roughly 35 species of Cylindropuntia are native to the southwestern and south-central United States, Mexico, and the West Indies.

Opuntia macrocentra, the long-spined purplish prickly pear or purple pricklypear, is a cactus found in the lower Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico. A member of the prickly pear genus, this species of Opuntia is most notable as one of a few cacti that produce a purple pigmentation in the stem. Other common names for this plant include black- spined pricklypear, long-spine prickly pear, purple pricklypear, and redeye prickly pear. Opuntia macrocentra is an upright spreading shrub consisting of several joined segments called pads.

In Mexican folk medicine, its pulp and juice are considered treatments for wounds and inflammation of the digestive and urinary tracts, although there is no high-quality evidence for any clinical benefit of using opuntia for these purposes. Prior to modern medicine, Native Americans and Mexicans primarily used Opuntia as a coagulant for open wounds, using the pulp of the stem either by splitting the stem or scraping out the pulp. In one recent study, it was found that Opuntia aided in the prevention or slow down of diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and some cancers. The results of the group that was taking Opuntia showed a reduction in BMI, body composition, and waist circumference when compared to the placebo group.

Opuntia anahuacensis is a cactus species in the genus Opuntia of the family Opuntioideae. It grows along the Gulf Coast of Texas, and perhaps northern Mexico. The plants are short, perhaps 1- or 2-ft tall, but they are wide. Some thickets may be 20- to 40-ft across and composed of multiple plants.

An Opuntia infested area in Australia, before Cactoblastis was introduced Cactoblastis cactorum was first introduced to Australia in 1925 from Argentina, where it was successfully used as a biological control agent for Opuntia cacti.Capinera, John L., Encyclopedia of Entomology, Springer, April 10, 2008. Due to this success, it was subsequently introduced into other countries, including South Africa in 1933 and the Caribbean in the 1950s. Following introduction, Cactoblastis exerted an immediate effect on the agricultural community in South Africa, where it diminished the population of the spineless Opuntia species valued as "cattle fodder".

One adult found in 1905 had eaten the fruit of Opuntia engelmannii in sufficient quantities that its flesh was tinted purple.

Opuntia humifusa (Eastern prickly pear cactus) in bloom atop Sugarloaf Hill Somewhat unusually, Opuntia humifusa, Eastern prickly-pear cactus, can be found growing on ledges atop Sugarloaf Hill. The oceanic warmth brought upstream by the estuarine Hudson and the sunny, exposed rock allows this cactus to grow on the hill, and elsewhere in the Hudson Highlands.

Opuntia echios is a species of plant in the family Cactaceae. It is endemic to the Galápagos Islands (Ecuador) and is commonly known as the Galápagos prickly pear, but there are five other species of prickly pears that also are endemic to the archipelago (O. galapageia, O. helleri, O. insularis, O. megasperma, and O. saxicola). Opuntia echios var.

Opuntia cacanapa is a cactus in the genus Opuntia. In the United States it is found primarily in the southern Trans-Pecos and the South Texas Plains from Brewster, Pecos and Uvalde Counties south to Cameron County. It also occurs in nearby Mexico from the Rio Grande to as far south as Guanajuato and northern Hidalgo.

Opuntia ficus-indica (known as the prickly pear) is a plant that has been part of the landscape of South Africa for over 250 years.Van Sittert, L., 2002. ‘Our irrepressible fellow-colonist’: the biological invasion of prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) in the Eastern Cape c. 1890–c. 1910. Journal of Historical Geography, 28(3), p.

A new Opuntia identified in southwestern Utah. Saguaroland Bull. 34: 15. There is a bit of confusion concerning the correct scientific name.

Prickly pear cactus is also native to sandy coastal beach scrub environments of the East Coast from Florida to southern Connecticut, where Opuntia humifusa, Opuntia stricta, and Opuntia pusilla, are found from the East Coast south into the Caribbean and the Bahamas. Additionally, the eastern prickly pear is native to the midwestern "sand prairies" nearby major river systems, such as the Mississippi, Illinois, and Ohio rivers. The plant also occurs naturally in hilly areas of southern Illinois, and sandy or rocky areas of northern Illinois. Opuntia species are the most cold-tolerant of the lowland cacti, extending into western and southern Canada; one subspecies, O. fragilis var. fragilis, has been found growing along the Beatton River in central British Columbia, southwest of Cecil Lake at 56° 17’ N latitude and 120° 39’ W longitude.

Another possible control option being explored would utilize ants to serve in a mutually beneficial relationship with the Opuntia cacti. Many ant species in the natural world participate in mutualistic relationships with various species of cactus and it is hoped that this general trend of interaction can be exploited to protect the Opuntia cacti from the Cactoblastis moth. This relationship would offer Opuntia protection from the invader, Cactoblastis, and would offer the ants a place to rear their young and receive nourishment.Robbins, M et all., "Patterns of Ant Activity on Opuntia Stricta (cactaceae), a Native Host-plant of the Invasive Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis Cactorum (lepidoptera: Pyralidae)", ‘’Florida Entomologist’’, 2011 In South Africa, a mutualism already exists between many species of cacti and ants to prevent the spread of Cactoblastis.

A nopaltilla is a cactus-corn tortilla. The word is a portmanteau of nopal, Spanish for the Opuntia ficus-indica cactus, and tortilla.

Opuntia auberi is a flower plant species belonging to the family Cactaceae. It is native to Central America in Cuba and the Antilles.

The name Corynopuntia comes from the Greek coryne, meaning ‘club’, and refers to the club-shaped branch segments, so "club opuntia", club cholla.

Association Advancement of Science. (16): 347–401.Johnston, T. H., & Hitchcock, L. (1923). A bacteriosis of prickly pear plants (Opuntia spp.). Trans. Proc.

Cactoblastis cactorum has spread across the Gulf to Mexico, where it was first discovered on Isla Mujeres, a small island off the northeast coast of the Yucatán Peninsula. It is unknown how the moth migrated to Mexico; speculated means of propagation include winds and hurricanes, unintentional transport by humans, or commercial trade. More recently, Cactoblastis cactorum began to attack Opuntia cacti on San Salvador Island in the Bahamas, where Opuntia cacti, especially the prickly pear cactus, are a major food source for the Cyclura iguanas. The decrease in Opuntia cacti population raises concern of severe damage to the iguana population.

The ecological relationship between the Cactoblastis cactorum moth and the Opuntia cactus is a parasite–host relationship. Cactoblastis larvae feeding on Opuntia cacti Laboratory feeding studies suggest that Cactoblastis cactorum is one of the least selective moths in the genus Cactoblastis when it comes to host selection, but the observed patterns of infestation in the field suggest that host identity is important in determining which sites become infested. The moth selects its host by detecting CAM production in Opuntia cacti. They have a detection system that enables them to detect the carbon and nitrogen gradients in the air surrounding the host.

Another 15,000 died. 1955 - Plantation on 4.000 ha of Opuntia stricta, a spineless cactus, is completed. Twenty thousand hectares planned in the so-called Raketa operation. The Opuntia with a red prickly pear fruit is called raketamena. 1955-56 - In the Androy district, the indigenous production of food crops was : cassava 18.000t, corn 4.000t, grain sorghum 1.000t, beans 800t, groundnuts 700t .

Cacti in Arikok National Park The flora of Aruba differs from the typical tropical island vegetation. Xeric scrublands are common, with various forms of cacti, thorny shrubs, and evergreens. Aloe vera is also present, its economic importance earning it a place on the Coat of Arms of Aruba. Cacti like Melocactus and Opuntia are represented on Aruba by species like Opuntia stricta.

Distribution of Opuntia macrocentra in the United States. Native populations of Opuntia macrocentra are found in Arizona, New Mexico, Southwestern Texas, and Northwestern Mexico. This cacti is a slow growing perennial that inhabits a wide range of soil substrates and habitat types. It can be found below the elevation of 5000 ft in areas of sandy desert flats, rocky hills, or valley grasslands.

Micrarionta opuntia, known as the prickly pear island snail, pricklypear islandsnail, or prickly pear snail, is a species of land snail in the family Xanthonychidae. It is endemic to California, first formally described in 1975. The type locality is northeastern San Nicolas Island, at the base of a prickly pear (Opuntia littoralis), in a small depression. It reaches around in diameter.

Opuntia ficus-indica is being advantageously used in Tunisia and Algeria to slow and direct sand movement and enhance the restoration of vegetative cover, minimizing deterioration of built terraces with its deep and strong rooting system.Nefzaoui, A., Ben Salem, H., & Inglese, P. (2001). "Opuntia-A strategic fodder and efficient tool to combat desertification in the Wana region." Cactus, 73–89.

Other plants in the habitat may include Andropogon scoparius, Selaginella rupestris, Opuntia compressa, Panicum virgatum, Allium stellatum, Isanthus brachiatus, Houstonia longifolia, and Ambrosia artemisiifolia.

Enemigos naturales de Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell) en Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller en el centro de México. Acta Zoológica Mexicana 26(2), 415-33.

Found in the arid zone of many of the islands in the Galápagos, the common cactus finch is seldom far from areas of Opuntia cactus.

Abdala, 1999 Nopal (Opuntia ficus-indica (L.)) is also a good source of isorhamnetin, which can be extracted by supercritical fluid extraction assisted by enzymes.

Siderin is a bio-active coumarin derivative produced by Aspergillus versicolor, an endophytic fungus found in the green alga Halimeda opuntia in the Red Sea.

Many attempts are being made to halt the expansion of Cactoblastis cactorum in order to prevent further damage to Opuntia cacti across Central America and the Southeast United States, where the effect of the moth has been identified as the most dangerous to the native flora. Some attempts to control the population are biological in nature whereas others are more physical attempts to quarantine afflicted Opuntia.

Coleman was interested in the role of natural parasites and predators for the control of pests. He was involved in measures to control Opuntia in Kolar district that included manual removal, conversion of Opuntia to green manure, and the use of cochineal insects in their control. He reared and studied many species of parasites. Telenomus colemani, Anastatus colemani, and Tetrastichus colemani are named after him.

Opuntia diploursina is a species in the family Cactaceae, that grows near and in Lake Mead National Recreation Area and northward across Nevada's Mormon Mesa, into Utah. This species is a close relative and probable ancestor of Opuntia erinacea, but "...differs in minor spines more closely appressed to pad surface, spines smaller in diameter and more flexible, inter-areolar distance less, upright growth habit, larger fruit with longer, more flexible spines, larger seeds, and diploid chromosome number (2n=22)".Stock, A. D., Hussey, N., & Beckstrom, M. D. (2014). A New Species of Opuntia (Cactaceae) from Mojave Co, Arizona. Cactus and Succulent Journal, 86(2), 79-83.

Altitude: From near sea level to 2400 meters. Habitat: It grows in different dry habitats normally in well drained deserts in Sonoran and Mojave deserts, chaparral, pinyon-juniper woodlands, grass, and Great Basin shrub in flats with fine sand on the plain, washes and canyons in the desert, and also in gravelly, sandy, or rocky hillsides, and in mountain ranges. The rich flora and diverse vegetation of the area comprise, among the others, Ferocactus cylindraceus, Mammillaria boogie, Mammillaria microcarpa, Mammillaria tetrancistra, Echinocereus scopulorum, Fouquieria MacDougall, Larrea tridentata, Cercidium microphyllum, Idria columnaris, Opuntia leptocaulis, Opuntia ramosissima and Opuntia engelmannii. The species is abundant throughout its range.

Austrocylindropuntia is a genus of cacti (family Cactaceae) with 11 recognized species, which were once included in the genus Opuntia. Some are native to South America.

Glochids from prickly pears (Opuntia species) can cause an extremely pruritic, papular eruption called sabra dermatitis, which can easily be confused with scabies or fiberglass dermatitis.

Representatives of species: Pinion (Pinus cembroides), Pine (Pinus montezumae), Encino (Quercus intricata), Oak (Quercus polymorpha), Encino (Quercus rugosa), Encino (Quercus diversifolia), (Quercus potosina), Nopal (Opuntia spp.).

Journal of Historical Geography, 28(3), pp. 397–419. Zimmermann, H.G. and Moran, V.C., 1991. Biological control of prickly pear, Opuntia ficusindica (Cactaceae), in South Africa.

Opuntia corallicola. The Nature Conservancy. This species' common name refers to its resemblance to railway semaphore signals. This "is an extremely rare species" that is "near extinction".

Opuntia insularis is a species of plant in the family Cactaceae. This endangered species is endemic to the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador), where restricted to Fernandina and Isabela.

Opuntia leucotricha is a species of cactus with the common names: arborescent pricklypear, Aaron's beard cactus, and semaphore cactus; and (in Spanish) duraznillo blanco and nopal blanco.

The coastal Bahía Portete Park is richer in flora than the surrounding desert. Common land plants are the cactus Opuntia wentiana and the mangrove tree Avicennia germinans.

Opuntia lindheimeri is a species of cactus native to North America. It is native to Mexico and the United States, where its populations are primarily in Texas. Widespread taxonomic confusion has prevented a clear understanding of the true range of this species, resulting in significant publication discrepancies regarding both its western and eastern boundaries. According to Opuntia Web group, this species is typically found in more mesic habitats with deeper soils.

Adults are on wing from June to July and from September to October in Arkansas. The larvae feed on Opuntia cladodes.Rearing a native cactus moth, Melitara prodenialis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), on artificial diet and Opuntia cladodes: Preliminary comparisons Oulimathe Paraiso, Trevor Randall Smith, Stephen D. Hight, Bobbie Jo Davis Florida Entomologist Vol. 97, No. 3 (September 2014) Larvae are gregarious within the cladode, and may feed in several clododes to complete development.

The actions of man since Roman times have resulted in the destruction of most of the lowland forests and hills, the expansion of pastures, and the extinction of many species and in the introduction of exotic species which are then naturalized. For example, the Indian fig opuntia (Opuntia ficus-indica), is now common in the warmer parts of the Southern Italy. Also, the invasive false Acacia (Robinia) is widely spread.

Huallanca (hispanicized spelling) or Wallanka (Quechua for "mountain range" and a cactus plant (Opuntia subulata)) is a district of the Bolognesi Province in the Ancash Region of Peru.

It feeds on seeds such as those of the prickly pear (Opuntia) which fall to the ground, but it does not eat the pulp of the cactus fruit.

Also, many Southern Magnolias, Crepe Myrtles, Musa Basjoo (Hardy Japanese Banana plants), native bamboo, native opuntia cactus, and bald cypress can be seen throughout commercial and private landscapes.

P. orbiculare occurs in a wide range of primary (dry scrubland, pine-oak forest, oak forest, juniper forest) and secondary habitats (agricultural land, and agave and Opuntia fields).

Collections include an evolutionary display of pines, as well as agave, aloe, bamboo, Cereus, Chamaerops humilis, Cordyline australis, Ginkgo biloba, Euphorbia, Opuntia, Phoenix canariensis, P. dactilifera, and Washingtonia filifera.

Opuntia helleri is a species of plant in the family Cactaceae. This vulnerable species is endemic to the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador), where restricted to Wolf, Darwin, Marchena, and Genovesa.

Opuntia contains selenium. The red color of the fruit and juice is due to betalains, (betanin and indicaxanthin). The plant also contains flavonoids, such as quercetin, isorhamnetin, and kaempferol.

Opuntia cespitosa, commonly called the eastern prickly pear, is a species of cactus native to North America. It most common west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River, where it is found in the Midwest, Upper South and in Ontario. Its natural habitat is in dry, open areas, such as outcrops, glades, and barrens. Opuntia cespitosa is a prostrate succulent shrub, usually no more than 1-2 segments tall.

Glochids and spines on a species of Opuntia. The spines are the relatively large, radiating organs; the glochids are the fine prickles in the centres of the bunches. Glochids (Opuntia microdasys monstrose) Glochids or glochidia (singular "glochidium") are hair-like spines or short prickles, generally barbed, found on the areoles of cacti in the sub-family Opuntioideae. Cactus glochids easily detached from the plant and lodge in the skin, causing irritation upon contact.

Laniifera is a genus of snout moths in the subfamily Spilomelinae of the family Crambidae. The genus was erected by George Hampson in 1899 with Pachynoa cyclades Druce, 1895 as type species. The caterpillars of Laniifera cyclades feed on Opuntia (prickly pear cactuses) and are considered a pest of commercially grown Opuntia species. The genus with its two species is distributed in Mexico, the southern USA (Arizona, Texas) and the Dominican Republic.

The first description was published by Wilhelm Weingart in 1929 in the book Monatsschrift der Deutschen Kakteen- Gesellschaft. Band 1, Nummer 9, 1929, S. 167–169. As most of the species of the genus Opuntia, Opuntia pailana is a shruby plant with cladodes (leaves racket-shaped) up to one meter high. The cladods are in color blue-green or when getting older green-yellow, 10 to 14 centimeters long and up to 9 centimeters width.

The Opuntia engelmannii range extends from California to Louisiana in the United States, and from Sonora (state) and Chihuahua (state), to the Tamaulipan matorral in north and central Tamaulipas. In the Sonoran Desert, terminal pads face predominantly east-west, so as to maximize the absorption of solar radiation during summer rains. Although found occasionally in the Mojave Desert, it tends to be replaced by Opuntia basilaris, which does not need the summer rain.

University of Massachusetts, Amherst. The Tehuantepec Jackrabbit is also found in coastal grassy dunes with Opuntia decumbens, Opuntia tehuantepecana, and Sabal mexicana. Home ranges overlap with one or more individuals regardless of sex and age, and home range size is about 50 ha with core areas of 9 ha for adult jackrabbits. The Tehuantepec jackrabbit is nocturnal and crepuscular, and during the diurnal hours it rests in forms under bushes or grasses.

In total, over sixty percent of the tree species are conifers and the rest are broad-leafed. Although most of the flat areas are used for cultivation and grazing, some wild species remain such as maguey (Agave horrida and Agave salmiana), sotol (Nolina longifolia), Yucca filifera, Senecio praecox, Opuntia hyticantha, Opuntia robusta and Mammilaria magnimamma. Wildlife is mostly found outside the urban area and includes rabbits (Silvilagus floridanus), hares (Lepus californicus), birds and reptiles.

Cylindropuntia calmalliana is a species of flowering plant in the family Cactaceae, native to Mexico (Baja California). It was first described in 1896 by John Merle Coulter, as Opuntia calmalliana.

Opuntia triacantha. Flora of North America. The cactus grows on the sandy limestone of exposed reefs.Opuntia triacantha. The Nature Conservancy. This species is threatened by the cactus moth (Cactoblastis cactorum).

Opuntia : generic name that comes from the Greek used by Pliny the Elder for a plant that grew around the city of Opus in Greece. anacantha : Latin epithet meaning "without thorns".

Opuntia saxicola is a species of plant in the family Cactaceae. This critically endangered species is endemic to the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador), where it is restricted to the island of Isabela.

It is a species of Opuntia (prickly pear) that is endemic to Mexico. The cactus occurs in mountain habitats, in the states of: San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, Zacatecas, Guanajuato, and Querétaro.

Opuntia leucotricha is a tree-like cactus, growing up to tall. The platyclades have a thin fuzz of white hairs on their joints. The plant is an invasive species in Florida.

Opuntia pachyrrhiza is a species of plant in the family Cactaceae. It is endemic to Mexico. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Many species of non-native plants are present in the area, including balloon plant (Asclepias physocarpa), beggarticks (Bidens pilosa), lantana (Lantana camara), prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica), and kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum).

On islands where bees are absent, the Opuntia cacti have evolved softer spines. This may allow birds, including the dove, better access to the flowers, with bird activity serving to pollinate the flowers.

The flora of Curaçao differs from the typical tropical island vegetation. Guajira-Barranquilla xeric scrub is the most notably flora with various forms of cacti, thorny shrubs, evergreen, and the watapana tree, Latin name:Libidibia coriaria; called divi-divi on Aruba, characteristic for the ABC islands and the national symbol of Aruba. Brassavola nodosa is a drought tolerant species of Brassavola ; one of the few species of Orchis present in the ABC islands. Cacti include Melocactus and Opuntia species like Opuntia stricta.

Opuntia ficus-indica, the prickly pear, is a species of cactus that has long been a domesticated crop plant grown in agricultural economies throughout arid and semiarid parts of the world. Likely having originated in Mexico, O. ficus- indica is the most widespread and most commercially important cactus. Fig opuntia is grown primarily as a fruit crop, and also for the vegetable nopales and other uses. Cacti are good crops for dry areas because they convert water into biomass efficiently.

The coat of arms of Mexico depicts a Mexican golden eagle, perched upon an Opuntia cactus, holding a rattlesnake. Opuntia ficus-indica for human and animal consumption is valuable for its water content in an arid environment, containing about 85% water as a water source for wildlife. The seeds contain 3–10% of protein and 6–13% of fatty acids, mainly linoleic acid. As the fruit contains vitamin C (containing 25–30 mg per 100g), it was once used to mitigate scurvy.

The driest parts of the arid and semi-arid areas hold dense or sparse vegetation of stunted thorny bushes and cacti. The areas where cacti columns are most common are called cardonales. Common bush species include Castela erecta, Prosopis juliflora, Parkinsonia praecox, Bourreria cumanensis, Pithecellobium dulce, Vachellia tortuosa, Acacia flexuosa, Stenocereus griseus, Opuntia caribea, Ipomoea carnea, Croton heliotropiifolius, Ipomoea carnea, Indigofera suffruticosa, Tephrosia senna, Aristida venezuelae, Calotropis procera and Capraria biflora. Common cacti include Acanthocereus tetragonus, Cereus hexagonus, Opuntia elatior and Pilosocereus lanuginosus.

Almost invariably, cacti, especially cholla and prickly pear (Opuntia), are present. In general, the data provided by Macedo and Mares (1988) for what was then thought to be a single species applies to both.

Indicaxanthin is a type of betaxanthin, a plant pigment present in beets, in Mirabilis jalapa flowers, in cacti such as prickly pears (Opuntia sp.) or the red dragonfruit (Hylocereus costaricensis). It is a powerful antioxidant.

Even though water availability is limiting such that only one species would be predicted to survive, Larrea tridentata and Opuntia leptocaulis are observed to replace each other in the absence of environmental disturbance.Yeaton, Richard (1978).

The species makes up for its total lack of spines with a profusion of red-brown glochids. It is closely related to Opuntia microdasys, and is sometimes taken as its subspecies, O. m. subsp. rufida.

Opuntia chaffeyi is a species of plant in the family Cactaceae. It is endemic to Zacatecas state in Mexico. Its natural habitat is hot deserts. It is a Critically endangered species, threatened by habitat loss.

Opuntia rastrera is a prickly pear which grows in the Mexican state of San Luis Potosí. It is known in Spanish as cuija, although that name can also refer to other cactuses such as Brasiliopuntia.

Opuntia, commonly called prickly pear, is a genus in the cactus family, Cactaceae. Prickly pears are also known as tuna (fruit), sabra, nopal (paddle, plural nopales) from the Nahuatl word nōpalli for the pads, or nostle, from the Nahuatl word nōchtli for the fruit; or paddle cactus. The genus is named for the Ancient Greek city of Opus, where, according to Theophrastus, an edible plant grew and could be propagated by rooting its leaves. The most common culinary species is the Indian fig opuntia (O. ficus-indica).

A monument to the Cactoblastis cactorum moth at Dalby, Queensland. Prickly pear forest c 1930 O. tomentosum 2019, near Yelarbon, Queensland Prickly pears (Genus Opuntia) include a number of plant species that were introduced and have become invasive in Australia. Prickly pears (mostly Opuntia stricta) were imported into Australia in the 19th century for use as a natural agricultural fence and in an attempt to establish a cochineal dye industry. Many of these, especially the Tiger Pear, quickly became widespread invasive species, rendering of farming land unproductive.

The great majority of cacti have no visible leaves; photosynthesis takes place in the stems (which may be flattened and leaflike in some species). Exceptions occur in three groups of cacti. All the species of Pereskia are superficially like normal trees or shrubs and have numerous leaves. Many cacti in the opuntia group (subfamily Opuntioideae, opuntioids) also have visible leaves, which may be long-lasting (as in Pereskiopsis species) or be produced only during the growing season and then be lost (as in many species of Opuntia).

Opuntia oricola is a species of prickly pear cactus known by the common name chaparral prickly pear. It is native to southern California and Baja California, where it grows in coastal sage scrub and chaparral habitats.

National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC occurring at as far as 56°N latitude in British Columbia.Gorelick, R. 2015. Northern range limit of Opuntia fragilis and the Cactaceae is 56°N, not 58°N.

Opuntia rastrera can be found in bajada, hill-piedmont, and interdune habitats in locations such as the Mapimi biosphere reserve, where it is sometimes the most common cactus in a given location, or sometimes a secondary cactus.

Opuntia polyacantha grows up to tall. It forms low mats of pads which may be wide. Its succulent green pads are oval or circular and reach wide. Its areoles are tipped with woolly brown fibers and glochids.

Chancey (2005), p. 66. A delicate rose color in Navajo rugs comes from fermented prickly pear cactus fruit, Opuntia polyacantha.Bryan & Young (2002), p. 5. Navajo weavers also use rainwater and red dirt to create salmon-pink dyes.

Shrubs of the park include four-wind saltbush (Atriplex canescens) and creosote bush (Larrea tridentata. Wild grapes (Vitis arizonica) and western poison ivy (Toxicodendron rydbergii) can be found in the cool and wetter parts of Dog Canyon. A variety of cacti species can be found in the park including strawberry hedgehog (Echinocereus fendleri), cane cholla (Opuntia imbricata) and numerous prickly pears (Opuntia spp.). Aquatic plants like cattail (Typha angustifolia), giant helleborine (Epipactis gigantea) and maidenhair fern (Adiantum capillus-veneris) are sustained by the stream that flows through the canyon.

The plant may be used as an ingredient in adobe to bind and waterproof roofs. O. ficus-indica (as well as other species in Opuntia and Nopalea) is cultivated in nopalries to serve as a host plant for cochineal insects, which produce desirable red and purple dyes, a practice dating to the pre-Columbian era. Mucilage from prickly pear may work as a natural, non-toxic dispersant for oil spills. In Mexico there is a semi- commercial pilot plant for biofuel production from opuntia biomass, in operation since 2016.

Some cacti are invasive plants, and as parasites of cacti, Dactylopius species have been employed as agents of biological pest control in Africa and Australia. The first example of an herbivorous insect ever used for the biological control of a weed was D. ceylonicus, which was released onto Opuntia ficus-indica, then known as O. vulgaris, in Sri Lanka in 1863.Volchansky, C. R., et al. (1999). Host-plant affinities of two biotypes of Dactylopius opuntiae (Homoptera: Dactylopiidae): enhanced prospects for biological control of Opuntia stricta (Cactaceae) in South Africa.

Madroño 62(2):115-123. There is an isolated and possibly genetically unique population in Eastern Ontario known as the "Kaladar population".Mottiar, Y., P.D.J. Chafe and Eric Ribbens. 2015. Imperfect flowers of Opuntia fragilis in Kaladar, Ontario.

Opuntia littoralis is native to southern California and Baja California, where it grows in coastal sage scrub and chaparral habitats. The cactus is variable in appearance; there are several varieties and hybrids with similar species are commonly found.

Opuntia phaeacantha has a mounding habit of flattened green pads. The pads are protected by clusters of spines. Each cluster bearing 1-4 spines. The spines are brown, reddish-brown, or gray, and often over 3 cm in length.

Johnston and Tryon successfully introduced Dactylopius ceylonicus, the cochineal insect that was effective in the control of one species of the pear Opuntia monacantha.Johnston, Thomas Harvey and Tryon, Henry. (1914). Report of the Prickly-Pear Travelling Commission. Brisbane, Australia.

Flora in the Beezley Hills include Pediocactus simpsonii (hedgehog cactus) and Opuntia polyacantha (prickly pear). The latter was called "quite rare" in Washington by one author, who noted it was listed as nonexistent in the state by many authorities.

She also collected the holotypes of Achillea laxiflora (a synonym of A. millefolium) and Tium stenolobum (a synonym of Astragalus scopulorum). She sent an Opuntia specimen she collected in 1910 in the mountains near Placitas to Joseph Nelson Rose.

It feeds on a wide variety of plants and plant parts, depending on local availability, including Consolea, Cordia, Croton, Guaiacum, Melocactus, Opuntia and Prosopis. Insects and crustaceans are also sometimes eaten when the opportunity presents itself, as well as vertebrates.

Opuntia arenaria was considered a variety of O. polyacantha by many botanists, and is still treated that way in the Flora of North America. However, O. arenaria is diploid and O. polyacantha is tetraploid. It was described by Engelmann in 1856.

A prolonged effort to exterminate the goats was begun. As the goat populations declined, the vegetation recovered. Small trees began regenerating from the stumps left by the goats. Highland shrub species, forest tree seedlings, Opuntia cactus, and other endemic species increased.

Brittonia 528-533. It is known only from 5 populations, around the summits of La Trinidad and Álvarez Mountain Ranges, in San Luis Potosí, northeastern Mexico.Hernández, H.M., Gómez-Hinostrosa, C. & Goettsch, B. 2002. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Opuntia megarrhiza.

Flora of North America, Opuntia macrorhiza Engelmann, 1850. Western pricklypear Several varieties have proposed within the species. More study is needed to determine whether these should continue to be recognized as varieties, elevated to species status, or regarded as mere synonyms.

Cactoblastis is currently moving along both the Gulf and Atlantic coasts at a rate of 100 miles per year, with a constant increase in the rate of colonization along the Gulf Coast. As it spreads, it threatens the population of Opuntia cacti in Florida, in the Atlantic coast up to Charleston, South Carolina, and around the Gulf Coast up to New Orleans. Cactoblastis distribution in the United States: As the moth moves through the Southeastern United States, it endangers many cactus species and threatens many ecosystems. In Florida, the greatest concern is for the endangered semaphore cactus Opuntia leucotricha.

The natural habitat of this species is a type of coastal shortgrass prairie dominated by native grasses such as buffalograss (Buchloe dactyloides), Texas wintergrass (Stipa leucotrica), and Texas grama (Bouteloua rigidiseta). Other plants in the habitat include huisache (Acacia farnesiana), huisachillo (Acacia schaffneri), spiny hackberry (Celtis laevigata), brasil (Condalia hookeri), retama (Parkinsonia aculeata), lotebush (Ziziphus obtusifolia), tasajillo (Opuntia leptocaulis), and Engelmann's prickly pear (Opuntia engelmannii). The rushpea sometimes grows alongside the South Texas ambrosia (Ambrosia cheiranthifolia), another endangered species. It has a patchy distribution in remaining strips of appropriate habitat, occurring in just 15% of its former range.

Melocactus species were present in English collections of cacti before the end of the 16th century (by 1570 according to one source,) where they were called Echinomelocactus, later shortened to Melocactus by Joseph Pitton de Tourneville in the early 18th century. Cacti, both purely ornamental species and those with edible fruit, continued to arrive in Europe, so Carl Linnaeus was able to name 22 species by 1753. One of these, his Cactus opuntia (now part of Opuntia ficus-indica), was described as "" (with larger fruit ... now in Spain and Portugal), indicative of its early use in Europe.

Opuntia aciculata, also called Chenille pricklypear, old man's whiskers, and cowboy's red whiskers, is a perennial dicot and an attractive ornamental cactus native to Texas. It belongs to the genus Opuntia prickly pear cacti. It is also widespread in Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas (northern Mexico). It was reported from Nuevo León, Mexico, according to D. Weniger in 1970. The specific name aciculata derives from many sources: the Latin word acicula which means “a small pin for a headdress”, and the adjectival suffix for nouns atus, meaning possessive of or likeness to something (with, shaped, made), while for verb participles it means a completed action.

Blueberry and rusty lyonia. Animals such as gopher tortoise, scrub lizard, burrowing owl and indigo snake. Even smaller parcels can host coontie, sabal palm, partridge pea and a native cactus: Opuntia humifusa. These can be seen at Arch Creek or Greynolds Park.

Adults have been recorded on wing from March to August. The larvae feed on Ferocactus cylindraceus, Ferocactus wislizeni, Opuntia and Cylindropuntia species. They primarily feed on the flowers and fruits of prickly pears. When feeding on barrel cactus, they consume flesh growth.

Yucca gloriosa is native to the coast and barrier islands of southeastern North America, growing on sand dunes. It ranges from extreme southeastern Virginia south to northern Florida in the United States. It is associated with Yucca filamentosa, Yucca aloifolia, and Opuntia species.

The Relative Contributions of Sexual Reproduction and Clonal Propagation in Opuntia rastrera from Two Habitats in the Chihuahuan Desert, Maria del Carmen Mandujano, Carlos Montana, Ignacio Mendez, Jordan Golubov, The Journal of Ecology, Vol. 86, No. 6 (Dec., 1998), pp. 911-921.

This site is on private land. east of Plenty is Lake Opuntia. It is a stopping place for birds and wildlife and covers approximately 1395 hectares. In the 1950s, the area surrounding the lake was made a game preserve to regulate hunting.

D. wildpretii is known to grow on species of the globose cacti Echinocactus platyacanthus, Mammillaria carnea and Ferocactus latispinus; the opuntioid cacti Opuntia depressa, O. maxima, O. pilifera and O. tomentosa) and the columnar cacti (Myrtillocactus geometrizans, Pachycereus hollianus, P. weberi, Stenocereus and Neobuxbaumia.

Betanin is usually obtained from the extract of beet juice; the concentration of betanin in red beet can reach 300–600 mg/kg. Other dietary sources of betanin and other betalains include the Opuntia cactus, Swiss chard, and the leaves of some strains of amaranth.

Opuntia macrocentra is an upright spreading shrub, usually growing from tall. Individuals occasionally reach in height. The stem is blue-gray, blue-green, or purplish in color. The purple pad color is the most intense at the edges of the pad or around the areoles.

Nocardioides opuntiae is a Gram-positive, aerobic, non-spore-forming and non- motile bacterium from the genus of Nocardioides which has been isolated from rhizosphere soil from the cactus Opuntia fiscus-indica var. sanboten from Jeju in Korea. Nocardioides opuntiae has a high GC-content.

The preferred habitat of this oak is on dry limestone or calcareous slopes at a height of between 600 and 2500 meters (2000–8300 feet) above sea level, in chaparral and desert scrub savanna. It thrives in regions that receive less than twenty five inches (63 cm) of annual rainfall.Texas Native Plants It grows in association with true mountain-mahogany Cercocarpus montanus, desert ceanothus Ceanothus greggii, the sandpaper oak Quercus pungens, oneseed juniper Juniperus monosperma, cane cholla Opuntia imbricata, purplefruited pricklypear Opuntia phaeacantha, Mexican buckeye Ungnadia speciosa, Texas persimmon Diospyros texana, hairy tridens Erioneuron pilosum and plateau oak Quercus fusiformis.Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. 1992.

Like most true cactus species, prickly pears are native only to the Americas. Through human actions, they have since been introduced to many other areas of the world. Prickly pear species are found in abundance in Mexico, especially in the central and western regions, and in the Caribbean islands (West Indies). In the United States, prickly pears are native to many areas of the arid, semiarid, and drought-prone Western and South Central United States, including the lower elevations of the Rocky Mountains and southern Great Plains, where species such as Opuntia phaeacantha and Opuntia polyacantha become dominant, and to the desert Southwest, where several types are endemic.

The habitats of the wading birds and wildlife in the shrub forest and dunes is threatened as a result of the spread of two invasive alien plants Prosopis juliflora and Opuntia dillenii around the tidal plains in Malala-Ambilikala Lagoons and the sand dunes and nearby scrub forests. The spread of Prosopis juliflora is made easy by uncontrolled livestock herds. The seeds of the Opuntia cactuses (called Kathu Potak in Sinhala) are spread by macaque monkeys, and perhaps other animals and birds, that eat the fruits. It is also spread by people cutting down the cactus but leaving the cuttings, which then re-sprout.

Opuntia aurantiaca, commonly known as tiger-pear, jointed cactus or jointed prickly-pear, is a species of cactus from South America. The species occurs naturally in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay and is considered an invasive species in Africa and Australia. It was declared a Weed of National Significance by the Australian Weeds Committee in April 2012, and was reported by the Committee to be the most troublesome of all cactus species in New South Wales and the worst Opuntia species in Queensland. It is currently controlled biologically in Australia using the cochineal insect Dactylopius austrinus, and to a lesser extent by the larvae of two moths, Cactoblastis cactorum and Tucumania tapiacola.

Opuntia hyptiacantha is a species of plant that belongs to the family Cactaceae. They can be found in Mexico within Durango, Aguascalientes, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí, Jalisco, Guanajuato, Querétaro, and the State of Mexico.Scheinvar, L., Olalde, G. y D. Sule. 2011. Especies silvestres de nopales mexicanos.

Like all Cyclura species the White Cay iguana is primarily herbivorous, 95% of which from consuming leaves, flowers and fruits from 7 different plant species such as Seaside Rock Shrub (Rachicallis americana), and Erect Prickly Pear (Opuntia stricta). Its diet is very rarely supplemented with insects.

Opuntia aurea is a cactus that grows in Southern Utah and perhaps Northern Arizona. It is prostrate and forms irregularly sprawling plants to about three feet across. Occasionally a single pad may grow upright. The cactus can be spineless, have a few spines or have multiple spines.

The climate is temperate with an average annual rainfall of 965 ml. Temperatures vary between 12.4 and 27.2C. Most of the wild vegetation is grassland, with huisache, opuntia, mesquite and other arid plants. Wildlife mostly consists of squirrels, cacomixtles, coyotes, rabbits, aquatic birds, and various fish.

Louis Feuilée (1660–1732) brought the calceolaria, oxalis, opuntia and papaya. Pierre Nicholas Le Chéron d'Incarville (1706–1757) introduced Sophora japonica. Bernard de Jussieu (1699–1777) brought the first cedar to be planted in France (1734), while his brother Joseph de Jussieu (1704–1779) introduced heliotrope.

The fruit is purplish. The cladodes are uniquely shaped, obovate with a neck. The original description claimed the plants were yellowish green, but they may be green or rarely blue-green. As with any largish Opuntia in the USA, O. anahuacensis has been mistaken for other species.

Co., 2002. 264. Print.) is a blend of clay, fine aggregate, and fiber. Other common additives include pigments, lime, casein, prickly pear cactus juice (Opuntia), manure, and linseed oil. Earthen plaster is usually applied to masonry, cob, or straw bale interiors or exteriors as a wall finish.

On the shores of Falcon Lake are Texas wild olive (Cordia boissieri), Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens), hibiscus, mesquite thickets, huisache (Vachellia farnesiana var. farnesiana) and prickly pear cactus (Opuntia spp.). Greater roadrunners, collared peccaries, white-tailed deer, and black-tailed jackrabbits also exist within the park.

Opuntia triacantha is a species of cactus known by the common names Spanish lady, Keys Joe-jumper, Big Pine Key prickly-pear, and jumping prickly apple. It is native to the Caribbean, from Desecheo Island, Puerto Rico, to the Lesser Antilles.Opuntia triacantha. Center for Plant Conservation.

Curlews and Canada geese are among the 165 bird species that can be seen in the spring and summer. Some of the most northern species of cactus, including Opuntia (prickly pear) and Pediocactus (pincushion) can be observed in full bloom during the later half of June.

He studied Opuntia for many years. The species is one of the smaller members of the group, rarely more than 25 cm (10 inches) tall. Stems are green, flattened, up to 15 cm (6 inches) long. Flowers are magenta with yellow to magenta anthers and white styles.

In 1891, botanist George Walter Stevens, started collecting specimens in the Glass Mountains domain for his dissertation. The University of Oklahoma Bebb Herbarium holds 4,500 samples that Stevens collected statewide. Two cacti he may have collected in the Glass Mountains area are Echinocereus caespitosus and Opuntia phaecantha.

The diet of the hooded skunk consists mostly of vegetation, especially prickly pear (Opuntia spp.), but it will readily consume insects, small vertebrates, and bird eggs as well. No cases of rabies are reported, but they host a range of parasites, including nematodes, roundworms, and fleas.

Beinart, W. and Wotshela, L., 2003. Prickly pear in the Eastern Cape since the 1950s-perspectives from interviews. Kronos, pp. 191–209. Van Sittert, L., 2002. ‘Our irrepressible fellow-colonist’: the biological invasion of prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) in the Eastern Cape c. 1890–c. 1910.

A favorite food in the wild is the Opuntia cactus. They are known to graze regularly in the same area, thus keeping the vegetation in that area closely trimmed. They seem to prefer new growth rather than mature growth because of the high-protein, low-fiber content.

The hindwings are similar, but slightly paler near the base. In the United States, adults have been recorded on wing from May to July and in September. The larvae feed on Opuntia species. They are yellowish white and reach a length of about 11 mm when full-grown.

Zimmermann, H., Bloem, S., Klei, H., "Biology, History, Threat, Surveillance and Control of the Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum", April 10, 2004. However, in other places such as Australia, it has gained favor for its role in the biological control of cacti from the genus Opuntia, such as prickly pear.

In the winter swallows and ducks spend the winter here, migrating from Canada and the United States. The lake is in danger of disappearing. That which is not lake is primarily grasslands with some opuntia, huisache (Acacia) and other arid plants. Wildlife includes coyotes, raccoons, armadillos, and fish.

Opuntia dulcis has been described as a variety of, and is confused with, O. phaeacantha. However, O. dulcis is a larger plant with ascending branches, to 2 ft (exceptionally 4 ft). While it is a larger plant, immature specimens of O. dulcis may overlap in size with O. phaeacantha.

Trees include júcaro espinoso (Bucida molinetii), cúrbana (Canella winterana), guayacán negro (Guaiacum sanctum), yaití (Gymnanthes lucida), cerillo (Hypelate trifoliata), soplillo (Lysiloma latisiliquum), guao de costa (Metopium toxiferum), almácigo (Bursera simaruba), caguairán amarillo (Hymenaea torrei), uvillón (Coccoloba diversifolia), and miraguanos (Coccothrinax spp.). Tuna (Opuntia stricta) is an important understory species.

Flowers of Opuntia macrocentra, are large sturdy blooms of bright colors. They consist of yellow petals with red lower portions forming a bright red center. The visible internal reproductive structures are pale yellow to cream in color. This cactus produces blooms in late spring, usually April through May.

Divi-divi (Caesalpinia coriaria) The ecoregion is dominated by thorny trees and succulents. Common species include Acacia glomerosa, Bourreria cumanensis, Bulnesia arborea, Caesalpinia coriaria, Copaifera venezolana, Croton sp., Gyrocarpus americanus, Hyptis sp., Jacquinia pungens, Malpighia glabra, Myrospermum frutescens, Opuntia caribaea, Pereskia guamacho, Piptadenia flava, Prosopis juliflora, and Stenocereus griseus.

Opuntia polyacantha. The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved May 11, 2011. and starvation pricklypear.Opuntia polyacantha. Flora of North America. Retrieved May 11, 2011. It is native to North America, where it is widespread in Western Canada, the Great Plains, the central and Western United States, and Chihuahua in northern Mexico.

Southwest Saskatchewan has very dry climatic conditions. Dry mixed prairie is found south of Cypress Hills and the Great Sand Hills area near Leader. Prickly pear cactus (Opuntia), blue grama grass, needle and thread grass, silver sagebrush (Artemisia cana) and June grass (Koeleria) are found in the areas.

Opuntia oricola is a large treelike cactus often exceeding 2 meters in height. The branches are made up of rounded flat segments up to 25 centimeters long. It is covered in clusters of curved, yellowish spines usually around 2 centimeters long. The flowers are yellow, sometimes orange- tinged.

The preferred habitat of these oaks is on dry limestone or igneous slopes at a height of 800–2000 meters (2660–6670 feet) above sea level, in chaparral and desert scrub savanna, usually in communities of oak, juniper and pinyon pine. In the chaparral formations in the Guadalupe Mountains, it is one of the dominant species and is found growing alongside true mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus) and desert ceanothus (Ceanothus greggii). Other plants associated with it include the Mohr shin oak (Quercus mohriana), oneseed juniper (Juniperus monosperma), cane cholla (Opuntia imbricata), purplefruited pricklypear (Opuntia phaeacantha), Mexican buckeye (Ungnadia speciosa), Texas persimmon (Diospyros texana), hairy tridens (Erioneuron pilosum) and plateau oak (Quercus fusiformis).Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. 1992.

In New Mexico, meadow voles were captured in stands of grasses, wild rose (Rosa spp.), prickly pear (Opuntia spp.), and various forbs; meadow voles were also captured in wet areas with tall marsh grasses. Open habitat with a thick mat of perennial grass favors voles.M'Closkey, Robert T.; Hecnar, Stephen J. (1994).

Over the centuries, through erosion the cone has acquired its current shape having a quasi-regular, prismatic-hexagonal and pentagonal section, reaching a height of . The vegetation on the rock is made up of lichens and Indian fig (Opuntia ficus-indica), originally from Mexico but naturalized in the Mediterranean basin.

Connecticut has one native cactus (Opuntia humifusa), found in sandy coastal areas and low hillsides. Several types of beach grasses and wildflowers are also native to Connecticut. Connecticut spans USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 5b to 7a. Coastal Connecticut is the broad transition zone where more southern and subtropical plants are cultivated.

Raw opuntia leaves are 88% water, 10% carbohydrates, and less than 1% both of protein and fat (table). In a 100-g reference amount, raw leaves provide 41 calories, 17% of the Daily Value (DV) for vitamin C, and 24% DV for magnesium, with no other micronutrients in significant content (table).

Cordia dodecandra, Tabebuia chrysantha, Piscidia piscipula, Crescentia alata, Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Ehretia tenuifolia and Tabebuia rosea are dominant species. Succulents are abundant and include species of Acanthocereus, Agave and Opuntia. Epiphytes and shrubs in the genera Acacia, Bursera, Ficus, Phyllanthus, and Pithecellobium have the greatest diversity of species. Herbaceous plants are scarce.

The difference is due to the percentages of 7-pentacosene and 9-pentacosene on the cuticle.Sexual isolation and cuticular hydrocarbons in Drosophila elegans. K Ishii, Y Hirai, C Katagiri, MT Kimura, Heredity, 2001 As a lab model species, it requires banana-opuntia-protein food. Its genome has been sequenced in 2011.

Propagation is by seed and, although slow, is not necessarily difficult. Ariocarpus seedlings are often grafted on Pereskiopsis in order to considerably increase their growth rate, more mature plants may be regrafted onto Echinopsis, Eriocereus or Opuntia compressa for better hardiness, though such plants often bear little resemblance to ungrafted specimens.

This is a result of man-made disturbances to the ecosystems present. The most well-known disturbance is extensive logging. This allows the invasion of non-native species as they establish in the spaces created. Some of the invasive plant species in Madagascar include prickly pear (Opuntia spp.) and silver wattle (Acacia dealbata).

The stamens are numerous and in spiral or whorled clusters, and the gynoecium has numerous inferior ovaries per carpel. Placentation is parietal, and the fruit is a berry with arillate seeds. Prickly pear species can vary greatly in habit; most are shrubs, but some, such as Opuntia echios of the Galápagos, are trees.

Opuntia abjecta is a short cactus, perhaps to 15(25) cm tall. It occurs in the Florida Keys and has been conflated with O. triacantha. Recent work shows that the two taxa are distinct. In addition to morphological and phylogenetic (DNA) differences, O. triacantha occurs in Cuba, whereas O. abjecta occurs in Florida.

The plant is considered an invasive species in northern Africa. Factors that limit the growth of prickly pear are rainfall, soil, atmospheric humidity and temperature.Monjauze, A. & Le Houérou, H. N. (1965). "Le rôle des Opuntia dans l’économie agricole nord africaine." Bulletin de l’Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’Agronomie de Tunis, 8–9: 85–164.

Shanty town on the outskirts of Barquisimeto The bush lands are a transitional habitat between dry forests and briars. They contain trees under high and bushy plants. The low and even storey is mainly composed of Opuntia caracasana, Lippia origanoides and Croton flavens. Many annual plants spring up in the rainy season.

Balanites glabra occurs in deciduous bushland, wooded grassland and grassland with scattered trees between 700m and 19800m above sea level. It is usually found on loamy or clay soils, black cotton soils, infrequently on stony or sandy soils, or on lava. It can persist in degraded plant communities often occurring alongside Opuntia.

Opuntia auberi grows in the form of a tree and reaches a height of 3 to 8 meters and more. The branches occur at right angles from the trunk. The stem is cylindrical and has brown color with gloquidia. It is blue-green to gray- green, with large pieces up to 30 centimeters long.

L. apiculatum tend to nest at higher densities than do L. luctuosum. These ants are usually found nesting in dead logs, under stones, or in decaying stalks of Yucca spp. They have also been collected in glass containers and rubber tires and among the roots of various perennial xerophytes such as Agave spp., Opuntia spp.

3-Methoxytyramine occurs naturally in the prickly pear cactus (genus Opuntia), Retrieved on June 12, 2009 through Google Book Search. and is in general widespread throughout the Cactaceae. It has also been found in crown gall tumors on Nicotiana sp. In humans, 3-methoxytyramine is a trace amine that occurs as a metabolite of dopamine.

The predominant vegetation is dry shrubland. Common plants include the small trees Bursera microphylla and Lysiloma divaricata, along with yuccas and the cactus Opuntia cholla, Stenocereus thurberi, and Ferocactus spp. Herbaceous plants include Cnidoscolus angustidens, Plantago linearis, Bouteloua hirsuta, and Commelina coelestis. The San José oasis is a coastal wetland near San Jose del Cabo.

Quoted in OED 2nd ed. Common English names for the plant and its fruit are Indian fig opuntia, Barbary fig, cactus pear, prickly pear, and spineless cactus, among many. In Mexican Spanish, the plant is called nopal, while the fruit is called tuna, names that may be used in American English as culinary terms.

Opuntia robusta, the wheel cactus, nopal tapon, or camuesa, is a species of cactus in the family Cactaceae. It is native and endemic to central and northern Mexico to within of the Arizona and New Mexico borders where it grow from on rocky slopes, open shrub lands, woodlands and mixed with other cactus and succulents.

The Sonoran Province comprises arid areas in the southwestern U.S. and northwestern Mexico from California and Baja California to Texas and Tamaulipas, including the Mojave (characterized by Yucca brevifolia, Joshua Tree), Sonora and Chihuahua Deserts. The vegetation is dominated by Yucca, Cactaceae species (Opuntia spp. and other), as well as by Larrea tridentata (Creosote bush).

Utkhu Warqu (Quechua utkhu cotton, warqu opuntia flocossa, Hispanicized spelling Utcohuarco) is a mountain in Peru. It is located in the Junín Region, Concepción Province, on the border of the districts of Andamarca and Comas. It is northeast of the Waytapallana mountain range. Utkhu Warqu lies north of the lake and the mountain named Putkaqucha.escale.minedu.gob.

Soils are shallow and are mainly rocky to loess-like. Representative plant genera are Opuntia cactus and Poa and Stipa grasses. Payún Matrú is a refuge for a number of animals such as the armadillos, black-chested buzzard-eagle, condors, Darwin's rhea, guanaco, mara, Pampas fox or South American gray fox, puma and Southern viscacha.

Like all Cyclura species the Acklins ground iguana is primarily herbivorous, 95% of which from consuming leaves, flowers and fruits from 7 different plant species such as seaside rock shrub (Rachicallis americana), and erect prickly pear (Opuntia stricta). This diet is very rarely supplemented with animal matter, although a wild specimen has been recorded eating mice.

Like all Cyclura species, the San Salvador rock iguana's diet is primarily herbivorous, 95% of which comes from consuming leaves, flowers and fruits from 7 different plant species such as seaside rock shrub (Rachicallis americana), and erect prickly pear (Opuntia stricta). This diet is very rarely supplemented with insect larvae, crabs, slugs, dead birds and fungi.

Areas on the island rich in the plants; Fouquieria digueti, Jatropha cinerea, Pachicerus pringley, Opuntia cholla, B. microphylla, Simmondsia chinensis, Cercidium peninsulare, Stenocerus gummosus, Cyrtocarpa edulis, Esenbeckia flava, Lycium and Olneya tesota usually have the highest abundance of S. Mansuetus. The name Mansuetus is derived from Latin and means tame, regarding how close S. Mansuetus can be approached.

A summary of the consensus Bayesian tree is shown below (tribes are bold; the number of species in the study is shown in parentheses). Many of the genera within the Opuntioideae are not monophyletic. Maihueniopsis is highly polyphyletic, appearing in four separate lineages. The two largest genera within the subfamily, Opuntia and Cylindropuntia are also not monophyletic.

Columnar and arborescent cacti are common, including Opuntia excelsa and species of Pachycereus, Stenocereus, and Cephalocereus. Creepers are common in the understory, and there are few epiphytes. Palm forests of Attalea guacuyule occur along the coast. The forests are among the most diverse in the Neotropics, with about 1200 species of plants, of which 16% are endemic.

This plant grows in the transition between desert scrub and grassland. In the Santa Rita Mountains it grows on limestone talus and in Mexico it has been found on granite. Other plants in the habitat include Eysenhardtia, Erythrina, Cercidium floridum, Tecoma, Agave schottii, Heteropogon, Fouquieria, Calliandra, Opuntia spp., Krameria, Janusia gracilis, Agave palmeri and Hibiscus coulteri.

Opuntia fragilis, known by the common names brittle pricklypear and little prickly pear, is a prickly pear cactus native to much of western North America as well as some midwestern states such as Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin and Michigan. It also occurs in several Canadian provinces. It is known from farther north than any other cactus,C.Michael Hogan. 2011. Cactus.

Prickly pears (mostly Opuntia stricta) were originally imported into Europe during the 1500s and Australia in the 18th century for gardens, and were later used as a natural agricultural fencingPatterson, Ewen K. 1936. The World's First Insect Memorial. "The Review of the River Plate", December pp. 16–17 and in an attempt to establish a cochineal dye industry.

Three principal cultivars of tungi grow on the island: the 'English' with yellow fruit; the 'Madeira' with large red fruit; and the small, firm 'spiny red'.Tungi also gives its name to a local Spirit distilled at The St Helena distillery at Alarm Forest, the most remote distillery in the world, made entirely from the opuntia cactus.

Yucca gloriosa var. tristis is often found in sandy habits like coastal sand dunes and beach scrub along with species of Opuntia. Growing a trunk often high, this yucca will often branch and sucker to form colonies in the area it is planted in. Cultivated in the warmer areas of Europe and the parts of Australia.

Other plants in the habitat include silk bay (Persea humilis), scrub palmetto (Sabal etonia), eastern prickly pear (Opuntia humifusa), and several species of oak. There are 19 known occurrences of this plant, all within one Florida county. Eight are on protected land, such as the Lake Wales Ridge Wildlife Area. The other 11 are on private, unprotected land.

Opuntia ammophila, the devil's-tongue, is a species of prickly pear cactus in Florida. Individuals typically occur singly and do not generally form dense thickets. O. ammophila was once considered a variety of O. humifusa; however, it is a distinct species. Among their many differences, O. ammophila has gray- green cladodes rather than green or grass-green.

The Genovesa cactus finch (Geospiza propinqua) is a species of bird in the tanager family Thraupidae. It is one of Darwin's finches, and is endemic to the Galápagos islands, Ecuador, where it is restricted to Genovesa Island. Its natural habitat is dry shrubland and it is commonly seen on the ground. Its main food source is the cactus Opuntia.

Other shrubs and low trees include Schinus molle, Acacia farnesiana, and Mimosa biuncifera. Ground cover plants include grasses and herbs. In the Valley of Mexico, the dominant matorral plants are Opuntia streptacantha, Zaluzania augusta, Yucca filifera, Schinus molle, and Mimosa biuncifera. Halopytic grasslands and low shrubs occur on the valley's saline soils, including the shrub romerito (Suadea mexicana).

The genus Corynopuntia F.M.Knuth was first set up in 1935Knuth, F. M. (1935) Corynopuntia. Kaktus-ABC. Gyldendals Forlagstrykkeri, Copenhagen. as a segregate from Opuntia (L.) Mill., but was reduced to sectional rank by Benson in 1969 and slightly elevated again to a subgenus by Bravo in 1972. In 1999, Anderson included Corynopuntia in his enlarged concept of Grusonia Reich.

Opuntia rufida is a species of prickly pear cactus known by the common name blind prickly pear. It is so noted because its glochids may blind cattle. It is native to southern the Big Bend region of Texas and adjacent Mexico, where it grows on limestone. The much-branched plants may reach 3-ft tall and a bit wider.

48 species of plant are said to grow on Leaf Cay. On Alligator Cay there are 24 species of plant of which the most abundant are Borrichia arborescens, Cyperus sp., Guapira discolor, Pseudophoenix sargentii and Rhachicallis americana. Others are similar to the other Cays, but there is more mangrove here, as well as an Opuntia sp.

Horticulturists have selected and propagated parthenocarpic cultivars of many plants, including banana, fig, cactus pear (Opuntia), breadfruit and eggplant. Some plants, such as pineapple, produce seedless fruits when a single cultivar is grown because they are self- infertile. Some cucumbers produce seedless fruit if pollinators are excluded. Strange as it seems, seedless watermelon plants are grown from seeds.

All contain a large number of seeds. Fleshy, colorful and sweet-tasting fruits are associated with seed dispersal by birds. The seeds pass through their digestive systems and are deposited in their droppings. Fruit that falls to the ground may be eaten by other animals; giant tortoises are reported to distribute Opuntia seeds in the Galápagos Islands.

The soil is rocky, gravelly, or sandy. Associated plants include Pinus edulis, Juniperus monosperma, Juniperus scopulorum, Symphoricarpos oreophilus, Cercocarpus montanus, Artemisia tridentata, Eriogonum jamesii, Oryzopsis hymenoides, Oryzopsis micrantha, Mentzelia multiflora var. leucopetala, Bouteloua gracilis, Rhus trilobata, Heterotheca villosa, Cylindropuntia imbricata, and Opuntia phaeacantha. There are about 15 occurrences of this plant, but some have not been seen recently.

The most significant introduced species are giant Parramatta grass (Sporobolus fertilis), lantana (Lantana camara), prickly pear (Opuntia), blue heliotrope and blackberry. Lantana was widely distributed in warmer lower areas of the park and also invaded rainforest thickets, where it has affected World Heritage values. Burrs of the Xanthium spp. are found on river flats, banks and associated tributaries.

O. ficus-indica, as the most widespread of the long- domesticated cactuses, is as economically important as maize and blue agave in Mexico. Because Opuntia species hybridize easily, the wild origin of O. ficus- indica is likely to have been in Mexico due to the fact that its close genetic relatives are found in central Mexico.

The pads are cut with a knife, detaching the pad from the plant in the joint. If Opuntia ficus-indica is cultivated for forage production, spineless cultivars are preferred. However, also wild types of the plants are used as fodder. In these cases, the spines need to be removed from the pads to avoid damage to the animals.

Today, the state forest contains of dryland oak-hickory woodlands, of pine woodlands, and of open fields and sand prairies. Endemic species include the prickly pear cactus, Opuntia, more familiar to Mexicans and residents of the U.S. Southwest. The Sand Ridge State Forest contains the Clear Lake Site, an archeological site listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

New Mexico habitats are characterized by rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus spp.), Apache plume (Fallugia paradoxa), fourwing saltbrush, common hoptree and crispleaf buckwheat (Eriogonum corymbosum) in addition to a pinyon- juniper-mountain-mahogany (Pinus-Juniperus-Cercocarpus spp.) overstory. Texas plant associates include Pinchot juniper (Juniperus pinchotii), algerita (Mahonia trifoliolata), clapweed (Ephedra antisyphilitica), featherplume (Dalea formosa), and prickly-pear (Opuntia spp.).

Natural History of the Islands of California (paperback), University of California Press, Berkeley. pp. 342-347. More than 10 endemic molluscs are known only from San Nicolas Island. These are Binneya notabilis, Catinella rehderi, Haplotrema duranti duranti, Micrarionta feralis, Micrarionta micromphala, M. opuntia, M. sodalis, Nearctula rowellii longii, Sterkia clementina, and Xerarionta tyroni (ssp. tyroni and hemphilli).

Tankan (Quechua tanka a deep bifurcation, fork, -n a suffix, Hispanicized spelling Tancan) or Ruq'a Qaqa (Quechua ruq'a Opuntia floccosa), qaqa rock, Hispanicized Rucagaga) is a mountain in the northern part of the Wallanka mountain range in the Andes of Peru. It is located in the Ancash Region, Bolognesi Province, in the districts of Aquia and Huallanca.

Retrieved: 4 August 2011. endangered Tennessee Coneflower (Echinacea tennesseensis), the Prickly Pear cactus (Opuntia humifusa), Limestone flame flower (Phemeranthus calcaricus), Gattinger's Prairie Clover (Dalea gattingeri), Glade Phlox (Phlox bifida), and Nashville Breadroot (Pediomelum subacaule). Nonflowering plants include reindeer moss and glade moss. Along with the red cedar, trees in the surrounding forest include white oak and shagbark hickory.

Opuntia phaeacantha is a species of prickly pear cactus known by the common names tulip prickly pear and desert prickly pear found across the southwestern United States, lower Great Plains, and northern Mexico. The plant forms dense but localized thickets. Several varieties of this particular species occur, and it also hybridizes easily with other prickly pears, making identification sometimes tricky.

It is sold in summer by street vendors, and is considered a refreshing fruit for that season. Tungi is the local St. Helenian name for cactus pears. The plants (Indian fig opuntia) were originally brought to the island by the colonial ivory traders from East Africa in the 1850s. Tungi cactus now grows wild in the dry coastal regions of the island.

In South America, Cactoblastis cactorum has many natural predators, including ants and New World monkeys. Ants, the moths' main predators, consume its larvae. New World monkeys dig the larvae and pupae out from the flattened leaf-like stems, or "cladodes", of the cacti. The relationship between Cactoblastis cactorum and Opuntia cactus species is parasitic: the moth feeds on the host cactus.

Cylindropuntia whipplei (formerly known as Opuntia whipplei, common name Whipple cholla) is a member of the cactus family, Cactaceae. The Zuni people rub the spines off the fruit and then dry them for winter use. The dried fruit is also ground into a flour, mixed with ground corn meal and made into a mush. Spineless fruits are eaten raw or stewed.

Opuntia ammophila can grow to the height of humans, and large plants with thick trunks were encountered 100 years ago. However, now it is unusual to find plants that are even 1 m tall. However, even small plants form a single trunk. The flower buds are distinct with recurved tepals, and the flowers themselves are light- yellow with cream-colored stigmas.

A large grove of Sonneratia caseolaris is faced with forest dieback in the Menik River's estuary. Cultivation of tobacco, noise and air pollutions caused by uncontrolled tourism are the other conservation issues. The growth of invasive alien species such as Lantana camara, Opuntia dillenii, Chromolaena odorata is threatening the native plants. Deep within the forest, Ganja is cultivated in cleared areas.

The arid habitat of the Gran Chaco region provides very tough vegetation for the Chacoan peccary. These peccaries feed on various species of cacti, such as Cleistocactus baumannii and Opuntia discolor. It uses its tough snout to roll the cacti on the ground, rubbing the spines off. It may pull off the spines with its teeth and spit them out.

A prominent feature of the coastal vegetation is the presence of a large exotic flora: Casuarina, Eucalyptus , Citrus, loquat and Opuntia ficus indica are examples. Several species of steppe Acacia are common elements. The cultivated area which is extensive is wholly artificial and imported plants dominate the landscape. The meadows, orchards and wetter places in the maquis support such plants as fennel.

Marmara opuntiella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Texas in the United States and from Mexico.Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) There are records of similar larvae with identical habits from Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Peru and Venezuela, and these may also refer to this species. The larvae feed on Nopalea and Opuntia species.

Watercolor of several Opuntia cactus species by Mary Emily Eaton for Britton and Rose's The Cactaceae, 1919 (vol. 1, plate XXXIV). Nathaniel Lord Britton was a Columbia University geology and biology professor who left the university in 1895 to become the founding director of the New York Botanical Garden. Much of his own field work was done in the Caribbean.

In order to germinate, the seeds require a dormancy period of at least a year. As with other Opuntia species, mechanical or chemical scarification does not seem to help. The species can reproduce either vegetatively or by seed. In fact, the nature of the habitat determines which is more common, with sexual reproduction dominating in grasslands and vegetative propagation dominating in scrublands.

Cochineal is a red dye produced by a scale insect that lives on species of Opuntia. Long used by the peoples of Central and North America, demand fell rapidly when European manufacturers began to produce synthetic dyes in the middle of the 19th century. Commercial production has now increased following a rise in demand for natural dyes. Cacti are used as construction materials.

Garden specimens Today the garden's collections include Cephalocereus senilis, Echinocactus grusonii, Ferocactus pilosus, Opuntia spp., Neobuxbaumia polylopha, and Trichocereus pasacana, as well as the succulents Aeonium arboreum, Aeonium canariense, Agave americana var. picta, Agave americana var. marginata, Agave salmiana, Agave victoriae- reginae, Aloe arborescens, Aloe succotrina, Aloe ferox, Aloiampelos ciliaris, Carpobrotus edulis, Echeveria elegans, Euphorbia coerulescens, Pachyphytum oviferum, and Yucca elephantipes.

Fruits As the fruits of Opuntia ficus-indica are delicate, they need to be carefully harvested by hand. The small spines on the fruits are removed by rubbing them on an abrasive surface or sweeping them through grass. Before consumption, they are peeled and sliced. The pads of the plant (mainly used as fodder) also need to be harvested by hand.

It is native to the Prosopis glandulosa (Honey Mesquite) plant, Opuntia engelmannii (Prickly pear) and Yucca treculeana (Yucca). The city encompasses two national wildlife refuges. Located in northeast Cameron County, Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge protects several endangered species, including the Texas ocelot (Leopardus pardalis albescens), a rare wild cat as well as the Aplomado falcon (Falco femoralis). The refuge measures .

Opuntia chlorotica is a species of plant in the family Cactaceae. It is a species of prickly pear native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Its common names include pancake prickly pear, flapjack prickly pear and dollarjoint prickly pear. This cactus is bluish-green and manifests a bushy to erect form that may attain a height of two meters or more.

The habitat is generally Florida scrub, and the plant is common in remaining remnants of scrub habitat. It is well-adapted to a regime of frequent fires. It does not tolerate shade and requires fire to keep the habitat open and sunny. It is associated with sand pine (Pinus clausa), and with Lyonia, Ilex, Ceratiola, Polygonella, Opuntia, and various scrub oaks.

These include interleukin 12 (IL-12), interferon gamma (IFNγ) and interleukin 10 (IL-10). Some pharmacological studies such as on tolfenamic acid and Opuntia ficus-indica (OFI) have also indicated an involvement of the immune system. These studies suggest that the presence and severity of hangover symptoms can probably be reduced by administration of a cyclooxygenase inhibitor such as aspirin or ibuprofen.

At the east end of the city, the Sandia foothills receive about 50 percent more precipitation than most of the city, and with granitic, coarse soils, rock outcrops, and boulders dominant, they have a greater and different diversity of flora in the form of savanna and chaparral, dominated by lower and middle zones of New Mexico Mountains vegetation, with a slight orientation at lower elevations. Dominant plants include shrub or desert live oak (Quercus turbinella), gray oak (Quercus grisea), hairy mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus breviflorus), oneseed juniper (Juniperus monosperma), piñon (Pinus edulis), threeleaf sumac (Rhus trilobata), Engelmann prickly pear (Opuntia engelmannii), juniper prickly pear (Opuntia hystricina var. juniperiana), and beargrass (Nolina greenei, formerly considered Nolina texana). Similar grasses occur that are native to the eastern half of the city, but often of a higher density owing to increased precipitation.

The desert-like (xerophytic) vegetation of the essentially barren island includes a number of cactus species such as Cardón de Dato (Ritterocereus griseus), Buche, Melón de Cerro, Sabana o Monte (Melocactus caesius), Guamacho (Pereskia guamacho), and Opuntia tuna as well as a few legumes (family Fabaceae) such as Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora), Divi-divi (Caesalpinia coriaria), Poorman's Friend (Stylosanthes viscosa), and the Sangre Drago (Croton flavens).

The result of these overseas investigations was the highly successful use of Cactoblastis moths in controlling the Opuntia species in Australia and also arousing his interest in oceanic birds. So when he left Australia in 1926 he spent most of the year at the American Museum of Natural History preparing the book Birds of the Ocean (1928), a forerunner of later field guides, before returning to England.

Opuntia arenaria can grow in soil that is essentially pure sand. It has rhizomes up to 1.5 m long that give rise to above ground shoots with small cladodes that are 4-7 x 2–3 cm in size. Major spines are found in the distal areoles and are often reflexed, up to 30 mm long. Minor spines are strongly deflexed and much shorter.

Primary forests consist of plants such as Intsia palembanica, Dipterocarpus species, Ironwood, Sandoricum koetjape and Indian oak. Mangrove forests with valuable plants such as mangroves, taboon and Thespesia populneoides. Limestone mountain contain plants such as chanpah and Opuntia elatior. Mammals – Sus scrofa (wild pig), monkey, semno, squirrel, Menetes berdmorei (Indochinese ground squirrel), Naemorhedus sumatraensis, Muntiacus muntjak, Ursus malayanus, tiger, sambar, gibbon, and Malayan sun bear.

Shipwreck into slavery. British Archaeology Magazine.] \- different clans from the east, north and northwest invaded Androy and put an end to the ruling dynasty of the Andriamañar \- beginning of the development of what Mike Pearson et al. described as the "megalithic and monumental" Antandroy tombs 1769 - Introduced in Fort Dauphin during a settlement French attempt, spiny prickly pear cactus Opuntia dillenii spreads throughout the Androy region.

Nopal Beat Records is a record label and music collective, based in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. It specializes in fusion of electronic music with various styles of Latin music (a style usually referred to as Acid Cabaret). The name comes from the traditional Mexican vegetable nopal (an opuntia cactus, present in the coat of arms of Mexico). Nopal was founded in 1999 as an independent label.

It goes by a variety of common names, including cow's tongue cactus, cow tongue prickly pear, desert prickly pear, discus prickly pear, Engelmann's prickly pear, and Texas prickly pear in the US, and nopal, abrojo, joconostle, and vela de coyote in Mexico. The nomenclatural history of this species is somewhat complicated due to the varieties, as well as its habit of hybridizing with Opuntia phaeacantha.

Cacti have many other uses. They are used for human food and as fodder for animals, usually after burning off their spines. In addition to their use as psychoactive agents, some cacti are employed in herbal medicine. The practice of using various species of Opuntia in this way has spread from the Americas, where they naturally occur, to other regions where they grow, such as India.

The first director of the research center was Irwin P. Ting. As of 2015 the director of the research center is Dr. Chris Tracy. The cactus Opuntia acanthocarpa has been studied at Agave Hill. In 2010 a study of 35 species of Mutillid wasps revealed four new species, two of which (Odontophotopsis hammetti and Sphaeropthalma mankelli) are only known to exist at the center.

The only known records of the Belted Kingfisher in Ecuador also come from the coastland of Ecuador. The ocean regions of the park also provide a breeding ground for humpback whales. Vegetation includes opuntia cactus, palo santo trees, kapok trees and the algaroba tree. Most of the tropical scrub desert and forest of western Ecuador, once 25% but now only 1%, can be found in the park.

They have a texture and flavor like string beans. The fruits or leaves can be boiled, used raw, or blended with fruit juice, cooked on a frying pan, and used as a side dish with chicken, or added to tacos. Jams and jellies are produced from the fruit, which resemble strawberries and figs in color and flavor. Mexicans may use Opuntia as an alcoholic drink called colonche.

The Sierra de Cazulas had the unique Pino de las Cinco Ramas (Five- Branch Pine Tree). The headwaters of the Cárdenas River in Zafarraya have Salix fragilis (brittle willow). In the dry landscape along the borders of the park there are olive trees and vineyards, and also Opuntia (prickly pear) bushes, agaves and Trachycarpus fortunei (windmill palm) trees. Due to its isolation there are many endemic species of flora.

Opuntia gosseliniana, commonly known as the violet pricklypear, is a species of cactus that is native to Pima County, Arizona in the United States and Baja California, Chihuahua, and Sonora in Mexico. Like most prickly pears, the pads are flat. Unlike most prickly pears, they have a violet, pink, or red tinge, hence the name. The cactus reaches mature heights of one to five feet and blooms either yellow or red.

The name opine comes from octopine, the first opine discovered in 1927, not in crown galls, but in octopus muscle. Nopaline comes from the identification of this molecule in tumors that appeared on "nopal", the Spanish and French names of Opuntia spp. cactus. According to Oxford English Dictionary, the word opine was first used in print in 1977. Usually, the name of newly discovered opines has the ending "-opine".

Associated plants include Atriplex canescens, Opuntia imbricata, Bouteloua gracilis, Oryzopsis hymenoides, Aristida fendleriana, Sphaeralcea coccinea, Cleome serrulata, Melilotus alba, Salsola iberica, Kochia iranica, Melilotus officinalis, and Bouteloua curtipendula. The worst threat to the species is recreational activity. All occurrences of the plant are affected by off-road vehicle use. The plant grows on slopes that are mostly free of vegetation, terrain that is attractive to off-road vehicle users.

Nopal salad, with the nopal pads cut into strips Nopalitos is a dish made with diced nopales, the naturally flat stems, called pads, of prickly pear cactus (Opuntia). They are sold fresh, bottled, or canned and less often dried. They have a light, slightly tart flavor, and a crisp, mucilaginous texture. Nopalitos are often eaten with eggs as a breakfast and in salads and soups as lunch and dinner meals.

This movement can be seen by gently poking the anthers of an open Opuntia flower. The same trait has evolved convergently in other species (e.g. Lophophora). The first introduction of prickly pears into Australia is ascribed to Governor Phillip and the earliest colonists in 1788. Brought from Brazil to Sydney, prickly pear grew in Sydney, New South Wales, where they were rediscovered in a farmer's garden in 1839.

Golden Barrel cacti at Lotusland, 2017 Cactus garden featuring a collection of columnar cacti begun in 1929 by Merritt Dunlap. Over 500 plants, representing about 300 different species of cacti in geographically organized groups. Notable specimens include species of Opuntia from the Galapagos Islands, Armatocereus from Peru and a complete collection of the genus Weberbauerocereus. Accent plants include Fouquieria columnaris (boojum tree), dry-growing bromeliads and several Agave species.

Yucca and Opuntia species are abundant in foothill edges and the central third, while Arizona rainbow cactus (Echinocereus polyacanthus) and Mexican fire-barrel cactus (Ferocactus pilosus) inhabit portions near the US–Mexico border. Herbaceous plants, such as bush muhly (Muhlenbergia porteri), blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), gypsum grama (B. breviseta), and hairy grama (B. hirsuta), are dominant in desert grasslands and near the mountain edges including the Sierra Madre Occidental.

Maritime grasslands are native grasslands composed of little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), poverty grass (Danthonia spicata), hairgrass (Deschampsia flexuosa), and prickly pear cactus (Opuntia humifusa). Wildlife on the refuge is as diverse as its habitats. Waterfowl are primarily American black ducks and bufflehead. The grasslands are being managed and enlarged specifically to attract grassland dependent birds such as grasshopper sparrow, eastern meadowlark, Savannah sparrow and bobolink.

The RM is drained by Eagle Creek which flows in a southeasterly direction. The valley of this creek is approximately one mile wide, and in most places is more than 100 feet deep. The ground surface on the uplands varies from gently undulating to quite hilly. The elevations a long the valley vary from approximately 1,950 feet at Lake Opuntia to 1,900 feet where the stream leaves the municipality.

He coauthored the first comprehensive survey of native Colorado cacti. It covers species in the genera Opuntia, Echinocereus, Sclerocactus, Coloradoa, Pediocactus, Coryphantha, and Neobesseya and includes numerous black-and-white photographs. One newly described species, Coloradoa mesa verdae, has since been reclassified as Sclerocactus mesae-verde. Boissevain's coauthor, Carol Davidson, took all of the photographs except two, one of which was by Laura Gilpin and the other by Elzada Clover.

Opuntia monacantha, commonly known as drooping prickly pear, cochineal prickly pear, or Barbary fig, is a species of plant in the family Cactaceae. It is native to Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay and is naturalised in Australia and South Africa. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and sandy shores. The species was first formally described in 1812 by botanist Adrian Haworth in Synopsis Plantarum Succulentarum.

Ranching and farming, with fire used to clear the land, have destroyed almost all the original vegetation. There are some endemic sub-species. Common plants in the dry valley now include Crescentia cujete, Guazuma ulmifolia, Cassia fistula, Bursera graveolens, Spondias mombin, Bauhinia picta, Ceiba pentandra and Gliricidia sepium. The cactus Pilosocereus colombianus is found in some place, as are Opuntia species The orchid Schomburgkia splendida grows in rocky places.

A mature Pachypodium and a tree Opuntia are the highlights. The conservatory also features a small pond with goldfish. Located nearby are the Lizzadro Museum, the new Elmhurst Public Library, the Elmhurst Art Museum, and Elmhurst College's Schaible Science Center. The conservatory's origins date back to 1868, when Seth Wadhams purchased a treeless farm, planting trees and building a greenhouse for his wife, which is still in use today.

Coat of arms of Malta from 1975 to 1988 This emblem was adopted on the 11 July 1975, seven months after Malta became a republic. It showed a coastal scene with the rising sun, a traditional Maltese boat, a shovel and a pitchfork, and an Opuntia. All of these symbols are somewhat connected to Malta. Underneath the image the then-new name of the state (Republic of Malta) was written.

This program also led to the development of many concepts, principles, and procedures for the implementation of biological control programs. Cactoblastis cactorum larvae feeding on Opuntia prickly pear cacti Prickly pear cacti were introduced into Queensland, Australia as ornamental plants, starting in 1788. They quickly spread to cover over 25 million hectares of Australia by 1920, increasing by 1 million hectares per year. Digging, burning, and crushing all proved ineffective.

Not many plant varieties appear in short grass prairies owing to its extreme changes in annual precipitation and temperature from one year to the next. Two of the main plants that are able to thrive are soap weed yucca (Yucca glauca) and plains prickly pear cactus (Opuntia). In the years of greater precipitation, otherwise dormant wildflowers bloom in the spring, quickly diminishing in the hotter and drier summer months.

In 1845, Joseph zu Salm- Reifferscheidt-Dyck – based on work by Frederick Scheer – expanded the classification into eight groups. With at least 145 recognized species, it is one of the largest and most morphologically variable genera in the cactus family. Others estimate there are as many as two hundred species of Mammillaria, including sixty-two cultivated species from India. Though larger, the genus Opuntia is less popular with gardeners and landscapers.

Cochineals live on cactus plants, especially prickly pears (Opuntia spp.), as well as Cylindropuntia and Grusonia species. One species was collected from Corynopuntia schottii. They gather in large clumps mainly in shady, sheltered areas on the cactus pads and feed on the sap. Some species also infest the cactus fruits, flowers, stems, and roots; they are often found on the roots during times of the year when they are less active.

The ring-tailed ground squirrel eats corn and other seeds, but mainly feeds on fruit and nuts. Food includes oil palm seeds, wild figs, mesquite seeds and the fleshy fruits of prickly pears (Opuntia). The squirrel may also consume insects. It mostly moves about on the ground, scurrying from one piece of cover to another, sometimes pausing to dig up some morsel or sit on its haunches to eat, holding the food in its forepaws.

This plant, like other Opuntia species, is attacked by cactus moth. Older names for this species, and names for old species which are now considered variants of this species, include plateau prickly pear, brown- spined prickly-pear, Mojave prickly pear, and Kingman prickly pear. The species is widespread, from California south to Mexico and the Southwest United States. There are multiple variations and perhaps these will be described as varieties or full species some day.

One of the larger E. longifolium var. harperi populations is found on TVA property in northern Alabama and is estimated to be over 700 plants. There the umbrella plants cohabit with prickly pear (Opuntia spp.) and false aloe (Manfreda virginica) in an upland calcareous cliff plant community. Their foothold is attributed to human removal of competitors to allow a better view of the Tennessee River from one of the buildings on the property.

A box of prickly pear candy: These are often sold in Southwest U.S. gift shops. In Mexico, prickly pears are often used to make appetizers, soups, salads, entrees, vegetable dishes, breads, desserts, beverages, candy, jelly, and drinks. The young stem segments, usually called nopales, are also edible in most species of Opuntia. They are commonly used in Mexican cuisine in dishes such as huevos con nopales (eggs with nopal), or tacos de nopales.

Close-up image of prickly pear fruit: Apart from the large spines, note the glochids (the fine prickles, or bristles) that readily dislodge and may cause skin and eye irritation. Opuntia contains a range of phytochemicals in variable quantities, such as polyphenols, dietary minerals and betalains. Identified compounds under basic research include gallic acid, vanillic acid and catechins, as examples. The Sicilian prickly pear contains betalain, betanin, and indicaxanthin, with highest levels in their fruits.

Traditional "Zapotec nest" farming of the cochineal scale insect on O. ficus-indica, Oaxaca Dactylopius coccus is a scale insect from which cochineal dye is derived. D. coccus itself is native to tropical and subtropical South America and Mexico. This insect, a primarily sessile parasite, lives on cacti from the genus Opuntia, feeding on moisture and nutrients in the cactus sap. The insect produces carminic acid, which deters predation by other insects.

Annecke DP, Burger WA, Coetzee H. "Pest status of Cactoblastis cactorum (Berg) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae) and Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell) (Coccoidea: Dactylopiidae) in spineless Opuntia plantations in South Africa", Journal of the Entomological Society of South Africa, April 15, 1976. In 1956, the moth was introduced to the Caribbean island of Nevis and successfully controlled a complex of native "prickly pear" cacti. In 1960 Cactoblastis was introduced into Montserrat and Antigua as a successful biological control agent.

Sand pine (Pinus clausa) is the typical pine. Oaks include Chapman oak (Quercus chapmanii), sand live oak (Quercus geminata), myrtle oak (Quercus myrtifolia), and the endemic Inopina oak (Quercus inopina). Other shrubs include rusty staggerbush (Lyonia ferruginea), saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), sandhill-rosemary (Ceratiola ericoides), scrub holly (Ilex opaca var. arenicola), scrub olive (Osmanthus megacarpa), scrub pawpaw (Asimina obovata), silk bay (Persea humilis), Adam's needle (Yucca filamentosa), and eastern prickly pear (Opuntia humifusa).

Opuntia diploursina (2n=22) is known to hybridize with O. basilaris (2n=22) wherever the species co-occur. This results in fertile progeny that can backcross with either parent eventually creating a hybrid swarm. The polyploid O. erinacea (2n=44) which is widely distributed in the Mojave and Great Basin deserts, is suspected to be a stabilized allopolyploid derived from O. diploursina and O. basilaris. Some O. diploursina x basilaris progeny resemble O. basilaris var.

The cactus fruit is consumed as a traditional medicine and food in Mexico. In contrast to the common fruit (tunas) from related Opuntia ficus-indica, it is less sweet, the color is a bland greenish, and it is more used for traditional medicine than cuisine. Its taste is more acidic (due to citric acid). It has many green seeds in the central pit which is covered in red pigment from its antioxidant betalains.

The ecoregion is predominantly a desert shrubland made up of woody shrubs, small trees, cacti, and succulents. Dominant plant species include Cylindropuntia leptocaulis, Opuntia engelmannii var. lindheimeri, Prosopis juliflora, P. laevigata, Yucca treculeana, Salvia ballotiflora, Jatropha dioica, cenizo (Leucophyllum frutescens), Mammillaria heyderi hemisphaerica, tepeguaje (Leucaena pulverulenta) and Mimosa aculeaticarpa var. biuncifera. Piedmont scrub is found in shallow soils derived from sedimentary rocks at the base of the Sierra Madre (below ) and receives of annual rainfall.

Opuntia ficus-indica is similar to CAM species which are not salt-tolerant in their root zone where growth may cease under high salt concentration. O. ficus-indica grows usually in regions where relative humidity is above 60% and saturation deficit occurs. O. ficus-indica is absent in regions where there is less than 40% humidity for more than a month. Mean daily temperature required to develop is at least 1.5-2 °C.

Grasslands on the sand dunes include dense but uneven herbaceous-bushy flora. Species include Scaevola plumieri, Portulaca pilosa, Cakile lanceolata, Cyperus planifolius, Sporobolus virginicus, Sporobolus piramydatus, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Euphorbia buxifolia, Spartina patens, Lycium bridgesii, Calotropis procera, Egletes prostrata, Argusia gnaphalodes, Tournefortia volubilis, Opuntia caracasana, Heterostachys ritteriana, Chamaesyce dioica, Chamaesyce mesembryanthemifolia, Croton punctatus, Cenchrus echinatus and Tribulus zeyheri. Isolated dunes may hold windblown trees and bushes such as Conocarpus erectus, Prosopis juliflora and Vachellia tortuosa.

Conservation projects launched include a turtle conservation project, and an invasive alien plants eradication program aimed at the removal of Prosopis juliflora and Opuntia dillenii. The proposed conservation measures are re- demarcation of the park's boundary and widen the boundary to include the northern scrubland, resettle families inhabiting within the park, a programme to control spread of invasive alien plants, create irrigation structures to stop the flow of irrigation water and management of livestock grazing.

Inside the forests off the shore of Gibney Beach, there is also an abundance of plant life. Gibney Beach lies on the eastern coast of the island and is characterized by dry forest vegetation. Cacti such as the barbed-wire cactus (Acanthocereus tetragonus), prickly pear (Opuntia spp.), organ pipe cactus (Pilosocereus royenii) and Turk's cap cactus (Melocactus intortus) are prominent in the area. These cacti grow alongside shrubs, such as maran (Croton flavens var.

Common fruits come from cacti (Opuntia), figs (Ficus), pehen (Acacia aroma), Spondias, Annona, Philodendron, bromeliads, and more. Up to five different kinds of fruits are often found in fecal pellets. The entire fruit is eaten, and the seeds are passed and can germinate, giving red- and yellow- footed tortoises a significant role in seed dispersal. Red-footed tortoises have been observed at the base of fruit trees, apparently waiting for fruit to fall.

California sagebrush (Artemisia californica) can be found in Coastal Sage Scrub community, especially in Orange County. Some other plant species that can be found is also Giant coreopsis (Coreopsis gigantea), Black sage (Salvia mellifera), California buckwheat (Eriogonoum fasciculatum), and White sage (Salvia apiana). Plant species that can be found in Maritime Succulent Scrub is Coast prickly pear (Opuntia littoralis), Coast barrel cactus (Ferocactus viridescens), Cliff spurge (Euphorbia misera), Bush rue (Cneoridium dumosum), and Dudleya spp.

The island was completely stripped of flora by Hurricane Luis in 1995 and Hurricane Lenny in 1999. Since then, the flora has recovered. Morning glory (Ipomea violaceae) and prickly pear cactus (Opuntia dillenii) are found, being vital to the Little Scrub ground lizard (Ameiva corax) which is unique to the island. The island provides a nesting site for various birds, including the brown noddy, bridled tern, sooty tern, roseate tern, and the brown booby.

Halimeda tuna is a species of calcareous green seaweed in the order Bryopsidales. It is found on reefs in the Atlantic Ocean, the Indo-Pacific region and the Mediterranean Sea. Halimeda tuna is the type species of the genus Halimeda and the type locality is the Mediterranean Sea. The specific name "tuna" comes from the Taíno language, meaning "cactus" and referring to the resemblance of the thallus to the growth form of an Opuntia cactus.

It has a warm climate with temperatures reaching up to 50 °C, and receives less than 500 mm of rainfall per year. This xeric climate contrasts sharply with the cloud forests found higher up in the nearby mountains. The vegetation consists mainly of thorny species such as cactus of the genus Opuntia, acacias, and thorny bushes of the Fabaceae. These contrast sharply with the riparian forests in the river valleys with permanent waters.

Moehringia growing as a ' on an overhanging cliff s within the cells of the leaves of the moss Bryum capillare Not all chloroplasts are simple in shape. Chloroplasts of Spirogyra are helical within the tubular cells of their algal filaments. crosiers of the fern Sadleria cyatheoides The so-called "fleshy leaves" of cacti such as this Opuntia tomentosa are actually ', branches. The true leaves are the spines growing on the cladodes, which on this young cladode are still fleshy.

The island as seen from the coast St. Thomas Island (, ostrov sv. Toma) or Zmiyski ostrov (Змийски остров, Snake island)), is a Bulgarian island in the Black Sea, south of Sozopol. It has an area of and is one of a very few places in Bulgaria where wild cacti grow. The Opuntia cacti were brought from the Botanical Garden in Bratislava, Slovakia and planted by the royal botanist Ivan Buresh on the orders of Tsar Boris III in 1933.

Fire prevents ecological succession in the open habitat where the plant grows. Other plants in the local habitat include Arenaria patula, Camassia scilloides, Nothoscordum bivalve, Opuntia humifusa, Satureja arkansana, Tradescantia tharpii, and Verbena canadensis. As the health of the local ecosystem depends on fire, the practice of fire suppression has caused the degradation of the habitat. When fire is prevented, woody vegetation moves in, covering the glades and blocking the light from reaching this small plant.

Huallanca (possibly from Quechua for "mountain range" and a cactus plant (Opuntia subulata)), also known as Burro (Spanish for "donkey"), is a ) high mountain in the Andes of Peru. It is the highest peak in the Huallanca mountain range. Huallanca is located in the Ancash Region, Bolognesi Province, in the districts of Aquia and Huallanca. It is situated in the northern half of the range, southeast of the Yanashallash pass and the peaks of Tankan, Ch'uspi and Tankanqucha.

It is part of saltbush and sagebrush-dominated desert shrub plant communities, or pinyon-juniper woodlands. Other plants in the habitat include shadscale (Atriplex confertifolia), galleta (Hilaria jamesii), black sagebrush (Artemisia nova), Indian rice grass (Stipa hymenoides), strawberry hedgehog cactus (Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. melanacanthus), Simpson's pincushion cactus (Pediocactus simpsonii), prickly pear cactus (Opuntia polyacantha), winterfat (Krascheninnikovia lanata), yucca (Yucca harrimaniae), snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae), low rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus), sand dropseed (Sporobolus cryptandrus), and Salina wildrye (Leymus salinus).Sclerocactus glaucus.

The specific epithet opuntioides means "like Opuntia", referring to the appearance of the stems. The species was first described by in 1897 by Engelmann, but given only a provisional name, Epiphyllum obovatum. This was taken up by Britton and Rose in 1923, when they transferred the species to Epiphyllanthus. However the species was not named properly according to the rules of botanical nomenclature until Löfgren and Dusén did so in 1905, creating the name Epiphyllum opuntioides.

Scarlet globemallow (Sphaeralcea coccinea) and Russian thistle (Salsola kali) are preferred during late summer and fall, but are sought out during every season. During winter, plains prickly pear (Opuntia polyacantha), Russian thistle, and underground roots are preferred. Shrubs such as rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus spp.), winterfat (Krascheninnikovia lanata), saltbush (Atriplex spp.), and sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) are also commonly eaten. Water, which is generally not available on the short-grass prairie, is obtained from vegetation such as plains prickly pear.

The species of this genus are quite active through the night foraging for food or a potential mate. They are avid burrowers, preferring somewhat (but not completely) loose soil such as dried sand to make their burrows. If loose soil is not available, they can take shelter beneath rocks and dead plants such as Opuntia and Cylindropuntia during the day. It bears live young which are guarded by the female until they undergo their first molt.

Opuntia diploursina is also related to another diploid species, O. trichophora, but differs from that species, as stated in the original description,in more upright growth habit, more minor spines that are more closely appressed to pad surface, closer spaced areoles, often yellow spine color as opposed to white or gray mature spines;; more and longer spines on fruit. O. diploursina also has curling major spines, and larger fruit. The two species are separated by hundreds of miles.

Up to 3000 m above the desert, the arid vegetation of the mountainous steppe is characterized by columnar cacti, arid shrubs and herbs. Vegetation located between 3800–4000 m are sustained by brown andic soils on ash-fall deposits and includes many endemic plant species as Hersodoma arequipensis, Piplostephium tacorense and Opuntia corotilla.In the wettest area shrubby vegetation of families asteraceae, fabaceae and solanaceae dominate. The puna is generally drier than the páramo montane grasslands of the northern Andes.

Gmelina leichhardtii Plate 33 from Forest Flora of New South Wales Margaret Lilian Flockton (29 September 1861 Sussex – 12 August 1953 Sydney), was an Australian botanical artist, particularly noted for her illustrating of "The Forest Flora of New South Wales" (some 300 plates), "A Critical Revision of the Genus Eucalyptus" (88 plates), and the genus Opuntia, all by the botanist and forester, Joseph Henry Maiden. She was the first botanical illustrator at the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney.

Vegetation in the Tatacoa Desert is thorny, and includes cactus species such as Opuntia and Melocactus species, Armatocereus humilis, Stenocereus griseus, Acanthocereus tetragonus and Pilosocereus colombianus. The dry central pocket also includes umbrella-shaped woody species under including Pithecellobium bogotense, Capparis odoratissima, Bulnesia carrapo, Maclura tinctoria, Fagara pterota, Parkinsonia aculeta, Prosopis juliflora and Vachellia farnesiana. Above the vegetation is replaced by montane cloud forest and páramo. Endemic plant species include Steriphoma colombiana, Amaria petiolata and Pithecellobium bogotense.

He examined the effect of the Lantana seed fly (Agromyza (Ophiomyia) lantanae) in Hawaii and was of the opinion that it had little effect in destroying the seeds. The fly was however released in Bangalore and although populations established widely, there was no reduction in Lantana. Later studies showed that seed viability is reduced, but not enough to be an effective control. Along with Coleman, he was involved in the introduction of cochineal insects from Ceylon to control Opuntia.

The overall form of Opuntia engelmannii is generally shrubby, with dense clumps up to high, usually with no apparent trunk. The pads are green (rarely blue-green), obovate to round, about 15–30 cm long and 12–20 cm wide. The glochids are yellow initially, then brown with age. Spines are extremely variable, with anywhere from 1-8 per areole, and often absent from lower areoles; they are yellow to white, slightly flattened, and 1–6 cm long.

Though there are generally few other plants in the habitat, associated species may include Pinus edulis, P. ponderosa, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Rhus trilobata, Cercocarpus montanus, Ribes cereum, Eriogonum jamesii, Opuntia polyacantha, Echinocereus triglochidiatus, Heterotheca villosa, and Yucca glauca. Grass species in the area include Koeleria macrantha, Chondrosum gracile, Oryzopsis micrantha, O. hymenoides, Muhlenbergia filiculmis, Stipa scribneri, and Festuca species. A number of lichens also grow in the habitat. The main threat to this species is off-road vehicle use.

Non- tree species are not as common and mostly consist of succulent species such as Agave, Opuntia, Stenocereus and Cephalocereus. Other important species include Alvaradoa amorphoides, Bursera simaruba, Ceiba acuminate, Bursera bipinnata, Bursera excels, Cochlospermum vitifolium, Haematoxylon brasiletto, Piscidia piscipula, Swietenia humilis, Acacia collinsii and Pseudobombax ellipticum. Pine-oak forests exist in the northwest of the park in the highest altitudes, covering about . They are part of the same type of forest found in the Soyaló region it is adjacent to.

This beetle lives in desert habitat, where it feeds on cactus plants, especially species of prickly pear (Opuntia) and cholla (Cylindropuntia). The beetle is a threat to several rare species of cactus, including the Mojave fishhook cactus (Sclerocactus polyancistrus), Wright's fishhook cactus (Sclerocactus wrightiae), Mesa Verde cactus (Sclerocactus mesae-verdae), Winkler's pincushion cactus (Pediocactus winkleri), and San Rafael cactus (Pediocactus despainii). The adult beetle is nocturnal or crepuscular. It emerges and climbs cactus plants at dusk to feed during the night.

How the moth will affect agriculture in North America will be seen in the next few years, and the effectiveness of many of the control tactics may be seen in even less time. Lastly, a big unknown in the study of Cactoblastis cactorum is how various Opuntia species may develop defenses in response to its invasion. More studies need to be done both to understand the biological mechanisms of the moth and to halt its spread as an invasive species.

Monument to the Cactoblastis cactorum moth in Queensland, Australia Dalby in Queensland, Australia, has a monument commemorating eradication of Opuntia by the moth in a park by Myall Creek, which runs through the town. The Cactoblastis Memorial Hall is located east of Chinchilla, and purports to be "the only building dedicated to an insect." It was erected in 1936, and was one of the first insect memorials ever built, following the 1919 Boll Weevil Monument in Alabama.Patterson, Ewen K. 1936.

Often their primary function is to keep wandering large animals off a private property. Sometimes, cacti are used as barriers without being formed into a structured fence. Prickly pears (mostly Opuntia stricta) were imported into Australia in the 19th century for use as a natural agricultural fence and to establish a cochineal dye industry, but quickly became a widespread weed. In the American southwest, ocotillo stems are often set in the ground to form a structure similar to a cactus fence.

Scaled Quail in Oklahoma inhabit rough or rolling land, especially where sagebrush (Artemisia spp.), mesquite, cactus (Opuntia spp. and others), yucca (Yucca spp.), juniper, sand shinnery oak (Quercus havardii), and rocks furnish cover. In Colorado, scaled quail occupy sand sagebrush and/or yucca stands on sandy soils. The cover types used by scaled quail in Colorado are, in descending order, sand sagebrush- grassland, pinyon-juniper, dense cholla-grassland, dryland farmland, irrigated farmland, and greasewood (Sarcobatus spp.)-saltbush (Atriplex spp.) washes.

Once at the base there is a semi-technical rock scramble to navigate before reaching the summit. No gear is needed for this climb although hikers should take great care. High-desert flora and fauna including alligator juniper (Juniperus deppeana), pinyon pine (Pinus cembroides), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), prickly pear cacti (Opuntia spp.), Mexican jay (Aphelocoma wollweberi), sotol (Dasylirion leiophyllum), and Texas madrone (Arbutus xalapensis) may be seen along the trail. There are signs warning of mountain lions and bears.

Texas Prickly Pear (Opuntia engelmannii var. lindheimeri), State Highway 4, Cameron County, Texas, USA (11 April 2016) Cacti: This region is rich in cacti diversity. In addition to wide ranging species like lace cactus (Echinocactus reichenbachii), and horse-crippler cactus (Echinocactus texensis), other species found in the province include: root cactus (Sclerocactus [=Acanthocereus] scheeri), triangle or barbed wire cactus (Acanthocereus tetragonus), star cactus (Astrophytum asterias), Runyon's beehive cactus (Coryphantha macromeris var. runyonii), Berlandier's hedgehog (Echinocereus berlandieri), pitaya (Echinocereus enneacanthus var.

Cactus species in the park include prickly pear (Opuntia spp.), claretcup (Echinocereus coccineus), and pitaya (E. enneacanthus). In the spring, the wildflowers are in full bloom and the yucca flowers display bright colors. Bluebonnets (Lupinus spp.) are prevalent in Big Bend, and white and pink bluebonnets are sometimes visible by the road. Other flowering plants such as the desert marigold (Baileya multiradiata), desert willow (Chilopsis linearis), ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens), rock nettle (Eucnide urens), and lechuguilla (Agave lechuguilla) abound in Big Bend.

Marah gilensis is a desert plant, adapted to the climate of hot dry summers and cold winters. The foliage dies back in the fall and sprouts again from the tuber in the spring. The sprouts may be damaged by late frosts but the tubers resprout. Some of the plants which grow in association with Marah gilensis are Celtis ehrenbergiana, Ziziphus obtusifolia, Senegalia greggii, Opuntia engelmannii, Eragrostis lehmanniana, Calliandra eriophylla, Ericameria laricifolia, Bouteloua aristidoides, Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua hirsuta and Bouteloua eriopoda.

Opuntia ficus-indica are planted in hedges to provide a cheap but effective erosion control in the Mediterranean basin. Under those hedges and adjacent areas soil physical properties, nitrogen and organic matter are considerably improved. Structural stability of the soil is enhanced, runoff and erosion are reduced, while water storage capacity and permeability is enhanced. Prickly pear plantations also have a positive impact on plant growth of other species by improving severe environmental conditions which facilitate colonization and development of herbaceous species.

Also, males with song A have shorter bills than B males. This is also a clear difference. With these beaks males are able to feed differently on their favourite cactus, the prickly pear Opuntia. Those with long beaks are able to punch holes in the cactus fruit and eat the fleshy aril pulp which surrounds the seeds, whereas those with shorter beaks tear apart the cactus base and eat the pulp and any insect larvae and pupae (both groups eat flowers and buds).

TV, as the exclusive party to become the new owner of the network, after submitting the highest bid. Opuntia S.A. soon put in place a new management structure, with Paul-René Heinerscheid as Managing Director and attracted a major outside investor. The company turned LUXE TV into a Pay-TV channel, and concluded major new distribution agreements in Europe and Asia. It moved its facilities from the city of Luxembourg to a new location outside in Bascharage in late June 2011.

Crystal skippers rely on flowers for nectar and seaside little bluestem for hostplants. Retaining native vegetation in your yard, especially dune grasses such as seaside little bluestem, can help create habitat for the crystal skipper and other native animals. Alternately, you could try actively planting seaside little bluestem. Native flowers that are commonly used for sources of nectar during the spring crystal skipper brood include: Yellow thistle (Cirsium horridulum), risky tread-softly or spurge nettle (Cnidoscolus stimulosus), southern dewberry (Rubus trivialis), and coastal prickly pear (Opuntia pusilla).

Nopales are also an important ingredient in New Mexican cuisine. In 2009 it was introduced as a cheaper alternative to corn for the production of tortillas and other corn products. Opuntia ficus-indica has been introduced to Europe, and flourishes in areas with a suitable climate, such as the south of France and southern Italy: In Sicily, they are referred to as fichi d'India (Italian literal translation of Indian fig) or ficurinia (Sicilian dialect literal translation of Indian fig). In Sardinia, they are called figumorisca - Moorish figs).

View towards Mala from the north Mala is a village in the municipality of Haría on Lanzarote in the province of Las Palmas in the Canary Islands. Its population in 2012 was 533. (Enter form data: Entity type: singular entity; Denomination: same as "Mala"; Year: 2012; click Consult) The village's economy is based around tourism and agriculture (principally rearing of cochineal beetles in fields of opuntia cactus). Its nearest neighbours are the villages of Guatiza and Charco del Palo, both about 3 km away.

It may invade grassland along with mesquite during the process of ecological succession. In the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts it grows alongside ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens), saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea), range ratany (Krameria parvifolia), ironwood (Olneya tesota), jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis), false-mesquite (Calliandra eriophylla), brittlebush (Encelia farinosa), leatherstem (Jatropha cardiophylla), feather dalea (Dalea formosa), yucca, agave, Opuntia cacti, and acacia species. In Texas it can be found in sandy arroyos and more saline areas alongside mesquite and hackberry. Many birds and rodents consume the fruits of the shrub.

600 AD. The Precolumbian Otomi people did not have a fully developed writing system, but the largely ideographic Aztec writing could be read in Otomi as well as Nahuatl. The Otomi often translated names of places or rulers into Otomi rather than using the Nahuatl names. For example, the Nahuatl place name Tenochtitlān, "place of Opuntia cactus", was rendered as ' in proto-Otomi, with the same meaning.In most modern varieties of Otomi the name for "Mexico" has changed to ' (in Ixtenco Otomi) or ' (in Mezquital Otomi).

This cactus, previously introduced in Fort Dauphin, spread over Anosy and Androy regions:it had provided protection to herders and their cattle as well as both fruit and water to people and cattle. Eminent damages on local species of Castor oil plant are also observed . This resulted in half the population of in the Tsihombe district decreasing by half, though the number of dead versus those who emigrated out of the area is unclear. 1932 - Hosting the Opuntia cacti,a mite Dactylopius tomentosus is noticed.

European honey bee carrying pollen in a pollen basket back to the hive Marmalade hoverfly, pollen on its face and legs, sitting on a rockrose. Diadasia bee straddles flower carpels while visiting yellow Opuntia engelmannii cactus The transfer of pollen grains to the female reproductive structure (pistil in angiosperms) is called pollination. This transfer can be mediated by the wind, in which case the plant is described as anemophilous (literally wind-loving). Anemophilous plants typically produce great quantities of very lightweight pollen grains, sometimes with air-sacs.

Opuntia repens, the roving pricklypear, is a species of cactus that is native to dry forests Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. It is a small shrub, growing up to 50 cm (20 in) tall, with yellow flowers and red fruit. Like its cousins, "jumping cholla" Opuntias of the Mojave, Sonoran, and Colorado deserts, it propagates by a segment dislodging after spines are caught in a large mammal's fur, whereby the segment is transported to another location. This is in addition to propagation by seed.

Lineages differ by the shape of the vertebral and pleural scutes. Females have a more elongated and wider carapace shape than males. Carapace shape changes with growth, with vertebral scutes becoming narrower and pleural scutes becoming larger during late ontogeny. ;Evolutionary implications In combination with proportionally longer necks and limbs, the unusual saddleback carapace structure is thought to be an adaptation to increase vertical reach, which enables the tortoise to browse tall vegetation such as the Opuntia (prickly pear) cactus that grows in arid environments.

It is a polyphagous species however, and having been introduced to comparable climates in Northern Hemisphere America, it is wreaking havoc in Mexican and the southern United States' Opuntia farms. Similarly, in A. philoxeroides control, care must be taken not to harm native species of the widespread genus Alternanthera, many of which are highly valued aquarium plants. A. malloi is also not fully monophagous and will for example eat sessile joyweed (A. sessilis), which though a nuisance weed where introduced is not known to be strongly invasive.

The Aztecs symbolically linked the ripe red fruits of an opuntia to human hearts; just as the fruit quenches thirst, so offering human hearts to the sun god ensured the sun would keep moving. Europeans first encountered cacti when they arrived in the New World late in the 15th century. Their first landfalls were in the West Indies, where relatively few cactus genera are found; one of the most common is the genus Melocactus. Thus, melocacti were possibly among the first cacti seen by Europeans.

Under his supervision, the botanical illustrator Louis Charles Christopher Krieger painted a series of watercolors of his Opuntia collection. The year Griffiths died, his cactus collection (as well as his photographs of cacti) was donated to the United States National Museum. In his final two decades, Griffiths focused on bulbous plants both native and imported, becoming a senior horticulturalist for USDA's research on bulb production. He authored a series of booklets on cultivation bulbs in general and of daffodils, narcissus, tulips, lilies, and hyacinths in particular.

A boldly marked bird, the Galápagos dove has dark reddish-brown upperparts, a pinkish neck and breast, a buff-coloured belly, and brown wings, streaked with white and black. The long downward curved beaks on the Galápagos dove helps it feed mostly on seeds and fruits from the ground. Very reluctant to fly, it will only do so as a last resort. Galápagos doves spend most of their time on the ground searching for food, mainly feeding off seeds, caterpillars, and Opuntia cactus flowers and pulp.

Les Épines de Lespinet (2500 m²) is a private botanical garden specializing in cactus and succulents. It is located at 38, Les Hauts de Lespinet, Foix, Ariège, Midi-Pyrénées, France, and open by guided tours; an admission fee is charged. The garden is intended to recreate a semi-desert American landscape amid banana, citrus, and Mediterranean vegetation. It contains nearly 400 taxa of cacti and succulents, primarily Agave, Opuntia, and Yucca, as well as Nolina and a collection of palm trees from temperate and subtropical regions.

The most common species include Croton heliaster, Borreria cumanensis, Caesalpinia mollis, Randia gaumeri, Jacquinia aristata, Caesalpinia coriaria, Pithecellobium dulce, Capparis odoratissima, Capparis linearis, Caesalpinia coriaria, Pereskia guamacho, Prosopis juliflora, Stenocereus griseus, Malpighia species, Bursera tomentosa and Morisonia americana. The scrub contains low bushy plants from high, mostly very dense, and may be seen as degraded deciduous forests. Many of the species have thorns, spines, and prickles. Common species include Prosopis juliflora, Castela erecta, Stenocereus griseus, Opuntia caracasana, Croton crassifolius, Ipomoea carnea, and Parkinsonia praecox.

Opuntia cactus, known in Israel as "tsabar" A Sabra (, tzabar) is any Jew born in Israel. The term came into widespread use in the 1930s to refer to a Jew who had been born in the land of Israel (inclusive of the British Mandate of Palestine and Ottoman Palestine; cf. New Yishuv & Old Yishuv), though it may have appeared earlier. Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, Israelis have used the word to refer to a Jewish person born anywhere in the country (inclusive of the Israeli-occupied territories).

Robert James "Bob" Chinnock (born 3 July 1943) is a New Zealand-born Australian botanist who worked at the State Herbarium of South Australia as a senior biologist. He retired in 2008 but still works as an honorary research associate. His research interests include Eremophila and related genera, the weedy Cactaceae, especially those in the genus Opuntia, and Australian ferns and clubmosses. His PhD thesis at Flinders University in 1982 was focused upon Myoporaceae, He is the author of Eremophila and allied genera : a monograph of the plant family Myoporaceae.

Biological control was initiated in South Africa at the turn of the century when cottony cushion scale in citrus orchards was brought under control. Originally identified in 1878 in New Zealand, it is now found worldwide in citrus orchards and is controlled by the ladybird beetle Rodolia cardinalis. Another successful program was the virtual eradication of Opuntia vulgaris by the use of cochineal insects in 1913. Control of the Eucalyptus snout beetle followed in 1925 with the introduction of the egg parasite Anaphes nitens, a wasp native to Australia.

Following its introduction into the Caribbean, Cactoblastis cactorum was able to spread across the Atlantic Ocean and throughout the Caribbean through an unknown mix of natural dispersal, intentional and unintentional human transport, and importation on infested livestock fodder. It has been spotted in Saint Kitts, the US Virgin Islands, Haiti, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, the Bahamas, the Cayman Islands, Puerto Rico and Barbados. It eventually reached the Southeastern United States and was first detected in Florida in 1989. Cactoblastis cactorum likely entered Florida through importation of Opuntia from the Dominican Republic.

Currently in the United States, populations of Cactoblastis cactorum have been discovered in Florida, Georgia, and most recently, in Louisiana. Many of these states have already begun their own programs to halt the progress of the moth in conjunction with the 2009 Strategic Plan. The United States began a plan in 2009 through the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) to quarantine afflicted Opuntia species and slow the migration of Cactoblastis cactorum across the United States. The APHIS hopes to create a permanent barrier across which colonization of the invasive moth would be impossible.

The term fascicle and its derived terms such as fasciculation are from the Latin fasciculus, the diminutive of fascis, a bundle. Accordingly, such words occur in many forms and contexts wherever they are convenient for descriptive purposes. A fascicle may be leaves or flowers on a short shoot where the nodes of a shoot are crowded without clear internodes, such as in species of Pinus or Rhigozum. However, bundled fibres, nerves or bristles as in tissues or the glochid fascicles of Opuntia may have little or nothing to do with branch morphology.

Sea turtles and their eggs were consumed during the turtles' nesting season. The Tequesta gathered many plant foods, including saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) berries, cocoplums (Chrysobalanus icaco), sea grapes (Coccoloba uvifera), prickly pear (nopal) fruits (Opuntia spp.), gopher apples (Licania micbauxii), pigeon plums (Cocoloba diversifolia), palm nuts, false mastic seeds, cabbage palm (Sabal palmetto), and hog plum (Ximenia americana). The roots of certain plants, such as Smilax spp. and coontie (Zamia integrifolia), were edible when ground into flour, processed to remove toxins (in the case of coontie), and made into a type of unleavened bread.

Plant matter was acquired from processed foods while insects are gleaned from the canopy and sub-canopy layers of trees. During the nesting season their diet is composed of 90% arthropod material. Studies have not been performed to determine the dietary habits of the Mona subspecies, but consumption of insects, spiders, fruits from Pithecellobium species and the cacti Selenicereus species, Pilosocereus royenii, Harrisia portoricensis, and Opuntia species, seeds from gumbo limbo (Bursera simaruba) and Ficus species and nectar from Aloe vera, yucca and Croton discolor have been observed.

Lechuguilla (Agave lechuguilla), honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), Opuntia macrocentra and Echinocereus pectinatus are the dominant species in western Coahuila. Ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens), lechuguilla, and Yucca filifera are the most common species in the southeastern part of the desert. Candelilla (Euphorbia antisyphilitica), Mimosa zygophylla, Acacia glandulifera and lechuguilla are found in areas with well-draining, shallow soils. The shrubs found near the Sierra Madre Oriental are exclusively lechuguilla, guapilla (Hechtia glomerata), Queen Victoria's agave (Agave victoriae-reginae), sotol (Dasylirion spp.), and barreta (Helietta parvifolia), while the well-developed herbaceous layer includes grasses, legumes and cacti.

Members of the spine plant family Cactaceae, native to the Americas, are known as cacti or cactuses. All cacti are succulents – plants which have adapted to arid climate or soil conditions and store water in their leaves, stems, and/or roots – but not all succulents are cacti. The conservatory's collection includes cacti genera such as Opuntia, as well as succulents from other genera such as Pachypodium, Haworthia, Agave, Aloe, and Euphorbia. Grown from a cutting taken in 1916, the Jade Tree (Crassula argentea) is one of the oldest plants in the conservatory.

A notorious example is the South American water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), which spread widely through subtropical and tropical regions and is considered a serious plant pest in wetlands. In general, invasive plants spread mostly in already disturbed, secondary vegetation, and the remaining primary forests of the east appear little affected. A prickly pear cactus, Opuntia monacantha, was introduced to southwest Madagascar in the late 18th century by French colonialists, who used it as natural fence to protect military forts and gardens. The cactus quickly spread and found use as cattle feed by Antandroy pastoralists.

The understory is also often evergreen in these forests, with Myrica cerifera and Osmanthus americanus very common, while several evergreen species of Ericaceae, Ilex, and scrub palms (Sabal minor and Serenoa) are common on more moist sites. In the open areas near sandy beaches and coastal areas, large endemic populations of Yucca and cactus (Opuntia) thrive in the hot sun and sandy soils. The Middle Atlantic coastal forests contain the most diverse assemblage of freshwater wetland communities in North America. These include freshwater marshes, shrub bogs, white cedar swamps, bayheads, and wet hammocks.

The lotus effect refers to self-cleaning properties that are a result of ultrahydrophobicity as exhibited by the leaves of Nelumbo or "lotus flower". Dirt particles are picked up by water droplets due to the micro- and nanoscopic architecture on the surface, which minimizes the droplet's adhesion to that surface. Ultrahydrophobicity and self-cleaning properties are also found in other plants, such as Tropaeolum (nasturtium), Opuntia (prickly pear), Alchemilla, cane, and also on the wings of certain insects. The phenomenon of ultrahydrophobicity was first studied by Dettre and Johnson in 1964 using rough hydrophobic surfaces.

Human activity has severely damaged over 32,000 hectares. The arid and semi arid area can be found in the Lagos y Volcanes de Anáhuac, Sur de Puebla, Cordillera Costera del Sur, Sierras y Valles Guerrerenses, Sierras Orientales and Sierras Centrales de Oaxaca. Types of vegetation often found includes mesquite, huizachal and agave, with species such as Agave spp, Yuca spp, Opuntia spp, Aristida spp and Stipa spp. There is no forestry here but a number of plants are used for fibers, waxes, resins, handcrafts, medicine and a number are edible to both humans and livestock.

Sandy soils in this region tend to support more open vegetation with widely spaced trees and shrubs in grasslands, while clay soils tend to support a greater diversity and denser, sometimes even canopied areas of trees and shrubs. Past land usage can also have a significant influence, where recently cleared areas may have a near monoculture of honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), with pricklypear (Opuntia engelmannii var. lindheimeri), and non-native grasses in the understory.Texas Parks and Wildlife (& Nature Serve Explorer), Ecological Mapping Systems of Texas: Tamaulipan Savanna Grassland (Accessed: 18 August 2020).

In the northern portion of the McCullough Range elevation spans from at the eastern base of the range to at Black Mountain. The peaks are volcanic in origin, rounded to flat-topped, and have a steep eastern escarpment and a gradual western slope. The area supports a unique combination of plants from the Mojave and Sonoran deserts and Great Basin Desert ecosystems. The primary vegetation is a creosote bush community with barrel cactus (Ferocactus cylindraceus), Joshua trees (Yucca brevifolia), various chollas (Cylindropuntia spp.) and prickly pears (Opuntia spp.).

Stem of Mammillaria longimamma, showing tubercles The leafless, spiny stem is the characteristic feature of the majority of cacti (and all of those belonging to the largest subfamily, the Cactoideae). The stem is typically succulent, meaning it is adapted to store water. The surface of the stem may be smooth (as in some species of Opuntia) or covered with protuberances of various kinds, which are usually called tubercles. These vary from small "bumps" to prominent, nipple-like shapes in the genus Mammillaria and outgrowths almost like leaves in Ariocarpus species.

View of Chinnar montane rain forest There are 963 species of flowering plants in the sanctuary. Ecoregions of the sanctuary comprise mostly grassland and wet grasslands vegetation and some South Western Ghats montane rain forests and high shola at the higher western elevations. South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests at mid elevations give way to dry deciduous forests and thorny scrub forests in the lower dryer eastern edges of the valley. The major xerophyticspecies in the thorny scrub forests are Acacia arabica, Acacia leucofolia, Acacia concinna, Prosporis juliflora, and Opuntia stricta.

The lands around the bay are flat and dominated by grasslands and oak savanna; they are used for agriculture and cattle farming.Bartlett, p. 15 Common tree and plant species include southern live oak (Quercus virginiana), prickly pear (Opuntia spp.), lime prickly-ash (Zanthoxylum fagara), greenbriar (Smilax spp.), sunflowers (Helianthus spp.), tanglehead (Heteropogon contortus), crinkleawn (Trachypogon spicatus), gulfdune paspalum (Paspalum monostachyum), fringed signalgrass (Urochloa ciliatissima), shrubby oxalis (Oxalis frutescens angustifolia), dayflower (Commelina spp.), Texas lantana (Lantana urticoides), Texas bullnettle (Cnidoscolus texanus), silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium), crotons (Croton spp.) and Lindheimer tephrosia (Tephrosia lindheimeri).Bartlett, p.

Most culinary references to the "prickly pear" are referring to this species. The name "tuna" is also used for the fruit of this cactus, and for Opuntia in general; according to Alexander von Humboldt, it was a word of Taino origin taken into the Spanish language around 1500.Baron F. H. A. von Humboldt's personal narrative of travels to the equinoctial regions of America tr. 1852 by Ross, Thomasina: "The following are Haytian words, in their real form, which have passed into the Castilian language since the end of the 15th century... Tuna".

The island fox molts once a year between August and November. Before the first molt pups are woolly and have a generally darker coat than adult foxes. A brown phase, with the grey and black fur of the body replaced by a sandy brown and a deeper brown, may occur in the San Clemente Island and San Nicolas Island populations. It is unclear if this is a true color phase, a change that occurs with age, or possibly a change that occurs because of interactions with Opuntia cactus spines that become embedded in the pelt.

Breeding is reported from Mexico between April and July, and in El Salvador in August. The lesser roadrunner builds its nest in a low tree, a thorn bush or an Opuntia cactus, about 2 meters off the ground. Its eggs, which are white and 35 x 26 mm in length, are laid in clutches of 2 to 4. Their nests are smaller than those of the greater roadrunner, but are stronger and more compact, built in the shape of a cup with sturdy grass stems and twigs, with a diameter of ca 14.5 cm.

Other plant species in the habitat may include Arabis divaricarpa, Quercus gambelii, Bromus japonicus, Sitanion longifolium, Verbena bracteata, Lesquerella montana, Grindelia squarrosa, Heterotheca horrida, Artemisia frigida, Carex stenophylla, Eriogonum jamesii, Opuntia phaeacantha, Atriplex canescens, Pinus edulis, and Juniperus monosperma. This species was described in 1965 from a specimen collected by Otto and Isa Degener in Fremont County. There are about 14 occurrences of the plant, which are located in Royal Gorge, the Pike-San Isabel National Forest, and Bureau of Land Management lands. Many aspects of the plant's ecology and conservation are unknown.

In her trip logbook, Jotter wrote, "we collected furiously." In 1941, Jotter and Clover published a paper on the cactus they found, as well as a comprehensive plant list. In their publications, they identified four new species of cactus: Grand Canyon claret cup (Echinocereus canyonensis); small flower fishhook cactus (Sclerocactus parviflorus); strawberry hedgehog cactus (Echinocereus decumbens); and an elongated variety of beavertail prickly pear (Opuntia longiareolata). Their research was the only botanical survey of the Colorado River documenting the diverse plant life before the Glen Canyon Dam significantly altered it beginning in 1966.

Biological control of prickly pear, Opuntia ficusindica (Cactaceae), in South Africa. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment, 37(1–3), p.29 Many of both black and white inhabitants of the areas in which the prickly pear was prominent came to rely on the plant as a useful asset to be eaten, prepared, sold or used as fodder and, consequently, there were groups of people who had a very positive attitude towards the plant, with one farmer of the time going so far as to say that “there is nothing better in this country”.Beinart and Wotshela, 2003.

Opuntia Lake is strategically situated in the major goose fall staging area of Western Canada, is a very important staging area for waterfowl. Estimated maximum fall concentrations include 15,000 to 20,000 geese (Canada, White-fronted, Snow and Ross' geese), up to 30,000 ducks (mainly Mallard, Pintail, and assorted divers), 2,000 Sandhill Cranes and 500 Tundra Swans. The lake supports only a small number of breeding and moulting dabblers and divers. During the 1950s, a program of tree planting occurred at the lake along with the construction of baseball diamonds and a boat house.

He made contributions to the study of alkaloids found in these plants, some of which eventually found therapeutic uses. Some species that were named after him include Gymnocalycium schickendantzii, Echinopsis schickendantzii, Trichocereus schickendantzii, Opuntia schickendantzii, Bulnesia schickendantzii, and Euphorbia schickendantzii. Together with Lafone Quevedo, Shickendantz wrote a book titled Las Industrias de Catamarca (the industries of Catamarca), which dealt with agriculture, mining, and water conservation in the region. From 1870 to 1870 he was director of the School of Agronomy, and lecturer of physics and chemistry at the Colegio Nacional.

The Gulf Coast kangaroo rat is mainly nocturnal and feeds on seeds which it collects in its cheek pouches and carries back to its burrow. It lives in sparsely-vegetated locations with sandy soils, often among dunes and normally on the down-wind slope of a dune. Plants found growing in the vicinity include sea oats (Uniola paniculata), bluestem grass (Andropogon), saltgrass (Distichlis), fringe-rushes (Fimbristylis), sunflowers (Helianthus) and croton (Croton). In sparse mesquite (Prosopis) savannah in Texas it is associated with wiregrasses (Aristida), hairy grama (Bouteloua hirsuta) and hooded windmill grass (Chloris cucullata), as well as prickly pear (Opuntia).

Opuntia fragilis is a small, prostrate plant, rarely more than high: joints tumid, fragile, easily detached, oval, elliptical, or subglobose, long and nearly as thick as broad, bright green: areoles apart, with whitish wool and a few white to yellow bristles, which are much longer and more abundant on older joints; spines 1–4, occasionally a few small additional ones, weak, dark brown, the upper one usually longer and stronger than the others, rarely in length: flowers greenish yellow, wide: fruit ovate to subglobose with few spines or bristles, mostly sterile, or less long; seeds few and large.Haw.

The dyestuff was consumed throughout Europe, and was so highly valued, its price was regularly quoted on the London and Amsterdam Commodity Exchanges. The biggest producers of cochineal are Peru, the Canary Islands, and Chile. Current health concerns over artificial food additives have renewed the popularity of cochineal dyes, and the increased demand is making cultivation for insect farming an attractive opportunity in other regions, such as in Mexico, where cochineal production had declined again owing to the numerous natural enemies of the scale insect. Apart from cochineal, the red dye betanin can be extracted from some Opuntia plants themselves.

The coat of arms of Mexico The coat of arms of Mexico depicts a Mexican golden eagle, perched upon an Opuntia cactus, holding a rattlesnake. According to the official history of Mexico, the coat of arms is inspired by an Aztec legend regarding the founding of Tenochtitlan. The Aztecs, then a nomadic tribe, were wandering throughout Mexico in search of a divine sign to indicate the precise spot upon which they were to build their capital. Their god Huitzilopochtli had commanded them to find an eagle devouring a snake, perched atop a cactus that grew on a rock submerged in a lake.

The sea bluffs hold large numbers of birds, such as nesting red-billed tropicbirds and swallow-tailed gulls, and offer wide vistas. The prickly pear cactus trees (Opuntia echios) are noteworthy, as is the large colony of Galápagos land iguanas. Furthermore, the territory and breeding season of the Galapagos land iguana overlap only on South Plaza Island with those of the marine iguana, giving rise to a unique population of hybrid iguanas. Depending on the season, the Sesuvium ground vegetation changes its colour from green in the rainy season to orange and purple in the dry season.

It is the only known sand- swimming skink in North America and occurs in only seven counties in Florida. Most of the vegetation in the Lake Wales Sand Ridge consists of (or has evolved into) scrub plants with thick waxy coated leaves that are drought tolerant. The leaves of the sand live oak are thick and leathery, rolled in at the edges to help retain as much water as possible during the blazing hot days of summer. Species of Opuntia, Yucca, Scrub plum, and scrub Serenoa repens palm dot the landscape and are well adapted to the hot sun and fast draining soils.

He is commemorated in the names of several plants, including Engelmann Oak (Quercus engelmannii), Engelmann Spruce (Picea engelmannii), Apache Pine (Pinus engelmannii), and Engelmann's Prickly-pear (Opuntia engelmannii). Engelmann's botanical collection, valuable as containing the original specimens from which many western plants have been named and described, was given to the Missouri Botanical Garden. This gift led to the founding of the Henry Shaw School of Botany as a department of Washington University in St. Louis, where an Engelmann professorship of botany has been established by Shaw in his honor. Engelmann was interred in Bellefontaine Cemetery in St. Louis.

The characteristic vegetation is dry shrubland (matorral) that includes yucca and cactus. Characteristic species include the yuccas izote (Yucca filifera), chocha (Yucca carnerosana), and Yucca decipiens, and creosote bush (Larrea tridentata), known in Spanish as la gobernadora. Other common species are the shrubs huisache (Acacia farnesiana), sangre de drago (Jatropha dioica), desert mimosa (Mimosa turneri), and mesquite (Prosopis juliflora), the cacti Opuntia engelmannii, Echinocactus horizonthalonius, and Echinocereus conglomeratus, and the grasses Bouteloua gracilis and hairy woollygrass (Erioneuron pilosum). In the northern part of the ecoregion near the transition to the Chihuahuan desert, the dominant plant community is creosote bush and hojasén (Flourensia cernua).

California coastal prairie in Sonoma County Prominent coast adjacent species include: California sagebrush (Artemisia californica) and brittlebush (Encelia californica), along with California buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum) and Munz's sage (Salvia munzii). At the southern areas of this coastal ecoregion, cacti and succulents can be found, such as: Shaw's agave (Agave shawii), coastal dudleya (Dudleya caespitosa), coastal cholla (Cylindropuntia prolifera), golden cereus (Bergerocactus emoryi), and other prickly pear (Opuntia), Yucca and Dudleya species. Some of the endemic plants to the ecoregion's southern coast zone include: San Diego thornmint (Acanthomintha ilicifolia), San Diego ambrosia (Ambrosia pumila) and San Diego barrel cactus (Ferocactus viridescens).

Some species of are nearly ubiquitous, occurring in most of the soils and vegetation communities, although varying in levels of dominance, some of these include honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), spiny hackberry (Celtis ehrenbergiana), desert Christmas cholla (Cylindropuntia leptocaulis), Texas persimmon (Diospyros texana), Texas prickly pear (Opuntia engelmannii var. lindheimeri), and black brush (Vachellia rigidula). Other common trees and shrubs more often found on clay soils include white bush (Aloysia gratissima), goat bush (Castela erecta), brasil (Condalia hookeri), knackaway (Ehretia anacua). Texas lignum- vitae (Guaiacum angustifolium), Texas purple sage (Leucophyllum frutescens), retama (Parkinsonia aculeata), Berlandier acacia (Senegalia berlandieri), and huisache (Vachellia farnesiana var. farnesiana).

Mina is the sixth- largest municipality in Nuevo León, though it has one of the lowest population densities among municipalities, being just ahead of Vallecillo and Parás. Mina borders north with the municipality of Candela, west with Castaños and southwest with Ramos Arizpe in the state of Coahuila, and northeast with the municipalities of Bustamante and Villaldama, east with Salinas Victoria and Hidalgo, and south with García, all in the state of Nuevo León. Vegetation in this region consists of several types of desert bushes, Huisache (Vachellia farnesiana var. farnesiana), mesquite (Prosopis spp.), Echinocereus enneacanthus, Opuntia spp.

Pine nuts are a particular regional specialty and feature often in fine dining and cookies; in Nevada the Native American tribes that live there are by treaty given rights to exclusive harvest, and in New Mexico they reserve usage of the term piñon for certain species of indigenous pine nuts. From Native Americans, Westerners learned the practice of eating cactus fruit from the myriad species of opuntia that occupy the Chihuahuan, Sonoran, and Mojave desert lands. In California, Spanish missionaries brought with them the mission fig: today this fruit is a delicacy. New Mexico green chile is a staple of New Mexican cuisine.

Enriching of the soil and restoration of its fertility is often achieved by plants. Of these, leguminous plants which extract nitrogen from the air and fix it in the soil, succulents (such as Opuntia),Cactus as a tool to mitigate drought and to combat Desertification and food crops/trees as grains, barley, beans and dates are the most important. Sand fences can also be used to control drifting of soil and sand erosion.List of plants to halt desertification; some of which may be soil-fixating Another way to restore soil fertility is through the use of nitrogen-rich fertilizer.

Areoles often have multicellular hairs (trichomes) that give the areole a hairy or woolly appearance, sometimes of a distinct color such as yellow or brown. In most cacti, the areoles produce new spines or flowers only for a few years, and then become inactive. This results in a relatively fixed number of spines, with flowers being produced only from the ends of stems, which are still growing and forming new areoles. In Pereskia, a genus close to the ancestor of cacti, areoles remain active for much longer; this is also the case in Opuntia and Neoraimondia.

It is not known when cacti were first cultivated. Opuntias (prickly pears) were used for a variety of purposes by the Aztecs, whose empire, lasting from the 14th to the 16th century, had a complex system of horticulture. Their capital from the 15th century was Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City); one explanation for the origin of the name is that it includes the Nahuatl word nōchtli, referring to the fruit of an opuntia. The coat of arms of Mexico shows an eagle perched on a cactus while holding a snake, an image at the center of the myth of the founding of Tenochtitlan.

The majority of female scale insects remain in one place as adults, with newly hatched nymphs, known as "crawlers", being the only mobile life stage, apart from the short-lived males. The reproductive strategies of many species include at least some amount of asexual reproduction by parthenogenesis. Some scale insects are serious commercial pests, notably the cottony cushion scale (Icerya purchasi) on Citrus fruit trees; they are difficult to control as the scale and waxy covering protect them effectively from contact insecticides. Some species are used for biological control of pest plants such as the prickly pear, Opuntia.

This latter office became Buckrabanyule in 1902 and closed in 1992. Buckrabanyule is an Australian Aboriginal name meaning "last of the hills" or "last of the ranges" which is a rather appropriate description, since geographically, Mount Buckrabanyule (which lies just north of the township) is at the very end of the north-eastern extension of the Great Dividing Range. Standing atop Mount Buckrabanyule and looking north, the landscape is very flat all the way to the horizon. Until recently, thanks to the efforts of the Wychitella and District Landcare Group, the mountain was covered in a noxious weed, Wheel Cactus Opuntia robusta.

During this period he also acted as librarian to the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union, which he became vice-president of from 1923–25. He was also editor of the union's journal, Emu, from 1924–25. In 1920 the Commonwealth Prickly Pear Board was formed with the purpose of finding a way to control the several species of Opuntia that were taking over vast areas of subtropical eastern Australia and W. B. Alexander was appointed biologist to the board. The project took him on visits to North and South America in search of a suitable insect agent and in 1924 he was promoted to Officer-in-charge.

These species are divided into 14 different varieties; most of these are confined to one or a few islands, so they have been described as "an excellent example of adaptive radiation".Fitter, Fitter, and Hosking, Wildlife of the Galapagos (2000) On the whole, islands with tall, trunked varieties have giant tortoises, and islands lacking tortoises have low or prostrate forms of Opuntia. Prickly pears are a prime source of food for the common giant tortoises in the Galápagos Islands, so they are important in the food web. Charles Darwin was the first to note that these cacti have thigmotactic anthers; when the anthers are touched, they curl over, depositing their pollen.

The song "My Rival", on the album Gaucho by the American jazz-pop group Steely Dan begins with the words, "The wind was driving in my face/The smell of prickly pear." In the fall of 1961, Cuba had its troops plant an barrier of Opuntia cactus along the northeastern section of the fence surrounding the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base to stop Cubans from escaping Cuba to take refuge in the United States. This was dubbed the "Cactus Curtain", an allusion to Europe's Iron Curtain and the Bamboo Curtain in East Asia. Uruguayan-born footballer Bruno Fornaroli is nicknamed prickly pear due to his sometimes spiky hairstyles.

Roble morado, the emblematic tree of Barranquilla. Parque Santander. Cayena, symbolic flower of Barranquilla Mochuelo, symbolic bird of Barranquilla Iguana in the area around Hotel El Prado According to the Agustín Codazzi Geographic Institute (Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi), Barranquilla has a dry tropical forest vegetation (according to the Holdridge life zones), which includes species like cacti, mangroves, Opuntia elatior, Acanthocereus, Prosopis juliflora, Divi-divi, Tabebuia rosea, Cordia alba and varieties of acacia like Flamboyant or flame tree and Leucaena leucacephala. In the fertile lands water by the Magdalena River, one can find species like Eichhornia azurea, Typha angustifolia, Heliconia, Eichhornia crassipes, Bactris minor, Anacardium excelsum, Ficus radula and Lecythis minor.

Battarrea phalloides may be found growing solitary to scattered on dry, sandy hedgebanks (raised or mounded boundary feature, often topped by a hedgerow), sometimes growing amongst elm suckers. It is a relatively rare species, but may be locally abundant in some locations. In Mexico, where it is only known from the north and central part of the country, it has been usually collected in arid and semiarid areas, on coastal dunes, found from sea level up to high. The mushroom has been associated with the quick-growing evergreen tree Schinus molle, as well as Lycium brevipes, Solanum hindsianum, Salicornia subterminalis, Atriplex linearis, Quercus agrifolia and Opuntia species, in coastal dunes.

The sunny, south facing slopes have agaves and several species of cactus including opuntia, echnocereus and cholla. The floor of the canyon is home to several species of walnut trees, for which the canyon is named. The rocks in the canyon walls are formed of three distinct layers - the upper third of Walnut Canyon's walls contain Kaibab Limestone that varies in layers and hardness, where the cliff dwellings are found, which overlies steep, scrub covered slopes of the Toroweap Formation, while the lowest third is the sheer-walled, cross-bedded Coconino Sandstone. Many layers of the limestone eroded, creating alcoves that the Sinagua Indians used as cave- dwellings.

The Socorro mockingbird today lives mainly in unmodified low forest above 600 m (2000 ft), where it prefers groves of Oreopanax xalapensis and the endemic Guettarda insularis, with an understorey dominated by Triumfetta socorrensis and the endemic Eupatorium pacificum. As late as March 1953 it was still "common" at lower elevations, foraging in arid open areas of the Croton masonii-prickly pearProbably Engelmann's Prickly Pear (Opuntia engelmannii): Brattstrom & Howell (1956) shrubland. In November of the same year, the birds had retired to the more humid forest in the uplands and were busy singing and defending territories. Today, they mainly remain in Ficus cotinifolia stands when visiting the lower elevations.

1901-1903 - French conquered Androy, though area remained in a State of Emergency due to continued Antandroy resistance to French rule 1917 - State of Emergency in Androy ended. 1924 - Introduction of a Cochineal insect Coccus cacti by Botanist H.Perrier de la Bâthie, in an attempt to ensure biological control of the invasive Opuntia dillenii cactus, called raketa gasy. Though cacti were beneficial - staple feed for human beings and cattle - it was getting difficult to save farmlands in order to grow crops. 1928 - Henry de Heaulme arrives in Fort Dauphin, having driven down from Tananarive in a Harley Davidson motorcycle with his wife and son in the side car.

The Huallanca mountain range (possibly from Quechua, wallanka mountain range; a cactus plant (Opuntia subulata); also called Chaupi Janca or Shicra Shicra (possibly from Quechua sikra woven basket) lies in the Andes of Peru. It is located in the Ancash Region, Bolognesi Province. The Huallanca mountain range is a small range southeast of the Cordillera Blanca and north of the Huayhuash mountain range extending between 9°52' and 10°03'S and 76°58' and 77°04'W for about 19 km in a northeasterly direction. East of the town of Aquia there is a small range called Huaman Hueque (possibly from Quechua waman falcon or variable hawk, wiqi tear).

Farmland and cart track bordered with hedges consisting of Beles (Tigrinya), Cactus Pear (English) or Opuntia ficus-indica (Scientific) A sample enumeration performed by the CSA in 2001 interviewed 21,729 farmers in this woreda, who held an average of 0.46 hectares of land. Of the 10,040 hectares of private land surveyed, 84.53% was under cultivation, 4.15% pasture, 3.95% fallow, 1.24% in woodland, and 6.11% was devoted to other uses. For the land under cultivation in this woreda, 69% was planted in cereals, 12.9% in pulses, 0.64% in oilseeds, and 2 hectares in vegetables. The total area planted in fruit trees was 186 hectares, while 1 hectare was planted in gesho.

Some bush species that compose several landscapes in Region of Murcia are esparto grass, a species of the genus European fan palm, Salsola genistoides (close to the opposite-leaved saltworts), rosemary, lentisks, black hawthorns, Neptune grass, shaggy sparrow-wort and Retama sphareocarpa. There are species which have been introduced such as the tree tobacco and Opuntia maxima. In regards to herbaceous plants, some species are slender sowthistles, false sowthistles, mallow bindweeds, wall barleys, fennels, Brachypodium retusum (close to false- bromes), Thymus hyemalis (close to broad-leaved thymes), Asphodelus ayardii (of the same genus as onionweeds). There some introduced species such as the African wood-sorrel and the flax-leaf fleabane.

In the puna rim (elevation ), the plant species are in the pampa dryland consisting of pampa and bunch grasses, and wetlands of bofedal and puna desert which is barren land. In the puna rim area, 32 species have been recorded in the dry and wetland areas. The dryland species are bunch grass species of Calamagrostits amonea, Calamagrostits bereifolia, stipa ichu, and shrub species of Parastrephia lepidopyhylum, Parastrephia lucida, Baccharis macrophylla, Chersodoma iodopappa, cactus (Opuntia atacamenis) at high altitudes, two woody plants of Azorella compacta (yareta), Polylepis besseri. The wetland species are mats of Distichia muscoides, Oxychloe andinum (khuli) over which the grasses that flourish are Calamagrostis crysantha and Calamagrostis rigescens.

The desert collection includes three cactus groups (Cereus, Opuntia, and Pereskia), plus succulents including Agave, Crassula, succulent euphorbias, Gasteria, Haworthia, and Kalanchoe. Woody plants in this room include olive, etrog, fig, date palm, bay and pomegranate. The conservatory's orchids and ferns collection holds orchids, Australian tree ferns and other tropic and sub- tropic fern species, as well as begonias, Clivia, Ponderosa lemon, sea grape, Strelitzia reginae, and Syzygium. The rainforest collection includes Anthurium, aroids, banana, cycads, dracaenas, ferns, fig trees, Monstera deliciosa, palms (lady, fishtail, fan, and Canary Island date), papaya, Peperomia, Pilea, spider plants, as well as a pond with koi, goldfish, and turtles.

There is a diverse range of other plants, to include a wide variety of shrubs, grasses, sedges, rushes, ferns, mosses, and herbaceous wildflowers. Notable plants that may be seen along the trail include wild orchids; carnivorous plants such as the sundews (Drosera spp.), the pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea), and the bladderworts (Utricularia spp.); and the prickly pear cactus (Opuntia humifusa). 39 species of mammals, 229 bird species, 59 reptile and amphibian species, and 91 fish species have been reported within the broad area of the Pinelands National Reserve. Wildlife of the New Jersey Pine Barrens The number of native species, however, found in truly characteristic Pine Barrens, is much lower.

With these beaks, males are able to feed differently on their favourite cactus, the prickly pear Opuntia. Those with long beaks are able to punch holes in the cactus fruit and eat the fleshy aril pulp, which surrounds the seeds, whereas those with shorter beaks tear apart the cactus base and eat the pulp and any insect larvae and pupae (both groups eat flowers and buds). This dimorphism clearly maximises their feeding opportunities during the non-breeding season when food is scarce. If the population is panmixic, then Geospiza conirostris exhibits a balanced genetic polymorphism and not, as originally supposed, a case of nascent sympatric speciation.

Whiteland coppices are shrubby forests that occur near the ocean. Vegetation occurring in whiteland coppice is able to withstand salt spray and rocky, calcareous soil. Trees that grow in whiteland coppices include cinnecord (Acacia choriophylla), brasiletto (Caesalpinia vesicaria), haulback tree (Mimosa bahamensis), autograph tree (Clusia rosea), manchineel tree (Hippomane mancinella), West Indian mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni), sea grape (Coccoloba uvifera), gumbo-limbo (Bursera simaruba), cabbage palmetto (Sabal palmetto), and poisonwood (Metopium toxiferum). The understory features snake bark (Colubrina arborescens) as well as cacti such as erect prickly pear (Opuntia stricta), Turk's cap cactus (Melocactus intortus), queen of the night (Selenicereus grandiflorus), and robin tree cactus (Pilosocereus polygonus).

In late 1961, the Cuban Army had its troops plant an barrier of Opuntia cactus along the northeastern section of the fence surrounding the base to prevent economic migrants fleeing from Cuba from resettling in the United States. This was dubbed the "Cactus Curtain", an allusion to Europe's Iron Curtain and the Bamboo Curtain in East Asia. U.S. and Cuban troops placed some 55,000 land mines across the no man's land, creating the second-largest minefield in the world, and the largest in the Americas. On 16 May 1996, President Bill Clinton ordered the U.S. land mines to be removed and replaced with motion and sound sensors to detect intruders.

Desert Botanical Garden is a botanical garden located in Papago Park, at 1201 N. Galvin Parkway in Phoenix, central Arizona. Founded by the Arizona Cactus and Native Flora Society in 1937Deborah A. Starr, "Desert Botanical Garden", Horticulture, March 1994:48-54. and established at this site in 1939, the garden now has more than 50,000 plants, in more than 4,000 taxa, one-third of which are native to the area, including 379 species, which are rare, threatened or endangered. Of special note are the rich collections of agave (4,026 plants in 248 taxa) and cacti (13,973 plants in 1,320 taxa), especially the Opuntia sub-family.

Like all Cyclura species, the Cuban iguana is primarily herbivorous; 95% of its diet consists of the leaves, flowers and fruits from as many as 30 plant species, including the seaside rock shrub (Rachicallis americana), thistle, prickly pear (Opuntia stricta), black mangrove (Avicennia germinans), red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle), olives, and various grasses. Aiding in the digestion of this high-cellulose diet, colonies of nematodes occupy 50% of the contents of Cuban iguanas' large intestines. Cuban iguanas occasionally consume animal matter, and individuals have been observed scavenging the corpses of birds, fish and crabs. Researchers on Isla Magueyes observed a single episode of cannibalism in 2006 when an adult female iguana chased, caught, and ate a hatchling.

Prickly pear cactus and swallow-tailed gulls on Santa Fe Island Santa Fe Island (Spanish: Isla Santa Fe), also called Barrington Island after admiral Samuel Barrington, is a small island of which lies in the centre of the Galápagos archipelago, to the southeast of Santa Cruz Island. Geologically it is one of the oldest; volcanic rocks of about 4 million years old have been found. The vegetation of the island is characterized by brush, palo santo trees and stands of a large variety of the prickly pear cactus Opuntia echios. Santa Fe is home to two endemic species and two endemic subspecies: the Barrington land iguana (Conolophus pallidus), the Barrington leaf-toed gecko (Phyllodactylus barringtonensis),"Phyllodactylus barringtonensis ".

In the early 20th century, cochineals were introduced as a biological control for the plant, which had become a nuisance; they rapidly eradicated most of the cacti. This probably led to famine among the Antandroy people, although some authors challenge the causal link between famine and cactus eradication. Today, several Opuntia species are again present mainly in the south, spreading into native vegetation in some areas. The prickly pear illustrates the dilemma of plant introductions: while many authors see exotic plants as a threat to the native flora, others argue that they have not yet been linked directly to the extinction of a native species, and that some may actually provide economic or ecological benefits.

A tortoise feeding The tortoises are herbivores that consume a diet of cacti, grasses, leaves, lichens, berries, melons, oranges, and milkweed. They have been documented feeding on Hippomane mancinella (poison apple), the endemic guava Psidium galapageium, the water fern Azolla microphylla, bromeliad Tillandsia insularis and the Galápagos tomato Solanum cheesmaniae. Juvenile tortoises eat an average of 16.7% of their own body weight in dry matter per day, with a digestive efficiency roughly equal to that of hindgut- fermenting herbivorous mammals such as horses and rhinos. Tortoises acquire most of their moisture from the dew and sap in vegetation (particularly the Opuntia cactus); therefore, they can survive longer than 6 months without water.

Open communities of short salt-tolerant herbs are found in depressions that are often flooded by the sea, including species such as Atriplex pentandra, Batis maritima, Heterostachys ritteriana, Sarcocornia fruticosa and Sesuvium portulacastrum. Low open to dense communities of herb cover sandy dunes with species such as Cakile lanceolata, Cyperus planifolius, Euphorbia buxifolia, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Portulaca pilosa, Scaevola plumieri and Sporobolus virginicus. The coastal dry thorn scrubs grow on rocky/sandy land from above the beaches, and contain open to very closed communities of plants such as columnar cacti and spiny shrubs armed with thorns, spines, and prickles. Typical plants are Prosopis and Parkinsonia species, Bourreria cumanensis, Opuntia caribaea and Stenocereus griseus.

Pest plants including Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus), bridal creeper (Asparagus asparagoides), furze (Ulex europaeus) and paterson's curse (Echium plantagineum) have been identified as problematic weeds within the park that pose a threat to native flora populations. St John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) and prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) occurring in the Mt Pilot Range have been brought under control but continued management is required. Pest animals known to occur within the park include the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and feral cat (Felis catus). Foxes and cats pose serious predation risks to native fauna while rabbits impact on native flora and are notorious for the degree of soil disturbance caused by burrowing.

Most introduced plants within Scheyville National Park occur in the previously cleared areas of the park. Species include African love grass (Eragrostis curvula), blackberry (Rubus fruticosus), lantana (Lantana camara), bridal veil creeper (Myrsiphyllum asparagoides), mother-of-millions (Bryophyllum syksii), prickly pear (Opuntia stricta), paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum), kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum), common couch (Cynodon dactylon), willow (Salix spp.), oleander (Nerium oleander) and liquidambar (Liquidambar styraciflua). Blackberry is of particular concern, with large clumps occurring in cleared areas and along Longneck Creek. Introduced animals can destroy native vegetation, compete with and prey on native animals, adversely affect the breeding and feeding of native animals, and can detract from the experience for people visiting natural areas.

Opuntia stricta, Spittal Pond Nature Reserve, Bermuda Bermuda cedar tree in Bermuda near Hamilton Many of the endemic plants and trees that once lived here, especially the Bermuda cedar (Juniperus bermudiana) have been killed off by introduced species, such as the Mexican pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius), Australian whistling-pine (Casuarina equisetifolia), fiddlewood (Citharexylum spinosum), Chinese fan palm (Livistona chinensis), and asparagus fern (Asparagus densiflorus). There are mangrove swamps, salt marsh (created by flooding of the pond by the sea during storms), and also large areas of woodland. Palmetto (Sabal bermudana), bay grapes (Coccoloba uvifera), and allspice (Pimenta dioica) are also reported from the area. Shrubs found here are mostly lantana, Spanish bayonet (Yucca aloifolia) and fluorescent green flopper (Kalanchoe pinnata).

Opuntia macrorhiza is a common and widespread species of cactus with the common names plains prickly pear or twistspine pricklypear or Western pricklypear. It is found throughout the Great Plains of the United States, from Texas to Minnesota, as well as in the desert and Rocky Mountain states from Arizona to Idaho, with sporadic populations in the Mississippi and Ohio Valleys.United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile It is also reported from northern Mexico, in the states of Chihuahua, Sonora, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Durango, Tamaulipas, and San Luís Potosí.Encyclopedia of LifeBiota of North America Program, 2014 county distribution mapSEINet, Southwestern Biodiversity, Arizona chapter photos, description, distribution map The species is cultivated as an ornamental in other locations.

Carissa carandas (Karonda or Carvanda), an easy- to-grow drought-resistant sturdy shrub that grows in a variety of soil and produces berry size fruits rich in iron and vitamin C which is used for pickle, was one of the shrubs used because it is ideal for hedges, growing rapidly, densely and needing little attention.Summer brings astringently delicious karonda, a fruit that's ripe for pickling, Economic Times, June 2012. Senegalia catechu (babool or Kikar), zizyphues jujube (amla), prickly pear (opuntia, three species of this cactus), and Euphorbia (thuer, several species) were some of other shrubs plants and trees used for the hedge. Capparis decidua (kair) and Calotropis gigantea (arka plant) were also used.

Most of the caves are more or less circular inside, many with lateral rooms. There are depressions in the ground for cooking fires, cavities in the walls that would have been used as storage places, seats, holes for beams or posts and grooves for window frames and door frames that would have been shut off with pelts or vegetal cloths. It included granaries and other recesses, the use of which is uncertain. From it, a path going east passes through a rock arch and by a narrow "chimney" towards the Audience cave and, further up on the eastern slope, at an interesting grindstone quarry - but of difficult access as the path, neglected, has disappeared under opuntia.

In this period, the fencing-in of the west over the previous half century had pushed sheep and cattle onto ever-smaller areas of rangeland, resulting in overstocking that had damaged the land. Griffiths' researches were part of a drive by the USDA to help find ways to improve range management in the western states. In the course of his researches, Griffiths became especially interested in plants adapted to low-water environments such as prickly pear cactus that could be used as supplemental or emergency feed for livestock. As a result of his investigations into the cultivation potential of these kinds of food sources, he became an authority an cacti, assembling a collection of well over 3000 members of the cactus genus Opuntia.

The vegetation of the Outer Banks has biodiversity, although it is considered the northern limit for many southern plants such as wild scrub palms. In the northeast part of the Outer Banks, from Virginia Beach southward past the North Carolina border to Oregon Inlet, the main types of vegetation are sea grasses, beach grasses and other beach plants including Opuntia humifusa on the Atlantic side and wax myrtles, bays, and grasses on the Sound side with areas of pine and Spanish moss-covered live oaks. Yucca aloifolia and Yucca gloriosa can be found growing wild here in the northern parts of its range on the beach. Sabal Minor palms were once indigenous to the entire Outer Banks, and they are still successfully planted and grown.

Creosote bush scrub is a North American desert vegetation type (or biome) of sparsely but evenly spaced desert plants dominated by creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) and its associates. Its visual characterization is of widely spaced shrubs that are somewhat evenly distributed over flat or relatively flat desert areas that receive between 2 and 8 inches of rain each year. It covers the majority of the flat desert floor and relatively flat alluvial fans in the Mojave Desert, Chihuahuan Desert, and Sonoran Desert. The dominant plants that typify this vegetation type are creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) and its associates, white bur-sage (Ambrosia dumosa), brittlebush (Encelia farinosa, Encelia actoni, Encelia virginensis), cheese-bush (Ambrosia salsola), Mojave yucca (Yucca schidigera), silver cholla cactus (Cylindropuntia echinocarpa), and beavertail cactus (Opuntia basilaris).

A Mexico City statue commemorating the foundation of Tenochtitlan Tenochtitlan was the capital of the Mexican civilization of the Mexica people, founded in 1325. The state religion of the Mexica civilization awaited the fulfillment of an ancient prophecy: the wandering tribes would find the destined site for a great city whose location would be signaled by an eagle with a snake in its beak perched atop a cactus (Opuntia). The Mexica saw this vision on what was then a small swampy island in Lake Texcoco, a vision that is now immortalized in Mexico's coat of arms and on the Mexican flag. Not deterred by the unfavourable terrain, they set about building their city, using the chinampa system (misnamed as "floating gardens") for agriculture and to dry and expand the island.

In Arizona, overstories where brush mice are found are characterized by desert willow (Chilopsis linearis), Arizona sycamore (Platanus wrightii), and shrub live oak (Quercus turbinella). Shrub associates include evergreen sumac (Rhus virens), skunkbush sumac (Rhus trilobata), roundleaf snowberry (Symphoricarpos rotundifolius), New Mexico locust (Robinia neomexicana), common hoptree (Ptelea trifoliata), fendlerbush (Fendlera rupicola), Carruth's sagewort (Artemisia carruthii), catclaw acacia (Acacia greggii), broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae), red barberry (Mahonia haematocarpa), netleaf hackberry (Celtis reticulata), and wait-a-minute (Mimosa aculeaticarpa var. biuncifera). Herbaceous and succulent species in brush mouse habitats include Wheeler sotol (Dasylirion wheeleri), sacahuista (Nolina microcarpa), Palmer agave (Agave palmeri), goldenrod (Solidago spp.), lupine (Lupinus spp.), prickly-pear (Opuntia spp.), and ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens). Grasses found in brush mouse habitat include Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana), bottlebrush squirreltail (Elymus elymoides), and other annual and perennial bunchgrasses.

Aerial view Greenhouse No. 28 at the Saint Petersburg Botanical Garden Opuntia leucotricha The main Saint Petersburg Botanical Garden, officially known as the Russian Academy of Sciences Vladimir Komarov Botanical Institute's Botanical Garden of Peter the Great (); since 1823 Emperor's Botanical Garden "Императорский Ботанический сад", originally Apothecary Garden "Аптекарский огород"), is the oldest botanical garden in Russia and the best-known one out of botanical gardens of Saint Petersburg, the other two belonging respectively to Saint Petersburg State University and Saint Petersburg Forestry Technical University. It consists of outdoor and indoor collections situated on Aptekarsky Island in Saint Petersburg and belongs to the Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It is 18.9 ha in area, and is bordered by Aptekarsky Prospekt (main entrance), Prof. Popov Street (second entrance), as well as the embankments of the Karpovka and Bolshaya Neva rivers.

The Palm house, maintained at 70 °F, is housed under the dome, and contains a variety of tropical trees and palms, including the Chinese fan palm (Livistona chinensis), the fishtail palm (Caryota mitis), the umbrella tree (Schefflera actinophylla) and the Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis). When a tree reaches the top of the dome it must be cut down, as they cannot be pruned to height. The Tropical house, 70 °F, contains fruiting plants and trees such as the common fig, calamondin orange and bloodleaf banana, and tropical flowering plants such as the pink powderpuff (Calliandra brevipes) and peace lily (Spathiphyllum). The Cactus house, 62 °F, is lined in tufa rock and holds a variety of cacti and succulents, including jellybeans (Sedum pachyphyllum), the silver dollar cactus (Opuntia robusta), "old man" cactus (Cephalocereus senilis) and jade plant (Crassula ovata).

This was followed in 2012 by the Pinzon and Plaza Sur Island Restoration Project primarily benefiting the Pinzón Giant Tortoise, Opuntia galapageia, Galápagos Land Iguana. As a result of the project, Pinzon Giant Tortoise hatched from eggs and were surviving in the wild for the first time in more than 150 years The current focus in Ecuador is Floreana Island with 55 IUCN threatened species present and 13 extirpated species that could be reintroduced after invasive mammals are eradicated. Partners include: The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust, Ministry of Environment (Galápagos National Park Directorate, Galápagos Biosecurity Agency), the Ministry of Agriculture, the Floreana Parish Council and the Galapagos Government Council. In 2009 Chile, Island Conservation initiated formal collaborations with CONAF, the country's protected areas agency, to further restoration of islands under their administration.

The dry deciduous forests of the Lara–Falcon hills are fairly open, high, and have dense undergrowth. The main flora are Handroanthus billbergii, Roseodendron chryseum (araguán), Bulnesia arborea (Maracaibo lignum vitae), Bourreria cumanensis, Caesalpinia coriaria (divi-divi), Pereskia guamacho (leafy cactus) and Prosopis juliflora (mesquite). The only endemic plant is Apoplanesia cryptantha (family Fabaceae), found in the eastern deciduous forests. Other plant species in the deciduous forests include Acanthocereus colombianus (cactus), Capparis linearis, Capparis odoratissima, Capparis tenuisiliqua, Castela erecta, Cercidium praecox, Croton rhamnifolius, Cynophalla hastata, Cynophalla flexuosa, Ipomoea carnea (pink morning glory), Jatropha gossypiifolia (bellyache bush), Libidibia coriaria, Machaerium robiniaefolium, Morisonia americana, Pachira quinata, Pereskia colombiana, Piptadenia flava, Pithecellobium dulce, Pithecellobium unguis-cati, Poponax tortuosa, Randia armata, Stenocereus griseus (dagger cactus), Talisia olivaeformis, Vachellia farnesiana (sweet acacia) and species of the genera Cassia, Eugenia, Guapira, Hyptis, Lonchocarpus, Opuntia, Platymiscium and Zanthoxylum.

Acacia savanna, Taita Hills Wildlife Sanctuary, Kenya. A number of exotic plants species have been introduced to the savannas around the world. Amongst the woody plant species are serious environmental weeds such as Prickly Acacia (Acacia nilotica), Rubbervine (Cryptostegia grandiflora), Mesquite (Prosopis spp.), Lantana (Lantana camara and L. montevidensis) and Prickly Pear (Opuntia spp.) A range of herbaceous species have also been introduced to these woodlands, either deliberately or accidentally including Rhodes grass and other Chloris species, Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris), Giant rat's tail grass (Sporobolus pyramidalis) parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus) and stylos (Stylosanthes spp.) and other legumes. These introductions have the potential to significantly alter the structure and composition of savannas worldwide, and have already done so in many areas through a number of processes including altering the fire regime, increasing grazing pressure, competing with native vegetation and occupying previously vacant ecological niches.

These three species often occur sympatrically, and during the rainy season in the Galapagos when food is plentiful, they specialize little and eat the same, easily accessible foods. It was not well-understood why their beaks were so adapted until Peter and Rosemary Grant studied their feeding behavior in the long dry season, and discovered that when food is scarce, the ground finches use their specialized beaks to eat the seeds that they are best suited to eat and thus avoid starvation. The other finches in the Galapagos are similarly uniquely adapted for their particular niche. The cactus finches (Geospiza sp.) have somewhat longer beaks than the ground finches that serve the dual purpose of allowing them to feed on Opuntia cactus nectar and pollen while these plants are flowering, but on seeds during the rest of the year.

McKittrick Canyon Trail begins at the visitor center and initially follows a dry stream, crossing the stream bed several times as it works its way up the canyon. At first, the vegetation is more typical of the Chihuahuan Desert with various species of yucca, agave, and cacti, such as Spanish dagger (Yucca faxoniana), sotol (Dasylirion leiophyllum), ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens), lechuguilla (Agave lechuguilla), century plants (Agave americana), prickly pear (Opuntia spp.), and claret cup cacti (Echinocereus triglochidiatus). Scattered among these desert plants are a few hardy pines, junipers, and the occasional Texas madrone (Arbutus xalapensis), an unusual tree with red-colored bark that tends to curl up and peel off each year. As one ascends into the relatively cool and more sheltered environment farther up the canyon, a flowing stream of clear water appears and riparian vegetation becomes more abundant, including deciduous trees such as oak, ash, and bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum).

Others have been used in biological pest control against invasive plants, for example the stem-boring caterpillars of Arcola malloi which destroy alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides), an originally South American plant that has spread around the Pacific Rim to the detriment of local ecosystems. Yet again others - namely the "carob moths" and "flour moths" of genera Cadra, Ephestia and Plodia, as well as some species of Ectomyelois and Etiella - are themselves pests of economic significance; the aforementioned genera's caterpillars infest dry vegetable foods (such as grain and nuts), while others (e.g. Dioryctria) are pests of living plants. Ecological relationships and interaction with humans is not always clear cut in this large group; the famous South American cactus moth (Cactoblastis cactorum) from the Paraná Basin is quite beneficial by keeping down invasive prickly pears (Opuntia) wherever neither it nor these cacti are native, such as in Australia.

Title page, Traité de la culture du nopal, 1787 Hand colored engraving of cochineal and nopal in Traité de la culture du nopal, 1787 Nicolas-Joseph Thiéry de Menonville (Saint-Mihiel, France, 18 June 1739 – Port-au-Prince, Saint-Domingue, 1780), avocat at the Parlement of Paris,According to the title page of his Traité de la culture du nopal et de l'education de la cochenille dans les colonies françaises de l'Amérique, précédé d'un Voyage à Guaxaca Paris/Bordeaux, 1787. was a French botanist who volunteered to be sent to Mexico in 1776 to steal the cochineal insect valued for its scarlet dye. In his clandestine bioprospecting piracy, he worked without official papers and would have been ruthlessly treated had he been caught. He succeeded in naturalizing the insect and the prickly pear (Opuntia) "nopal" cactus on which it depended in the French colony of Saint-Domingue.

Aside from the first references to this species from Brazil, India and Cuba, other early collections of this species are from Jamaica, Paraguay, Tanzania, Sri Lanka, northernmost Mexico, Texas and Arkansas. Likely the first specimens in India, and indeed the world, were collected near Chennai, then known as Madras, in Marmelon, now Mambalam-Saidapet, in the 'Nopalry', the Opuntia gardens, of the Scottish physician and keen gardener James Anderson, who was (quite unsuccessfully) attempting to develop cochineal farming in India at this location. Herbarium specimens taken from these gardens made their way to Germany, where they were used as the type to base the taxon on in 1803. Another early collection from the geographical area was in Sri Lanka, from which seeds were sent to a lady gardener in England in the 1840s, which were then grown into plants featured in Curtis's Botanical Magazine (under the name Ipomoea pulchella, and dubbed with the vernacular name 'handsome bindweed' for this work).

Today the garden contains more than 3500 plant species, mainly Mediterranean, including collections of trees (300 taxa), herbaceous plants (800 taxa), medicinal plants (150 spp.), Cistaceae, Rhamnaceae, Lamiaceae, Genista, Acacia, Salvia, Phlomis, Rosa, Dianthus, Yucca, Iris, Pelargonium, Opuntia, Stipa, Teucrium, Astragalus, and Cistus. It is organized into areas representing zones of Mediterranean climate from around the world, including South Africa, South Australia, Mexico, Greece, Spain, Cyprus, the Near East, and the Canary Islands, as well as Central Asia, China, and Japan. Of particular note are its collections of agaves, Cupressaceae, and sages. Protected plants include Allium chamaemoly, Allium trifoliatum, Ampelodesmos mauritanicus, Anagallis tenella, Anemone coronaria, Carex grioletii, Centaurea pseudocaerulescens, Ceratonia siliqua, Chamaerops humilis, Cneorum tricoccon, Coronilla valentina, Cyrtomium fortunei, Drimia maritima, Heteropogon contortum, Lavatera maritima, Leucojum nicaeense, Limonium cordatum, Lotus tetragonolobus, Ophrys bertolonii, Papaver pinnatifidum, Picris altissima, Polystichum setiferum, Posidonia oceanica, Pteris cretica, Romulea columnae, Scilla hyacinthoides, Stipa capensis, Symphytum bulbosum, Tulipa clusiana, and Vitex agnus-castus.